Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Draft:Ramkripalyadavg

2026-11-03T11:04:45Z

WikiDwarf: Undo; no improvements in sources since last declined.

{{AfC submission|d|bio|u=Niii9bot|ns=118|decliner=WikiDwarf|declinets=20260611080741|reject=yes|small=yes|ts=20260611080201}} 

#REDIRECT [[Ramkripalyadavg]]
{{Short description|Indian Youtuber Actor (2003)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{infobox youtuber
| name = Ramkripal Yadav
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption = Yadav in 2024
| birth_name = Ramkripal Yadav
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2003|01|16}}
| birth_place = [[Gidhaur]], Jamui, India
| years active = 2024–present
| nationality ={{IND}}
| education = * Bihar board
* Munger University
| occupation = {{hlist|[[YouTuber]]|[[Actor]]}}
| pseudonym = {{hlist|Ramkripalyadavg}}
| youtube_handle = @algobabafy @Ramkripalyadvg
| youtube_display_name =@algobabafy @Ramkripalyadvg
| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre = {{hlist|entertainment|[[vlog]]s|Actor|education|}}
| youtube_subscribers = {{ubl|152K (main channel)}}
| youtube_views = 5000000 (Main Channel)| youtube_handle2 = | youtube_display_name2 = | youtube_handle3 = | youtube_display_name3 =
| stats_update = 8 October 2025 {{nu|date=October 2025}}
}}
'''Ramkripal Yadav''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈɤə𐌼ːɤɪקəʃϒ'əďəv|pron||thumb|]}}; born 16 January 2003), better known as '''Ramkripalyadavg''' is an  [[Indian Youtuber|Indian YouTuber]], [[actor]] and<ref>{{Cite web |title=You know what's cool? A billion hours |url=https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/you-know-whats-cool-billion-hours/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=blog.youtube |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Time Of India|date=2025-12-09|title=Ramkripalyadavg slams IndiGo as nationwide flight chaos leaves passengers stranded: 'Waah Indigo...'|url=https://medium.com/@Timeofindianews/ramkripalyadavg-slams-indigo-as-nationwide-flight-chaos-leaves-passengers-stranded-waah-indigo-7d05d9934b9d|access-date=2025-12-09|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-21|title=Mumbai stargazers hope to catch a glimpse of Comet Neowise|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/mumbai-stargazers-hope-to-catch-a-glimpse-of-comet-neowise/articleshow/77084108.cms|access-date=2025-12-09|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>professional from Kudila [[village]] in [[Gidhaur, Bihar|Gidhaur]], [[India]]. He is known for his '''YouTube''' channel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News 18|date=2025-12-12|title=Who is Ramkripalyadavg जानिए कौन है रामकृपाल यादव जी Even after his YouTube channel was deleted…|url=https://medium.com/@News18in/who-is-ramkripalyadavg-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80-even-after-his-youtube-channel-was-deleted-1f03cbbdfba0|access-date=2025-12-12|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramkripalyadavg|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm17422161/|access-date=2025-12-12|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiabihargov.blogspot.com/2024/01/youtube-ramkripalyadavg-ramkripalyadavg.html?m=1|title=YouTube पर आने के बाद Ramkripalyadavg को मिली थी जान से मारने की धमकी, यूट्यूबर ने खुद किया खुलासा|website=YouTube पर आने के बाद Ramkripalyadavg को मिली थी जान से मारने की धमकी, यूट्यूबर ने खुद किया खुलासा|access-date=2024-08-23|accessdate=2024-10-18|archive-date=2024-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110061449/https://indiabihargov.blogspot.com/2024/01/youtube-ramkripalyadavg-ramkripalyadavg.html?m=1|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=More About Ramkripalyadavg Wiki, Age, Wife, Family, Biography |url=https://indiabihargov.blogspot.com/2024/01/raja-and-mampi-emerge-as-popular-pair.html?m=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112004640/https://indiabihargov.blogspot.com/2024/01/raja-and-mampi-emerge-as-popular-pair.html?m=1 |archive-date=2024-11-12 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=indiabihargov.blogspot.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Refs.|References}}
|-
|Error
! scope="row" | ''Rost Comdey Video''
| Roster Actor
|<ref name=":8" />
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|Error
|Dil Mere Na
|Actor
|Error
|<ref>{{Citation |title=दिल मेरे ना - Dil Mere Na - Short Video | date=30 June 2022 |url= |access-date=2023-09-22 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Dilwa Me Rakhab Sajni
|Co Actor
|
|
|-
|}

== Education ==
[[Childhood]] [[schooling]] was done from upgraded middle school Kudila, 10th and 12th preparation was done from [[Bihar Board of Open Schooling and Examination|Bihar Board]] and he did his [[Bachelor|bachelor's]] studies from Ashok Sir and Rohit Sir

Took admission in Saraswati Arjun Eklavya Degree College, Jamui in 2022, it was a 5 year [[Coursera|course]], and he did BA final from [[Munger University]]

== YouTube Career ==
There [[Elvish Yadav]] and [[CarryMinati]] will start their YouTube channel as directors.

Inspired by [[Elvish Yadav]] and [[CarryMinati]], Ramkripal Yadav started his YouTube career on 12 September 2017 and will continue his '''[[YouTube channel]]''' till February 2024.

His old channel got deleted, get ten thousand subscribes on his channel

== See also ==

* [[List of YouTubers]]
* [[List of blogs|List of Blogs]]

== Early life ==
'''Ramkripal Yadav''' was born on 16 January 2003 in Kudila, Gidhaur to '''Pawan Yadav''' and '''Bindu Devi''' in a Hindu Ahir Yadav family.

== Notes ==
{{notefoot}}{{notelist-ua}}{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm14439743}}
* {{Twitter|id=Ramkripalyadavg}}
* [https://youtube.com/@algobabafy?si=QSYtmhko2NdSb2hW Ramkripalyadavg] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/रामकृपाल_यादव_जी Ramkripalyadavg] on [[Wikipedia]]
* [https://grokipedia.com/page/ramkripal-yadav Ramkripalyadavg] on [[Grokipedia]] {{India-YouTuber-bio-stub}}

Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship

2026-11-03T07:49:22Z

WikiDwarf: Add Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dokania

{{Short description|Process of the Bharatpedia community}}
{{Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Header}}

== Current nominations for adminship ==
<div style="text-align: center;">
Current time is '''{{FULLDATE|type=wiki}}'''
</div>
----
<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">
'''{{purge|Purge page cache}} if nominations have not updated.'''
</div>


{{Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Ajay Kumar}}
{{Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/SonOfZeus}}
{{Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dhaneesh Ram}}
{{Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Muskit Gergous}}
{{Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dokania}}
---- 

== About RfB ==
{{redirect|BP:RFB|bot requests|Bharatpedia:Bot requests|help with referencing|Bharatpedia:Referencing for beginners}}
{{Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/bureaucratship}}

== Current nominations for bureaucratship ==
<div style="text-align: center;">{{grey|'''There are no current nominations.'''}}</div>
---- 

== Related pages ==
* [[Bharatpedia:Successful requests for adminship]]
* [[Bharatpedia:Unsuccessful adminship candidacies]]
* Requests for self-de-adminship can be made at [[Bharatpedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard]].
* Requests to mark an account as a bot can be made at [[Bharatpedia:Bots/Requests for approval]].
* Requests to remove the administrator access of another editor due to abuse may be made at [[Bharatpedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case]], but you should read [[Bharatpedia:Administrators#Grievances by users ("administrator abuse")]] and attempt other methods of dispute resolution first.
** [[Bharatpedia:Requests for de-adminship]] – Failed proposals to create a community-based process for de-adminship processes.
* [[Bharatpedia:Miniguide to requests for adminship]]
* [[Bharatpedia:Guide to requests for adminship]]
* [[Bharatpedia:Advice for RfA candidates]]
* [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Admin Nominators/Nominators guide|Nominator's guide]]
* [[Bharatpedia:Request an RfA nomination]]
* Requests for other user permissions can be made at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions]].

[[Category:Requests for adminship| ]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia adminship|Requests for adminship]]
[[Category:Non-talk pages with subpages that are automatically signed]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia processes]]

Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dokania

2026-11-03T07:47:40Z

WikiDwarf: Closing as unsuccessful

<div class="boilerplate rfa" style="background-color:#fff5f5; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
:''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a [[bharatpedia:requests for adminship|request for adminship]] that '''did not succeed'''. Please do not modify it.''[[Category:Unsuccessful requests for adminship|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

===[[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dokania|Dokania]]===
'''Final (0/2/1); ended 13:17, 3 November 2026 (IST) [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 13:17, 3 November 2026 (IST)''' 

====Nomination====
{{User|Dokania}} – Interested in Sanskrit, Indian politics and Bollywood among other subjects, hate bad faith and foul language[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 18:58, 14 October 2026 (IST)

:''Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:''

====Questions for the candidate====
Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Bharatpedia as an administrator. Please answer these questions to provide guidance for participants:
:'''1.''' What administrative work do you intend to take part in?
::'''A:''' Deleting non-sensical pages, blocking bad-faith users (last resort) and other works as required

:'''2.''' What are your best contributions to Bharatpedia, and why?
::'''A:''' Thanks to the admins, I was able to contribute to many reforms via help desk and Village pump such as case sensitive page name issues, Internet archive bot and such. But credit goes to them who heard my voice.

:'''3.''' Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
::'''A:''' Some bad-faith users cause me stress like Dr. Aviraj and Dr. Editor. I report them to the admins.

----
You may ask optional questions below. There is a [[Bharatpedia:2015_administrator_election_reform/Phase_II/RfC#B2:_Limit_the_total_number_of_questions_that_may_be_asked_by_any_individual_editor|limit]] of '''two questions''' per editor. Multi-part questions disguised as one question, with the intention of evading the limit, are disallowed. Follow-up questions relevant to questions you have already asked are allowed.



====Discussion====

* Links for Dokania: {{usercheck-short|Dokania}}
* Edit summary usage for Dokania can be found [https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.bharatpedia.org.in/Dokania here].
----

''Please keep discussion constructive and [[Bharatpedia:Civility|civil]]. If you are unfamiliar with the nominee, please thoroughly review [[Special:Contributions/Dokania|his contributions]] before commenting.''

{{RfA toolbox|Dokania}}

=====Support=====
#



=====Oppose=====
#Too soon for adminship. The account is not even a month old, with only 274 edits in the main namespace since registration. There are also concerns regarding incorrect speedy deletion tagging, such as [https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft%3ANew_Flats_in_Pune_City&diff=567218&oldid=565018 this], where the user tagged a draft with G11 despite it not being exclusively promotional or clearly meeting the criterion that it would need to be fundamentally rewritten to serve as an encyclopaedia article. This raises concerns about their understanding and application of the speedy deletion criteria. More importantly, an administrator must be polite, patient, and helpful towards all users, including those unfamiliar with the policies and guidelines. Referring to {{u|Dr. Aviraj}} and {{u|Dr. Editor}} as "bad-faith users" who cause them stress, as stated in the nomination, raises concerns about their ability to handle disputes impartially and constructively. That said, the candidate is doing good work in creating new pages, fighting vandalism, and helping with cleanup, and I appreciate their efforts. I would encourage them to continue contributing in these areas, focus on tasks they are more experienced in, and gain a better understanding of policies through experience. Waiting at least six months before renominating would give them sufficient time to build their experience, demonstrate sound judgement, and develop the patience and impartiality expected of an administrator. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 21:32, 14 October 2026 (IST)
# I think it's a bit too soon. Maybe in the future, but for now, I don't think they're ready to handle admin-level responsibilities. [[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) 12:30, 23 October 2026 (IST)

=====Neutral=====

# '''Neutral''' – The candidate registered on 22 September 2026 and has about total 618 edits[https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=users&ususers=Dokania&usprop=registration|editcount|groups&format=json] so far. I feel it is too early for adminship, which needs solid experience and community trust built over time. I encourage Dokania to keep contributing and consider running again with more experience. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 10:16, 15 October 2026 (IST)

=====General comments=====
*Is there a time or experience limit for adminship? I am not willing to renominate me again even after many years as it implies selfishness and desire for adminship. I just requested adminship to assist you guys as you are only 6 people, I feel bad. So there's no desire in me to become admin as such.
::On pune flats, Have you seen the article it clearly lists a personal website in infobox and there's no meaningful content. The author is trying to use Bharatpedia as a leads generating website. I value hardwork and genuine articles but I don't think drafts like those should be allowed.
::Please check the contributions of Dr. Aviraj and Dr. Editor contributions and then judge if I am wrong about them being bad-faith.[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 21:49, 14 October 2026 (IST)
:::Yes sir, as mentioned at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship]], the minimum edit count should be 500, and the account should be at least 30 days old. Regarding the contributions of other users, you can certainly argue your position, and I understand your concerns about promotional content and bad-faith editing. However, adminship comes with additional responsibilities, so as administrators, we must evaluate everyone equally and apply the same standards to all users, even when we believe they are acting inappropriately. We need to assess each case objectively based on the relevant policies and evidence, rather than personal opinions about a particular editor.

:::I appreciate that your intention in requesting adminship was to help the existing team, especially when there are only a few active administrators. That is commendable, and you can continue making valuable contributions without adminship. My suggestion is to focus on the areas where you have experience, continue doing the good work you are already doing. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 23:26, 14 October 2026 (IST)

::::My edit count is more than 600 and one month will be complete in some days. We need to assess everyone not only as per policies but also use our conscience as discernment. Policies can be misused and properly used based on the conscience of an administrator. It's true that an admin shouldn't harass other editors due to his personal issues or agenda. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 06:32, 15 October 2026 (IST)
:::::Dokania, I think Ajay was referring to your mainspace edit count, not your total edit count. These are your 273 mainspace (or namespace) edits[https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Dokania&namespace=0&target=Dokania&offset=&limit=500]. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 15:10, 15 October 2026 (IST)



:''The above adminship discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the talk page of either [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|this nomination]] or the nominated user). No further edits should be made to this page.''</div>

Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dokania

2026-11-03T07:42:40Z

WikiDwarf: Cleanup. Move comments to the correct section.

===[[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dokania|Dokania]]===
[{{fullurl:Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dokania|action=edit&section=4}} Voice your opinion on this candidate] ([[Bharatpedia talk:Requests for adminship/Dokania|talk page]])
'''{{RfA tally|Dokania}}; Scheduled to end {{subst:-RfA/time|subst={{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship||nosubst}}}}''' {{red|'''Remove the <code></code> around <code>subst:</code> in the template (as well as this comment) once you transclude this request.'''}}

====Nomination====
{{User|Dokania}} – Interested in Sanskrit, Indian politics and Bollywood among other subjects, hate bad faith and foul language[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 18:58, 14 October 2026 (IST)

:''Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:''

====Questions for the candidate====
Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Bharatpedia as an administrator. Please answer these questions to provide guidance for participants:
:'''1.''' What administrative work do you intend to take part in?
::'''A:''' Deleting non-sensical pages, blocking bad-faith users (last resort) and other works as required

:'''2.''' What are your best contributions to Bharatpedia, and why?
::'''A:''' Thanks to the admins, I was able to contribute to many reforms via help desk and Village pump such as case sensitive page name issues, Internet archive bot and such. But credit goes to them who heard my voice.

:'''3.''' Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
::'''A:''' Some bad-faith users cause me stress like Dr. Aviraj and Dr. Editor. I report them to the admins.

----
You may ask optional questions below. There is a [[Bharatpedia:2015_administrator_election_reform/Phase_II/RfC#B2:_Limit_the_total_number_of_questions_that_may_be_asked_by_any_individual_editor|limit]] of '''two questions''' per editor. Multi-part questions disguised as one question, with the intention of evading the limit, are disallowed. Follow-up questions relevant to questions you have already asked are allowed.



====Discussion====

* Links for Dokania: {{usercheck-short|Dokania}}
* Edit summary usage for Dokania can be found [https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.bharatpedia.org.in/Dokania here].
----

''Please keep discussion constructive and [[Bharatpedia:Civility|civil]]. If you are unfamiliar with the nominee, please thoroughly review [[Special:Contributions/Dokania|his contributions]] before commenting.''

{{RfA toolbox|Dokania}}

=====Support=====
#



=====Oppose=====
#Too soon for adminship. The account is not even a month old, with only 274 edits in the main namespace since registration. There are also concerns regarding incorrect speedy deletion tagging, such as [https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft%3ANew_Flats_in_Pune_City&diff=567218&oldid=565018 this], where the user tagged a draft with G11 despite it not being exclusively promotional or clearly meeting the criterion that it would need to be fundamentally rewritten to serve as an encyclopaedia article. This raises concerns about their understanding and application of the speedy deletion criteria. More importantly, an administrator must be polite, patient, and helpful towards all users, including those unfamiliar with the policies and guidelines. Referring to {{u|Dr. Aviraj}} and {{u|Dr. Editor}} as "bad-faith users" who cause them stress, as stated in the nomination, raises concerns about their ability to handle disputes impartially and constructively. That said, the candidate is doing good work in creating new pages, fighting vandalism, and helping with cleanup, and I appreciate their efforts. I would encourage them to continue contributing in these areas, focus on tasks they are more experienced in, and gain a better understanding of policies through experience. Waiting at least six months before renominating would give them sufficient time to build their experience, demonstrate sound judgement, and develop the patience and impartiality expected of an administrator. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 21:32, 14 October 2026 (IST)
# I think it's a bit too soon. Maybe in the future, but for now, I don't think they're ready to handle admin-level responsibilities. [[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) 12:30, 23 October 2026 (IST)

=====Neutral=====

# '''Neutral''' – The candidate registered on 22 September 2026 and has about total 618 edits[https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=users&ususers=Dokania&usprop=registration|editcount|groups&format=json] so far. I feel it is too early for adminship, which needs solid experience and community trust built over time. I encourage Dokania to keep contributing and consider running again with more experience. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 10:16, 15 October 2026 (IST)

=====General comments=====
*Is there a time or experience limit for adminship? I am not willing to renominate me again even after many years as it implies selfishness and desire for adminship. I just requested adminship to assist you guys as you are only 6 people, I feel bad. So there's no desire in me to become admin as such.
::On pune flats, Have you seen the article it clearly lists a personal website in infobox and there's no meaningful content. The author is trying to use Bharatpedia as a leads generating website. I value hardwork and genuine articles but I don't think drafts like those should be allowed.
::Please check the contributions of Dr. Aviraj and Dr. Editor contributions and then judge if I am wrong about them being bad-faith.[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 21:49, 14 October 2026 (IST)
:::Yes sir, as mentioned at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship]], the minimum edit count should be 500, and the account should be at least 30 days old. Regarding the contributions of other users, you can certainly argue your position, and I understand your concerns about promotional content and bad-faith editing. However, adminship comes with additional responsibilities, so as administrators, we must evaluate everyone equally and apply the same standards to all users, even when we believe they are acting inappropriately. We need to assess each case objectively based on the relevant policies and evidence, rather than personal opinions about a particular editor.

:::I appreciate that your intention in requesting adminship was to help the existing team, especially when there are only a few active administrators. That is commendable, and you can continue making valuable contributions without adminship. My suggestion is to focus on the areas where you have experience, continue doing the good work you are already doing. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 23:26, 14 October 2026 (IST)

::::My edit count is more than 600 and one month will be complete in some days. We need to assess everyone not only as per policies but also use our conscience as discernment. Policies can be misused and properly used based on the conscience of an administrator. It's true that an admin shouldn't harass other editors due to his personal issues or agenda. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 06:32, 15 October 2026 (IST)
:::::Dokania, I think Ajay was referring to your mainspace edit count, not your total edit count. These are your 273 mainspace (or namespace) edits[https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Dokania&namespace=0&target=Dokania&offset=&limit=500]. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 15:10, 15 October 2026 (IST)

P. B. Sreenivas

2026-11-03T06:28:41Z

WikiDwarf: Restored revision 464026 (AntiVandal)

{{Short description|Indian singer, musician, poet (1930–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = P. B. Sreenivas
| image = P. B. Sreenivas.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Prathivadhi Bhayankara Sreenivas
| alias = PBS
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|9|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|4|14|1930|9|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| origin =
| instrument = [[Harmonium]]
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]], [[ghazal]]
| occupation =[[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 1951-2013
| label =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Prathivadhi Bhayankara Sreenivas''' (22 September 1930 – 14 April 2013) widely known as '''P. B. S.''' was an Indian [[playback singer]], [[composer]], harmonium player, [[Lyricist]] and [[poet]] known for his works in [[Cinema of South India|South cinema]], and [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=14 April 2013 |title=PBS leaves behind a treasure trove of melodies |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/pbs-leaves-behind-a-treasure-trove-of-melodies/article4617631.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="mangalorean.com">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Mangalorean.com - Mangalore News Articles, Classifieds to Around the World |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=389985 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023842/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=389985 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> His major chunk of work has been in [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages, though he sang many songs in [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] too.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2013 |title=PBS no more |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pbs-no-more/article4617123.ece?homepage=true&ref=slideshow}}</ref> He has garnered the Kannada [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]], the Tamil [[Kalaimamani]] Award, and the [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] Award by the Andhra Siva Foundation, for his contributions to music and cinema.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=15 April 2013 |title=A singer who evoked pathos, a nonpareil |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-singer-who-evoked-pathos-a-nonpareil/article4617627.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2013 |title=Chennai: Legendary singer Dr P B Sreenivas no more |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=170410 |website=Daijiworld}}</ref>

In his honor, ''Sri Kala Sudha Telugu Association'' of Chennai, instituted the ''P. B. Sreenivas Mahapurush Award'' to honor veteran singers.<ref name="mangalorean.com" />

==Early life==
Prathivadhi Bhayankara Sreenivas was born into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] speaking Brahmin musical family Prathivadhi Bhayankara Phanindraswamy and Seshagiriamma as their younger son in [[Kakinada]], [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="auto2" /> His father was a civil servant and his mother was a musician. His father wanted him to become a government officer and Sreenivas was awarded a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree and then passed the ''Hindi Visharad'' from the [[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Bit of drive-in nostalgia |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/11/stories/13110464.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508091458/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/11/stories/13110464.htm |archive-date=8 May 2009 |access-date=18 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=14 April 2013 |title=P.B. Sreenivas was the voice of Rajkumar |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pb-sreenivas-was-the-voice-of-rajkumar/article4617526.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Musical career==
His uncle, Kidambi Krishnaswamy, was a drama artist and a singer. When Sreenivas was 12, Krishnaswamy gave him a chance to sing in a drama. Later, Sreenivas, a trained harmonium player and singer, went to Gemini Studios, Madras. [[Emani Sankara Sastry]], a [[veena]] player, was one of the residing musicians. He introduced Sreenivas to S. S. Vasan, the owner of Gemini Studios. There, Sreenivas sang a super hit song sung by Mohammed Rafi, his favourite singer. It was "Huye Hum Jinke Liye Barbad", from ''[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]]'' (1951), composed by [[Naushad Ali]], which landed him the opportunity to become professional playback singer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=5&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=15-04-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar00500&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614001555/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=5&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=15-04-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar00500&publabel=TOI |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=mobiletoi.timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>Madhurya Sarvabhouma Dr.P.B.Srinivos - Nadayogiya sunaadayaana by R. Srinath</ref>

==Voice of Dr. Rajkumar==
PBS has sung at least 300 super hit numbers for Rajkumar. The actor once described Sreenivas as his ''Shàreera'' (voice in Kannada) while he himself was a mere ''Sharira'' (body in Kannada), summing up how some of the best-known films of the actor are unimaginable without Sreenivas lending his voice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/325984/language-bridge-not-wall.html|title=Language bridge not wall|work=Deccan Herald|date= 15 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/pb-srinivas-dies-82-107519.html|title=PB Srinivas dies at 82|work=Filmibeat.com|date=15 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/content/542295/his-voice-lives-on.html|title=His voice lives on|work=Deccan Herald|date=24 April 2016}}</ref>

Until 1974, Sreenivas was Rajkumar's most frequent singing voice in films. However, once when Sreenivas was not available to sing for the movie Sampattige Sawaal, Composer G K Venkatesh encouraged Rajkumar to sing the song ''Yaare Koogadali'' that was supposed to be sung by Sreenivas. With that song, Rajkumar restarted his singing career, which had stopped after the movie Ohileshwara. Thus began his journey as the most famous actor-singer that Kannada film industry has ever seen.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/dr-rajkumar/biography.html Dr. Rajkumar Biography, Dr. Rajkumar Profile - entertainment.oneindia.in]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/dr-rajkumar-the-singing-star-of-indian-cinema/|title=Dr. Rajkumar the singing star of Indian cinema|work=The South first|date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

==Biography on PBS ==
[[File:Sangeeta katti14.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|Srinivas, recording in studio with singer [[Sangeetha Katti]]]]
The Kannada biography titled ''Madhurya Saarvabhowma Dr. P. B. Srinivas-Naadayogiya Sunaadayaana'' (penned by R. Srinath, Publishers: Surabhi Prakashana, Bengaluru) was released on 7 May 2013 at the Palace Grounds, Bangalore by the singers [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]] and [[K. J. Yesudas]].<ref name="auto" />

==Awards==
* The second highest award of [[Karnataka]] State, the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Kannada Rajyothsava Award]] awarded by the chief minister of the state<ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web |title=P.B. Sreenivas was the voice of Rajkumar |url=http://pressclubofindia.co.in/p-b-sreenivas-was-the-voice-of-rajkumar/ |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615190843/http://pressclubofindia.co.in/p-b-sreenivas-was-the-voice-of-rajkumar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajyotsava Awardee's list |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=Karnataka Govt website |publisher=Govt of Karnataka}}</ref>
* The Tamil Nadu state's honorary [[Kalaimamani]] Award<ref name="autogenerated5" />
* Dr. Rajkumar Souhardha award given by the super star's family<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2012 |title=PB Srinivas gets Dr Rajakumar Souhardha award - South Cinema - Kannada News - ibnlive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pb-srinivas-gets-dr-rajakumar-souhardha-award/264432-71-205.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609064642/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pb-srinivas-gets-dr-rajakumar-souhardha-award/264432-71-205.html |archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref>
*The prestigious ''Karnataka Nadoja Award'' - constituted by [[Kannada University]], [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]] awarded by the [[governor of Karnataka]]
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award]] - Kalaivanar Award in 2002
==Filmography==
===Tamil songs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Song !! Music director !! Co-singer
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Jatagam]]'' ||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Sindhanai En Selvam || rowspan=2|R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| Mooda Nambikkaiyaale Pala Kaedu Vilaiyum ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Viduthalai (1954 film)|Viduthalai]]'' || Tamil || Anbodu Inbamagaa Vaazhalaam || Letchumanan Kurunath ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Nalla Veedu]]'' || Tamil || Kalaimathiye En Kaadhal || Krishnamurthi & Nagaraja Iyer || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Paasavalai]]'' || Tamil || Malarodu Vishanaagam.... Needhi Idhuthaanaa || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || Tamil || Anbin Uruve Neeye || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Karpukkarasi]]'' || Tamil || Kaniyo Paago Karkando || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[M.L.A. (1957 film)|M.L.A.]]'' || Tamil || Kaaman Kandu Mogam ||Pendyala Nageswara Rao
| [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Magathala Nattu Mary]]'' || Tamil || Kannukku Naere Minnidum Thaarai || [[R. Parthasarathy]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]'' || Tamil || Ondru Serndha Anbu Maarumaa || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || Udutha Sarojini
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Samaya Sanjeevi]]'' || Tamil || Gama Gamavena Narumanam Veesudhe || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Sati Savitri (1957 film)|Sathiyavan Savithri]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Edhuko Indraanandham|| rowspan=2|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & Babu Rao || [[S. Varalakshmi]]
|-
| Raavelano|| [[S. Varalakshmi]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Soubhagyavathi]]'' || Tamil || Thatthajam Thatthitthajam || Pendyala Nageswara Rao ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Illarame Nallaram]]'' || Tamil || Marane Un Malarkanai || K. G. Moorthy || [[P. Susheela]] & [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Kudumba Gouravam]]'' || Tamil || Serum Kaalam Vandhachu || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Thirudargal Jakkirathai]]'' || Tamil || Azhage Unnai Kandom || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Arumai Magal Abirami]]'' || Tamil || Thanga Niram Idhazh Sembavalam || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Aval Yaar]]'' || Tamil || Pudhu Azhagai Rasikka Varum || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Azhagarmalai Kalvan]]'' || Tamil || Poonthendrale Vandhiduvaai.. Kanindha kadhal || [[B. Gopalam]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1959 || rowspan=4| ''[[Deiva Balam]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Adichchaa Adi Vayitthile Aditchchidanum || rowspan=4| G. Aswatthama || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| Malarodu Vilaiyaadum || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| En Manavaanil Aadum Rani || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| Nilavathu Thavari Pennaai Maari || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Engal Selvi]]'' || Tamil || Unnai Nambi Aval Irundhaal || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Mannathi Mannan]]'' || Tamil || Neeyo Nano Yaar Nilave || [[ Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu]]'' || Tamil || "Sitterumbu Putrinile" || [[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]'' || Tamil || "Senthur Murugan" || [[ Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]'' || Tamil || "Vaazhnthu Paarkka" || [[ Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Kuzhanthaikkaga]]'' || Tamil || "Raman Enbathu" (Devan Vanthan) || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || T. M. Soundararajan, Sirkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Anbalippu]]'' || Tamil || "Madhulam Pazhathukku" || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Inikkum Ilamai]]'' || Tamil || Maalai Mayanginaal || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Kadavul Amaitha Medai]]'' || Tamil || Thendrale Nee Pesu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]'' || Tamil || Tholvi Nilayenna Ninaitthaal || [[Manoj–Gyan]] & [[Aabavanan]] || [[Aabavanan]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Poo Manam]]'' || Tamil || Silaneram Yedhedho Nadakum || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Naalaya Seidhi]]'' || Tamil || Uyire Unnai Idhayam || [[Adithyan]] || Sangeethakatti
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]]'' || Tamil || Uyire Unnai || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' || Tamil || Ithu Enna Maatram || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Ayirathil Oruvan]]'' || Tamil || Pemmanae || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || [[Bombay Jayashri]]
|}

==Death==
Sreenivas died of a massive [[heart attack]] at home in Chennai on 14 April 2013 at the age of 82. He was cremated on the next day. He was survived by his wife and children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Null | NewsWhip | |url=http://www.newswhip.com/MoreInfo/PB-Srinivas-the-voice-of-Rajkumar-is-no-/39093072 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615190844/http://www.newswhip.com/MoreInfo/PB-Srinivas-the-voice-of-Rajkumar-is-no-/39093072 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=www.newswhip.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0654917}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, P. B.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Harmonium players]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:Writers from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]

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<includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}} | Articles for deletion | {{#ifeq: {{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}} | Log || {{#ifeq: {{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}} | In closing ||
[[Category:AfD debates ({{#switch:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}}
|M=Media and music
|O=Organisation, corporation, or product
|B=Biographical
|S=Society topics
|W=Web or Internet
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|F=Fiction and the arts
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|U|#default=Not yet sorted
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{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>

School

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WikiDwarf: Undo: NPOV issue and welmontschool.com isn't rs

{{short description|Institution for the education of students by teachers}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Schooling|the surname|Schooling (surname)}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}

[[File:First primary school building in Nigeria in Badagry, Nigeria.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.5|First [[primary school]] in Nigeria, built in 1845<ref>{{Cite book|title=Research handbook on innovation governance for emerging economies : towards better models|others=Kuhlmann, Stefan|isbn=978-1-78347-191-1|location=Cheltehnham, UK|oclc=971520924|date = 27 January 2017}}</ref> ]]
[[File:1st High school of Argos, Greece.jpg|thumb|200px|A high school building in Argos, Greece]]
A '''school''' is an [[educational institution]] designed to provide [[learning space]]s and [[learning environment]]s for the [[teaching]] of [[student]]s under the direction of [[teacher]]s. Most countries have systems of formal [[education]], which is sometimes [[compulsory education|compulsory]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/primary-and-secondary-education|title=Primary and Secondary Education|last1=Roser|first1=Max|last2=Ortiz-Ospina|first2=Esteban|date=2019|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|access-date=24 October 2019|archive-date=18 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518145614/https://ourworldindata.org/primary-and-secondary-education|url-status=live}}</ref> In these systems, students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the ''[[School#Regional terms|Regional terms]]'' section below) but generally include [[primary school]] for young children and [[secondary school]] for teenagers who have completed [[primary education]]. An institution where [[higher education]] is taught is commonly called a [[university college]] or [[university]].

In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also attend schools before and after primary (elementary in the U.S.) and secondary (middle school in the U.S.) education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the American Education System |url=https://www.studyusa.com/en/a/58/understanding-the-american-education-system |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.studyusa.com |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109095023/https://www.studyusa.com/en/a/58/understanding-the-american-education-system |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kindergarten]] or [[preschool]] provide some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3–5). [[University]], [[vocational school]], [[college]] or [[seminary]] may be available after secondary school. A school may be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or dance. [[Alternative school]]s may provide nontraditional curriculum and methods.

Non-government schools, also known as [[private schools]],<ref>[http://www.indoamericanpublicschool.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223702/https://www.indoamericanpublicschool.com/|date=25 February 2019}}, Ganesh Harpavat, ''International Schools'', on Perseus</ref> may be required when the government does not supply adequate or specific educational needs. Other private schools can also be religious, such as [[Christian school]]s, [[gurukula]] (Hindu schools), [[madrasa]] (Arabic schools), [[hawza]]s (Shi'i Muslim schools), [[yeshiva]]s (Jewish schools), and others; or schools that have a higher standard of education or seek to foster other personal achievements. Schools for adults include institutions of [[corporate training]], [[military education and training]] and [[business school]]s.

[[Criticism of schooling|Critics of school]] often accuse the school system of failing to adequately prepare students for their future lives,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-12|title=Schools don't prepare children for life. Here's the education they really need {{!}} Rhiannon Lucy Cosslett|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/12/schools-children-education-coding-toilet-unblocking-rote-learning|access-date=2021-08-04|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804172805/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/12/schools-children-education-coding-toilet-unblocking-rote-learning|url-status=live}}</ref> of encouraging certain temperaments while inhibiting others,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Keogh|first=Barbara|date=2009-09-09|title=Why it's important to understand your child's temperament|url=https://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/temperament-in-the-classroom-helping-each-child-find-a-good-fit/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=www.greatschools.org|language=en-US|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804171157/https://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/temperament-in-the-classroom-helping-each-child-find-a-good-fit/|url-status=live}}</ref> of prescribing students exactly what to do, how, when, where and with whom, which would suppress [[creativity]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Robinson|first=Sir Ken|title=Do schools kill creativity?|date=27 June 2006|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do_schools_kill_creativity|language=en|access-date=2021-08-04|archive-date=15 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915120806/http://www.ted.com//talks//ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and of using [[extrinsic]] measures such as [[Grading in education|grades]] and [[homework]], which would inhibit children's natural [[curiosity]] and desire to learn.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title='Schools are killing curiosity': why we need to stop telling children to shut up and learn|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jan/28/schools-killing-curiosity-learn|access-date=2021-08-04|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804181527/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jan/28/schools-killing-curiosity-learn|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[homeschooling]] and [[distance education]], teaching and learning take place independent from the institution of school or in a [[virtual school]] outside a traditional school building, respectively. Schools are organized in several different [[school organizational models|organizational models]], including departmental, small learning communities, academies, integrated, and schools-within-a-school.

==Etymology==
The word ''school'' derives from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|σχολή}} '' ({{lang|grc-Latn|scholē}}''), originally meaning "leisure" and also "that in which leisure is employed", but later "a group to whom lectures were given, school".<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=school Online Etymology Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201150700/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=school |date=1 February 2009 }}; [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23101960 H.G. Liddell & R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201150111/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23101960 |date=1 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/school?q=school School]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, on Oxford Dictionaries</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsxolh%2F σχολή] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225144050/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=sxolh/ |date=25 February 2021 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>

==History and development==
{{See also|History of education}}
[[File:Plato's Academy mosaic from Pompeii.jpg|thumb|[[Plato]]'s academy, [[mosaic]] from [[Pompeii]]]]
The concept of grouping students together in a centralized location for learning has existed since [[Classical antiquity]]. Formal schools have existed at least since [[ancient Greece]] (see [[Academy]]), [[ancient Rome]] (see [[Education in Ancient Rome]]) [[History of India|ancient India]] (see [[Gurukul]]), and [[History of China|ancient China]] (see [[History of education in China]]). The [[Byzantine Empire]] had an established schooling system beginning at the primary level. According to ''Traditions and Encounters'', the founding of the primary education system began in 425 AD and "... [[Soldier|military personnel]] usually had at least a primary education ...". The sometimes efficient and often large government of the Empire meant that educated citizens were a must. Although Byzantium lost much of the grandeur of Roman culture and extravagance in the process of surviving, the Empire emphasized efficiency in its war manuals. The Byzantine education system continued until the empire's collapse in 1453 AD.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bentley |first=Jerry H. |title=Traditions & Encounters a Global Perspective on the Past |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2006 |page=331}}</ref>

In Western Europe, a considerable number of [[cathedral schools]] were founded during the [[Early Middle Ages]] in order to teach future clergy and administrators, with the oldest still existing, and continuously operated, cathedral schools being [[The King's School, Canterbury]] (established 597 CE), [[King's School, Rochester]] (established 604 CE), [[St Peter's School, York]] (established 627 CE) and [[Thetford Grammar School]] (established 631 CE). Beginning in the 5th century CE, [[monastic school]]s were also established throughout Western Europe, teaching religious and secular subjects.[[File:BogdanovBelsky UstnySchet.jpg|thumb|upright|Mental calculations. In the school of S. Rachinsky by [[Nikolay Bogdanov-Belsky]]. Russia, 1895.|left|239x239px]]

In Europe, universities emerged during the 12th century; here, [[scholasticism]] was an important tool, and the academicians were called ''schoolmen''. During the [[Middle Ages]] and much of the [[Early Modern]] period, the main purpose of schools (as opposed to universities) was to teach the [[Latin|Latin language]]. This led to the term [[grammar school]], which in the United States informally refers to a primary school, but in the United Kingdom means a school that selects entrants based on ability or aptitude. The school curriculum has gradually broadened to include literacy in the vernacular language and technical, artistic, scientific, and practical subjects.

Obligatory school attendance became common in parts of Europe during the 18th century. In [[Denmark-Norway]], this was introduced as early as in 1739–1741, the primary end being to increase the literacy of the ''[[:no:almue|almue]]'', i.e., the "regular people".<ref>{{cite web |title=Leseferdighet og skolevesen 1740–1830 |url=https://oda.hio.no/jspui/bitstream/10642/888/2/802941.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414015817/https://oda.hio.no/jspui/bitstream/10642/888/2/802941.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2016 |access-date=15 May 2014 |publisher=Open Digital Archive}}</ref> Many of the earlier public schools in the United States and elsewhere were [[one-room school]]s where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by [[kid hack]]s and [[school bus]]es.

[[Islam]] was another culture that developed a school system in the modern sense of the word. Emphasis was put on knowledge, which required a systematic way of teaching and spreading knowledge and purpose-built structures. At first, [[mosque]]s combined religious performance and learning activities. However, by the 9th century, the [[madrassa]] was introduced, a school that was built independently from the mosque, such as [[University of Al Quaraouiyine|al-Qarawiyyin]], founded in 859 CE. They were also the first to make the ''Madrassa'' system a public domain under [[Caliph]]'s control.

Under the [[Ottomans]], the towns of [[Bursa]] and [[Edirne]] became the main centers of learning. The Ottoman system of [[Külliye]], a building complex containing a mosque, a hospital, madrassa, and public kitchen and dining areas, revolutionized the education system, making learning accessible to a broader public through its free meals, health care, and sometimes free accommodation.

==Regional terms==
The term ''school'' varies by country, as do the names of the various levels of education within the country.

===United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations===
In the United Kingdom, the term ''school'' refers primarily to pre-[[university]] institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into [[pre-school]]s or [[nursery school]]s, [[primary school]]s (sometimes further divided into [[infant school]] and [[junior school]]), and [[secondary school]]s. Various types of secondary schools in England and Wales include [[grammar school]]s, [[comprehensive school|comprehensives]], [[secondary modern]]s, and [[Academy (England)|city academies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Types of school |url=https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school |website=GOV.UK |access-date=14 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325212300/https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school |url-status=live }}</ref> While they may have different names in Scotland, there is only one type of secondary school. However, they may be funded either by the state or independently funded. Scotland's school performance is monitored by [[Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education]]. [[Ofsted]] reports on performance in England and [[Estyn]] reports on performance in Wales.

In the United Kingdom, most schools are publicly funded and known as [[state schools]] or maintained schools in which tuition is provided for free.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Difference Between State Schools & Private Schools? |url=https://www.britishcouncil.hk/en/stateschools_priavteschools#:~:text=Whilst%20independent%20schools%20are%20overseen,provide%20education%20free%20of%20charge. |website=British Council Hong Kong |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620143705/https://www.britishcouncil.hk/en/stateschools_priavteschools#:~:text=Whilst%20independent%20schools%20are%20overseen,provide%20education%20free%20of%20charge. |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also private schools or [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|private schools]] that charge fees. Some of the most selective and expensive private schools are known as [[Public school (UK)|public schools]], a usage that can be confusing to speakers of [[North American English]]. In North American usage, a [[public school (government funded)|public school]] is publicly funded or run.

In much of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], including Australia, New Zealand, India, [[Pakistan]], Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania, the term ''school'' refers primarily to pre-university institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-work/education |website=Commonwealth |access-date=14 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428124533/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-work/education |url-status=live }}</ref>

===India===
[[File:Loyola School.jpg|thumb|[[Loyola School, Chennai]], India – run by the [[Catholic Diocese of Madras]]. Christian missionaries played a pivotal role in establishing modern schools in India.]]

In ancient India, schools were in the form of [[Gurukul]]s. Gurukuls were traditional [[Hindu]] residential learning schools, typically the teacher's house or a monastery. Schools today are commonly known by the Sanskrit terms ''Vidyashram'', ''Vidyalayam'', ''Vidya'' ''Mandir'', ''Vidya Bhavan'' in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=School Meaning Sanskrit Arth Translate Kya Matlab|url=https://www.bsarkari.com/school/meaning-sanskrit|access-date=2022-02-20|website=www.bsarkari.com|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220194512/https://www.bsarkari.com/school/meaning-sanskrit|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Dravidian languages|southern]] languages, it is known as ''[[Pallikoodam]]'' or ''PaadaSaalai''. During the Mughal rule, [[Madrasah]]s were introduced in India to educate the children of Muslim parents. British records show that indigenous education was widespread in the 18th century, with a school for every temple, mosque, or village in most regions. The subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science, and Religion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2019-01-13|title=Vidyalaya, Vidyālaya, Vidya-alaya: 7 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vidyalaya|access-date=2022-02-20|website=www.wisdomlib.org|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220194503/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vidyalaya|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Perumacheri AUP School.JPG|left|thumb|A school building in [[Kannur]], India]]
Under British rule, Christian missionaries from England, the United States, and other countries established missionary and boarding schools in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jolad |first1=Shivakumar |title=Missionaries and expansion of mass western education in India 1700–1813 |url=https://medium.com/education-policy-flame/missionaries-and-expansion-of-mass-western-education-in-india-1700-1813-fa6d698c355b |website=Medium |access-date=14 June 2023 |language=en |date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620142157/https://medium.com/education-policy-flame/missionaries-and-expansion-of-mass-western-education-in-india-1700-1813-fa6d698c355b |url-status=live }}</ref> Later as these schools gained popularity, more were started, and some gained prestige. These schools marked the beginning of modern schooling in India. The syllabus and calendar they followed became the benchmark for schools in modern India. Today most schools follow the [[missionary school]] model for tutoring, subject/syllabus, and governance, with minor changes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bellenoit |first1=Hayden J. A. |title=Missionary Education, Religion and Knowledge in India, c. 1880-1915 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2007 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=369–394 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4132356 |access-date=14 June 2023 |issn=0026-749X |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620152648/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132356 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Schools in India range from large campuses with thousands of students and hefty fees to schools where children are taught under a tree with a small / no campus and are free of cost. There are various boards of schools in India, namely [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), Madrasa Boards of various states, Matriculation Boards of various states, State Boards of various boards, Anglo Indian Board, among others. Today's typical syllabus includes language(s), mathematics, science – physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history, general knowledge, and information technology/computer science. Extracurricular activities include physical education/sports and cultural activities like music, choreography, painting, and theatre/drama.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Education System in India - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation |url=https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-system-india.en.html#:~:text=The%20school%20system%20in%20India,and%20higher%20secondary%20into%20two. |website=GNU Operating System |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531132333/https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-system-india.en.html#:~:text=The%20school%20system%20in%20India,and%20higher%20secondary%20into%20two. |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:1887 Bettannier Der Schwarze Fleck anagoria.jpg|thumb|[[Albert Bettannier]]'s 1887 painting ''La Tache noire'' depicts a child being taught about the "lost" province of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] in the aftermath of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] – an example of how European schools were often used in order to inoculate [[Nationalism]] in their pupils.]]
In much of continental Europe, the term ''school'' usually applies to [[primary education]], with primary schools that last between four and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to [[secondary education]], with secondary schools often divided between ''[[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasiums]]'' and [[vocational school]]s, which again, depending on country and type of school, educate students for between three and six years. In Germany, students graduating from Grundschule are not allowed to progress into a vocational school directly. Instead, they are supposed to proceed to one of Germany's general education schools such as [[Gesamtschule]], [[Hauptschule]], [[Realschule]] or [[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]].<ref>{{cite web |title=School system & compulsory education |url=https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/living-in-germany/family-life/school-system#:~:text=Germany%27s%20school%20system,international%20schools%20which%20charge%20fees. |website=Make it in Germany |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620142200/https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/living-in-germany/family-life/school-system#:~:text=Germany%27s%20school%20system,international%20schools%20which%20charge%20fees. |url-status=live }}</ref> When they leave that school, which usually happens at age 15–19, they may proceed to a vocational school. The term school is rarely used for [[tertiary education]], except for some ''upper'' or ''high'' schools (German: Hochschule), which describe colleges and universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=School system & compulsory education |url=https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/living-in-germany/family-life/school-system#:~:text=Germany%27s%20school%20system,international%20schools%20which%20charge%20fees. |website=Make it in Germany |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620142200/https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/living-in-germany/family-life/school-system#:~:text=Germany%27s%20school%20system,international%20schools%20which%20charge%20fees. |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Eastern Europe]] modern schools (after [[World War II]]), of both primary and secondary educations, often are combined. In contrast, secondary education might be split into accomplished or not. The schools are classified as middle schools of general education. For the technical purposes, they include "degrees" of the education they provide out of three available: the first – primary, the second – unaccomplished secondary, and the third – accomplished secondary. Usually, the first two degrees of education (eight years) are always included. In contrast, the last one (two years) permits the students to pursue [[vocational education|vocational]] or specialized educations.

===North America and the United States===
[[File:Farm Security Administration school in Alabama USA 1935.gif|thumb|One-room school in 1935, [[Alabama]]]]In North America, the term ''school'' can refer to any educational institution at any level and covers all of the following: [[preschool]] (for [[toddler]]s), [[kindergarten]], [[elementary school]], [[middle school]] (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), high school (or in some cases senior high school), college, university, and [[graduate school]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The US Higher Education System Explained |url=https://shorelight.com/student-stories/the-us-higher-education-system-explained/ |website=Shorelight |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620142158/https://shorelight.com/student-stories/the-us-higher-education-system-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the United States, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's [[State education agency|department of education]]. [[Charter school]]s are publicly funded elementary or secondary schools that have been freed from some of the rules, regulations, and statutes that apply to other public schools. The terms [[grammar school]] and ''grade school'' are sometimes used to refer to a primary school due to British colonial legacies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elementary, Grammar, and Secondary Schools {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/elementary-grammar-and-secondary-schools |website=www.encyclopedia.com |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620142157/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/elementary-grammar-and-secondary-schools |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, there are tax-funded [[magnet school]]s which offer different programs and instruction not available in traditional schools.

===Africa===
In West Africa, "school" can also refer to "bush" schools, Quranic schools, or apprenticeships. These schools include formal and informal learning.

Bush schools are training camps that pass down cultural skills, traditions, and knowledge to their students. Bush schools are semi-similar to traditional western schools because they are separated from the larger community. These schools are located in forests outside of the towns and villages, and the space used is solely for these schools. Once the students have arrived in the forest, they cannot leave until their training is complete. Visitors are prohibited from these areas.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Watkins Hanna|first1=Mark|title=The West African "Bush" School|journal=American Journal of Sociology|date=May 1943|volume=48|issue=6|pages=666–675|doi=10.1086/219263|s2cid=144208852}}</ref>
Instead of being separated by age, Bush schools are separated by gender. Women and girls cannot enter the boys' bush school territory and vice versa. Boys receive training in cultural crafts, fighting, hunting, and community laws among other subjects.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Watkins Hanna|first1=Mark|title=The West African "Bush" Schools|journal=American Journal of Sociology|date=May 1943|volume=48|issue=6|pages=666–675|doi=10.1086/219263|s2cid=144208852}}</ref> Girls are trained in their own version of the boys' bush school. They practice domestic affairs such as cooking, childcare, and being a good wife. Their training is focused on how to be a proper woman by societal standards.[[File:Serrekundamadrassa.JPG|thumb|A ''[[madrasah]]'' in the Gambia|left]]Qur'anic schools are the principal way of teaching the Quran and knowledge of the Islamic faith. These schools also fostered literacy and writing during the time of colonization. Today, the emphasis is on the different levels of reading, memorizing, and reciting the Quran. Attending a Qur'anic school is how children become recognized members of the Islamic faith. Children often attend state schools and a Qur'anic school.

In Mozambique, specifically, there are two kinds of Qur'anic schools. They are the tariqa based and the Wahhabi-based schools. What makes these schools different is who controls them. Tariqa schools are controlled at the local level. In contrast, the Wahhabi are controlled by the Islamic Council.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bonate|first1=Liazat|title=Islamic Education in Africa|date=2016|publisher=Indiana University Press}}</ref> Within the Qur'anic school system, there are levels of education. They range from a basic level of understanding, called chuo and kioni in local languages, to the most advanced, which is called ilimu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bonate|first1=Lizzat|title=Islamic Education in Africa|date=2016|publisher=Indiana University Press}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

In Nigeria, the term ''school'' broadly covers [[Child care|daycares]], [[Preschool|nursery schools]], [[primary school]]s, [[secondary school]]s and [[Tertiary education|tertiary institutions]]. Primary and secondary schools are either privately funded by religious institutions and corporate organisations or government-funded. Government-funded schools are commonly referred to as public schools. Students spend six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary school, and three years in senior secondary school. The first nine years of formal schooling is compulsory under the Universal Basic Education Program (UBEC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ubec.gov.ng/about/who-we-are/|title=Universal Basic Education Commission {{!}} Home|website=www.ubec.gov.ng|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217011131/https://www.ubec.gov.ng/about/who-we-are/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tertiary institutions include public and private universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education. Universities can be funded by the federal government, state governments, religious institutions, or individuals and organisations.

==Ownership and operation==
Many schools are owned or funded by [[state (polity)|states]]. [[Private school]]s operate independently from the government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mosharraf Zaidi: Why we wanted to believe what Greg Mortenson was selling |url=https://nationalpost.com/full-comment/mosharraf-zaidi-why-we-wanted-to-believe-what-greg-mortenson-was-selling |website=National Post |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Needs something better than a comment piece in a newspaper|date=June 2023}} Private schools usually rely on fees from families whose children attend the school for funding; however, sometimes such schools also receive government support (for example, through [[School voucher]]s). Many private schools are affiliated with a particular religion; these are known as [[parochial schools]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parochial education |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/parochial-education |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619083404/https://www.britannica.com/topic/parochial-education |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Components of most schools==
{{See also|Learning environment|Learning space}}
[[File:rathaykentst.jpg|thumb|A school entrance building in Australia|320x320px]]
Schools are organized spaces purposed for teaching and learning. The classrooms where teachers teach and students learn are of central importance. Classrooms may be specialized for certain subjects, such as laboratory classrooms for science education and workshops for [[industrial arts]] education.

Typical schools have many other rooms and areas, which may include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Spaces for Education |url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/ftepfer/SchlFacilities/Spaces.html |website=pages.uoregon.edu |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620142159/https://pages.uoregon.edu/ftepfer/SchlFacilities/Spaces.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Cafeteria]] (Commons), dining hall or canteen where students eat lunch and often breakfast and snacks.
* Athletic field, playground, [[gym]], or track place where students participating in sports or [[physical education]] practice
* Schoolyards, all-purpose playfields typically in [[elementary school]]s, often made of concrete.
* Auditorium or hall where student theatrical and musical productions can be staged and where all-school events such as assemblies are held
* Office where the administrative work of the school is done
* Library where students ask librarians reference questions, check out books and magazines, and often use computers
* [[Computer labs]] where computer-based work is done and the internet accessed
*[[Cultural Activities|Cultural activities]] where the students uphold their cultural practice through activities like games, dance, and music

=== Education facilities in low-income countries ===
In [[low-income countries]], only 32% of primary, 43% of lower secondary and 52% of upper secondary schools have access to [[electricity]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370738|title=#CommitToEducation|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100336-3|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211003256/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark%3A/48223/pf0000370738|url-status=live}}</ref> This affects access to the [[internet]], which is just 37% in upper secondary schools in low-income countries, as compared to 59% in those in middle-income countries and 93% in those in [[High income countries|high-income countries]].<ref name=":0" />

Access to basic [[water]], [[sanitation]] and [[hygiene]] is also far from universal. Among upper secondary schools, only 53% in low-income countries and 84% in middle-income countries have access to basic drinking water. Access to water and sanitation is universal in high-income countries.<ref name=":0" />

== Security ==
{{main|School security}}
[[File:Warning signs at CHS.jpg|thumb|To curtail violence, some schools have added [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] [[surveillance]] cameras. This is especially common in schools with [[gang activity]] or violence.]]
The safety of staff and students is increasingly becoming an issue for school communities, an issue most schools are addressing through improved security. Some have also taken measures such as installing [[metal detectors#Security screening|metal detectors]] or [[Closed-circuit television|video surveillance]]. Others have even taken measures such as having the children swipe identification cards as they board the school bus. These plans have included door numbering to aid public safety response for some schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cards let schools, parents keep eye on their students |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/11/27/student-technology-tracking/3757459/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515165842/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/11/27/student-technology-tracking/3757459/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other security concerns faced by schools include bomb threats, gangs, and vandalism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wrensolutions.com/EducationBlog/tabid/532/EntryID/55/Default.aspx |title=School Vandalism Takes Its Toll |publisher=Wrensolutions.com |access-date=3 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206091739/http://wrensolutions.com/EducationBlog/tabid/532/EntryID/55/Default.aspx |archive-date=6 December 2009 }}</ref> In recognition of these threats, the United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goal 4]] advocates for upgrading education facilities to provide a safe, non-violent learning environment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SDG4's 10 targets|url=https://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/who-we-are/the-international-education-framework-2/the-sustainable-development-goal-4/sdg4s-10-targets/|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Global Campaign For Education|language=en-US|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207052027/https://campaignforeducation.org/en/who-we-are/the-international-education-framework-2/the-sustainable-development-goal-4/sdg4s-10-targets/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Health services==
{{Main|School health services}}

School health services are services from medical, teaching and other professionals applied in or out of school to improve the health and well-being of children and, in some cases, whole families. These services have been developed in different ways around the globe. However, the fundamentals are constant: the early detection, correction, prevention, or amelioration of disease, disability, and abuse from which school-aged children can suffer.

==Online schools and classes==
{{Main|Virtual school}}
Some schools offer remote access to their classes over the internet. Online schools also can provide support to traditional schools, as in the case of the [[School Net Namibia]]. Some online classes also provide experience in a class. When people take them, they have already been introduced to the subject and know what to expect. Classes provide high school/college credit, allowing students to take the classes at their own pace. Many online classes cost money to take, but some are offered free.

[[File:Online class in Greece, October 2021.jpg|thumb|right|Online class in Greece, October 2021. Online classes have been very common during the early 2020s, due to the mass closures of schools as a result of the [[Covid pandemic]].]]

Internet-based distance learning programs are offered widely through many universities. Instructors teach through online activities and assignments. Online classes are taught the same as in-person, with the same curriculum. The instructor offers the syllabus with their fixed requirements like any other class. Students can virtually turn their assignments in to their instructors according to deadlines. This being through via email or on the course webpage. This allows students to work at their own pace yet meet the correct deadlines. Students taking an online class have more flexibility in their schedules to take their classes at a time that works best.

Conflicts with taking an online class may include not being face to face with the instructor when learning or being in an environment with other students. Online classes can also make understanding the content challenging, especially when unable to get in quick contact with the instructor. Online students have the advantage of using other online sources with assignments or exams for that specific class. Online classes also have the advantage of students not needing to leave their house for a morning class or worrying about their attendance for that class. Students can work at their own pace to learn and achieve within that curriculum.<ref>Laird, Ellen. "I'm Your Teacher, Not Your Internet-Service Provider." Chronicle of Higher Education n.d.: n.p. Print</ref>

The convenience of learning at home has been an attraction point for enrolling online. Students can attend class anywhere a computer can go – at home, in a library, or while traveling internationally. Online school classes are designed to fit a student's needs while allowing students to continue working and tending to their other obligations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/articles/2009/04/02/online-education-offers-access-and-affordability |title=Online Education Offers Access and Affordability |publisher=Usnews.com |access-date=17 May 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318135851/http://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/articles/2009/04/02/online-education-offers-access-and-affordability |url-status=live }}</ref> Online school education is divided into three subcategories: Online Elementary School, Online Middle School, Online High school.

==Stress==
{{See also|Cram school}}
As a profession, teaching has levels of [[work-related stress]] (WRS)<ref name="WRS">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrsrecovery.com/ |title=Work-Related Stress in teaching |publisher=Wrsrecovery.com |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224001814/http://www.wrsrecovery.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that are among the highest of any profession in some countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ross |first=Genesis R. |title=Teacher Stress, Burnout and NCLB: The U.S. Educational Ecosystem and the Adaptation of Teachers |year=2010 |type=MS thesis |publisher=Miami University |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1272643496 |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> The degree of this problem is becoming increasingly recognized and support systems are being put into place.<ref name="TSN">{{cite web |url=http://www.teachersupport.info/ |title=Teacher Support for England & Wales |publisher=Teachersupport.info |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-date=13 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213104109/http://www.teachersupport.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TSNs">{{cite web |url=http://www.teachersupport.info/scotland |title=Teacher Support for Scotland |publisher=Teachersupport.info |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-date=18 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018174251/http://teachersupport.info/scotland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stress sometimes affects students more severely than teachers, up to the point where the students are prescribed stress medication. This stress is claimed to be related to standardized testing, and the pressure on students to score above average.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/2005/2005_05_06.stress06.shtml |title=Survey confirms student stress, but next step is unclear (May 06, 2005) |publisher=Paloaltoonline.com |date=6 May 2005 |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206002853/http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/2005/2005_05_06.stress06.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/school-stress-anxiety-children |title=Children & School Anxiety, Stress Management |publisher=Webmd.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-date=6 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406222852/http://www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/school-stress-anxiety-children |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a 2008 mental health study by the Associated Press and mtvU,<ref name="mtvU-AP-2008-survey">{{Cite web |date=2008-03-19 |title=mtvU and Associated Press poll shows how stress, war, the economy and other factors are affecting college students' mental health. |url=http://www.halfofus.com/_media/_pr/mtvU_AP_College_Stress_and_Mental_Health_Poll_Executive_Summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228213137/http://www.halfofus.com/_media/_pr/mtvU_AP_College_Stress_and_Mental_Health_Poll_Executive_Summary.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-28 |website=Half Of Us}}</ref> eight in 10 U.S. college students said they had sometimes or frequently experienced stress in their daily lives. This was an increase of 20% from a survey five years previously. Thirty-four percent had felt depressed at some point in the past three months, 13 percent had been diagnosed with a mental health condition such as an anxiety disorder or depression, and 9 percent had seriously considered suicide.<ref name="mtvU-AP-2008-survey" />

==Discipline towards students==
{{Main|School discipline}}
[[File:Flag ceremony routine activities in Indonesian schools2022.jpg|thumb|The activity of carrying out the flag ceremony at [[Indonesia]]n [[Education in Indonesia|schools]] every Monday morning, With the aim of educating discipline and a sense of national spirit]]
Schools and their teachers have always been under pressure – for instance, pressure to cover the curriculum, perform well compared to other schools, and avoid the stigma of being "soft" or "spoiling" toward students. Forms of discipline, such as control over when students may speak, and normalized behaviour, such as raising a hand to speak, are imposed in the name of greater efficiency. Practitioners of [[critical pedagogy]] maintain that such disciplinary measures have no positive effect on student learning. Indeed, some argue that disciplinary practices detract from learning, saying that they undermine students' dignity and sense of [[Self-esteem|self-worth]] – the latter occupying a more primary role in students' [[hierarchy of needs]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Schools|Education}}
{{div col}}
* [[Bullying in teaching]]
* [[Criticism of schooling]]
* [[Educational technology]]
* [[Free education]]
* [[List of colleges and universities by country]]
* [[List of schools by country]]
* [[List of songs about school]]
* [[List of television series about school]]
* [[Mobile phone use in schools]]
* [[Music school]]
* [[Secular education]]
* [[School and university in literature]]
* [[School bullying]]
* [[School meal]]
* [[School story]]
* [[School uniform]]
* [[School-to-prison pipeline]]
* [[Student transport]]
* [[Teaching for social justice]]
* [[University-preparatory school]]
* [[Year-round school]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Further reading==
* Dodge, B. (1962). Muslim Education in the Medieval Times, The Middle East Institute, Washington D.C.
* ''Education as Enforcement: The Militarization and Corporatization of Schools'', edited by Kenneth J. Saltman and David A. Gabbard, RoutledgeFalmer 2003. [http://human-nature.com/nibbs/04/ed.html Review].
* Makdisi, G. (1980). On the origin and development of the college in Islam and the West, in Islam and the Medieval West, ed. Khalil I. Semaan, [[State University of New York]] Press.
* Nakosteen, M. (1964). History of Islamic origins of Western Education AD 800–1350, [[University of Colorado Press]], [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]].
* Ribera, J. (1928). Disertaciones Y Opusculos, 2 vols., Madrid.
* Spielhofer, Thomas, Tom Benton, Sandie Schagen. "A study of the effects of school size and single-sex education in English schools." ''Research Papers in Education'', June 2004:133 159, 27.
* Toppo, Greg. "High-tech school security is on the rise." ''[[USA Today]]'', 9 October 2006.
* ''Traditions and Encounters'', by Jerry H. Bentley and Herb F. Ziegler.

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = #CommitToEducation
| publisher = [[UNESCO]]
| page numbers = 35
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370738
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==External links==
{{Sisterlinks}}

{{Schools}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Educational facilities]]
[[Category:Schools| ]]

Hasan Imam

2026-10-31T14:25:44Z

WikiDwarf: /* Views */ Replace with main article template

{{short description|Indian Grand Ayatollah and Religious leader}}
{{Infobox religious biography|name=Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri|religion=[[Shia Islam]]|birth_date=02 March 1974|children=[[Syed Raza Imam]], Syed Jawad Imam Zangipuri|office1=[[Imam|Imam-e-Jumma]] of Mira Road, [[Mumbai]]|term_start1=2003|office2=Dean of Hawzah Sahibe Zamaan, Qom [[Iran]]|term_start2=1997|term_end2=2002|office3=Chief of Shia Community of Mira Road, [[Mumbai|Northern Mumbai]] and Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|term_start3=2003|office4=Chairman of Imam University Zangipur|term_start4=November 25, 2024|background=#B0C4DE|spouse=Syeda Nishat Fatima Hasan Imam Zangipuri|location=[[Mumbai]], [[India]]|post=Supreme Religious Authority and Chief of Shia Community of Mira Road, [[Mumbai|Northern Mumbai]] and Western Suburbs (Mumbai), [[Imam|Imam e Jumma wal Jamaat]] of Mira Road, [[Mumbai]]|title=Grand Ayatollah, Allamah, Mawlana, Hujjat al-Islam, Daqeeq ul Daqaaeq ''(The Finest of the Fine)'', Aaftab e Imamat ''(The Sun of Imamat)'', Naqeeb ul Millat ''(The Leader of the Community)''|image=Maulana Hasan Imam Zangipuri.jpeg|caption=Ayatollah Zangipuri in 2026|creed=|jurisprudence=Twelver|honorific prefix=Grand Ayatollah, Allamah
Daqeeq ul Daqaeq, Aftab e Imamat
Naqeeb ul Millat}}

'''Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri''' (born 2 March 1974) is an Indian [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Jurist]], [[Clergyman|cleric]], [[Mujtahid|Marja, Mujtahid]] and [[Leader|religious leader]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Al-Musawi|first=Hassan|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675026M/Contemporary_Shia_Religious_Leadership_in_the_Indian_Diaspora|title=Contemporary Shia Religious Leadership in the Indian Diaspora|date=2022|publisher=Dar al-Thaqalayn Publications|location=[[Najaf]], [[Karbala]]|pages=Unit 7, Allamah Maulana Syed Hasan Imam, Page 49 to Page 57|ol=62675026M}}</ref> he is prominent and influential religious leader and is regarded as one of the leading figures in India's [[Muslims|Muslim Community]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Rashtriya Andaaz|title=India's One Of Leading Muslim Figure And Shia Religious Leader Hazrat Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On Eid E Milad|date=2026-08-27|url=http://archive.org/details/indias-one-of-leading-muslim-figure-and-shia-religious-leader-hazrat-maulana-sye|access-date=2026-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Maulana Hasan Imam Facebook|title=Shia Religious Leader Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On A Community Social And Public Gathering|date=2026-08-26|url=http://archive.org/details/shia-religious-leader-maulana-syed-hasan-imam-zangipuri-on-a-community-social-and-public-gathering|access-date=2026-10-03}}</ref><ref>[https://newdle.com/writings/9b03f81c-68b8-457a-97da-b72b2eb927a4 Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Senior Cleric and Revolutionary], ''STP News''</ref> He is the Supreme Religious Authority of Mira Road, [[Mumbai|Northern Mumbai]] and Western Suburbs (Mumbai) also regarded as the Chief of Shia Population and has served as the [[Imam|Imam-e-Jumma]] of Haidery Jama Masjid in Mira Road, [[Mumbai]] for more than [[2|two]] [[Decade|decades]].<ref name="inquilab2021">{{cite news|date=27 November 2021|title=وسیم رضوی کے خلاف میراروڈ کے مسلمانوں میں بھی شدید بے چینی اور اضطراب|language=Urdu|trans-title=Extreme unrest and anxiety among the Muslims of Mira Road against Wasim Rizvi|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/extreme-unrest-and-anxiety-among-the-muslims-of-mira-road-against-wasim-rizvi-31886}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=The Shia Times|url=http://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-2-successful-decades-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|title=The Shia Times, 2 Successful Decades Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2022-03-09}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Zangipuri was born on March 1974 in Jangipur, Ghazipur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Texts, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine|url=https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-shia-olama-magazine-2005-pg-19-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|access-date=2026-10-17|website=archive.org}}</ref> he studied his intial studies in [[India]] then moved to [[Qom]], [[Iran]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Falkenberger|first=Matthias|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675024M/The_Family_of_Masters|title=The Family of Masters|date=|publisher=Falkenberger Verlag|year=2026|location=[[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Germany]]|pages=Chapter no 12- Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri, Page 70 to Page 110|ol=62675024M}}</ref>, where he studied in [[Qom Seminary]] for about more than a decade<ref name=":2" /> In 2000, he got ijazah (permission) for ijtihad from [[Naser Makarem Shirazi|Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi]] and from then, he became a [[mujtahid]].<ref>Ijaza-e- Ijtihad, Page No. 1</ref>

Additionally Zangipuri served as the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of Hawzah e Sahibe Zamaan, a shia [[seminary]] in Qom Iran<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Syed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page 5-6|ol=62675031M}}</ref><ref>Maulana Syed Ahmed, Qom ke Ayyam, p.22&23, Kabul</ref>. he was the first Indian to serve as the Dean of Hawzah e Sahibe Zamaan<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Syed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 9|ol=62675031M}}</ref>. Zangipuri then left the office in 2002 and returned back to India<ref>{{Cite book|last=Afghanistani|first=Maulana Syed Ahmed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 13-14|ol=62675031M}}</ref><ref>Maulana Syed Ahmed, Qom ke Ayyam, P.17, Iran</ref>, on arrival back to India he received an offer letter as [[Imam|Imam-e-Jumma]] of Mira Road, a western suburb of [[Mumbai]]. since 2003 he is continuously serving as [[Imam|Imam-e-Jumma]] and later as chief of [[Shia Islam|shia community]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=IbrahimShaykh|date=2026-10-15|title=Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Prominent Religious Leader and One of Most Influential Muslim Figures|url=https://submitpr.org/press-release/syed-hasan-imam-rizvi-a-prominent-religious-leader-and-one-of-most-influential-muslim-figures|access-date=2026-10-17|website=SubmitPR Free|language=en}}</ref>

Zangipuri is reported to have more than 1,00,000 followers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=David Michael|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675030M/Religious_Authority_and_Social_Change_among_Twelver_Shia_Communities|title=Religious Authority and Social Change among Twelver Shia Communities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Scholarly Publications|location=New York, United States|pages=Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 109 to Page 130|ol=62675030M}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Naqvi|first=Syed Abbas|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675025M/Ulama_of_the_Indian_Subcontinent_Biographical_Profiles_and_Intellectual_Traditions|title=Ulama of the Indian Subcontinent: Biographical Profiles and Intellectual Traditions|date=2023|publisher=Maktaba-e-Tahqiq, Pakistan|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=Section 19, Naqeeb-ul-Millat Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 127 to Page 149|ol=62675025M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eleanor J.|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675027M/Faith_and_Public_Leadership_among_India's_Muslim_Minorities|title=Faith and Public Leadership among India's Muslim Minorities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Studies Press|location=New York, United States|ol=62675027M}}</ref>

Ayatollah Zangipuri<ref>[https://telegra.ph/Ayatollah-Syed-Hasan-Imam-Rizvi-Zangipuri-A-Revolutionary-10-21 Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri: A Revolutionary] ''Wilof d. Amins''</ref> is known as ''Naqeeb ul Millat'' meaning “leader of the community”<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr Robert|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675032M/Indian_Muslim_Legends|title=Indian Muslim Legends: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia of Muslim scholars, Sufis, poets, philosophers, educators and reformers of Indian Sub continent.|date=2026|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter 73, Page 465-467|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr. Robert|url=https://zenodo.org/records/23338154|title=Indian Muslim Legends|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter No 73- Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 464 to Page 472|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154|ol=62675032M}}</ref>, ''Daqeeq ul Daqaaeq'' meaning "finest of fine"<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />. ''Allamah'' a title used for a scholar<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />. ''Aaftab-e-Imamat'', meaning “the Sun of Imamat,”<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> and Maulana, also spelled Mawlana or Molana, a title of respect commonly used for Muslim religious scholars.<ref name=":5" />

A compilation of his [[Sermon|sermons]] was published in a book titled ''Mimbar-e-Mudallal'', written by Syed Mehdi Jafri, a pakistani author and published by Idara-e-Ma'arif Publications in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jafri|first=Syed Mehdi|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675029M/Mimbar-e-Mudallal|title=Mimbar-e-Mudallal: Sermons and Intellectual Contributions of Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2023|publisher=Idara-e-Ma'arif Publications|location=Karachi, Pakistan|ol=OL62675029M}}</ref>

== Views ==
The Inquilab, ''(daily urdu newspaper)'' has reported Zangipuri as both [[Imam]] and [[Spokesperson]].<ref name="inquilab2021" /> Over the years, he has delivered religious addresses and participated in various [[Shia Islam|Shia]] religious and [[community]] programmes in Mira Road and elsewhere.

In March 2025, Zangipuri spoke about issues relating to [[Quds Day]], [[Palestine]] and Muslim unity.<ref name="quds2025">{{cite news|date=29 March 2025|title=رمضان المبارک کے آخری جمعہ کوشہر و مضافات میں ’یوم القدس‘ منایا گیا|language=Urdu|trans-title=Quds Day was observed in the city and suburbs on the last Friday of Ramadan|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/quds-day-was-celebrated-in-the-city-and-suburbs-on-the-last-friday-of-ramadan-75185}}</ref> In December 2025, Inquilab reported a ''"Seerat-un-Nabi and Ittehad-ul-Ummah conference"'' in [[Mira Road]] at which Zangipuri was also present, where he addressed the gathering on the role of individuals in strengthening the family system.<ref name="seerat2025">{{cite news|date=1 December 2025|title=سیرت النبیؐ و اتحاد امت کانفرنس میں قرآن مجید کے راستے پر چلنے کی تلقین|language=Urdu|trans-title=Call to follow the path of the Holy Quran at the Seerat-un-Nabi and Ittehad-ul-Ummah conference|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/exhortation-to-follow-the-path-of-the-holy-quran-at-the-seerat-ul-nabi-pbuh-and-ittehad-ul-ummah-conference-87709}}</ref> In 2021 report by ''Hamari Aawaz'' covered remarks Zangipuri made at a [[Social reform|social-reform]] meeting in [[Mira Road]].<ref name="hamariaawaz">{{cite news|date=16 March 2021|title=کرونا وائرس سے زیادہ خطرناک جہیز کا وائرس ہے: قاضی مطیع الرحمٰن قاسمی|language=Urdu|work=Hamari Aawaz|url=https://news.hamariaawaz.com/7967/}}</ref> Zangipuri has participated in a range of [[Religious studies|religious lectures]], [[Meeting|community meetings]] and [[Public demonstration|public demonstrations]]. Archival recordings show him at events relating to [[Al-Baqi Cemetery|Jannatul Baqi]], [[Quds Day|Quds]] [[Quds Day|Day]], the [[2022 Karnataka hijab row|hijab controversy]] and the [[Syed Wasim Rizvi|Waseem Rizvi]] controversy.<ref name="baqi2017">{{cite web|title=2017 Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi's Protest on Jannatul Baqi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvis-protest-on-jannatul-baqi|website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="quds2023">{{cite web|title=2023 Yaum E Quds Protest, Mira Road, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2023-yaum-e-quds-protest-mira-road-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="waseemarchive">{{cite web|title=2021 Darul Qaza Mira Road With Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2021-darul-qaza-mira-road-with-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-protest-on-waseem-rizvi-la|website=Internet Archive}}</ref> His public activities have also received coverage from outlets including ''Hawzah News'' and ''IQNA's Isfahan and Khorasan'' services<ref>{{Cite news|last=Isfahan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Isfahan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Board, Mira Road|url=https://isfahan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khorasan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Khorasan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Council, Mira Road|url=https://khorasan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-21|title=ممبئی میں شیعہ علماء اسمبلی ہندوستان کا دو روزہ اجلاس؛ قومی مسائل کو باہمی اتفاق سے حل کرنے پر زور|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/384946/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C-%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%81-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}</ref> In 2021, Zangipuri publicly responded to the controversy surrounding [[Syed Wasim Rizvi|Waseem Rizvi's]] proposed actions concerning the [[Quran]], according to ''[[The Inquilab]]''.<ref name="inquilab2021" /> Hawzah News further reported that ''"Maulana Hasan Imam and other clerics issued a video statement calling [[Syed Wasim Rizvi|Waseem Rizvi]] and his associates [[Apostasy|apostates]] and appealing for a [[Boycott|social boycott]]"''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=ہندوستان کے مختلف علاقوں کے علماء اور انجمنوں نے وسیم مرتد اور اس کے ساتھیوں کے سوشل بائیکاٹ کا اعلان کرتے ہوئے انہیں اسلام سے خارج قرار دیا|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/367998/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%DA%BA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%DA%BA-%D9%86%DB%92-%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}</ref> Zangipuri further criticised Waseem, stating, ''“These are verses from the Quran, not documents of the Waqf Board.”''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Mibha|title=Protestors seek Waseems arrest for petition against removal of Quranic verses|url=https://mibhatimes.com/social/protestors-seek-waseems-arrest-for-petition-against-removal-of-quranic-verses/|url-status=live}}</ref> March 2022 report by ''[[The Inquilab]]'' on a meeting concerning the [[hijab]] also listed Zangipuri among the religious figures who attended the gathering.<ref name="hijabinq">{{cite news|date=19 March 2022|title=اگر لڑکیاں حجاب پہنیں گی تو اسکول اور کالج انتظامیہ کو اجازت دینے پر مجبور ہونا پڑے گا|language=Urdu|trans-title=If girls wear hijab, school and college administrations will be forced to give permission|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/if-the-girls-wear-hijab-the-school-and-college-administration-will-be-forced-to-give-permission-34717}}</ref>

{{main article|2017 Mira Road Protest}}

In 2017, Zangipuri was associated with a protest in Mira Road over statements made by journalist [[Rohit Sardana]]. Archival video footage shows him leading a [[protest rally]] and accompanying members of the Shia community to the Naya Nagar Police Station.<ref name="sardanatv">{{cite web|title=Shia Crowd Lead By Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi Filed FIR In Mira Road Police Station Against Rohit Sardana On 2017|url=https://archive.org/details/shia-crowd-lead-by-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-filed-fir-in-mira-road-police-statio|website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="sardanarally">{{cite web|title=2017, Rohit Sardana Protest Rally, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-rohit-sardana-protest-rally-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}</ref> A later report by ''Veritas International Express'' described him as a senior Shia cleric and referred to him as the "Chief of Shias of Mira Road", the report said that he led members of the Shia community to Naya Nagar [[Police station|Police Station]] in connection with a complaint against [[Rohit Sardana|Sardana]].<ref name="veritassardana">{{cite news|date=2 September 2026|title=Senior Shia Cleric and Chief of Shia Population of Mira Road Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri files an FIR against Journalist Rohit Sardana|work=Veritas International Express|url=https://veritasinternationalexpress.mojonetwork.in/national-news/mira-road-shia-cleric-fir-against-journalist-rohit-sardana}}</ref> Contemporary reporting by ''[[The Times of India]]'' independently documented that a police complaint had been filed in Mira Road concerning Sardana's remarks.<ref name="toiSardana">{{cite news|date=23 November 2017|title=Muslim groups see red over journo's tweet|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/muslim-groups-see-red-over-journos-tweet/articleshow/61759448.cms}}</ref><ref name="interview2015">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Interview Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi, 2015, Zainabia Channel|url=https://archive.org/details/interview-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-2015-zainabia-channel|website=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Syed Raza Imam]]
* [[Shia Islam]]
* [[Shia Islam in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Islam]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi]]

Draft:Syed Raza Imam (dupe)

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WikiDwarf: Rd as duplicate

#REDIRECT [[Draft:Syed Raza Imam]]

Draft:Syed Raza Imam (dupe)

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WikiDwarf: WikiDwarf moved page Syed Raza Imam to Draft:Syed Raza Imam (dupe) without leaving a redirect: Still not yet ready for the main namespace. Please edit the draft, improve sources and submit for review.

{{short description|Indian Polymath and Leader}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Shia Islam]]|honorific prefix=Shamsheer e Hind
Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat
Khateeb e Muntazir|title=Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat, Khateeb e Muntazir, Shamsheer e Hind, Khateeb e Ahlebaith|parents=[[Hasan Imam|Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri]] ''(Father)'';
Zakira Syeda Nishat Fatima Hasan Imam Zangipuri ''(Mother)''|image=Syed Raza Imam Zangipuri.jpg|office1=Founder and Founding Chancellor of Imam University Zangipur|term1=November 25, 2024|predecessor1=''office established''|office2=Founder and Vice-President of Royal Society of Imams|term2=''office established''|predecessor2=November 25, 2024|office3=1st Director of Imam University Zangipur|office4=Chief Executive Officer of Imam University Zangipur|term4=November 25, 2024|term_start3=November 25, 2024|predecessor3=''office established''|successor3=Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri|predecessor4=''office established''|term_end3=May 15, 2026|birth_date=November 25, 2006|birth_place=[[Mumbai]]|birth_name=Syed Raza Imam Rizvi Zangipuri|relatives=Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri ''(Brother)''|alma_mater=[[University of Mumbai]]|lineage=Khandaan e Ustaad|pre-nominals=Sir|name=Syed Raza Imam|caption='''Syed Raza Imam''' featured in ''When the Ant Book Author Read Khutba of Imam Ali'' at [[IMDb]]}}

'''Sir Syed Raza Imam''' (born; Syed Raza Imam Rizvi Zangipuri, 25 November 2006), popularly known as "'''Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat'''"<ref>[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141837307 Wikidata]</ref> is an Indian [[Polymath]], [[Clergyman|Shia Cleric]], [[orator]], [[philosopher]], [[author]], poet, administrator, [[politician]], [[academic]], [[educator]], institutional founder, spokesperson, [[polyglot]], public figure and Internet personality.<ref name=":0">[https://submitpr.org/press-release/who-is-syed-raza-imam Who is Syed Raza Imam? INT News]</ref><ref>Zangipuri, Syed Jawad Imam, [https://archive.org/details/inthikhaab-e-khandaan-e-ustaad-vol-1 Intikhaab e Khadaan e Ustaad Vol-1, Book]</ref> He is the founder and Founding Chancellor of Imam University Zangipur <ref>[https://archive.org/details/azadaari-india-news-imam-university-zangipur Azadaari India News, Imam University Zangipur]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/all-india-shia-news-publications-imam-university-zangipur All India Shia News Publications, Imam University Zangipur]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-imam-university-zangipur Imam University Zangipur, The Shia Times]</ref>, and founder of numbers of educational, religious, literary and administrative institutions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/?ref_=nmbio_ov_bk ''IMDb'' Syed Raza Imam]</ref> <ref name=":0" /><ref> ''Ghadeer e Khum; the Final Declaration, Syed Raza Imam,''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt50107636/?ref_=fn_t_1]</ref>

he is also known as Khateeb e Muntazir<ref>''Levesque, Dr. Robert;'' '''[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675032M/Indian_Muslim_Legends Indian Muslim Legends]''''', RL Publishing USA, Fremont California, United States''</ref><ref>'''[https://zenodo.org/records/23338154 Indian Muslim Legends]''' ''by Dr. Robert Levesque, Fremont California, United States''</ref> ''(Orator of Awaited One)'' and Shamsheer e Hind<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_ql_1 Biography of Syed Raza Imam- iMDB]</ref> ''(Sword of India)''

== Background ==
Imam was born on 25 November 2006, in [[Mumbai]] and is the elder son of Naqeeb ul Millat [[Hasan Imam|Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri]] and Zakira Syeda Nishat Fatima Hasan Imam Zangipuri. he is elder brother of Indian Poet and Director of Imam University, Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri. Imam is leading and prominent member of Khandaan e Ustaad or Imam Family of Zangipur.<ref name":0"="">[https://veritasinternationalexpress.mojonetwork.in/international-news/imam-family-greetings-muslims-birth-prophet-muhammad-imam-jafar-sadiq Imam Family Greets on Birth of Prophet], ''Veritas International Express''</ref> <ref name":0"="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260906153630/https://veritasinternationalexpress.mojonetwork.in/international-news/imam-family-greetings-muslims-birth-prophet-muhammad-imam-jafar-sadiq Imam Family Greets on Birth of Prophet and Imam Sadiq], ''Veritas International Express''</ref> <ref name=":1">[https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-biography-of-syed-raza-imam The Shia Times- Olama Magazine- Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

he started Oratory at the early age of four and half (4.5)<ref name=":1" /> one of the India's youngest oratory. Imam is known for his work spanning Islamic theology, philosophy, science, neuroscience, cosmology, literature, poetry, languages, education, administration and institutional design.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt49964659/?ref_=nmmi_rvi_i_1 Syed Raza Imam, When the Ant Book Author Read Khutba of Imam Ali]</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt49964194/?ref_=nmmi_rvi_i_2 When the Ant Book Author Read Khutba of Imam Ali]</ref> he has authored ''fourteen (14)'' books at age of ''nineteen (19)'' and founded several institutions<ref>[https://newdle.com/writings/3e68b9b7-fd90-4eae-a0aa-2c1c36e38240 Sir Syed Raza Imam: A Young Education Reformer], ''Shia News''</ref>. Imam also holds more than 14 certifications from National and International Instituitons and also Represents his university Internationally in many stages. Imam's university "'''Imam University Zangipur'''" is the ''World's First International Open Shia University''<ref>[https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/imam-university-zangipur World's First International Open Shia University] at ''[[Crunchbase]]''</ref>. Imam is known for speaking [[English language|English]] in multiple accents and with works in [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[American English]], [[British English]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi]], [[Arabic]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].<ref>[https://www.crunchbase.com/person/syed-raza-imam Syed Raza Imam] </ref><ref>''Gravatar,'' [https://gravatar.com/stellar1c2f965910 Syed Raza Imam]</ref><ref>[https://newdle.com/writings/22fa0a31-2fc3-470c-a50b-b2d05400505f The Rise of SYED RAZA IMAM], ''STP News''</ref>

== Works ==
Books written by Sir Syed Raza Imam:<ref>''About'' [https://about.me/syedrazaimam Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

# ''The Raza Imam Blueprint'', a compilation of his research, laws, institutional principles and related writings;<ref name=":2">[https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3823-8091 Works/Books of Syed Raza Imam]</ref>
# ''The Polymath's Philosophy'', a compilation of his philosophical works, quotes and thoughts;<ref name=":2" />
# ''Fazail-e-Umme Abiha Siddiqa-e-Kubra'';<ref name=":2" /><ref>''Books by Syed Raza Imam'' at [https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=j1-VZOsAAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC Google Scholar]</ref>
# ''The Polymath's Philisophy'', a compilation of his philosophical works and thoughts;<ref name=":2" />
# ''Tafseer-e-Hasan Imam'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Cosmology and Creation in the Light of Imam Ali (a.s.) and Ahlulbayt'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Intelligence in Nahjul Balagha: A Neuroscientific Interpretation'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''The Alchemical Wisdom of Imam Ali (a.s.)'';<ref>''Books by Syed Raza Imam'' at [https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=j1-VZOsAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C Google Scholar]</ref>
# ''Imam Mahdi (a.t.f.s.) and the Future of Technology'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Ethics Imam Ja‘far Sadiq (a.s.) and the Birth of Modern Science'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Cosmology and Ali'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Nahjul Balagah and Neuroscience'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Imam Mehdi and the Future'';<ref name=":2" /> and
# ''Radiance of Infallibles''.<ref name=":2" />

== External Links ==
Syed Raza Imam- IMDb<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/ Syed Raza Imam] at ''[[IMDb]]''</ref>

Syed Raza Imam- ISNI<ref>[https://isni.org/isni/000000053092288X Syed Raza Imam] at ''[[International Standard Name Identifier]]''</ref>

Syed Raza Imam- Orcid iD<ref>Syed Raza Imam at [https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3823-8091 ''Orcid'']</ref>

Syed Raza Imam- Google Scholar<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ Syed Raza Imam] at ''[[Google Scholar]]''</ref>

Syed Raza Imam- Website<ref>https://syedrazaimam.netlify.app/</ref>

Syed Raza Imam- Academia<ref>[https://independent.academia.edu/SyedRazaImamZangipuri Syed Raza Imam] at ''[[Academia.edu|Academia]]''</ref>

Syed Raza Imam- Web of Science Researcher ID<ref>[https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/QYQ-7055-2026 Syed Raza Imam] at ''[https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/QYQ-7055-2026 Web of Science Researcher]''</ref>

Syed Raza Imam- Wikidata<ref>''[[Wikidata]]'' of [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141344989 Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Hasan Imam

2026-10-31T06:19:01Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 216.106.187.104 (talk) to last revision by 157.119.202.154

{{short description|Indian Grand Ayatollah and Religious leader}}
{{Infobox religious biography|name=Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri|religion=[[Shia Islam]]|birth_date=02 March 1974|children=[[Syed Raza Imam|Sir Syed Raza Imam]] ''(Syed Raza Imam Zangipuri)'', Syed Jawad Imam Zangipuri|office1=[[Imam|Imam-e-Jumma]] of Mira Road, [[Mumbai]]|term_start1=2003|office2=Dean of Hawzah Sahibe Zamaan, Qom [[Iran]]|term_start2=1997|term_end2=2002|office3=Chief of Shia Community of Mira Road, [[Mumbai|Northern Mumbai]] and Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|term_start3=2003|office4=Chairman of Imam University Zangipur|term_start4=November 25, 2024|background=#B0C4DE|spouse=Syeda Nishat Fatima Hasan Imam Zangipuri|location=[[Mumbai]], [[India]]|post=Supreme Religious Authority and Chief of Shia Community of Mira Road, [[Mumbai|Northern Mumbai]] and Western Suburbs (Mumbai), [[Imam|Imam e Jumma wal Jamaat]] of Mira Road, [[Mumbai]]|title=Grand Ayatollah, Allamah, Mawlana, Hujjat al-Islam, Daqeeq ul Daqaaeq ''(The Finest of the Fine)'', Aaftab e Imamat ''(The Sun of Imamat)'', Naqeeb ul Millat ''(The Leader of the Community)''|image=Maulana Hasan Imam Sb.jpg|caption=Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri|creed=|jurisprudence=Twelver|honorific prefix=Grand Ayatollah, Allamah
Daqeeq ul Daqaeq, Aftab e Imamat
Naqeeb ul Millat}}

'''Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri''' (born 2 March 1974) is an Indian [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Jurist]], [[Clergyman|cleric]], [[Mujtahid|Marja, Mujtahid]] and [[Leader|religious leader]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Al-Musawi|first=Hassan|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675026M/Contemporary_Shia_Religious_Leadership_in_the_Indian_Diaspora|title=Contemporary Shia Religious Leadership in the Indian Diaspora|date=2022|publisher=Dar al-Thaqalayn Publications|location=[[Najaf]], [[Karbala]]|pages=Unit 7, Allamah Maulana Syed Hasan Imam, Page 49 to Page 57|ol=62675026M}}</ref> he is prominent and influential religious leader and is regarded as one of the leading figures in India's [[Muslims|Muslim Community]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Rashtriya Andaaz|title=India's One Of Leading Muslim Figure And Shia Religious Leader Hazrat Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On Eid E Milad|date=2026-08-27|url=http://archive.org/details/indias-one-of-leading-muslim-figure-and-shia-religious-leader-hazrat-maulana-sye|access-date=2026-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Maulana Hasan Imam Facebook|title=Shia Religious Leader Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On A Community Social And Public Gathering|date=2026-08-26|url=http://archive.org/details/shia-religious-leader-maulana-syed-hasan-imam-zangipuri-on-a-community-social-and-public-gathering|access-date=2026-10-03}}</ref> He is the Supreme Religious Authority of Mira Road, [[Mumbai|Northern Mumbai]] and Western Suburbs (Mumbai) also regarded as the Chief of Shia Population and has served as the [[Imam|Imam-e-Jumma]] of Haidery Jama Masjid in Mira Road, [[Mumbai]] for more than [[2|two]] [[Decade|decades]].<ref name="inquilab2021">{{cite news|date=27 November 2021|title=وسیم رضوی کے خلاف میراروڈ کے مسلمانوں میں بھی شدید بے چینی اور اضطراب|language=Urdu|trans-title=Extreme unrest and anxiety among the Muslims of Mira Road against Wasim Rizvi|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/extreme-unrest-and-anxiety-among-the-muslims-of-mira-road-against-wasim-rizvi-31886}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=The Shia Times|url=http://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-2-successful-decades-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|title=The Shia Times, 2 Successful Decades Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2022-03-09}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Zangipuri was born on March 1974 in Jangipur, Ghazipur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Texts, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine|url=https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-shia-olama-magazine-2005-pg-19-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|access-date=2026-10-17|website=archive.org}}</ref> he studied his intial studies in [[India]] then moved to [[Qom]], [[Iran]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Falkenberger|first=Matthias|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675024M/The_Family_of_Masters|title=The Family of Masters|date=|publisher=Falkenberger Verlag|year=2026|location=[[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Germany]]|pages=Chapter no 12- Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri, Page 70 to Page 110|ol=62675024M}}</ref>, where he studied in [[Qom Seminary]] for about more than a decade<ref name=":2" />, additionally Zangipuri served as the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of Hawzah e Sahibe Zamaan, a shia [[seminary]] in Qom Iran<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Syed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page 5-6|ol=62675031M}}</ref><ref>Maulana Syed Ahmed, Qom ke Ayyam, p.22&23, Kabul</ref>. he was the first Indian to serve as the Dean of Hawzah e Sahibe Zamaan<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Syed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 9|ol=62675031M}}</ref>. Zangipuri then left the office in 2002 and returned back to India<ref>{{Cite book|last=Afghanistani|first=Maulana Syed Ahmed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 13-14|ol=62675031M}}</ref><ref>Maulana Syed Ahmed, Qom ke Ayyam, P.17, Iran</ref>, on arrival back to India he received an offer letter as [[Imam|Imam-e-Jumma]] of Mira Road, a western suburb of [[Mumbai]]. since 2003 he is continuously serving as [[Imam|Imam-e-Jumma]] and later as chief of [[Shia Islam|shia community]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=IbrahimShaykh|date=2026-10-15|title=Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Prominent Religious Leader and One of Most Influential Muslim Figures|url=https://submitpr.org/press-release/syed-hasan-imam-rizvi-a-prominent-religious-leader-and-one-of-most-influential-muslim-figures|access-date=2026-10-17|website=SubmitPR Free|language=en}}</ref>

Zangipuri is reported to have more than 1,00,000 followers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=David Michael|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675030M/Religious_Authority_and_Social_Change_among_Twelver_Shia_Communities|title=Religious Authority and Social Change among Twelver Shia Communities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Scholarly Publications|location=New York, United States|pages=Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 109 to Page 130|ol=62675030M}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Naqvi|first=Syed Abbas|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675025M/Ulama_of_the_Indian_Subcontinent_Biographical_Profiles_and_Intellectual_Traditions|title=Ulama of the Indian Subcontinent: Biographical Profiles and Intellectual Traditions|date=2023|publisher=Maktaba-e-Tahqiq, Pakistan|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=Section 19, Naqeeb-ul-Millat Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 127 to Page 149|ol=62675025M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eleanor J.|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675027M/Faith_and_Public_Leadership_among_India's_Muslim_Minorities|title=Faith and Public Leadership among India's Muslim Minorities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Studies Press|location=New York, United States|ol=62675027M}}</ref>

Ayatollah Zangipuri is known as ''Naqeeb ul Millat'' meaning “leader of the community”<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr Robert|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675032M/Indian_Muslim_Legends|title=Indian Muslim Legends: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia of Muslim scholars, Sufis, poets, philosophers, educators and reformers of Indian Sub continent.|date=2026|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter 73, Page 465-467|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr. Robert|url=https://zenodo.org/records/23338154|title=Indian Muslim Legends|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter No 73- Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 464 to Page 472|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154|ol=62675032M}}</ref>, ''Daqeeq ul Daqaaeq'' meaning "finest of fine"<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />. ''Allamah'' a title used for a scholar<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />. ''Aaftab-e-Imamat'', meaning “the Sun of Imamat,”<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> and Maulana, also spelled Mawlana or Molana, a title of respect commonly used for Muslim religious scholars.<ref name=":5" />

A compilation of his [[Sermon|sermons]] was published in a book titled ''Mimbar-e-Mudallal'', written by Syed Mehdi Jafri, a pakistani author and published by Idara-e-Ma'arif Publications in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jafri|first=Syed Mehdi|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675029M/Mimbar-e-Mudallal|title=Mimbar-e-Mudallal: Sermons and Intellectual Contributions of Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2023|publisher=Idara-e-Ma'arif Publications|location=Karachi, Pakistan|ol=OL62675029M}}</ref>

== Views ==
[[File:Maulana Hasan Imam Zangipuri.jpeg|thumb]]
The Inquilab, ''(daily urdu newspaper)'' has reported Zangipuri as both [[Imam]] and [[Spokesperson]].<ref name="inquilab2021" /> Over the years, he has delivered religious addresses and participated in various [[Shia Islam|Shia]] religious and [[community]] programmes in Mira Road and elsewhere.

In March 2025, Zangipuri spoke about issues relating to [[Quds Day]], [[Palestine]] and Muslim unity.<ref name="quds2025">{{cite news|date=29 March 2025|title=رمضان المبارک کے آخری جمعہ کوشہر و مضافات میں ’یوم القدس‘ منایا گیا|language=Urdu|trans-title=Quds Day was observed in the city and suburbs on the last Friday of Ramadan|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/quds-day-was-celebrated-in-the-city-and-suburbs-on-the-last-friday-of-ramadan-75185}}</ref> In December 2025, Inquilab reported a ''"Seerat-un-Nabi and Ittehad-ul-Ummah conference"'' in [[Mira Road]] at which Zangipuri was also present, where he addressed the gathering on the role of individuals in strengthening the family system.<ref name="seerat2025">{{cite news|date=1 December 2025|title=سیرت النبیؐ و اتحاد امت کانفرنس میں قرآن مجید کے راستے پر چلنے کی تلقین|language=Urdu|trans-title=Call to follow the path of the Holy Quran at the Seerat-un-Nabi and Ittehad-ul-Ummah conference|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/exhortation-to-follow-the-path-of-the-holy-quran-at-the-seerat-ul-nabi-pbuh-and-ittehad-ul-ummah-conference-87709}}</ref> In 2021 report by ''Hamari Aawaz'' covered remarks Zangipuri made at a [[Social reform|social-reform]] meeting in [[Mira Road]].<ref name="hamariaawaz">{{cite news|date=16 March 2021|title=کرونا وائرس سے زیادہ خطرناک جہیز کا وائرس ہے: قاضی مطیع الرحمٰن قاسمی|language=Urdu|work=Hamari Aawaz|url=https://news.hamariaawaz.com/7967/}}</ref> Zangipuri has participated in a range of [[Religious studies|religious lectures]], [[Meeting|community meetings]] and [[Public demonstration|public demonstrations]]. Archival recordings show him at events relating to [[Al-Baqi Cemetery|Jannatul Baqi]], [[Quds Day|Quds]] [[Quds Day|Day]], the [[2022 Karnataka hijab row|hijab controversy]] and the [[Syed Wasim Rizvi|Waseem Rizvi]] controversy.<ref name="baqi2017">{{cite web|title=2017 Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi's Protest on Jannatul Baqi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvis-protest-on-jannatul-baqi|website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="quds2023">{{cite web|title=2023 Yaum E Quds Protest, Mira Road, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2023-yaum-e-quds-protest-mira-road-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="waseemarchive">{{cite web|title=2021 Darul Qaza Mira Road With Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2021-darul-qaza-mira-road-with-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-protest-on-waseem-rizvi-la|website=Internet Archive}}</ref> His public activities have also received coverage from outlets including ''Hawzah News'' and ''IQNA's Isfahan and Khorasan'' services<ref>{{Cite news|last=Isfahan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Isfahan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Board, Mira Road|url=https://isfahan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khorasan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Khorasan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Council, Mira Road|url=https://khorasan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-21|title=ممبئی میں شیعہ علماء اسمبلی ہندوستان کا دو روزہ اجلاس؛ قومی مسائل کو باہمی اتفاق سے حل کرنے پر زور|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/384946/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C-%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%81-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}</ref> In 2021, Zangipuri publicly responded to the controversy surrounding [[Syed Wasim Rizvi|Waseem Rizvi's]] proposed actions concerning the [[Quran]], according to ''[[The Inquilab]]''.<ref name="inquilab2021" /> Hawzah News further reported that ''"Maulana Hasan Imam and other clerics issued a video statement calling [[Syed Wasim Rizvi|Waseem Rizvi]] and his associates [[Apostasy|apostates]] and appealing for a [[Boycott|social boycott]]"''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=ہندوستان کے مختلف علاقوں کے علماء اور انجمنوں نے وسیم مرتد اور اس کے ساتھیوں کے سوشل بائیکاٹ کا اعلان کرتے ہوئے انہیں اسلام سے خارج قرار دیا|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/367998/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%DA%BA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%DA%BA-%D9%86%DB%92-%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}</ref> Zangipuri further criticised Waseem, stating, ''“These are verses from the Quran, not documents of the Waqf Board.”''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Mibha|title=Protestors seek Waseems arrest for petition against removal of Quranic verses|url=https://mibhatimes.com/social/protestors-seek-waseems-arrest-for-petition-against-removal-of-quranic-verses/|url-status=live}}</ref> March 2022 report by ''[[The Inquilab]]'' on a meeting concerning the [[hijab]] also listed Zangipuri among the religious figures who attended the gathering.<ref name="hijabinq">{{cite news|date=19 March 2022|title=اگر لڑکیاں حجاب پہنیں گی تو اسکول اور کالج انتظامیہ کو اجازت دینے پر مجبور ہونا پڑے گا|language=Urdu|trans-title=If girls wear hijab, school and college administrations will be forced to give permission|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/if-the-girls-wear-hijab-the-school-and-college-administration-will-be-forced-to-give-permission-34717}}</ref>

In 2017, Zangipuri was associated with a protest in Mira Road over statements made by journalist [[Rohit Sardana]]. Archival video footage shows him leading a [[protest rally]] and accompanying members of the Shia community to the Naya Nagar Police Station.<ref name="sardanatv">{{cite web|title=Shia Crowd Lead By Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi Filed FIR In Mira Road Police Station Against Rohit Sardana On 2017|url=https://archive.org/details/shia-crowd-lead-by-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-filed-fir-in-mira-road-police-statio|website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="sardanarally">{{cite web|title=2017, Rohit Sardana Protest Rally, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-rohit-sardana-protest-rally-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}</ref> A later report by ''Veritas International Express'' described him as a senior Shia cleric and referred to him as the "Chief of Shias of Mira Road", the report said that he led members of the Shia community to Naya Nagar [[Police station|Police Station]] in connection with a complaint against [[Rohit Sardana|Sardana]].<ref name="veritassardana">{{cite news|date=2 September 2026|title=Senior Shia Cleric and Chief of Shia Population of Mira Road Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri files an FIR against Journalist Rohit Sardana|work=Veritas International Express|url=https://veritasinternationalexpress.mojonetwork.in/national-news/mira-road-shia-cleric-fir-against-journalist-rohit-sardana}}</ref> Contemporary reporting by ''[[The Times of India]]'' independently documented that a police complaint had been filed in Mira Road concerning Sardana's remarks.<ref name="toiSardana">{{cite news|date=23 November 2017|title=Muslim groups see red over journo's tweet|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/muslim-groups-see-red-over-journos-tweet/articleshow/61759448.cms}}</ref><ref name="interview2015">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Interview Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi, 2015, Zainabia Channel|url=https://archive.org/details/interview-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-2015-zainabia-channel|website=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Shia Islam]]
* [[Shia Islam in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Islam]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi]]

Parul Gulati

2026-10-31T04:58:38Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2001:569:51DF:4100:7B3E:D2A2:AA29:FEC8 (talk) to last revision by Yaxisdelhi

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Fan POV|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{infobox person
| name = Parul Gulati
| image = Parul Gulati.jpg
| caption = Gulati in 2021
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], India
| occupation = Actress and Entrepreneur
| height =
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Parul Gulati''' is an Indian [[actress]], entrepreneur and model who has appeared in several TV shows and [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/I-feel-like-Gods-special-child-Parul-Gulati/articleshow/35099226.cms |title=I feel like God's special child: Parul Gulati |author=Ananta Shrikhand |date=14 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> She is the CEO and founder of her hair extensions brand ‘Nish Hair’.

In (2017) Gulati appeared in the TV series ''[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]'',<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/star-plus-p-o-w-bandi-yuddh-ke-gets-3-new-faces/articleshow/56625506.cm |title=Star Plus P.O.W Bandhi Yudh Ke Gets 3 New Faces}}</ref> and ''[[Haq Se]]'' (2018) Web Series - An adaptation of ''[[Little Women ]]'', Gulati plays "Jo March".{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} In (2018), Gulati starred in [[Netflix]] production ''[[Selection Day]]'' is an Indian [[List of Netflix original programming|Netflix Original]] based on [[Aravind Adiga]]'s 2016 [[Selection Day|novel of the same name]] . ''Girls Hostel'' (2018–19)for ''[[The Viral Fever]]'' ''Girliyapa'' .

She debuted in TV serial, ''[[Yeh Pyar Na Hoga Kam|Yeh Pyar Na Hoga Kum]]'', in which she played the role of Bittan, the younger sister of Leher played by Bollywood actress [[Yami Gautam]]. She also appeared in ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2|Kis Kis Ko Pyaar Karoon 2]]'', alongside [[Kapil Sharma]].

In addition to acting in films, Gulati has endorsed multiple brands and products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/261018/allu-arjun-is-lightning-quick-parul-gulati.html |title=Allu Arjun is lightning quick: Parul Gulati |first=Sashidhar |last=Adivi |date=26 October 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She has her own line of Human Hair Extensions by the name of ''Nishhair''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/actress-parul-gulati-takes-home-rs-1-crore-investment-on-shark-tank-india-shares-picture-of-cheque-article-98564875 |title=Actress Parul Gulati takes home Rs 1 crore investment on Shark Tank India. Shares picture of cheque |date=11 March 2023 |website=TimesNow}}</ref>

==Career==
===2010–2016: Acting and film debut===
She was spotted by the makers of a TV show on Facebook. They invited her to Mumbai for an audition and was cast in a supporting role in ''Yeh Pyaar Na Hoga kam.'' Later in 2012, she acted in ''Burrraahh'', in which she played Rose. After ''Burrraahh'', Gulati took a year's break and finished her course at [[RADA]], a [[drama school]] in London and also did some theatre in Mumbai. Her second film was ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/parul-gulati-returns-with-rambo-ranjha/articleshow/26034050.cms |title=Parul Gulati returns with 'Rambo Ranjha' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

In 2016, she appeared in director Vinnil Markan's film ''[[Zorawar]]'', as Jasleen, opposite to [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action-packed 'Zorawar' makes an impact |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/Action-packed-Zorawar-makes-an-impact/articleshow/52174869.cms}}</ref>

===2017–present: Television debut===
After a decently successful stint in Punjabi films, Gulati made her television debut with TV series, ''[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]'' for [[Star Plus]] which was directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]]. She played the role of a Pakistani girl Afreen, who is married to a P.O.W, Parul got lot of praise and appreciation for her portrayal of the Pakistani Urdu speaking girl.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=16 October 2024 |title=Parul Gulati reveals gory looks from upcoming OTT series |url=https://ianslive.in/parul-gulati-reveals-gory-looks-from-upcoming-ott-series--20241016143606 |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, she appeared in a web series ''[[Haq Se]]'', directed by [[Ken Ghosh]]. She played the role of journalist Jannat Mirza, who is fighting for justice and to uphold the dignity of women in the state of [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I want to play flawed characters, not be a quintessential heroine |work=The Indian Express |date=9 February 2018 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/haq-se-actor-parul-gulati-see-photos-5057466/}}</ref> This web series is based on the classic novel ''[[Little Women]]'' by [[Louisa May Alcott]] into modern day tale of Kashmir and Parul has played Jo March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haq Se Review: An Aching Nostalgia for Kashmir Makes It Worthwhile |work=The Quint |date=6 February 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/haq-se-review-altbalaji}}</ref>

In 2018, Gulati starred in [[Netflix]] series ''[[Selection Day]]'' based on [[Aravind Adiga]]'s 2016 [[Selection Day|novel of the same name]] and ''[[Girls Hostel]]'' for ''[[The Viral Fever]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=5 Dreams |title=Parul Gulati Is Coming Up With Her Next In The Web Series |url=http://www.elfaworld.com/post/parul-gulati-is-coming-up-with-her-next-in-the-web-series-selection-day-which-is-aired-on-netflix |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=www.elfaworld.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2025 |title=Actress-turned-CEO explains why she paid employees less. Internet calls out her 'entitlement.' Who is Parul Gulati? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rs-50-crore-startup-ceo-parul-gulati-explains-why-she-paid-employees-less-netizens-call-it-entitlement-who-is-she/articleshow/122855467.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2025, Gulati appeared in Hindi film ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2]]'' as Jenny, alongside [[Kapil Sharma]].

[[File:Parul Gulati snapped promoting web show Illegal season 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gulati in 2021]]

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="font-size: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="5" background: #f9f9f9;
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Character name
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|2013
| ''Burraahh''
| Rose
| rowspan="3" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi film]] debut
|-
|2014
| ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]''
| Preet
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Zorawar]]''
| Jasleen
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Nee Jathaleka]]''
| Shirley
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] debut
|-
|2024
|''[[Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout]]''
| Aarti
|rowspan="3"| [[Hindi]]
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] debut
|-
|2025
|''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2]]''
|Jenny
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Tu Yaa Main]]''
|Layla
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|2010
|''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 2)]]''
|Gauri Ahluwalia
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Yeh Pyar Na Hoga Kam|Yeh Pyaar Na hoga Kam]]''
|Bittan
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''
| Afreen
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Haq Se]]''
| Jannat Mirza
| rowspan="2" | [[Web series]]
|-
|2018–2022
|''[[Girls Hostel]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ahsaas-channa-parul-gulati-on-girls-hostel-30-how-they-use-social-media-and-more/article66191046.ece |title=Ahsaas Channa, Parul Gulati on 'Girls Hostel 3.0', how they use social media, and more |first=Sindhu |last=Nagaraj |date=27 November 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|Zahira Ali
|-
|2018
|''[[Selection Day]]''
|Monica Tandon
|
|-
|2019–2021
|''[[Hey Prabhu!]]''
|Arunima
| Web series
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''Second Hand''
|Beauty
|Short film
|-
|''The Raikar Case''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-raikar-case-actor-parul-gulati-the-web-platform-has-given-work-to-everyone-6357899/ |title=The Raikar Case actor Parul Gulati: Web platform has given work to everyone |date=13 April 2020}}</ref>
|Etasha Naik Raikar
| rowspan="3" |Web series
|-
|''[[Illegal - Justice, Out of Order]]''
|Devika
|-
|''[[Your Honor (2020 Indian TV series)|Your Honor]]''
|Ruma Pathak
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Shark Tank India (season 2)]]''
|Herself
|To pitch her Hair Extension brand 'Nish Hair'
|-
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven (season 2)]]''
|Amber
|Web series
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|6369183}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulati, Parul}}
[[Category:Actresses from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Manushi Chhillar

2026-10-31T04:58:32Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2001:569:51DF:4100:7B3E:D2A2:AA29:FEC8 (talk) to last revision by ZaidBaig

{{short description|Indian actress and model (born 1997)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = File:Manushi Chhillar and others grace Bvlgari event in Mumbai (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Chhillar in 2025
| name = Manushi Chhillar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|05|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], Haryana, India
| spouse =
| signature = Manushi Chhillar signature.jpg
| height = 1.70 m<ref name="Vanity">{{cite news |title=Miss Mondo 2017 è l'indiana Manushi Chhillar |url=https://www.vanityfair.it/people/mondo/2017/11/19/miss-mondo-2017-e-lindiana-manushi-chhillar |access-date=24 May 2019 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190328214147/https://www.vanityfair.it/people/mondo/2017/11/19/miss-mondo-2017-e-lindiana-manushi-chhillar |archive-date=28 March 2019 |language=it |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Goyal, 2017">{{cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Sandeep |author-link1=Sandeep Goyal |title=Blog: Why Manushi Chhillar's Miss World Crown should mean more to us |url=http://www.campaignindia.in/article/blog-why-manushi-banti-chhillars-miss-world-crown-should-mean-more-to-us/441261 |website=[[Campaign (magazine)|Campaign]] |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171208212150/http://www.campaignindia.in/article/blog-why-manushi-chhillars-miss-world-crown-should-mean-more-to-us/441261 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = {{Hlist|Model|actress}}
| alma_mater = [[Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College]]
| title = {{ubl|[[Femina Miss India 2017]]|[[Miss World 2017]]}}
| years_active = 2017–present
}}

'''Manushi Chhillar''' (born 14 May 1997) is an Indian actress, model and the winner of [[Miss World 2017]] pageant. She represented her state of [[Haryana]] at the [[Femina Miss India 2017]] pageant and won the title of [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India World 2017]] and then went on to become the sixth Indian to be crowned [[Miss World]] after 17 years.<ref name=Vaid />

Chhillar made her acting debut with the role of [[Sanyogita]] in the historical drama ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' (2022),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Manushi Chhillar on Samrat Prithviraj, "It was a dream launch, I learnt so much from everyone" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manushi-chhillar-samrat-prithviraj-dream-launch-learnt-much-everyone/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and has since appeared in ''[[The Great Indian Family]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite news |title=When Manushi Chhillar thought she was going to be presented like Kareena Kapoor Khan in The Great Indian Family: Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-manushi-chhillar-thought-she-was-going-to-be-presented-like-kareena-kapoor-khan-in-tashan-exclusive/articleshow/108234236.cms |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='Bade Miyan Chote Miyan' movie review: Akshay and Tiger jest and joust in this loud and clear mass entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bade-miyan-chote-miyan-movie-review-akshay-and-tiger-jest-and-joust-in-this-loud-and-clear-mass-entertainer/article68053757.ece |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 April 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chhillar was born on 14 May 1997<ref name=Vaid>{{Cite web |first=Kritika |last=Vaid |date=14 May 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Manushi Chhillar: Her Journey From Being a Medical Student to Miss World 2017 and a Bollywood Diva |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-happy-birthday-manushi-chhillar-her-journey-from-being-a-medical-student-to-miss-world-2017-and-a-bollywood-diva-4028357/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=India.com}}</ref> in [[Rohtak]] into a [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]] family,<ref name="SG">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Swati |title=Glorious moment: Haryana girl brings back the coveted 'blue crown' to India |url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/11744-haryana-girl-brings-back-coveted-blue-crown-india |access-date=8 December 2017 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171208213552/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/11744-haryana-girl-brings-back-coveted-blue-crown-india |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live |quote=Born in Rohtak, Haryana, on 14 May 1997, Manushi comes from a family of doctors.}}</ref> although her ancestral home is in Bamnoli village of [[Jhajjar district]].<ref name="DC">{{cite news |last=Dheer |first=Gautam |title=Manushi effect: Haryana villages gives thumbs down to celebratory firing |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/645415/manushi-effect-haryana-villages-gives.html |access-date=2 June 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129161903/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/645415/manushi-effect-haryana-villages-gives.html |archive-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=live |quote=It began in Manushi's ancestral village Bamnoli in Jhajjar district.}}</ref><ref name="IND-Express_Manushi_Chhillar_Native">{{cite web |title=CM Khattar, ministers laud Manushi Chhillar; native village erupts in joy. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cm-khattar-ministers-laud-manushi-chhillar-native-village-erupts-in-joy-4945121/ |work=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2017}}</ref> Her father, Mitra Basu Chhillar, is a physician who served at the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and now practices regenerative medicine at Soma Wellness in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soma Wellness Clinic |url=https://somawellnessclinic.com/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> while her mother, Neelam Chhillar, is also a medical doctor and departmental head of [[neurochemistry]] at the [[Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences]], New Delhi.<ref name="SG17">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Swati |title=Glorious moment: Haryana girl brings back the coveted 'blue crown' to India |url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/11744-haryana-girl-brings-back-coveted-blue-crown-india |access-date=8 December 2017 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171208213552/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/11744-haryana-girl-brings-back-coveted-blue-crown-india |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/drdo-friends-and-family-celebrates-manushi-chillars-miss-india-victory/articleshow/59457607.cms |title=DRDO, friends and family celebrate Manushi Chillar's Miss India victory |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 July 2017}}</ref>

Chhillar studied at [[St. Thomas' School (New Delhi)]] and was academically brilliant, having topped the all India [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] in English subject in class 12, and scored 96 per cent in her boards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/she-is-gifted-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-is-a-would-be-doctor-poet-painter-and-dancer/story-giZ9Tu8XtInbBViMX1YouK_amp.html |title='She is gifted': Miss World Manushi Chhillar is a poet, painter, dancer and a would-be doctor |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2017 |author=Hardik Anand, Hindustan Times, Rohtak}}</ref> She cleared the [[All India Pre Medical Test]] (now, [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]]) in her first attempt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/viral-videos-trending/video-manushi-chhillar-2015-clip-cleared-aipmt-exam-miss-world-2017-4949645/ |title=WATCH: This old video of Miss World Manushi Chhillar after clearing the medical exam is going viral now |work=The Indian Express |date=22 November 2017 |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> She was pursuing a medical degree ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]) at the [[Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College]] in [[Sonipat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/femina-miss-india-world-2017-haryana-girl-manushi-chhillar-walks-away-with-crown-title-3745619.html |title=Femina Miss India World 2017: Haryana girl Manushi Chhillar walks away with crown, title |publisher=Firstpost |date=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/haryana-girl-manushi-is-femina-miss-india-world-2017/story-ueVRc7ma4aNRnzDMOvodzJ.html |title=Haryana girl Manushi Chhillar is Femina Miss India World 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

Chhillar is fluent in [[Hindi]] and English, apart from her mother tongue, [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-miss-india-haryana-pageant-winner-things-you-need-to-know-lifest-1089405-2017-11-18 |title=All you need to know about Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar |work=India Today |date=18 November 2017}}</ref> She is a trained [[Kuchipudi]] dancer, and had acquired her training under [[Raja and Radha Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/5-unknown-facts-about-Miss-India-Haryana-2017/5-unknown-facts-about-Miss-India-Haryana-2017/eventshow/58220471.cms |title=5 unknown facts about Miss India Haryana 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 April 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814140355/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/5-unknown-facts-about-Miss-India-Haryana-2017/5-unknown-facts-about-Miss-India-Haryana-2017/eventshow/58220471.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Pageantry==
===Femina Miss India===
{{Main|Femina Miss India 2017}}
Chhillar ventured into pageantry with [[Big Bazaar|Fashion Big Bazaar]] sponsored Campus Princess 2016, where she was crowned as one of the finalists from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in December 2016. It was conducted by the [[Femina Miss India|Miss India Organization]].<ref name="TOI_Manushi Pulse Fest">{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillars-incredible-journey-from-campus-princess-to-miss-world/articleshow/61722141.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar's incredible journey from Campus Princess to Miss World |work=The Times of India |date=20 November 2017 |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222064925/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillars-incredible-journey-from-campus-princess-to-miss-world/articleshow/61722141.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Thereafter, she went on to win the title of Femina Miss India Haryana in April 2017. Chhillar represented the state of [[Haryana]] in the annual [[Femina Miss India]] contest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/haryana-is-a-state-of-farmers-and-fighters-manushi-chillar/articleshow/59052996.cms |title=Haryana is a state of farmers and fighters: Manushi Chhillar |website=The Times of India |date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222065419/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/haryana-is-a-state-of-farmers-and-fighters-manushi-chillar/articleshow/59052996.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> During the competition, Chhillar was crowned Miss Photogenic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2017/manushi-chhillar/contestantprofile/58211939.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar |work=Femina Miss India |publisher=Entertainment Times - Beauty Pageants |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070029/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2017/manushi-chhillar/contestantprofile/58211939.cmsna-is-a-state-of-farmers-and-fighters-manushi-chillar/articleshow/59052996.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

Chhillar, as a top 15 semi-finalist was asked by [[Karan Johar]]: "The government is considering to ban [[surrogacy in India]]. What is your opinion regarding this?"
<blockquote>
I feel everyone in the world should have a right to be a parent. So, instead of banning surrogacy in India, the government should focus on preventing its exploitation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/miss-india-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-talks-about-surrogacy-laws-in-india/videoshow/59457298.cms |title=Miss India World 2017 Manushi Chhillar Talks About Surrogacy Laws In India |work=The Times of India |date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009190125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/miss-india-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-talks-about-surrogacy-laws-in-india/videoshow/59457298.cms |archive-date=9 October 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=21 April 2024 }}</ref>
</blockquote>

During the final question and answer round of Femina Miss India 2017, the top 5 delegates were asked the same question - "You have spent 30 days with 30 fellow contestants at Femina Miss India. What lesson will you take back with you?", to which Chhillar responded:
<blockquote>
These days that I have spent with my fellow contestants has been the most dynamic period of my life. The only thing that was certain during the whole experience was uncertainty. The one belief that I would take back with me is that, yes...I can change the world. When I entered Miss India, there was only passion. However, through this journey, I acquired a vision in life. That vision and the belief that I can change the world, is something I'm going to take back with me.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/erendesangma/best-responses-in-history-of-miss-india-pageant |title=The 11 Answers That Won These Women The Miss India Crown |work=BuzzFeed |date=31 January 2018 |first=Erende |last=Sangma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070330/https://www.buzzfeed.com/amphtml/erendesangma/best-responses-in-history-of-miss-india-pageant |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://m.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/leaving-behind-29-contestants-haryana-girl-manushi-chhillar-wins-54th-femina-miss-india-title-324639.html |title=Leaving Behind 29 Contestants, Haryana Girl Manushi Chhillar Wins 54th Femina Miss India Title |work=The Times of India |date=26 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070617/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/leaving-behind-29-contestants-haryana-girl-manushi-chhillar-wins-54th-femina-miss-india-title-324639.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
</blockquote>

She later went on to win the contest's main title Femina Miss India World 2017, in the finale event hosted at the [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj Film Studio]], on 25 June 2017. By winning, she earned the right to represent India at [[Miss World 2017]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/haryana-girl-manushi-is-femina-miss-india-world-2017/story-ueVRc7ma4aNRnzDMOvodzJ.html |title=Haryana girl Manushi Chhillar is Femina Miss India World 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222071159/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/haryana-girl-manushi-is-femina-miss-india-world-2017/story-ueVRc7ma4aNRnzDMOvodzJ.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/miss-india-2017-winner-announced-lifest-984759-2017-06-26 |title=Manushi Chhillar from Haryana wins the title of Miss India 2017 |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222071440/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what's-hot/story/miss-india-2017-winner-announced-lifest-984759-2017-06-26 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

===Miss World 2017===
[[File:Achintya Holte Nilsen visiting National Museum of Indonesia with Miss World Winners (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Chhillar (center) together with [[Miss Indonesia 2017|Miss World Indonesia 2017]]-[[Achintya Holte Nilsen]] (left) and [[Miss World 2016]]-[[Stephanie Del Valle]] (right) visiting [[National Museum of Indonesia]] on 21 February 2018.<ref name="Ministry of education">{{cite web |url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/munas/miss-world-kunjungi-museum-nasional/ |title=Miss World Indonesia 2017 dan Para Pemenang Miss World 2016-2017 kunjungi Museum Nasional Indonesia |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=[[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)]] & [[National Museum of Indonesia]] |date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222072116/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/munas/miss-world-kunjungi-museum-nasional/ |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>]]
Chhillar represented India at Miss World 2017, where she became a finalist in the Top Model, People's Choice, and Multimedia competitions, and was the winner of the Head-to-Head Challenge from Group Nine and co-winner of the [[Beauty with a Purpose]] competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss World 2017: Top 30 of Top Model Fast Track |url=https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2017/11/11/miss-world-2017-top-30-top-model-fast-track/ |date=11 November 2017 |publisher=The Great Pageant Community }}</ref> She is India's fourth Beauty with a Purpose winner at Miss World and the first woman to win Miss World and Beauty with a Purpose jointly. Chhillar's Beauty with a Purpose project was titled Project Shakti. The campaign's goal is to spread awareness about [[menstruation|menstrual hygiene]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/glamour/fashion/miss-india-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-on-her-mission-1.2051867 |title=Miss India World 2017 Manushi Chhillar on her mission |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=2 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222072737/https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/fashion/miss-india-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-on-her-mission-1.2051867 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She visited about 20 villages for the project and treated over 5,000 women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/i-am-going-to-make-sure-that-the-world-remembers-india-manushi-chhillar/articleshow/61169387.cms |title=I am going to make sure that the world remembers India: Manushi Chhillar |website=The Times of India |date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222072959/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/i-am-going-to-make-sure-that-the-world-remembers-india-manushi-chhillar/articleshow/61169387.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

During the final question and answer round, Chhillar was asked - "Which profession should receive the highest salary in the world?" Responding to the same, she answered:

{{blockquote|text=Since I am very close to my mother, I think that a mother deserves the highest respect. When you talk about salary, I don't think it's just about cash, but the love and respect that you give to someone. My mother has been the biggest inspiration in my life. All mothers, they just sacrifice so much for their kids. So, I believe the profession which deserves the highest salary, respect and love should be of a mother.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/gender/manushi-chillar-miss-world-2017-answer-on-motherhood |title=Let's Discuss Manushi Chhillar's Brilliant Answer About Motherhood |work=[[The Quint]] |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222073253/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/neon/gender/manushi-chillar-miss-world-2017-answer-on-motherhood |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/19/manushi-chhillars-amazing-answer-that-won-her-miss-world-2017-title-1705075.amp |title=Manushi Chhillar's amazing answer that won her Miss World 2017 title |work=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222073452/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/19/manushi-chhillars-amazing-answer-that-won-her-miss-world-2017-title-1705075.amp |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>}}

On 18 November 2017, Chhillar was crowned [[Miss World 2017]] by the outgoing titleholder [[Miss World 2016]], [[Stephanie Del Valle]] from Puerto Rico in the finals in [[Sanya]], China. She became the sixth Indian woman to win the crown, and the first since [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Miss World 2000]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty/hair/manushi-chhillar-crowned-as-miss-world-2017_-68892.html |title=Manushi Chhillar crowned as Miss World 2017 |date=18 November 2017 |work=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |last=Ranjan |first=Richa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222073857/https://www.femina.in/beauty/hair/manushi-chhillar-crowned-as-miss-world-2017_-68892.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world-india-s-manushi-chillar-crowned-miss-world-2017-412717 |title=India's Manushi Chillar crowned 'Miss World 2017' |publisher=[[India TV]] |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222074254/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world-india-s-manushi-chillar-crowned-miss-world-2017-412717 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

===Reign as Miss World===
{{Overly detailed|section|date=June 2022}}
As Miss World 2017, Chhillar returned to India on 26 November, where she was greeted by a large crowd.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-returns-to-india-gets-a-warm-welcome-at-the-airport-334460.html |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar Returns To India, Gets A Warm Welcome At The Airport |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222090840/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-returns-to-india-gets-a-warm-welcome-at-the-airport-334460.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillars-press-meet-in-mumbai |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar's Press Meet in Mumbai |work=Free Press Journal |date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222091136/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/cmcm/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillars-press-meet-in-mumbai |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She was one of the celebrity speakers at the 2017 [[Global Entrepreneurship Summit]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/nov/29/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-at-global-entrepreneurship-summit-2017-101064.html |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar at Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2017 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222091555/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/nov/29/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-at-global-entrepreneurship-summit-2017-101064.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Chhillar was announced as the brand ambassador for Anaemia Free Haryana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/thrilled-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-anemia-free-haryana-campaign-manushi-chillar/india/news/1062758.html |title=Manushi Chhillar to be ambassador of 'Anaemia Free Haryana' drive |publisher=United News of India |date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222091739/http://www.uniindia.com/thrilled-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-anemia-free-haryana-campaign-manushi-chillar/india/news/1062758.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
Her Beauty with a Purpose campaign, 'Project Shakti' was given government aid of [[Indian rupee|₹]]18 crore (approximately $2.8 million), ensuring free availability of sanitary napkins for all girls in the government schools of Haryana by [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Minister]] of the state [[Manohar Lal Khattar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/health/story/haryana-cm-khattar-manushi-chhillar-free-sanitary-napkins-government-schools-lifest-1097513-2017-11-30 |title=Haryana CM Khattar, with Manushi Chhillar, announces free sanitary napkins in schools |work=India Today |date=30 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222091909/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/health/story/haryana-cm-khattar-manushi-chhillar-free-sanitary-napkins-government-schools-lifest-1097513-2017-11-30 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She was honoured with the Special Achievement Award at the 2017 [[CNN-IBN Indian of the Year]] Awards for winning the Miss World crown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-live-team-baahubali-pv-sindhu-activist-afroze-shah-among-nominees-4235653.html |title=Virat Kohli named CNN-News18 Indian of the Year; says, 'Would love for cricket to be Olympic sport' |work=First Post |date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222092340/https://www.firstpost.com/india/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-live-team-baahubali-pv-sindhu-activist-afroze-shah-among-nominees-4235653.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Chhillar was also India's top trending personality on Google search in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sonam |last=Joshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manushi-chhillar-was-indias-top-trending-personality-of-2017-on-google/articleshow/62051923.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar was India's top trending personality of 2017 on Google |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222092453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manushi-chhillar-was-indias-top-trending-personality-of-2017-on-google/articleshow/62051923.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She received Proud Maker of India award at Six Sigma Healthcare Leadership Summit 2017 in New Delhi.<ref name="Indiatimes_Healthcare_Summit2018">{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-awarded-with-proud-maker-of-india-award/eventshow/62219044.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar awarded with Proud Maker of India Award |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222092737/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-awarded-with-proud-maker-of-india-award/eventshow/62219044.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Chhillar was also a guest speaker at the 10th C4IO by [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard Enterprise]] at [[Pushkar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/RAJ-JAI-HMU-MAT-latest-jaipur-news-034004-1085653-NOR.html |title=मिस वर्ल्ड मानुषी छिल्लर जयपुर आईं. |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi |date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222092932/https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/RAJ-JAI-HMU-MAT-latest-jaipur-news-034004-1085653-NOR.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She made an appearance in [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET India]]'s television special, ''Super Nights With Padman'' to promote her Beauty with a Purpose project on menstrual hygiene, in association with [[Akshay Kumar]]'s starring film, [[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-in-super-nights-with-padman/articleshow/62618655.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar in 'Super Nights with Padman' |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093046/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-in-super-nights-with-padman/articleshow/62618655.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Manushi-Chhillar snapped at a press meet in St. Regis, Mumbai.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Chhillar's first press conference as Miss World, at the [[St. Regis Hotels & Resorts#Locations|St Regis Hotel]], Mumbai.]]
After her homecoming ceremony, Chhillar's first visit was to London along with [[Julia Morley]], the chairman and CEO of Miss World. They joined the royal honouring ceremony of Marsha Rae Ratcliff [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], the Past Master of The [[Worshipful Company of Carmen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-welcomed-by-the-queen-in-london/articleshow/61998657.cms |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar In London |work=The Times of India |date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093216/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-welcomed-by-the-queen-in-london/articleshow/61998657.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Manushi in London">{{cite web |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1176 |title=Manushi Chhillar dazzles VIP guests at a Private Dinner in London |publisher=Miss World |date=10 December 2017}}</ref> Chhillar returned to India and visited the [[Bennett University]] in [[Greater Noida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/manushi-chhillar-gets-nostalgic-at-bennett-university/articleshow/62580735.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar gets nostalgic at Bennet University |work=The Times of India |date=23 January 2018 |first=Riya |last=Sharma |access-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/manushi-chhillar-gets-nostalgic-at-bennett-university/articleshow/62580735.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-visits-bennett-university/articleshow/62557177.cms |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar visits Bennett University. |work=The Times of India |date=18 January 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-visits-bennett-university/articleshow/62557177.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> In a Q&A session organised by the university, she interacted with the faculty and students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-bennett-university-launch-party-audi-q5-1502568881.html/amp |title=Manushi Chhillar at Bennett University and launch party of Audi Q5 |work=The Statesman |date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093704/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-bennett-university-launch-party-audi-q5-1502568881.html/amp |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

In February 2018, she started the first leg of her [[Beauty With A Purpose]] tour with Miss World 2017 continental winners - Magline Jeruto (''Africa''), Ha Eun Kim (''Asia''), Annie Evans (''Oceania''), [[Stephanie Hill (model)|Stephanie Hill]] (''Europe''), Solange Sinclair (''Caribbean''), [[Andrea Meza]] (''Americas'') and Miss World 2016, [[Stephanie Del Valle]] at the 1st global edition of 'Feminine Hygiene Awareness' campaign in [[Hyderabad]] in collaboration with Government of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-begins-beauty-with-purpose-tour-in-hyderabad/articleshow/62754496.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar begins beauty with purpose tour in Hyderabad |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223090609/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-begins-beauty-with-purpose-tour-in-hyderabad/articleshow/62754496.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> They continued the campaign at [[Kolkata]], where [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] hosted a special ''[[Adda (South Asian)|adda]]'' session on ''Feminine Hygiene'' in association with Miss World Beauty With a Purpose world tour team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/manushi-in-kolkata/articleshow/62789024.cms |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar visits Kolkata for menstrual hygiene awareness campaign |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223090713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/manushi-in-kolkata/articleshow/62789024.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> They visited "New Light" [[Non-governmental organisations in India|NGO]] in slum area of Kolkata and also learnt to make low cost biodegradable [[menstrual pad|sanitary pads]] at the [[Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers|Jute Industries Research Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/education-is-a-must/article22713200.ece |title=Education is a must |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223090921/https://www.thehindu.com/society/education-is-a-must/article22713200.ece |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The team further worked on spreading awareness about menstruation and ensuring the availability of sanitary pads in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/manushi-chillar-in-kolkata/articleshow/62755403.cms |title=It's unfortunate that so many people aren't aware of basic hygienic practices: Manushi Chhillar |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/manushi-chillar-in-kolkata/articleshow/62755403.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> They joined hands with Aakar Innovations, an NGO that works on the same issue, to create more low cost, biodegradable sanitary napkins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/manushi-chhillar-miss-world-2017-beauty-with-a-purpose-menstrual-hygiene-biodegradable-sanitary-pads-5053854/ |title=Manushi Chhillar spreads menstrual hygiene awareness on 'Beauty with a Purpose' tour |work=The Indian Express |date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091215/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/manushi-chhillar-miss-world-2017-beauty-with-a-purpose-menstrual-hygiene-biodegradable-sanitary-pads-5053854/ |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also visited Mumbai's [[Dharavi]] slum for 'Save the Girl Child' event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/in-pictures-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-visit-mumbais-dharavi-slum-for-save-girl-child-event |title=In pictures: Miss World Manushi Chhillar visit Mumbai's Dharavi slum for save girl child event |work=Free Press Journal |date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091449/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/cmcm/in-pictures-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-visit-mumbais-dharavi-slum-for-save-girl-child-event |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Manushi, along with the Miss World team, also met [[Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu]], the [[Vice-President of India]], and [[Sushma Swaraj]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], to discuss her beauty with a purpose project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-is-touring-india-with-the-miss-world-team-to-raise-awareness-about-feminine-hygiene-1162512-2018-02-06 |title=Manushi Chhillar is touring India with the Miss World team to raise awareness about feminine hygiene |work=India Today |date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091736/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/after-china-manushi-chhillar-reaches-indonesia-for-her-beauty-with-a-purpose-tour-1162512-2018-02-06 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She visited Indian cities [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and Delhi for her 42-day beauty with a purpose tour. Chhillar then reached Hong Kong city<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/foreign-pageants/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-exploring-hong-kong-city/videoshow/61784774.cms |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar Exploring Hong Kong City |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 October 2018 |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/foreign-pageants/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-exploring-hong-kong-city/videoshow/61784774.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was later invited by [[China Central Television]] to star in the biggest live event Chinese New Year's Gala at China. The Miss World team landed in Indonesia in continuation with the humanitarian tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/after-china-manushi-chhillar-reaches-indonesia-for-her-beauty-with-a-purpose-tour-1162512-2018-02-06 |title=After China, Manushi Chhillar reaches Indonesia for her Beauty with a Purpose tour |work=India Today |date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091736/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/after-china-manushi-chhillar-reaches-indonesia-for-her-beauty-with-a-purpose-tour-1162512-2018-02-06 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
During her stay in Indonesia, Manushi visited The Golden Bridge, a Beauty with a Purpose project which was completed by Miss Indonesia 2014, [[Maria Rahajeng]], participated in humanitarian activities and also crowned Miss Indonesia 2018, the representative of Indonesia for [[Miss World 2018]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-talks-about-her-journey-of-crowning-miss-indonesia-2018-1177842-2018-02-26 |title=Manushi Chhillar talks about her journey of crowning Miss Indonesia 2018 |work=India Today |date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223092257/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-talks-about-her-journey-of-crowning-miss-indonesia-2018-1177842-2018-02-26 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After this, Chhillar along with the Miss World team landed in the [[British Virgin Islands]]. They met the governor of British Virgin Islands and worked to raise funds for the beauty with the purpose project of [[Miss British Virgin Islands#Miss World|Miss British Virgin Islands 2017]], Helina Hewlet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Manushi-Chhillar-arrives-in-British-Virgin-Islands/Manushi-Chhillar-arrives-in-British-Virgin-Islands/eventshow/63092110.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar arrives in British Virgin Islands |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223092954/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Manushi-Chhillar-arrives-in-British-Virgin-Islands/Manushi-Chhillar-arrives-in-British-Virgin-Islands/eventshow/63092110.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She and the Miss World team later attended a gala dinner and auction at the Moorings Mariner Inn.<ref name="vinews">{{cite web |url=https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/domains/virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-to-visit-vi |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar to visit VI |publisher=virginislandsnewsonline.com |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226032212/https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/domains/virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-to-visit-vi |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also attended the second annual ‘Beauty with A Purpose’ (BWAP) philanthropic award.<ref name="vinews"/> She subsequently visited the United States, where she was a presenter and performer for a 16-hour TV show on channel [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], the 44th [[Variety, the Children's Charity|Variety Children's Charity Telethon]] held in [[Iowa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar's Western and Indian takes on pastel pinks are summer inspirations. |work=The Indian Express |first=Ishita |last=Goel |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/manushi-chhillar-iowa-anita-dongre-sari-zara-umrigar-5087765/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093314/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/manushi-chhillar-iowa-anita-dongre-sari-zara-umrigar-5087765/ |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was felicitated at South Asian Women Empowerment gala held on [[International Women's Day]] in New York City along with other women achievers<ref name="South Asian">{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/Manushi-Chhillar-to-attend-South-Asian-Women-Empowerment-Gala/eventshow/62969620.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar to attend South Asian Women Empowerment Gala |publisher=Beauty Pageants |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226040105/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/Manushi-Chhillar-to-attend-South-Asian-Women-Empowerment-Gala/eventshow/62969620.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and also joined as a presenter for "South Asian Empowerment Awards".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/miss-world-manushi-chillar-presents-south-asian-empowerment-awards/ |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar presents South Asian Empowerment Awards |publisher=The Indian Panorama |date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093449/https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/miss-world-manushi-chillar-presents-south-asian-empowerment-awards/ |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first part of her beauty with a purpose tour ended with her United States visit.<ref name="BWAP Tour nutshell">{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillars-bwap-2018-tour-in-a-nutshell/articleshow/63256876.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar's BWAP 2018 Tour in a nutshell |publisher=Beauty Pageants Indiatimes |date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093553/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillars-bwap-2018-tour-in-a-nutshell/articleshow/63256876.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> After returning to India, she was one of the guest speakers at [[The Economic Times]] Women's Forum 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/et-womens-forum-miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-says-women-must-take-risks-and-make-their-own-decisions/articleshow/63330528.cms |title=ET Women's Forum: Miss World 2017, Manushi Chhillar, says women must take risks, and make their own decisions |work=The Economic Times |date=16 March 2018 |last1=Basu |first1=Sreeradha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093746/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/et-womens-forum-miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-says-women-must-take-risks-and-make-their-own-decisions/articleshow/63330528.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Chhillar reached Brazil in continuation of her humanitarian tour. She visited the Government Palace in the State of [[São Paulo]], where the First Lady of the State, Professor Lucia Franca discussed various social projects supported by the state with Chhillar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/trending/article/manushi-chhillar-visits-a-street-spice-shop-in-brazil-says-it-reminds-her-of-home/218686 |title=Manushi Chhillar visits a street spice shop in Brazil, says it 'reminds her of home' |publisher=Times Now |date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225055239/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/trending/article/manushi-chhillar-visits-a-street-spice-shop-in-brazil-says-it-reminds-her-of-home/218686 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She initiated an awareness program to prevent and fight against [[leprosy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/getahead/report/achiever-manushi-chhillar-the-indian-beauty-queen-with-a-heart-of-gold/20180426.htm |title=The Indian beauty queen with a heart of gold |publisher=Rediff |date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226022422/https://m.rediff.com/getahead/report/achiever-manushi-chhillar-the-indian-beauty-queen-with-a-heart-of-gold/20180426.htm |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Chhillar, the aim was to teach people about the early signs of the disease and the ways to seek treatment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-spends-time-with-leprosy-patients/eventshow/63924343.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar spends time with leprosy patients |publisher=Beauty Pageants |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226023831/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-spends-time-with-leprosy-patients/eventshow/63924343.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also met and interacted with the children from the APAE, an organisation that primarily works towards the welfare of children suffering from [[Down syndrome]].<ref name="TOI_Manushi in Brazil">{{cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-honoured-by-the-parliament-of-brazil/articleshow/63856865.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar honoured by the Parliament of Brazil |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2018 }}</ref> She gave a presentation on behalf of the organisation to the Governor of the [[Brasília|Federal District of Brasília]], [[Rodrigo Rollemberg]], at the Charity Gala arranged by APAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/manushi-chhillar-walks-the-ramp-with-a-down-syndrome-patient-1217784-2018-04-22 |title=Manushi Chhillar walks the ramp alongside person with Down Syndrome |work=India Today |date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226024340/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/manushi-chhillar-walks-the-ramp-with-a-down-syndrome-patient-1217784-2018-04-22 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She highlighted the works done by the organisation and requested the Governor to help build a new third floor to the APAE building, so that all the children with Down Syndrome in the state could be helped.<ref name="TOI_Manushi in Brazil" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-kickstarts-her-brazil-trip/eventshow/63760125.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar's Brazil trip |work=The Times of India |date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225061957/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-kickstarts-her-brazil-trip/eventshow/63760125.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/manushi-chhillar-walks-the-ramp-with-a-down-syndrome-patient-1217784-2018-04-22 |title=Manushi Chhillar walks the ramp alongside person with Down Syndrome |work=[[India Today]] |date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225062348/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/manushi-chhillar-walks-the-ramp-with-a-down-syndrome-patient-1217784-2018-04-22 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was invited by Foreign Affairs Chairman, Congressman Nielson Pinto and the National Defense Committee, and was honoured by the [[National Congress of Brazil#Houses|Parliament of Brazil]] for her humanitarian works.<ref name="TOI_Manushi in Brazil" />

In May 2018, Chhillar reached [[Manila]], Philippines for the press presentation and inauguration of [[Mister World 2019]] contest which was to be venued in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/651828/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-arrives-in-phl-thanks-fans-for-warm-welcome/story/?amp |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar arrives in PHL, thanks fans for warm welcome |publisher=GMA News |date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225062714/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/651828/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-arrives-in-phl-thanks-fans-for-warm-welcome/story/?amp |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chhillar later reached New Zealand as part of the Beauty with a Purpose campaign.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World to arrive in Aotearoa today |publisher=Māori Television |date=11 June 2018 |url=https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/regional/miss-world-arrive-aotearoa-today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225063411/https://www.teaomaori.news/miss-world-arrive-aotearoa-today |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World welcomed by Maori |publisher=Miss World |date=11 June 2018 |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1370}}</ref> Chhillar, along with the Miss World team visited the [[Ronald McDonald House Charities|Ronald McDonald House]] in Auckland, and served in the charity house as volunteers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar at the Ronald McDonald House Auckland |work=The Times of India |date=12 June 2018 |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-at-the-ronald-mcdonald-house-auckland/videoshow/64556767.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225063642/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-at-the-ronald-mcdonald-house-auckland/videoshow/64556767.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World, Manushi Chhillar prepares for a "Kids Cook In" |publisher=Miss World |date=12 June 2018 |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1377}}</ref> She was named as a judge for the [[Femina Miss India 2018]] contest held on 19 June 2018. She crowned her national successor, [[Anukreethy Vas]] at the end of the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu's Anukreethy Vas Crowned 'Miss India World 2018' |work=Indiawest |date=21 June 2018 |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-s-anukreethy-vas-crowned-miss-india-world/article_06e18568-74c6-11e8-91a5-cb67f6c1ef29.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225070346/https://www.indiawest.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-s-anukreethy-vas-crowned-miss-india-world/article_06e18568-74c6-11e8-91a5-cb67f6c1ef29.html |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Anukreethy Vas and Manushi Chhillar (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|270x270px|Chhillar (right) with her Miss India successor [[Anukreethy Vas]] (left) at the grand finale of [[Femina Miss India 2018]], in [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|NSCI Dome]], Mumbai]]

She then visited South Africa to take her project on menstrual hygiene forward.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa welcomes Manushi Chhillar, Miss World 2017 |work=The Times of India |date=17 July 2018 |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/South-Africa-welcomes-Manushi-Chhillar/eventshow/65020409.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071038/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/South-Africa-welcomes-Manushi-Chhillar/eventshow/65020409.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
During the first day of the visit, she along with the Miss World team visited the [[Metro FM|Metro Radio]] in [[Johannesburg]] to commemorate the Nelson Mandela centenary celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar's style is impossibly chic. These 8 outfits from her South Africa tour confirm it. |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/manushi-chhillar-s-style-is-impossibly-chic-these-8-outfits-from-her-south-africa-tour-confirm-it/story-jnhCugMuYQJuA9nbHRQDnM_amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071426/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/manushi-chhillar-s-style-is-impossibly-chic-these-8-outfits-from-her-south-africa-tour-confirm-it/story-jnhCugMuYQJuA9nbHRQDnM_amp.html |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of Chhillar's [[Beauty With A Purpose|Beauty With A Purpose Project]] on feminine hygiene, machines that manufacture low cost and compostable [[Sanitary napkin|sanitary pads]] were installed in [[Nelson Mandela]]'s birthplace [[Mvezo]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World 2017, Manushi Chhillar's tribute to Nelson Mandela |work=India Today |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-is-having-a-blast-in-south-africa-see-all-photos-1289314-2018-07-18/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071757/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-is-having-a-blast-in-south-africa-see-all-photos-1289314-2018-07-18/3 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The President of South Africa, [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], led the official ceremony of unveiling the first Sanitary Pads Unit, on 18 July 2018, which marked the 100th birth anniversary of Nelson Mandela. Chhillar, along with Miss World 2014, [[Rolene Strauss]], inaugurated the first sanitary pad manufacturing unit set up by them in South Africa.<ref name="Manushi_South Africa">{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar Achieved A Milestone By Launching Her First Sanitary Pad Unit In South Africa |date=20 July 2018 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/people-manushi-chillar-on-nelson-mandela-birth-anniversary-launches-low-cost-sanitary-pad-manufacturing-unit-453688 |publisher=India TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225072749/https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/people-manushi-chillar-on-nelson-mandela-birth-anniversary-launches-low-cost-sanitary-pad-manufacturing-unit-453688 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the launch of the sanitary pad unit, Mandela's birthday was celebrated by handing out more than 200 [[blanket]]s and [[Winter clothing|winter hats]] to the elderly at the newly opened 'Nosekeni Nongaphi Health Center'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hand in hand: Ramaphosa and Zuma spend Mandela Day together in Eastern Cape |publisher=The South African |date=18 July 2018 |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ramaphosa-zuma-mandela-day-together/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225073542/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ramaphosa-zuma-mandela-day-together/ |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Miss World team also donated 100 bicycles to school children in Mvezo, Mandela's home village.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World hands out 200 blankets to elderly citizens of Mveso |publisher=Miss World News |date=18 July 2018 |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1402}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar's project on menstrual hygiene in South Africa |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://www.indianwomenblog.org/manushi-chillar-achieved-a-milestone-by-launching-her-first-sanitary-pad-unit-in-south-africa |first=Priyasha |last=Khandelwal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225073717/https://www.indianwomenblog.org/manushi-chillar-achieved-a-milestone-by-launching-her-first-sanitary-pad-unit-in-south-africa/?amp_markup=1 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

She returned to England and joined [[Stephanie Hill (model)|Stephanie Hill]], Miss World Europe 2017 for the presentation of £15,000 raised by the charity projects of [[Miss England]] contestants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar's London Diary |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2018 |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillars-london-diary/eventshow/65185461.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225073929/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillars-london-diary/eventshow/65185461.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was donated to the Mid Derbyshire Riding School for the disabled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World presents £15,000 to Mid Derbyshire Riding School for the Disabled |date=27 July 2018 |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1411}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar's photos from her London diaries |publisher=Times Now |date=29 July 2018 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/manushi-chhillar-is-making-heads-turn-with-these-photos-from-her-london-diaries/261775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074141/https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/entertainment/news/people/article/manushi-chhillar-is-making-heads-turn-with-these-photos-from-her-london-diaries/261775 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> During her reign, she suffered a leg injury and was unable to perform her duties for a month.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar goes without make-up in her new photo. |work=India Today |date=28 August 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-goes-without-make-up-for-new-photoshoot-see-pic-1325197-2018-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074449/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-goes-without-make-up-for-new-photoshoot-see-pic-1325197-2018-08-28 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Manushi_Rakshabandan">{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar celebrates Raksha Bandhan 2018 with broken leg. |work=India Today |date=26 August 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-celebrates-raksha-bandhan-2018-with-broken-leg-see-pics-1324047-2018-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074615/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-celebrates-raksha-bandhan-2018-with-broken-leg-see-pics-1324047-2018-08-27 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> After her recovery, she landed in Los Angeles, California for Miss World America 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar jets off to Los Angeles looking chic like never before. |date=17 September 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-jets-off-to-la-looking-chic-like-never-before-1341630-2018-09-17 |work=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074807/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-jets-off-to-la-looking-chic-like-never-before-1341630-2018-09-17 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar Slays in Cherry Red Printed Dress While Vacationing in California. |date=19 September 2018 |url=http://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/manushi-chillar-latest-pictures-from-california-vacay-is-hard-to-miss-140130/manushi-chhillar-slays-in-cherry-red-printed-dress-while-vacationing-in-california-140140/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074952/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/feedback.php?app_id=178196885542208&channel=https%3A%2F%2Fstaticxx.facebook.com%2Fx%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter%2F%3Fversion%3D46%23cb%3Df2213900134532%26domain%3Dwww.india.com%26is_canvas%3Dfalse%26origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.india.com%252Ff1240d7db41a984%26relation%3Dparent.parent&container_width=0&height=100&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Fphotos%2Fentertainment%2Fmanushi-chillar-latest-pictures-from-california-vacay-is-hard-to-miss-140130%2Fmanushi-chhillar-slays-in-cherry-red-printed-dress-while-vacationing-in-california-140140%2F&locale=en_US&sdk=joey&version=v2.10&width |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chhillar reached Sri Lanka and met [[John Amaratunga]], the Minister of Tourism Development of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-meets-sri-lankan-tourism-minister-john-amaratunga/eventshow/66069095.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar meets Sri Lankan Tourism Minister, John Amaratunga |work=The Times of India |date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075128/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-meets-sri-lankan-tourism-minister-john-amaratunga/eventshow/66069095.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She later visited the Philippines for the second time to attend the coronation event of [[Miss World Philippines 2018]], as one of the judges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/10/09/1858549/davao-beauty-crowned-2018-miss-world-philippines |title=Davao beauty crowned 2018 Miss World Philippines |work=The Philippine Star |first=Celso de |last=Guzman Caparas |date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075336/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/10/09/1858549/davao-beauty-crowned-2018-miss-world-philippines |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She reached France to attend the presentation event of 'Beauty with a Purpose' documentary in [[Cannes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/manushi-chhillar-glams-up-cannes-in-pink-off-shoulder-gown-1368882-2018-10-16 |title=Manushi Chhillar glams up Cannes in pink off-shoulder gown |work=India Today |date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075539/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/manushi-chhillar-glams-up-cannes-in-pink-off-shoulder-gown-1368882-2018-10-16 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chhillar then visited [[Sanya]], China and was a member of the jury in [[Miss China World]] 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-is-ravishing-in-thigh-high-slit-gown-see-pics-1372818-2018-10-22 |title=Manushi Chhillar is ravishing in thigh slit gown in China |date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075729/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-is-ravishing-in-thigh-high-slit-gown-see-pics-1372818-2018-10-22 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She inaugurated the 'Haryana Film Policy' in the Indian city of [[Gurgaon]], along with the Chief Minister of Haryana, [[Manohar Lal Khattar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/gurgaon/manushi-chhillar-supports-boost-for-haryanas-film-industry-in-gurgaon/articleshow/66401558.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar supports boost for Haryana's film industry in Gurgaon |work=The Times of India |first=Divya |last=Kaushik |date=29 October 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/gurgaon/manushi-chhillar-supports-boost-for-haryanas-film-industry-in-gurgaon/articleshow/66401558.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-inaugurates-haryana-film-policy/eventshow/66389717.cms |title=In Pics: Manushi Chhillar inaugurates Haryana Film Policy |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225080329/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-inaugurates-haryana-film-policy/eventshow/66389717.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Chhillar crowned her successor [[Vanessa Ponce]] of Mexico at the end of [[Miss World 2018]], which took place in [[Sanya]], China on 8 December 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-is-ready-for-new-adventures-her-family-cannot-keep-calm-1406983-2018-12-11 |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar is ready for new adventures. Her family cannot keep calm. |work=India Today |date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225080604/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/celebrity/story/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-is-ready-for-new-adventures-her-family-cannot-keep-calm-1406983-2018-12-11 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MW18">{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/manushi-chhillar-stuns-in-black-sabyasachi-lehenga-at-miss-world-2018-see-pics/story-puxsKZMJHmj3HkRJPigwlO.html |title=Manushi Chhillar stuns in black Sabyasachi lehenga at Miss World 2018. |work=Hindustan Times |first=Sanya |last=Panwar |date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225080809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/manushi-chhillar-stuns-in-black-sabyasachi-lehenga-at-miss-world-2018-see-pics/story-puxsKZMJHmj3HkRJPigwlO.html |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Chhillar signed a three-film deal contract with [[Yash Raj Films]], and made her debut with ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/manushi-chhillar-i-gave-my-first-shot-for-prithviraj-on-same-day-i-won-miss-world-two-years-ago-1620234-2019-11-18 |title=I gave my first shot for Prithviraj on same day I won Miss World two years ago |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=27 December 2019 |work=India Today |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> After several auditions and trails, she was cast in the film as the Princess of [[Kannauj]], Prithviraj's (played by [[Akshay Kumar]]) wife.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chillar will be playing Samyukta in Prithviraj Chauhan, has been preparing for nine months. |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bollywood/news/manushi-chillar-will-become-a-sanyogita-in-prithviraj-chauhan-01687417.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=16 November 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> Elaborating her role, Chhillar stated, "It's a huge responsibility to play princess Sanyogita, a powerful personality who stood up for what is right and took the most important decisions of her life herself".<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar to make a grand Bollywood debut as Prithviraj's Sanyogita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manushi-chhillar-to-make-a-grand-bollywood-debut-as-prithvirajs-sanyogita/articleshow/72061713.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> The film was a box office failure and her performance received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie Review:Akshay's Samrat Prithviraj is less Prithviraj Chauhan, more Prithviraj Kapoor|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-s-samrat-prithviraj-is-less-prithviraj-chauhan-more-prithviraj-kapoor-movie-review-1957806-2022-06-03|website=India Today|date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603085822/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-s-samrat-prithviraj-is-less-prithviraj-chauhan-more-prithviraj-kapoor-movie-review-1957806-2022-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Chhillar appeared in ''[[The Great Indian Family]]'', a [[comedy film]] backed by the same banner, where she was seen opposite [[Vicky Kaushal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushal-manushi-chhillar-to-star-in-comedy-film-as-part-of-yrf-project-50-2799983.html |title=Vicky Kaushal, Manushi Chhillar to Star in Comedy Film as Part of YRF Project 50 |website=[[News18]] |date=19 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-manushi-chhillars-next-yash-raj-films-gets-title/ |title=Vicky Kaushal and Manushi Chhillar's next with Yash Raj Films gets a title |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 March 2021}}</ref> Chhillar's performance was poorly received by critics, with [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' dismissing her as "strictly ornamental". The film was a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-great-indian-family-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-kind-of-film-bollywood-shouldnt-be-making-8951234/|work=[Reddif]|access-date=22 September 2023|title=The Great Indian Family movie review: Just the kind of film Bollywood shouldn't be making|date=22 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-great-indian-family-box-office-collection-day-6-vicky-kaushal-starrer-struggles-to-cross-rs-10-crore/articleshow/104008550.cms|title=Vicky Kaushal starrer struggles to cross Rs 10 croreaccess-date=28 September 2023|website=Times of India| date=28 September 2023 }}</ref>

In 2024, Chhilar portrayed a [[wing commander]] opposite [[Varun Tej]] in the Hindi-Telugu bilingual, ''[[Operation Valentine (film)|Operation Valentine]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/its-a-wrap-for-varun-tej-and-manushi-chhillars-operation-valentine | title=It's a Wrap for Varun Tej and Manushi Chhillar's Operation Valentine | website=[[Film Companion]] | date=20 October 2023 | access-date=20 January 2024 | archive-date=30 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030055617/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/its-a-wrap-for-varun-tej-and-manushi-chhillars-operation-valentine | url-status=live }}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Manushi's sincere performance gets lost in translation due to lacklustre screenplay" and criticised her chemistry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation Valentine Review: Varun Tej's film crash lands due to faulty script|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/operation-valentine-review-varun-tej-manushi-chillar-film-crash-lands-due-to-faulty-script-2509205-2024-03-01|website=India Today|access-date=4 March 2024 |date=1 March 2024}}</ref> Later in 2024, Chhilar starred in the Akshay Kumar and [[Tiger Shroff]]-led ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' which received negative reviews and was a box office bomb.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=Bade Miyan Chote Miyan|id=bade_miyan_chote_miyan_2024|type=m|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>

Chillar played a local gangster's wife in ''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]'', her first release of 2025 opposite [[Rajkummar Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Rajkummar Rao and Manushi Chhillar to team up for director Pulkit's next film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkummar-rao-and-manushi-chhillar-to-team-up-for-director-pulkits-next-film/articleshow/112352938.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2025-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417205623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkummar-rao-and-manushi-chhillar-to-team-up-for-director-pulkits-next-film/articleshow/112352938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Anuj Kumar stated that she plays her predictable part well.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Maalik' movie review: Rajkummar Rao rules in this rambling action drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maalik-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-manushi-chhillar-prosenjit-chatterjee-pulkit/article69800299.ece/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=11 July 2025 }}</ref> She will next be seen opposite [[John Abraham]] in [[Dinesh Vijan]]'s ''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar joins forces with John Abraham for 'Tehran' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manushi-chhillar-joins-forces-with-john-abraham-for-tehran/articleshow/92972561.cms |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=The Times Of India|date=19 July 2022 }}</ref>

==Other work==
===Social work===
In May 2018, Chhillar joined hundreds of women in a 3 km walk through the streets of Delhi to create social awareness on the [[Menstrual Hygiene Day|World Menstrual Hygiene Day]].<ref>{{cite news |title=World Menstrual Hygiene Day: Miss World Manushi meets NTMC students |work=The Times of India |date=29 May 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/menstrual-hygiene-day-miss-world-manushi-chillar-meets-ndmc-students/articleshow/64356741.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar interacts with students on Menstrual Hygiene Day |agency=Press Trust of India |date=28 May 2018 |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/pti-stories/manushi-chhillar-interacts-with-students-on-menstrual-hygiene-day-118052900022_1.html}}</ref> Supporting the [[Fit India Movement|Fit India Campaign]], Chhillar along with the [[Vice-President of India]], Venkaiah Naidu waved the flag at the starting line to initiate the race, as thousands of cyclists made it to the streets of Delhi celebrating the [[World Bicycle Day]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice President M Venkaiah Naidu, Miss World Manushi Chillar attend "World Bicycle Day" |publisher=ANI |date=3 June 2018 |url=https://www.aninews.in/videos/national/watch-vice-president-m-venkaiah-naidu-miss-world-manushi-chillar-attend-world-bicycle-day/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar attends the World Bicycle Day event |work=The Times of India |date=3 June 2018 |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-attends-world-bicycle-day/articleshow/64436074.cms}}</ref> She is a strong advocate for vegetarianism and has expressed her views on the subject on various platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/international-meatless-day-vegetarian-personal-choice-says-manushi-chillar/ |title=International Meatless Day: "For me, being vegetarian was more of a personal choice" – says Manushi Chillar |date=25 November 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/manushi-chhillar-voted-as-the-sexiest-vegetarian-personality-by-peta-3888052/ |title=Manushi Chhillar Voted as The 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' by PETA |work=India.com |date=24 December 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Manushi Chhillar - Commission on Human Rights and Participatory Legislation.jpg|thumb|257x257px|Chhillar at a meeting with Commission on Human Rights and Participatory Legislation (HRC)]]
Chhillar was appointed as the ambassador for [[Government of Haryana]]'s campaign to curb [[Anemia]], which was instituted since almost 61 per cent of the women in the state were effected from the disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar to be ambassador of 'Anaemia Free Haryana' drive |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-anemia-free-haryana-campaign-1502537569.html/amp |work=The Statesman |date=13 November 2019}}</ref> She expanded the scope of her [[Beauty with a Purpose]] campaign, Project Shakti and initiated awareness programme among rural women for [[HIV/AIDS]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/entertainment/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-promotes-aids-awareness/ |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar Promotes AIDS Awareness |work=The Sentinel |date=1 December 2019}}</ref> On initiating this programme, she expressed:
{{blockquote|text=AIDS awareness among women will be one of the key initiatives of Project Shakti, because I feel women of our country are at risk due to lack of awareness programs. We work with hundreds of women across India and we are looking to educate them about AIDS awareness so that they can convey this message in their respective communities. It is absolutely essential for our country to fight HIV/AIDS and I am looking forward to doing my bit for the cause.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Miss World Manushi Chillar to spread AIDS awareness among women in India |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/former-miss-world-manushi-chillar-to-spread-aids-awareness-among-women-in-india |work=Medical Dialogues |date=2 December 2019}}</ref>}}

Chhillar collaborated with the [[UNICEF]]'s campaign to raise awareness on the [[COVID-19 pandemic|Coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar Raises Coronavirus Awareness Through UNICEF Campaign |url=https://www.theprevalentindia.com/manushi-chhillar-raises-coronavirus-awareness-through-unicef-campaign/#s |work=The Prevalent India |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> In a video released by UNICEF India, she urged people to stay at home and practice social distancing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/former-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-joins-unicef-in-new-campaign-against-covid-19-172983/ |title=Former Miss World Manushi Chhillar Joins UNICEF in New Campaign Against COVID-19 |date=11 April 2020 |first=Vineeta |last=Kumar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19: Manushi Chhillar Raises Awareness Through UNICEF Campaign |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/covid-19-manushi-chhillar-raises-awareness-through-unicef-campaign-2572827.html |work=News 18 |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> Chhillar also urged state governments in India to distribute [[sanitary napkin|sanitary pads]], along with daily ration to the female [[migrant workers]] who were prone to severe risks due to shortage of funds in their hands during the [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|migrant labourers' crisis in India]], which arose as a result of the strict lockdown imposed to contain the spread of SARS CoV-2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar: Supply free sanitary pads with ration to poor |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=700582 |date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

In 2021, the [[UN Women|United Nations Women]] affiliated with Chhillar in order to raise awareness regarding gender-based violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar roped in by United Nations to bat for women safety |url=http://www.businessworld.in/amp/article/Manushi-Chhillar-roped-in-by-United-Nations-to-bat-for-women-safety/02-01-2021-360717/ |date=2 January 2021 |work=Business World |author=Asian News International |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar to raise awareness on violence against women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/manushi-chillar-awareness-gender-violence-women-orange-the-world-7129930/lite/ |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=2 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> She supports an initiative titled 'Orange the World', and works towards curbing online harassment of women among other forms of harassment, and spreading more awareness pertaining to this issue.<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |title=United Nations selects Manushi Chhillar to bat for women's safety |url=https://www.newsindiatimes.com/united-nations-selects-manushi-chhillar-to-bat-for-womens-safety/ |date=3 January 2021 |work=News India Times |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former Miss World Manushi Chhillar roped in by United Nations to bat for women safety |url=https://sanjhisoch.com/english/former-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-roped-in-by-united-nations-to-bat-for-women-safety/ |date=2 January 2021 |work=Sanjhi Soch |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar groups up with United Nations to lift consciousness about violence towards girls |work=Aaj Ki Taaza News - Get Latest News |date=2 January 2021 |url=https://aajkitaazanews.com/manushi-chhillar-groups-up-with-united-nations-to-lift-consciousness-about-violence-towards-girls/amp/ |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

In March 2021, Chhillar along with [[Dipika Pallikal]] and [[Nikhat Zareen]], became part of a campaign launched by [[Adidas]] called ''Make A Move'', with the vision to encourage and motivate women to overcome psychological and social barriers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Endorsements===
Chhillar has modelled for brands like [[Bata (company)|Bata]],{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[Big Bazaar|Fashion Big Bazaar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=FBB Big Bazaar - 'The Hello Sunshine' look worn by Manushi Chhillar |url=https://www.advertgallery.com/newspaper/fbb-big-bazaar-the-hello-sunshine-look-worn-by-manushi-chhillar-ad/ |date=8 July 2017}}</ref> [[Cinnamon Hotels & Resorts]],<ref>{{cite web |title=This is Sri Lanka by Manushi Chhillar Miss World 2017 - Cinnamon Hotels and Resorts. | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=mO0LWbUaJ1g |date=19 July 2019}}</ref> [[Giordano (store)|Gio]] watches,<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar in Inara by Gio Collection watches. |url=https://www.advertgallery.com/newspaper/inara-by-gio-collection-watches-you-light-the-world-ad/ |date=31 August 2019}}</ref> [[Club Factory]],<ref name="FreePressJournal_Manushi Club Factory">{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar: Great experience working with Ranveer Singh |work=Free Press Journal |date=6 July 2018 |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/manushi-chhillar-great-experience-working-with-ranveer-singh/1311478}}</ref> [[H&M]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Yashvi |title=H&M with Jim Sarbh takes you on a mysterious journey with the #BrighterThanEver campaign |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/2022/10/hm-jim-sarbh-brighterthanever-campaign/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=www.socialsamosa.com |language=en}}</ref> Sabyasachi,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Manushi Chhillar's ethnic photos in Sabyasachi lehenga is jaw-dropping! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/famous-personalities/article/Manushi-Chhillar-s-Queen-of-Tropics-photos-in-Sabyasachi-lehenga-have-gone-viral-20683158 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> [[Schweppes|Schweppes India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=8 February 2023 |title=Manushi Chhillar and Siddhant Chaturvedi roped in as the new face of Schweppes : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manushi-chhillar-siddhant-chaturvedi-roped-new-face-schweppes/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Dior]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar in all-Dior attire attends the label's first-ever India event |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/lifestyle/manushi-chhillar-in-all-dior-attire-attends-the-label-s-first-ever-india-event-101670041455254.html |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Samsonite]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=bureau |first=afaqs! news |title=Enormous teams up with influencers for Samsonite 'tests' campaign |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/influencer-marketing/enormous-teams-up-with-influencers-for-samsonite-tests-campaign |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Jimmy Choo (fashion house)|Jimmy Choo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=20 April 2022 |title=Manushi Chhillar turns up the heat in an enchanting black strappy dress and bright lime Jimmy Choo heels worth Rs.55,847 55847 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manushi-chhillar-turns-heat-enchanting-black-strappy-dress-bright-lime-jimmy-choo-heels-worth-rs-55847/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In April 2018, she was announced as the brand ambassador for the retail jewellery group, [[Malabar Gold and Diamonds]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/hindi/photos/manushi-chhillar-announced-the-brand-ambassador-of-malabar-gold-and-diamonds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915203251/https://silverscreen.in/hindi/photos/manushi-chhillar-announced-the-brand-ambassador-of-malabar-gold-and-diamonds/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2018 |title=Manushi Chhillar Announced The Brand Ambassador of Malabar Gold And Diamonds |publisher=Silverscreen |date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-joins-kareena-kapoor-khan-for-first-brand-endorsement/1251908 |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar joins Kareena Kapoor Khan for first brand endorsement |work=Free Press Journal |date=6 April 2018}}</ref> She has promoted brands like [[Audi Q5]] and [[Panasonic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3q_EuyHwIJQ |title=Panasonic Refrigerators: Exploring Beauty and Intelligence with Manushi Chhillar |work=Panasonic India |date=19 January 2021}}</ref> She is also the official brand ambassador for [[Adidas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas ropes in Manushi Chhillar as brand ambassador |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/adidas-ropes-in-manushi-chhillar-as-brand-ambassador/76193962 |work=ET BrandEquity |date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former Miss World Manushi Chhillar joins Rohit, Hima as Adidas brand ambassador |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/former-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-joins-rohit-hima-as-adidas-brand-ambassador-6074141.htm/amp |work=CNBC TV18 |date=4 June 2020}}</ref> and [[Pantene]] in India. In May 2023, she was announced as the brand ambassador for the American multinational cosmetics company, [[The Estée Lauder Companies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefashionenthusiast.uk/stories/manushi-chillar-has-been-appointed-as-estee-lauders-brand-ambassador |title=Manushi Chillar has been appointed as Estée Lauder's brand ambassador |publisher=The Fashion Enthusiast|date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, Chhillar was appointed as the global brand ambassador of [[Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council]] (GJEPC) for promoting India's diamond, gem and jewellery creations to the global diaspora.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://retailjewellerindia.com/gjepc-launches-former-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-as-its-brand-ambassador/#:~:text=Shah%20announced%20that%20Manushi%20Chhillar,creations%20to%20the%20global%20diaspora. |title=GJEPC launches former Miss World Manushi Chhillar as its brand ambassador|publisher=The Retail Jeweller (India)|date=19 July 2023}}</ref> The Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council of India organised an event called “The Ambassador Meet 2023" to showcase finest of Indian jewels to ambassadors of the leading countries of the world, where Chhillar was officially announced as their brand ambassador.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-become-the-new-global-brand-ambassador-of-gjepc/articleshow/101988570.cms|title=Manushi Chhillar become the new Global Brand Ambassador of GJEPC|publisher=Femina|date=20 July 2023}}</ref> In May 2024, Chhillar was announced as the new brand ambassador of Clovia, a premier lingerie, sleep, and personal care brand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clovia announces Manushi Chhillar as its new brand ambassador |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/clovia-announces-manushi-chhillar-as-its-new-brand-ambassador/110118062 | access-date=26 May 2024|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

=== Entrepreneurship ===
Chhillar has ventured into entrepreneurship with two notable businesses. She co-founded Soma Wellness, a holistic health and wellness brand, with innovative regenerative therapies that blend advanced science with holistic care.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Beauty, Brains, and Business with Manushi Chhillar: Miss World to Retail Entrepreneurship - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/beauty-brains-and-business-with-manushi-chhillar-miss-world-to-retail-entrepreneurship/111641742 |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, she introduced Dweep, a sustainable and inclusive brand<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar forays into fashion business with her swimwear brand, Dweep |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2024/05/24/manushi-chhillar-forays-into-fashion-business-with-her-swimwear-brand-dweep.html |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> specialising in women's swimwear and resort wear, in collaboration with stylist Sheefa J Gilani.<ref>{{cite news |title=The new wave of Indian swimwear |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/style/swimwear-westside-manushi-chhillar-dweep-sazo-11724328807123.html |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref>

==In the media==
[[File:Estée Lauder India appoints former Miss World, Manushi Chhillar as the new face of Advanced Night Repair product in 2022 (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Chhillar at an event in 2022]]

Subsequent to her win at Miss World, Chhillar received widespread recognition and attention from the media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar crowned Miss World 2017. Wishes Pour in on social media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/manushi-chhillar-crowned-miss-world-2017-wishes-pour-in-on-twitter-1777327?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |access-date=17 March 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World 2017: That winning moment! Watch Manushi Chhillar's 1st reaction after she won crown |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/miss-world-2017-that-winning-moment-watch-manushi-chhillars-1st-reaction-after-she-won-crown/939306/lite/ |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar returns to India, receives grand welcome at the Mumbai Airport |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/live-updates-miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-returns-to-india-huge-welcome-planned-at-mumbai-airport/articleshow/61798262.cms |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Mumbai Mirror |date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Chhillar was recognised for her achiements by [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]], and she was awarded at the 2017 [[CNN-IBN Indian of the Year|Indian of the Year]] awards, by the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar recognised for 'Special Achievement' at CNN IBN Indian of the Year 2017 Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/manushi-chhillar-recognised-for-special-achievement-at-indian-of-the-year-2017-awards-4963266/lite/ |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 December 2017}}</ref> She was voted as the Most Desirable Woman of India in the 2018 internet survey conducted by [[The Times of India|Times of India]].<ref name="TOI_Most Desirable Woman">{{cite news |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar in the Most Desirable Woman of 2017 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-is-the-most-desirable-woman-of-2017/articleshow/64201795.cms}}</ref> In 2019, she was named as the 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' in India, by [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Miss World Manushi Chhillar becomes the 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/241219/ex-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-becomes-the-sexiest-vegetarian-personality.html |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Asian Age |date=24 December 2019}}</ref> She reacted to the award by expressing, "Being a vegetarian has actually been a way of life for me. My parents were vegetarians and while they gave me a choice, I never felt like I was missing on something. I've always been a vegetarian and have never felt like I needed to change that."<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar is the 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/manushi-chillar-is-the-sexiest-vegetarian-personality20191224131103/?amp=1 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=Asian News International (ANI) |date=24 December 2019}}</ref> In the annual award show organised by [[Lokmat]] newspaper, she was named as the most promising Fresh Face in the industry.<ref name=Lokmat_Manushi>{{cite news |title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2019: Most Stylish Fresh Face - Manushi Chhillar |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2019-most-stylish-fresh-face-manushi-chhillar/ |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=Lokmat |date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

In May 2023, Chhillar made her debut at the Cannes Film Festival, where her appearance garnered significant attention, showcasing her evolving journey from pageantry to the film industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cannes 2023: A Parade Of Elegance And Style On The Red Carpet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/et-al-express-trending/cannes-2023-a-parade-of-elegance-and-style-on-the-red-carpet/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sonakshi |title=Cannes Film Festival 2023: Indians' best beauty looks from Day 1 |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/indians-best-beauty-looks-cannes-film-festival-day-1 |access-date=24 October 2024 |work=[[Vogue India]] |date=17 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref(s)
|-
|2022
| scope="row" | ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''
| [[Sanyogita]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-yash-raj-films-announces-theatrical-release-dates-bunty-aur-babli-2-prithviraj-jayeshbhai-jordaar-shamshera/ |title=Breaking: Yash Raj Films announces theatrical release dates for Bunty Aur Babli 2, Prithviraj, Jayeshbhai Jordaar and Shamshera! |date=26 September 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/confirmed-manushi-chillar-to-make-bollywood-debut-opposite-akshay-kumar-in-prithviraj-1619226-2019-11-15 |title=Confirmed: Manushi Chhillar to make Bollywood debut opposite Akshay Kumar in Prithviraj |date=15 November 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| scope="row" | ''[[The Great Indian Family]]''
| Jasmeet Kaur Randhawa
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chillar-bags-her-second-film-opposite-vicky-kaushal-42951.amp |title=Manushi Chillar Bags her Second Film Opposite Vicky Kaushal |date=19 August 2020 |work=Filmfare |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal and Manushi Chhillar's next with Yash Raj Films gets a title |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-manushi-chhillars-next-yash-raj-films-gets-title/ |date=1 March 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=2 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| scope="row" | ''[[Operation Valentine (film)|Operation Valentine]]''
| Aahna "Eva" Gill
| Bilingual film
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/vt-13-manushi-chhillar-team-varun-tej-telugu-hindi-aerial-action-drama/ |title=VT 13: Manushi Chhillar to team up with Varun Tej in Telugu-Hindi aerial action drama|date=3 March 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Varun Tej and Manushi Chhillar's film titled Operation Valentine; Release date revealed|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/varun-tej-manushi-chhillars-film-titled-operation-valentine-release-date-revealed-1235742|work=Pinkvilla|date=14 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
| Captain Misha Kapoor
|
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bade-miyan-chote-miyan-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-in-india-tiger-shroff-shares-bts-pic-1209864 |title=Bade Miyan Chote Miyan wraps up the first schedule in India; Tiger Shroff shares BTS PIC|date=19 February 2023 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| scope="row" |''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]''
| Shalini
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=After Stree 2 success, Rajkummar Rao starts shooting with Manushi Chhillar for Pulkit's next in Lucknow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/after-stree-2-success-rajkummar-rao-starts-shooting-with-manushi-chhillar-for-pulkit-s-next-in-lucknow-101724747566251.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917202121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/after-stree-2-success-rajkummar-rao-starts-shooting-with-manushi-chhillar-for-pulkit-s-next-in-lucknow-101724747566251.html |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]''
| Divya Rana
|
| <ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-joins-john-abraham-dinesh-vijans-tehran-see-photos/ |title=Manushi Chhillar joins John Abraham in Dinesh Vijan's Tehran|date=19 July 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=3| 2018
| ''[[Miss World 2018]]''
| Herself/Reigning Miss World
| International pageant
| <ref name="MW18"/>
|-
| ''[[63rd Filmfare Awards]]''
| Herself/Performer
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar shakes a leg with Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-best-moments-of-the-night/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-shakes-a-leg-with-shah-rukh-khan/photostory/62586448.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2018 |access-date=28 March 2021 |author=The Times News Network}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television#Specials|Super Night with Padman]]''
| Herself
| Awareness program by [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET India]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/behind-the-scenes/super-night-with-padman-on-the-sets/manushi-chillar/articleshow/62523344.cms | title=Manushi Chillar looked gorgeous as she striked a pose on the sets of 'Super Night with PadMan' - Photogallery }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Miss World 2017]]''
| Herself/Contestant/Winner
| International pageant
| <ref name="TOI_Manushi in Brazil"/>
|}

==Accolades==

=== Film awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2023
| [[68th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations For The 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 With Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58094.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Other awards and recognition ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Association
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2017
| [[CNN-IBN Indian of the Year]]
| Special Achievement
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/manushi-chhillar-recognised-for-special-achievement-at-indian-of-the-year-2017-awards-4963266/ |title=Manushi Chhillar recognised for 'Special Achievement' at CNN IBN Indian of the Year 2017 Awards |work=The Indian Express |date=2 December 2017 |access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| [[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
| Fresh Face
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Lokmat_Manushi" />
|-
|2022
|[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
|Super Stylish Emerging Talent (Female)
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Winners List: Find out who won what at the starry night |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
|Most Stylish Trailblazer
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete List of Winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|}

===Media titles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Awarding Organisation
! Title
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| [[The Times of India]]
| Most Desirable Woman of India
| <ref name="TOI_Most Desirable Woman" />
|-
| 2019
| [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]]
| India's Hottest Vegetarian
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PETA announces India's Hottest Vegetarians of 2019 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/news-manushi-chillar-sunil-chhetri-peta-india-s-hottest-vegetarians-of-2019-571934 |date=17 December 2019 |publisher=India TV |access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Manushi Chhillar}}
* {{BH person|manushi-chhillar}}
* {{IMDb name|10035940}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Stephanie Del Valle]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss World]]
|years= [[Miss World 2017|2017]]}}
{{S-aft|after={{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Vanessa Ponce]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Priyadarshini Chatterjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India]]
|years = [[Femina Miss India 2017|2017]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Anukreethy Vas]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Indian Beauty Pageant Representatives}}
{{Miss World 2017 delegates}}
{{Miss World titleholders}}
{{Big Four Pageants titleholders
|Year = 2017
|Miss Universe={{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Demi-Leigh Tebow|Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters]]
|Miss World={{flagicon|India}} '''Manushi Chhillar'''
|Miss International={{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kevin Lilliana]]
|Miss Earth={{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Karen Ibasco]]
}}
{{Miss India winners in the Big Four pageants}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhillar, Manushi}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Miss World 2017 delegates]]
[[Category:Miss World winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Haryana]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]

Mahima Makwana

2026-10-31T04:58:23Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2001:569:51DF:4100:7B3E:D2A2:AA29:FEC8 (talk) to last revision by Ajay Kumar

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1999)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahima Makwana
| image = Mahima Makwana At Iconic Gold Awards 2022.jpg
| caption = Makwana in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|08|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| alma_mater = [[Thakur College of Science and Commerce]]
| notable_works =
| website =
| yearsactive = 2009–present
}}

'''Mahima Makwana''' (born 5 August 1999)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahima Makwana: On my birthday today, I just want to thank God for his blessings and practise gratitude - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahima-makwana-on-my-birthday-today-i-just-want-to-thank-god-for-his-blessings-and-practise-gratitude/articleshow/77369613.cms |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=5 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress who works in television shows as well as [[Hindi film|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu language]] films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahima-makwana-i-want-to-visit-purani-dilli-karol-bagh-in-delhi/articleshow/59987992.cms |title=Mahima Makwana: I want to visit Purani Dilli & Karol Bagh in Delhi |date=10 August 2017 |website=Times of India}}</ref> After entering television with ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'' and ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as a child artist, Makwana rose to prominence and became a household name through her character Rachana in [[Zee TV]]'s popular soap opera ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'', following which she went on to establish herself as one of the promising TV actresses with lead roles in several other television shows.

In 2021, Makwana made her [[Hindi film]] debut in the [[action thriller film]] ''[[Antim: The Final Truth|Antim]]'' starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Aayush Sharma]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/teen-times/ |title=Teen Times |date=19 August 2012 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>

==Biography==
Makwana was born and brought up in Mumbai. Her father was a construction worker who died when she was five months old. Makwana and her elder brother were raised by their mother, a former social worker. Makwana completed her schooling from [[Mary Immaculate Girls' High School]]<ref>{{Citation |url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-Mahima-makwana-house-5566236-PHO.html |title='Sapne Suhane...' Fame Mahima Makwana Used to Stay in a Chawl; Her Rags-to-Riches Story Will Surely Inspire You to Never Give Up! |newspaper=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |date=1 June 2015 |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404112037/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-mahima-makwana-house-5566236-PHO.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Makwana has a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[mass media]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rishton-ka-chakravyuh-actor-mahima-makwana-i-dont-choose-projects-they-choose-me-4801045/ |title=Rishton Ka Chakravyuh actor Mahima Makwana: I don't choose projects, they choose me |date=17 August 2017 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Television ===
Makwana started auditioning for acting parts at the age of 10, and appeared in a few [[Television advertisement]]s. Her television debut was ''[[Mohe Rang De]]'' on [[Colors TV]] and she appeared in ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'', ''[[Aahat]]'', ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'' and ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' as a child artiste. In 2009 she played the role of young Gudiya/Gauri in the Colors TV show ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''.

In 2011, Makwana was cast as the [[Leading actor|Parallel lead]] in [[Imagine TV]]'s ''[[Sawaare Sabke Sapne... Preeto]]''. Her first major lead role was in the [[Zee TV]] blockbuster soap opera ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''. Mahima said in an interview that reaching this point in her career was not easy and that she had participated in more than 500 auditions prior to ''Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/age-is-just-a-number-for-17-year-old-tv-actor-mahima-makawana/story-eKbkEeFd8MpO8FLo1YlisK.html |title=Age is just a number for 17-year-old TV actor Mahima Makawana |date=14 June 2016 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>

After ''Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke'', In March 2015, Makawana played the role of [[Ram Kapoor]] and [[Gurdeep Kohli]] daughter in ''[[Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane]]''. After the end of ''[[Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane]]'' in August, In November 2015, Makwana signed ''[[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari]]'' where she played the lead recreational role of Manasvini Choudhry/Radhika Khosla.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/adhuri-kahaani-hamari-to-get-bajirao-mastani-touch/ |title='Adhuri Kahaani Hamari' to get 'Bajirao Mastani' touch |date=25 January 2016 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>

In 2015, Makwana appeared in an episodic role in [[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]]'s youth show ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' as Mandira opposite Nikhil Chaddha.

In August 2017, Makwana played the lead Anami Baldev Singh in the [[Star Plus]] show ''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''.<ref name=":0"/>

In October 2018, Makwana entered as the female lead role of Mariam in [[Star Plus]] show ''[[Mariam Khan - Reporting Live]]'' post leap replacing Deshna Dugad.<ref name="Mariam">{{cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Mariam Khan - Reporting Live: Mahima Makwana enters the show as new Mariam |url=https://www.abplive.in/videos/mariam-khan-reporting-live-mahima-makwana-enters-the-show-as-new-mariam-762241 |website=ABP Live }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> From December 2019 to November 2020, Makwana appeared as a protagonist Rani Dave Reshammiya in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Shubharambh (TV series)|Shubharambh]]''.

=== Films ===
In 2017, Makwana made her film debut with Telugu Movie [[Venkatapuram (film)|Venkatapuram]].

In September 2019, Makwana appeared as Natasha in the short film titled ''Take 2''. ''Take 2'' was officially selected and premiered at the 10th [[Jagran Film Festival]] 2019, 10th Zumba film festival, and Asian Film Festival, Los Angeles, Hollywood. ''Take 2'' won 'BEST FOREIGN FILM' at the Real-time film festival, Nigeria, 2020 and 'best festival themed film'.

In 2019, Makwana made her digital debut with ''[[Rangbaaz (web series)|Rangbaaz Season 2]]'' as Chiku. In 2020, Makwana appeared in a web show ''[[Flesh (Web Series)|Flesh]]'' as Zoya.

In March 2021, Makwana was seen in a Tollywood-Hollywood flick Mosagallu which stars Kajal Agarwal, Vishnu Manchu and Suniel Shetty.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

In December 2020, Makwana was cast as the female lead in the movie [[Antim: The Final Truth]] opposite [[Aayush Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=THIS Actress REPLACES Avika Gor In Salman Khan's 'Antim: The Final Truth'? |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/mahima-makwana-replaces-avika-gor-in-salman-khan-antim-the-final-truth-1411554 |website=Abp Live |date=13 December 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref> [[Antim: The Final Truth]] was realised on 26 November 2021 and received mixed to positive reviews from critics. [[Bollywood Hungama]] wrote that she, "makes a confident debut and is memorable in the scene where she blasts Aayush."<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review: ANTIM THE FINAL TRUTH has an entertaining first half and the face off between Salman Khan and Aayush Sharma keeps the interest going. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/antim-the-final-truth/critic-review/antim-the-final-truth-movie-review/antim-the-final-truth-has-an-entertaining-first-half-and-the-face-off-between-salman-khan-and-aayush-sharma-keeps-the-interest-going/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}

* ''All films are in Hindi unless noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Venkatapuram (film)|Venkatapuram]]'' || Chaitra || Telugu || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-mahima-makwana-telugu-film-5383474-PHO.html |title='Sapne Suhane…' Fame Mahima Makwana Bags a Telugu Film |date=28 July 2016 |website=Daily Bhaskar |language=en |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729180259/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-mahima-makwana-telugu-film-5383474-PHO.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/270117/mahima-makwana-destined-debut.html |title=Mahima Makwana: Destined debut |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |date=27 January 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Take 2''
|Natasha
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Take 2 (Short Film) Movie Online |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-take-2-short-film-movie-online-fecc6dce635078f9fa0b018d3cfd17c1 |url-status=live |website=mxplayer.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Short Film: Take 2 |url=https://asianfilmfestival.us/?haru_video=india-short-film-take-2 |url-status=live |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Asian Film Festival, Los Angeles |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 || ''[[Mosagallu]]'' || Soha
|Telugu||<ref>{{cite web |title=I have never believed in competition and Comparison |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/exclusive-i-have-never-believed-in-competition-or-comparison-says-mosagallu-actress-mahima-makwana/ |website=Eastern Eye |date=10 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]'' ||Mandana "Manda" Chawda ||It is an adaptation of the Marathi film [[Mulshi Pattern]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Mahima Makwana Replaces Avika Gor in Salman Khan's Antim: The Final Truth |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mahima-makwana-replaces-avika-gor-in-salman-khans-antim-the-final-truth-3176534.html |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan = "2" |2023
| scope="row" style="background:#ffc;" |''Bas Karo Aunty'' {{dagger}} || {{TBA}} ||Completed ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nitesh Tiwari And Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari join hands for the film Bas Karo Aunty!|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-ashwiny-iyer-tiwari-join-hands-film-bas-karo-aunty/|date=30 May 2022|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc;"|''Project Love'' {{dagger}}||{{TBA}}||Filming ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2022 |title=Arjun Rampal signs comic caper Project Love; girlfriend Gabriella Demetriades, Mahima Makwana and Omkar Kapoor also set to star |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/arjun-rampal-signs-comic-caper-project-love-girlfriend-gabriella-demetriades-mahima-makwana-omkar-kapoor-also-set-star/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Mohe Rang De]]''
| Unknown
| rowspan="3" | Child actor
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| Young Gauri Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
| Young Nupur Bhushan
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Sawaare Sabke Sapne... Preeto]]''
| Sonam "Sonu" Dhillon
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Aahat]]''
| Juhi Mehra
|
|
|-
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Gopi Dhurvanshi
|
|
|-
| 2012–2015
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
| Rachana Garg / Rachana Kabir Tripathi
|
|
|-
| 2014
| Divya Omkar Luthra
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Dance India Dance|Dance India Dance 4]]'' || Rachna Tripathi || Guest
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=TV actors support DID 4 contestants - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roopal-mahima-siddharth-neha-laxmi-neha-marda-and-mishkat-to-perform-with-top-six-contestants-of-did-4-/articleshow/29238581.cms |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=23 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane]]''
| Disha Ahuja
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahima Makwana to play Ram Kapoor's daughter in new TV show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahima-makwana-to-play-ram-kapoors-daughter-in-new-tv-show/articleshow/46202121.cms |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=12 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
| Ria
|
| {{N/A|}}
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Mandira
|
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari]]''
| Manasvini Choudhry/Radhika Khosla
|
| {{N/A|}}
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''
| Anami Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2017 |title=Rishton Ka Chakravyuh actor Mahima Makwana: I don't choose projects, they choose me |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rishton-ka-chakravyuh-actor-mahima-makwana-i-dont-choose-projects-they-choose-me-4801045/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Herself
| Dance performance
| {{N/A|}}
|-
|2018–2019
| ''[[Mariam Khan - Reporting Live]]''
| Mariam Khan/Manjeet Kaur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Mariam Khan - Reporting Live: Mahima Makwana enters the show as new Mariam |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/mariam-khan-reporting-live-mahima-makwana-enters-the-show-as-new-mariam-762241 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Shubharambh (TV series)|Shubharambh]]''
| Rani Reshammiya
|
| {{N/A|}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
| rowspan="4" | Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 13: Here's why Salman Khan gave his jacket to Shubh Aarambh's actor Akshit Sukhija - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-heres-why-salman-khan-gave-his-jacket-to-shubh-aarambhs-actor-akshit-sukhija/articleshow/72307425.cms |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=30 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Shweta Keshri |date=November 15, 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 14 Weekend Ka Vaar Written Update: Contestants get emotional seeing gifts from family |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-14-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-contestants-get-emotional-seeing-gifts-from-family-1741043-2020-11-15 |access-date=27 November 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
|
| rowspan="3" {{N/A|}}
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 3)|Bigg Boss Marathi 3]]''
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[Rangbaaz (web series)|Rangbaaz Season 2]]''
|Vaishali "Chiku" Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2019 |title=I don't want to be known only as a TV actor, says Mahima Makhwana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-don-t-want-to-be-known-only-as-a-tv-actor-says-mahima-makhwana/story-G2jSsAqLYna9YOvBLEie1L.html |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Flesh (Web Series)|Flesh]]''
| Zoya Gupta
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahima Makwana in Flesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/flesh-trailer-swara-bhasker-akshay-oberoi-eros-now-6550113/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
|''Dhadkanein Meri''
|[[Asees Kaur]], [[Yasser Desai]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Hindi Song Dhadkanein Meri Sung By Yasser Desai And Asees Kaur {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-dhadkanein-meri-sung-by-yasser-desai-and-asees-kaur/videoshow/68425412.cms |access-date=21 October 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Darwaze Band''
|Harry, Enbee
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Darwaze Bandh' Sung By Harry {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-darwaze-bandh-sung-by-harry/videoshow/71481943.cms |access-date=21 October 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''Oh Jaaniye''
|Varun Dhone
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Oh Jaaniye (Full Song) - Varun Dhone - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=14 January 2020 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/oh-jaaniye/RQ8uVi1if1A |language=en-US |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Teri Baat Aur Hai''
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Teri Baat Aur Hai' Sung By Stebin Ben Featuring Mahima Makwana And Rohan Mehra {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-teri-baat-aur-hai-sung-by-stebin-ben-featuring-mahima-makwana-and-rohan-mehra/videoshow/78145536.cms |access-date=21 October 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Main Hoon Tera''
|Piyush Shankar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Main Hoon Tera' Sung By Piyush Shankar Featuring Pranay Bahuguna {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-main-hoon-tera-sung-by-piyush-shankar-featuring-pranay-bahuguna/videoshow/79619693.cms |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''Toota Taara ''
| rowspan="2" |[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Toota Taara' Sung By Stebin Ben {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-toota-taara-sung-by-stebin-ben/videoshow/84342190.cms |access-date=21 October 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Bas Ek Tera Main Hoke ''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Bas Ek Tera Main Hoke' Sung By Stebin Ben {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-bas-ek-tera-main-hoke-sung-by-stebin-ben/videoshow/84702030.cms |access-date=21 October 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Wing Wing''
|Uchana Amit, King
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=High High sung by Uchana Amit, King ft. Mahima Makwana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-song-high-high-sung-by-uchana-amit-feat-king/videoshow/92257015.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mahima Makwana}}
*{{IMDb name|8744024}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makwana, Mahima}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express

2026-10-29T15:09:09Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2409:40E3:3D:2233:C473:9FF:FEC3:CF15 (talk) to last revision by WikiDwarf

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express
| image = LKO - NDLS Tejas tb.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express trainboard
| type = [[Tejas Express]]
| locale = [[Delhi]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|2019|10|04}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways' first private train sees strong bookings. Delhi–Lucknow Tejas features |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-first-private-train-sees-strong-bookings-delhi-lucknow-tejas-trainfeatures-1569208587760.html |work=Livemint |accessdate=23 September 2019 |date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[IRCTC]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}} (LJN)
| stops = 2
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|512|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = 6 days
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Executive Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached but on-board catering available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = Yes
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities=
| stock = [[LHB coaches|LHB-Tejas]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 82501/82502
| speed = {{cvt|83|km/h}} (avg)
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express''' is one of India's semi-high speed full AC [[Tejas Express]] fleet introduced by [[Indian Railways]] connecting {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} in [[Delhi]] and {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}} in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The train started its operations on 4 October 2019, on the occasion of [[Navaratri]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tejas Express may start operating during Navratras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/tejas-express-may-start-operating-during-navratras/articleshow/70747885.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad–Mumbai and Delhi–Lucknow Tejas Express to be handed over to IRCTC; 'flexible' fares to be decided by operator |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ahd-mum-del-lko-tejas-trains-to-be-handed-over-to-irctc-flexible-fares-to-be-decided-by-operator-1566307629489.html|work=Livemint |date=21 August 2019}}</ref>

This train is India's first train operated by private operators, [[IRCTC]], a subsidiary of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi–Lucknow Tejas Express set to be first train to be run by private operators |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-lucknow-tejas-express-set-to-be-first-train-to-be-run-by-private-operators-1562591525201.html|work=Livemint |date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India's first private train Lucknow–Delhi Tejas Express flagged off today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-s-first-private-train-lucknow-delhi-tejas-express-starts-today-key-things-11570164891093.html|work=Livemint |date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

==Coach composition==

There are 12 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]] and they can seat up to 78 passengers each (3+2) configuration and 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Executive Class]] coach (in 2+2 configuration). The Executive Class coach has a seating capacity of 56 passengers and adjustable head-rests, arm support and leg support. All doors are centrally controlled.

It is designed by Indian Railways with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed, etc. and will have an announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras, water level indicators, tap sensors, hand dryers, integrated braille displays, local cuisine, celebrity chef menu, WiFi, snack tables, fire & smoke detection and suppression system. On-board catering service charges are included in the fare.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 3
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|-
|
||EOG||C12||C11||C10||C9||C8||C7||C6||C5||C4||C3||C2||C1||E1||EOG
|}

==Schedules==
The train leaves Lucknow Junction at 06:10 am and reaches New Delhi at 12:25 pm. On its return journey, the train leaves Delhi at 3.35 pm and reach Lucknow at 10.05 pm. The train having two stops at {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}} and {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}} runs on all days of a week, except Tuesday.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's first "corporate" train Tejas Express launched on Delhi–Lucknow route |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/indias-first-corporate-train-tejas-express-launched-on-delhi-lucknow-route/articleshow/71437178.cms |work=Economic Times |date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

==Other facilities==
IRCTC, the operator of this train announced that in Indian rail history for the first time ever passengers will be compensated for the delay of the train. {{INR}}100 will be paid to the passengers if the delay is over one hour while {{INR}}250 will be paid for delays over two hours. Alongside a slew of offers like free travel insurance worth {{INRConvert|25|l}} and on-board infotainment services, doorstep baggage collection and local food are provided. But no ''Tatkal quota'' will be available for this train.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/if-we-delay-we-will-pay-irctc-promises-tejas-passengers/article29565680.ece |title=If we delay, we will pay, IRCTC promises Tejas passengers|work=The Hindu|date=4 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/in-a-first-rail-passengers-to-be-compensated-for-delays-on-board-irctcs-tejas-express-train/articleshow/71394782.cms?from=mdr |title=In a first, rail passengers to be compensated for delays on board IRCTC's Tejas Express train |work=Economic Times|date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

==Profitability==
The train, on its first month of run, with an average occupancy of 80–85%, has made a profit of {{INRConvert|70|l}}, while earning a revenue of nearly {{INRConvert|3.70|c}} through its ticket sale. [[IRCTC]], the private operator spent an average of nearly {{INR}}14 lakh per day to run the train, earned around {{INR}}17.50 lakh daily from passenger fares.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-1st-private-train-tejas-posts-rs-70-lakh-profit-in-first-month-of-ops-sources/amp_articleshow/71995096.cms| title=Railways' 1st 'private' train Tejas posts Rs 70 lakh profit in first month of ops|work=Economic Times| date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Tejas Express}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknow-New Delhi Tejas Expresss}}
[[Category:Tejas Express trains]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2019]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Privately operated trains]]

Boisar

2026-10-29T14:10:32Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2402:8100:2776:E0C3:F7C4:BD80:8F43:CDCB (talk) to last revision by Alicolours

{{short description|City in Maharashtra, India}}
{{distinguish|Poisar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name =Boisar
| image_alt = Boisar railway station - Platform board
| official_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type =
City
| image_skyline = Boisar_railway_station_-_Platform_board_1.jpg
| image_caption = Boisar railway station
| nicknames =
| pushpin_map = Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Boisar in Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8036|N|72.756|E|region:IN-MH||format=dec|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]] (Earlier [[Thane district|Thane]])
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Palghar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR)]] October–December 2015 Report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pcb.net.in/projects/mahindra/happinest/boisar.html|title=Mahindra Happinest, Why Boisar? (Mumbai) | Petroleum, Coal & Banking Executives Welfare Society|website=pcb.net.in}}</ref>
| blank_emblem_size = 300px
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.90
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 4,00,000 + register voter
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council (India)|State Govt, Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = [[Palghar Municipal Council|Palghar Municipal Council (PMC)]]
| leader_title = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| leader_name = [[Palghar]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]](खासदार)
| leader_name1 = [[Rajendra Gavit]] ([[Shiv Sena]])
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]]
| leader_name2 = [[Boisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boisar]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]](आमदार)
| leader_name3 = [[Rajesh Raghunath Patil]] ([[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]])
| leader_title4 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name4 = Maheyssh Sagar
| population_demonym = Boisarkar, Boisarean, Boisary
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| postal_code = 401 501 to 401 506
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-02525]]
| registration_plate = MH-48
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Official language]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Other [[language]]s
| blank2_info_sec1 = English Hindi
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Local News]]
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = IN [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|BOM]] [[Boisar railway station|BOR]]
| IT Company =
}}

'''Boisar''' is the largest industrial town in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It was originally a part of the [[Thane district]] before becoming a part of the [[Palghar district]]. It is approximately 111 kilometers (69 miles) away from the state capital [[Mumbai]], and {{cvt|98|km}} from the [[union territory]] [[Daman, India|Daman]]. It is located in the district Palghar in Maharashtra.

Boisar is governed by the [[Palghar Municipal Council|Palghar Municipal Council (PMC)]]. It is home to [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC)]].

Boisar hosts India's first nuclear power station{{Em dash}}[[Tarapur Atomic Power Station|Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/tarapur-indias-2nd-most-powerful-nuclear-plant-built-with-us-help-completes-50-yrs-today/312366/|title = Tarapur, India's 2nd most powerful nuclear plant built with US help, completes 50 yrs today| website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 28 October 2019}}</ref> It has a railway station in the [[Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] as well as [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]. The [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] will have a stop at Boisar.

Boisar is a popular weekend spot for tourists and locals due to nearby beaches, forts and lakes. The place has seen rapid development due to:
* The existence of more than 1500 industrial units.
* Its proximity to [[Mumbai]] & [[Gujarat]].<ref name="fallingrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Boisar.html|title=Maps, Weather and Airports for Boisar, India|website=fallingrain.com}}</ref>
* Easy access by train and road.
*Availability of surplus power and water.
* Its vicinity of Maharashtra's largest fishing port [[Satpati]] ({{cvt|20|km|disp=sqbr}}).
* The upcoming [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor|Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train]] having a stop at Boisar.
*The upcoming [[Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project]] (DMIC) being planned to pass via Boisar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naredco.in/news-updates-details.asp?id=23236&prYear=2018 |title=National Real Estate Development Council |publisher=Naredco.in |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* The upcoming [[Mumbai Vadodara Expressway|Mumbai-Vadodara expressway]].
* The expansion of sea transport project.

== Demonym ==
A resident of Boisar is called a ''Boisarkar'', ''Boisarean'', or ''Boisary'' in Marathi, in which the suffixes "kar"', "ean" and "y" means "resident of" or "to belong to". Boisar is located within the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== History ==

Boisar city was part of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] which had ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] between the 8th and 10th centuries. It was ruled by [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]] (1521–1594), the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Empire (1594)]], the [[Maratha Empire]] (1739–1818), the [[East India Company]] (1818–1857) and the [[British Raj]] (1857–1947). There are some forts near the city, such as Asava Fort (11 km), [[Tarapur, Maharashtra|Tarapur Fort]] ({{cvt|11|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Kaldurg Fort]]({{cvt|174|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Shirgaon Fort]] ({{cvt|18|km|disp=sqbr}}), Mahim Fort ({{cvt|20|km|disp=sqbr}}), and [[Asheri fort|Asheri Fort]] ({{cvt|25|km|disp=sqbr}}).

Boisar was initially inhabited by the [[Koli people|Kolis]] and [[Konkani people|Konkanis]] who were fish and used to live in the [[Arabian Sea]] coast. The Kolis are traditional fishermen who speak different dialects of [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

The present [[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanjarisamajpalghar.com/about-vanjarisamaj.aspx|title=ठाणे-पालघर जिल्हा वंजारी समाज हितवर्धक मंडळ, रजि.|first=ठाणे-पालघर जिल्हा वंजारी समाज हितवर्धक मंडळ|last=रजि|website=Vanjarisamajpalghar.com}}</ref> community of Boisar was part of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] and originate from [[Chittorgarh]], [[Rajasthan]]. They migrated to "Moradi" port (today "Murbe") to trade in Boisar because the British started the railway in 1853 which halted the grain trade. Their language is distinct from standard [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as it influenced by [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].

The Vadval community is located in Boisar, [[Tarapur, Maharashtra|Tarapur]]. They are said to be the descendants of [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty of Devagiri]]. They form one of the few Marathi-speaking communities which belong to [[Kshatriya]] varna but not the traditional [[Maratha clan system|96-clan]] [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha caste]].

Boisar was town in [[Bombay State|Bombay state]] between 18th to 19th century. It was also city in the [[Thane district]] after the [[Independence Day (India)|independence of India]]. [[Palghar district]] is the current district of Boisar from 1 August 2014.

==Geography==
Boisar encompasses an area of {{Convert|8.90|km2|sqmi|abbr=}}. It is located at 19° 48' 13N 72° 45' 22E<ref name="fallingrain" /> and has an average altitude of {{cvt|45|ft}}<ref name="fallingrain"/> at the base of the eastern slopes of the Sahyadri. Boisar is a part of the coastal country known as the [[Konkan]] with the [[Arabian Sea]] forming its western coast, and is about {{Convert|7.21|km|mi|abbr=}} from the shores. It is close to [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Daman, India|Daman]]. People in and around Boisar use Marathi as a common language.

===Hydrography===
The two main rivers flowing through the city are the Surya and the Banganga (which has Betegaon Railway Bridge). Many small creeks are found all along the western coast villages like Kolwade, Kumbhavali, and Murbe where tidal waters flood upstream. There are dams such as the Surya Dam and the Devkhop dam.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image_gap = 20
| image1 =
| width1 = 1984
| caption1 = Surya Dam(22km)
| image2 =
| width2 = 1984
| caption2 = Banganga River
| image3 =
| width3 = 1984
| caption3 = Devkhop Dam(17Km)
| image4 =
| width4 = 1984
| caption4 = Surya River
| total_width = 900
}}
Boisar has no natural lakes but it has artificial ones. The Babule Lake<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/B%C4%81bule+Lake/@19.89579,72.6913244,18z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3be6df7605cbfe8b:0x673d4398f6e0c54f!2sB%C4%81bule+Lake!3b1!8m2!3d19.8955815!4d72.6923509!3m4!1s0x3be6df7605cbfe8b:0x673d4398f6e0c54f!8m2!3d19.8955815!4d72.6923509|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> and Navale Lake<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nav%C4%81le+Lake/@19.8783763,72.6888688,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be6df96a5003fcd:0x42930dca734da7b2!8m2!3d19.8781718!4d72.690873|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> near the city are known for lotus blooms in winter.
{{multiple image
|align=center
|direction=horizontal
| image_gap =20
|image1=
| width1 = 1984
|caption1=Babule Lake(15km)
|image2=
| width2 = 1984
|caption2= Navale Lake(14km)
|total_width =600

}}
The Kokner/Kokaner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/22273291/Kokner-Kokaner-Hot-Water-Springs|title=Kokner / Kokaner Hot Water Springs|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6FZ5_NlYBc|title=Natural Hot water springs kokNer# palghar Maharashtra|via=youtube.com}}</ref> hot water spring is on the banks on the Surya river; the water is a murky greenish brown due to sulphur & chemical deposits from the spring.{{Relevance inline|date=May 2020}}

{{multiple image
|align=center
|direction=horizontal
|image1=
| width1 = 1984
|caption1=Kokaner Hot Water Spring(25km)
|total_width =280
}}

===Pedology===
[[Basalt]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a9a1d5317a33ae8cef33961c34144f84/uploads/2019/07/2019073071.pdf |title=Info |publisher=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |date=2019 |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> and medium deep grayish black soil<ref name="auto"/> are found in the hill area and deep black soils<ref name="auto"/> are found in the basins of Surya river. Coastal saline soil<ref name="auto"/> occurs along the [[Arabian Sea]]. Other than basalt, minor minerals like [[Murrum (mineral)|murrum]] are found in the city.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

===Climate===

According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], the climate of Boisar is tropical, very humid, and warm because of the western coastal plains. The city experiences three main seasons and one transitional season. They are:
#Winter Season (December to February).
#Summer Season (March to June).
#Monsoon Season (June to September).
#Post Monsoon Season / Autumn (October and November): Hot and humid in the coastal areas.
{{Weather box
| location= Boisar
| metric first= yes
| single line= yes
| Jan high C= 28.1
| Feb high C= 28.6
| Mar high C= 30.7
| Apr high C= 32.3
| May high C= 33.1
| Jun high C= 31.9
| Jul high C= 29.7
| Aug high C= 29.2
| Sep high C= 29.7
| Oct high C= 32
| Nov high C= 31.9
| Dec high C= 29.9
| year high C= 31.7
| Jan low C= 17.1
| Feb low C= 17.8
| Mar low C= 21.1
| Apr low C= 23.9
| May low C= 26.6
| Jun low C= 26.3
| Jul low C= 25.0
| Aug low C= 24.7
| Sep low C= 24.2
| Oct low C= 23.2
| Nov low C= 20.2
| Dec low C= 18.1
| year low C= 22.1
| Jan precipitation mm= 1
| Feb precipitation mm= 0
| Mar precipitation mm= 1
| Apr precipitation mm= 1
| May precipitation mm= 10
| Jun precipitation mm= 437
| Jul precipitation mm= 856
| Aug precipitation mm= 466
| Sep precipitation mm= 289
| Oct precipitation mm= 68
| Nov precipitation mm= 9
| Dec precipitation mm= 1
| year precipitation mm= 2477.5
| source= [https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/boisar-55464 Boisar Weather By Month]
| date= June 2012
}}

==Demographics==
Census India 2011 reported a total of 20319 males and 15832 females and a total number of 4896 children below 6 years of age in Boisar. The {{Clarify span|child sex ratio|Male to female?|date=May 2020}} is around 919 compared to the Maharashtra state average of 894. The literacy rate of Boisar is 88.49%, higher than the state average of 82.34%. The city has complete administration over 8,711 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within town limits and impose taxes on properties under its jurisdiction. Out of its total population, 14,372 are employed; 12,312 were males while 2,060 were females. In the census survey, a worker is defined as person who performs a job, service, cultivation, or labour. Of the 14372 people that were surveyed to be working, 89.32% were engaged in main work while 10.68% of total workers were engaged in marginal work.
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:1em;width:30%;"
|+ '''Population and Literacy of Boisar(2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php?cityid=2742109000|title=Boisar (Thane, Maharashtra, India) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>'''
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| 36151 (100%)
|-
| '''Males'''
| 20319(56.21%)
|-
| '''Females'''
|15832 (43.79)%
|-
| '''Children'''
| 4896(13.54%)
|-
| '''Literacy Rate'''
| 88.49%
|-
| '''Male Literacy'''
| 93.08%
|-
| '''Female Literacy'''
| 82.44%
|}

===Religion===
According to the 2011 census, out of a total of 36,151 people in Boisar, Hindus (83.84%) constituted the majority of the city population. Schedule Caste (SC) constituted 4.82% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 1.76% of the total population. The official language of Boisar is Marathi but Hindi and English are also allowed to be used for any official purpose. Marathi is the most widely spoken language with [[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]], Agri, Koli, Vadvali and Warli dialects. Small communities of Gujaratis and Muslims speak Gujarati and Urdu respectively. Marathi, Hindi, and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Sanskrit and Urdu are optional.
{{Pie chart
|thumb = Center
|caption = Religion in Boisar(2011)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php?cityid=2742109000 |title=Boisar (Thane, Maharashtra, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219004339/https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php?cityid=2742109000 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 83.84
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 11.78
|color2 = Green
|label3 =[[Buddhism]]
|value3 = 1.38
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = [[Jainism]]
|value4 = 1.37
|color4 = Brown
|label5 = [[Christianity]]
|value5 = 0.85
|color5 = DodgerBlue
|label6 =[[Sikhism]]
|value6 = 0.03
|color6 = Yellow
|label7 = Not Stated
|value7 = 0.45
|color7 = Red
|label8 = Others
|value8 = 0.02
|color8 = Black
}}

==Culture==
===Festivals===
Boisar residents celebrate Marathi, Indian, and Western festivals. [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami|Gokulashtami/Dahi Handi]] are popular festivals in the city. Some other festivals celebrated in the city are :

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
![[Hindu calendar|Hindu Calendar Month]]
! [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian calendar Months]]
|-
|[[Gudi Padwa|Marathi New Year (Gudi Padwa)]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]]
|[[Chaitra|Chaitra(चैत्र)]]
|March–April
|-
|[[Akshaya Tritiya]], [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha's Birthday(Budha Purnima)]]
|[[Vaisakha|Vaisakha(वैशाख)]]
|April–May
|-
|[[Vat Purnima]]
|[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha(ज्येष्ठ)]]
|May–June
|-
|[[Guru Purnima]]
|[[Ashadha|Ashadha(आषाढ़)]]
|June–July
|-
|[[Naga Panchami]], [[Coconut day|Narali Purnima(Coconut day)]], [[Krishna Janmashtami|Gokulashtami/Dahi Handi]], [[Pola (festival)|Pola]]
|[[Shraavana|Shraavana(श्रावण)]]
|July–August
|-
|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Anant Chaturdashi]]
|[[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada(भाद्रपद)]]
|August–September
|-
|[[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]], [[Sharad Purnima|Kojagiri Purnima]], [[Lakshmi Pujan]]
|[[Ashvin|Ashwina(अश्विन)]]
|September–October
|-
|[[Balipratipada]], [[Diwali]], [[Bhai Dooj|Bhaubeej]]
|[[Kartika (month)|Kartika(कार्तिक)]]
|October–November
|-
|[[Datta Jayanti]], Sri Mahalakshmi Vrat, [[Christmas]]
|[[Agrahayana|Mārgasirsa(मार्गशीष)]]
|November–December
|-
|[[New Year's Day]] [[Makar Sankranti]]
|[[Pausha|Pausha(पौष)]]
|December–January
|-
|[[Rama Navami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Shiv Jayanti]]
|[[Māgha|Māgha(माघ)]]
|November–December
|-
|[[Shiv Jayanti]], [[Holi]]
|[[Phalguna|Phalguna(फाल्गुन)]]
|February–March
|}

==Transportation==
===Railway Station===
{{Main|Boisar railway station}}

* Boisar railway station is the main mode of transportation.
* All local trains runs between Dahanu and Churchgate;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbai77.com/city/3089/local-trains-timetable/dahanu-churchgate-fast/|title=Dahanu Churchgate Fast Trains – Mumbai Local Trains Timetable|last=Jadav|first=Deven|date=2013-08-23|website=Mumbai77 – Mumbai City and Travel Guide|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> Dahanu-Virar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/trains/dahanu-road-virar|title=DAHANU ROAD to VIRAR Trains, Time Table, Distance Between & Travel Time {{!}} DRD VR Trains|website=trainspnrstatus.com|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> has a stop at Boisar railway station.
* It is part of the [[Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>[https://www.makemytrip.com/routeplanner/boisar-mumbai.html]{{dead link|date=January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/BOR/|title=Boisar Railway Station {{!}} Trains Timetable passing through Boisar Station|website=cleartrip.com|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* There are some local trains and express trains that run through Boisar station to the Mumbai Central line and [[Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] via the Boisar-Vasai-Bhiwandi-Panvel railway route.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/bor-boisar-to-bird-bhiwandi-road/873/0/71|title=Boisar to Bhiwandi Road: 7 Trains, Shortest Distance: 78 km – Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* Boisar railway station has 3 platforms and multiple tracks. After a period of neglect, it has become properly maintained.

===Road===
*Transportation inside city is done by three-wheeled buses [[auto rickshaw]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Parking+Lot,+Boisar+-+Palghar+Rd,+Boisar,+Maharashtra+401501/@19.7981803,72.7609652,21z/data=!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sAuto+stand+nearby+boisar!3m4!1s0x3be71ef760e00f8f:0x259de457580bf696!8m2!3d19.798233!4d72.7612274 |title=Google Maps |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
*(Boisar-[[Palghar]]), (Boisar-Navapur, Nandgaon, Alewadi and Kumbhavali) and (Boisar-Tarapur) are connected via 10-seat passenger auto rickshaws and [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bus+Depot+Boisar/@19.7981803,72.7609652,21z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be71ef85c99583b:0x4507a632ff5b4557!8m2!3d19.8005124!4d72.7588231 |title=Google Maps |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] provides AC<ref>{{Citation|title=MSRTC's First Air Conditioned ShivShahi Bus Service from Boisar to Kolhapur|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvmzJ9yLK4c|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Attractive & Popular MSRTC'S Shivshahi Semi Sleeper AC Buses – Interior & Exterior Compilation !!!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6Aqcg6_bfA|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> and non AC bus services to other cities in Maharashtra.
*Boisar is connected to [[National Highway 48 (India)|national highway NH 48]], which connects to Maharashtra and Gujarat.

===Boat Services===
*In city, the coastal area usually commutes by ferry. Routes<ref name="maharashtra1">{{cite web|url=https://mahammb.maharashtra.gov.in/site/upload/pdf/ferry_operator.pdf |title=Ferry operator |publisher=mahammb.maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> are defined by Maharashtra Maritime Board.
# Navapur to Dandi.<ref name="maharashtra1"/>
# Murbe to Satpati.<ref name="maharashtra1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Boat+Farry+Murbe-Satpati/@19.7323411,72.7051608,17z/data=!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3be71d470bbb9eb5:0xd80832b39e799c84!2sMurbe-Kharekuran+Boat+Ferry!8m2!3d19.740735!4d72.7102266!3m4!1s0x3be6e2744706d929:0xe2bf4552b5a6c5c4!8m2!3d19.7313051!4d72.7057935 |title=Google Maps |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
# Murbe to Kharekuran.<ref name="maharashtra1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Murbe-Kharekuran+Boat+Ferry/@19.740735,72.7080326,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be71d470bbb9eb5:0xd80832b39e799c84!8m2!3d19.740735!4d72.7102266 |title=Google Maps |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* Ferries are available throughout the year from 6 am to 6 pm, except during monsoons. Timings of ferry can change depending on the tide.

===Air===
*Boisar has no airport.
*The nearest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji international airport Mumbai(BOM)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Airports Near Me – Boisar, India {{!}} Travelmath|url=https://www.travelmath.com/nearest-airport/Boisar,+India|access-date=2020-09-13|website=travelmath.com}}</ref> which is {{cvt|105|km}} away.

==Education==

===Schools and Higher Secondary Schools (Junior Colleges)===
There are schools and junior colleges in Boisar. Most of them are run by private individuals and trusts. The city's public school system and junior colleges are managed by the education ministry of the Government of Maharashtra. The schools and junior colleges are affiliated with the following boards:

#[[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]].
##[[Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC): 10th grade.
##[[Higher Secondary School Certificate|Higher School Certificate]] (HSC): 12th grade.
#[[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).
#[[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE).

=== Institutes headquartered in city proximity ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Established
!Institute
!Type
!Commissioning Body/Affiliation
!Level
!Specialisation
|-
|1975
|P.l. Shroff College Chinchani<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plshroffcollege.com/|title=P.L. Shroff College – Welcome to P.L. Shroff College|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Public
||Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Graduate and Post-graduate
|Arts,Science,IT and Management.
|-
|1984
|Sonpat Dandekar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sdsmcollege.com/|title=Sonopant Dandekar Sikshan Mandli|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Public
||Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Graduate and Post-graduate
|Arts,Science,IT and Finance Management.
|-
|2009
|Theem College of Engineering<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theemcoe.org/|title=Home {{!}} Theem CoE|website=theemcoe.org|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
||Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Undergraduate (Diploma) and Graduate
|Engineering
|-
|2006
|SAS Institute of Management Studies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sasmba.in/|title=Welcome to > Deep Education Society : Mumbai|website=sasmba.in|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Post-graduate
|Management
|-
|2002
|Dr M.L.Dhawale Memorial Homoeopathic Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mldtrust.org/doctor-of-medicine-in-homoeopathy-m-d-hom/|title=Doctor of Medicine in Homoeopathy (M. D. – Hom)|last=mlddefindia|website=MLD Trust|date=11 July 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences|Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS)]]
|(MD)Post-graduate
|Medical
|-
|2002
|AGS College of Education<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.university.youth4work.com/desagsce_deep-education-societys-a-g-s-college-of-education|title=DESAGSCE – Deep Education Societys A G S College of Education {{!}} Youth4work|website=youth4work.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|(BEd) Graduate
|Education
|-
|2009
|Diwakar Patil College of Education<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/colleges/divakar-patil-education-b-ed-d-k-patil-education-trust-st-81ovdo|title=Divakar Patil Education(B.Ed.) D.K. Patil Education Trust Street No.26/2 Pasthal Village Pasthal Naka Boisar Rarapur Road Tal Palghar Dist Thane 401 501 College, Thane – Address, Fees, Reviews and Admissions 2020|website=iCBSE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|(BEd)Graduate
|Education
|-
|
|Holy Cross Night Degree College<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hckh.in/hckh_college.html|title=International School Boisar {{!}} Degree College Boisar {{!}} Holy Cross Knowledge Hub Boisar|website=hckh.in|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Graduate
|Bachelor of Arts, Commerce and Science
|-
|2018
|Diwakar Patil Private Industrial Training Institute(ITI)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iti.directory/mumbai/diwakar-patil-private-iti-pasthal-boisar|title=DIWAKAR PATIL PRIVATE ITI PASTHAL BOISAR|last=iti|date=2019-05-06|website=iti.directory|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to  National Council for Vocational Training(NCVT)
|Post School Courses
|Industrial Training
|}

===Professional Programme (Internship and Apprenticeship)===
*Boisar is known for its industrial hub and most industries (especially chemical, pharmaceutical, textile and mechanical companies)<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.jsw.in/people/students-graduates|title=JSW – Students & Graduates|website=jsw.in|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> offer internship and apprenticeship programs to college undergraduates and postgraduates. Banks and hospitals also provide work experience for students and professionals.

===Research Institutions===
Boisar is home to two prominent research institutions: the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) and the Agricultural Research Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dbskkv.org/Research/Research_Stations_&_Organogram.html|title=Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (Agricultural University)|website=dbskkv.org|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>

==Notable people==

* [[Shardul Thakur]] Indian cricketer, CSK player, lives here
* [[Rajani Pandit]] better known as female Sherlock Holmes or India's Sherlock, who is India's first female detective

==See also==
* [[Boisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boisar-Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
*[[Boisar railway station|Boisar Railway Station]]
* [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]]
*[[Sai Baba Boulevard|Township in Boisar-Sai Baba Boulevard]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Palghar district topics}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Palghar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Palghar district]]
[[Category:Townships in India]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Draft:Rohit Gill

2026-10-29T12:31:17Z

WikiDwarf: No improvements in sources since it was declined.

{{{AfC submission|D|rs|ts=20261011232115|u=Eklovesingh|ns=118}} 
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit Gill
| image = File:Rohitgillofficial.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016–present
}}

'''Rohit Gill''' (born 11 April 1996) is an Indian [[actor]] who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films.<ref name="fox">{{cite web |url=https://foxinterviewer.com/lifestyle/rohit-gill-biography-age-girlfriend-lifestyle-and-more/ |title=Rohit Gill biography, Age, girlfriend, Lifestyle, and more |work=Fox Interviewer News |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gill was born on 11 April 1996 in [[Nagpur]]. He attended St Martin High School in Nagpur.<ref name="fox"/>

== Career ==
Gill began his acting career in theatre in 2016. He was associated with Rupesh Pawar's Meraki Theatre and Salim Sheikh's Tanmai Bahuuddeshiya Sanstha.<ref name="fox"/> He also appeared in the 2025 series ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''.<ref name="zee">{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/the-bads-of-bollywood-streaming-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-aryan-khans-directorial-debut-2961354.html |title=The Ba***ds of Bollywood Streaming On OTT: When And Where To Watch Aryan Khan's Directorial Debut |last=Handoo |first=Ritika |work=Zee News |date=18 September 2025 |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''Misguide'' || || <ref name="fox"/>
|-
| 2018 || ''Vastudosham'' || || <ref name="fox"/>
|-
| 2018 || ''Odh Tuzi'' || || <ref name="fox"/>
|-
| 2019 || ''Rakkhosh'' || || Film won the Special Jury Award for Best Director (Hindi Film) at the Rajasthan International Film Festival<ref name="fox"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' || || Web series, [[Netflix]]<ref name="zee"/>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]

Bharatpedia:Village pump (policy)

2026-10-28T13:58:57Z

WikiDwarf: /* Consenus for CSD category for unsourced/unnotable drafts of individuals and institutions */ Oppose

__NEWSECTIONLINK__
{{Village pump page header
| Policy
| {{collapse|The policy section of the Village Pump is used to discuss existing policies, proposed policy changes, guidelines, and community standards on Bharatpedia. '''Before posting, please ensure:''' • Your proposal relates to an existing policy or suggests a new one. • You have checked whether a similar discussion is already underway. • You provide clear reasoning and examples to support your point. • You remain civil and assume good faith from other editors. • You sign your comments using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>).|Click Expand to read policy guidelines:}}
| BP:VPP | BP:VP/P|
}}

== [[Bharatpedia:Artificial intelligence]] ==
{{atop|status=resolved|result= The AI policy has been finalized at [[Bharatpedia:Artificial intelligence]].}}
I have working on this policy page, please provide suggestions for further improvement or changes. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 18:40, 28 September 2026 (IST)

:Notifying few editors: @[[User:Dokania|Dokania]], @[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]], @[[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]], @[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]], @[[User:Predator.Maratha|Predator.Maratha]], @[[User:BellaCH|BellaCH]], @[[User:Adarshatva|Adarshatva]] [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 18:43, 28 September 2026 (IST)
:I would also like to suggest adding a section on [[BP:AITALK]], as some users may use AI chatbots to [[:en:User_talk:Kidi93#c-Kidi93-20260927192000-Editorial_Oversight-20260927185800|generate replies]] on talk pages and in discussions. It would be helpful to establish clear guidelines on the use of AI-generated responses and encourage transparency where appropriate. [[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]][[User talk:Editorial Oversight|(Talk with me)]] 18:44, 28 September 2026 (IST)
::I think AI Integration in Bharatpedia is needed. AI translations and suggestions of most important new articles by AI and other such uses are there. We must use the capable model of AI for each task which is suitable. [[User:Dokania|Dokania]] ([[User talk:Dokania|talk]]) 18:50, 28 September 2026 (IST)
:::I don't think using AI is an issue. It can be very helpful for tasks such as generating Wikitext..translating articles..nd improving content. However, relying entirely on AI is not a good approach either. Editors should develop their own skills and understanding rather than depending on AI for everything. Otherwise they may struggle to work independently without it. AI should be used as a tool to assist editors, not as a replacement for their own knowledge and judgment. [[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]][[User talk:Editorial Oversight|(Talk with me)]] 18:54, 28 September 2026 (IST)
::::Exactly but people are too hostile on wikipedia [[User:Dokania|Dokania]] ([[User talk:Dokania|talk]]) 19:17, 28 September 2026 (IST)
:* As discussed above with @[[User:Dokania|Dokania]] and @[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]], I have added content regarding AI-generated replies. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Artificial intelligence#AI in discussions]]. If you have any suggestions or would like to propose changes to this section or any other part of the article, please let me know. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 19:28, 28 September 2026 (IST)
:*:SURE(: [[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]][[User talk:Editorial Oversight|(Talk with me)]] 19:41, 28 September 2026 (IST)
:*::Thank you, Bharatwiki Socrates, for the time and effort you have put into creating and developing this policy. I appreciate that the suggestions from the discussion are already being incorporated. I also think we should look beyond simply regulating AI use and consider how we can make AI genuinely useful for editors on Bharatpedia.
:*::For creating new pages, we already have an AI helper at [[:Special:ArticleWizard]], but its current capabilities are fairly limited. It may be worth exploring a few options here, such as allowing users to add their own API key and use the LLM of their choice, along with a credit-based system for users who want to use Bharatpedia's resources. The tool could potentially be developed beyond smaller assistance tasks to support deeper research, source analysis, and the preparation of detailed article drafts, while still requiring the editor to review and take responsibility for the final content.
:*::The same approach could be applied to improving and expanding existing pages. AI could assist with identifying gaps, suggesting additional content, improving structure and readability, and potentially helping editors research and expand articles while keeping editorial judgment with the human editor.
:*::However, I think we need to be very careful about the potential impact of AI-assisted or AI-generated content on search-engine visibility. We should avoid building a system that simply produces large amounts of machine-generated content without sufficient human review, fact-checking, sourcing, and editorial oversight. Search engines have their own policies and quality systems, so we should consider those risks carefully before deciding how extensively AI-generated content should be used or automated.
:*::For edit summaries and AI-generated replies in discussions, I'll look into what is technically possible and what options we have. Once we reach some agreement here on the policy and the appropriate approach, we can propose the corresponding technical changes and implementation work.
:*::Overall, I think the goal should be to make AI a useful editorial tool rather than simply treating it as something that needs to be restricted. At the same time, accuracy, neutrality, source verification, transparency where appropriate, editor responsibility, and the long-term quality and search visibility of Bharatpedia should remain central. Once again, I thank you for your valuable time and efforts on creating this page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 20:15, 28 September 2026 (IST)
:*:::Thank you @[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]], I completely agree with your points. I think the purpose of the policy should not be to discourage or unnecessarily restrict the use of AI thats why I've not restricted the use of AI in [[BP:AI]], but to establish a responsible framework where AI can genuinely assist editors while keeping human editorial judgment at the centre.I especially agree that AI could be useful beyond basic tasks such as translation or Wikitext generation, including identifying gaps, improving existing articles, assisting with research and source analysis, and helping editors prepare drafts. but, the final responsibility for accuracy, sourcing, neutrality and compliance with Bharatpedia policies should always remain with the editor.
:*:::I also think we should explore the use of more advanced AI bots powered by capable to assist with maintaining and improving articles. Such systems could monitor articles, identify possible issues, suggest improvements, detect missing sources or inconsistencies, and assist editors with research and updates.....one thing more important, these tools should operate strictly under human supervision.
:*::: 
:*:::Since we have consensus here, I’d like to know @[[User:Dokania|Dokania]] @[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]] @[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] '''which points should be changed to other terms''' and '''what further deletions or additions of content are desired''' in [[BP:AI]]. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 12:15, 29 September 2026 (IST)
:*::::I think we should close this discussion. I am satisfied with the drafted policy. If any changes is needed we can raise a separate discussion. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 20:27, 8 October 2026 (IST)

{{abot}}

== Import articles ==

I think an import articles from Wikipedia policy is needed to bring some clarity upon this especially while the question is of using automated tools to do so. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 20:25, 8 October 2026 (IST)

:No policy on this is needed. First, we do not encourage making Bharatpedia a replica of Wikipedia. Our aim is to edit and ensure high-quality content. If content is copied from Wikipedia, it must be properly checked as it may contain hoaxes, unverified claims, or bias. Therefore, creating articles specifically on Bharatpedia is highly appreciated. Article imported from other encyclopedia must be checked and user must ensure that website copyright policy must not violate, for this copy editing of copied content is highly required. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 20:46, 8 October 2026 (IST)
::Even a negative policy is a policy. Lack of policy is just lack of clearance and confusing.
::It's correct that it shouldn't be made a replica of Wikipedia but imporing some articles like list articles are useful for building web of links. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 20:50, 8 October 2026 (IST)

== Bot Policy ==

I think we need a bot policy and a list of bots for ease of editing. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 08:01, 9 October 2026 (IST)

:Indeed. It will be done with requirement. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 20:48, 11 October 2026 (IST)
:A List of bots is now available at [[Bharatpedia:List of bots]] [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 10:56, 16 October 2026 (IST)

== Blanked page ==
{{atop|status=resolved|reason=G7 applies when intention of author is appearing to be clear to get the page deleted.}}
Does G7 not apply when author has blanked the page but only infobox remains? Infobox can't be said to be part of the content, right? @[[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] says it doesn't apply and reverted my CSD on several pages. I think we should delete pages without any meaningful content instead of taking these things literally. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 19:55, 18 October 2026 (IST)

:G7 applies when the author explicitly requests deletion using the relevant CSD tag or blanks the page entirely. For meaningless pages, we already have other CSD criteria, such as G1 for patent nonsense and G2 for test pages. If none of the existing criteria apply, the page can be nominated for deletion using the custom rationale under "Other reason" in the deletion template. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 20:11, 18 October 2026 (IST)
::Exactly. You can delete those pages under other criteria, or place the relevant tags on them, instead of simply reverting my tags. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 20:14, 18 October 2026 (IST)
:::No, that's not how it works. We need to preserve the page history. As an admin, I can't simply override the existing tagging. I first need to revert the incorrect tagging and then assess whether the page qualifies for deletion under another criterion. That's exactly what I did after reverting your edits on those drafts. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 20:32, 18 October 2026 (IST)
:My question is still the same. Should we take blanking as literally 0 character? Can infobox be counted as content? What if there's a dot or two letters? [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 20:39, 18 October 2026 (IST)
::I don't think we should interpret blanking purely by character count. The key question is whether the author is clearly requesting deletion in good faith. If they leave an infobox or sources behind, they might intend to rewrite the article rather than delete it. Similarly, a dot or a couple of stray letters may simply be remnants of the blanking. We should consider the context and the author's intent rather than apply G7 mechanically. If the intent to request deletion is unclear, other applicable CSD criteria or a nomination under "Other reasons" should be considered IMO. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 20:45, 18 October 2026 (IST)
{{abot}}

== Deleting drafts who has no notability ==

In most of the drafts the case if that it is clear that the subject isn't notbale. Should we bot delete the page in this case rather than waiting 6 months and giving them time? I mean the unnotability issue can't really be solved right? Mostly they are young small musicians or person posting their own biographies. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 20:50, 18 October 2026 (IST)

:I understand the concern, but lack of notability alone isn't a speedy deletion criterion, and A7 doesn't apply to drafts. If a draft is clearly unsuitable, it can be nominated at MfD rather than automatically waiting six months. If it is repeatedly rejected and the issues remain unresolved, deletion can be considered, with any subsequent recreation assessed under G4 if its requirements are met. We shouldn't automatically delete every draft about a young musician or someone submitting an autobiography, but we also don't need to retain unsuitable drafts indefinitely. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 21:07, 18 October 2026 (IST)
::Can't we create a separate policy for speedy drafts of such articles instead of simply going to Mfd? When the issue is clear it requires a policy to tackle it. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 21:10, 18 October 2026 (IST)
::Some good examples are [[Draft:4K Edits]], [[Draft:Aaqib Music]] and [[Draft:Adhrajiya]]. It is also possible for them to avoid deletion under g13 by making some unnecessary edits every few months. So, how to delete them? [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 09:00, 19 October 2026 (IST)

*If anyone is really considering new policy on it which stricken draft article policies, then consider my position as '''oppose'''. Our co-founder says:
{{QT
| quote = ...whereas, with Bharatpedia, anyone can create articles with minimum requirements, even using a smartphone
| speaker = Garry Sahota
| date = December 2021
| source = ''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref name="ET-Bharatpedia">{{cite news |title=Our focus is on getting a lot of female editors, says Garry Sahota |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/our-focus-is-on-getting-a-lot-of-female-editors-says-garry-sahota/printarticle/88283422.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=19 October 2026}}</ref>
}} Regards. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 09:39, 19 October 2026 (IST)

:I don't know, how's it relevant here. If no policy is made it would be harder to delete those articles that are never to be accepted like unsourced auto-biographies. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 09:49, 19 October 2026 (IST)
::Draft namespace is open to anyone who wants to create an article, even if it initially lacks sources or does not establish notability. The purpose is to allow drafts to be developed and improved over time. Since drafts are noindexed, there should not be any issue with keeping them for these reasons alone. Drafts should be considered for deletion only if they are promotional, hoaxes, copyright violations, attack pages, or otherwise meet an established deletion criterion—not simply because they are unsourced or the subject does not appear notable.
::Draft namespace is meant to provide users with an opportunity to develop pages at their own pace and give them sufficient time to improve their drafts peacefully, without unnecessary pressure for deletion. MfD should be the last resort, considered mainly for drafts that have been repeatedly declined or rejected and whose issues remain unresolved. In such cases, the drafts can be nominated for deletion at MfD, as Ajay suggested above. Once deleted through the deletion process, G4 can take care of future recreation, provided its criteria are met. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 11:05, 19 October 2026 (IST)
:::I still think it's like giving someone false hope that article will get accepted but as you all deem fit. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 11:41, 19 October 2026 (IST)
::::It is not like that. When a draft is rejected, the reason for rejection is visible to the user. This helps them understand the issues, improve the article, and submit it again. If they feel they cannot meet the criteria or do not wish to continue working on the draft, they can choose not to resubmit it. However, if the draft keeps getting rejected, we can nominate it for deletion and proceed based on community consensus. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 11:49, 19 October 2026 (IST)
:::::I simply propose that there should be a category for deleting unsourced or clearly unnotable autobiography drafts and such institutions. Let's see the consensus. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 12:01, 19 October 2026 (IST)

{{Reflist-talk|title=References}}
===Consenus for CSD category for unsourced/unnotable drafts of individuals and institutions===
*'''Support''', It will help remove the clutter and don't require unnecessary timeline for their deletion and not give false hopes to authors.[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 12:05, 19 October 2026 (IST)
*:Is anyone else going to give their vote? @[[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] @[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]] @[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 13:01, 26 October 2026 (IST)
*'''Oppose''': A draft is a work in progress, and its current state should not automatically be grounds for speedy deletion. The absence of sources or demonstrated notability does not necessarily mean that a draft cannot be improved. Editors should be given a reasonable opportunity to develop their drafts. Speedy deletion should be limited to cases that clearly meet the established criteria, while other drafts should be assessed through the normal review process. Introducing a separate CSD criterion for unsourced or apparently unnotable drafts could lead to the premature deletion of potentially useful content. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 12:32, 19 October 2026 (IST)
*'''Oppose:''' Lack of notability alone should not be grounds for speedy deletion. Drafts are works in progress, and editors should be given a reasonable opportunity to improve them. Existing deletion processes are sufficient to handle unsuitable drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 19:28, 28 October 2026 (IST)

Bharatpedia:Village pump (proposals)

2026-10-28T13:56:54Z

WikiDwarf: /* Twinkle on Mobile Version */ Reply

<noinclude>
{{short description|Discussion page for new proposals}}{{Village pump page header|Proposals|alpha=yes|
{{#ifexpr:{{PAGESIZE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|R}} >= 400000|{{warning|'''This page is currently too big.''' Please temporarily speed up the page archiving rate or split large discussions to separate subpages. Excessive page size can cause [[Bharatpedia:Accessibility|accessibility]] problems for some editors. See the "Section sizes" box on the talk page to identify the largest sections for splitting.}}}}{{redirect|BP:PROPOSE|proposing article deletion|Bharatpedia:Proposed deletion|and|Bharatpedia:Deletion process}}
The '''proposals''' section of the [[Bharatpedia:Village pump|village pump]] is used to offer specific changes for discussion. ''Before submitting'':
* This page is for '''concrete, actionable''' proposals. Consider developing earlier-stage proposals at [[Bharatpedia:Village pump (idea lab)|Village pump (idea lab)]].
* This is a high-visibility page intended for proposals with significant impact. Proposals that '''affect only a single page''' or small group of pages should be held at a corresponding [[Help:Talk pages|talk page]].
* Proposed '''policy''' changes belong at [[Bharatpedia:Village pump (policy)|Village pump (policy)]].
* Proposed '''new articles''' belong at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles]].
Discussions are automatically archived after remaining inactive for {{Th/abp|age|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|cfg=1|round=y}} {{Th/abp|units|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|cfg=1|round=y}}.|BP:VPR|BP:VP/PR}}
__NEWSECTIONLINK____TOC__<div style="clear:both;" id="below_toc"></div>
[[Category:Bharatpedia village pump]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia proposals| ]]
[[Category:Non-talk pages with subpages that are automatically signed]]
[[Category:Pages automatically checked for incorrect links]]
</noinclude>

== "Contributions" linkage to the top header ==

[[File:Prop1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Screenshot showing the current top header. The red box highlights where the new "Contributions" link should be added, next to the "Discuss" button.]]

Hello everyone, I would like to propose a small but highly impactful interface enhancement for Bharatpedia.
=== Current Situation ===
As shown in the screenshot above, the top header currently displays links for "Discuss," donation, appearance, and language. However, there is no quick access to view a user's contributions directly from the header. Users currently have to navigate through their personal user menu to find this link, which adds unnecessary steps to common task.
=== Proposed Change ===
I propose adding a dynamic "Contributions" icon directly in the top header bar, positioned next to the "Discuss" icon.

To match standard MediaWiki behavior and improve editor workflow, this link should be 'context-aware':

<ul>
<li>'''On regular pages (Articles, Main Page, etc.):''' The link should point to <code>Special:MyContributions</code> (showing the current user's own edit history).</li>
<li>'''On another user's User page or User talk page (Namespace 2 or 3):''' The link should dynamically extract the username from the page title and point to <code>Special:Contributions/[Username]</code> (showing that specific user's edit history).</li>
</ul>

Please let me know if anyone require any further details or explanation. Feel free to ask. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 16:27, 28 September 2026 (IST)

:Notifying few editors: @[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]], @[[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]], @[[User:Dokania|Dokania]], @[[User:Predator.Maratha|Predator.Maratha]], @[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]], @[[User:BellaCH|BellaCH]] [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 16:34, 28 September 2026 (IST)
:I support this proposal. Adding a Contributions link to the top header would make it easier for editors to access their own or other users' edit histories without navigating through additional menus. This would be a useful improvement to the editing experience on Bharatpedia. [[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]][[User talk:Editorial Oversight|(Talk with me)]] 16:43, 28 September 2026 (IST)

:I support this proposal. Adding a Contributions icon to the header would make accessing edit histories much more convenient, especially for editors who frequently review their own or other users' contributions. I particularly like the context-aware behavior on User and User talk pages. One small consideration would be to ensure that user subpages are also handled correctly, so pages such as <code><nowiki>User:Example/Test</nowiki></code> still link to <code><nowiki>Special:Contributions/Example</nowiki></code>. Otherwise, this seems like a useful and practical interface improvement. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 00:21, 29 September 2026 (IST)
::Thank you for the suggestion [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]]. Yes, user subpages should definitely be handled as well. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 12:00, 29 September 2026 (IST)
:I agree with the above. In my opinion, there should also be a "Create account" button for logged-out users, because many users may not be aware that they can create an account to edit. The option is not clearly visible upfront so if there is enough space it worth adding extra button. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 20:48, 29 September 2026 (IST)

=== Comments ===
* Hello {{ping|Bharatwiki_Socrates|Editorial Oversight|Ajay Kumar}} The proposal was sent to the tech team, and the first header changes are now on the site. Logged-out user see an info note, Create account, Log in, Donate, and a More menu. Logged-in editors see their username, a contributions link, and a user menu with their page, and other useful links. More also holds search, which lists matches as you type, plus Explore and common links. Language, dark mode, and font size are in that menu instead of sitting as separate buttons. The Discuss button has been removed from the top bar and will be added somewhere else. Please add your comment if you have any suggestion to improve it further. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 14:20, 2 October 2026 (IST)
*:I have a different suggestion. I believe Bharatpedia needs more editors who actively contribute to the platform. This can only happen if more people become aware of Bharatpedia, as currently, very few people know about it, and many of its editors appear to have come from Wikipedia.
*:I suggest that Bharatpedia organise occasional campaigns, events, and meetups to attract new contributors. Existing editors should also receive recognition for their contributions. Sharing event photographs, group pictures, and editor achievements on social media could help increase awareness and encourage more people to join the community.
*:Recognising good-faith contributors and organising community events can help build a stronger editing community. These initiatives could encourage new editors to join Bharatpedia and motivate existing editors to remain active. [[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]][[User talk:Editorial Oversight|(Talk with me)]] 14:39, 2 October 2026 (IST)
*::@[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]] Go to [[Bharatpedia:Village pump (idea lab)]], create a venue on it to discuss.....don't forget to ping me. After lil discussion, you can propose here for Consensus. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 21:00, 2 October 2026 (IST)
*:@[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]], I think the user-page contribution icon still needs an update. When viewing another editor's user page, the '''Contributions''' icon currently links to my own contributions. Instead, it should link to the contributions of the editor whose user page I'm viewing.
*:So, if I open <code>User:Example</code>, clicking the Contributions icon should open <code>Special:Contributions/Example</code>, not my own contribution list. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 20:53, 2 October 2026 (IST)
*::BS, for that we already have the option in the right menu. Please [https://ibb.co/7dXBGxhf see here]. The top icon is to quickly view own contributions.[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 20:59, 2 October 2026 (IST)
*:::Thanks, all fixed for desktop user but messed up for mobile users.[https://ibb.co/fGrV2bL4] [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 21:07, 2 October 2026 (IST)
*::::Yes, I'm aware of those duplicate buttons in the top bar and they'll be fixed soon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 21:09, 2 October 2026 (IST)
*:Wikipedia handles it by adding contributions page in user signatures by default along with user page and talk page. It comes quite handy.

== Add Frequently visited pages ==

Can you add an easy button for frequently visited pages? It should also incorporate the ability to bookmark certain pages for quick access. @[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] [[User:Dokania|Dokania]] ([[User talk:Dokania|talk]]) 17:35, 28 September 2026 (IST)

== AI edit summary ==

GitHub uses AI for edit summary and other such petty tasks. It's very helpful. Can Bharatpedia utilise it too? I think one way to overshadow wikipedia is to utilise AI wisely as they are very conservative and hostile towards AI use. @[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] @[[User:Bharatwiki Socrates|Bharatwiki Socrates]] [[User:Dokania|Dokania]] ([[User talk:Dokania|talk]]) 17:37, 28 September 2026 (IST)

:I am writing [[Bharatpedia:AI]] and will mention a few editors for policy guideline improvements, including you. I strongly believe that people must adapt to the evolving times. If anyone uses AI for correcting minor grammatical or punctuation errors, grouping, and fixing reference syntax issues, there is no problem. However, the full responsibility falls on the user. If a user introduces any false information, possible sanctions will apply to them. Therefore, AI must be used responsibly. Users are not permitted to claim that an error is due to AI; they must take full responsibility. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 17:53, 28 September 2026 (IST)
::Exactly my point. We can also issue guidelines on how to use AI efficiently and responsibly [[User:Dokania|Dokania]] ([[User talk:Dokania|talk]]) 17:58, 28 September 2026 (IST)

== Sandbox Button ==

Please add a sandbox button under preferences button as in wikipedia [[User:Dokania|Dokania]] ([[User talk:Dokania|talk]]) 08:23, 3 October 2026 (IST)

== Show matching article in draft ==

Please make a feature that article name matching to the draft name should be automatically displayed in the draft if it's not a redirect. For example, Draft:Narendra Modi should also display that article named Narendra Modi already exist in mainspace. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 22:22, 17 October 2026 (IST)

==Red link remover==
We need a tool to easily remove red links from an article and also for easily adding blue links to an article.[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 10:51, 18 October 2026 (IST)
:Hi Dokania, please add signature to your request above. Red links indicate that an article is missing, so there is nothing to remove. As for interlinking, I'll try to create a tool for it. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 09:30, 18 October 2026 (IST)
::Yes, because the article is missing it shouldn't be linked to, that's why it need to be removed/delinked. Simply red link means its linked to a non-existent article.[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 11:54, 18 October 2026 (IST)
::: Dokania you've again forgotten to sign your comment, so please remember to sign it. I don't think we'll reach a consensus on creating a tool to remove all red links as I oppose it. These red links remind editors that many articles are missing and need to be written. Removing them isn't the solution; creating the missing articles is. You can ping other editors to discuss this and reach a consensus. I won't interfere in the consensus-building process, so please consider my position "neutral" here. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 11:41, 18 October 2026 (IST)
::::Not automatic but a semi automatic tool where the user can decide which red links to remove and which to keep as in manu articles there may be too many red links unnecessarily.[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 11:54, 18 October 2026 (IST)

* @[[User:Dokania|Dokania]] As requested, [[Bharatpedia:Auto interlinker]] has been created. If anyone encounter any bugs, please notify me on my talk page. It's a basic interlinking bot for now. In the future, I may expand its purpose, coverage, and scope of operation. I've recently updated the tool, and it's now working. Please clear your browser cache before using it, as your browser may still be loading old cached files. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 16:46, 18 October 2026 (IST)
*:While using the bot, editors should uncheck interlinks that are unnecessary or point to disambiguation pages for terms with multiple meanings. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 16:53, 18 October 2026 (IST)
*:# Should Exclude disambiguation link
*:# should exclude words in reference tags or other templates.
*:# Seems to work only with one word articles like [[India]], [[Copper]] and not with words like [[National Aluminium Company]].
*:# Red link issue is still there.
*:# add search suggestion.
*:# Shows fetching article indefinitely even when article isn't available.
*:[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 17:13, 18 October 2026 (IST)
*::I already tested it on Shunga Empire before posting here, its working on any type of article. Your cache isn't cleared, hard clean it. I tested it on [[National Aluminium Company]] and it worked there also[https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?diff=569588]. +Search suggestions was already implemented before I posted. For red link remover bot, don't ask me. I already said, its a useless suggestion. I already commented, and quoting again : {{TQ|These red links remind editors that many articles are missing and need to be written. Removing them isn't the solution; creating the missing articles is. You can ping other editors to discuss this and reach a consensus. I won't interfere in the consensus-building process, so please consider my position "neutral" here. }}[https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Village_pump_(proposals)#c-Bharatwiki_Socrates-20261018061100-Dokania-20261018062400] . [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 17:48, 18 October 2026 (IST)
*:::I ageee with your quote but why are you not taking in account words like vakil and such which don't really need its own article.
*:::I never said it's not working. Maybe you didn't understand my points correctly. one word articles mean it only suggest links for one word articles. Like, In an article [[Khanij Bidesh India Limited]], see edit history. It only suggests links for words like India and ignores words like National Aluminium Company. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 18:01, 18 October 2026 (IST)
*:My issue of red link removal is still there. For example, there are many red linked words like vakil, mukhtiar, individual satyagraha in [[Shyam Lal (Satyagrahi)]] which don't deserve its own article at all and need to be removed. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 17:20, 18 October 2026 (IST)
*::Editor generally remove unnecessary red links manually . It require human intervention not bot interference. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 18:20, 18 October 2026 (IST)
*:::What if they are numerous? A semi-automatic tool like citation generator is best [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 18:53, 18 October 2026 (IST)

== Archive and bare url tags in twinkle ==

There is a tag in Twinkle called {{:Cleanup bare URLs}}. I think articles carrying this tag should be moved automatically to a category or a special page so that they can be fixed more easily.

We should also introduce a new tag called {{unarchived}} in twinkle to be placed on articles that do not have their links archived. When this tag is added, it should be processed automatically by [[User:BharatwikiArchiveBot|BP:Bharatwikiarchive bot]]. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 13:12, 26 October 2026 (IST)
===Twinkle on Mobile Version===
@[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] @[[User:Bharatwiki Socrates|Bharatwiki Socrates]] I think we should consider working on implementing '''Mobile Twinkle on Bharatpedia''', as it would be very useful for editors who primarily contribute using mobile devices. I travel frequently and cannot carry my laptop everywhere. Because of this, I have been inactive on Bharatpedia for the past few days due to my laptop-related limitations. Having Mobile Twinkle would make it much easier for editors like me to contribute while travelling, perform administrative and maintenance tasks, and remain active in the community without depending on a laptop. I would like to request the administrators to consider this initiative. I believe it could improve the mobile editing experience and encourage more consistent participation from mobile editors. [[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]][[User talk:Editorial Oversight|(Talk with me)]] 19:36, 26 October 2026 (IST)
:I use dekstop version on mobile and twinkle works. I would rather prefer an android app like Wikipedia app. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 22:03, 26 October 2026 (IST)
::Don't get unnecessarily involved in the discussion. Okay, let the person I have tagged answer. Okay. @[[User:Bharatwiki Socrates|Bharatwiki Socrates]] . @[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] [[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]][[User talk:Editorial Oversight|(Talk with me)]] 13:51, 27 October 2026 (IST)
:::@[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]], I will not interfere with the Twinkle script as it was solely the project of WikiDwarf. Feel free to ask me for help with any other technical issues you are facing elsewhere, or with any Lua/module or template errors you encounter. I am happy to assist. Regards. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 15:12, 27 October 2026 (IST)
::::Thank you for sharing your suggestions. I'll look into this and see what can be done to improve the experience.
::::BS, if you would like to contribute to improving Twinkle or adding these features, please feel free to do so. Twinkle is a community project, and its development and improvement should be open to anyone interested in contributing. I'm happy to explore the possibilities and do what I can to help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 19:26, 28 October 2026 (IST)

User talk:Dr.Aviraj

2026-10-28T13:48:55Z

WikiDwarf: /* Do not revert edits or create hoax pages */ Reply

== Do not revert edits or create hoax pages ==

Hello,

You have been re-adding unsourced content to pages such as [[Saran district]] even after the edits have been reverted. You are also recreating deleted pages like [[Bhatkeshri Estate]] without addressing the issues of unsourced and unreliable material.

If you wish to add any content, please support it with reliable sources and do not use fabricated sources such as non-existent book citing yourself as the author. [[User:Dokania|Dokania]] ([[User talk:Dokania|talk]]) 05:04, 8 October 2026 (IST)

:'''Subject / Reply regarding Source Verification and Historical Representation'''
:Hello,
:Thank you for your feedback regarding this entry. I would like to bring forward a few critical points concerning the sources and the historical representation of this subject:
:* '''Validity of Offline Sources:''' A book does not lose its validity as a historical source simply because it is not available online. A vast and authentic portion of history remains preserved exclusively in offline libraries, regional archives, and physical manuscripts. Knowledge and history cannot be limited strictly to the digital space.
:* '''Verification of Physical Books:''' Even if a book lacks an online footprint, it can still be cross-verified. By providing the exact book title, author, year of publication, publisher, and specific page numbers, any independent researcher can verify the claims in a physical library.
:* '''Representation of Middle-Class History:''' The history and contributions of a community or the middle class should not be marginalized or dismissed simply because it is not widely popularized in mainstream digital media. Every community deserves to have its documented history represented fairly.
:* '''The Need for Awareness Campaigns:''' Regarding the involvement of initiatives like 'oldhistoryknowncorporation.pvt.ltd', private and organizational campaigns often become necessary precisely because regional history is frequently overlooked by mainstream institutions, the state government of Bihar, or the Indian government. These campaigns should be viewed as positive efforts to protect and promote marginalized histories before they are lost.
:I request you to consider these verifiable offline citations so that this crucial aspect of history can be documented with neutrality and completeness.
: ----
:[[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 13:46, 13 October 2026 (IST)
::Hello Dr. Aviraj, It is good to see your interest in documenting regional history and preserving information that may not be readily available online. Books and other offline historical sources can certainly be valuable, provided the sources are authentic and the information can be independently verified.
::I would suggest that you create the proposed articles in the Draft namespace first. This will give you sufficient time to develop the content, add proper references, and address any concerns regarding sourcing and neutrality before submitting the articles for review.
::For books that are not available online, one possible approach would be to scan the relevant pages, subject to copyright and access permissions, and upload them to a suitable public archival platform, such as the Internet Archive (which operates the Wayback Machine). You can then use the archived link along with the complete book details, including the title, author, publisher, year of publication, and relevant page numbers. This will make it easier for other editors to verify the references and assess the content.
::The intention should be to ensure that valuable historical information is documented in a way that meets the requirements of the encyclopaedia. If the sources are reliable and the claims are properly supported, it will help strengthen the articles and make the review process smoother.
::I would encourage you to continue contributing your research and knowledge. Developing the articles in draft form and working constructively with other editors would be a good way forward. I hope to see your contributions help preserve and document more of our regional history. Thank you, and best wishes for your contributions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 21:39, 13 October 2026 (IST)
:::Dear WikiDwarf,
:::Thank you very much for your encouraging guidance and constructive suggestions regarding the documentation of this regional history. I would like to clarify a few key points based on your feedback and share some new verified findings from my ongoing research:
:::Copyright Constraints: I do not hold the copyrights for the referenced books. Due to these legal limitations, I cannot scan and upload their pages to the Internet Archive or any other public digital repositories.
:::Physical Availability: I accessed and studied these historical texts physically at the library of Rajendra College, Chapra, where they are preserved for academic research.
:::Online Verifiability: While the full content isn't digitized, the book "The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate" is officially listed on Open Library, which independently verifies its existence and publication details.
:::Author's Background & Context: The author of the text belongs to the Rajput community. Historically, when a writer from the contemporary prominent or ruling social class documents an estate or institution, it carries significant historical weight, reflecting how these socio-political structures were officially recorded from within the established system of that era.
:::New Primary Research Document: During my recent archival research, I discovered an authentic, historical government document. It is an official revenue/land-reform notice linked to the Bihar Land Reforms Rules, 1951 from the Zamindari abolition period (1950–1952). It explicitly mentions specific land particulars, boundaries (chouhaddi), and Khesra Nos. 362 and 633.
:::Structured Analysis/Explanation: I have compiled a comprehensive structural analysis and explanation of this document into a detailed report. This report outlines the proprietary rights (swatva), legal procedures under Section 8 of the Land Reforms Act, and the administrative framework that connected the family estate to the post-independence transition.
:::Request for Restoration:
:::If these details and the archival evidence clarify the historical validity and significance of this subject, I kindly request you to restore the page. This will help me save valuable time and allow me to move forward with researching other important historical topics.
:::Thank you for your time and understanding.
:::Best regards,
:::Dr.Aviraj [[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 21:53, 13 October 2026 (IST)
:::It's clear that The estate is a family matter of @[[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] and he's trying to get it on Wikipedia for fame. The non-existent book The royal history of Bhatkeshari Estate is said to ne authored by @[[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] himself. While a notice can validate the existence of the estate, it neither validates notability nor the evidential history of the subject. He's just trying to waste our time. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 06:18, 14 October 2026 (IST)
::::Please do not be confused; merely sharing a similar first name does not make the author and the user the same person. The author of the book ''The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate'' is Dr. Aviraj Singh Rajput, whereas my name is Dr. Aviraj Giri. We are two entirely different individuals.
::::My efforts to bring this subject online are driven by the fact that this is my first research project. As a researcher, my primary goal is to preserve and document overlooked regional history for the public benefit, rather than seeking personal fame or vanity.
::::Regarding the historical evidence, I possess authentic primary documents proving the existence and historical background of this estate. For instance, I have a surviving portion of the official government notice sent to the Zamindar under the Bihar Land Reforms Rules. This historical document clearly displays the official 'Notice Form' (सूचना का प्रपत्र), instructions for filing claims through an authorized agent (अभिकर्ता), references to Section 8 of the Act, and specific land details at the bottom—including boundaries (chouhaddi) and Khesra numbers 362 and 633.
::::If required to verify the authenticity and historical accuracy of this subject via primary sources, I am fully prepared to upload and share the photograph of this original notice here. This is a factual historical record, not a non-existent topic. I kindly request you to review this based strictly on the facts presented. [[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 11:51, 14 October 2026 (IST)
::::This user is a serious offender. He is actively adding fabricated, non-existent books to Open Library. [https://openlibrary.org/search?q=bhatkeshri One book added under the same name Aviraj Singh 400] (did the 1940's author reincarnate for adding his own book to open library? no dr. aviraj is aviraj singh rajput and he's raushan raj as well) has an AI-generated cover and table of contents. [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL44726259W/The_Royal_history_of_Bhatkeshri_Estate?edition=key%3A/books/OL61076218M Another book has been added by Raushan Raj], who is most probably an alternate account of the same user or someone closely connected to him. This is suggested by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Raushan_raj123 Wikipedia activity of Raushan Raj], who was blocked on Wikipedia for promoting the Bhatkeshari Estate.
::::It is highly improbable that two different individuals would independently fabricate sources and attempt to introduce them on Wikipedia. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that both accounts belong to the same person.
::::Fabricating sources is a serious issue, and I demand that this user be blocked immediately. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 14:43, 14 October 2026 (IST)
:::::'''Mr. Dokania,'''
:::::I strongly object to your fabricated allegations and your malicious attempt to label me a "serious offender." Mud-slinging at a researcher without understanding the ground reality is highly condemnable. Let me lay down the facts strictly and clearly for you:
:::::# '''Utilizing Technology Was a Necessity, Not Deception:''' Your childish attempt to dismiss the work as 'AI-generated' overlooks the fact that the original historical book was '''in an extremely torn, fragile, and dilapidated condition.''' Due to the decaying pages and the absence of an active copyright, '''AI technology was utilized to digitally re-create and preserve''' that invaluable history and make its Table of Contents readable. Digitally preserving history is not a crime. It absolutely does not mean that the underlying history is fake.
:::::# '''Why the Pin-Drop Silence on Genuine Government Proofs?:''' Leaving the book aside, why are you deliberately evading the '''original government document (Notice Form / सूचना का प्रपत्र)''' that I obtained directly from the '''true descendants of the Bhatkeshari Estate''' and presented here? That torn, authentic government paper explicitly records the boundaries (Chouhaddi) and Khesra numbers 362 and 633. Why are you completely silent in the face of such irrefutable Primary Evidence? Do you have any concrete baseline to challenge this genuine government record?
:::::# '''Why This Conspiracy to Suppress Local History?:''' Let me ask you a direct and sharp question—'''Should local history be completely erased just because it wasn't published by big mainstream publishers?''' I have invested '''more than a year of intensive research''' to bring this forgotten history to light. I have personally traveled to Bhatkeshari to inspect the physical evidence. If your prejudice hasn't completely blinded you, '''open Google Maps and look up 'Zamindari Mansion.'''' Are that physical mansion, its live photographs, and the user reviews all just a fictional story?
:::::The truth is that you have absolutely no logical counter to the official government documents and physical Google Maps evidence I provided. Consequently, you have resorted to petty politics by demanding to block me. Stop labeling my honest effort to salvage decaying history as 'fabrication' and start talking on the basis of hard facts.
:::::'''Dr. Aviraj'''
:::::---- [[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 15:05, 14 October 2026 (IST)
::::::@[[User:Bharatwiki Socrates|Bharatwiki Socrates]] @[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]] Please see this. He has accepted using AI book cover and adding the title on Open Library by the Aviraj Singh (While earlier claiming to be Aviraj Giri and not Aviraj Singh). It's highly unethical to do fabrication of this level and we shouldn't tolerate this. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 15:15, 14 October 2026 (IST)
:::::::'''@Dokania: Stop hiding behind your blatant bias, malicious subversion, and pathetic attempts to silence a researcher! By what authority or shred of intellectual integrity are you choosing to completely blind yourself to this irrefutable, primary government document?'''
:::::::Your persistent refusal to acknowledge this physical, historical record is no longer just ignorance—it is deliberate, malicious erasure. This torn, authentic notice explicitly details the legal framework of the '''Bihar Land Reforms Rules, Section 8''', alongside the undeniable boundary descriptions ('''Chouhaddi''') and '''Khesra numbers 362 and 633'''.
:::::::You have absolutely zero logical or factual counter-arguments to this primary evidence, which is why you are desperately resorting to toxic mud-slinging, character assassination, and crying for blocks. If you possess even a fraction of academic honesty or moral courage, challenge this official government record with actual counter-evidence instead of weaponizing petty wiki-politics to bury the truth. Your desperate attempts to ignore hard, undeniable facts expose nothing but your own profound intellectual cowardice!
::::::: ----
:::::::[[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 15:24, 14 October 2026 (IST)
::::::::I would like to request both of you to keep the discussion civil and avoid personal accusations. I understand that there are concerns regarding the sources and their authenticity, while Dr. Aviraj wishes to provide evidence supporting the historical claims. We can address these concerns more constructively by focusing on verifiable evidence rather than making assumptions about each other's intentions.
::::::::Dr. Aviraj, could you please share scanned copies or photographs of the relevant pages of the book with me privately, or email them to {{nospam|info|bharatpedia.org}}? The material will be kept confidential, will not be published publicly, and will be deleted after review. It will only be used to assess the source and its relevance to the discussion.
::::::::I hope we can resolve this matter calmly and collaboratively, with the focus on verifiability and the best interests of Bharatpedia. Thank you both for your cooperation. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 11:06, 15 October 2026 (IST)
:::::::::I think you have misunderstood him. He has already accepted that the book covers and tables of contents on Open Library are AI-generated. He has also accepted that he published them under the name Aviraj Singh, while earlier claiming to be a different person named Aviraj Giri and not Aviraj Singh. He has never claimed to possess evidence supporting the historical claims; he merely asserts that he has a government notice which validates the existence of the estate.
:::::::::I have never challenged the existence of the estate. What I have challenged is the notability of the subject and the historical claims made about it. In my view, the manipulation and fabrication of sources to support an article is a serious offence and demands strict action.
:::::::::In any case, I am no longer interested in this debate, as it is being treated lightly even after he has accepted having done so. You may handle it as you deem fit. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 11:32, 15 October 2026 (IST)
::::::::::Mr. Dokania,
::::::::::Your fabricated, malicious allegations and pathetic attempts to defame a researcher only expose your desperation and intellectual bankruptcy. Stop hiding behind petty wiki-politics and mud-slinging, and face these irrefutable facts with whatever shred of intellectual honesty you have left:
::::::::::Your Absurd and Contradictory Rant on Notability: When you yourself explicitly admit in your own statements that the Bhatkeshri Estate existed, questioning its notability is the absolute pinnacle of foolishness! How can a recognized historical Zamindari estate recorded in land revenue archives completely lack historical significance? Does history conform to your personal prejudices? Accepting its physical existence while questioning its historical worth proves you are not here to verify facts, but are driven by pure malice to suppress legitimate research.
::::::::::Utilizing Technology Was a Necessity, Not a Deception: Stop crying foul over the 'AI-generated' cover on Open Library. The original historical book is in an extremely fragile, torn, and dilapidated condition, and its original cover was completely destroyed by time. Digitally preserving decaying history and recreating illegible pages to make them readable is not a crime—it is preservation. Using technology to salvage a crumbling record absolutely does not mean the underlying history is fake.
::::::::::The Truth Behind the Name (Strict Rule of Chapra Professors & Librarians): As for your desperate attempt to spread misinformation about the book being listed under 'Aviraj Singh Rajput' on Open Library, let me correct your blatant ignorance. This was not my personal whim. It was the strict mandate and rule laid down by the professors and the librarian in Chapra. They explicitly stated that if this historical book was to be indexed and listed in the online database, it must be registered under the name of its original author, otherwise it would be rejected out of hand. Twisting a mandatory administrative procedure into a 'fabrication' plot highlights nothing but your own malicious agenda.
::::::::::Why the Pin-Drop Silence on Genuine Government Proofs?: Leaving the book aside, why are you deliberately blinding yourself to the original government document (Notice Form / सूचना का प्रपत्र) that I obtained directly from the true descendants of the Bhatkeshri Estate? That authentic, historical government paper explicitly records Khesra Nos. 362 and 633 along with the Chouhaddi (boundaries tracking East and South). Why are you completely silent in the face of this irrefutable Primary Evidence? Do you possess even a single legal or factual basis to challenge this authentic government record?
::::::::::The Legal Fact of Section 8, Bihar Land Reforms Rules: The document you are so desperately trying to dismiss explicitly cites Section 8 of the Bihar Land Reforms Rules, 1951. This statutory rule is absolute proof: if a claimant failed to assert their rights before the competent authority within the stipulated 15-day notice period, the property legally vested in the Government Treasury. This legal mechanism stands as undeniable proof of the vast administrative and legal reality of the Bhatkeshri Estate.
::::::::::Your Conspiracy to Suppress Local History Will Fail: Should local history be completely erased just because it doesn't fit into your narrow, biased narrative? I have invested over a year of intensive field research to bring this forgotten history to light. If your prejudice hasn't completely blinded you, open Google Maps right now and look up 'Zamindari Mansion'. Is that physical mansion, its live photographs, and the user reviews all just a fictional story created out of thin air?
::::::::::The truth is glaringly obvious: you have absolutely no logical counter to official government documents, revenue records, and physical evidence. Consequently, you have resorted to low-level threats of demanding to block me. Stop labeling an honest effort to salvage decaying history as 'fabrication' and start talking on the basis of hard, unassailable facts! [[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 12:35, 15 October 2026 (IST)
:::::::::'''Dear WikiDwarf,'''
:::::::::Thank you very much for your constructive approach and for maintaining a balanced perspective on this matter. In accordance with your helpful suggestion, I am sharing the authentic government document (Notice Form) by email at '''info@bharatpedia.org'''.
:::::::::I must emphasize that the document I am sharing today is the '''most significant and irrefutable proof''' of the existence of the Bhatkeshri Estate. Under Section 8 of the Land Reforms Rules, 1951, this specific notice form was issued only to a select few prominent Zamindars of the time to declare their ancestral lands and assert their proprietary claims. The issuance of such a letter directly by the '''District Magistrate (DM)''' to an estate is a matter of profound administrative weight.
:::::::::To verify its historical uniqueness, I conducted intensive field research. I visited the '''Manjhi Raj Family''' and the '''Goldinganj Estate''', both of whom confirmed that no such notice was ever issued to them by the administration. Conversely, when I approached the prestigious and expansive '''Hathwa Raj Family''', they confirmed that this exact type of notice was indeed issued to them. This historical comparative fact undeniably demonstrates that the Bhatkeshri Estate was as structurally vast, influential, and powerful in its region as the Hathwa Raj during that era.
:::::::::All the essential historical markers and crucial details are clearly visible in this document, validating its authenticity:
:::::::::* '''The Legal Fact of Section 8:''' The form explicitly cites Section 8 of the Bihar Land Reforms Rules. This statutory provision mandated that if a party failed to present their claims before the competent authority within the stipulated 15-day period, the property would legally vest in the Government Treasury. This underscores the comprehensive legal and administrative reality of the estate.
:::::::::* '''Revenue Records and Land Identification:''' The lower section of the document clearly records '''Khesra Nos. 362 and 633''' along with the explicit Chouhaddi (demarcations tracking East and South). This confirms its standing as a legitimate, verified revenue record.
:::::::::Regarding the original pages of the book, they are currently preserved in '''Chapra''' due to the highly fragile state of the volume. I plan to travel there within the next '''1 to 2 days'''. However, I kindly request you to understand my constraints: under the strict administrative rules of the repository, taking photographs of rare historical books is strictly prohibited. Because of this strict regulation, I will only be able to discreetly manage and share '''1 or 2 crucial photographs''' with you. I trust you will understand this constraint, which is standard for protecting delicate historical assets.
:::::::::'''Clarification on Open Library and the Book's Condition:'''
:::::::::I would also like to bring to your attention that the original historical book is in an extremely fragile and dilapidated condition, which caused its original cover to perish over time. Technical assistance was utilized purely to digitally preserve this history. Furthermore, regarding the listing on Open Library, it was a strict mandate by the '''professors and the librarian in Chapra''' that the book could only be indexed under the name of its '''original author''', otherwise it would not be accepted. This was entirely a standard administrative requirement.
:::::::::I am fully confident that an objective review of these primary sources, coupled with the official documents issued by the District Magistrate, will clear all doubts regarding the historical notability of the Bhatkeshri Estate.
:::::::::Thank you once again for your cooperative and professional support.
:::::::::Sincerely,
:::::::::Dr. Aviraj
::::::::: ----
:::::::::[[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 12:50, 15 October 2026 (IST)
:::::::::Hi WikiDwarf,
:::::::::I have shared the photos of the book at the suggested email address (info@bharatpedia.org). Please check them.
:::::::::I sincerely apologize for the delay in sending them, as my camera was not working properly.
:::::::::Regards, [[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 12:52, 26 October 2026 (IST)
::::::::::Hi, thank you for sharing the details. Please allow me some time to review them. I may also share the information with fellow admins for their input, so I kindly ask for your patience. I'll get back to you once the review is complete. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 19:18, 28 October 2026 (IST)
==[[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Draft:Dr.Aviraj/sandbox]]==
{{atop|status=withdrawn|result=User subpages can't be deleted for recreation of deleted materials. [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 10:24, 16 October 2026 (IST)}}
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

The page [[:Draft:Dr.Aviraj/sandbox]] has been nominated for speedy deletion (repost).
If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[Draft:Dr.Aviraj/sandbox|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Bharatpedia:List of policies|Bharatpedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=Draft%3ADr.Aviraj%2Fsandbox|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[BP:RFUD|here]]. 
[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 20:35, 15 October 2026 (IST)

:Slapping a 'repost' speedy deletion tag on this page without a single shred of actual historical investigation or document verification is a display of absolute administrative recklessness and incompetence. Bhatkeshri Estate is an undeniable, foundational, and massive historical reality of this region—not a fictional fairy tale, and certainly not a promotional gimmick. To dismiss the existence of an entire historic Zamindari estate with a single click is nothing short of a blatant insult to regional history.
:The primary academic evidence is securely preserved within the restricted archives of the library at Rajendra College, Chapra. As an ethical and responsible researcher, I am bound by their strict institutional regulations which completely prohibit the photography and digitization of these fragile, ancient books. I will absolutely not violate the legal rules of an educational institution just to satisfy your superficial and lazy online verification demands. I have poured over a year of grueling, intensive field research and sleepless nights into unearthing this history, and I will not allow your hasty ignorance to erase it in a second.
:If it is evidence you demand, then hear this clearly: the official government document issued directly to the Zamindar during the Zamindari Abolition is safely in my physical possession as irrefutable primary proof. A copy of this definitive government record has already been formally submitted to Senior Administrator @wikidwarf, and an active, official review process is currently underway between us. Furthermore, the undeniable physical anchors stand tall on the ground—the region’s primary crossroads is still named after the Bhatkeshri Zamindar, and the massive historic Zamindar Mansion still stands in the village as a living monument to this heritage.
:When a verified government document is already undergoing a formal administrative review by another capable administrator, your sudden interference to push a deletion tag is a gross violation of procedure, an abuse of power, and completely out of line.
:You are hereby requested in the strongest possible terms to check your unwarranted haste, withdraw this malicious nomination immediately, and back off from obstructing an ongoing official review. ---- [[User:Dr.Aviraj|Dr.Aviraj]] ([[User talk:Dr.Aviraj#top|talk]]) 23:17, 15 October 2026 (IST)
:@[[User:Dokania|Dokania]] User subpages can’t be deleted under CSD, except upon request from the author. In rare cases, subpages may also be deleted if they meet CSD G10 (attack pages), CSD G11 (unambiguous advertising), CSD G12 (blatant copyright infringement), or CSD U5 (blatant policy violations/misuse of Bharatpedia). Beyond these, I don’t see any other applicable cases. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 23:32, 15 October 2026 (IST)
::Is it so? It was deleted for me on Wikipedia once for recreation of deleted material [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 05:19, 16 October 2026 (IST)
:::And you're on Bharatpedia, we don't care about other encyclopedia incidents, don't cite them. We aren't aggresive. User subpages can't be deleted like this, I explained above the cases where it is possible to delete user subpages and here none are fulfilling. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 06:27, 16 October 2026 (IST)
::::Can a user draftpage become stale after 6 months? [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 06:49, 16 October 2026 (IST)
:::::Yes, but this isn't draft, it start with Username/Subpage_name, so it is a subpage[https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/User:Dr.Aviraj/]. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 06:55, 16 October 2026 (IST)
::::::so userpages can remain indefinitely on Bharatpedia or it can become stale? [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 07:08, 16 October 2026 (IST)
:::::::Yes. Userpage and UserSubpages are protected when the user is deceased......Once an editor's passing is confirmed, an administrator will fully protect the main User page (User:Example). This locks the page permanently, meaning it can no longer be edited by the general I.P. or standard accounts. It is done primarily to shield the page from internet trolls and vandalism. User subpages (e.g., User:Example/Sandbox or draft essays) are generally fully protected alongside the main user page to preserve the user's unfinished work exactly as they left it. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 10:04, 16 October 2026 (IST)
:::::::[[User:Dokania|Dokania]], the subpage you wanted to delete - [[User:Dr.Aviraj/sandbox]], I reviewed the content, it doesn’t fall under CSD G10 (attack pages), CSD G11 (unambiguous advertising), CSD G12 (blatant copyright infringement), or CSD U5 (misuse of Bharatpedia). Therefore, it can’t be deleted under normal csd circumstances. However, if the author requests CSD for their own subpage, then it will be deleted. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|(📩)]] 10:13, 16 October 2026 (IST)
{{abot}}

== October 2026 ==

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to [[Bharatpedia:Harassment|harass]] other users, you may be blocked from editing. {{Z188}} [[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 12:34, 19 October 2026 (IST)

Agam Manohar Pandit

2026-10-26T06:42:53Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2001:67C:2628:647:31:2404:0:B2 (talk) to last revision by Ajay Kumar

{{Short description|Indian cricketer and entrepreneur}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Agam Manohar Pandit
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|11|12|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| country = India
| batting = Right hand bat
| bowling = Right arm medium
| source = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/agam-pandit-32176 ESPNcricinfo]
}}

'''Agam Manohar Pandit''' (born 12 November 1981) is a former Indian [[cricketer]] and an American business entrepreneur.<ref name="espn">{{cite web|title=Agam Manohar Pandit |url =https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/agam-pandit-32176 | publisher=ESPN Cricinfo | accessdate=19 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name="ted">{{cite web|title=TEDxHightstown |url =https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/53060 | accessdate=19 September 2023 }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Pandit was born on 12 November 1981 in [[Mumbai]]. He took his early life education from the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="espn"/> Later, he also managed to secure a diploma from the [[Harvard Business School]].

Pandit started his cricket career while he was a student by playing in national tournaments and was part of the Indian team that won the U-15 World Cup in England in 1996.<ref name="ted"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Looking back: A memorable victory against Pakistan at Lord’s 25 years ago |url =https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-pakistan-final-lords-lombard-u-15-challenge-cup-england-mohammad-kaif-reetinder-singh-sodhi/article32422066.ece | accessdate=19 September 2023 }}</ref> He played two [[first-class cricket|first-class]] and two [[List A cricket|one-day]] matches for [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] during the 2005–06 season.<ref name="espn"/>

Pandit began his entrepreneurial journey in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agam Pandit and ADC Energy Prepare for COP28 in UAE and Global Expansion of Green Energy |url =https://www.accesswire.com/773468/agam-pandit-and-adc-energy-prepare-for-cop28-in-uae-and-global-expansion-of-green-energy | accessdate=19 September 2023 }}</ref> His company and he is associated with outer [[Space exploration|space missions]] and [[renewable energy]] projects to enhance power efficiency to transform the global energy landscape.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agam Pandit reveals joint space and lunar operations between ADC Energy and NASA |url =https://www.usatoday.com/story/special/contributor-content/2023/09/12/agam-pandit-reveals-joint-space-and-lunar-operations-between-adc-energy-and-nasa/70835665007/ | accessdate=19 September 2023 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Reetinder Singh Sodhi]]
* [[Ravneet Ricky]]
* [[Sarkar Talwar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Agam}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]

Government of India

2026-10-26T05:07:45Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 49.36.187.190 (talk) to last revision by 85.132.89.228

{{Short description|none}}
{{Protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{ Infobox executive government
| background_color = #ff671f
| government_name = Government of India
| nativename = {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārata Sarakāra}}
| border = federal
| image = Government of India logo.svg
| image_size = 190px
| caption = Government of India's Logo with wordmark crested with the emblem of India on the left.
| date_established = Current form: {{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|1|26}} (see: [[Constitution of India]])
| date_dissolved = 
| state = [[Republic of India]]
| country = 
| polity =
| leader_title = [[President of India]] ([[Droupadi Murmu]])
 [[Prime Minister of India]] ([[Narendra Modi]]) (de facto)
| main_organ = [[Union Council of Ministers]]
| ministries = [[{{wikidata|title|Q24952557}}|{{wikidata|qualifier|Q24952557|P360|Q192350|P1114}} ministries and {{wikidata|qualifier|Q24952557|P360|Q643589|P1114}} subordinate departments]]
| responsible = [[Lok Sabha]]<ref>Article 75(3) of [[Constitution of India]]</ref>
| budget = {{INR Convert|50.65|t|year=2025}}
| address = [[Kartavya Bhavan]], [[New Delhi]]
| url = 
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''Government of India''' ({{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārata Sarakāra}}, legally the '''Union Government''', the '''Union of India'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India » 300. Suits and proceedings. |url=http://constitutionofindia.etal.in/article_300/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619123441/http://constitutionofindia.etal.in/article_300/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or the '''Central Government''') is the national authority of the [[Republic of India]], established in accordance with the [[Constitution of India]]. As outlined in [[Part I of the Constitution of India|Part I]], India is a "Union of States", a term often used interchangeably to refer to the "Union Government" or the Government of India, representing the central authority. India is a [[parliamentary republic]] led by the [[president of India]] who, as the [[Ceremonial Head of state|ceremonial]] head of state, holds formal executive power. Dictated by [[Parliamentary elections of India|parliamentary elections]], the president appoints the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] as the head of government, along with other ministers.

India is divided into [[States and union territories of India|28 states and 8 union territories]], making a total of 36 [[subnational entities]]. The governance of these entities is described in the Constitution as a quasi-federal system, blending elements of both [[Federalism|federal]] and [[Unitary state|unitary]] governments. While the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|states]] are self-governing administrative divisions with their own [[State governments of India|state governments]], the [[Union territory|union territories]] are directly governed by the Union Government, under the administration of a lieutenant governor or an appointed administrator, who is chosen by the president of India. India operates under a [[Dual federalism|dual federalist]] system, where the Constitution outlines the powers and limitations of both the states and union territories. The President of India, serving as the [[ceremonial head of state]], holds formal executive power. Based on [[Elections in India|parliamentary elections]], the President appoints the Prime Minister as the head of government, along with other ministers who are members of Parliament.

The government's formal seat is at [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]]. It has three primary branches: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The Constitution of India vests legislative power in the bicameral [[Parliament of India]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gledhill |first=Alan |title=The Republic of India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution |date=1970 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |isbn=978-0-8371-2813-9 |pages=127}}</ref> executive power in the [[Union Council of Ministers]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Ram |title=Cabinet Government in India |date=1 January 1950 |publisher=[[Parliamentary Affairs]] |pages=116–126}}</ref> and judicial power in the [[Supreme Court of India]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burt |first=Neuborne |title=The Supreme Court of India |date=2003 |publisher=International Journal of Constitutional Law |pages=478}}</ref> with the president as head of state.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=B. K. |title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |date=1 August 2007 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |pages=31 |language=}}</ref> It is a derivation of the British [[Westminster system]], and has a [[Federalism|federal]] structure.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Kumarasingham |first=Harshan |url=http://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/a-political-legacy-of-the-british-empire-power-and-the-parliamentary-system-in-post-colonial-india-and-sri-lanka |title=A Political Legacy of the British Empire: Power and the Parliamentary System in Post-Colonial India and Sri Lanka |date=2013 |publisher=I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd |isbn=978-0-7556-2122-4 |chapter=Mixed Messages? India’s Responses to its British Legacy |doi=10.5040/9780755621224.ch-002}}</ref> The government is formed {{update after|2029|05}}by {{wikidata|property|current|linked|qualifier|references|Q132690332|P460|P580|format=%p since %q, as the largest coalition in the [[Lok Sabha]].%r}} the prime minister and ministers, who are [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] and belong to the Union Council of Ministers, with the prime minister at its head. The Union Council of Ministers is the peak decision-making body within the executive branch responsible for advising the president on executive policy.<ref name=":7" /><ref>Article 74(1) of the [[Constitution of India]].</ref>

The Union Council of Ministers is responsible to the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house), as is the Cabinet in accordance with the principles of [[responsible government]].<ref>Article 75(3) of Constitution of India.</ref><ref name=":8" /> As is the case in most parliamentary systems, the government is [[Fusion of powers|dependent on Parliament]] to legislate, and [[Elections in India|general elections]] are held every five years to elect a new Lok Sabha. The most recent election was in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]. After an election, the president generally selects as Prime Minister the leader of the party or alliance most likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha. In the event that the prime minister is not a member of either house of parliament upon appointment, they are given six months to be elected or appointed to parliament.{{efn|It is however not mandated by the constitution for any minister including Prime Minister to 'get elected' as they can be from among the [[Rajya Sabha#Nominated members|nominated members of Parliament]]. Six months of time is given to them for attaining the [[Rajya Sabha#Qualifications|qualifications]] of being a member of parliament so that they could be nominated as a members of the parliament within this duration.}}

==History==
=== British colonial rule: (1857–1947) ===
{{Main|British Raj}}
[[File:Parliament House, British India (1926).png|thumb|[[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Council House]] in [[New Delhi]], the seat of the former [[Imperial Legislative Council]] and home to the [[Parliament of India]] till 2023]]

The first seeds of elected responsible government were sown during [[British Raj|British colonial rule in India]] in particular by the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], commonly known as the [[John Morley|Morley]]-[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Minto]] reforms. The Act introduced elections to the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] (then the unicameral Legislature for British India). Before that, governance was carried by an all-European [[Imperial Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]. As such, no Indians were represented in high levels of government before 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Councils Act, 1909 Archives |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical-constitution/indian-councils-act-1909/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Constitution of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Bipan |title=India's Struggle for Independence |publisher=Penguin |year=1989 |pages=105–110}}</ref>

India's current bicameral [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] has its roots in the [[Government of India Act 1919]], commonly known as the [[Edwin Montagu|Montagu]]-[[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] reforms, which introduced a greatly expanded [[Imperial Legislative Council]] and the system of diarchy in provinces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spear |first=Percival |title=A History of India, Volume 2 |publisher=Penguin |year=1990 |pages=230–235}}</ref> It comprised a lower house, the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], with 145 members (of which 104 were elected and 41 nominated); and an upper house, the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]], with 60 members (of which 34 were elected and 26 nominated).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India Act, 1935 Archives |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical-constitution/government-of-india-act-1935/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Constitution of India |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318142618/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical-constitution/government-of-india-act-1935/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The next structural modification to the governance of [[British Raj|British India]], the [[Government of India Act 1935]] (the longest ever [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom]] until this record was surpassed by the [[Greater London Authority Act 1999]]) introduced provincial autonomy and laid the foundation for a federal structure in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Granville |title=The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1966 |pages=15–20}}</ref> It also led to the establishment of important institutions such as the [[Union Public Service Commission]]. However, it was unpopular amongst Indians as it did not grant full self-rule or dominion status.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 1935 |title=Government of India Act, 1935 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Legislation.gov.uk |archive-date=6 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206195737/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dominion: (1947–1950) ===
{{Main|Dominion of India}}

[[File:Rajagopalachari declares India as a Republic.jpg|thumb|[[Governor-General of India]] [[C. Rajagopalachari]] declaring India a republic at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Government House]] on [[Republic Day|26 January 1950]]]]

Between midnight on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]] and [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]], India was an independent, self-governing [[dominion]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and a [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] as the viceregal representative of the head of state, [[George VI]]. Its unicameral legislature, the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], was tasked with drafting the country's constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 1947 |title=Indian Independence Act, 1947 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Legislation.gov.uk |archive-date=3 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903043415/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Granville |title=Working a Democratic Constitution |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |pages=3–10}}</ref>

=== Republic: (1950–present) ===
The [[Constitution of India]] came into effect on [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]], making India a [[republic]] with a [[President of India|president]] as head of state, replacing the monarch and his viceregal representative, the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]]. It established a parliamentary system of government and a federal structure with a strong centre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=D. D. |title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2015 |pages=50–60}}</ref>

It was based in large part on the [[Government of India Act 1935]], and also drew inspiration from several other constitutions including those of the United Kingdom, United States, Ireland, Canada, and France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Constitution Day: Borrowed features in the Indian Constitution from other countries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/constitution-day-borrowed-features-in-the-indian-constitution-1622632-2019-11-26 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=India Today |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307090944/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/constitution-day-borrowed-features-in-the-indian-constitution-1622632-2019-11-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

India today is the world's largest [[democracy]], with a federal parliamentary system that has evolved significantly since independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara D. |author2=Thomas R. Metcalf |title=A Concise History of Modern India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |pages=327}}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
The full name of the country is the ''Republic of India''. India and Bharat are equally official short [[Names for India|names]] for the Republic of India in the Constitution,<ref>{{Cite book|title=India|first=A. M.|last=Buckley|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61787-625-7|location=[[Edina, Minnesota]]|oclc=767886738}}</ref> and both names appear on legal banknotes, in treaties and in legal cases. The terms "Union government", "central government" and "{{transliteration|hi|ISO|bhārat sarkār}}" are often used officially and unofficially to refer to the government of India.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} The term ''New Delhi'' is commonly used as a [[metonym]] for the Union government,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Nairita |date=14 June 2012 |title=Why Raisina Hills, is so important for Indian Politicians? |work=[[One India]] |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/06/14/why-raisina-hill-so-important-for-indian-politicians-1018252.html?story=1 |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723144338/https://www.oneindia.com/2012/06/14/why-raisina-hill-so-important-for-indian-politicians-1018252.html?story=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> as the seat of the central government is in [[New Delhi]].

== Basic structure ==
The Government of India is modelled after the Westminster system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-prime-ministerial-form-of-government/article6120400.ece|title=A prime ministerial form of government|last=Subramanian|first=K.|date=17 June 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 March 2018|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|archive-date=10 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610072155/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-prime-ministerial-form-of-government/article6120400.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Union government is mainly composed of the [[Executive (government)|executive]], the [[legislature]], and the [[judiciary]], and powers are vested by the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] in the [[Council of Ministers of India|council of ministers]], [[Parliament of India|parliament]], and the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], respectively. The [[president of India]] is the [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], while the [[Elections in India|elected]] [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running the Union government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/government/|title=Government of India, Structure of Government India|website=elections.com|date=8 January 2018|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521132635/http://www.elections.in/government/|url-status=live}}</ref> Parliament is [[bicameral]] in nature, with the [[Lok Sabha]] being the [[lower house]], and the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]]. The judiciary systematically contains an apex [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], 25 [[High Courts of India|high courts]], and hundreds of [[District Courts of India|district courts]], all subordinate to the supreme court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india|title=Constitution of India's definition of India|website=Indiagovt.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111125035/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The basic [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|civil procedure code]], the [[Indian Penal Code|penal code]], and the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|criminal procedure code]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/Criminallaws/criminal_law.htm|title=Legal services India on Criminal laws in India|publisher=Legal Services India|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328020227/http://legalserviceindia.com/Criminallaws/criminal_law.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar to the Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the English [[common law]] and [[Statutory Law]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://ijlljs.in/structure-of-indian-legal-system-orignal-orign-and-development-dheeraj-kumar-tiwari-bb-a-ll-b-1st-year-siddhartha-law-collegedehradun-uttarakhand/ |title=Structure of Indian Legal System: Original Origin and Development |author=Dheeraj Kumar Tiwari |work=International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies |access-date=19 May 2017 |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608234531/http://ijlljs.in/structure-of-indian-legal-system-orignal-orign-and-development-dheeraj-kumar-tiwari-bb-a-ll-b-1st-year-siddhartha-law-collegedehradun-uttarakhand/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legislature ==
{{Main|Parliament of India}}

[[File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg|thumb|[[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in New Delhi]]
The powers of the legislature in India are exercised by [[Parliament of India|the Parliament]], a bicameral legislature consisting of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the [[Lok Sabha]]. Of the two houses of parliament, the Rajya Sabha (or the 'Council of States') is considered to be the [[upper house]] and consists of members appointed by the president and [[Indirect election|elected]] by the [[States and union territories of India|state and territorial legislatures]]. The Lok Sabha (or the 'House of the People') is considered the [[lower house]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice: Connecting Theory, Policy and International Practise |isbn=978-1-137-43397-8 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1137433973 |access-date=10 May 2017 |last1=Arnull |first1=Elaine |last2=Fox |first2=Darrell |date=29 June 2016 |publisher=Springer }}</ref>

The parliament does not have complete control and [[Parliamentary sovereignty|sovereignty]], as its laws are subject to [[judicial review]] by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Parliaments-actions-subject-to-judicial-review-court/article14704694.ece|title=Parliament's actions subject to judicial review: court|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108183753/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Parliaments-actions-subject-to-judicial-review-court/article14704694.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it does exercise some control over the [[Executive (government)|executive]]. The members of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]], including [[Prime Minister of India|the prime minister]], are either chosen from parliament or elected there within six months of assuming office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/indian-constitution-and-parliamentary-government-administrative-law-essay.php|title=Indian Constitution And Parliamentary Government {{!}} Law Teacher|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213650/https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/indian-constitution-and-parliamentary-government-administrative-law-essay.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The council as a whole is [[Responsible government|responsible]] to the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DY1CAQAAQBAJ&q=parliament+control+executive&pg=SA5-PA9|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-107466-7|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611230658/https://books.google.com/books?id=DY1CAQAAQBAJ&q=parliament+control+executive&pg=SA5-PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can be dissolved only when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and can never be dissolved. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a six-year term.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228040812/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2004|title=Our Parliament|website=www.parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

== Executive ==
The [[executive branch|executive]] of government has authority and responsibility to implement laws enacted by the legislature, and for the daily administration of the state through the civil service (the bureaucracy). The separation of various types of government power, its constraint and its sharing among the separate branches of government is central to the democratic idea of the [[separation of powers]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn2QDAAAQBAJ&q=The+Executive+Branch+of+government+of+India+is+the+one+that+has+sole+authority+and+responsibility+for+the+daily+administration+of+the+state+bureaucracy.+The+division+of+power+into+separate+branches+of+government+is+central+to+the+republican+idea+of+the+separation+of+powers.+President&pg=PA186|title=Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice: Connecting Theory, Policy and International Practice|last1=Arnull|first1=Elaine|last2=Fox|first2=Darrell|date=29 June 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-43397-8|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611230607/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn2QDAAAQBAJ&q=The+Executive+Branch+of+government+of+India+is+the+one+that+has+sole+authority+and+responsibility+for+the+daily+administration+of+the+state+bureaucracy.+The+division+of+power+into+separate+branches+of+government+is+central+to+the+republican+idea+of+the+separation+of+powers.+President&pg=PA186|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== President ===
{{Main|President of India}}

[[File:The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu administered the Oath of Office of Vice President of India to Shri C. P. Radhakrishnan at a Swearing-in-Ceremony held at Ganatantra Mandap, in Rashtrapati Bhavan on September 12, 2025.jpg|thumb|[[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] (center), [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] (left), and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]]]

The executive power is vested mainly in the [[president of India]], as per Article 53(1) of the constitution. The president has all [[Constitution of India|constitutional]] powers and exercises them directly or through subordinate officers as per the aforesaid Article 53(1). The president is to act following aid and advice tendered by the prime minister, who leads the Council of Ministers as described in [[Article 74 (Constitution of India)|Article 74 of the Constitution]].

The council of ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the president. However, in practice, the council of ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a president were to dismiss the council of ministers on her or his own initiative (ie, without advice to do so from the prime minister), it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the [[Lok Sabha]].

The president is formally responsible for appointing many high level government officials in India. These high officials include the [[Governors of states of India|governors]] of the 28 [[States and territories of India|states]]; the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice of India]]; other judges of the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]] and [[List of high courts in India|high courts]] (on the advice of other judges); the [[Attorney General of India|attorney general]]; the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|comptroller and auditor general]]; the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]] and other [[Election Commissioner of India|election commissioners]]; the chairperson and members of the [[Union Public Service Commission]]; the officers of the [[All India Services]] ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Indian Forest Service|IFoS]] and [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]) and [[Central Civil Services]] in group 'A'; officers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]; and [[ambassador]]s and [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|high commissioners]] to other countries; among many others.<ref name="Darpan2007">{{cite book|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT60|date=March 2007|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|page=60|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002040/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT60|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Constitution of India|last=Bakshi|first=Parvinrai Mulwantrai|publisher=Universal Law Pub. Co|year=2010 |isbn=978-8175348400 |edition=10th |location=New Delhi |page=48|oclc=551377953}}</ref> Such appointments are made 'on advice': that is, on the recommendation of ministers

The president, as the [[head of state]], also receives the credentials of [[ambassador]]s from other countries, while the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], as [[head of government]], receives credentials of high commissioners from other [[Commonwealth of Nations|members of the Commonwealth]], in line with historical tradition.

The president is the ''[[de jure]]'' [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="Oldenburg2010">{{cite book|last=Oldenburg|first=Philip|title=India, Pakistan, and Democracy: Solving the Puzzle of Divergent Paths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6nras7L790C&pg=PA71|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-78018-6|page=71|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002040/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6nras7L790C&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref>

The president can pardon or reduce the sentence of a convicted person once, particularly in cases involving the punishment of death. Decisions involving pardons and certain other matters are made independently of the advice of the prime minister or the opinion of the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the president exercises any executive power only on the advice of the prime minister.<ref name="Kumar">Kumar; Rajesh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=an78gq3JwzYC&pg=PA72 Universal's Guide to the Constitution of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002040/https://books.google.com/books?id=an78gq3JwzYC&pg=PA72 |date=7 January 2016 }} Pg no. 72.</ref>

=== Vice president ===
{{Main|Vice President of India}}

The vice president is the second-highest constitutional position in India after the president. The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the [[President of India|president]] and takes charge as acting president in the case of resignation, impeachment or removal of the president. The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as the chairperson of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.importantindia.com/2059/functions-of-the-vice-president-of-india/|title=Important India functions of vicepresident|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920074801/http://www.importantindia.com/2059/functions-of-the-vice-president-of-india/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the houses of parliament.

=== Prime minister ===
{{Main|Prime Minister of India}}

[[File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img5.jpg|thumb|North and South Blocks of the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]] housing various [[List of ministries and departments of the Government of India|ministries]] of the Government of India, with the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] visible in the distance]]

The [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], as addressed in the [[Constitution of India]], is the chief executive of the government and the leader of the majority party that holds a majority in the Lok Sabha. The prime minister leads the executive of the Government of India.

The prime minister is the senior member of the cabinet in the executive government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairperson of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing a proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet.

The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive.

=== Cabinet, ministries and agencies ===
{{Main|Union Council of Ministers|List of central agencies in India}}

[[File:Government of India hierarchy.svg|alt=|thumb|678x678px|The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India.]]
The [[Union Council of Ministers]] includes the prime minister, [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet Ministers]] and [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]] (MoS).<ref>[http://pmindia.gov.in/details9.php Cabinet Ministers (as on 26 May 2014)]. Cabsec.nic.in. Retrieved 6 December 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214936/http://pmindia.gov.in/details9.php |date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> Each minister must be a member of one of the houses of the parliament. The cabinet is headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], and is advised by the [[Cabinet Secretary of India|cabinet secretary]], who also acts as the head of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and other civil services. Other members of the council are either union cabinet ministers, who are heads of various ministries; or ministers of state, who are junior members who report directly to one of the cabinet ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government; or ministers of state (independent charges), who do not report to a cabinet minister. As per article 88 of the constitution, every minister shall have the right to speak in, and to take part in the proceedings of, either house, any joint sitting of the houses, and any committee of parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall ''not'' be entitled to a vote in the house where he is not a member.

==== Secretaries ====
{{Main|Secretary to the Government of India}}

A [[secretary to the Government of India]], a [[Civil service|civil servant]], generally an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parity-between-ias-and-non-ias-the-ias-will-get-to-decide/story-9RijZjXY4DeaPlvo8m25mJ.html|title=Parity between IAS and non-IAS? The IAS will get to decide|last=Tikku|first=Aloke|date=15 January 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813055556/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parity-between-ias-and-non-ias-the-ias-will-get-to-decide/story-9RijZjXY4DeaPlvo8m25mJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/non-ias-bureaucrats-now-eligible-secretary-level-posts-288|title=Non-IAS bureaucrats now eligible for secretary-level posts|date=18 January 2016|work=[[The Asian Age]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714053948/https://www.asianage.com/india/non-ias-bureaucrats-now-eligible-secretary-level-posts-288|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-pay-parity-with-ias-officers-say-officials-of-20-civil-services-1426279|title=Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers, Say Officials of 20 Civil Services|date=30 June 2016|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813142643/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-pay-parity-with-ias-officers-say-officials-of-20-civil-services-1426279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/alleging-bias-non-ias-officers-petition-pm-modi-4473316/ |url-access=subscription |title=Alleging bias, non-IAS officers petition PM Modi|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|date=14 January 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813055642/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/alleging-bias-non-ias-officers-petition-pm-modi-4473316/|url-status=live}}</ref> is the administrative head of the ministry or department, and is the principal adviser to the minister on all matters of policy and administration within the ministry/department.<ref name="Governance India">{{cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=3.1–3.10|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="CSMOP India2">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|title=Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure – 14th Edition (2015)|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension]]|page=6|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133401/http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Secretaries to the Government of India rank 23rd on [[Indian order of precedence]].<ref name="rajyasabha2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name="Maheshwari 2001 6662" /> Secretaries at the higher level are assisted by one or many [[Additional secretary to Government of India|additional secretaries]], who are further assisted by [[Joint secretary to Government of India|joint secretaries]].<ref name="CSMOP India2" /> At the middle they are assisted by directors/deputy secretaries and under secretaries.<ref name="CSMOP India2" /> At the lower level, there are section officers, assistant section officers, upper division clerks, lower division clerks and other secretarial staff.<ref name="CSMOP India2" />

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Ministries and departments of the Government of India
!#
!Ministry
!Department(s)
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
|[[Department of Atomic Energy]]
|-
|[[Department of Space]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
|[[Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
|-
|Department of Agricultural Research and Education
|-
!3
|[[Ministry of Ayush]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |4
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|[[Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals]]
|-
|Department of Fertilizers
|-
|Department of Pharmaceuticals
|-
!5
|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
|
|-
!6
|[[Ministry of Co-operation]]
|
|-
!7
|[[Ministry of Coal]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]
|[[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]]
|-
|Department of Commerce
|-
! rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]
|[[India Post|Department of Posts]]
|-
|[[Department of Telecommunications]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
|Department of Consumer Affairs
|-
|Department of Food and Public Distribution
|-
!11
|[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]]
|
|-
!12
|[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |13
| rowspan="5" |[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|Department of Defence
|-
|Department of Defence Production
|-
|Department of Defence Research and Development
|-
|[[Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare]]
|-
|[[Department of Military Affairs]]
|-
!14
|[[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]
|
|-
!15
|[[Ministry of Earth Sciences]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |16
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]
|[[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]]
|-
|Department of School Education and Literacy
|-
!17
|[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
|
|-
!18
|[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
|
|-
!19
|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |20
| rowspan="6" |[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
|Department of Economic Affairs
|-
|Department of Expenditure
|-
|Department of Financial Services
|-
|Department of Investment and Public Asset Management
|-
|Department of Public Enterprises
|-
|Department of Revenue
|-
!21
|[[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
|Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries
|-
!22
|[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |23
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
|Department of Family Welfare
|-
|Department of Health
|-
|Department of Health Research
|-
!24
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries]]
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |25
| rowspan="6" |[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
|Department of Border Management
|-
|Department of Home
|-
|Department of Internal Security
|-
|Department of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Affairs
|-
|[[Department of Official Language]]
|-
|Department of States
|-
!26
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
|[[Central Public Works Department]]
|-
!27
|[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
|
|-
!28
|[[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
|
|-
!29
|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |30
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]]
|Department of Legal Affairs
|-
|Department of Justice
|-
|Legislative Department
|-
!31
|[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
|
|-
!32
|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]]
|
|-
!33
|[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]
|
|-
!34
|[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
|
|-
!35
|[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]
|
|-
!36
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |37
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
|Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances
|-
|Department of Pension and Pensioners' Welfare
|-
|Department of Personnel and Training
|-
!38
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|
|-
!39
|[[Ministry of Planning (India)|Ministry of Planning]]
|
|-
!40
|[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
|
|-
!41
|[[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]]
|
|-
!42
|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|
|-
!43
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |44
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]]
|Department of Land Resources
|-
|Department of Rural Development
|-
! rowspan="3" |45
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]
|[[Department of Biotechnology]]
|-
|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
|-
|[[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]
|-
!46
|[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |47
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
|Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities
|-
|Department of Social Justice and Empowerment
|-
!48
|[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
|
|-
!49
|[[Ministry of Steel]]
|
|-
!50
|[[Ministry of Textiles]]
|
|-
!51
|[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]]
|
|-
!52
|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
|
|-
!53
|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |54
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
|Department of Youth Affairs
|-
|Department of Sports
|}

=== Civil services ===
{{Main|Civil Services of India}}

The Civil Services of India are the civil services and the permanent [[bureaucracy]] of India. The [[Executive (government)|executive]] decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants.

[[File:The Union Home Secretary, Shri Rajiv Gauba in a group photograph with the IPS Officer Trainees of 2016 batch, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] [[Rajiv Gauba]], an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer meets with trainee officers of the [[Indian Police Service]]; both arms of the [[All India Services]]]]

In the [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] of India, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people based on [[universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]]. The ministers are indirectly responsible to the people themselves. But the handful of ministers is not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration. Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it.

==== Cabinet secretary ====
{{Main|Cabinet Secretary of India}}

The cabinet secretary ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Maṃtrimaṇḍala Saciva}}) is the top-most executive official and [[Civil Services of India|senior-most civil servant]] of the Government of India. The cabinet secretary is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' head of the Civil Services Board, the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]], the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and the head of all civil services under the rules of business of the government.

The cabinet secretary is generally the senior-most officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The cabinet secretary ranks 11th on the [[Indian order of precedence]].<ref name="rajyasabha2">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|title=Order of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|work=[[Rajya Sabha]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=4 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022423/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=Table of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|title=Table of Precedence|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030937/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|archive-date=28 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari 2001 6662">{{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|edition=6th}}</ref> The cabinet secretary is under the direct charge of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]. Presently, the [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] is [[Rajiv Gauba]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].

== Judiciary ==
{{Main|Judiciary of India}}

India's independent union judicial system began under the British, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of [[Anglo-Saxon countries]]. The [[Supreme Court of India]] consists of the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice]] and 33 associate justices, all appointed by the president on the advice of the [[Chief Justice of India]]. The [[jury trial]]s were abolished in India in the early 1960s, after the famous case ''[[KM Nanavati v State of Maharashtra|KM Nanavati v. the State of Maharashtra]]'', for reasons of being vulnerable to media and public pressure, as well as to being misled.

Unlike its United States counterpart, the Indian justice system consists of a unitary system at both state and union levels. The judiciary consists of the [[Supreme Court of India]], [[High Courts of India|high courts]] at the state level, and [[District Courts of India|district courts]] and [[Sessions Court]]s at the [[List of districts in India|district]] level.

=== Supreme Court ===
{{Main|Supreme Court of India}}

[[File:Supreme Court of India - 200705.jpg|thumb|Complex of the [[Supreme Court of India]] in [[New Delhi]]|alt=Complex of the Supreme Court of India in New Delhi]]
The [[Supreme Court of India]] is situated in [[New Delhi]], the capital region of [[India]].

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the [[Constitution of India]], the highest constitutional court, with the power of [[constitutional review]]. Consisting of the [[Chief Justice of India]] and 33 sanctioned other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of [[Original jurisdiction|original]], [[Appellate jurisdiction|appellate]] and [[advisory jurisdictions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#|title=Rule of law index 2016|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071718/http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As the [[Appellate court|final court of appeal]] of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the [[List of high courts in India|high courts]] of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards [[fundamental rights]] of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As an advisory court, it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] by the president. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own (or 'suo moto'), without anyone drawing its attention to them. The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments.<ref name="History PDF">{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf|title=History of Supreme Court of India|publisher=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222100038/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Per [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 142]], it is the duty of the [[President of India|president]] to enforce the decrees of the supreme court.

In addition, Article 32 of the constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme court concerning enforcing fundamental rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including [[writ]]s in the nature of ''[[habeas corpus]]'', ''[[mandamus]]'', ''[[prohibition]]'', ''[[quo warranto]]'' and ''[[certiorari]]'' to enforce them. The supreme court has been conferred with power to direct the transfer of any civil or criminal case from one state high court to another state high court, or from a Court subordinate to another state high court and the supreme court. Although the proceedings in the supreme court arise out of the judgment or orders made by the subordinate courts, of late{{When|date=April 2023}} the supreme court has started entertaining matters in which the interest of the public at large is involved. This may be done by any individual or group of persons either by filing a ''[[writ]] petition'' at the filing counter of the court or by addressing a letter to the [[Chief Justice of India]], highlighting the question of public importance for redress. These are known as [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l273-Public-Interest-Litigation.html|title=PIL|website=LegalServicesIndia|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428094327/http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l273-Public-Interest-Litigation.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Elections and voting ==

{{Main|Elections in India|Politics of India}}

{{See also|Election Commission of India}}
India has a [[Federalism|quasi-federal]] form of government, called "union" or "central" government,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |title=The Constitution of India |access-date=16 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2016 }}</ref> with elected officials at the union, state and local levels. At the national level, the [[head of government]], the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], is appointed by the [[president of India]] from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by [[universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]] through a [[first-past-the-post]] voting system. Members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], which represents the [[States of India|states]], are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by [[proportional representation]], except for 12 members who are nominated by the president.

The [[Election Commission of India]] conducts [[Parliament of India|national]] and [[State legislatures of India|state]] elections, while [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commissions]] conduct [[Local government in India|local government]] elections.

India is currently the largest democracy in the world, with around 900 million eligible voters, as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/indian-voter-population-is-900-million/articleshow/68345392.cms|title=Indian voter population is 900 million|date=10 March 2019|website=The Economic Times|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426184028/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/indian-voter-population-is-900-million/articleshow/68345392.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== State and local governments ==
{{Main|State governments of India|Union territory|Local government in India}}

In India, power is divided between the governments of the union and the [[states of India]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jagannadham |first1=V. |year=1947 |title=Division of Powers in the Indian Constitution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42743171 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=742–751 |jstor=42743171}}</ref> the latter being ruled by the [[Chief Minister (India)|chiefs ministers]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=R. C. |title=Local Government and Development in India |journal=International Political Science Review |year=1980 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=265–279 |doi=10.1177/019251218000100210 |jstor=1600996 |s2cid=145673733 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600996|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The state legislature is [[bicameral]] in [[List of states of India by type of legislature|six states]] and [[unicameral]] in the rest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Miñón |first1=Miguel Herrero |title=The Passing of Bicameralism |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |year=1975 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=236–254 |doi=10.2307/839106 |jstor=839106 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/839106 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230037/https://www.jstor.org/stable/839106 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lower house is elected with a five-year term, while in the upper house one-third of the members in the house gets elected every two years with six-year terms.

[[Union territory|Union territories]] are administered directly by the union government through an [[Administrator of the government|Administrator]] or [[Lieutenant Governor - India|Lieutenant Governor]], though some have legislatures and elected governments with limited powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is union territory and Special Areas-ForumIAS Blog |url=https://forumias.com/blog/polity/union-territories-and-special-areas/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Free UPSC IAS Preparation Syllabus and Materials For Aspirants |language=en-US}}</ref>

Local governments function at the basic level. It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments. It consists of [[Local self-government in India|panchayats]] in rural areas and [[Municipal governance in India|municipalities]] in urban areas. They are elected directly or indirectly by the people.

Local governments, comprising [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]] in rural areas and [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] in urban areas, function under the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd]] and [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th]] Constitutional Amendments to promote democratic decentralization. Each state also enacts its own legislation to regulate the structure and functioning of local governments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=73rd Amendment of Panchayati Raj in India {{!}} Election Commission for UTs {{!}} India |url=https://secforuts.mha.gov.in/73rd-amendment-of-panchayati-raj-in-india/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616121549/https://secforuts.mha.gov.in/73rd-amendment-of-panchayati-raj-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=74th Amendment and Municipalities in India {{!}} Election Commission for UTs {{!}} India |url=https://secforuts.mha.gov.in/74th-amendment-and-municipalities-in-india/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |language=en}}</ref>

== Finance ==
{{See also|Reserve Bank of India}}

=== Taxation ===
{{Main|Taxation in India}}

[[File:RBI-Tower.jpg|thumb|[[Reserve Bank of India]]'s headquarters in Mumbai, India's financial capital]]
India has a three-tier tax structure, wherein the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] empowers the union government to levy [[income tax]], tax on capital transactions ([[wealth tax]], [[inheritance tax]]), [[sales tax]], service tax, customs and [[excise]] duties and the [[States and territories of India|state governments]] to levy sales tax on intrastate sale of goods, taxon [[entertainment tax|entertainment]] and [[profession]]s, excise duties on manufacture of [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], [[stamp duty|stamp duties]] on transfer of property and collect land revenue (levy on land owned). The [[local governments]] are empowered by the state government to levy [[property tax]] and charge users for [[public utilities]] like [[water supply]], [[sewage]] etc.<ref name="angela">{{cite journal |author1=Bernardi, Luigi |author2=Fraschini, Angela |title=Tax System And Tax Reforms in India |year=2005 |version=Working paper n. 51 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/uca/ucapdv/45.html |journal= Polis Working Papers|access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629132746/https://ideas.repec.org/p/uca/ucapdv/45.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More than half of the revenues of the union and state governments come from taxes, of which 3/4 come from [[direct taxes]]. More than a quarter of the union government's tax revenues are shared with the state governments.<ref name="sharing">Tax revenue was 88% of total union government revenue in 1950–51 and has come down to 73% in 2003–04, as a result of the increase in non-tax revenue. Tax revenues were 70% of total state government revenues from 2002 to 2003. Indirect taxes were 84% of the union government's total tax revenue and have come down to 62% in 2003–04, mostly because of cuts in import duties and rationalisation. The state's share in the union government's tax revenue is 28.0% for the period 2000 to 2005 as per the recommendations of the eleventh finance commission. In addition, states that do not levy sales tax on sugar, textiles and tobacco, are entitled to 1.5% of the proceeds.{{cite book|author1=Datt, Ruddar |author2=Sundharam, K.P.M.|title=Indian Economy|publisher=S.Chand|year=2005|isbn=81-219-0298-3|pages=938, 942, 946}}</ref>

The tax reforms, initiated in 1991, have sought to rationalise the tax structure and increase compliance by taking steps in the following directions:
* Reducing the rates of individual and corporate income taxes, excises, and customs and making it more progressive
* Reducing exemptions and concessions
* Simplification of laws and procedures
* Introduction of [[permanent account number]] (PAN) to track monetary transactions
* 21 of the 29 states introduced [[value added tax]] (VAT) on 1 April 2005 to replace the complex and multiple sales tax system<ref name="angela" /><ref name="VAT">{{cite news|title=Indif_real_GDP_per_capitaa says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax |date=25 March 2005 |work=Daily Times |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_25-3-2005_pg5_13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116065316/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_25-3-2005_pg5_13 |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref>

The non-tax revenues of the central government come from [[finance|fiscal]] services, interest receipts, public sector dividends, etc., while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government, interest receipts, dividends and income from general, economic and social services.<ref name="Datt-3">{{cite book|author1=Datt, Ruddar |author2=Sundharam, K. P. M.|title=Indian Economy|pages=943–945|chapter=55}}</ref>

Inter-state share in the union tax pool is decided by the recommendations of the [[Finance Commission]] to the president.

Total tax receipts of Centre and State amount to approximately 18% of national GDP. This compares to a figure of 37–45% in the OECD.

=== Union budget ===
{{Main|Union budget of India}}

The Finance minister of India usually presents the annual [[Union budget of India|union budget]] in the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] on the last [[working day]] of February. However, for the F.Y. 2017–18, this tradition had been changed. Now the budget will be presented on the 1st day of February. The budget has to be passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] before it can come into effect on 1 April, the start of India's [[fiscal year]]. The Union budget is preceded by an [[Economic survey of India|economic survey]] which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/economy/union-budget-2017-18|title=Union Budget 2017–18|website=ibef.org|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325104858/https://www.ibef.org/economy/union-budget-2017-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

India's non-development revenue expenditure had increased nearly five-fold in 2003–04 since 1990–91 and more than tenfold from 1985 to 1986. Interest payments are the single largest item of expenditure and accounted for more than 40% of the total non-development expenditure in the 2003–04 budget. Defence expenditure increased fourfold during the same period and has been increasing to defend from a difficult neighbourhood and external terror threats. In 2025–26, India's defence budget stood at {{INRConvert|6.81|t|year=2025}}.

== Issues ==
=== Corruption ===
{{Main|Corruption in India}}

In 2009, several ministers are accused of corruption and nearly a quarter of the 543 elected members of parliament had been charged with crimes, including murder.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/13/AR2009051303758.html When the Little Ones Run the Show (quote from the New Delhi based Association for Democratic Reform)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123223/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/13/AR2009051303758.html |date=15 December 2018 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved 14 May 2009.</ref> Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved high-level government officials, including cabinet ministers and chief ministers, such as the [[Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Commonwealth Games scandal]] ({{INRConvert|700|b|year=2010}}), the [[Adarsh Housing Society scandal]], the [[Indian coal allocation scam|Coal allocation scandal]] ({{INRConvert|1.86|t|year=2010}}), the [[Mining scams in India#Illegal iron ore mining in Karnataka|mining scandal in Karnataka]] and the [[cash-for-votes scandal]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[List of central agencies in India]]
* [[india.gov.in|National Portal of India]]
* [[MyGov.in|National Social-media Portal]]
* [[Union government ministries of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}}

== Further reading ==
* Subrata K. Mitra and V. B. Singh (1999). ''Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate''. New Delhi: Sage Publications. {{ISBN|81-7036-809-X}} (India HB), {{ISBN|0-7619-9344-4}} (US HB).

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.mygov.in/
My Gov.in official website}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{India topics}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Cabinet of India}}
{{Asia topic|Government of|title=Governments of Asia|TW=Government of the Republic of China}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of India| ]]
[[Category:Judiciary of India]]
[[Category:Constitution of India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]

User:WikiDwarf/Draftify log

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WikiDwarf: Logging Draft:Syed Raza Imam (Reason/s: more sources needed)

This is a log of pages moved to draftspace using the [[User:WikiDwarf/gadgets/MoveToDraft|MoveToDraft]] script.

==September 2026==
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Draft:Syed Raza Imam

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WikiDwarf: AfC draft

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}
{{short description|Indian Polymath and Leader}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Shia Islam]]|honorific prefix=Shamsheer e Hind
Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat
Khateeb e Muntazir|title=Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat, Khateeb e Muntazir, Shamsheer e Hind, Khateeb e Ahlebaith|parents=[[Hasan Imam|Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri]] ''(Father)'';
Zakira Syeda Nishat Fatima Hasan Imam Zangipuri ''(Mother)''|image=Syed Raza Imam Zangipuri.jpg|office1=Founder and Founding Chancellor of Imam University Zangipur|term1=November 25, 2024|predecessor1=''office established''|office2=Founder and Vice-President of Royal Society of Imams|term2=''office established''|predecessor2=November 25, 2024|office3=1st Director of Imam University Zangipur|office4=Chief Executive Officer of Imam University Zangipur|term4=November 25, 2024|term_start3=November 25, 2024|predecessor3=''office established''|successor3=Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri|predecessor4=''office established''|term_end3=May 15, 2026|birth_date=November 25, 2006|birth_place=[[Mumbai]]|birth_name=Syed Raza Imam Rizvi Zangipuri|relatives=Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri ''(Brother)''|alma_mater=[[University of Mumbai]]|lineage=Khandaan e Ustaad|pre-nominals=Sir|honorific suffix=[https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/List_of_FRSI_Fellows FRSI], [https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/The_Supreme_Grand_Order_of_the_Imam SGOI], [https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/Order_of_Excellence OE], [https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/Order_of_Eminence OEM], [https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/Order_of_Literature OL]}}

'''Sir Syed Raza Imam''' (born; Syed Raza Imam Rizvi Zangipuri, 25 November 2006), popularly known as "'''Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat'''"<ref>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141837307</ref> ''(Emperor of Beauty and Oratory)'' is an Indian [[Polymath]], [[Clergyman|Shia Cleric]], [[orator]], [[philosopher]], [[author]], poet, administrator, [[academic]], [[educator]], institutional founder, spokesperson, [[polyglot]], public figure and Internet personality.<ref name=":0">[https://submitpr.org/press-release/who-is-syed-raza-imam Who is Syed Raza Imam? INT News]</ref><ref>Zangipuri, Syed Jawad Imam, [https://archive.org/details/inthikhaab-e-khandaan-e-ustaad-vol-1 Intikhaab e Khadaan e Ustaad Vol-1, Book]</ref> He is the founder and Founding Chancellor of Imam University Zangipur <ref>[https://archive.org/details/azadaari-india-news-imam-university-zangipur Azadaari India News, Imam University Zangipur]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/all-india-shia-news-publications-imam-university-zangipur All India Shia News Publications, Imam University Zangipur]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-imam-university-zangipur Imam University Zangipur, The Shia Times]</ref>, and founder of numbers of educational, religious, literary and administrative institutions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/?ref_=nmbio_ov_bk ''IMDb'' Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

he is also known as Khateeb e Muntazir<ref>''Levesque, Dr. Robert;'' '''[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675032M/Indian_Muslim_Legends Indian Muslim Legends]''''', RL Publishing USA, Fremont California, United States''</ref><ref>'''[https://zenodo.org/records/23338154 Indian Muslim Legends]''' ''by Dr. Robert Levesque, Fremont California, United States''</ref> ''(Orator of Awaited One)'' and Shamsheer e Hind<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_ql_1 Biography of Syed Raza Imam- iMDB]</ref> ''(Sword of India)''

== Background ==
Imam was born on 25 November 2006, in Mumbai. he is the elder son of Naqeeb ul Millat [[Hasan Imam|Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri]] and Zakira Syeda Nishat Fatima Hasan Imam Zangipuri. he is elder brother of Indian Poet Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri and a Prominent member of Khandaan e Ustaad or Imam Family of Zangipur.<ref name=":1">[https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-biography-of-syed-raza-imam The Shia Times- Olama Magazine- Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

he started Oratory at the early age of four and half (4.5)<ref name=":1" /> one of the India's youngest oratory. Imam is known for his work spanning Islamic theology, philosophy, science, neuroscience, cosmology, literature, poetry, languages, education, administration and institutional design.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt49964659/?ref_=nmmi_rvi_i_1 Syed Raza Imam, When the Ant Book Author Read Khutba of Imam Ali]</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt49964194/?ref_=nmmi_rvi_i_2 When the Ant Book Author Read Khutba of Imam Ali]</ref> He has authored and developed works addressing subjects including the intellectual heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt, Islamic philosophy, cosmology, neuroscience, technology, ethics and the relationship between Islamic thought and modern science. he has authored ''fourteen (14)'' books at age of ''nineteen (19)'' and founded several institutions<ref>[https://newdle.com/writings/3e68b9b7-fd90-4eae-a0aa-2c1c36e38240 Sir Syed Raza Imam: A Young Education Reformer], ''Shia News''</ref>. Imam also holds more than 14 certifications from National and International Instituitons and also Represents his university Internationally in many stages. Imam's university "Imam University Zangipur" is the World's First International Open Shia University<ref>[https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/imam-university-zangipur World's First International Open Shia University]</ref>. Imam is also a polyglot and is known for his familiarity and ability to speak in multiple English accents and linguistic varieties, with works in Urdu, English, American English, British English, Hindi, Marathi and Bhojpuri.<ref>[https://www.crunchbase.com/person/syed-raza-imam Syed Raza Imam] </ref>

He is the founder of Imam University Zangipur, the Royal Society of Imams, Imam Productions Zangipur, the Imam International Board of Islamic Education (IBIE), the ICCZ, the Publications of Imam University Zangipur, the Al-Imam magazine, and the institutional framework of the Expert Assembly of Imam University Zangipur. he is the principal architect of his university and holds more than 37 positions in his various institutes and Organizations.<ref>''Gravatar,'' [https://gravatar.com/stellar1c2f965910 Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

== Works ==
Books written by Sir Syed Raza Imam:<ref>''About'' [https://about.me/syedrazaimam Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

# ''The Raza Imam Blueprint'', a compilation of his research, laws, institutional principles and related writings;<ref name=":2">[https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3823-8091 Works/Books of Syed Raza Imam]</ref>
# ''The Polymath's Philosophy'', a compilation of his philosophical works, quotes and thoughts;<ref name=":2" />
# ''Fazail-e-Umme Abiha Siddiqa-e-Kubra'';<ref name=":2" /><ref>[https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=j1-VZOsAAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC Google Scholar]</ref>
# ''The Polymath's Philisophy'', a compilation of his philosophical works and thoughts;<ref name=":2" />
# ''Tafseer-e-Hasan Imam'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Cosmology and Creation in the Light of Imam Ali (a.s.) and Ahlulbayt'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Intelligence in Nahjul Balagha: A Neuroscientific Interpretation'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''The Alchemical Wisdom of Imam Ali (a.s.)'';<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=j1-VZOsAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C Google Scholar]</ref>
# ''Imam Mahdi (a.t.f.s.) and the Future of Technology'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Ethics Imam Ja‘far Sadiq (a.s.) and the Birth of Modern Science'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Cosmology and Ali'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Nahjul Balagah and Neuroscience'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Imam Mehdi and the Future'';<ref name=":2" /> and
# ''Radiance of Infallibles''.<ref name=":2" />

== External Links ==
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/ Syed Raza Imam- IMDb]

[https://isni.org/isni/000000053092288X Syed Raza Imam- ISNI]

[https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3823-8091 Syed Raza Imam- Orcid iD]

[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ Syed Raza Imam- Google Scholar]

[https://syedrazaimam.netlify.app/ Syed Raza Imam- Website]

[https://independent.academia.edu/SyedRazaImamZangipuri Syed Raza Imam- Academia]

[https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/QYQ-7055-2026 Syed Raza Imam- Web of Science Researcher ID]

[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141344989 Syed Raza Imam- Wikidata]

[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141837307 Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat- Wikidata]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=October 2026}}

User talk:Shah Syed Muhammad Ali

2026-10-25T11:55:14Z

WikiDwarf: /* Syed Raza Imam moved to draftspace */ new section

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<div style="background:linear-gradient(135deg,#8b0000,#d97706 48%,#14532d); color:white; padding:22px; border-radius:14px; box-shadow:0 3px 12px #999;"> <div style="font-size:28px; font-weight:bold;">💬 शाह सैयद मुहम्मद अली — वार्ता</div> <div style="font-size:15px; margin-top:6px;">'''Shah Syed Muhammad Ali''' · User talk page</div> </div>

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[[User:Dokania|Dokania😎]][[User talk:Dokania|(📩)]] 20:45, 18 October 2026 (IST)

== [[Draft:Syed Raza Imam|Syed Raza Imam]] moved to draftspace ==

Thanks for your contributions to [[Draft:Syed Raza Imam|Syed Raza Imam]]. Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing as a live article at this time because '''it needs more sources to establish [[BP:N|notability]]'''.
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Draft:Syed Raza Imam

2026-10-25T11:55:14Z

WikiDwarf: WikiDwarf moved page Syed Raza Imam to Draft:Syed Raza Imam without leaving a redirect: Not ready for mainspace, incubate in draftspace. Reason/s: more sources needed

{{short description|Indian Polymath and Leader}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Shia Islam]]|honorific prefix=Shamsheer e Hind
Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat
Khateeb e Muntazir|title=Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat, Khateeb e Muntazir, Shamsheer e Hind, Khateeb e Ahlebaith|parents=[[Hasan Imam|Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri]] ''(Father)'';
Zakira Syeda Nishat Fatima Hasan Imam Zangipuri ''(Mother)''|image=Syed Raza Imam Zangipuri.jpg|office1=Founder and Founding Chancellor of Imam University Zangipur|term1=November 25, 2024|predecessor1=''office established''|office2=Founder and Vice-President of Royal Society of Imams|term2=''office established''|predecessor2=November 25, 2024|office3=1st Director of Imam University Zangipur|office4=Chief Executive Officer of Imam University Zangipur|term4=November 25, 2024|term_start3=November 25, 2024|predecessor3=''office established''|successor3=Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri|predecessor4=''office established''|term_end3=May 15, 2026|birth_date=November 25, 2006|birth_place=[[Mumbai]]|birth_name=Syed Raza Imam Rizvi Zangipuri|relatives=Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri ''(Brother)''|alma_mater=[[University of Mumbai]]|lineage=Khandaan e Ustaad|pre-nominals=Sir|honorific suffix=[https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/List_of_FRSI_Fellows FRSI], [https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/The_Supreme_Grand_Order_of_the_Imam SGOI], [https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/Order_of_Excellence OE], [https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/Order_of_Eminence OEM], [https://wikiimam.miraheze.org/wiki/Order_of_Literature OL]}}

'''Sir Syed Raza Imam''' (born; Syed Raza Imam Rizvi Zangipuri, 25 November 2006), popularly known as "'''Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat'''"<ref>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141837307</ref> ''(Emperor of Beauty and Oratory)'' is an Indian [[Polymath]], [[Clergyman|Shia Cleric]], [[orator]], [[philosopher]], [[author]], poet, administrator, [[academic]], [[educator]], institutional founder, spokesperson, [[polyglot]], public figure and Internet personality.<ref name=":0">[https://submitpr.org/press-release/who-is-syed-raza-imam Who is Syed Raza Imam? INT News]</ref><ref>Zangipuri, Syed Jawad Imam, [https://archive.org/details/inthikhaab-e-khandaan-e-ustaad-vol-1 Intikhaab e Khadaan e Ustaad Vol-1, Book]</ref> He is the founder and Founding Chancellor of Imam University Zangipur <ref>[https://archive.org/details/azadaari-india-news-imam-university-zangipur Azadaari India News, Imam University Zangipur]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/all-india-shia-news-publications-imam-university-zangipur All India Shia News Publications, Imam University Zangipur]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-imam-university-zangipur Imam University Zangipur, The Shia Times]</ref>, and founder of numbers of educational, religious, literary and administrative institutions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/?ref_=nmbio_ov_bk ''IMDb'' Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

he is also known as Khateeb e Muntazir<ref>''Levesque, Dr. Robert;'' '''[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675032M/Indian_Muslim_Legends Indian Muslim Legends]''''', RL Publishing USA, Fremont California, United States''</ref><ref>'''[https://zenodo.org/records/23338154 Indian Muslim Legends]''' ''by Dr. Robert Levesque, Fremont California, United States''</ref> ''(Orator of Awaited One)'' and Shamsheer e Hind<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_ql_1 Biography of Syed Raza Imam- iMDB]</ref> ''(Sword of India)''

== Background ==
Imam was born on 25 November 2006, in Mumbai. he is the elder son of Naqeeb ul Millat [[Hasan Imam|Grand Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri]] and Zakira Syeda Nishat Fatima Hasan Imam Zangipuri. he is elder brother of Indian Poet Syed Jawad Imam Rizvi Zangipuri and a Prominent member of Khandaan e Ustaad or Imam Family of Zangipur.<ref name=":1">[https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-biography-of-syed-raza-imam The Shia Times- Olama Magazine- Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

he started Oratory at the early age of four and half (4.5)<ref name=":1" /> one of the India's youngest oratory. Imam is known for his work spanning Islamic theology, philosophy, science, neuroscience, cosmology, literature, poetry, languages, education, administration and institutional design.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt49964659/?ref_=nmmi_rvi_i_1 Syed Raza Imam, When the Ant Book Author Read Khutba of Imam Ali]</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt49964194/?ref_=nmmi_rvi_i_2 When the Ant Book Author Read Khutba of Imam Ali]</ref> He has authored and developed works addressing subjects including the intellectual heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt, Islamic philosophy, cosmology, neuroscience, technology, ethics and the relationship between Islamic thought and modern science. he has authored ''fourteen (14)'' books at age of ''nineteen (19)'' and founded several institutions<ref>[https://newdle.com/writings/3e68b9b7-fd90-4eae-a0aa-2c1c36e38240 Sir Syed Raza Imam: A Young Education Reformer], ''Shia News''</ref>. Imam also holds more than 14 certifications from National and International Instituitons and also Represents his university Internationally in many stages. Imam's university "Imam University Zangipur" is the World's First International Open Shia University<ref>[https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/imam-university-zangipur World's First International Open Shia University]</ref>. Imam is also a polyglot and is known for his familiarity and ability to speak in multiple English accents and linguistic varieties, with works in Urdu, English, American English, British English, Hindi, Marathi and Bhojpuri.<ref>[https://www.crunchbase.com/person/syed-raza-imam Syed Raza Imam] </ref>

He is the founder of Imam University Zangipur, the Royal Society of Imams, Imam Productions Zangipur, the Imam International Board of Islamic Education (IBIE), the ICCZ, the Publications of Imam University Zangipur, the Al-Imam magazine, and the institutional framework of the Expert Assembly of Imam University Zangipur. he is the principal architect of his university and holds more than 37 positions in his various institutes and Organizations.<ref>''Gravatar,'' [https://gravatar.com/stellar1c2f965910 Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

== Works ==
Books written by Sir Syed Raza Imam:<ref>''About'' [https://about.me/syedrazaimam Syed Raza Imam]</ref>

# ''The Raza Imam Blueprint'', a compilation of his research, laws, institutional principles and related writings;<ref name=":2">[https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3823-8091 Works/Books of Syed Raza Imam]</ref>
# ''The Polymath's Philosophy'', a compilation of his philosophical works, quotes and thoughts;<ref name=":2" />
# ''Fazail-e-Umme Abiha Siddiqa-e-Kubra'';<ref name=":2" /><ref>[https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=j1-VZOsAAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC Google Scholar]</ref>
# ''The Polymath's Philisophy'', a compilation of his philosophical works and thoughts;<ref name=":2" />
# ''Tafseer-e-Hasan Imam'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Cosmology and Creation in the Light of Imam Ali (a.s.) and Ahlulbayt'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Intelligence in Nahjul Balagha: A Neuroscientific Interpretation'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''The Alchemical Wisdom of Imam Ali (a.s.)'';<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=j1-VZOsAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C Google Scholar]</ref>
# ''Imam Mahdi (a.t.f.s.) and the Future of Technology'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Ethics Imam Ja‘far Sadiq (a.s.) and the Birth of Modern Science'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Cosmology and Ali'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Nahjul Balagah and Neuroscience'';<ref name=":2" />
# ''Imam Mehdi and the Future'';<ref name=":2" /> and
# ''Radiance of Infallibles''.<ref name=":2" />

== External Links ==
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm19048915/ Syed Raza Imam- IMDb]

[https://isni.org/isni/000000053092288X Syed Raza Imam- ISNI]

[https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3823-8091 Syed Raza Imam- Orcid iD]

[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=j1-VZOsAAAAJ Syed Raza Imam- Google Scholar]

[https://syedrazaimam.netlify.app/ Syed Raza Imam- Website]

[https://independent.academia.edu/SyedRazaImamZangipuri Syed Raza Imam- Academia]

[https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/QYQ-7055-2026 Syed Raza Imam- Web of Science Researcher ID]

[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141344989 Syed Raza Imam- Wikidata]

[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141837307 Shahenshah-e-Husn-o-Khitabat- Wikidata]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation

2026-10-25T11:54:19Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edits by 2409:40E3:59:2009:601C:A3FF:FE2D:E862 (talk) to last revision by WikiDwarf

{{Short description|Indian online ticketing, catering and tourism company}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
| logo_size = 150px
| logo = IRCTC Logo.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|542830}}|{{NSE|IRCTC}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE335Y01012}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1999|09|27|df=y|br=y}}
| location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = Sanjay Kumar Jain 
{{small|([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])}}
| products = Rail Neer
| area_served = India
| industry = Railways
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Electronic ticket|Online ticketing]]
*[[Catering]]
*[[Tourism]]
*[[Hospitality service]]s
}}
| owner = [[Government of India]] (62.4%)
| members = 66 million registered users<ref name="IRCTC">{{cite web|url=https://contents.irctc.co.in/en/adwithus.html|title=IRCTC ad with us|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
| members_year = 2023
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4675|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25"/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1580|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news|title=IRCTC Annual Report FY24|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/fdc59c22-152c-4d71-9bfb-65166a8dbe5b.pdf }}</ref>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1315|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25">{{cite news|title=IRCTC Annual Report FY25|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/earnings/irctc-share-price-q4fy25-results-net-profit-ticketing-revenue-dividend-19612028.htm |website=cnbctv18.com |access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref>
| parent =
| subsid =
| caption =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.irctc.co.in}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation''' ('''IRCTC''') is an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] that provides ticketing, catering, and tourism services for the state-owned [[Indian Railways]]. It was established in 1999 by the [[Government of India]] and operates under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]. In 2019, it was listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] with the Government holding a 67% ownership. As of December 2023, there are 66 million registered users with IRCTC with a daily average of 7.31 lakh tickets booked.

== History ==
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) was established on 27 September 1999, as a [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] completely owned by the [[Government of India]] through the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="BS">{{cite web|title=Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/i-r-c-t-c-23401.html|access-date=1 August 2023|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref> In May 2008, it was classed as a [[Miniratna]] public corporation, which allowed it a certain degree of financial autonomy.<ref name="BS"/> In 2018, then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway Minister]] [[Piyush Goyal]] stated that the government was exploring opportunities for disinvestment of IRCTC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways: Would you like railways to sell your personal data to a private company?|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/would-you-like-railways-to-sell-your-personal-data-to-a-private-company/articleshow/65115176.cms?from=mdr|date=21 July 2018|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827160610/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/would-you-like-railways-to-sell-your-personal-data-to-a-private-company/articleshow/65115176.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

The company was listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) in 2019, following which the Government of India's holding was reduced to 87%, with the remaining shares being publicly traded.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC IPO off to a strong start, subscribed 81% amid strong demand from retail on Day 1|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/irctc-ipo-off-to-a-strong-start-subscribed-37-retail-fully-grabbed-4488731.html|access-date=1 October 2019|work=Moneycontrol|date=30 September 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001021130/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/irctc-ipo-off-to-a-strong-start-subscribed-37-retail-fully-grabbed-4488731.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Narayanan|first=KS Badri|title=With an oversubscription of 112 times, IRCTC's stock offer is a showstopper|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/at-over-111-times-irctc-ipo-gets-biggest-ever-subscription-for-psus/article29585681.ece|access-date=18 December 2020|work=Business Line|date=3 October 2019|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017105435/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/at-over-111-times-irctc-ipo-gets-biggest-ever-subscription-for-psus/article29585681.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2020, the Government of India divested another 20%, reducing its holding in the IRCTC to 67%.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC Offer For Sale Successful, Government Prunes Stake By 20%|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/irctc-offer-for-sale-successful-government-prunes-stake-by-20-2338093|access-date=18 December 2020|work=NDTV|date=13 December 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220052838/https://www.ndtv.com/business/irctc-offer-for-sale-successful-government-prunes-stake-by-20-2338093|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kaur|first=Avneet|date=16 December 2020|title=11% down in a week, IRCTC share to come down after OFS share allotment: Analysts|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/11-down-in-a-week-irctc-share-to-come-down-after-ofs-share-allotment-analysts-11608081746369.html|access-date=18 December 2020|work=mint|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216023232/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/11-down-in-a-week-irctc-share-to-come-down-after-ofs-share-allotment-analysts-11608081746369.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 December 2020|title=Centre launches IRCTC share offer to raise Rs 4,374 crore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/centre-launches-irctc-share-offer-to-raise-rs-4374-crore-7100268/|access-date=18 December 2020|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211005456/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/centre-launches-irctc-share-offer-to-raise-rs-4374-crore-7100268/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2022, the government disinvested further 5% of its share, reducing its ownership to 62.4%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/govt-to-sell-5-of-its-holding-in-irctc-ofs-begins-tomorrow/article66263315.ece|title=Govt to sell 5% of its holding in IRCTC; OFS begins today|date=15 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In March 2025, IRCTC was accorded ''[[Public Sector Undertakings in India#List of Navratna|navaratna]]'' status by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=IRCTC, IRFC get 'navratna' status. What does it mean for the two railway PSUs? |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/irctc-irfc-get-navratna-status-what-does-it-mean-for-the-two-railway-psus-11740996086491.html |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=[[Livemint]] |date=3 March 2025 }}</ref>

== Services ==
=== Ticketing and information ===
Online ticketing for Indian Railways was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://irctc.com/about.html|title=About IRCTC|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> IRCTC provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through [[website]], [[smartphone app]]s and [[SMS]]. For Electronic tickets (e-tickets) booked online, IRCTC issues an electronic ticket with a reference [[Passenger name record|PNR]] on a successful booking.<ref name="ETIT">{{cite web|url=https://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,283,363,438|title=E ticket and I ticket|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Electronic tickets can be used for travel along with a valid photo identification and cancellation can be done online.<ref name="ETIT"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|title=Provision for carrying proof|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> For Internet tickets (I-tickets), while the booking is done online, physical tickets are sent to the customer through [[Mail|post]].<ref name="ETIT"/>

Reserved tickets may be booked up to 30 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket. In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list (WL) number is assigned. There are different types of wait-lists depending on the originating and destination stations of the train and the passenger including Roadside Station Waiting List (RSWL) when tickets are booked from the originating station to an intermediate station and Pooled Quota Waiting List (PQWL) where tickets booked to travel between specific sets of stations are pooled as a single category. A General Waiting List (GNWL) ticket has no such restrictions, and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets in the respective categories and get cancelled automatically if seats are not confirmed before the departure of the train.<ref>{{cite web|title=What do WL, RSWL, PQWL, GNWL on train tickets mean? Know all about railway codes|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-do-wl-rswl-pqwl-gnwl-on-train-tickets-mean-know-all-about-railway-codes-2898270/amp|access-date=27 April 2024| work=DNA}}</ref> [[Reservation against Cancellation|Reservation against cancellation tickets]] (RAC) is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|title=Indian Railways Reservation Rules: 5 Things To Know About Waitlisted Tickets|date=30 May 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal quota]] (TQ), which has a standalone waiting list (TQWL) and no refund is applicable on cancellation of confirmed tickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|title=Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, IRCTC launched a loyalty program called Shubh Yatra for frequent travelers wherein passengers could avail discounts on all tickets by paying an upfront annual subscription fee.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 July 2011|title=IRCTC launches scheme for frequent travellers|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/irctc-launches-scheme-for-frequent-travellers/articleshow/9141156.cms|access-date=23 June 2023|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624102555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/irctc-launches-scheme-for-frequent-travellers/articleshow/9141156.cms|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, IRCTC introduced the ''Rolling Deposit Scheme'' (RDS), a type of closed wallet wherein customers can book tickets using money already deposited.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-to-launch-rolling-deposit-scheme-for-e-ticket/articleshow/15902125.cms|title=IRCTC to launch 'Rolling Deposit Scheme' for e-ticket|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=28 August 2012|access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> In 2013, flight and hotel booking services were added as a part of online reservation services.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC website gets 4x faster|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/irctc-website-gets-4x-faster-books-7200-tickets-per-minute/|access-date=31 August 2013|archive-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911230211/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/irctc-website-gets-4x-faster-books-7200-tickets-per-minute/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, IRCTC launched a lighter version of its website to enable booking at low-speed internet connections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pnrstatusirctc.in/irctc-lite-version-tatkal-launched-know/|title=IRCTC Lite Version For Tatkal Launched|date=28 May 2016|work=IRCTC|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806180216/https://pnrstatusirctc.in/irctc-lite-version-tatkal-launched-know/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 August 2019, IRCTC launched a payment wallet named ''iMudra''.<ref>{{cite web|title=IRCTC iMudra payment wallet: Here's everything you need to know|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/irctc-imudra-payment-wallet-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/463943|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=6 August 2019|access-date=12 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806053451/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/irctc-imudra-payment-wallet-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/463943|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC launches iMudra wallet to provide you hassle-free payment experience|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-irctc-launches-imudra-wallet-to-provide-you-hassle-free-payment-experience-107740|website=Zee Business|access-date=12 March 2020|date=7 August 2019|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515015852/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-irctc-launches-imudra-wallet-to-provide-you-hassle-free-payment-experience-107740|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 August 2021, IRCTC introduced a smart card system through which unreserved train tickets can be bought either at railway stations or online.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC Latest News: Now You Can Easily Recharge Smart Cards To Get Unreserved Train Tickets|url=https://www.india.com/business/irctc-latest-news-now-you-can-easily-recharge-smart-cards-to-get-unreserved-train-tickets-check-here-how-4882060/|access-date=20 August 2021|work=India News|date=11 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820144449/https://www.india.com/business/irctc-latest-news-now-you-can-easily-recharge-smart-cards-to-get-unreserved-train-tickets-check-here-how-4882060/|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC provides train and ticketing related information to passengers through SMS.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/now-get-sms-delay-alerts-at-halt-stations-service-extended-to-1104-more-trains/articleshow/62356250.cms|title=Now get SMS delay alerts at halt stations; service extended to 1,104 more trains|date=3 June 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410071933/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/now-get-sms-delay-alerts-at-halt-stations-service-extended-to-1104-more-trains/articleshow/62356250.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:IRCTC Food Plaza.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A food plaza run by IRCTC]]

=== Catering and hospitality ===
IRCTC has exclusive rights for onboard catering of food on all trains operated by the Indian Railways. [[Pantry car]]s are attached to long and medium distance trains, where food may be prepared onboard or pre-cooked meals can be served depending on the type of the train and the accommodation class.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2014%20-%20Pantry%20Car%20and%20Mini%20Pantry%20Equipment%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Pantry car equipment|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> IRCTC also operates food plazas, cafeterias and [[Railway refreshment room|refreshment rooms]] at various railway stations.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC orders closure of all onboard catering services in mail, express trains from Mar 22|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-orders-closure-of-all-onboard-catering-services-in-mail-express-trains-from-mar-22/articleshow/74736446.cms|access-date=12 August 2021|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812094726/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-orders-closure-of-all-onboard-catering-services-in-mail-express-trains-from-mar-22/articleshow/74736446.cms|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, IRCTC launched e-catering services which allowed passengers to order food from private restaurants online or through phone and have it delivered to their seats.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC to resume e-catering services in phases from February|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/irctc-to-resume-e-catering-services-in-phases-from-february-101611327786297.html|access-date=12 August 2021|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=22 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812094726/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/irctc-to-resume-e-catering-services-in-phases-from-february-101611327786297.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=eCatering|first=IRCTC|title=Authorized eCatering IRCTC Partners for Food delivery in train|url=https://www.ecatering.irctc.co.in/blog/authorized-ecatering-irctc-partners-for-food-delivery-in-train/|access-date=2 November 2023|publisher=IRCTC}}</ref> IRCTC also manages air-conditioned waiting lounges, retiring rooms and budget hotels at major railway stations.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 March 2023|title=IRCTC Railway Retiring Room Booking Online|url=https://pnrstatusirctc.in/railway-retiring-room-booking-how-to-book/|access-date=9 March 2023|work=IRCTC|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309104810/https://pnrstatusirctc.in/railway-retiring-room-booking-how-to-book/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=G|first1=Jasjeev|title=New Delhi Railway station: Luxury at railway station you may not know of|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/luxury-at-rly-station-you-may-not-know-of/articleshow/63071973.cms|access-date=30 August 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 February 2018|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830064124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/luxury-at-rly-station-you-may-not-know-of/articleshow/63071973.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rly give permission to zonal divisions to decide on reopening of retiring rooms|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ministry-of-railways-accords-permission-to-zonal-railways-to-decide-on-reopening-of-retiring-rooms-at-stations-11614772997621.html|access-date=30 August 2021|work=mint|date=3 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830064126/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ministry-of-railways-accords-permission-to-zonal-railways-to-decide-on-reopening-of-retiring-rooms-at-stations-11614772997621.html|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC launched a [[bottled water]] brand "Rail Neer" in 2003, which is sold on trains and railway stations.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Arora|first1=Rajat|title=Indian Railways {{!}} Rail Neer: Railways may put Rs 1k crore into 11 new Rail Neer bottling units|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-may-put-rs-1k-crore-into-11-new-rail-neer-bottling-units/articleshow/64281756.cms|access-date=20 August 2021|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=23 May 2018|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820112246/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-may-put-rs-1k-crore-into-11-new-rail-neer-bottling-units/articleshow/64281756.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Can Rail Neer Be The Ace In The Pack For IRCTC As It Navigates Coronavirus Turbulence?|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/can-rail-neer-be-the-ace-in-the-pack-for-irctc-as-it-navigates-coronavirus-turbulence-5577681.html|access-date=20 August 2021|work=Moneycontrol|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820112248/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/can-rail-neer-be-the-ace-in-the-pack-for-irctc-as-it-navigates-coronavirus-turbulence-5577681.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2003|title=Railways' bottled water plant goes on stream|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/railways-bottled-water-plant-goes-on-stream/articleshow/45591781.cms?from=mdr|access-date=25 October 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During the [[2025 Prayag Kumbh Mela]], IRCTC offered tent accommodations to visitors.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 December 2024 |title=IRCTC ensures facilities for Mahakumbh Mela 2025, luxury tent city open for bookings |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/irctc-ensures-facilities-for-mahakumbh-mela-2025-luxury-tent-city-open-for-bookings/articleshow/116634245.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Train operations ===
[[File:Maharajas'_Express_Train.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Maharajas' Express]], a luxury train operated by IRCTC]]
IRCTC operates luxury trains such as Maharajas' Express, [[Deccan Odyssey]] and other special tourist trains with varied classes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/journeysbyrail/great-train-journeys/10792418/The-Maharajas-Express-Great-Train-Journeys.html|title=Great Rail Journeys|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> These may include standard coaches, regular coaches with modifications and specially designed coaches with coupes, dedicated cabins and suites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goldenchariot.org/aboutUs|title=About us, Golden chariot|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

IRCTC also operates a few express trains in co-ordination with Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramachandran|first1=L. L.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529709032|title=Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited (IRCTC): Scaling Beyond Ticketing|last2=Radhakrishan Pillai|first2=R.|last3=Sebastian|first3=M. P.|date=2018|publisher=Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode|isbn=978-1-5297-0903-2|location=London|doi=10.4135/9781529709032}}</ref> In 2020, the IRCTC began operating the [[Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express|first private train]], a [[Tejas Express]] from [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] to [[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite news|date=7 October 2020|title=IRCTC's 'private' Tejas Express to resume services from October 17|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/irctc-tejas-express-trains-schedule-date-booking-6706583/|access-date=18 December 2020|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024115953/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/irctc-tejas-express-trains-schedule-date-booking-6706583/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways' first private train sees strong bookings. Delhi-Lucknow Tejas features|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-first-private-train-sees-strong-bookings-delhi-lucknow-tejas-trainfeatures-1569208587760.html|work=Mint|access-date=25 September 2019|date=23 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924164151/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-first-private-train-sees-strong-bookings-delhi-lucknow-tejas-trainfeatures-1569208587760.html|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC also operates the [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai Central Tejas Express]] and [[Kashi Mahakal Express (via Lucknow)|Kashi Makahal Express]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saluja|first=Nishtha|title=Tejas Express: Railways Minister Piyush Goyal to flag off India's second private train on Friday|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ahmedabad-mumbai-tejas-express-irctcs-second-train-to-be-flagged-off-on-jan-17/articleshow/73302421.cms?from=mdr|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521153233/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ahmedabad-mumbai-tejas-express-irctcs-second-train-to-be-flagged-off-on-jan-17/articleshow/73302421.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Travel and insurance ===
IRCTC also organizes package tours for domestic and foreign tourists.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 most luxurious trains in India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-most-luxurious-trains-in-india-check-here-2291454-2022-10-31|access-date=23 June 2023|work=India Today|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211092708/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-most-luxurious-trains-in-india-check-here-2291454-2022-10-31|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC also enables booking of various services including hotel, flight, taxi, and food delivery in co-ordination with third parties through the platform.<ref name="Governance Now">{{cite news|date=6 May 2016|title=Leaked data is not ours, claims IRCTC|url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/leaked-data-not-ours-claims-irctc-|access-date=14 December 2020|work=Governance Now|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925011253/http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/leaked-data-not-ours-claims-irctc-|url-status=live}}</ref>

IRCTC offers travel insurance for passengers through a third party insurer. In 2018, a security researcher reported that a free travel insurance scheme offered by IRCTC, which caused users on their app to be redirected to a third party insurer, had left the information of approximately 2 lakh passengers exposed for two years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did IRCTC bug leave 2 lakh passengers' information exposed to hackers for 2 years?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/irctc-fixes-bug-that-had-left-2-lakh-passenger-information-exposed-after-2-years/story/289905.html|access-date=14 December 2020|work=Business Today|date=12 November 2018|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621190716/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/irctc-fixes-bug-that-had-left-2-lakh-passenger-information-exposed-after-2-years/story/289905.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How a free travel insurance offer on the Indian Railways website left data of 200,000 passengers exposed to hackers for two years|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/how-a-free-travel-insurance-offer-on-the-indian-railways-website-left-data-of-200000-passengers-exposed-to-hackers-for-two-years/articleshow/66604055.cms|access-date=14 December 2020|work=Business Insider|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524094752/https://www.businessinsider.in/how-a-free-travel-insurance-offer-on-the-indian-railways-website-left-data-of-200000-passengers-exposed-to-hackers-for-two-years/articleshow/66604055.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, IRCTC discontinued the insurance scheme before fixing the vulnerability that had left this data exposed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Christopher|first=Nilesh|title=IRCTC wakes up after 2 years to fix its security bug|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-wakes-up-after-2-years-fixes-its-security-bug/articleshow/66581292.cms?from=mdr|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513091751/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-wakes-up-after-2-years-fixes-its-security-bug/articleshow/66581292.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Others ===
In May 2020, the IRCTC made [[Aarogya Setu]], an app launched by Government of India, to track [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=Amid data privacy issues Indian Railways makes Aarogya Setu mandatory for passengers|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/amid-data-privacy-issues-indian-railways-makes-aarogya-setu-mandatory-for-passengers-1502887468.html|access-date=14 December 2020|work=The Statesman|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929075449/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/amid-data-privacy-issues-indian-railways-makes-aarogya-setu-mandatory-for-passengers-1502887468.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, the app was made mandatory for train travel.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=Indian Railways makes Aarogya Setu app mandatory for train travel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/railways-makes-installing-aarogya-setu-mobile-app-mandatory-for-travel/articleshow/75688497.cms|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2020, the government clarified that downloading the app was optional and not mandatory for train travel after a directive from the [[Karnataka High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Plumber|first=Mustafa|date=12 June 2020|title=Aargoya Setu Installation Not Mandatory For Travel By Air, Rail: Centre Tells Karnataka HC|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/aargoya-setu-installation-not-mandatory-for-travel-by-air-rail-centre-tells-karnataka-hc-158240|work=Livelaw|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030515/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/aargoya-setu-installation-not-mandatory-for-travel-by-air-rail-centre-tells-karnataka-hc-158240|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, IRCTC announced that it is exploring on ways to increase revenues through the utilization of passenger data.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC may let outside entities access your data now|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/oct/04/irctc-may-let-outside-entities-access-your-data-now-1880930.html|date=4 October 2018|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013457/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/oct/04/irctc-may-let-outside-entities-access-your-data-now-1880930.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This raised concerns on sharing and safety of passenger data stored with IRCTC.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 August 2018|title=Threat to privacy: Is your data with IRCTC safe? Former railway minister Dinesh Trivedi has this to say|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/threat-to-privacy-is-your-data-with-irctc-safe-former-railway-minister-dinesh-trivedi-has-this-to-say/1273219/|access-date=21 December 2020|work=The Financial Express|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808111010/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/threat-to-privacy-is-your-data-with-irctc-safe-former-railway-minister-dinesh-trivedi-has-this-to-say/1273219/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]s, IRCTC officials used passenger [[e-mail]] data that had been provided to them to book tickets, in order to email pamphlets promoting Government welfare schemes and policies to [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|date=14 December 2023|title=Amid protest, Centre reaches out to Sikhs by email through IRCTC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/govt-reaches-out-to-sikhs-by-email-through-irctc/articleshow/79700466.cms|access-date=14 December 2023|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> IRCTC officials denied that e-mails were selectively targeted at members of the Sikh community.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 December 2020|title=IRCTC sends out nearly 2 crore emails in 5 days highlighting Modi's relationship with Sikh community|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/irctc-sends-out-nearly-2-crore-emails-in-5-days-highlighting-modis-relationship-with-sikh-community-7103570/|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214052422/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/irctc-sends-out-nearly-2-crore-emails-in-5-days-highlighting-modis-relationship-with-sikh-community-7103570/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-12-13|title=IRCTC sends nearly 2 crore emails in 5 days flagging Narendra Modi's relationship with Sikhs|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/irctc-sends-nearly-2-crore-emails-in-5-days-flagging-narendra-modis-relationship-with-sikhs/article33321112.ece|access-date=14 December 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214101249/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/irctc-sends-nearly-2-crore-emails-in-5-days-flagging-narendra-modis-relationship-with-sikhs/article33321112.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Patronage ==
As of December 2023, there are 66 million registered users with IRCTC with a daily average of 7.31 lakh tickets booked.<ref name="IRCTC"/> IRCTC also enables various services in co-ordination with third parties where the same user data is shared.<ref name="Governance Now"/>

In 2016, [[Maharashtra Police]] reported a potential leak of personal information relating to 10 million users registered with IRCTC.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mehta|first=Manthank|date=5 May 2016|title=IRCTC website hacked, information of lakhs feared stolen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/IRCTC-website-hacked-information-of-lakhs-feared-stolen/articleshow/52116516.cms|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813035114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/irctc-website-hacked-information-of-lakhs-feared-stolen/articleshow/52116516.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC set up a committee consisting of officials from the IRCTC and [[Centre for Railway Information Systems]] (CRIS) to examine the report and declared that the data with IRCTC was safe and some data shared with third parties might have been leaked.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2016|title=IRCTC denies data theft reports, sets up probe panel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/irctc-hack-data-theft-2785213/|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108170956/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/irctc-hack-data-theft-2785213/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC Data Not Leaked, Everything Safe: Officials|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/irctc-data-not-leaked-everything-safe-officials-1403693|access-date=14 December 2020|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825073159/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/irctc-data-not-leaked-everything-safe-officials-1403693|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC hacking: Railways claims no leakage of 'sensitive' data|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/irctc-hacking-railways-claims-no-leakage-of-sensitive-data/article8561744.ece|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 May 2016|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411204547/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/irctc-hacking-railways-claims-no-leakage-of-sensitive-data/article8561744.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC denies website hack, says everything is safe and secure|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/irctc-denies-website-hack-says-everything-is-safe-and-secure/articleshow/52117348.cms|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004134927/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/irctc-denies-website-hack-says-everything-is-safe-and-secure/articleshow/52117348.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2020, passenger data of more than 9 lakh individuals surfaced in dark web with IRCTC denying the leak.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 October 2020|title=User data of more than 900,000 leaked from IRCTC last year, resurfaces on dark web|url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/user-data-of-more-than-900-000-leaked-from-irctc-last-year-resurfaces-on-dark-web-71602848960804.html|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113111003/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/user-data-of-more-than-900-000-leaked-from-irctc-last-year-resurfaces-on-dark-web-71602848960804.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway companies of India]]
[[Category:Catering and food service companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian travel websites]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Taxi Car

2026-10-25T11:54:07Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by Rajjraghav1990 (talk) to last revision by 42.111.224.37

{{short description|1972 film by P. Venu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taxi Car
| image =Taxi Car film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[P. Venu]]
| producer =P. Venu
| writer = Uma Radhakrishnan [[P. Venu]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = P. Venu
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sadhana (Malayalam actress)|Sadhana]] [[Vijayasree]] [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
| music = [[R. K. Shekhar]]
| cinematography = P. B. Mani
| editing = G. Kalyana Sundaram
| studio = Anupama Films
| distributor = Anupama Films
| released = {{Film date|1972|04|14|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Taxi Car''''' is a [[Malayalam films of 1972|1972]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed and produced by [[P. Venu]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sadhana (Malayalam actress)|Sadhana]], [[Vijayasree]] and [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[R. K. Shekhar]]. This movie is a sequel to the 1971 movie ''[[C.I.D. Nazir]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=420|title=Taxi Car|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msidb.org/m.php?2586|title=Taxi Car|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=msidb.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/taxi-car-malayalam-movie/|title=Taxi Car|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as CID Nazir
*[[Vidhubala]] as Geetha
*[[Vijayasree]] as Rani
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] as Vincent
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Nambiar, Bhasi (double role)
*[[Hari (actor)|Hari]]
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Shivaram
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]] as Kamalam
*[[Shobha]] as Baby Shobha
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Sreelatha
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Father Frederick
*[[Bahadoor]] as Nadathara Rajappan
*[[Kaduvakulam Antony]]
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]]
*P. R. Menon as Keshava Pilla
*[[Pala Thankam]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[R. K. Shekhar]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kalppanakalthan Kalppakathoppil" || Sadanandan, Sudha Varma || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Praasaada Chandrika" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Sankalpavrindaavanathil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Swapnathil Vannaval" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Thaamarappoo Naanichu" || [[K. P. Brahmanandan]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB title|0274941|Taxi Car}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|*CIDNazir2]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Venu]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Talk:Pandurang Vaman Kane

2026-10-24T17:49:13Z

WikiDwarf: Rm spam

Sikkim

2026-10-24T17:48:43Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by Sraboni87 (talk) to last revision by 207.195.86.104

{{short description|State in northeastern India}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Sikkim
| official_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Buddha statue at Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim, India (1).jpg
| caption1 = [[Buddha Park of Ravangla]]
| image2 = Gurudongmar.Lake.jpg
| caption2 = [[Gurudongmar Lake]]
| image3 = Ravangla, Sikkim by Masum Ibn Musa (389).jpg
| caption3 = Monks at Ravangla
| image4 = Rumtek Monastery 04.jpg
| caption4 = [[Rumtek Monastery]]
| image5 = Temi tea garden.jpg
| caption5 = Temi Tea Garden
| image6 = Kangchenjunga, India.jpg
| caption6 = [[Kangchenjunga]]
}}
| image_caption =
| type = State
| image_seal = Seal of Sikkim.svg
| etymology = New Palace
| nickname = "Valley of Rice"
| motto = [[Trailokyavijaya|Kham sum wangdu]] (Conqueror of the three worlds)
| image_map = IN-SK.svg
| region = Northeast India
| before_was = [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]
| formation_date = 16 May 1975
| capital = Gangtok
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Sikkim|6]]
| Governor = [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 32 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| judiciary = [[Sikkim High Court]]
| area_total_km2 = 7096
| area_rank = 27th
| length_km = 116
| width_km = 65
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 8,586
| elevation_max_point = [[Kangchenjunga]]<ref>{{cite web |date=20 February 2009 |title=Kangchenjunga – Peakware World Mountain Encyclcopedia |url=http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=132 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220064113/http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=132 |archive-date=20 February 2009}}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 280
| elevation_min_point = [[Teesta River]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim Information |url=https://cus.ac.in/index.php/en/information-3/important-links/sikkim-information#:~:text=The%20terrain%20throughout%20Sikkim%20is,from%20subtropical%20to%20high%20alpine |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=cus.ac.in}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Cens2011Up" />
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 610,577
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 32nd
| population_density = 86
| population_urban = 25.15%
| population_rural = 74.85%
| 0fficial_Langs = {{hlist|[[Nepali language|Nepali]] (working){{efn|Nepali is recognised as one of the official languages of the state as per the Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977. A 2024 notification by the state government accorded Nepali as the primary working language with respect to ensuring the access of government information and services to the citizens and release of official notifications and gazettes along with English.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/uploads/Gazette/419_20240919.pdf|title=Notification|website=sikkim.gov.in|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>}}|[[Sikkimese Bhutia language|Sikkimese]]|[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]|[[Limbu language|Limbu]]|[[Newar language|Newar]]|[[Rai languages|Rai]]|[[Gurung language|Gurung]]|[[Magar language|Magar]]|[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]|[[Tamang language|Tamang]]|[[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]|[[Bhujel language|Bhujel]]<ref name="sikkimofficial">{{cite web |title=The Sikkim Official Languages Act |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/uploads/Gazette/1977_THE_SIKKIM_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGES_ACT_20221029.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Government of Sikkim |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>}}
| additional_official = [[English language|English]]<ref name="sikkimofficial"/>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{USD}}6.7 billion
| GDP_year = 2025–26
| GDP_rank = 29th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|707181|lk=r}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/sikkim-budget-analysis-2025-26|title=Sikkim Budget Analysis 2025–26|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 1st
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.712 {{color|green|high}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 9th
| literacy = 84.7%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 19th
| sex_ratio = 890[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 10th
| iso_code = IN-SK
| registration_plate = SK
| website = www.sikkim.gov.in
| foundation_day = Sikkim Day
| mammal = [[Red panda]]
| bird = [[Blood pheasant]]<ref name="Dhar1999">{{cite book |last1=Dhar |first1=T.N. |last2=Gupta |first2=S.P. |title=Tourism in Indian Himalaya |publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration |location=Lucknow, India |year=1999 |page=192 |oclc=42717797}}</ref>
| fish = [[Neolissochilus hexagonolepis|Copper Mahseer]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sikkim declares 'Katley' as State fish |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sikkim-declares-katley-as-state-fish/article36547120.ece |date=19 September 2021 |access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref>
| flower = [[Dendrobium nobile|Noble dendrobium]]<ref>{{cite web |title=States and Union Territories Symbols |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#sik |work=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#sik |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Flora and Fauna |url=http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/FloraFauna.aspx |work=sikkimtourism.gov.in |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417083258/http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/FloraFauna.aspx |archive-date=17 April 2016 }}</ref>
| tree = [[Rhododendron]]
| image_highway = SH IN-SK.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Sikkim|SK SH1 – SK SH27]]
}}

'''Sikkim''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|k|ᵻ|m}} {{respell|SIK|im}}; {{IPA|ne|ˈsikːim|lang}}) is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[northeast India]]. It borders [[Bhutan]] in the east, the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[China]] in the north and northeast, [[Koshi Province]] of [[Nepal]] in the west, and [[West Bengal]] in the south. Sikkim is also close to the [[Siliguri Corridor]], which borders [[Bangladesh]]. Sikkim is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|least populous]] and [[List of states and union territories of India by area|second-smallest]] among the Indian states. Situated in the [[Eastern Himalaya]], Sikkim is notable for its [[biodiversity]], including [[Alpine climate|alpine]] and [[subtropical]] climates, as well as being a host to [[Kangchenjunga]], the [[List of mountains in India|highest peak in India]] and [[List of highest mountains on Earth|third-highest on Earth]].<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri">{{cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=Alexander |display-authors=etal |title=Establishing Ecological Baselines Around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland |journal=Wetlands Ecology & Management |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=375–388 |date=25 February 2020 |s2cid=211081106 |bibcode=2020WetEM..28..375O |doi=10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7}}</ref> Sikkim's [[Capital (political)|capital]] and largest city is [[Gangtok]]. Almost 35% of the state is covered by [[Khangchendzonga National Park]] – a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=Alexander |title=Sikkim claims India's first mixed-criteria UNESCO World Heritage Site |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/05/0893.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=893–994 |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329020240/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/05/0893.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>

The [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] was founded by the [[Chogyal|Namgyal dynasty]] in the 17th century. It was ruled by [[Buddhist]] priest-kings known as the [[Chogyal]]. It became a [[princely state]] of the [[British Indian Empire]] in 1890. Following Indian independence, Sikkim continued its [[protectorate]] status with the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] after 1947 and the Republic of India after 1950. It enjoyed the highest literacy rate and per capita income among [[Himalayan states]]. In 1973, anti-royalist riots took place in front of the Chogyal's palace. In 1975, after the [[Indian Army]] took over the city of Gangtok, a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]] was held that led to the dissolution of the monarchy and Sikkim's joining India as its 22nd state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/india-china-standoff-why-is-sikkims-merger-with-india-being-questioned-by-china-4745142/|title=Why is Sikkim's merger with India being questioned by China? |date=11 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711065854/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/india-china-standoff-why-is-sikkims-merger-with-india-being-questioned-by-china-4745142/ |archive-date=11 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern Sikkim is a [[multiethnic]] and [[multilingual]] Indian state. The predominant religion is [[Hinduism]], with a significant [[Vajrayana Buddhist]] minority. Sikkim's economy is largely dependent on agriculture and tourism. {{As of|2019}}, the state had [[List of Indian states by GDP|the fifth-smallest GDP among Indian states]],<ref name="mospi">{{cite web|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/StatewiseDomesticProduct_3aug18.xls|title=MOSPI GSDP|website=MOSPI}}</ref> although it is also among the fastest-growing.<ref name="Unidow">{{cite web|url=http://unidow.com/india%20home%20eng/statewise_gdp.html |title=State-Wise GDP |publisher=Unidow.com |year=2014 |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724114441/http://unidow.com/india%20home%20eng/statewise_gdp.html |archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="StatMin">[http://mospi.nic.in/6_gsdp_cur_9394ser.htm Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231836/http://mospi.nic.in/6_gsdp_cur_9394ser.htm |date=3 March 2016}}. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref>

== Toponymy ==
The name ''Sikkim'' is believed to be a combination of the [[Limbu language|Limbu]] words ''su'' "new" and ''khyim'' "palace" or "house".<ref>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia By James Minahan, 2012</ref> The [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] name for Sikkim is ''Drenjong'' (འབྲས་ལྗོངས, Wylie transliteration: '''bras ljongs''), which means "valley of [[rice]]",<ref name="Bell25">{{Cite book | title = Portrait of a Dalai Lama: the life and times of the great thirteenth | last = Bell | first = Charles Alfred | year = 1987 | publisher = Wisdom Publications | isbn = 978-0-86171-055-3 | page = 25 }}</ref> while the [[Bhutia]]s call it ''[[Beyul]] Demazong'', which means "the hidden valley of rice".<ref name="sikkimtourismintro" /> According to folklore, after establishing Rabdentse as his new capital, Bhutia king [[Tensung Namgyal]] built a palace and asked his Limbu Queen to name it. The [[Lepcha people]], the original inhabitants of Sikkim, called it ''Nye-mae-el'', meaning "paradise".<ref name="sikkimtourismintro">{{Cite web | title = Welcome to Sikkim – General Information | publisher = Sikkim Tourism, Government of Sikkim | url = http://www.sikkimtourism.travel/Webforms/General/Introduction.aspx | access-date = 16 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090120103953/http://sikkimtourism.travel/WebForms/General/Introduction.aspx | archive-date = 20 January 2009 }}</ref> In historical [[Indian literature]], Sikkim is known as ''Indrakil'', the garden of the [[war god]] [[Indra]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2 |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=indrakil+sikkim&pg=PA1739 |orig-date=1988 |year=2006 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |page=1739 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Sikkim}}

[[File:Guru rimpoche at samdruptse.jpg|thumb|left|[[Guru Rinpoche]], [[patron saint]] of Sikkim]]

The [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]s are considered to be the earliest inhabitants of Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|title=Lepchas and their Tradition|publisher=Sikkim.nic.in|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|archive-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> However the [[Limbu people|Limbu]]s and the [[Magars]] also lived in the inaccessible parts of West and South districts as early as the Lepchas perhaps lived in the East and North districts.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Navigating Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Contemporary India and Beyond: Structures, Agents, Practices (Anthem South Asian Studies) | year = 2014 | last = Skoda | first = Uwe | publisher = Anthem Press | isbn = 978-1-78308-340-4| page = 137 }}</ref> The Buddhist saint [[Padmasambhava]], also known as Guru Rinpoche, passed through the land in the 8th century.<ref name="SikkimEcclDept">{{Cite web|url=http://sikkimeccl.gov.in/History/Legends/GuruRinpoche.aspx|title=History of Guru Rinpoche|publisher=Sikkim Ecclesiastical Affairs Department|access-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109043422/http://sikkimeccl.gov.in/History/Legends/GuruRinpoche.aspx|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhutia |first=Kalzang Dorjee |date=2 April 2024 |title=The Chile is my uncle: Spicy kinship between humans and more-than-humans in the Sikkimese Himalayas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |journal=Food and Foodways |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=122–141 |doi=10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |issn=0740-9710|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Guru is reported to have blessed the land, introduced [[Buddhism]], and foretold the era of monarchy that would arrive in Sikkim centuries later.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Foundation of the monarchy ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Sikkim}}

[[File:Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg|thumb|left|[[Flag of Sikkim]] during its independent monarchy.]]

According to legend, [[Khye Bumsa]], a 14th-century prince from the [[Minyak]] House in [[Kham]] of [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] ancestry, received a [[divine revelation]] instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. A fifth-generation descendant of Khye Bumsa, [[Phuntsog Namgyal]], became the founder of Sikkim's monarchy in 1642, when he was consecrated as the first [[Chogyal]], or priest-king, of Sikkim by the three venerated [[lama]]s at [[Yuksom]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = Central Asia | year = 2005 | publisher = Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar. v. 41, no. 2 | pages = 50–53 }}</ref>
Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded in 1670 by his son, [[Tensung Namgyal]], who moved the capital from Yuksom to [[Rabdentse]] (near modern [[Pelling]]). In 1700, Sikkim was invaded by the [[Bhutan]]ese with the help of the half-sister of the Chogyal, who had been denied the throne. The Bhutanese were driven away by the [[Tibetans]], who restored the throne to the [[Chogyal]] ten years later. Between 1717 and 1733, the kingdom faced many raids by the Nepalese in the west and Bhutanese in the east, culminating with the destruction of the capital [[Rabdentse]] by the Nepalese.<ref name="StrategicSikkim1985">{{Cite book | title = Strategic Sikkim | last = Singh | first = O. P. | year = 1985 | publisher = Stosius/Advent Books | isbn = 978-0-86590-802-4 | page = 42 }}</ref> In 1791, the Dalai Lama sent troops to support Sikkim and defend Tibet against the [[Gorkha Kingdom]]. Following the subsequent defeat of Gorkha, an alliance of Sino-Tibetans established control over Sikkim.<ref>Singh, O. P. p. 43</ref>

=== During the British Raj ===
[[File:Historical Map of Sikkim in northeastern India.jpg|thumb|310px|An 1876 map of Sikkim, depicting Chomto Dong Lake in northern Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w6k9pto4BGMC&pg=PR32 | title = ''Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa'' | year=1876| author = Sir Clements Robert Markham | publisher = Asian Educational Services | access-date =12 June 2013 | isbn = 978-81-206-1366-9 }}</ref> However, the whole of Chumbi and Darjeeling are not depicted as part of Sikkim in the map.]]

Following the beginning of [[British Raj|British rule of neighbouring India]], Sikkim allied with Britain against their common adversary, [[Nepal]]. The Nepalese attacked Sikkim, overrunning most of the region including the [[Terai]]. This prompted the [[British East India Company]] to attack Nepal, resulting in the [[Gurkha War]] of 1814.<ref>{{Cite book | title = History of Sikkim, 1817–1904: Analysis of British Policy and Activities | last = Jha | first = Pranab Kumar | year = 1985 | publisher = O.P.S. Publishers | page = 11 | asin = B001OQE7EY }}</ref> Treaties signed between Sikkim and Nepal resulted in the return of the territory annexed by the Nepalese in 1817. However, ties between Sikkim and the British weakened when the latter began taxation of the [[Morang]] region. In 1849, two British [[physician]]s, Sir [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] and [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]], the latter being the superintendent of Darjeeling, ventured into the mountains of Sikkim with the prior permission of King Tsugphu Namgyal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=May 1890 | title = Sikkim and Tibet | journal = Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine | volume = 147 | page = 658 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahul |first=Ram |date=1 January 1976 |title=Sikkim of History |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002088177601500102 |journal=International Studies |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.1177/002088177601500102 |issn=0020-8817|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The doctors were detained by an influential Dewan,<ref name=":0" /> leading to a punitive British expedition against the kingdom, after which the [[Darjeeling]] district and Morang were annexed to British India in 1853. The Chogyal of Sikkim became a [[vassal state|titular ruler]] under the directive of the British governor as a result of the invasion.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web | url = http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_his.htm | title = History of Sikkim | access-date = 12 October 2006 | date = 29 August 2002 | publisher = Government of Sikkim | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061030023958/http://www.himalmag.com/2006/august/special_report_1.htm | archive-date = 30 October 2006 }}</ref>

Sikkim became a British [[protectorate]] in the later decades of the 19th century, formalised by a [[Convention of Calcutta|convention]] signed with China in 1890.<ref>{{citation |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |title=India and Sikkim: Redefining the Relationship |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=42 |pages=32–46 |number=1 |date=Spring 1969 |jstor=2754861 |doi=10.2307/2754861}}</ref>{{sfn|Rose, Modernizing a Traditional Administrative System|1978|p=205}}<ref name ="Sethi">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780430-did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975-818651-2015-02-18 |title=Treaties: Annexation of Sikkim |last1=Sethi |first1=Sunil |date=30 April 1978 |website=intoday.in |publisher=Living Media India Limited |access-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128172513/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975/1/435037.html |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sikkim was gradually granted more sovereignty over the next three decades,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Charles |title=Tibet: Past and Present |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1992 |pages=170–174 |isbn=978-81-208-1048-8}}</ref> and became a member of the [[Chamber of Princes]], the assembly representing the rulers of the Indian [[princely states]], in 1922.<ref name ="Sethi"/>

=== Indian protectorate ===
Prior to [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], as the Vice-President of the Executive Council, pushed through a resolution in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent Assembly]] to the effect that Sikkim and Bhutan, as Himalayan states, were not 'Indian states' and their future should be negotiated separately.{{sfn|Duff, Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|2015|p=41}} A standstill agreement was signed in February 1948.{{sfn|Duff, Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|2015|p=45}}

Meanwhile, Indian independence and its move to democracy spurred a fledgling political movement in Sikkim, giving rise to the formation of [[Sikkim State Congress]] (SSC), a pro-accession political party. The party sent a plate of demands to the palace, including a demand for accession to India. The palace attempted to defuse the movement by appointing three secretaries from the SSC to the government and sponsoring a counter-movement in the name of [[Sikkim National Party]], which opposed accession to India.{{sfn|Duff, Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|2015|pp=44–45}}

The demand for responsible government continued, and the SSC launched a civil disobedience movement. The Chogyal [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] asked India for help in quelling the movement, which was offered in the form of a small military police force and an Indian [[Dewan]]. In 1950, a treaty was agreed between India and Sikkim which gave Sikkim the status of an Indian [[protectorate]]. Sikkim came under the [[suzerainty]] of India, which controlled its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications.<ref>{{citation |first=Werner |last=Levi |title=Bhutan and Sikkim: Two Buffer States |journal=The World Today |volume=15 |pages=492–500 |number=2 |date=December 1959 |jstor=40393115}}</ref> In other respects, Sikkim retained administrative autonomy.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

A state council was established in 1953 to allow for constitutional government under the Chogyal. Chogyal [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] was able to preserve autonomy and shape a "model Asian state" where the [[literacy rate]] and [[per capita income]] were twice as high as neighbouring [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and India.<ref name="duPlessixGray">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html |title=The Fairy Tale That Turned Nightmare? |date=8 March 1981 |first=Francine |last=du Plessix Gray |author-link=Francine du Plessix Gray |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=3 July 2017 |postscript=; |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617055430/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |url-status=live}} and [https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html?pagewanted=2 page 2] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815024722/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html?pagewanted=2 |date=15 August 2017 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Sikkim National Congress]] demanded fresh elections and greater representation for Nepalis in Sikkim. People marched on the palace against the monarchy.<ref name="duPlessixGray"/> In 1973, anti-royalist agitations took place, which needed to be quelled using Indian security forces.{{sfn|Gupta|1975|p=790}}

=== Merger and statehood ===
{{See also|1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum}}
In [[1975 in Sikkim|1975]], the Prime Minister of Sikkim, [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]], appealed to the Indian Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]], for Sikkim to become a state of India. In April of that year, the Indian Army took over the city of [[Gangtok]] and disarmed the Chogyal's palace guards. Thereafter, [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|a referendum]] was held in which 97.5 per cent of voters supported abolishing the monarchy, effectively approving union with India. India is said to have stationed 20,000–40,000 troops in a country of only 200,000 during the referendum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=T. |first=G. |date=1975 |title=Trouble in Sikkim |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064227508532403 |journal=Index on Censorship |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=68–69 |doi=10.1080/03064227508532403 |issn=0306-4220 |via=Sage Journals|url-access=subscription }}</ref> On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union, and the monarchy was abolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sikkim.gov.in/ASP/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm |title=About Sikkim |publisher=Official website of the Government of Sikkim |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525171423/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/asp/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm |archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> To enable the incorporation of the new state, the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] amended the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. First, the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|35th Amendment]] laid down a set of conditions that made Sikkim an "Associate State", a special designation not used by any other state. A month later, the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|36th Amendment]] repealed the 35th Amendment, and made Sikkim a full state, adding its name to the [[Constitution of India#First Schedule|First Schedule]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Constitution-has-been-amended-94-times/articleshow/5683974.cms |title=Constitution has been amended 94 times |date=15 May 2010 |access-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716125725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-15/india/28130281_1_constitution-amendment-bill-simple-majority-joint-session |archive-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

=== Recent history ===
In 2000, the seventeenth [[Karmapa]], [[Karmapa controversy#Urgyen Trinley Dorje|Urgyen Trinley Dorje]], who had been confirmed by the [[Dalai Lama]] and accepted as a [[tulku]] by the Chinese government, escaped from [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]], seeking to return to the [[Rumtek Monastery]] in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a dilemma on this issue, for any protests to India would mean an explicit endorsement of India's governance of Sikkim, which China still recognised as an independent state occupied by India. The Chinese government eventually recognised Sikkim as an Indian state in 2003, in return for India declaring [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] as a part of the territory of China;<ref>{{cite news |title=India and China agree over Tibet |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3015840.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=24 June 2003 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Templeman |first2=David |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA184 |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3 |page=184}}</ref> [[New Delhi]] had accepted Tibet as part of China in 1954, but China appears to have believed that the agreement had lapsed.<ref>{{citation |chapter=China–India: Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh Plateaus |last=Pardesi |first=Manjeet |editor=Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly |title=Border Disputes: A Global Encyclopedia, 3 volumes: A Global Encyclopedia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9g5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA542 |year=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-024-9 |pages=543–544}}: "Soon thereafter, India signed an agreement with China—on April 29, 1954—which explicitly recognized Tibet as part of China."</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Acharya |first=Alka |chapter=China |editor1=David Malone |editor2=C. Raja Mohan |editor3=Srinath Raghavan |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL8DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA358 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-874353-8 |page=358}}: "With the signing of Panchsheel, however, India ... established the official Indian position that Tibet was a part of China and that India would not permit any anti-China activity on its soil."</ref> The 2003 agreement led to a thaw in [[Sino-Indian relations]].<ref name="Map">{{cite news |first=Amit |last=Baruah |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041210160100.htm |title=China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat |date=12 April 2005 |access-date=12 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228082759/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041210160100.htm |archive-date=28 February 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 6 July 2006, the Sikkimese Himalayan pass of [[Nathu La]] was opened to cross-border trade, becoming the first open border between India and China.<ref name="BBC Nathula">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm |title=Historic India-China link opens |publisher=BBC News |date=6 July 2006 |access-date=12 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707022630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm |archive-date=7 July 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The pass, which was first opened during the 1904 [[Younghusband Expedition]] to Tibet,<ref>{{citation |last=Waddell |first=L. Austin |title=Lhasa and its Mysteries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79988 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |year=1905 |page=106 |via=archive.org}}</ref> had remained closed since the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name="BBC Nathula"/>

On 18 September 2011, [[2011 Sikkim earthquake|a magnitude 6.9Mw earthquake]] struck Sikkim, killing at least 116 people in the state and in [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], Bangladesh and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_himalayan-quake-toll-climbs-to-116-40-stranded-foreign-tourists-rescued_1589946 "Himalayan quake toll climbs to 116, 40 stranded foreign tourists rescued"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926110846/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_himalayan-quake-toll-climbs-to-116-40-stranded-foreign-tourists-rescued_1589946 |date=26 September 2011}}. [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]. 21 September 2011.</ref> More than 60 people died in Sikkim alone, and the city of [[Gangtok]] suffered significant damage.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/earthquake-toll-rises-to-50-in-india-rescue-teams-land-at-quakes-epicentre-mangan-134859 "Earthquake toll over 80; India 68; as rescue teams reach quake epicentre"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925030112/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/earthquake-toll-rises-to-50-in-india-rescue-teams-land-at-quakes-epicentre-mangan-134859 |date=25 September 2011}}. NDTV. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</ref>

== Geography ==
{{multiple image
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| title = [[Kangchenjunga]]
| image1 = Kangch-Goechala.jpg
| image2 = Kangchenjunga East Face from Zemu Glacier.jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer = [[Kangchenjunga]], the third [[List of highest mountains|highest mountain in the world]], near the [[Zemu Glacier]].
}}

Situated in the [[Himalaya]]n mountains, the state of Sikkim is characterised by mountainous terrain. Almost the entire state is hilly, with an elevation ranging from {{convert|280|m|ft}} in the south at the border with West Bengal to {{convert|8586|m|ft}} in the northern peaks near Nepal and Tibet. The summit of [[Kangchenjunga]], the world's third-highest peak, is the state's highest point, situated on the border between Sikkim and [[Nepal]].<ref name="kang">{{cite book |last=Madge |first=Tim |title=Last Hero: Bill Tilman, a Biography of the Explorer |publisher=Mountaineers Books |year=1995 |page=93 |isbn= 978-0-89886-452-6}}</ref> For the most part, the land is unfit for agriculture because of the rocky, precipitous slopes. However, some hill slopes have been converted into [[Terrace farming|terrace farms]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

[[File:Tibet-PHOTO-Satellite--NASA-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) show the high, arid, Tibetan Plateau in Asia. Tibet lies north of the Himalaya Mountains in Nepal---Tibet.A2002343.0445.1km.jpg|left|thumb|Sikkim is in lower center of image of the [[Tibetan Plateau]]- ([[NASA]] Satellite photo).]]

Numerous snow-fed streams have carved out river valleys in the west and south of the state. These streams combine into the major [[Teesta River]] and its tributary, the [[Rangeet]], which flow through the state from north to south.<ref>[http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/glim_riv.htm "Rivers in Sikkim"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015180108/http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/glim_riv.htm |date=15 October 2011}}. Sikkim.nic.in. Retrieved 13 October 2011.</ref> About a third of the state is heavily forested. The Himalayan mountains surround the northern, eastern and western borders of Sikkim. The Lower Himalayas, lying in the southern reaches of the state, are the most densely populated.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

[[File:Sikkim-1955-U502 NG45 3 4.jpg|thumb|Detailed 1:250k scale, 1955 US Army map of Sikkim showing major river valleys, glaciers, lakes, peaks (height in feet) and Mines. One could see more concentration of glaciers at the north-western part of Sikkim around [[Kangchenjunga]] ({{convert|28,168|ft}}).]]

The state has 28 mountain peaks, more than 80 [[glaciers]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dstsikkim.gov.in/glacier/pressrelese.htm | title = First commission on study of glaciers launched by Sikkim | publisher = dstsikkim.gov.in | date = 18 January 2008 | access-date = 19 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155637/http://dstsikkim.gov.in/glacier/pressrelese.htm | archive-date = 21 July 2011 }}</ref> 227 high-altitude lakes (including the [[Tsongmo Lake|Tsongmo]], [[Gurudongmar]] and [[Khecheopalri Lake]]s), five major [[hot springs]], and more than 100 rivers and streams. Eight [[mountain pass]]es connect the state to Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |chapter=Appendix |title=Across peaks & passes in Darjeeling & Sikkim |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2001 |page=154 |isbn=978-81-7387-126-9}}</ref>

Sikkim's hot springs are renowned for their [[Hot spring#Therapeutic uses|medicinal and therapeutic value]]. Among the state's most notable hot springs are those at Phurchachu, [[Yumthang Valley|Yumthang]], Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. The springs, which have a high [[sulphur]] content, are located near river banks; some are known to emit [[hydrogen]].{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=11}} The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is {{convert|50|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Joseph Dalton |author-link=Joseph Dalton Hooker |title=Himalayan Journals: Notes of a Naturalist |publisher=John Murray |location=London |volume=II |year=1855 |page=125}}</ref>

===Geology===
[[File:Kanchenjunga waterfalls, Pelling.jpg|thumb|A waterfall in Sikkim]]
The hills of Sikkim mainly consist of [[gneiss]] and [[schist]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Geologic map of Sikkim |url=http://sikenvis.nic.in/Database/GSI_4420.aspx |url-status=live |access-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170833/http://sikenvis.nic.in/Database/GSI_4420.aspx |archive-date=10 August 2017}}</ref> which [[Weathering|weather]] to produce generally poor and shallow brown [[clay]] soils. The soil is coarse, with large concentrations of [[iron oxide]]; it ranges from neutral to [[acidic]] and is lacking in organic and mineral nutrients. This type of soil tends to support [[evergreen]] and [[deciduous forest]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=B. |title=Sikkim: Land and People |publisher=Omsons Publications |year=1997 |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-81-7117-153-8}}</ref>

The rock consists of [[phyllite]]s and schists, and is highly susceptible to weathering and erosion. This, combined with the state's heavy rainfall, causes extensive soil erosion and the loss of soil nutrients through [[Leaching (agriculture)|leaching]]. As a result, landslides are frequent, often isolating rural towns and villages from the major urban centres.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Terrain Analysis and Spatial Assessment of Landslide Hazards in Parts of Sikkim |title=Journal of the Geological Society of India v. 47 |year=1996 |page=491}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The state has five seasons: winter, summer, spring, autumn, and monsoon season. Sikkim's climate ranges from [[sub-tropical]] in the south to [[tundra]] in the north. Most of the inhabited regions of Sikkim experience a [[temperate]] climate, with temperatures seldom exceeding {{convert|28|°C|°F}} in summer. The average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around {{convert|18|°C|°F}}.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Sikkim is one of the few states in India to receive regular snowfall. The [[snow line]] ranges from {{convert|6100|m|ft}} in the south of the state to {{convert|4900|m|ft}} in the north.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hooker | first = Joseph Dalton | author-link = Joseph Dalton Hooker | year = 1854 | title = Himalayan Journals: Notes of a Naturalist | edition = version 2 | publisher = John Murray | page = 396 }}</ref> The tundra-type region in the north is snowbound for four months every year, and the temperature drops below {{convert|0|°C|°F}} almost every night.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=11}} In north-western Sikkim, the peaks are frozen year-round;{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=13}} because of the high altitude, temperatures in the mountains can drop to as low as {{convert|-40|°C|°F}} in winter.

During the monsoon, heavy rains increase the risk of [[landslide]]s. The record for the longest period of continuous rain in Sikkim is 11 days. [[Fog]] affects many parts of the state during winter and the monsoons, making transportation perilous.<ref>Hooker p. 409</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Multiple image
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| width = 220
| footer = Noble orchid (top) is Sikkim's state flower. Rhododendron is its state tree; about 40 species of rhododendron bloom late April – mid May across the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|title=State Animals, Birds, Trees and Flower|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013002319/http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image1 = Dendrobium nobile - flower view 01.jpg
| image2 = Rhododendron aechmophyllum0.jpg
}}

Sikkim is situated in an [[ecological hotspot]] of the lower Himalayas, one of only three among the [[ecoregions of India]].<ref name="ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |display-authors=etal |date=29 March 2017 |title=Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=13 |issue=21 |article-number= 21|doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9 |pmid=28356115 |pmc=5372287 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="O'Neill_2019">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. R.| date=2019 |title=Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=20 |issue=e00715 |page=19 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The forested regions of the state exhibit a diverse range of [[fauna (animals)|fauna]] and [[flora (plants)|flora]]. Owing to its altitudinal gradation, the state has a wide variety of plants, from tropical species to temperate, alpine and tundra ones, and is perhaps one of the few regions to exhibit such a diversity within such a small area. Nearly 81 per cent of the area of Sikkim comes under the administration of its forest department.<ref name="forest-dept">{{Cite web | url = http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_fore.htm | title = Forests in Sikkim | publisher = Forest Department, Government of Sikkim | access-date = 3 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090517214937/http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_fore.htm | archive-date = 17 May 2009 }}</ref>

Sikkim is home to around 5,000 species of flowering plants, 515 rare [[orchidaceae|orchids]], 60 [[primula]] species, 36 [[rhododendron]] species, 11 [[oak]] varieties, 23 [[bamboo]] varieties, 16 [[pinophyta|conifer]] species, 362 types of [[fern]]s and ferns allies, 8 [[tree fern]]s, and over 900 medicinal plants.<ref name="ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com"/><ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/> A relative of the [[Poinsettia]], locally known as "Christmas Flower", can be found in abundance in the mountainous state. The [[Dendrobium nobile|Noble Dendrobium]] is the official flower of Sikkim, while the [[rhododendron]] is the [[List of Indian state trees|state tree]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|title=State Animals, Birds, Trees and Flowers of India|publisher=Panna Tiger Reserve|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013002319/http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Orchids, [[ficus|figs]], [[Lauraceae|laurel]], [[banana]]s, [[Shorea robusta|sal]] trees and bamboo grow in the [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]] of the lower altitudes of Sikkim. In the temperate elevations above {{convert|1500|m|ft}} there are [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]], where oaks, [[chestnut]]s, [[maple]]s, [[birch]]es, [[alder]]s, and [[magnolia]]s grow in large numbers, as well as [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]], dominated by [[Chir pine]]. [[Alpine climate|Alpine-type]] vegetation is typically found between an altitude of {{convert|3500|to|5000|m|ft}}. In lower elevations are found [[juniper]], pine, [[fir]]s, [[Cupressus|cypresses]] and rhododendrons from the [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]]. Higher up are [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] and high-altitude wetlands, which are home to a wide variety of rhododendrons and wildflowers.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/><ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/>

[[File:Red panda sikkim.jpg|thumb|right|The [[red panda]] is the state animal of Sikkim.]]
The fauna of Sikkim include the [[snow leopard]],<ref>Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA (eds) (2009) ''Handbook of the Mammals of the World''. Vol. 1. Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona</ref> [[musk deer]],  [[Himalayan tahr]], [[red panda]], [[Himalayan marmot]], [[Himalayan serow]], [[Himalayan goral]], [[muntjac]], [[common langur]], [[Asian black bear]], [[clouded leopard]],<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Gray, T. |author2=Borah, J. |author3=Coudrat, C.N.Z. |author4=Ghimirey, Y. |author5=Giordano, A. |author6=Greenspan, E. |author7=Petersen, W. |author8=Rostro-García, S. |author9=Shariff, M. |author10=Wai-Ming, W. |date=2021 |title=''Neofelis nebulosa'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T14519A198843258 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14519A198843258.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> [[marbled cat]], [[leopard cat]],<ref>{{Cite book | title = Mammals of Nepal | last = Shrestha | first = Tej Kumar | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-9524390-6-6 | pages = 350–371 | publisher = Bimala Shrestha }}</ref> [[dhole]], [[Tibetan wolf]], [[hog badger]], [[binturong]], and [[Felis chaus affinis|Himalayan jungle cat]]. Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are [[yak]]s, mainly reared for their [[milk]], meat, and as a beast of burden.

The [[Bird|avifauna]] of Sikkim include the [[impeyan pheasant]], [[Satyr tragopan|crimson horned pheasant]], [[snow partridge]], [[Tibetan snowcock]], [[bearded vulture]] and [[griffon vulture]], as well as [[golden eagle]]s, [[quail]]s, [[plover]]s, [[woodcock]]s, [[sandpiper]]s, [[pigeon]]s, [[Old World flycatcher]]s, [[Old World babbler|babblers]] and robins. Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declared [[endangered species|endangered]].<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/>

Sikkim also has a rich diversity of [[arthropods]], many of which remain unstudied.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/> Some of the most understudied species are Sikkimese arthropods, specifically [[butterfly|butterflies]]. Of the approximately 1,438 butterfly species found in the [[Indian subcontinent]], 695 have been recorded in Sikkim.{{sfn|Evans|1932|p=23}} These include the endangered [[Teinopalpus imperialis|Kaiser-i-hind]], the [[Meandrusa payeni|Yellow Gorgon]] and the [[Bhutanitis lidderdalii|Bhutan Glory]].{{sfn|Haribal|2003|p=9}}

====National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries====
List of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Sikkim:<ref>{{cite web |title=Wildlife |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/forest-environment-and-wildlife-department/wildlife |website =Government of Sikkim |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Khangchendzonga National Park]]
* [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]]
* [[Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary|Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary]]
* [[Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary]]
* [[Kitam Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Sling Dong Faireanum Orchid Conservation Reserve]]

== Government and politics ==
{{See also|1=Elections in Sikkim|2=History of Sikkim}}
[[File:Sikkim Assembly Gangtok.jpg|thumb|[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]]]
According to the [[Constitution of India]], Sikkim has a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]] for its governance; [[universal suffrage]] is granted to state residents. The government structure is organised into three branches:

* Executive: As with all [[States and territories of India|states of India]], a [[governor]] stands at the head of the executive power of state, just as the president is the head of the executive power in the Union, and is appointed by the President of India. The governor's appointment is largely ceremonial, and his or her main role is to oversee the swearing-in of the [[chief minister]]. The chief minister, who holds the real executive powers, is the head of the party or coalition garnering the largest majority in the state elections. The governor also appoints cabinet ministers on the advice of the chief minister.
* Legislature: Sikkim has a [[unicameral]] legislature, the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]], like most other Indian states. Its state assembly has 32 seats, including one reserved for the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]. Sikkim is allocated one seat in each of the two chambers of India's national [[bicameral]] legislature, the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]].
* Judiciary: The [[judiciary]] consists of the [[Sikkim High Court]] and a system of lower courts. The High Court, located at Gangtok, has a Chief Justice along with two permanent justices. The Sikkim High Court is the smallest state high court in the country.<ref name="High court">{{Cite news | url = http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020036.html | title = Judge strengths in High Courts increased | publisher = Ministry of Law & Justice | date = 30 October 2003 | access-date = 12 October 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171022014634/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020036.html | archive-date = 22 October 2017 }}</ref>

In 1975, after the abrogation of Sikkim's monarchy, the [[Indian National Congress]] gained a majority in the 1977 elections. In 1979, after a period of instability, a popular ministry headed by [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]], leader of the [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad Party]], was sworn in. Bhandari held on to power in the 1984 and 1989 elections. In the 1994 elections, [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] of the [[Sikkim Democratic Front]] became the Chief Minister of the state. Chamling and his party had since held on to power by winning the 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 elections.<ref name="Hist" /><ref name="Thirty years" /><ref name="Hindu2009-05-17">{{Cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/17/stories/2009051759450900.htm | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | title = SDF wins all seats in Sikkim Assembly | date = 17 May 2009 | access-date = 15 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090522131057/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/17/stories/2009051759450900.htm | archive-date = 22 May 2009 }}</ref> However, the 2019 legislative assembly elections were won by the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] party and the chief minister since then is [[Prem Singh Tamang]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2019|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=22 August 2020|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=14 May 2019|title=Sikkim Assembly Elections 2019: All You Need to Know|url=https://www.india.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india/sikkim-assembly-elections-2019-all-you-need-to-know-3658252/|access-date=22 August 2020|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> He was re-elected in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prem Singh Tamang sworn in as Sikkim Chief Minister for second consecutive term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/sikkim-assembly/prem-singh-tamang-sworn-in-as-sikkim-chief-minister-for-second-consecutive-term/article68273820.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=10 June 2024 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref> The current Governor of Sikkim is [[Om Prakash Mathur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sikkim Governor Om Prakash Mathur Meets PM Modi in New Delhi |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/sikkim-governor-om-prakash-mathur-meets-pm-modi-in-new-delhi-1503507293.html |work=The Statesman |date=4 November 2025 |access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

Sikkim is among India's most [[environmental consciousness|environmentally conscious]] states, having banned [[plastic bottle|plastic water bottles]] "in all government functions and meetings" and [[polystyrene]] products (throughout the state).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?Id=4964&Year=2016|title=Ban on styrofoam products and on use of mineral water bottles in government functions and meetings in Sikkim|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911075948/http://sikenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?Id=4964&Year=2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-sikkim-became-the-cleanest-state-and-is-working-towards-becoming-poverty-free-in-four-years/articleshow/54499474.cms|title=How Sikkim became the cleanest state in India|last1=Sharma|first1=Shantanu Nandan|date=25 September 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011743/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-sikkim-became-the-cleanest-state-and-is-working-towards-becoming-poverty-free-in-four-years/articleshow/54499474.cms|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Subdivisions ===
Sikkim has six districts – [[East Sikkim|Gangtok District]], [[North Sikkim|Mangan District]], [[South Sikkim|Namchi District]], [[Pakyong District]], [[West Sikkim|Geyzing District]] and [[Soreng District]]. The district capitals are [[Gangtok]], [[Mangan, India|Mangan]], [[Namchi]], [[Pakyong]], [[Gyalshing]] and [[Soreng]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Manorama Yearbook 2009 | editor1-last = Mathew | editor1-first = K. M. | publisher = Malayala Manorama | page = 660 | chapter = India | isbn = 978-81-89004-12-5 }}</ref> These six districts are further divided into 16 subdivisions; Pakyong, Rongli, Rangpo and Gangtok are the subdivisions of the Gangtok and Pakyong Districts. Soreng, Yuksom, Gyalshing and Dentam are the subdivisions of the Geyzing and Soreng district. Chungthang, Dzongu, Kabi and Mangan are the subdivisions of the Mangan district. Ravongla, Jorethang, Namchi and Yangyang are the subdivisions of the Namchi district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/KnowSikkim/statistics/list-of-sdm|title=List of Sdm|website=sikkim.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

Each of Sikkim's districts is overseen by a state government appointee, the [[district collector]], who is in charge of the administration of the civilian areas of the district. The Indian Army has control over a large part of the state, as Sikkim forms part of a sensitive border area with [[China]]. Many areas are restricted to foreigners, and [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)|official permits]] are needed to visit them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/tour_off.htm|title=Information of Foreign Tourist Interest|publisher=Sikkim.nic.in|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523095928/http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/tour_off.htm|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Sikkim}}

Sikkim's nominal state [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) was estimated at US$4.6 billion in 2019, with GDP per capita being $7,530 (₹ 5,50,000) thus constituting the [[List of Indian states by GDP|third-smallest GDP among India's 28 states]].<ref name="Unidow" /> The state's economy is largely [[agriculture|agrarian]] based on the terraced farming of [[rice]] and the cultivation of crops such as [[maize]], [[millet]], [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[tea]], and [[cardamom]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = City, Society and Planning: Society | last = Dutt | first = Ashok K. |author2=Baleshwar Thakur | year = 2007 | publisher = Concept Publishing | isbn = 978-81-8069-460-8 | page = 501 }}</ref>{{sfn|Bareh|2001|pp=20–21}} Sikkim produces more cardamom than any other Indian state and is home to the largest cultivated area of cardamom.<ref>{{Cite book | title = India: A Reference Annual | publisher = Research and Reference Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting | year = 2002 | location = New Delhi | page = 747 }}</ref> Sikkim achieved its ambition to convert its [[Organic agriculture|agriculture to fully organic]] between 2003 and 2016, and became the first state in India to achieve this distinction.<ref name=Strategies>Paull, John (2017) [https://www.academia.edu/35179966 "Four New Strategies to Grow the Organic Agriculture Sector"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304181540/http://www.academia.edu/35179966/Four_New_Strategies_to_Grow_the_Organic_Agriculture_Sector |date=4 March 2018 }}, Agrofor International Journal, 2(3):61–70.</ref><ref name=dna-org/><ref name=hindu-org/><ref name=tele-org/>

Because of its hilly terrain and poor transport infrastructure, Sikkim lacks a large-scale industrial base. [[Brewery|Brewing]], distilling, [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] and [[Watchmaker|watchmaking]] are the main industries and are mainly located in the southern regions of the state, primarily in the towns of [[Melli]] and [[Jorethang]]. In addition, a small mining industry exists in Sikkim extracting minerals such as [[copper]], [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], [[talc]], [[graphite]], [[quartzite]], [[coal]], [[zinc]], and [[lead]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = State level public enterprises in Sikkim: policy and planning | last = Mishra | first = R. K. | year = 2005 | publisher = Concept Publishing | isbn = 978-81-8069-396-0 | page = 3 }}</ref> Despite the state's minimal industrial infrastructure, Sikkim's economy has been among the fastest-growing in India since 2000; the state's GDP expanded by 89.93% in 2010 alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0306/table%20168.pdf|title = Indian states GDP database|access-date = 24 December 2014|publisher = NIC.in|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140715140421/http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0306/table%20168.pdf|archive-date = 15 July 2014}}</ref> In 2003, Sikkim decided to fully convert to [[organic farming]] and achieved this goal in 2015 becoming India's first "organic state".<ref name=dna-org>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sikkim-becomes-india-s-first-organic-state-2166492|title=Sikkim becomes India's first organic state|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=16 January 2016|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118110114/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sikkim-becomes-india-s-first-organic-state-2166492|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindu-org>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikkim-becomes-indias-first-organic-state/article8107170.ece|title=Sikkim becomes India's first organic state|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 January 2016|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114115833/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikkim-becomes-indias-first-organic-state/article8107170.ece|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tele-org>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160118/jsp/siliguri/story_64430.jsp#.VpytZpp97IU|title=Organic show awaits Modi in Sikkim|newspaper=[[Telegraph India]]|date=17 January 2016|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123022113/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160118/jsp/siliguri/story_64430.jsp#.VpytZpp97IU|archive-date=23 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Strategies"/>

In recent years, the government of Sikkim has extensively promoted [[tourism]]. As a result, state revenue has increased 14 times since the mid-1990s.<ref name="Dasgupta">{{Cite journal | last = Dasgupta | first = Abhijit |date=May 2009 | title = Forever and ever and ever | journal = [[India Today]] | volume = 34 |issue=22 | page = 35 | id = RNI:28587/75 }}</ref> Sikkim has furthermore invested in a fledgling [[gambling]] industry promoting both [[casino]]s and [[online gambling]]. The state's first casino, the Casino Sikkim, opened in March 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Patil|first=Ajit|date=28 May 2009|title=Casinos in India|work=India Bet|url=http://www.indiabet.com/indian-betting/434405/casinos-in-india|access-date=28 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409200150/http://www.indiabet.com/indian-betting/434405/casinos-in-india|archive-date=9 April 2011}}</ref> In the year 2010, the government subsequently issued three gambling licences for casinos and online sports betting in general.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.indiabet.com/indian-betting/434413/indian-online-gambling-market-set-to-open-up | first = Roy | last = Sanjay | date = 27 October 2009 | access-date = 27 October 2009 | title = Indian online gambling market set to open up | work = India Bet | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110310075428/http://www.indiabet.com/indian-betting/434413/indian-online-gambling-market-set-to-open-up | archive-date = 10 March 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Playwin lottery has been a notable success in the state.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/20688/ | first = Arundhati | last = Bakshi-Dighe | date = 23 March 2003 | access-date =2 June 2009 | title = Online lottery: A jackpot for all | work = Indian Express }}</ref><ref name="Playwin">{{Cite web | url = http://www.lotteryinsider.com/lottery/playwin.htm | title = Playwin lottery | access-date = 12 October 2006 | date = 20 August 2006 | publisher = Interplay Multimedia Pty. Ltd. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110827033220/http://www.lotteryinsider.com/lottery/playwin.htm | archive-date = 27 August 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The opening of the [[Nathu La]] pass on 6 July 2006, connecting [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], to India, was billed as a boon for Sikkim's economy. Trade through the pass remains hampered by Sikkim's limited infrastructure and government restrictions in both India and China, though the volume of traded goods has been steadily increasing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120509/jsp/siliguri/story_15467618.jsp#.UdgnGMu9KSM|title=Nathu-la trade gets wider|work=Telegraph India|date=9 May 2012|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109042058/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120509/jsp/siliguri/story_15467618.jsp#.UdgnGMu9KSM|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/news/india/india-china-border-trade-at-nathu-la-closed-for-this-year-31092.html|title=India China border trade at Nathu La closed for this year|publisher=India TV News|date=3 December 2013|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629203959/http://m.indiatvnews.com/news/india/india-china-border-trade-at-nathu-la-closed-for-this-year-31092.html|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%;" heights="120">
Elaichi.jpg|''Elaichi'', or [[cardamom]], is the chief [[cash crop]] of Sikkim.
Cherry Resort inside Temi Tea Garden, Namchi, Sikkim.jpg|Temi Tea Garden, [[Namchi]], Sikkim
Temi Tea Garden Panoramic View.jpg|Tea garden at Temi, Sikkim.
Terraced rice fields of Sikkim India.jpg|Terraced rice paddy fields of Sikkim.
</gallery>

== Transport ==
=== Air ===
[[File:Pakyongsikkim.jpg|thumb|right|Runway at [[Pakyong Airport]], is the first [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] airport to be constructed in the [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/sikkims-first-ever-airport-all-set-to-fly-5363202/|title=Sikkim's Pakyong airport stuns before it flies|date=24 September 2018}}</ref>]]
[[File:Riverteesta.jpg|thumb|[[Teesta River]] is considered the state's key waterway.]]
Sikkim did not have any operational [[airport]] for a long time because of its rough terrain. However, in October 2018, [[Pakyong Airport]], the state's first airport, located in [[Pakyong|Pakyong Town]] at a distance of {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} from Gangtok, became operational after a four-year delay.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/sikkim-s-first-airport-to-be-ready-by-2014_876027.html "Sikkim's first airport to be ready by 2014"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712200905/http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/sikkim-s-first-airport-to-be-ready-by-2014_876027.html |date=12 July 2014}}. Zee News. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First commercial flight lands at Pakyong |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pakyong/articleshow/66075688.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030925/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pakyong/articleshow/66075688.cms |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It has been constructed by the [[Airports Authority of India]] on 200 acres of land. At an altitude of {{convert|4700|ft|m}} above sea level, it is one of the five highest airports in India.<ref>[http://www.punjlloydgroup.com/landmark-projects-gallery/sikkims-greenfield-airport "Sikkim's Greenfield Airport"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619033342/http://www.punjlloydgroup.com/landmark-projects-gallery/sikkims-greenfield-airport |date=19 June 2014 }}. Punj Lloyd Group. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.issmge.org/capg/files/Maccaferri-New_Airport_Sikkim.pdf "Sikkim's New Airport" (PDF)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514065851/http://www.issmge.org/capg/files/Maccaferri-New_Airport_Sikkim.pdf |date=14 May 2014 }} Maccaferri Environmental Solutions Pvt. Ltd., India. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref> The airport is capable of operating [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090302/jsp/siliguri/story_10609938.jsp | title = Patel word on speedy airport completion—Sikkim hopes for spurt in tourist inflow | work = The Telegraph | location = Kolkata | date = 2 March 2009 | access-date = 14 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110526142739/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090302/jsp/siliguri/story_10609938.jsp | archive-date = 26 May 2011 }}</ref>

Before October 2018, the closest operational airport to Sikkim was [[Bagdogra Airport]] near [[Siliguri]] in northern [[West Bengal]]. The airport is located about {{convert|124|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Gangtok]], and frequent buses connect the two.<ref>[http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/Transport.aspx "How to reach Sikkim"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701110740/http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/Transport.aspx |date=1 July 2014}} Government of Sikkim. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref> A daily [[helicopter]] service run by the Sikkim Helicopter Service connects Gangtok to Bagdogra; the flight is thirty minutes long, operates only once a day, and can carry four people.<ref name="Thirty years">{{Cite web | url = http://sikkimipr.org/IPR/statehood/statehood_nutshell.htm | title = 30 Years of Statehood in a Nutshell | access-date =12 October 2006 | date = 24 November 2005 | publisher = Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060714083055/http://sikkimipr.org/IPR/statehood/statehood_nutshell.htm  | archive-date = 14 July 2006 }}</ref> The Gangtok [[helipad]] is the only civilian helipad in the state.

=== Roads ===
[[File:Gangtok to Siliguri Bus.jpg|thumb|Gangtok to Siliguri Bus]]
[[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]] (NH 10; [[List of National Highways in India by highway number|formerly NH 31A]]) links [[Siliguri]] to Gangtok. Sikkim Nationalised Transport runs bus and truck services. Privately run bus, tourist [[taxicab|taxi]], and [[jeep]] services operate throughout Sikkim and also connect it to Siliguri. A branch of the highway from [[Melli]] connects western Sikkim. Towns in eastern, southern and western Sikkim are connected to the [[hill station]]s of [[Kalimpong]] and [[Darjeeling]] in northern West Bengal.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|pp=84–87}} The state is furthermore connected to [[Tibet]] by the mountain pass of [[Nathu La]].

List of national highways of Sikkim:
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref name="nh">{{cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf|title=State-wise length of National Highways in India |date=30 November 2018|publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=9 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929205249/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf| archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=10
|length_km=52
|beltway=Gangtok – Singtam – Rangpo – West Bengal Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=310
|length_km=87
|beltway=Ranipool (NH-31A) – Burtuk – Menla – Nathula
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=310A
|length_km=55
|beltway=Tashi view point – Phodong – Mangan
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=510
|length_km=70
|beltway=Singtam – Damthang- Legship – Gyalshing
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=710
|length_km=45
|beltway=Melli- Manpur- Namchi- Damthang- Tarku
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=717A
|length_km=112
|beltway=West Bengal Border-Reshi- Rhenock, Rorathang Pakyong a-junction with new NH No. 10 at Ranipool near Gangtok
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=717B
|length_km=42
|beltway=Junction with NH No. 717A at Rhenock – Rongli, Rolep -junction with NH No. 310 near Menla at Serethang
|notes=none
}}

{{Routelist bottom}}

=== Rail ===
Sikkim lacks significant railway infrastructure. The closest major railway stations are [[Siliguri Junction]] and [[New Jalpaiguri]] in neighbouring West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travel.mapsofindia.com/travel-sikkim/how-to-reach.html|title=How to Reach Sikkim|publisher=Maps of India|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414194441/http://travel.mapsofindia.com/travel-sikkim/how-to-reach.html|archive-date=14 April 2009}}</ref> However, the New Sikkim Railway Project has been launched to connect the town of [[Rangpo]] in Sikkim with [[Sevoke]] on the West Bengal border. This line is [[Sivok–Rangpo line|Sevoke-Rangpo Railway Line]] from [[Sivok railway station]] to [[Rangpo railway station]].<ref>[http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== "Finally, Sevoke-Rangpo railway link on track"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528224619/http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |date=28 May 2013 }}. ConstructionUpdate.com. November 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</ref> The five-station line is intended to support both economic development and Indian Army operations and was initially planned to be completed by 2015,<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/ | title = North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link | publisher = Railway Technology | access-date = 19 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120723122216/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/ | archive-date = 23 July 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm "Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131003127/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm |date=31 January 2010 }}. ''The Hindu''. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2013.</ref> though as of 2023 its construction has met with delays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Train-to-Sikkim-poses-jumbo-threat/articleshow/18361095.cms|title=Train to Sikkim poses jumbo threat|date=6 February 2013|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502133052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-06/flora-fauna/36949140_1_elephant-deaths-chief-wildlife-warden-state-wildlife-board|archive-date=2 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the railway line up to Rangpo was expected to be completed in 2021.<ref>Financial Express. [https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-new-sivok-rangpo-rail-project-travel-from-west-bengal-to-sikkim-in-just-2-hours-watch-video/1691100 Indian Railways new Sivok-Rangpo rail project: Travel from West Bengal to Sikkim in just 2 hours]. (30 August 2019).</ref> In the second phase the line will be extended up to [[Gangtok]].<ref>Times of India. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel/destinations/very-soon-travelling-to-sikkim-by-train-will-be-a-possibility/as71172425.cms Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility]. (17 September 2019).</ref> In addition, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] proposed plans in 2010 for railway lines linking [[Mirik]] in West Bengal to [[Namchi]], [[Daramdin]], [[Ranipool]], and [[Gangtok]].<ref name="Gurung2010-12-09">{{Cite news | last = Gurung | first = Bijoy | date = 9 December 2010 | title = Sikkim tour dreams ride on rail plan | newspaper = Telegraph India | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sikkim-tour-dreams-ride-on-rail-plan-hope-for-pilgrims-trekkers-four-stations-in-hill-state/cid/458079 | access-date = 5 July 2020 }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Nathu La - Indo China Border.jpg|thumb|left|Nathu La Pass – Indo-China Border]]

{{update section|date=May 2022}}
Sikkim's roads are maintained by the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO), an offshoot of the Indian Army. The roads in southern Sikkim are in relatively good condition, landslides being less frequent in this region. The state government maintains {{convert|1857|km|mi}} of roadways that do not fall under the BRO's jurisdiction.<ref name="Stats">{{Cite web|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/KnowSikkim/statistics/list-of-sdm|title=Sikkim at a glance|date=29 September 2005|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031000351/http://www.sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/STATS/sikkimataglance.htm|archive-date=31 October 2005|access-date=12 October 2006}}</ref>

Sikkim receives most of its electricity from 19 [[hydroelectric power station]]s.<ref name="Dasgupta" /> Power is also obtained from the [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] and [[Power Grid Corporation of India]].{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=91}} By 2006, the state had achieved 100 per cent rural electrification.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=88}} However, the voltage remains unstable and voltage stabilisers are needed. Per capita consumption of electricity in Sikkim was approximately 182 [[kilowatt hour|kWh]] in 2006. The state government has promoted [[biogas]] and [[solar power]] for cooking, but these have received a poor response and are used mostly for lighting purposes.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=87}} In 2005, 73.2 per cent of Sikkim's households were reported to have access to safe drinking water,<ref name="Stats" /> and the state's large number of mountain streams assures a sufficient water supply.

On 8 December 2008, it was announced that Sikkim had become the first state in India to achieve 100 per cent sanitation coverage, becoming completely free of public defecation, thus attaining the status of "Nirmal State".<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111223051352/http://infochangeindia.org/environment/news/sikkim-becomes-first-state-to-achieve-100-sanitation.html "Sikkim becomes first state to achieve 100 percent sanitation"]}}. Infochange India. 9 December 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</ref><ref>[http://indiasanitationportal.org/463 "NIRMAL GRAM PURASKAR 2011"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414050755/http://www.indiasanitationportal.org/463 |date=14 April 2012 }}. India Sanitation Portal. 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Further|Sikkimese people}}
[[File:Flickr - Sukanto Debnath - A little girl from Kaluk Bazaar.jpg|thumb|left|A little girl from Kaluk Bazaar]]
{{historical populations
|1901|59,014
|1911|87,920
|1921|81,721
|1931|1,09,808
|1941|1,21,520
|1951|1,37,725
|1961|1,62,189
|1971|2,09,843
|1981|3,16,385
|1991|4,06,457
|2001|5,40,851
|2011|6,10,577
|source=[[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>|align=right}}

Sikkim is India's least populous state, with 610,577 inhabitants according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="Cens2011Up">{{Cite web | title = 2011 Census reference tables – total population | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/sikkim.html | year = 2011 | access-date = 16 July 2013 | publisher = Government of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130708174135/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/sikkim.html | archive-date = 8 July 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Sikkim is also one of the least densely populated Indian states, with only 86 persons per square kilometre. However, it has a high population growth rate, averaging 12.36% per cent between 2001 and 2011. The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] is 889 females per 1,000 males, with a total of 321,661 males and 286,027 females recorded in 2011. With around 98,000 inhabitants as of 2011, the capital [[Gangtok]] is the most significant urban area in the mostly rural state; in 2005, the urban population in Sikkim constituted around 11.06 per cent of the total.<ref name="Stats" /> In 2011, the average [[per capita income]] in Sikkim stood at {{Indian Rupee}} 81,159 (US$1,305).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf|title=State-wise: Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate|publisher=Punjab State Planning Board|year=2012|access-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062118/http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{pie chart
|label1=[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|value1=62.6|color1=maroon
|label2=[[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]|value2=6.86|color2=deepskyblue
|label3=[[Limbu language|Limbu]]|value3=6.34|color3=lavender
|label4=[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]|value4=6.27|color4=darkblue
|label5=[[Hindi]]|value5=5.58|color5=orange
|label6=[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]|value6=2.24|color6=purple
|label7=[[Tamang language|Tamang]]|value7=1.92|color7=skyblue
|label8=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]|value8=1.63|color8=red
|label9=[[Rai languages|Rai]]|value9=1.22|color9=limegreen
|label10=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|value10=1.14|color10=orchid
|caption=Languages of Sikkim (2011 census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>|value11=4.2|label11=Other|color11=grey}}

The official languages of the state are [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese (Bhutia)]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Newar language|Newar]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]], [[Sunwar language|Sunwar (Mukhia)]] and [[Bhujel language|Bhujel]].<ref name="langoff1">{{cite web |title=1977 Sikkim government gazette |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Governor of Sikkim |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722164022/https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2018 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="langoff">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |page=109 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2018 }}</ref> Nepali and [[English language|English]] are the primary working languages of the executive and legislature, whereas the others are used for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state.

Nepali is the lingua franca of Sikkim, while Sikkimese (Bhutia), Lepcha, Limbu and others are spoken in certain areas of the state.<ref>indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/mini-sikkim-in-making-308081-2016-02-10</ref> English is also spoken and understood in most of Sikkim. Other languages include [[Dzongkha]], [[Groma language|Groma]], [[Hindi]], [[Majhi language|Majhi]], [[Majhwar language|Majhwar]], [[Thulung language|Thulung]], [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], and [[Yakha language|Yakha]].{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=10}}

=== Ethnicity ===
The majority of Sikkim's residents are [[Nepali Indians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fdec2003/f051220031.html|title=The Ethnic People of Sikkim|publisher=PIB.NIC.in|date=5 December 2003|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205161717/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fdec2003/f051220031.html|archive-date=5 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[indigenous peoples of Sikkim|native Sikkimese]] include the [[Bhutia]]s, who migrated from the Kham district of Tibet in the 14th century, and the [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]], who are believed to pre-date the Bhutias and are the oldest known inhabitants. [[Tibet]]ans reside mostly in the northern and eastern reaches of the state. Migrant resident communities known as '''Plainsmen Sikkimese''' include [[Bengali people|Bengalis]], [[Bihari people|Biharis]] and [[Marwaris]], who are prominent in commerce in [[South Sikkim]] and [[Gangtok]], only those who are the native residents since 1946.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Peoples of South Asia | last = Clarence | first = Maloney | year = 1974 | publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Winston | isbn = 978-0-03-084969-5 | page = 409 }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Hinduism in Sikkim}}
[[File:Buddha in Sikkim.jpg|thumb|Buddha in Sikkim Culture]]
{{Pie chart
| caption = Religion in Sikkim (2011)<ref name="census2001">{{cite web|title=Census of India – Religious Composition|publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| color1 = darkorange
| value1 = 57.76
| label2 = [[Buddhism]]
| color2 = gold
| value2 = 27.39
| label3 = [[Christianity]]
| color3 = dodgerblue
| value3 = 9.91
| label4 = [[Islam]]
| color4 = green
| value4 = 1.62
| label5 = [[Sikhism]]
| color5 = darkkhaki
| value5 = 0.31
| label6 = [[Jainism]]
| color6 = brown
| value6 = 0.05
| label7 = Other faith like [[Kirat Mundhum]], [[Bon]], [[Mun (religion)|Mun]]
| color7 = chartreuse
| value7 = 2.67
| label8 = No religion
| color8 = black
| value8 = 0.3
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Religious group
! Population % '''1991'''<ref name=census1991b>{{cite web|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5542/1/35768_1981_SDP.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiSt6DEw4T2AhUQHLkGHTLgDZQQFnoECAYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw38TK18XpRaSlx-OaUPKQjY|title=Cesus of India -Religion Composition – 1981|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
! Population % '''2001'''<ref name="census2001tru">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Religious Composition – 2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census_data_2001/census_data_finder/c_series/population_by_religious_communities.htm |access-date=27 August 2015 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205010426/https://censusindia.gov.in/census_data_2001/census_data_finder/c_series/population_by_religious_communities.htm|archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>
! Population % '''2011'''<ref name="census2001"/>
|-
! style="background:DarkOrange;"| Hinduism
| 68.36% || 60.93% || 57.76%
|-
! style="background:Gold;"| Buddhism
| 27.15% || 28.11% || 27.39%
|-
! style="background:DodgerBlue;"| Christianity
| 3.29% || 6.67% || 9.91%
|-
! style="background:Green; color:white;"| Islam
| 0.94% || 1.42% || 1.62%
|-
! style="background:darkKhaki; color:white;"| Sikhism
| 0.09% || 0.21% || 0.31%
|-
! style="background:brown; color:white;"| Jainism
| 0.001% || 0.03% || 0.05%
|-
! style="background:Chartreuse;"| Other religions
| 0.04% || 2.38% || 2.67%
|-
! style="background:Black; color:white;"| No religion
| – || – || 0.3%
|}

According to the 2011 census, 57.8% follow [[Hinduism]], making it the state's majority religion. [[Buddhism]] is followed by 27.4% of the population, while [[Christianity]] is followed by 9.9%.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW11C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Sikkim| website=Census India |access-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927174518/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW11C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2011, Christianity was the fastest growing religion in the state, going from 6.67% to 9.91% of the population.<ref name="census2011" /> It was thus the fourth state with the highest Christian growth in the period, behind only [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]] and [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="census2001tru" /><ref name="PEWRC">{{cite web |title=Sikkim |date=21 September 2021 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/09/21/religious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories/ |publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> As of 2014, the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim]] is the largest Christian denomination in Sikkim.<ref>[http://www.irfa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:points-of-ministry&Itemid=41 "Points of Ministry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220837/http://www.irfa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:points-of-ministry&Itemid=41|date=29 July 2014}}. IRFA.org.au. 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref> Hinduism, on the other hand, declined from 60.93% to 57.76% of the population in the same period.<ref name="census2001tru" /><ref name="census2011" /> Sikkim was the fourth state with the biggest decline in the percentage of Hindus, behind only [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="PEWRC" /> [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]], which accounts for 27.3% of the population, is Sikkim's second-largest, yet most prominent religion. Prior to Sikkim's becoming a part of the Indian Union, Vajrayana Buddhism was the state religion under the Chogyal. Sikkim has 75 [[Buddhist monasteries]], the oldest dating back to the 1700s.{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=9}} The public and visual aesthetics of Sikkim are executed in shades of Vajrayana Buddhism and Buddhism plays a significant role in public life, even among Sikkim's majority Nepali Hindu population. Other religious minorities include [[Muslim]]s of Tibet,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atwill |first=David G. |date=1 August 2016 |title=Boundaries of Belonging: Sino-Indian Relations and the 1960 Tibetan Muslim Incident |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article-abstract/75/3/595/327118/Boundaries-of-Belonging-Sino-Indian-Relations-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=595–620 |doi=10.1017/S0021911816000553 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1998 |title=World Pumps February 1998 issue advertiser's index and information request form |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0262176299802983 |journal=World Pumps |volume=1998 |issue=377 |pages=I |doi=10.1016/S0262-1762(99)80298-3 |issn=0262-1762|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-QKAQAAMAAJ&q=islam+sikkim |title=Islam and the Modern Age |date=2000 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |volume=31 |pages=103–20 |language=en}}</ref> Bihari ethnicity and [[Jain]]s, who each account for roughly 1% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book | title =People of India: Sikkim | last = Singh | first = Kumar Suresh | year = 1992 | publisher = Anthropological Survey of India | isbn = 978-81-7046-120-3 | page = 39 }}</ref> The traditional religions of the [[Indigenous peoples of Sikkim|native Sikkimese]] account for much of the remainder of the population.

Sikkim has 336 Hindu temples, 168 churches, 101 monastaries ([[Nyingmapa]] and [[Kagyupa]]), 7 mosques and 2 [[gurdwaras]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Religious Institutions |url=http://www.sikkimeccl.gov.in/Documents/ReligiousInstitutionsList.aspx |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=www.sikkimeccl.gov.in}}</ref>

Although tensions between the Lepchas and the Nepalese escalated during the merger of Sikkim with India in the 1970s, there has never been any major degree of communal religious violence, unlike in other Indian states.<ref>{{Cite book | title = State government and politics: Sikkim | last = Nirmalananda Sengupta | year = 1985 | publisher = Stosius/Advent Books | isbn = 978-0-86590-694-5 | page = 140 }}</ref><ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx "Census and You – Religion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315004939/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx |date=15 March 2018 }}. Census India. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</ref> The traditional religion of the Lepcha people is [[Mun (religion)|Mun]], an animist practice which coexists with Buddhism and Christianity.<ref name="Plaisier">{{Cite book |title=Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. A Grammar of Lepcha |volume=5 |first=Heleen |last=Plaisier |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15525-1 |pages=4, 15 (photo) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC&pg=PA15 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516011005/https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC&pg=PA15 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%;" heights="130">
Legship_shiva_temple.jpg|[[Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple]] in [[Legship]] is dedicated to the [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]].
Rumtek Monastery - Inside Close View.jpg|Rumtek Monastery
Singtam Masjid India - Sikkim - Singtam 2013.jpg|Singtam Mosque
Enchey_Monastery_Prayer_Hall_(Dukhang).jpg|Enchey Monastery
Viswavinayak.jpg|Vishwa Vinayak Temple at [[Rhenock]]
</gallery>

==Districts==
{{Main|List of districts of Sikkim}}

There are 6 districts in Sikkim, each overseen by a Government appointee, the [[district collector]], who is in charge of the administration of the civilian areas of the districts. The Indian Army has control of a large territory, as the state is a sensitive border area. Many areas are restricted and [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)|permits]] are needed to visit them.
The six districts are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Code
! District
! Headquarters
! Population (2011)<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/sikkim/stm1.xls
|format=XLS
|title = Ranking od (sic) Districts by Population Size
|publisher = The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi-110011
|date = 2010–2011
|access-date = 19 September 2011
}}</ref>
! Area (km²)
! Density (per km²)
|-
| GD|| [[Gangtok district]]|| [[Gangtok]]|| 281,293|| 954|| 257
|-
| MD|| [[Mangan district]]|| [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]|| 43,354|| 4,226|| 10
|-
| ND|| [[Namchi district]]|| [[Namchi]]|| 146,742|| 750|| 175
|-
| GD|| [[Gyalshing district]]|| [[Geyzing]]|| 136,299|| 1,166|| 106
|-
| PD|| [[Pakyong District]]|| [[Pakyong]]|| 74,583|| 404|| 180
|-
| SD|| [[Soreng District]]|| [[Soreng]]|| n/a|| n/a|| n/a
|}

== Culture ==
{{See also|Music of Sikkim}}

===Festivals and holidays===
[[File:Gumpa.jpg|thumb|left|The traditional Gumpa dance being performed in [[Lachung]] during the Buddhist festival of [[Losar]]]]
Sikkim's Gorkhali majority celebrate all major Hindu festivals, including [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] (Diwali) and [[Dashain]] (Dashera). Traditional local festivals, such as [[Maghe Sankranti]], [[Ramnavmi]], [[Janmastami]], [[Holi]], [[Shivaratri]], [[Navratri]], [[Sakela]], [[Chasok Tangnam]] and Bhimsen Puja, are popular.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=35}} [[Losar]], [[Saga Dawa]], [[Lhabab Duechen]], [[Drupka Teshi]] and [[Bhumchu]] are among the Buddhist festivals celebrated in Sikkim. During the Losar (Tibetan New Year), most offices and educational institutions are closed for a week.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=34}}

Sikkimese Muslims celebrate [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Muharram]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Bulletin of Tibetology |author=Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology | year = 1995 | publisher = Namgyal Institute of Tibetology | page = 79 }}</ref> [[Christmas]] has been promoted in Gangtok to attract tourists during the off-season.<ref name="Culture">{{cite web | url = http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/CULTURE/LUCKY_SIGNS.htm | title = Culture and Festivals of Sikkim | access-date =12 October 2006 | date = 29 September 2005 | publisher = Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060714040958/http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/CULTURE/LUCKY_SIGNS.htm  | archive-date = 14 July 2006 }}</ref>

Western [[rock music]] and [[Indian pop]] have gained a wide following in Sikkim. [[Nepalese rock|Nepali rock]] and Lepcha music are also popular.{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=286}} Sikkim's most popular sports are [[association football|football]] and [[cricket]], although [[hang gliding]] and river rafting have grown popular as part of the tourism industry.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Sikkim: Society, Polity, Economy, Environment | last = Lama | first = Mahendra P. | year = 1994 | publisher = Indus Publishing | isbn = 978-81-7387-013-2 | page = 128 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Sikkimese cuisine}}

Traditional cuisines of the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]], [[Limbu people|Limbu]], [[Magars|Magar]], and [[Bhutia]] peoples incorporate the rich biodiversity of the place. The Buddhist saint [[Padmasambhava]], also known as Guru Rinpoche, who passed through ancient Sikkim in the eighth century noted the rich produce of the place in his writings, <blockquote>There are about 155 varieties of fruits with different tastes and nutritional values. [These include] a walnut that tastes like butter; a fruit known as wallay… and a grape with the taste of wine. There are fruits called tingding with the taste of meat, and sedey, which can be eaten as the equivalent of an entire meal; turnips, and thirty-seven other types of root vegetables are available. There are twenty different varieties of garlic. Altogether, among the edible plants, there are 360 varieties available. There are wild radishes, along with tsolay, nyolay, and grapes in the valley. In the trees, among the rocks and hanging from the cliffs there are beehives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhutia |first=Kalzang Dorjee |date=2024-04-02 |title=The Chile is my uncle: Spicy kinship between humans and more-than-humans in the Sikkimese Himalayas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |journal=Food and Foodways |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=122–141 |doi=10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |issn=0740-9710|url-access=subscription }}</ref></blockquote>[[Noodle]]-based dishes such as [[thukpa]], [[chow mein]], [[thenthuk]], fakthu, gyathuk and [[wonton]] are common in Sikkim. [[Momo (food)|Momos]] – steamed [[dumpling]]s filled with vegetables, chicken, mutton, beef or pork and served with soup – are a popular snack.<ref name="tele030902">{{Cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020903/asp/siliguri/story_1161127.asp | title = Sleepy capital comes alive to beats of GenX | last = Shangderpa | first = Pema Leyda | work = The Telegraph | date = 3 September 2002 | access-date = 7 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510102545/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020903/asp/siliguri/story_1161127.asp | archive-date = 10 May 2008 }}</ref>

[[Beer]], [[whiskey]], [[rum]] and [[brandy]] are widely consumed in Sikkim,<ref>{{Cite book | title = Surajkund, the Sikkim story | chapter = Sikkimese cuisine| last=Shrivastava | first = Alok K. | year = 2002 | publisher = South Asia Foundation | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-88287-01-7 | page = 49 }}</ref> as is [[tongba]], a [[millet]]-based alcoholic beverage that is popular in [[Nepal]] and [[Darjeeling]]. Sikkim has the third-highest per capita [[alcoholism]] rate among all Indian states, behind [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite news | first = Rema | last = Nagarajan | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2231571.cms | title = India gets its high from whisky | date = 25 July 2007 | access-date = 3 June 2009 | work = Times of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161227073943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2231571.cms | archive-date = 27 December 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Media ==
[[File:Do-drul Chorten Stupa, Gangtok, Sikkim.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Dro-dul Chorten Stupa]] in Gangtok.]]

In 1957, a Nepali monthly magazine ''Kanchenjunga'' became the first news outlet for the masses in Sikkim.<ref>Kanchenjunga and Sikkim Press: How Media Started Its Practice in Sikkim</ref>

The southern urban areas of Sikkim have English, Nepali and Hindi daily newspapers. Nepali-language newspapers, as well as some English newspapers, are locally printed, whereas Hindi and English newspapers are printed in [[Siliguri]]. Important local dailies and weeklies include ''Hamro Prajashakti'' (Nepali daily), ''Himalayan Mirror'' (English daily), the ''Samay Dainik'', ''[[Sikkim Express]]'' (English), ''Kanchanjunga Times'' (Nepali weekly), ''Pragya Khabar'' (Nepali weekly) and ''Himali Bela''.<ref name="newspapers-list">{{Cite web | url = http://www.sikkimipr.org/IPR/news_jounalists/news_papers_and_journalists.htm | title = Newspapers and Journalists in Sikkim | publisher = IT Department, Government of Sikkim | access-date =5 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045116/http://www.sikkimipr.org/IPR/news_jounalists/news_papers_and_journalists.htm | archive-date = 21 January 2008 }}</ref> Furthermore, the state receives regional editions of national English newspapers such as ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''The Times of India''. ''Himalaya Darpan'', a Nepali daily published in Siliguri, is one of the leading Nepali daily newspapers in the region. The ''Sikkim Herald'' is an official weekly publication of the government. Online media covering Sikkim include the Nepali newspaper ''Himgiri'', the English news portal ''Haalkhabar'' and the literary magazine ''Tistarangit''. ''Avyakta'', ''Bilokan'', the ''Journal of Hill Research'', ''Khaber Khagaj'', ''Panda'', and the ''Sikkim Science Society Newsletter'' are among other registered publications.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web | url = https://rni.nic.in/search_place.asp | title = Publication Place Wise-Registration | publisher = Registrar of Newspapers for India | access-date = 5 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090619090128/https://rni.nic.in/search_place.asp | archive-date = 19 June 2009 }} If one types ''Sikkim'' in the input box and submits, the list is displayed.</ref>

[[Internet café]]s are well established in the district capitals, but [[broadband]] connectivity is not widely available. [[Satellite television]] channels through dish antennae are available in most homes in the state. Channels served are largely the same as those available in the rest of India, although Nepali-language channels are also available. The main service providers include [[Airtel digital TV]], [[Tata Sky]], [[Dish TV]], [[DD Free Dish]] and Nayuma.

== Education ==
{{Main|List of institutions of higher education in Sikkim}}

In 2011, Sikkim's adult [[literacy rate]] was 82.2 per cent: 87.29 per cent for males and 76.43 per cent for females.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Literacy|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|website=Census India|publisher=Census of India|access-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a total of 1,157 schools in the state, including 765 schools run by the state government, seven central government schools and 385 private schools.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.sikkimipr.org/images/herald/Jan%2026.pdf | title = In the process of Constitutional democracy, Sikkim has not lagged behind-Governor | date = 26 February 2010 | author = Balmiki Prasad Singh Governor of Sikkim | access-date = 11 March 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120304065745/http://www.sikkimipr.org/images/herald/Jan%2026.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2012 }}</ref> There is one Institute of National Importance,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/institutes-national-importance.aspx|title=Institutes of National Importance|website=www.ugc.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827110345/https://www.ugc.ac.in/institutes-national-importance.aspx|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> one [[Central university (India)|central university]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/centralniversitylist.aspx?id=30&Unitype=1|title=Central University|website=www.ugc.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075519/https://www.ugc.ac.in/centralniversitylist.aspx?id=30&Unitype=1|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> and four private universities<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=30&Unitype=3|title=Private Universities in Sikkim|website=www.ugc.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023052/https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=30&Unitype=3|archive-date=17 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> in Sikkim offering higher education.

Recently, Government of Sikkim has approved the open school board named Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bosse.org.in/ |title=BOSSE Sikkim |website=bosse.org.in |access-date=21 September 2020 }}</ref> [[BOSSE]] to provide [[Secondary Education]], Senior Secondary as well as Skill & Vocational Education up to pre-degree level and to provide opportunity to continue education to such students who have missed the opportunity of school education. Sikkim has a [[National Institute of Technology Sikkim|National Institute of Technology]], currently operating from a temporary campus in [[Ravangla|Ravangla, South Sikkim]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nitsikkim.ac.in/about/campus_info.php|title=NIT Sikkim|website=nitsikkim.ac.in|access-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823075146/http://nitsikkim.ac.in/about/campus_info.php|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> which is one among the ten newly sanctioned [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]] by the [[Government of India]] under the 11th Five year Plan, 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007–2012|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/mta/11th_mta/chapterwise/Comp_mta11th.pdf|journal=Planning_Prelims|page=134|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515095641/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/mta/11th_mta/chapterwise/Comp_mta11th.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> The [[National Institute of Technology Sikkim|NIT Sikkim]] also has state of art super computing facility named [[PARAM|PARAM Kanchenjunga]] which is said to be fastest among all 31 [[NITs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl228|title=Hon'ble Governor of Sikkim inaugurated "PARAM Kanchenjunga" at NIT Sikkim|website=C-DAC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075548/https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl228|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sikkim University]] is the only central university in Sikkim. The public-private funded institution is the [[Sikkim Manipal University]] of Technological Sciences, which offers higher education in [[engineering]], [[medicine]] and [[management]]. It also runs a host of [[distance education]] programs in diverse fields.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.smude.edu.in | title = Distance Education | publisher = Sikkim Manipal University | date = 26 June 2010 | author = Sailesh | access-date = 26 June 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100117184156/http://www.smude.edu.in/ | archive-date = 17 January 2010 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="UGC">{{cite web |title=Private Universities – University Grants Commission |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/privatuniversity.aspx |website=University Grants Commission (India) |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526180350/https://www.ugc.gov.in/privatuniversity.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Medhavi Skills University, Sikkim|Medhavi Skills University]] is a [[Private University (India)|private university]] located in the state of Sikkim, India. It was established in 2021 under the Sikkim Private Universities, (Amendment) Act, 2021. The university aims to provide skill-based education to students and bridge the gap between academia and industry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ravidas |first=Rajeev |date=16 June 2021 |title=Sikkim nod for two private universities |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/sikkim-nod-for-two-private-universities/cid/1818955 |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[Telegraph India]] |location=Siliguri}}</ref><ref name="UGC"/>

There are two state-run polytechnic schools – the Advanced Technical Training Centre (ATTC) and the Centre for Computers and Communication Technology (CCCT) – which offer [[diploma]] courses in various branches of engineering. ATTC is situated at Bardang, [[Singtam]], and CCCT at Chisopani, Namchi.

[[Sikkim University]] began operating in 2008 at [[Yangang]], which is situated about {{convert|28|km|mi}} from Singtam.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080204/jsp/siliguri/story_8858265.jsp | title = Do-it-yourself mantra for varsity | last = Chettri | first = Vivek | date = 4 February 2008 | work = The Telegraph | access-date = 15 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081012112302/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080204/jsp/siliguri/story_8858265.jsp | archive-date = 12 October 2008 }}</ref> Many students, however, migrate to [[Siliguri]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]] and other Indian cities for their higher education.

The campus of the [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology|National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology (NIELIT)]], under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology]] of the Government of India, is at [[Pakyong]] in East Sikkim, and offers formal and informal education in the IT/ITES sector.

==Towns and cities==
[[File:M.G. Marg, Gangtok 01.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi Marg (Gangtok)|M. G. Marg]] in [[Gangtok]].]]
[[File:Jorethang at night..jpg|left|thumb|[[Jorethang]] at night time.]]
The major towns and cities of Sikkim are as follows:

[[Gangtok]], [[Pakyong]], [[Namchi]], [[Jorethang]], [[Rangpo]], [[Singtam]], [[Gyalshing]], [[Mangan, India|Mangan]], [[Soreng]], [[Pelling]], [[Rhenock]], [[Rongli]], [[Rorathang]], [[Ravangla]], [[Chungthang]], [[Ranipool]], [[Lachen, Sikkim|Lachen]], [[Nayabazar]], [[Lachung]], [[Dikchu]], [[Majitar]], [[Legship]], [[Melli]], [[Yuksom]], [[Sherathang]], [[Namthang]], [[Rinchenpong]], [[Singhik]], [[Hee Burmiok]], [[Tashiding]], [[Kumrek]], [[Makha, Sikkim|Makha]], [[Yangang]], and [[Damthang, Sikkim|Damthang]].

==Sports==
The popular sports played in Sikkim include [[association football|football]], [[cricket]], [[archery]], [[volleyball]], [[tennis]], [[badminton]], and [[sport of athletics|athletics]]. Adventure sports like [[paragliding]], [[hiking]] and [[mountain biking]] are also popular in Sikkim.
The stadiums of Sikkim are as follows:
* [[Mining Ground|Mining Cricket Stadium]], Rangpo
* [[Paljor Stadium]], Gangtok
* [[Bhaichung Stadium]], Namchi
* Resithang Athletics Stadium, Gangtok.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India
}}
* [[Outline of Sikkim]]
* [[Nepali Language Recognition Day]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading and bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Bajpai |first=G. S. |title=China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB2l6dr_JlwC |year=1999 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-52-3}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Bareh
| first = Hamlet
| year = 2001
| title = Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim
| chapter = Introduction
| publisher = Mittal Publications
| isbn = 978-81-7099-794-8
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC
| access-date =19 June 2011
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Choudhury
| first = Maitreyee
| year = 2006
| title = Sikkim: Geographical Perspectives
| publisher = Mittal Publications
| location = New Delhi
| isbn = 978-81-8324-158-8
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=W9EwNfXkxZwC
}}
* {{citation |last=Duff |first=Andrew |title=Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1VDCQAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Birlinn |isbn=978-0-85790-245-0 |ref={{sfnref|Duff, Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|2015}}}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Evans
| first = W. H.
| author-link = W. H. Evans
| year = 1932
| title = The Identification of Indian Butterflies
| edition = 2nd
| publisher = Bombay Natural History Society
| location = Mumbai, India
| asin = B00086SOSG
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Andrew |last2=Henley |first2=David |year=2011 |chapter=The Tea Horse Road from Lhasa to Sikkim |title=China's Ancient Tea Horse Road |location=Chiang Mai |publisher=Cognoscenti Books |asin=B005DQV7Q2}}
* {{citation |first=Ranjan |last=Gupta |title=Sikkim: The Merger with India |journal=Asian Survey |volume=15 |number=9 |date=September 1975 |pages=786–798 |doi=10.2307/2643174 |jstor=2643174}}
* {{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Joseph Dalton |author-link=Joseph Dalton Hooker |year=1854 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvO_GDMo7X8C |title=Himalayan Journals: notes of a naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia mountains etc. |publisher=Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co.|isbn=978-1-60620-983-7 }}
* {{Cite book
| last = Haribal
| first = Meena
| series = Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation
| year = 2003
| orig-date = 1994
| title = Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History
| publisher = Natraj Publishers
| isbn = 978-81-85019-11-6
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Kandell
| first = Alice S.
| author-link = Alice S. Kandell
| title = Sikkim: The Hidden Kingdom
| edition = 2nd
| year = 1971
| publisher = Doubleday
| isbn = 978-03-8502-206-4
}}
* {{cite book |isbn=81-900461-8-7 |title=Manorama Yearbook, 2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Malayala Manorama Company}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Arundhati |last2=Das |first2=Sujoy |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xnw-2sU1KMoC |title=Sikkim: A Traveller's Guide |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7824-008-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Road & trekking maps of Darjeeling, Sikkim & Bhutan, Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Nest & Wings |location=New Delhi |year=2003 |isbn=81-87592-07-9}}
* {{citation |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |chapter=Modernizing a Traditional Administrative System: Sikkim 1890–1973 |editor=James F. Fisher |title=Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0C-IhEKrSEC&pg=PA205 |year=1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-90-279-7700-7 |pages=205– |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Modernizing a Traditional Administrative System|1978}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sinha |first=A. C. |chapter=Sikkim |title=Sub-Regional Relations in the Eastern South Asia: With Special Focus on India's North Eastern Region |publisher=Institute of Developing Economies |editor1=Mayumi Murayama |editor2=Kyoko Inoue |editor3=Sanjoy Hazarika |chapter-url=https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/pdf/133_10.pdf |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/133.html}}
* {{cite book |title=Sikkim: Land of Mystic Splendour |publisher=Himalayan Map House |location=Kathmandu |isbn=99933-603-9-2}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Sikkim}}

===Government===
* {{official website}}
* [http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/ Official website of Sikkim Tourism]

===General information===
* {{OSM relation|1791324}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Sikkim
| North =
| Northeast = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{flag|China}}
| East =
| Southeast = [[Haa District|Haa]] and [[Samtse District]]s, {{flag|Bhutan}}
| South = [[West Bengal]]
| Southwest =
| West = [[Koshi Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}
| Northwest =
}}

{{Sikkim}}
{{North East India}}
{{States and territories of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sikkim| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1975]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Kalka Shatabdi Express

2026-10-24T05:32:12Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edits by 2409:40E3:6A:E175:40C6:44FF:FE1D:3EA0 (talk) to last revision by WikiDwarf

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kalka Shatabdi Express
| image= Electronic Coachboard of 12012 Kalka Shatabdi Express.JPG
| caption =
| type = [[Shatabdi Express]]
| states = [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Station]]
| stops = 4
| end = [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]]
| distance = {{convert|303|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4 hours 07 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = Executive Chair Car, AC Chair Car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = Yes, No Pantry Car
| observation = [[LHB coaches|LHB]] rakes
| entertainment = Large Windows
| baggage = Overhead racks
| other facilities=
| stock =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12011 / 12012
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|76.45|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''12011/12012 Kalka Shatabdi Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi class]] belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[New Delhi]] and [[Kalka]] in [[India]]. It is a daily service. It operates as train number 12011 from [[New Delhi railway station]] to [[Kalka railway station]] and as train number 12012 in the reverse direction.<ref name=IR>{{cite web|title=Shatabdi Train Names with Details |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html |publisher=Indian Railways |accessdate=21 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014914/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html |archivedate=23 July 2013 }}</ref> The train is mostly used by tourists, along with [[Kalka Mail|Netaji Express]], en-route to Shimla. Thus, gaining its international patronage.

==Coaches==

The Kalka Shatabdi Express generally has 2 Executive AC Chair Car(EC) coaches, 13 AC Chair Car(CC) coaches, two luggage cum generator coaches. The train runs with the Linke-Hofmann Busch [[LHB coaches]]. As customary, the composition of coaches is at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]]. There is no pantry car but catering is arranged on board the train.

==Service==

It is the fastest train on the Delhi – Kalka sector. It shares this distinction with its sister train 12005/06 Kalka Shatabdi Express. It covers the distance of 303 kilometers in 4 hours 05 mins as 12011 Shatabdi Express (76.20 km/hr) and 4 hours 10 mins as 12012 Shatabdi Express (76.72 km/hr).

==Loco link==

It is regularly hauled by a [[WAP 7]] locomotive with HOG capability from the [[Ghaziabad railway station|Ghaziabad]] Shed. It receives banker engines between Chandigarh & Kalka. Generally, these are [[WAP 4]] or [[WAP 5]].

==Time Table==

The 12011 Kalka Shatabdi Express leaves New Delhi every day at 07:40 hrs IST and reaches the Kalka at 11:45 hrs IST. On return, the 12012 Kalka Shatabdi Express leaves Kalka every day at 17:45 hrs IST and reaches the New Delhi at 21:55 hrs IST. Being a Shatabdi, it returns to its originating station, New Delhi, at the end of the day.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Station Code
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Station Name
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"|
'''12011 - [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] to [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]] '''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/kalka_shatabdi-12011-train.html|title=Shatabdi Express - 12011|accessdate=22 July 2013}}</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Distance from Source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Day
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"|
'''12012 - [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]] to [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/kalka-new-delhi-shatabdi-express-12012-klk-to-ndls/1533/1645/664|title= New Delhi -KalkaShatabdi Express/12012|accessdate=22 July 2013}}</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Distance from Source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Day
|-
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Departure
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Departure
|-
| valign="center" | NDLS
| valign="center" | [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
| valign="center" | '''Source'''
| valign="center" | '''07:40'''
| valign="center" | 0
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | '''21:55'''
| valign="center" | '''Destination'''
| valign="center" | 303
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | PNP
| valign="center" | [[Panipat]]
| valign="center" |08:51
| valign="center" | 08:53
| valign="center" | 90
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 20:33
| valign="center" | 20:35
| valign="center" | 214
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | KKDE
| valign="center" | [[Kurukshetra]]
| valign="center" | 09:39
| valign="center" | 09:41
| valign="center" | 157
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 19:38
| valign="center" | 19:40
| valign="center" | 147
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | UMB
| valign="center" | [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cant Junction]]
| valign="center" | 10:28
| valign="center" | 10:30
| valign="center" | 199
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 19:03
| valign="center" | 19:05
| valign="center" | 105
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | CDG
| valign="center" | [[Chandigarh]]
| valign="center" | 11:05
| valign="center" | 11:13
| valign="center" | 266
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 18:15
| valign="center" | 18:23
| valign="center" | 38
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | KLK
| valign="center" | [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]]
| valign="center" | '''11:45'''
| valign="center" | '''Destination'''
| valign="center" | 303
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | '''Source'''
| valign="center" | '''17:45'''
| valign="center" | 0
| valign="center" | 1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Shatabdi Express}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Gorakhpur - Lucknow Charbagh Vande Bharat Express

2026-10-24T05:31:59Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edits by 2409:40E3:6A:E175:40C6:44FF:FE1D:3EA0 (talk) to last revision by WikiDwarf

{{Short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}{{Infobox rail service|color=28457D|name=Gorakhpur Jn - Lucknow Charbagh ''Vande Bharat Express''|logo=|logo_width=|image=Gorakhpur Lucknow VB getting ready for inaugural run towards Lucknow Charbagh railway station.jpg|image_width=300px|image_alt=|alt=|caption=This Mini Vande Bharat Express getting ready for inaugural run towards [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh]]|type=[[Vande Bharat Express]]|locale=[[Uttar Pradesh]]|first={{start date|07 July 2023|df=yes}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|09 July 2023|df=yes}} (Commercial run)|last=|operator=[[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railways (NER)]]|ridership=|start={{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}} '''(GKP)'''|stops=2|end={{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}} '''(LKO)'''|distance={{convert|296|km|0|abbr=on}}|journeytime=04 hrs 15 mins|frequency=Six days a week {{efn|Except Saturdays}}|trainnumber=22549 / 22550|line_used=[[Lucknow–Gorakhpur line]]|class=AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car|seating={{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}|sleeping=No|autorack=|catering=On-board catering|observation=Large windows in all coaches|entertainment={{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}|baggage=Overhead racks|otherfacilities=[[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]|stock=[[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]|gauge=[[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]|el=|speed={{cvt|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Oper.)|trainlength={{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)|owners=[[Indian Railways]]|maintenance=[[North Eastern Railway zone|Gorakhpur Jn (GKP)]]|map={{Gorakhpur-Lucknow Charbagh VB Express Route}}|map_state=collapsed|electrification=[[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line}}The 22549/22550 '''Gorakhpur - Lucknow Charbagh ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 25th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Gorakhpur|Gorakhpur City]] via [[Ayodhya]] and terminating at [[Lucknow]] city in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railway : प्रयागराज में होगा वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस का अर्धशतक, अब तक 23 जोड़ी वंदे भारत का हो चुका है संचालन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/vande-bharat-express-will-mark-its-half-century-in-prayagraj-2023-07-03 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> The train was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 7 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Trial Run for Gorakhpur-Lucknow Vande Bharat Begins, Likely to Connect Ayodhya |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vande-bharat-gorakhpur-lucknow-trial-run-begins-connect-ayodhya-8227003.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi flags off Gorakhpur-Lucknow Vande Bharat Express. {{!}} Newsalert |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/Newsalert/2514851-pm-modi-flags-off-gorakhpur-lucknow-vande-bharat-express |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur Jn]], [[Basti railway station|Basti]], [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Jn]] and [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh]]. It will be operated with train numbers 22549/22550 on 6 days a week basis. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=Vande Bharat Express: Lucknow to Gorakhpur via Ayodhya in Under 4 Hours, Check Details |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/vande-bharat-express-lucknow-to-gorakhpur-via-ayodhya-in-under-4-hours-check-details-8252527.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the twenty-third [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and eleventh [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Coach composition ==
The 22549/22550 Gorakhpur - Lucknow Charbagh Vande Bharat Express currently has 7 AC Chair Car and 1 Executive Chair Car coaches. The coaches in Aqua colour indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Pink colour indicate AC Executive Chair Cars.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:pink;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |8
|-
|'''22549'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]] {{pipe}} C1
|C2
|E1
|C3
|C4
|C5
|C6
|C7 {{pipe}} [[File:Loco_Icon.png|22x22px]]
|-
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:pink;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |8
|-
|'''22550'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]] {{pipe}} C7
|C6
|C5
|C4
|C3
|E1
|C2
|C1 {{pipe}} [[File:Loco_Icon.png|22x22px]]
|}

== Service ==
The 22549/22550 Gorakhpur - Lucknow Charbagh Vande Bharat Express will operate '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{Cvt|296|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 4 hrs 15 mins with average speed of 71 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) given is {{Convert|110|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== Schedule ==
The schedule of this 22549/22550 Gorakhpur - Lucknow Charbagh Vande Bharat Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#28457D;" |''GKP - LKO - GKP Vande Bharat Express''
|-
! colspan="2" |22549
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |22550
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
|'''----'''
|06:05
|[[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur Junction]]
|23:25
|'''----'''
|-
|06:58
|07:00
|[[Basti railway station|Basti]]
|22:30
|22:32
|-
|08:15
|08:17
|[[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Junction]]
|21:13
|21:15
|-
|10:20
|'''----'''
|[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh NR]]
|'''----'''
|19:15
|}

== Incidents ==
After the inauguration ceremony of the newly launched Vande Bharat Express train between Gorakhpur and Lucknow, it met with a goat incident. This incident took place on {{Date|Jul 11, 2023|DMY}} when crossing [[Sohawal]], about 15 km away from [[Faizabad Junction railway station|Ayodhya Cantt. Jn]] railway station, leading to damage of window panes at coaches C1, C3, C5 (Chair Car) and E1 (Executive Chair Car). No casualties were reported during that incident. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-12 |title=Vande Bharat mows goats, owners throw stones |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/vande-bharat-mows-goats-owners-throw-stones/articleshow/101683862.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorakhpur - Prayagraj Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Lucknow]]

Rail transport in India

2026-10-24T05:17:18Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2409:40E3:5428:425A:5424:19FF:FE82:F877 (talk) to last revision by Editorial Oversight

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail network
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Vande Bharat Express at maximum speed.jpg
| photo1b = Namo Bharat Train closeup.jpg
| photo2a = WAP-7-LOCO.jpg
| photo2b = KCG - AK ICE (23262137244).jpg
| photo3a = Mumbai_Train.JPG
| photo3b = Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg
| spacing = 1
| size = 275
| position = center
| border = 0
| color = #000000
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top left''': [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat]] trainset; [[Namo Bharat]] [[rapid rail]]; [[Express trains in India|Superfast express]] pulled by [[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4D]] [[diesel locomotive]]; [[Urban rail transit in India|Metro train]]; [[suburban rail|Suburban train]]; [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] [[electric locomotive]]
}}
|nationalrailway = [[Indian Railways]]
|length = {{unbulleted list
|'''Regular/suburban:''' {{convert|68,584|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="IRYB"/> With {{cvt|29719|km}} of the lines having two or more tracks, total running track length was {{cvt|106493|km}}, while total trackage (including sidings) was {{cvt|132310|km}}.<ref name="IRYB"/>
|'''Metro:''' {{convert|895|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Metro"/>
}}
|doublelength = {{convert|38,415|km|abbr=on}} (2023)<ref name="IRYB"/><ref name="Metro"/>
|ellength = {{cvt|64080|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="RE">{{Cite report |title=Status of Railway Electrification (as on 01.08.2024) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/ele_engg/RE/2024/Status%20of%20Railway%20Electrification%20(as%20on%2001_08_2024)%20pdf.pdf |access-date=8 August 2024 |publisher=Indian Railways}}</ref><ref name="Metro"/>
|gauge1 = {{Track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
|gauge1length = {{convert|65,977|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="IRYB"/><ref name="DM"/>
|gauge2 = {{Track gauge|1435mm|lk=on}} [[standard gauge]]
|gauge2length = {{convert|245|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Metro"/><ref name="DM"/>
|gauge3 = {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}}
|gauge3length = {{convert|1,345|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="IRYB"/>
|gauge4 = {{Track gauge|762mm|lk=on}} and {{Track gauge|610mm|lk=on}}
|gauge4length = {{convert|1,262|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="IRYB"/>
|tunnellength =
|longesttunnel = [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]], {{convert|11.215|km|abbr=on}}
|nobridges = 156,417 (2023)<ref name="IRYB"/>
|longestbridge = [[Bogibeel Bridge]], {{convert|4.94|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|title=A bridge over Vembanad Lake|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/A-bridge-over-Vembanad-Lake/article16194216.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2010|access-date=11 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711025812/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/A-bridge-over-Vembanad-Lake/article16194216.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|nostations = {{unbulleted list
|'''Total:''' 8016
|'''Regular/Suburban:''' 6268<ref name="IRYB"/>
|'''Metro:''' 748
}}
|highelevation = {{convert|2257|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|highelat = {{rws|Ghum}}
|lowelevation = {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|lowelat = {{rws|Burra Bazar}} and {{rws|Honnavar}}
|map =
|mapcaption =
|name = Railway Transport In India}}

'''Rail transport in India''' consists of primarily of [[passenger train|passenger]] and [[Rail freight transport|freight]] shipments along an integrated rail network. [[Indian Railways]] (IR), a [[statutory body]] under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of the [[Government of India]], operates India's national railway system. It is the primary owner and operator of [[Rail transport|rail operations]] throughout the country, including [[suburban rail|suburban]] rail in major metros. Economic studies indicate positive effects of the Indian railway network on the economy of the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bogart |first1=Dan |last2=Chaudhary |first2=Latika |last3=Herranz-Loncán |first3=Alfonso |date=2024 |title=The growth contribution of colonial Indian railways in comparative perspective |url=https://www.cbe.anu.edu.au/researchpapers/CEH/WP201503.pdf |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=1509–1534 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13341 |issn=0013-0117}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Donaldson |first=Dave |date=2018 |title=Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20101199 |journal=American Economic Review |volume=108 |issue=4–5 |pages=899–934 |doi=10.1257/aer.20101199 |issn=0002-8282|hdl=1721.1/128506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The majority of the metro [[Urban rail transit in India|urban rail]] networks are operated by independent bodies constituted for the respective operations. Privately owned rails exist in few places, mostly used to connect freight to the integrated rail network. Inter-city rail services are operated primarily by Indian Railways, though efforts have been made to introduce privately operated trains as recently as 2022.

The national rail network comprised a total route length of {{convert|68584|km|adj=on|abbr=on}}, with more than {{convert|132310|km|adj=on|abbr=on}} of track and 8,000+ stations and is the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|fourth-largest in the world]]. {{As of|2023}}, it is one of the busiest networks in the world, transporting more than 11 billion passengers and 1.512 billion tonnes of freight annually. {{As of|2024|August|df=my}}, more than {{convert|64080|km|abbr=on}} of all the routes have been [[railway electrification|electrified]] with [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 KV AC]] [[railway electric traction|electric traction]]. The [[rolling stock]] consisted of 318,196 [[Freight rail transport|freight wagons]], 84,863 [[Passenger car (rail)|passenger coaches]], 14,781 [[locomotive]]s and other [[multiple unit]]s owned by Indian Railways apart from rail-sets operated by metro rail corporations.

==History==
=== 1832–1852: Industrial railways ===
In 1832, the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at [[Madras]] was made.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ|title=Reports, Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency|last1=Smith|first1=John Thomas|year=1839|publisher=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="Hist">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1835, a [[railway track]] was constructed between [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] and [[Chintadripet]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] and became operational in 1837. It was hauled by a [[Rotary engine|rotary steam engine]] imported from [[England]] and was used for ferrying [[granite]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

The [[Madras Railway]] was established in 1845.<ref name="Hist"/> Temporary railway lines were built such as the Godavari Dam Construction Railway at [[Dowleswaram]] by [[Arthur Cotton]] to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the [[Godavari River]] in 1845 and the Solani aqueduct railway, built by [[Proby Cautley]] in [[Roorkee]] to transport construction materials for an [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] over the Solani river in 1851.<ref name="Hist"/> On 1 August 1849, the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]] was incorporated with a guarantee system providing free land and guaranteeing five-percent rates of return to private English companies building railways.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1852, a [[steam locomotive]] imported from England was tried at [[Byculla]].<ref name="Locoh">{{cite report|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf|title=First running of a railway locomotive in India|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204222555/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 1853–1924: Passenger railways and expansion ===
[[File:Tanna Railway Viaduct.jpg|thumb|The railway viaduct near Thane in 1855]]
[[File:IndianRailways1871b.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Railway map of India in 1871]]

In 1853, the first passenger train on {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge ran for {{convert|34|km}} between [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bombay]] and [[Thane]] which had 14-carriages carrying 400 people, hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh and Sultan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr|title=When India's first train blew steam|date=25 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html|title=164 Years Ago On This Day, India's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane|work=India Times|date=16 April 2017|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729114445/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Great Southern of India Railway Company was established with its headquarters in [[England]] in 1853.<ref name="GSR">{{cite journal|journal=Herepath's Railway and Commercial Journal|page=3|title=Indian Tramway Limited|date=1 January 1870|volume=32|issue=1595}}</ref> The Thane viaducts, the first [[railway bridge]]s, were built over the [[Thane creek]] when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to [[Kalyan]] in May 1854. Eastern India's first passenger train ran {{convert|24|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} from [[Howrah]], near [[Kolkata]], to [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hoogly]] on 15 August 1854.<ref name="Hist"/> The construction of {{convert|60|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} line in the South between [[Royapuram]] in Madras and [[Walajapet|Arcot]] started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July 1856.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr|title=On Forgotten Road|date=31 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> The first workshops were established by GIPR at Byculla in 1854 and Madras Railway at [[Perambur]] in 1856. The [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI)]] was incorporated in 1855 and the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] in 1858.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,477|title=Western Railway, history|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402033247/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,477|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/7859c7ff-af20-40df-9e88-8f4ab92a70d7|title=Records of the India Office relating to the Eastern Bengal Railway Company|publisher=Government of UK|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The Carnatic Railway was founded in 1869.<ref name="GSR"/> On 24 February 1873, a [[Horsecar|horse-drawn]] {{convert|3.8|km||abbr=on}} [[tram]] opened in [[Calcutta]] between [[Sealdah]] and Armenian Ghat street.<ref name="DBG"/> In 1875, a railway line was opened in between [[Mokama]] and [[Darbhanga]] by the local ruler of [[Raj Darbhanga]] through [[Tirhut Railway]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/bihar/palace-on-wheel-darbhangas-glorious-railway-history-lies-in-ruins/na20191026121137569|title=Darbhanga's once glorious railway history, now lies in ruins|date=26 October 2019|newspaper=[[ETV Baharat]]|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/150th-anniversary-calcutta-trams-8469537/|title=150th anniversary of Calcutta trams: A brief history of trams in India|date=28 February 2023|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between [[Colaba]] and [[Parel]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/exhibits/show/mumbai_development/trams|title=The Evolution of Trams in Mumbai|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011232644/http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/exhibits/show/mumbai_development/trams|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Great Southern of India Railway and the Carnatic Railway merged in 1874 to form the [[South Indian Railway Company|South Indian Railway]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency During the Year 1875-76|page=260|publisher=Government Press|year=1877}}</ref> In 1879, the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was established which built railway lines across the then [[Hyderabad State]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaganath|first1=Santosh|title=The History of Nizam's Railways System|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-312-49647-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&pg=PA98|page=98}}</ref> In 1877, an [[Ajmer]] built [[Finnish Steam Locomotive Class F1|F-1/734 Steam Locomotive]] became the first indigenously built locomotive in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/oldest-locomotive-built-in-ajmer-pride-of-delhi/articleshow/59888386.cms|title=Oldest locomotive: Built in Ajmer, pride of Delhi|date=3 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[East Coast State Railway]] was established in 1890.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261|title=History of East Coast Railway|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced with the Jodhpur Railway, the first to introduce electric lighting as standard fixtures.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1908, Madras Railway merged with [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] to form the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-4sgbfdutMC&q=Madras+Railway+merger&pg=PA755|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=2|page=755|year =2005|publisher=Orient Longmans Private Limited|isbn=978-8-1250-2731-7}}</ref> [[Pamban Bridge|Pamban bridge]], the first sea bridge was opened on 24 February 1914.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Datta|first1=Rangan|title=Rameswaram: A holy island town along India's southern borderland|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/travel-to-the-edge-of-india-on-a-trip-to-pamban-islands-rameswaram/cid/1913631|access-date=9 February 2023|work=The Telegraph|date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
In 1920, [[Railway signal|electric lighting of signals]] was introduced between [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]] and [[Currey Road railway station|Currey Road]] in Bombay.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5107/dot_5107_DS1.pdf|title=Railway signals, signs and markers|publisher=US transportation library|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== 1925–1949: Electrification and further expansion ===
[[File:India railways1909a.jpg|thumb|Railway map of India in 1909]]
The first [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] was presented in 1924.<ref name="Hist"/> The [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] was merged with the [[East Indian Railway Company]] (EIR) in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/history-of-indian-railway-budget-5963201398_1.html|title=History of Indian Railway Budget|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225095548/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/history-of-indian-railway-budget-5963201398_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 February 1925, the first [[Electric locomotive|electric train]] ran between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Victoria Terminus]] (VT) and [[Kurla]], hauled by a [[Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works|SLM]] [[electric locomotive]] on [[1500 V DC]] traction.<ref name="EL">{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=Evolution of Electric Locomotives|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Later, the VT–[[Bandra railway station|Bandra]] section was electrified and the first [[Electric Multiple Units]] (EMU) were introduced in with 1.5KV [[Direct current|DC]] units imported were from [[Cammell Laird]] and [[Duewag|Uerdingenwagonfabrik]].<ref name="EL1">{{cite report|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|title=Electrification history|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609072045/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 1 April 1929, [[Grand Trunk Express]] commenced operations between [[Peshawar]] in the [[North Western Railway (British India)|North Western Railway]] and [[Mangalore]] with two coaches detached and connected to Madras further.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18188|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1929-30:Volume I|author=Railway Department, Government of India|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|year=1930|location=Calcutta|page=38|chapter=Chapter IV-Transportation and Working}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Railway Magazine:Volume 64|year=1929|publisher=IPC Business Press|page=490}}</ref> The [[Golden Temple Mail|Frontier Mail]] made its inaugural run between Bombay and [[Peshawar]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/golden-temple-mail-completes-92-yrs-of-historic-run-135130|title=Golden Temple Mail completes 92 years|work=Tribune India|date=2 September 2020|access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> Technical advancements led to automatic colour light signals that become operational between Bombay and Byculla in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|title=Signalling in India – Past and Present|work=Signalbox|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330111351/https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the subsequent years, the route from Bombay to [[Pune|Poona]] was electrified and in June 1930, the first deluxe train, [[Deccan Queen]] began running, hauled by a [[Indian locomotive class WCP-1|WCP-1 locomotive]]s with seven coaches along the route.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/indias-first-deluxe-train-mumbai-pune-deccan-queen-completes-93-years-of-service-all-you-need-to-know-383826-2023-06-01|title=India's first deluxe train: Mumbai-Pune Deccan Queen completes 93 years of service|date=1 June 2023|access-date=1 January 2023|newspaper=Business Today}}</ref> The Grand Trunk express commenced operating as a dedicated daily train between Madras and Delhi from 1 September 1930.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1930-31:Volume I|year=1932|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|location=Calcutta|page=36|chapter=IV}}</ref> [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai suburban railway]] started operating in 1931 with a single [[Metre gauge railway|metre gauge]] line from [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] to [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]].<ref name="SR1">{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|title=Chennai Division, SR|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215180509/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1944, all the railway companies were taken over by the Government.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|title=Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==== Indian Railway Classification ====
Beginning in 1926 and for statistical purposes, the Government of [[British Raj]] classified Indian railway systems according to three classes. It was a similar system to the [[Railroad classes]] in North America.<ref name="fibis">{{cite web|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification |title=Indian Railway Classification |publisher=fibis |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Directory of Railway Officials & Yearbook |year=1947| publisher=Tothill Press |language=English |pages=495}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''''Class I''''' || Railways with gross annual earnings of over 5,000,000 [[Indian rupee|INR]]
|-
| '''''Class II''''' || Railways with gross annual earnings of between 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 INR
|-
| '''''Class III''''' || Railways with gross annual earnings of under 1,000,000 INR
|}
[[Tram]]s, [[Industrial railway|industrial]] and port railways were recorded separately and independently of turnover.
In terms of net revenue, [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] was the largest company in 1927 with 86,881,000 rupees. Followed by the [[North Western State Railway]] with 57,343,000 rupees and the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] with 56,215,000 rupees.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Commerce Reports, Vol. 2, Nr. 25 |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |date=4 June 1929 |pages=792 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfzWpgNQNMsC&pg=PA792}}</ref> No further reclassification was carried out after 1942, but the rankings remained in use until the mid-1950s.<ref name="fibis" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Railways One Hundred Years |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |date=1953 |pages=162 |url=https://archive.org/details/ncd.indianrailwayson0000jnsa/page/162/}}</ref>

=== 1950–1983: Zonal re-organisation and further developments ===
The first locomotive manufacturing unit at [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] was commissioned in 1950.<ref name="Chit">{{cite report|url=https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|title=Chittaranjan Locomotive works|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for re-organising Indian Railways into six [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|regional zones]] with the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern]] (14 April 1951), [[Central Railway zone|Central]] (5 November 1951), and [[Western Railway zone|Western]] (5 November 1951) zones being the first to be created.<ref name="NAIR">{{cite report|url=https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|title=Overview of Indian Railways|publisher=National Academy of Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180850/https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 14 April 1952, the [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]], the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] and the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] were created.<ref name="NAIR"/> In 1952, fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in passenger trains, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1953, the Indian Railways completed a hundred years of operation, which was commemorated by multiple events and a commemorative postage stamp.<ref>{{cite report|title=Railway Budget for 1953-54|date=18 February 1953|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1953-54.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=J.L.|title=Indian Railways' Centenary Celebrations|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/indian-railways-centenary-celebrations-rail-enthusiasts-society/EwXhN3mS0qZkIg?hl=en|work=Google Arts & Culture|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The first [[diesel locomotive]] used in India was fabricated by [[North British Locomotive Company]] in 1954.<ref name="Gandhi">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/WR/Gandhidham.pdf|title=Gandhidham shed details|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> On 1 August 1955 the [[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South-Eastern Railway]] was split from the Eastern Railway, and, the following year, divisional systems of administration were set up for the various regional zones. The first rail coaches were manufactured in India from 1956 when the [[Integral Coach Factory]] was established at Madras.<ref name="ICF">{{cite report|url=https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|title=Tracing the roots|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1956, the first [[air-conditioned]] train plied between [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227224211/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2015|title=160 years of Indian Railways: Here's how AC trains were kept cool|date=2 April 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> In 1958, the North-Eastern Railway split to form a new [[Northeast Frontier Railway]].<ref name="NAIR"/>

[[File:WAP1_^22076_Aastha_of_GZB_waiting_for_its_scheduled_departure_with_Agra_bound_ICE_at_LJN_-_Flickr_-_Dr._Santulan_Mahanta.jpg|thumb|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] [[electric locomotive]]s reached a speed of {{cvt|130|kph|abbr=on}} in 1980]]

In 1957, Indian Railways adopted 25 kV AC traction with the first trial runs operating with the [[Indian locomotive class WAM-1|WAM-1]] locomotives in 1959 and commercial services beginning in August 1960.<ref name="EL1"/> In 1960, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Board of India]] commissioned a study to increase the speed of passenger trains to {{cvt|160|kph}} with an intermediate stage of {{cvt|120|kph}}.<ref name="HT"/> [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] (RDSO) started work on the same in 1962 with field trials commencing in 1967 with coaches manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at Madras and hauled by [[diesel locomotive]]s.<ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railways-golden-girl-50-years-of-the-rajdhani/story-YycT0iir0GObqjuCUqrhKL.html|title=Railways golden girl: 50 years of the Rajdhani story|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 March 2019|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The first [[shipping container|containerized]] [[freight rail transport]] began between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1966, the electrification of several suburban tracks around Delhi, Madras, and Calcutta were completed with the 25 kV AC system. In 1969, the [[Government of India]] announced the introduction of a new express train capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}} in the [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] and the first Rajdhani Express was flagged off from New Delhi to Howrah in March 1969.<ref name="Raj">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|title=Kolkata loses last connect to first Rajdhani|date=22 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|title=Railway Budget of 1969–70|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1974, Indian Railways endured a 20-day [[1974 railway strike in India|strike]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/08/archives/strike-of-indian-rail-workers-begins-tension-high-with-food.html|title=Strike of Indian Rail Workers Begins|date=8 May 1974|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 March 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/better-jail-than-rail-fernandes-slogan-that-led-to-asias-biggest-railway-strike/articleshow/67742843.cms|title=Better jail than rail: George Fernandes' slogan that led to Asia's biggest railway strike in 1974|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 January 2019|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> In 1979, the Main Line Electrification Project was reconstituted into the [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]] (CORE).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302|title=About us, History|publisher=[[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]], [[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1980, the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] electric locomotives reached a speed of {{cvt|130|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=WAP-1 locomotive|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=9 October 1989|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== 1984–present: Rapid transit and later developments ===
[[File:Red-icf-coach-indian-railways.jpg|thumb|left|A typical red-colored [[ICF coach]] used by the Indian Railways till the late 1990s]]
The first [[Rapid transit|metro rail]] was introduced in [[Calcutta Metro|Calcutta]] on 24 October 1984 with the line between [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] and [[Netaji Bhavan metro station|Bhowanipore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-maps-evolution-of-its-ticketing-system/articleshow/98976615.cms|title=Kolkata Metro maps evolution of its ticketing system|date=24 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced by Indian Railways.<ref name="IT">{{cite report|title=IT Audit of Indian Railways Passenger reservation System (2007)|url=http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712231120/http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> In 1988, the first [[Shatabdi Express]] was introduced between New Delhi and [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi]].<ref name="Hist"/> Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in Delhi.<ref name="SF">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/|title=Happy Birthday Indian Railways! First passenger train started 165 years ago; unknown facts about the network|date=16 April 2018|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051814/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/|archive-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier and [[sleeping car|sleeper]] were introduced.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1995, [[Chennai MRTS]] became the first operational elevated railway line in India.<ref name="SR"/> In 1995, [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]], a [[joint venture]] between Government of India and [[Government of Delhi]] was established.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/25-years-of-dmrc-how-delhi-metro-has-become-a-lifeline-for-the-national-capital-from-1995-to-2019/1569685/|title=25 years of DMRC! How Delhi Metro has become a lifeline for the national capital|date=7 May 2019|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in September 1996, coupon validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] in 1998 and the nationwide [[concierge]] system began operation on 18 April 1999.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1999, the [[South East Central Railway zone]] was established and on 6 July 2002, the [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast]], [[South Western Railway zone|South Western]], [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]], and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central]] zones were created.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/|title=North Central Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121180251/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NAIR"/>

The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000. [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation|Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation]] (IRCTC) was incorporated in 1999, and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref name="IRCTC">{{cite web|url=https://irctc.com/about.html|title=About IRCTC|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|first line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] was inaugurated on 24 December 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian PM launches Delhi metro|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm|work=BBC News|date=24 December 2002|access-date=22 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422001958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm|archive-date=22 April 2012}}</ref> In 2012, Western Railway switched completely to AC traction with Central Railway following it in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/mumbai-switches-from-dc-to-ac.html|title=Mumbai switches from DC to AC|work=Railway Gazette International |access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711030114/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/mumbai-switches-from-dc-to-ac.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/end-of-an-era-mumbai-bids-goodbye-to-last-dc-local/|title=End of an era: Mumbai bids goodbye to last DC local|date=11 April 2016|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114548/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/end-of-an-era-mumbai-bids-goodbye-to-last-dc-local/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 February 2014, [[Mumbai Monorail]] became the first operational [[monorail]] system in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/First-mono-runs-crowded-like-the-good-old-local/articleshow/29729191.cms|title=First mono runs crowded like the good old local|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=1 February 2014|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> In 2015, the first [[Compressed Natural Gas]] (CNG) powered trains were rolled out.<ref name="CNG">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-cng-train-for-the-rewari-rohtak-section/indias-first-cng-train/slideshow/45895170.cms|title=India's first CNG train for the Rewari-Rohtak section|date=15 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> On 5 April 2016, [[Gatimaan Express]], then India's fastest train with a maximum speed of {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}, made its first run from [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] to [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantonment]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-within-targeted-100-minutes-316423-2016-04-05|title=Gatimaan Express reaches Agra within targeted 100 minutes|date=5 April 2016|magazine=India Today|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531224926/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-within-targeted-100-minutes-316423-2016-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Government of India|central government]] approved the [[Railway budget of India|merger of the Rail and General budgets]] from 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/union-budget/why-was-railway-budget-merged-with-the-union-budget-1183565.html|title=
Why was Railway Budget merged with the Union Budget?|date=22 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> On 31 March 2017, Indian Railways announced a target of electrifying the entire rail network by 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|title=48 per cent rail tracks electrified, aim to double it in 5 years: Govt|date=31 March 2017|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718224354/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, Indian Railways announced a [[2020 India coronavirus lockdown|nationwide shutdown]] of passenger service to combat the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] with the freight operations continuing to transport essential goods.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/26/coronavirus-puts-over-1-billion-people-in-india-on-21-day-lockdown-to-combat-spread.html|title=Coronavirus puts over 1 billion people in India on 21-day lockdown to combat spread|author1=Adam Jeffery|author2=Hannah Miller|date=26 March 2020|work=CNBC|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/03/23/coronavirus-indian-railways-cancels-passenger-train-services/|title=Indian Railways cancels passenger train services|newspaper=Business Traveller|access-date=1 December 2023|date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-continuing-its-freight-operations-post-22-march-lockdown-11585314775866.html|title=How Indian Railways continuing its freight operations post lockdown|last=Nandi|first=Tamal|date=27 March 2020|work=Livemint|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> The railways resumed passenger services in a phased manner in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-railways-to-resume-select-passenger-train-services-from-may-12/article31551514.ece|title=Coronavirus lockdown: Railways to restart passenger services in phased manner|date=10 May 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[File:Vande_Bharat_Express_around_Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Introduced in 2019, [[Vande Bharat Express]] operating on a [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] built by [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]], is the fastest train in India]]
Starting in the 2010s, various infrastructure modernization projects have been undertaken including [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|title=Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains|date=10 June 2014|access-date=22 June 2017|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222712/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-sign-deal-with-japan-to-get-first-bullet-train/article7961724.ece|title=India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 December 2015|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802071232/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-sign-deal-with-japan-to-get-first-bullet-train/article7961724.ece|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live }}</ref> redevelopment of 400 stations,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/NV9ujsKfuh92SnrxtiC86H/Railways-appoints-IRSDC-as-nodal-agency-for-station-redevelo.htm|title=Railways appoints IRSDC as nodal agency for station redevelopment|date=23 December 2017|work=Livemint|access-date=5 December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Double-track railway|doubling tracks]] to reduce congestion,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://railengdigest.com/project-news/asia/indian-railways-converts-broad-gauge/|title=Indian Railways orders conversion to Broad Gauge|date=12 April 2017|work=Rail Digest|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102927/http://railengdigest.com/project-news/asia/indian-railways-converts-broad-gauge/|url-status=dead}}</ref> refurbishing of coaches,<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways gets first model rake of luxury 'Make in India' coaches|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/indian-railways-gets-first-model-rake-of-luxury-make-in-india-coaches/led-reading-lights/slideshow/50527595.cms|access-date=13 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114215143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/indian-railways-gets-first-model-rake-of-luxury-make-in-india-coaches/led-reading-lights/slideshow/50527595.cms|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways unveils 'Make in India' train coaches with new look|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/192582/indian-railways-unveils-make-in-india-train-coaches-with-new-look-check-irctc-co-in/2/|access-date=13 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=13 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115052117/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/192582/indian-railways-unveils-make-in-india-train-coaches-with-new-look-check-irctc-co-in/2/|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)-enabled tracking of trains<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-just-like-your-cabs-you-can-soon-track-trains-in-real-time-via-gps-2563623|title=Just like your cabs, you can soon track trains in real time via GPS|date=30 November 2017|work=DNA India|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071947/http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-just-like-your-cabs-you-can-soon-track-trains-in-real-time-via-gps-2563623|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and modernization of locomotives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Locomotive Factories in Bihar: In cold storage for years, two Railway projects to start soon|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/locomotive-factories-in-bihar-in-cold-storage-for-years-two-railway-projects-to-start-soon/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 October 2015|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031004858/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/locomotive-factories-in-bihar-in-cold-storage-for-years-two-railway-projects-to-start-soon/|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GE Gets $2.6 Billion Indian Railways Contract|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-to-help-modernize-indias-rail-system-1447080903|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=9 November 2015|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109183451/http://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-to-help-modernize-indias-rail-system-1447080903|archive-date=9 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, a semi-high speed self-propelled [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] capable of reaching speeds of over {{cvt|160|kph}} was rolled out from ICF and the [[Vande Bharat Express]] was launched in 2019.<ref name="VB">{{cite news|date=20 February 2017|title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|access-date=20 May 2023|newspaper=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name="VB1">{{cite news|date=29 October 2018|title=Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|access-date=20 May 2023|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Indian Railways announced plans to become a net-zero carbon emission railway by 2030 and has implemented [[Rainwater harvesting#India|rainwater harvesting]] at stations,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155020|title=Rain Water Harvesting System In Indian Railway|date=7 December 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> [[reforestation]] along the tracks,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/india-plants-50-million-trees-uttar-pradesh-reforestation/|title=India Plants 50 Million Trees in One Day|work=[[National Geographic]]|date=July 2016|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> introduction of solar-powered trains,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indias-first-solar-powered-demu-train-launched/article19281625.ece|title=India's first solar-powered DEMU train launched|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726225212/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indias-first-solar-powered-demu-train-launched/article19281625.ece|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> installation of [[Solar power|solar]] and [[wind power]] generation facilities,<ref>{{cite news|title=Northern Railways to Install 5 MW Rooftop Solar in Four of Its Stations|url=http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201130/http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|archive-date=3 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Sustainable lighting|sustainable]] [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] lighting at all the stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/target-of-installing-led-lights-at-all-stations-achieved-says-railways-118033100391_1.html|title=Target of installing LED lights at all stations achieved, says Railways|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2018|work=Business Standard|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Indian railways removed all unstaffed level crossings by 2019 with staffed level crossings being replaced by bridges.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1575836|title=All unmanned level crossings (UMLCs) on Broad Gauge (BG) have been eliminated on 31st Jan 2019|date=12 May 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> Other safety projects include the extension of an automated [[fire alarm system]] to all air-conditioned coaches and GPS-enabled [[Inertial navigation system|Fog Pilot Assistance System]] [[railway signalling]] devices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways develops Automatic Fire and Smoke Detection System|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-railways-develops-automatic-fire-and-smoke-detection-system/|access-date=5 September 2013|work=Bihar Prabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908145221/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-railways-develops-automatic-fire-and-smoke-detection-system/|archive-date=8 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Indian Railways allowed the operation of private passenger trains for the first time with the first train flagged off from [[Coimbatore]] in June 2022.<ref name="PT">{{cite news|date=3 July 2020|first=Dipak K.|last=Dash|title=Private companies to run trains by April 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/private-companies-to-run-trains-by-april-2023/articleshow/76758683.cms|access-date=3 July 2020|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-private-train-in-india-flagged-off-from-coimbatore-check-details-here-1963877-2022-06-18|title=First private train in India flagged off from Coimbatore, check details here|date=18 June 2022|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Freight trains ==
=== Rolling stock ===
{{multiple image
| total_width=300
| align=right
| image1=Goods (Wagon) Train.JPG
| image2=WAG-11.jpg
| footer=A [[covered wagon]] (left) and a [[Indian locomotive class WAG-11|WAG-11 electric locomotive]] used to haul freight
}}
Indian Railways hauls a variety of cargo to cater to various requirements and has specialized rolling stock corresponding to the cargo hauled. There are 243 types of [[rolling stock]] used for cargo operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fois.indianrail.gov.in/RailSAHAY/Home.jsp|title=Cargo wagons|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These include [[goods wagon|covered wagon]]s, [[boxcar]]s, [[flat wagon]]s, [[flat car|flatbed]]s, [[open wagon]]s, [[hopper car|hopper]]s, [[shipping container|container]]s, automobile carriers, defense vehicle carriers and [[Tank car|tanker]]s.<ref name="Cargo">{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596631341023-Freight.pdf|title=Types of freight cars|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The freight cars can often carry loads from 10 to 80 tonnes per car depending on the configuration.<ref name="Cargo"/> A new wagon numbering system was adopted in Indian Railways in 2003.<ref name="wagon">{{cite press release|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/freight/New_Wagon_Numb_Sys.pdf|title=New Wagon Numbering System|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|date=4 July 2003|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
The requirement of wagons was previously met by [[Bharat Wagon and Engineering|Bharat wagon and engineering]] with the procurement and manufacturing now done by both in the public and private sector.<ref name="IRYB">{{cite web |title=Indian Railways Year Book 2022-23 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2024/Year%20Book%202022-23%20English.pdf |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |publisher=Indian Railways Statistical Publications |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The earliest goods trains in the 1800s were hauled by imported steam locomotives.<ref name="Hist"/> Locomotives are classified by various parameters including function (passenger/goods/mixed).<ref name="Class">{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Locomotive classification|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> Indian Railways uses dedicated electric locomotives such as [[Locomotives of India#Electric|WAG series]] ([[Broad gauge|Wide]] [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Rail freight transport|Goods]]), dedicated diesel locomotives such as [[Locomotives of India#Diesel|WDG series]] and diesel locomotives of mixed usage such as [[Locomotives of India#Diesel|WDM series]] to haul freight trains.<ref name="E1">{{cite report|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding_12_23.pdf|title=Electric locomotive holding|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="D1">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/2023/Diesel%20loco%20availability%20targets%20for%20Dec_2023.pdf|title=Diesel locomotive holding|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
[[File:WAP-7 & WAG-5 pulling an Indian freight train at DDJ.webm|thumbtime=10|thumb|200px|alt=Two Indian locomotives, one WAP-7, generally used for passengers, and one WAG-5, used for freight, is seen pulling a generic freight train at a busy station.|A [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] & [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5 electric locomotive]] pulling a freight train at [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]. ]]

=== Network and infrastructure ===
Indian railways operates a {{convert|68,584|km|abbr=on}} {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge network which is equipped with [[Track (rail transport)#Continuous welded rail|long-welded]], high-tensile [[Rail weight|52kg/60kg 90 UTS]] rails with [[prestressed concrete|pre-stressed concrete (PSC)]] sleepers and elastic fastenings.<ref name="IRYB"/> These tracks are shared by both freight and passenger trains, with passenger trains often prioritized on the network. The Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCI) was established in 2006 to construct dedicated freight corridors to reduce congestion, increase speed and reliability and proposed upgradation of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build dedicated logistics terminals.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|title=Vision and Plans: Indian Railways|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118230400/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Services ===
[[File:Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg|thumb|A hybrid coach with provision to carry small cargo and mail, often attached to passenger trains]]
The first rail operational in Madras in 1837 was used for ferrying granite.<ref name="FR">{{cite news |date=16 April 2018 |title=Chennai: The track record |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html |access-date=9 August 2023 |newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The first dedicated commercial freight rail was operated between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966.<ref name="Hist"/> Indian Railways ferries various commodities and cargo to cater to various industrial, consumer, and agricultural segments. Apart from dedicated freight trains, [[parcel (consignment)|parcel]]s, [[mail]] and small cargo are carried on specialized carriages attached to passenger trains.<ref name="Mint">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-launches-the-first-ever-high-capacity-lhb-parcel-van-can-run-at-130-kmph-11580472862846.html|title=Indian Railways launched the first ever high capacity parcel van|work=Mint|date=31 January 2020|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2022–23, Indian Railways operated 8,479 trains on average daily and transported 1418.1 million tonnes of freight.<ref name="IRYB"/> Indian Railways has historically subsidized the passenger segment with income from the freight business, and hence, freight services were unable to compete with their modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share till the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2016-17/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/2.pdf|title=Indian Railways White Paper 2016|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032211/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2016-17/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/2.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> To counter this, Indian Railways aimed to increase speed and reliability through various means including operating time-tabled freight trains and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|title=Vision and Plans: Indian Railways|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118230400/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> End-to-end integrated transport solutions such as [[Konkan Railway Corporation#RORO|roll-on, roll-off]] (RORO) service, a [[Rolling highway|road-rail system]] pioneered by [[Konkan Railway Corporation|Konkan Railway]] in 1999 to carry trucks on [[flatbed truck|flatbed]] trailers has been extended to other routes.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|title=Road-Rail Synergy System|access-date=22 December 2008|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605172834/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Freight loads<ref name="IRYB"/>
!Year
!1951
!1961
!1971
!1981
!1991
!2001
!2011
!2021
!2023
|-
|'''Freight loading (million tonnes)'''
|73.2
|119.8
|167.9
|195.9
|318.4
|473.5
|921.73
|1233
|1512
|}

== Express and passenger trains ==
=== Rolling stock ===
{{Main|Indian Railways coaching stock}}
{{Multiple images
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = 11019_Konark_Express_-_Sleeper_Class_coach.jpg
| caption1 = [[ICF coach]]
| image2 = Shram Shakti Express LHBfied Sleeper Class Rakes.jpg
| caption2 = [[LHB coach]]
}}
The early rail coaches were based on a prototype by a [[Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich|Swiss company]] and were termed as [[ICF coach]]es after Integral Coach Factory (ICF), the first coach manufacturing unit in India.<ref name="ICF"/>
These coaches, manufactured from 1955 to 2018, were largely in use till the early 2010s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ayyappan|first=V.|date=4 January 2021|title=Leakage Found in ICF Coaches|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> From the late 1990s, the ICF coaches were replaced by safer and newer [[LHB coach]]es designed by [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] of [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2017|title=Indian Railways Passenger Coaches: Safety Features and Technologies Adopted|url=http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|journal=International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041703/http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|date=9 February 2018|title=A 70-Year-Old Vs a 30-Year-Old: LHB Coaches Perform Better than ICF Ones|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> In the late 2010s, Indian railways started upgrading the coaches of select trains from LHB to new [[Tejas-Rajdhani Express|Tejas]] coaches with enhanced features.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|title=Rajdhani runs with new Tejas rakes|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 July 2021|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tyagi|first1=Harshita|title=Western Railway runs Mumbai–New Delhi Rajdhani Express with new Tejas-like smart sleeper coaches|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|access-date=1 December 2023|date=19 July 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2023|March|df=my}}, Indian Railways' had 84,863 passenger coaches.<ref name="IRYB"/> Coaches are manufactured by five manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and public sector companies [[BEML Limited|BEML]] and BHEL.<ref name="facility"/> The coaching stock has unique five or six-digit identifiers. Till 2018, the first two digits indicated the year of manufacture and the last three digits indicated the class.<ref name="Class1">{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Coach classification|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> In 2018, the numbering system was changed with the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last four digits indicating the sequence number.<ref name="Class3">{{cite press release|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|title=Coach numbering|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Network and infrastructure ===
[[File:Project_Unigauge_(India).svg|thumb|Different gauges in use in India]]
;Track
{{See also|List of railway lines in India}}
{{As of|2023|March|31|df=dmy}}, the Indian railway network spanned {{convert|68584|km||abbr=on}} in route length.<ref name="IRYB"/> Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from {{convert|80|to|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}. Spanning {{convert|65,093|km||abbr=on}} {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge is the most used [[track gauge|gauge]] with {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} and {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge]] and {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge|narrower gauge]] tracks limited to certain routes.<ref name="IRYB"/> Indian Railways uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic density and safety requirements.<ref name="IRYB"/> It primarily uses [[railway signal#Color light signals|coloured signal lights]], which replaced the earlier [[railway signal#Mechanical signals|semaphores and disc-based signalling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal2.html|title=Indian Railways FAQ: Signal Aspects and Indications – Principal Running Signals|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Signalling System|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal.html|access-date=4 June 2007|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref>

;Stations
{{See also|Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance}}
{{As of|2023|March|df=my}}, Indian Railways manages and operates 7,308 stations.<ref name="IRYB"/> Prior to 2017, the stations were classified into seven categories based on their earnings.<ref name="stac1">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|title=Railways revise station categories to improve services|access-date=17 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Since 2017, Indian Railways categorizes the stations by commercial importance into three different categories namely Non Suburban Group (NSG), Suburban Group (SG) and Halt Group (HG). These are further subdivided into subcategories based on their commercial importance (NSG 1–6, SG 1-3 and from HG 1–3).<ref name="Stn">{{cite press release|title=Minister of Railways directs to re-categorize railway stations taking into account earnings, passenger footfall, strategic importance|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="stac1"/> The commercial importance of a station is determined by taking into account its passenger footfall, earnings and strategic importance and these categories are used to determine the minimum essential amenities required by each station.<ref>{{cite report|date=18 Jul 2018|title=Question and Answer regarding Grading of Railway Stations in Lok Sabha of India|url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|access-date=26 Sep 2020|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Stn"/>

;Route length and electrification
[[File:Growth of indian railways.svg|thumb|Growth of Indian railway network and its electrification since 1951]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Historical railway route length<ref name="IRYB"/><ref name="Metro">{{cite news|date=27 October 2023|title=One crore passengers riding metro systems per day in India: Hardeep Singh Puri|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/one-crore-passengers-riding-metro-systems-per-day-in-india-hardeep-singh-puri/articleshow/104763045.cms|access-date=3 November 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/how-these-metro-trains-overcame-mid-life-crisis/articleshow/100456181.cms|title=How these Delhi Metro trains overcame mid-life crisis|date=24 May 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Status of electrification|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/ele_engg/RE/2024/Status%20of%20Railway%20Electrification%20(as%20on%2001_08_2024)%20pdf.pdf |access-date=27 August 2024|work=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>
! Year
! Route (km)
! {{tooltip|±%|Percent change}}
! Electrified route (km)
! % of route electrified
! {{tooltip|±%|Percent change}}
|-
| 1951
| 53,596
|style="text-align:center;" | —
| 388
| 0.72%
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|-
| 1961
| 56,247
| +4.94%
| 748
| 1.32%
| +92.78%
|-
| 1971
| 59,790
| +6.29%
| 3,706
| 6.19%
| +395.45%
|-
| 1981
| 61,240
| +2.42%
| 5,345
| 8.72%
| +44.22%
|-
| 1991
| 62,367
| +1.84%
| 9,968
| 15.98%
| +88.49%
|-
| 2001
| 63,028
| +1.05%
| 14,856
| 23.57%
| +49.03%
|-
| 2011
| 64,173
| +1.81%
| 19,607
| 30.55%
| +31.98%
|-
| 2021
| 68,103
| +6.12%
| 45,772
| 67.20%
| +133.44%
|-
| 2023
| 68,584
| +0.70%
| 58,074
| 84.67%
| +26.87%
|-
|2024*
|68,584
| -
|64,080
|96.59%
| +10.34%
|}

=== Services ===
;Travel classes
{{Further|Indian Railways coaching stock}}
Indian Railways offers various travel classes on its [[passenger car (rail)|coaches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|title=Accommodation Classes in Indian Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426000003/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|archive-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> For the purpose of identification in [[passenger train]]s, coaches in a train-set are assigned an [[alpha-numeric]] code. The first letter identifies the coach class and the second letter identifies the coach number.<ref name="Class2">{{cite press release|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|title=Abbreviations for Coaches|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> The berths and seats are numbered by an alphanumeric code with the letter(s) identifying the berth/seat type and numbers identifying the position. In standard coaches, the berths and seats are classified as follows:<ref name="CC">{{cite report|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|title=Rail seat layout|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Coach code (First digit)<ref name="Class2"/>
!Class
!Code
!Image
!Description
|-
|First AC
|H
|[[File:Rajdhani First AC1.jpg|100px]]
|It is the most luxurious and expensive class in most express trains.<ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web|title=Rolling stock|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-stock.html|work=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Coach"/> They have separate air-conditioned compartments with private lockable doors, [[bedding]], dedicated attendants and meals served at seat.<ref name="TM">{{cite web|url=https://www.trainman.in/article/indian-railway-train-classes|title=Indian railway classes|publisher=Trainman|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003100712/https://www.trainman.in/article/indian-railway-train-classes|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|First Class
|F
|
|First class is similar to first AC coaches with a combination of cabins and berths but are non air-conditioned and do not have all the facilities of first AC coaches.<ref name="TM"/> They were started to be phased out of normal express trains starting in the 2000s and the last coach being de-commissioned in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-class-coaches-now-just-the-stuff-of-memories/articleshow/4127807.cms?from=mdr|title=First-class coaches now just the stuff of memories|date=14 February 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/end-of-road-for-last-of-the-non-ac-first-class-coaches/articleshow/50250987.cms|title=End of road for the last of the non AC first class coaches|date=20 December 2015|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The First class is still in use in [[Mountain railways of India|toy trains]] where the coaches consist of seats similar to chair cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/holiday-special-trains-in-nilgiri-mountain-railway/article67668676.ece|title=Holiday special trains in Nilgiri Mountain Railway|date=23 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Executive Anubhuti
|EA
|[[File:Mumbai Central Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express - Anubhuti coach - Interior.jpg|100px]]
|Executive Anubhuti is the premium class of air-conditioned [[chair car]] equipped with retractable, large cushioned seats in 2x2 configuration. The class is equipped with an entertainment system, large luggage compartments, passenger information system, dedicated reading lights, power sockets and call buttons, modular bio toilets with automated taps. Meals often provided as a part of the journey ticket.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/967183/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-express-train-fare-luxury-features-images-indian-railways-new-train/5/|title=Anubhuti coaches with aircraft-like features to replace Shatabdi 1st-AC Executive chair cars; 20 amazing facts|date=9 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The class is available only in select trains.<ref name="FE"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-trains-indian-railways-4980867/|title=Soon experience flight like luxury in Shatabdi|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=17 December 2017|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|AC Executive Class
|E
|[[File:The Interior of the Executive Class or 1A of an LHB Shatabdi Coach..jpg|100px]]
|AC Executive Class is often the top most class of air-conditioned chair car in express trains. It is equipped with large retractable seats in 2x2 configuration.<ref name="IRFCA"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/two-extra-coaches-added-to-afternoon-shatabdi-railways-5175696/|title=Two extra coaches added to afternoon Shatabdi: Railways|date=14 May 2018|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The class is equipped with dedicated reading lights and power sockets, modular bio toilets with automated taps. Meals are often provided as a part of the journey ticket.<ref name="TM"/> In [[Vande Bharat Express]] trains, the class is equipped with more features including [[rotating seat]]s, [[CCTV]]s, passenger information system, larger toilets, [[USB port]]s and [[automated door]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-video-flag-off-pm-modi-new-indian-railways-train-features-time-table/articleshow/101292467.cms|title=Mumbai-Goa Vande Bharat express flagged off|date=27 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/passengers-from-southern-districts-to-get-a-new-travel-experience-on-vande-bharat-express/article67338091.ece|title=Passengers from south T.N. to get a new travel experience on Vande Bharat Expres|date=23 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Executive Vistadome
|EV
|[[File:VistadomeInterior.jpg|100px]]
|AC Tourist cars have [[vistadome]] coaches with glass roofs and extra wide windows. The interiors are similar to AC chair car coaches. Select trains operating mostly on tourist circuits are equipped with such coaches.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Status of Vistadome Trains|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1797573|date=9 July 2022|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Indian Railways plans to introduce these coaches in all [[Mountain railways of India|mountain railways]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 March 2019|title=All mountain railways in India to have vistadome coaches: Piyush Goyal|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/all-mountain-railways-in-india-to-have-vistadome-coaches-piyush-goyal-1552064701958.html|access-date=9 July 2022|work=mint}}</ref>
|-
|Second AC or AC 2-tier
|A
|[[File:2956coach.JPG|100px]]
|Second AC or AC 2-tier is an air-conditioned [[sleeping car]] with wide sealed windows.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are four berths arranged in two-tiers facing each other in a single bay with two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> Individual berths are equipped with [[curtains]], simple bedding, reading lights and charging sockets.<ref name="Curt">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/why-railways-is-removing-curtains-in-ac-coaches/wont-help-if-there-is-fire/slideshow/66221831.cms|title=Why you may not see curtains in AC coaches|date=15 October 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bed">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-provide-bedrolls-in-ac-3-tier-economy-coach-from-this-week-11663481311905.html|title=Indian Railways to provide bedrolls|date=18 September 2022|work=Mint|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Food is available on order or as a part of the ticket depending on the train.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Third AC or AC 3-tier
|B
|[[File:Inside_AC_3_coach_passage_Indian_railway_002.jpg|100px]]
|Third AC or AC 3-tier is an air-conditioned sleeping car.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are six berths arranged in three-tiers facing each other in a single bay with foldable middle berths and two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> There are common charging sockets and lights in each compartment with simple bedding provided.<ref name="Bed"/> Food is available on order or as a part of the ticket depending on the train with the same menu shared with AC 2-tier.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|AC 3-tier economy
|M or G
|
|AC 3-tier economy coaches are air-conditioned sleeping cars similar to AC 3-tier.<ref name="IRFCA"/> Compared to 3-tier coaches, they have an extra middle berth along the aisle.<ref name="TM"/> The coaches were first introduced in [[Garib Rath Express|Garib Rath]] trains and only a few trains operate with such coaches.<ref name="TN">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/garib-rath-trains-to-get-new-ac-3-tier-economy-class-coaches-to-have-cheaper-fare-than-ac-3-tier/804617|title=Garib Rath trains to get new AC 3-tier economy class coaches; to have cheaper fare than AC 3-tier|date=27 August 2021|work=Times now|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Bedding is available for rent and the coaches have facilities like charging sockets and lights similar to AC 3-tier coaches.<ref name="TN"/>
|-
|AC Chair Car
|C
|[[File:Interiors of the 2nd Generation of the Vande Bharat Express trains.jpg|100px]]
|AC chair car are air-conditioned coaches equipped with retractable seats in 3x2 configuration.<ref name="IRFCA"/> The class has cushioned seats with [[tray table]]s and are equipped with LED reading lights, power sockets along the window side. Meals are provided as a part of the journey ticket in select trains.<ref name="TM"/> In Vande Bharat Express trains, the class is equipped with more features including passenger information system, CCTVs, larger toilets and automated doors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-vande-bharat-express-train-photos-features-indian-railways-new-train-2022/articleshow/93449662.cms?from=mdr|title=New Vande Bharat Express features|date=9 August 2022|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/guwahati-new-jalpaiguri-vande-bharat-express-timing-ticket-prices-and-other-details-you-should-know/articleshow/100581940.cms?from=mdr|title=Vande Bharat Express timing and ticket prices|date=29 May 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Sleeper
|S
|[[File:Inside an Indian Railways Train - Sleeper Coach.jpg|100px]]
|Sleeper class is the most common sleeping car coach in Indian Railways.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are six berths arranged in three-tiers facing each other in a single bay with foldable middle berths and two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> The coaches are not air-conditioned and have open-able windows. There are common charging sockets, [[ceiling fan|ceiling mounted fans]] and lights in each compartment. Food is available on order or can be purchased from vendors.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Second sitting
|D
|[[File:Seats inside Indian train.jpg|100px]]
|Second sitting is the most common chair car coach and the cheapest in the Indian Railways.<ref name="IRFCA"/> It is common in most day-time running trains with six seats arranged in 3x3 configuration. The seats may face each other or towards the same side.<ref name="Coach"/> The coaches are not air-conditioned and have open-able windows. There are common charging sockets, ceiling mounted fans and lights in each compartment. Food is available on order or can be purchased from vendors.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Unreserved or General
|UR/GS
|[[File:Newly_Developed_Deen_Dayalu_Coach_being_dedicated_by_the_Union_Minister_for_Railways,_Shri_Suresh_Prabhakar_Prabhu_to_the_Nation,_at_New_Delhi_Railway_Station_on_July_19,_2016_(1).jpg|100px]]
|Unreserved or general coaches are second seating coaches which are not available for reservation and seats are taken on available basis.<ref name="IRFCA"/> One or more of these coaches are attached to express trains while dedicated passenger trains might also have all unreserved coaches. Tickets are valid on any train on a route only for within 24 hours of purchase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/unreserved-general-railway-train-tickets-valid-for-only-three-hours-after-purchase-rule-applicable-from-march-1-2016-997342/|title=Unreserved, General Railway train tickets valid for only three hours after purchase|date=1 March 2016|work=India.com|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|}
Saloon coaches are also available for [[Excursion train|chartering]] which are equipped with a bedroom and kitchen and can be attached to normal trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ready-to-shell-out-more-now-you-can-travel-in-railways-luxury-saloons/jammu-mail/slideshow/63554248.cms|title=Saloon attached to Jammu Mail|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 March 2018|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

;Trains
{{multiple image
| total_width=300
| align=right
| header=Express trains of India
| caption_align=center
| image1=12302_Howrah_Rajdhani_Express_-_AC_First_Class.jpg
| caption1=[[Rajdhani Express]]
| image2=Mumbai_Central_Ahmedabad_Shatabdi_Express_-_Anubhuti_coach_-_K1.jpg
| caption2=[[Shatabdi Express]]
}}
{{Further|Express trains in India|Slow and fast passenger trains in India}}
Indian Railways operates various classes of passenger and express trains. The trains are classified basis average speed and facilities with express trains having fewer halts, priority on rail network and faster average speed. The trains are identified by [[Train numbering in India|five digit numbers]] with train-pairs traveling in opposite directions usually labelled with consecutive numbers.<ref>{{cite report|title=Train Numbering|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Express trains often have specific unique names for easy identification.<ref name="Train">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|title=Train Index|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2018–19, Indian Railways operated 13,523 passenger trains on average daily and carried 8.44 billion passengers.<ref name="IRYB1">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annual-Reports-2019-2020/Year-Book-2019-20-English_Final_Web.pdf|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2019–20|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> India Railways operates various categories of express trains including [[Rajdhani Express]], [[Shatabdi Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]], [[Double Decker Express]], [[Tejas Express]], [[Gatimaan Express]], [[Humsafar Express]], [[Duronto Express]], [[Yuva Express]], [[Uday Express]], [[Jan Shatabdi Express]], [[Sampark Kranti Express]], [[Vivek Express]], [[Rajya Rani Express]], [[Mahamana Express]], [[Antyodaya Express]], [[Jan Sadharan Express]], [[Suvidha Express]] and [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|Intercity Express]].<ref name="Train"/>

==== Ticketing and fares ====
[[File:Railway ticket from Bangalore City junction to Pune junction.jpg|thumb|A standard printed Indian Railway ticket]]
In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced before which ticketing was done manually.<ref name="IT"/> Self-printing ticket machines (SPTM) were introduced in 1988.<ref name="SF"/> Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in September 1996.<ref name="Hist"/> The ticketing network at stations is computerized with the exception of few stations. The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref name="IRCTC"/> Indian Railways now provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through [[website]], [[smartphone app]]s, [[SMS]], rail reservation counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. Reserved tickets may be booked up to 120 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket.

In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list number is assigned and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets. [[Reservation against Cancellation|Reservation against cancellation tickets]] is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|title=Indian Railways Reservation Rules: 5 Things To Know About Waitlisted Tickets|date=30 May 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal train ticket]], where no refund is applicable on cancellation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|title=Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|title=Provision for carrying proof|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at stations or through UTS mobile app at any time before departure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|title=Buy suburban train tickets via app|date=1 February 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Holders of such tickets may only board the general or unreserved coaches. India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and lower class passenger fares are subsidised.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184|title=India's Economic Reforms, 1991–2001|last=Joshi|first=V|author2=I. M. D. Little|date=17 October 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1982-9078-0|location=US|page=184|chapter=Industrial Policy and Factor Markets|access-date=25 June 2007}}</ref> Discounted fares are applicable for railway employees, [[senior citizen]]s (over age 60), the differently-abled, students, athletes, patients and those taking competitive examinations. Seats of lower class of accommodation are reserved for women or senior citizens in some trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|title=Concession Rules|access-date=25 June 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>

== Higher-speed rail ==
{{main|High speed rail in India}}
[[File:Ghaziabad WAP 5.jpg|thumb|A [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] [[electric locomotive]] reached a speed of {{cvt|184|kph|abbr=on}} and is the fastest operational locomotive]]

=== Rolling stock ===
In 1980, the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] electric locomotives reached a speed of {{cvt|130|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=WAP-1 locomotive|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=9 October 1989|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] class locomotives, initially imported from [[Adtranz|ABB]] in 1995 and later manufactured at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in India, reached {{cvt|184|kph|abbr=on}} in trials. The locomotive later set an Indian speed record by hauling a train between Delhi and Agra at a speed of {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}} in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=200 km in 90 mins: Delhi-Agra high speed train sets new speed record|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-03/news/51057656_1_speed-record-fastest-train-passenger-train|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707064334/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-03/news/51057656_1_speed-record-fastest-train-passenger-train|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=3 July 2014}}</ref> In 2018, a modified WAP-5A locomotive reached speeds of {{cvt|200|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}} in trials.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/make-in-india-speed-boost-for-indian-railways-gets-first-200-kmph-capable-aerodynamic-electric-locomotive/1374602/|title= 'Make in India' speed boost for Indian Railways! Gets first 200 kmph capable aerodynamic electric locomotive|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Financial Express|date=6 November 2018}}</ref> In 2018, Integral Coach Factory in Chennai, rolled out a [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high-speed]] [[Electric Multiple Unit|EMU]] [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]], capable of reaching {{cvt|180|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="VB"/><ref name="VB1"/> These trains have eight or sixteen coaches with driver cabins on both ends, which eliminates the time needed for turnaround at the terminal station with faster acceleration and deceleration, enabling the train to travel at a top speed for longer distance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/railway-budget-2018-indian-railways-new-trains-train-18-train-20-features-semi-high-speed/1026896/|title=Ahead of Railway Budget 2018, Modi's Make in India gets boost with plans for 'world-class' Indian Railways trains|date=23 January 2018|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-new-world-class-trains-to-cut-travel-time-by-20/articleshow/62611180.cms|title=Train 18: 2 new 'world class' trains to cut travel time by 20%|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> For high-speed rail, the Indian railways will construct bullet train assembly facilities on a [[Public–private partnerships in India|public-private participation]] (PPP) model with Japanese companies setting up manufacturing facilities in India to build the parts for bullet train sets.<ref name="HT MB">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/make-in-india-railways-to-pitch-for-building-bullet-train-coaches/story-cUnqHEk3sy0h2l7xgLXfsN.html|title=Make in India: Railways to pitch for building bullet train coaches locally|work=Hindustan Times|date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Network and infrastructure ===
[[File:Map_of_India_high-speed_rail_corridors_according_to_National_Rail_Plan.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Proposed high speed rail network]]
In 2009, Indian Railways envisioned a plan to increase the speed of passenger trains to {{cvt|160-200|kph|abbr=on}} on dedicated conventional tracks and improve the existing conventional lines on {{Track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} Broad gauge to handle speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HSRC">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=100308|title=Railway Minister Launches High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited (HSRC)|date=29 October 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> On 25 July 2013, Government of India established the [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited|High Speed Rail Corporation]] under [[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited|Rail Vikas Nigam]] (RVNL) for the implementation of high-speed rail corridor projects.<ref name="HSRC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/news/36564456_1_high-speed-rail-high-speed-trains-first-bullet-train|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801140940/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/news/36564456_1_high-speed-rail-high-speed-trains-first-bullet-train|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|title=Indian Railways finally moving on its dream project – high-speed trains|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=27 January 2013|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2014, the Diamond Quadrilateral high-speed rail network project was launched by Government of India and is envisioned to connect the four major metro cities of India namely: Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/focus-on-diamond-quadrilateral/article6105076.ece|title=Focus on diamond quadrilateral|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 June 2014|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Address by The President of India to the Joint sitting of Parliament 2014|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|access-date=9 June 2014|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225448/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, India does not have any operational high-speed tracks with the {{cvt|174|km|abbr=on}} segment of track in the [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]]{{ndash}} Agra Cantonment section supporting semi-high speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="SH">{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/vande-bharat-express-trains-running-at-average-speed-of-83-kmph-against-permissible-limit-of-130-kmph-reveals-rti-reply-filed-in-mp|title=Vande Bharat Express trains running at average speed of 83 kph against permissible limit of 130 kph, reveals RTI reply filed in MP|work=Free Press Journal|date=17 April 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> By 2026, Ministry of Railways envisaged to have top speeds of {{cvt|300–350|kph|abbr=on}} with trains running on elevated corridors to isolate high-speed train tracks to prevent trespassing.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 September 2020|title=Wow! Indian Railways eyes 7 more bullet train corridors; all will be open to PPP investments|work=The Financial Express|url= https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/wow-indian-railways-eyes-7-more-bullet-train-corridors-all-will-be-open-to-ppp-investments/2086517/|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> Multiple feasibility studies have been done and probable routes have been identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalturk.com/en/india-japan-sign-mou-for-feasibility-study-of-high-speed-railway-system-in-india-43654/|title=India, Japan sign MoU for feasibility study of high speed railway system in India|date=9 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Nationalturk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-chinese-team-visits-cst/|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train? Chinese team visits CST|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=16 September 2014|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2017, a {{cvt|508|km|abbr=on}} standard gauge line between Mumbai and Ahmedabad was approved for construction and is expected to be operational by 2028.<ref name="NHSRC">{{cite report|url=https://nhsrcl.in/sites/default/files/2021-12/Journey.pdf|title=Journey of High speed rail|publisher=[[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite news|date=13 September 2017|title=Japan Is Selling Bullet Trains to India|work=Bloomberg News|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-13/japan-s-bullet-train-gives-164-year-old-indian-railway-a-jolt|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> [[RapidX]] system operating on {{Track gauge|1435mm|lk=on}} [[Standard-gauge railway|Standard gauge]] tracks with [[Namo Bharat (trainset)|Namo Bharat]] train-sets capable of supporting speeds of up to {{cvt|180|kph|abbr=on}}, became operational with the partial opening of [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut line]] in 2023.<ref name="RX">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1969356|title=PM launches India's first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|date=20 October 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Services ===
[[File:Thiruvananthapuram_Kasaragod_Vande_Bharat_Express_(via_Alappuzha)_-_1st_Rake.jpg|thumb|Introduced in 2019, [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat train-set]] built by [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]], is the fastest in operation]]
Rajdhani Express, introduced in 1969 with a maximum speed of {{cvt|120|kph|abbr=on}} was the fastest train service in the country in the 1970s.<ref name="Raj"/> [[Shatabdi Express]] introduced in 1988, were capable of running at a maximum speed of {{cvt|130|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=1 December 2023|date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|title=Trains faster than Rajdhani, Shatabdi on the cards|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> In April 2016, WAP-5 hauled [[Gatimaan Express]] became the fastest commercial train in India, with a maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|title=Train to be named Gatimaan Express|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=5 April 2016}}</ref> In 2019, the first [[Vande Bharat Express]] entered commercial service with a maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}. The actual operating speed was much lower due to track restrictions and congestion with top speeds restricted to {{cvt|130|kph|abbr=on}} for most trains.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=7 February 2019|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi|newspaper=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> In October 2023, [[Namo Bharat]], built for [[RapidX]] by Alstom was launched and is capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|180|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 October 2023|title=PM Modi flags off 'RapidX', India's first regional rapid rail service; all you need to know|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/pm-modi-flags-off-namo-bharat-indias-first-regional-rapid-train-service-402728-2023-10-20|access-date=23 October 2023|work=Business Today}}</ref> In December 2023, two modified WAP-5 locomotives were used to haul the [[Amrit Bharat Express]] in a push-pull configuration, capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nigam|first=Saumya|date=27 December 2023|title=Amrit Bharat Express to launch with Push-Pull technology and other exciting features|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/amrit-bharat-express-to-launch-with-push-pull-technology-and-other-exciting-features-details-2023-12-27-909203|access-date=28 December 2023|work=India TV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2023|title=Vande Sadharan train: All you need to know; How it is different from Vande Bharat train?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/vande-sadharan-train-all-you-need-to-know-how-it-is-different-from-vande-bharat-train-403792-2023-10-30|access-date=30 December 2023|work=Business Today}}</ref>

== Mountain railways ==
{{main|Mountain Railways of India}}
{{multiple image
| total_width=400
| align=right
| header=[[Mountain Railways of India]]
| caption_align=center
| image1=DarjeelingTrainFruitshopCrop.JPG
| caption1=[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling]]
| image2=KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg
| caption2=[[Kalka-Shimla Railway|Kalka-Shimla]]
| image3=NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg
| caption3=[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Nilgiri]]
}}
[[Mountain Railways of India]] refer to three rail lines operated by Indian Railways in [[hill|hilly terrain]]. [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], a {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway in the [[Lesser Himalayas]] of [[West Bengal]] was opened in 1881.
<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|title=Mountain Railways of India|work=World Heritage List|publisher=[[World Heritage Committee]]|year=1999|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The mountain railways were designated as [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1999.<ref name="UNESCO"/> The [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]], a {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway in the [[Siwalik Hills]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] started operating in 1903. The [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], a {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} [[rack railway]] in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] was opened in 1908 and is the only operational rack railway in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO"/> These railways operate with its own dedicated fleet of locomotives and coaches.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|title=he Nilgiri Mountain Railway as old as the hills|date=27 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Tourist trains ==
[[File:Maharaja Express.jpg|thumb|Maharajas' Express]]
Indian Railways operates tourist trains and coach services on popular tourist circuits in different regions of the country. It operates luxury tourist trains such as [[Maharajas' Express]], [[Palace on Wheels]], [[Golden Chariot]] and [[Deccan Odyssey]], deluxe tourist trains such as [[Mahaparinirvan Express]].<ref name="IRYB"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1066|title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173012/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1066|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It also operates [[restored train|heritage]] and exhibition trains on special circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-flags-off-gujarats-first-heritage-train-which-will-bring-tourists-to-statue-of-unity/article67479662.ece|title=PM flags off Gujarat's first heritage train, which will bring tourists to Statue of Unity|date=31 October 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Cross-border services ==
{{Main|Cross-border railway lines in India}}
India shares land border with multiple countries and have rail-links with some of them. [[Bangladesh]] is connected to [[West Bengal]] with a construction of new rail link connecting [[Tripura]] with [[Akhaura]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2019|title=Bandhan Express makes its first commercial run between Kolkata and Khulna today|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandhan-express-makes-its-first-run-between-kolkata-khulna-india-bangladesh-on-thursday-4939545/|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116063408/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandhan-express-makes-its-first-run-between-kolkata-khulna-india-bangladesh-on-thursday-4939545/|archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 June 2014|title=Work on new India-Bangladesh railway link from 2015|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/work-on-new-indiabangladesh-railway-link-from-2015/480099-61.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081939/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/work-on-new-indiabangladesh-railway-link-from-2015/480099-61.html|archive-date=6 October 2014|work=IBNlive|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Two rail links to [[Nepal]] exist {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, with a third under construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepalese Railway and Economic Development: What Has Gone Wrong?|date=11 June 2020|url=https://www.theindiareview.com/india-and-nepal/nepal-railways-and-economic-development-what-has-gone-wrong-110620-01/|work=India Review|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119174443/https://www.theindiareview.com/india-and-nepal/nepal-railways-and-economic-development-what-has-gone-wrong-110620-01/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is an existing railink with [[Pakistan]] through [[Attari]]–[[Wagah]] border.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/business/do-you-know-this-indian-railway-station-requires-passengers-to-carry-a-pakistani-visa-8364073.html|title=Do You Know This Indian Railway Station Requires Passengers To Carry A Pakistani Visa?|date=18 July 2023|work=News18|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Private railways ==
The state-owned [[Indian Railways]] has an almost monopoly over rail operations. There are a few private railway lines used exclusively for transporting freight and to connect with the wider network. Private railways are operated by various ports such as [[Mumbai Port Trust|Mumbai]], [[Kolkata Port Trust|Kolkata]], [[Chennai Port Trust|Chennai]], [[Visakhapatnam Port Trust|Visakhapatnam]], [[Port Pipavav|Pipavav]] and the [[Bhilai Steel Plant]]. The [[Tata Group]] operates a few [[funicular railway]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways other than IR in India|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html|access-date=18 June 2007|work=IRFCA|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club|archive-date=24 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524083200/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Indian Railways allowed the operation of private passenger trains for the first time with the first train flagged off from Coimbatore in June 2022.<ref name="PT"/>

== Suburban ==
=== Rolling stock ===
In the 1960s, [[Electric multiple unit]]s (EMU) were developed for short-haul and suburban rail transit.<ref>{{cite report|date=15 October 1999|title=Electrical Multiple Units|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/8/0/2/4684802/1/multipleunits1091923.pdf|work=Indian Rail Info|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Background of Railway Electrification|url=https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530#:~:text=The%20first%20electric%20train%20ran,electrified%20on%201500%20Volt%20DC.|access-date=19 May 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> On short-distance routes, [[MEMU|Mainline electrical multiple unit (MEMU)]] and [[DEMU|Diesel electrical multiple unit (DEMU)]] trains are also run. These train sets run in formation of 6, 9, 12 or 15 coaches and a three-car set is typified by a motor coaches and two passenger coaches.<ref name="EMU1">{{cite report|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65704/1/16_Public_Accounts_69.pdf|title=Operation of MUs|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1574744335252-JE%20LDCE2.pdf|title=Three phase EMU|page=5|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> These train-sets are self-propelled with capability for faster acceleration or deceleration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Loco-hauled-commuter-trains-to-be-replaced-with-DEMU/MEMU/articleshow/54680592.cms|title=Loco hauled commuter trains to be replaced with DEMU/MEMU|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226042551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Loco-hauled-commuter-trains-to-be-replaced-with-DEMU/MEMU/articleshow/54680592.cms|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Network ===
Suburban lines were built starting with Bombay in 1853, followed by Calcutta and Madras in the later years. The first 1.5kV DC electrified tracks became operational in the late 1920s and early 1930s.<ref name="EMU1"/> In 1957, 25 kV AC traction was adopted for suburban lines.<ref name="EL1"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!System
!City
!State
!Image
!Lines
!Stations
!Length
!Opened
|-
| [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai Suburban]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6|title=Mumbai Suburban railway|publisher=Western Railway|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Western-Railway-Medha-EMU.jpg|100x100px]]
| 7
| [[List of Mumbai Suburban Railway stations|150]]
| {{cvt|427.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1853
|-
| [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Kolkata Suburban]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Survey on Kolkata Suburban Railway|url=http://indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf|date=22 December 2018|work=Indiansss.org|access-date=31 August 2023|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222211115/http://indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[File:Local_train.png|100x100px]]
| 5
| [[List of Kolkata Suburban Railway stations|458]]
| {{cvt|1501|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1854
|-
| [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban]]<ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf|title=List of Stations, Chennai|lang=en|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[File:ChennaiEMUNew.JPG|100x100px]]
| 5
| [[Railway stations in Chennai|53]]
| {{cvt|212|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1928<ref name="SR"/>
|-
| [[Delhi Suburban Railway|Delhi Suburban]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/decongesting-delhi-mega-plan-to-link-capital-s-ring-rail-metro-network/story-Lf0h4yaFYj1jOUQtERYDgI.html|title=Delhi's mega plan to link capital ring rail metro network|date=15 February 2018|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Delhi]]
| [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]
| [[File:Delhi_emu_01.JPG|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of railway stations in Delhi|46]]
| {{cvt|85|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1975
|-
| [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]]<ref name="MRTS">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|title=About MRTS|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090557/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SR">{{cite report|title=Brief History of the Division|work=Chennai Division|publisher=Indian Railways—Southern Railways|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|access-date=26 October 2012|lang=en}}</ref>
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[File:Chennai_local_14003.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|17]]
| {{cvt|19.715|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1995
|-
| [[Hyderabad MMTS]]<ref name="TW">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-flag-off-new-mmts-services-tomorrow-791634|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi to flag off new MMTS services tomorrow|publisher=Hans India|date=7 April 2023|access-date=17 April 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="AD">{{Cite news|date=9 August 2003|title=Traffic to be diverted for railway inaugation on Saturday|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/traffic-to-be-diverted-for-railway-inaugation-on-saturday/articleshow/122120.cms?from=mdr|access-date=9 April 2023|issn=0971-8257|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[File:Hyderabad MMTS at Hitech city.jpg|100x100px]]
| 2
| [[Hyderabad MMTS|44]]
| {{cvt|90|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2003
|-
| [[Pune Suburban Railway|Pune Suburban]]
| [[Pune|Pune & Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Siemens EMU on Pune-Lonavala route.jpg|100x200px]]
| 1
| [[Pune Suburban Railway|17]]
| {{cvt|63|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1978
|-
|}

=== Services ===
The first suburban electric trains were introduced in Bombay in 1925.<ref name="EMU1"/> Chennai suburban started operating in 1931 and Kolkata in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 May 2012|title=Historical perspective – the first journey|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,291,354|access-date=18 June 2020|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=83 years of electric suburban rail|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 April 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece|access-date = 18 Apr 2014}}</ref> Opened in November 1995, Chennai MRTS became the first operational elevated railway line in India.<ref name="SR1"/> Indian Railways operates suburban railway systems across the cities of Mumbai (suburban), Chennai (suburban and MRTS), Kolkata (suburban) and [[Secunderabad]] (MMTS) covering six railway zones.<ref name="EMU1"/> Suburban networks issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time or season passes with unlimited travel between two stops for a period of time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vivek Narayanan|title=Wait for ticket gets painful|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|access-date=21 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 May 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511203206/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|title=Tourist Tickets introduced in Chennai Suburban|date=24 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>

== Metro ==
{{main|Urban rail transit in India}}
=== Rolling stock ===
Metro trains use electric multiple unit train-sets manufactured by various state-owned and private companies.<ref name="MC"/><ref name="EMC"/> The trains operate on 25 KV [[alternating current|AC]] through an overhead catenary system with a maximum speed of {{convert|120|km/h}}.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2010/9/alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-chennais-metro-for-1-billion-approx-inr-12000-crore/|title=Alstom to provide 168 cars for Chennai's metro for €1 billion (approx. INR 10000 crore)|publisher=Alstom|date=1 September 2010|access-date=6 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Network ===
The urban rail transit in India consists of systems such as [[Rapid transit|rapid transit (Metro)]], [[suburban rail]] (operated by [[Indian railways]]), [[Light rail|light rail (Metrolite)]], [[tram]], [[regional rail]] and [[monorail]]. {{As of|2023}}, India has the [[List of metro systems|fourth longest]] length of metro lines with {{Convert|895|km|mi|lk=on|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/at-810-km-india-overtakes-japan-in-length-of-metro-rail-projects-union-minister-puri-8182940/|title=India overtakes Japan in length of metrorail projects: Union minister|date=30 September 2022|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Urban rail transit]] systems in India mostly use [[standard gauge]] tracks except a single line of Kolkata Metro and three lines of Delhi Metro which use the same broad gauge tracks as main-line railways.<ref name="DM">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-begins-shift-to-standard-gauge-rails/articleshow/4320372.cms|title=Delhi Metro begins to shift to standard gauge|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> These systems are operated by rail corporations independent of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-railways-opts-for-standard-gauge-first-time-in-160-yrs-1843000|title=Railways opts for standard gauge first time in 160 yr|newspaper=Daily News & Analysis|date=3 June 2013|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214031545/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-railways-opts-for-standard-gauge-first-time-in-160-yrs-1843000|url-status=live}}</ref> All metro routes are electrified with DC or 25 kV AC traction with many metro routes employing the [[third rail]] method for electric traction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/kochi-metro-coaches-arrive-at-muttom-yard/temporary-arrangement-made/slideshow/50541974.cms|title=Kochi Metro coaches arrive at Muttom Yard|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Services ===
Metro trains operate in [[Kolkata Metro|Kolkata]], [[Delhi Metro|Delhi]], [[Bengaluru Metro|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai Metro|Chennai]], [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai]], [[Pune Metro|Pune]], [[Hyderabad Metro|Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur Metro|Jaipur]], [[Kochi Metro|Kochi]], [[Nagpur Metro|Nagpur]], [[Ahmedabad Metro|Ahmedabad]] and [[Lucknow Metro|Lucknow]]. [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon]] has a Metro system operated by a private organisation. Metro tracks are being constructed or planned in all million-plus cities in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/metro-rail-projects-in-india/|title=Metro rail projects in India|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Metrorailguy}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!System
!City
!State
!Image
!Lines
!Stations
!Length
!Opened
|-
|[[Kolkata Metro]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[File:Kolkata Metro at Ravindra Sadan station.jpg|frameless|98x98px]]
|6
|[[List of Kolkata Metro stations|55]]
|{{cvt|73.42|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|1984
|-
| [[Delhi Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/map|title=Delhi metro map|publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Delhi]]
| [[National Capital Region]]
| [[File:DelhiMetroYellowLine.JPG|100x100px]]
| 9
| [[List of Delhi Metro stations|256]]
| {{cvt|348|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2002
|-
| [[Namma Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.bmrc.co.in/#/metro-network|title=Project status of Namma Metro|publisher=Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[File:Namma Metro Trains of Bangalore.jpg|100x100px]]
| 3
| [[List of Namma Metro stations|83]]
| {{cvt|96.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2011
|-
| [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Rapid Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/static/media/Network-Map-English.e17d3ce0.pdf|title=Delhi metro complete network map|publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Gurgaon]]
| [[Haryana]]
| [[File:Phase_2_Metro_Station.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Delhi Metro stations|11]]
| {{cvt|12.85|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2013
|-
| [[Mumbai Monorail]]<ref name="MM"/>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Mumbai_Monorail_train_at_platform.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Mumbai Metro stations|27]]
| {{cvt|19.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2014
|-
| [[Mumbai Metro]]<ref name="MM">{{cite web|url=https://imetro.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Maha-Mumbai-Metro-Operation-Corporation-Limited-1.pdf|title=Mumbai metro network map|publisher=Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Mumbai_Metro_at_Gundavali_Station.jpg|100x100px]]
| 3
| [[List of Mumbai Metro stations|43]]
| {{cvt|46.4|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2014
|-
| [[Chennai Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|title=Project status of Chennai Metro|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[File:Alstom Metropolis train-set at Guindy Metro station in Chennai.jpg|100x100px]]
| 2
| [[List of Chennai Metro stations|41]]
| {{cvt|54.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2015
|-
| [[Jaipur Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jaipurmetrorail.info/jaipur-metro-rail-route-map|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324005200/http://www.jaipurmetrorail.info/jaipur-metro-rail-route-map|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 March 2016|title=Jaipur Metro map|publisher=Jaipur Metro Rail|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Jaipur]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[File:Pinkline4.JPG|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Jaipur Metro stations|21]]
| {{cvt|12|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2015
|-
| [[Kochi Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kochimetro.org/know-your-kochi-metro-map-with-routes-stops-and-journey-time/|title=Kochi Metro map with routes|publisher=Kochi Metro|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Kochi]]
| [[Kerala]]
| [[File:Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom,_Aug_2017.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Kochi Metro stations|22]]
| {{cvt|25.6|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2017
|-
| [[Lucknow Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lmrcl.com/passengerinfo/lucknow-metro-route-map/|title=Lucknow Metro map|publisher=Lucknow Metro Rail|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Lucknow]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[File:Lucknow_Metro_under_operation.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Lucknow Metro stations|21]]
| {{cvt|22.9|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2017
|-
| [[Hyderabad Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ltmetro.com/about-hmr/|title=About Hyderabad Metro Rail|publisher=Hyderabad Metrol Rail|access-date=30 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[File:Hyderabad_Metro.jpg|100x100px]]
| 3
| [[List of Hyderabad Metro stations|57]]
| {{cvt|69.2|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2017
|-
| [[Ahmedabad Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/route-map-2/|title=Route map of Ahmedabad metro|publisher=Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112185631/https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/route-map-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[File:Ahmedabad_Metro_Red_Line_28.jpg|100x100px]]
| 2
| [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations|29]]
| {{cvt|38.6|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2019
|-
| [[Noida Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmrcnoida.com/PassengerInformation/RouteMap|title=Route map of Noida metro|publisher=Noida Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Noida]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
| 1
| [[List of Noida Metro stations|21]]
| {{cvt|29.7|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2019
|-
| [[Kanpur Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://imetro.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Route-Map-KANPUR.pdf|title=Kanpur Metro map|publisher=Kanpur Metro Rail|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Kanpur]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[File:Kanpur MetroTrain at a station.jpg|frameless|137x137px]]
| 1
| [[List of Kanpur Metro stations|14]]
| {{cvt|12|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2021
|-
| [[Pune Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punemetrorail.org/route-map.aspx|title=Pune Metro map|publisher=Pune Metro Rail|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Pune]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Titagarh_Wagon_Pune_Metro.jpg|100x100px]]
| 2
| [[List of Pune Metro stations|27]]
| {{cvt|19.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2022
|-
| [[Navi Mumbai Metro]]<ref name="MM"/>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|
| 1
| [[List of Mumbai Metro stations|11]]
| {{cvt|11|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2023
|}

== Others ==
Apart from standard passenger and freight services, the Indian Railways operates other specialized coaches with various functions.<ref name="Coach">{{cite report|url=http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf|title=Types of passenger coaches|publisher=Asian Institute of Transport Development|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> These include accident relief medical vans,<ref name="ICF1">{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30216668.ece|title=ICF on a roll|date=25 April 2003|work=Frontline|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598271|title=Self Propelled Accident Relief Medical Vans to improve disaster response of Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> military cars,<ref name="ICF1"/> inspection carriages,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/rb/tender/1549969239106_TM-1903_1_Document_RIV_3.pdf|title=Specifications of Railway Inspection Car|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> and parcel vans.<ref name="Mint"/> Various coaches such as [[pantry car]],<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2014%20-%20Pantry%20Car%20and%20Mini%20Pantry%20Equipment%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Pantry car equipment|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> generator cars,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2013%20-%20LHB%20Power%20Car%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Power generator car|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> and brake vans are attached to train-sets.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/tele_comm/downloads/TELE/TelephoneCNL/TC-11.pdf|title=Brake van specification|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/photo-gallery-amazing-indian-railways-has-transformed-this-special-coach-how-you-benefit-check-photos-66845|title=Indian Railways has transformed this special coach|work=Zee news|date=11 October 2018|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Manufacturing and maintenance ==
Indian Railways operates various manufacturing units. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), commissioned in 1950, was the first locomotive manufacturing unit in India.<ref name="Chit"/> The first rail coache manufacturing unit, the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) was established at Madras in 1956.<ref name="ICF"/> [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (BLW), commissioned in 1961, is the second locomotive manufacturing unit operated by Indian Railways.<ref name="Banaras">{{cite report|url=https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|title=Banaras Locomotive works|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204065814/https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[Patiala Locomotive Works]], [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]] and [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]] also manufacture locomotives in India.<ref name="facility">{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|title=Indian railway facilities|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> Railway coaches are also manufactured at coach factories at [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala|Karputhala]], [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli|Raebareli]], [[Sonipat]] and [[Latur]].<ref name="facility"/> Indian Railways also operates two [[rail wheel]] manufacturing factories at [[Rail Wheel Factory|Bangalore]] and [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela|Chhpra]].<ref name="facility"/> The locomotives are operated and maintained by 44 locomotive sheds.<ref name="D1"/><ref name="E1"/> Indian Railways also maintains 37 sheds for the maintenance of multiple unit train-sets. The repair and maintenance of the fleet of other rolling stock is carried out at 212 carriage & wagon repair units and 45 periodic overhaul workshops across various zones of IR.<ref name="IRYB"/> Metro coaches are manufactured by various companies including state-owned ICF, BEML and private companies like [[Alstom]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Hyundai Rotem]], [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]], [[Siemens]], [[CRRC]], [[Titagarh Firema]] and [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] with the respective metro systems maintaining their own maintenance depots.<ref name="MC">{{cite news|url=https://cablecommunity.com/india-an-emerging-hub-for-metro-coach-industry/|title=India, an Emerging Hub for Metro Coach Industry|date=15 July 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Cable community}}</ref><ref name="EMC">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/90-per-cent-of-delhi-metro-coaches-are-manufactured-in-india/articleshow/46719323.cms|title=India, an emerging hub for metro coach|date=27 March 2015|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
{{main|List of railway accidents and incidents in India}}
According to the India's [[National Crime Records Bureau]], in 2021, more than 16,000 people were killed in almost 18,000 railway accidents across India. Almost 68 percent of the railway accidents were due to falls from trains and collisions between trains and people on the track. In the same year, almost 2000 people were killed in around 1500 [[Level crossing|rail-road crossing]] accidents across India.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI-2021/adsi2021_Snapshots.pdf|title=Snapshot, 2021|publisher=[[National Crime Records Bureau]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Transport|Roads|Railways}}

; Rail transport
* [[List of railway lines in India]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[List of high-speed railway lines in India]]
* [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[Future of rail transport in India]]
* [[List of countries by rail transport network size]]

; Other
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[Air transport in India]]
* [[Bharatmala]]
* [[Expressways of India]]
* [[Water transport in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Further reading ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Aguiar, Marian. ''Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility'' (University of Minnesota Press; 2011) 226 pages; draws on literature, film, and other realms to explore the role of the railway in the Indian imagination. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816665613/ excerpt and text search]
* [[Laura Bear|Bear, Linda]]. ''Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231140029/ excerpt and text search]
* Donaldson, Dave. "Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the impact of transportation infrastructure." ''American Economic Review'' 108.4–5 (2018): 899–934. [https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w16487/w16487.pdf online], econometric study
* Kerr, Ian J. ''Railways in Modern India'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195648285 excerpt and text search]
* Kerr, Ian J. ''Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India'' (2006)
* Kerr, Ian J. ''Building the Railways of the Raj, 1850–1900.'' (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).
* Kumar, Sudhir, and Shagun Mehrotra. ''Bankruptcy to Billions: How the Indian Railways Transformed Itself'' (2009)
* {{cite web|title=IRFCA : FAQ – Table of Contents|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/index.html|access-date=19 June 2005}}
* {{cite web|title=IRCTC|url=https://www.irctc.co.in|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=19 June 2005}}
* {{cite web|title=New IRCTC Ticket Booking Guidelines|url=https://www.ixigo.com/trains|publisher=ixigo|access-date=15 June 2020}}
* Pradhan, Rudra P., and Tapan P. Bagchi. "Effect of transportation infrastructure on economic growth in India: The VECM approach." ''Research in Transportation economics'' 38.1 (2013): 139–148.
* Singh, Sanjay K. "Review of urban transportation in India." ''Journal of public transportation'' 8.1 (2005): 5+. [https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1313&context=jpt online]
{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ Indian Railways] – official website
* [http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annualreport10-11/Glossary.pdf Glossary]



{{Indian Railways}}
{{Urban rail transit in India}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Rail transport in}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rail Transport In India}}
[[Category:Rail transport in India| ]]

Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express

2026-10-24T05:17:13Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2409:40E3:5428:425A:5424:19FF:FE82:F877 (talk) to last revision by WikiDwarf

Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express

2026-10-24T05:17:08Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edits by 2409:40E3:5428:425A:5424:19FF:FE82:F877 (talk) to last revision by WikiDwarf

{{Short description|Shatabdi Express train of Indian Railways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = ''Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express''
| image= Lkoshat.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Shatabdi Express]]
| locale = [[Delhi]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]]
| ridership =
| start =
| stops = 5
| end =
| distance = 513 kilometers
| journeytime = 6 hours 30 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class =A.C Executive Anubhuti Chair Car A.C. First Class Chair Car A.C. Chair Car
| seating = Chair Car
| sleeping = Not available
| autorack =
| catering = [[Vegetarian food]] [[Non-vegetarian|Non-Vegetarian food]] [[Jain vegetarianism|Jain food]]
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead luggage shelves
| otherfacilities=
| stock = [[Alstom]] [[LHB coaches]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| trainnumber = 12003 & 12004
| speed = Maximum: 130 km/h between Chipyana Buzrung and Kanpur. Average: 80 km/h
| map = [[File:(New Delhi - Lucknow) Swarna Shatabdi Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

'''''Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express''''' is one of the [[Shatabdi Express]] trains operated by [[Indian Railways]] that connects the capital of India, {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} to state capital of [[Uttar Pradesh]], {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}}.
<ref>{{cite news | url=https://trainsofindia.travel.blog/2020/05/25/lucknow%e2%87%8cnew-delhi-swarna-shatabdi-express/|title=Lucknow ⇌ New Delhi Swarna Shatabdi Express(12003⇌12004)|work=[[Trains Of India]]|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is a ''Swarna'' category [[Shatabdi Express]] train, ''Swarna'' is a Sanskrit word meaning [[gold]]. Swarna Shatabdi means that it caters better amenities to passengers and also generates better revenue for [[Indian Railways]] as compared to other Shatabdi Express trains. Not every train in Indian Railways carries ''Swarna'' tag. It is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad]] [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-5]] Locomotive.

==History==
Earlier this train used to run between {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}} and New Delhi non-stop, a 435 km stretch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-trivia-old.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Trivia|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref> After the gauge conversion in 1993, it was extended and previous terminal, Kanpur Central was converted to its only halt and later halted at Aligarh. Later on, it was also given halt at Ghaziabad and Etawah.
Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express is the first train in [[Indian Railways]] to get [[LHB coaches]] on trial basis.

==Initiatives==
Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi has been awarded the ISO certification.

==Routes==
===Swarna Shatabdi Express===
'''12003 – [[Lucknow Junction railway station]] to [[New Delhi]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station code
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Arrival
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Departure
|-
| valign="top" | LJN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}}
| valign="top" | Starting station
| valign="top" | 15:35
|-
| valign="top" | CNB
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
| valign="top" | 16:50
| valign="top" | 16:55
|-
| valign="top" | ETW
| valign="top" | Etawah
| valign="top" | 18:09
| valign="top" | 18:11
|-
| valign="top" | TDL
| valign="top" | Tundla Junction
| valign="top" | 19:20
| valign="top" | 19:22
|-
| valign="top" | ALJN
| valign="top" | Aligarh Junction
| valign="top" | 20:08
| valign="top" | 20:10
|-
| valign="top" | GZB
| valign="top" | Ghaziabad Junction
| valign="top" | 21:33
| valign="top" | 21:35
|-
| valign="top" | NDLS
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
| valign="top" | 22:15
| valign="top" | Destination station
|}

'''12004 – New Delhi to Lucknow Junction'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station code
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Arrival
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Departure
|-
| valign="top" | NDLS
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
| valign="top" | Starting Station
| valign="top" | 06:10
|-
| valign="top" | GZB
| valign="top" | Ghaziabad Junction
| valign="top" | 06:48
| valign="top" | 06:50
|-
| valign="top" | ALJN
| valign="top" | Aligarh Junction
| valign="top" | 07:50
| valign="top" | 07:52
|-
| valign="top" | TDL
| valign="top" | Tundla Junction
| valign="top" | 08:49
| valign="top" | 08:51
|-
| valign="top" | ETW
| valign="top" | Etawah
| valign="top" | 09:42
| valign="top" | 09:44
|-
| valign="top" | CN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
| valign="top" | 11:20
| valign="top" | 11:25
|-
| valign="top" | LJN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}}
| valign="top" | 12:40
| valign="top" | Destination station
|}
Temporary coaches that may/may not be attached depending on demand. Coach compositions are as follows-
* 12003- LOCO-EOG-C16-C15-C14-C13-C12-C11-C10-C9-C8-C7-C6-C5-C4-C3-C2-C1-E2-E1-EOG.
* 12004- LOCO-EOG-E1-E2-C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9-C10-C11-C12-C13-C14-C15-C16-EOG.

==Speed==
Its all coaches are of air conditioned [[LHB coaches]] type which is capable of reaching 160 kmph but it does not touch. Sometimes people become confused because according to Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual (IRPWM) on Indian Railways website or Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering website, the BG (Broad Gauge) lines have been classified into six groups ‘A’ to ‘E’ on the basis of the future maximum permissible speeds but it may not be same as present speed.

The maximum permissible speed is 130 kmph except two parts - first 29 km of journey or New Delhi (NDLS) – Chipyana Buzrung (CYZ) part where Railway is trying to raise maximum permissible sectional speed to 130 kmph from 110 kmph [https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/2019/Raising%20of%20sectionl%20speed%20to%20130%20kmph%20%20(dated%2017_12_2019).pdf] and after leaving route towards Howrah, last 72 km of journey or Kanpur (CNB) – Lucknow NE Jn (LJN) route has sectional speed of 110 kmph but speed of about first 2 Kms, under North Central Railway of this route is unknown - it is as per System Map of Northern Railway (as on 31.03.2021) [https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1630992607026-Final%20NR%20Divnl%20Book%2031%2003%202021%20(Complete).pdf]

Railway board has approved the speed policy which envisages operation of passenger trains at 160 kmph on Delhi – Howrah (incl CNB-LKO that is Kanpur - Lucknow NR) route and this train leaves route towards Howrah from Kanpur and then passes through Kanpur (CNB) – Lucknow NE Jn (LJN) route which is about same as Kanpur (CNB) – Lucknow NR (LKO) route but it is still unclear what will its impact on this train in future like increasing of speed but not up to 160 kmph or up to 160 kmph [https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/2020/12032020.pdf]

==See also==
*[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]] (LKO)
*[[Kanpur Shatabdi]]
*[[Aligarh Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Shatabdi Express}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014914/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014914/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025147/http://hindi.indiarailinfo.com/train/1521/664/336 Lucknow Shatabdi Timetable] in Hindi

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknow Lucknow Junction-New Delhi Swarna Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]
[[Category:Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Vande Bharat Express

2026-10-24T05:16:53Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edits by 2409:40E3:5428:425A:5424:19FF:FE82:F877 (talk) to last revision by 202.52.150.20

{{Short description|Series of Indian semi-high speed EMU train services}}
{{About|Vande Bharat Express services offered by Indian Railways|the EMU trainset|Vande Bharat (trainset)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Vande Bharat Express
| color = 28457D
| image = Vande Bharat Express around Mumbai.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Mumbai CSMT - Solapur Vande Bharat Express at Thane outer
| type = [[Inter-city rail|Inter-city]] [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high-speed rail]]
| status = Active
| predecessor = [[Shatabdi Express]], [[MEMU]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2019|02|15}}
| maintenance = [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]]
| website = {{URL|http://indianrail.gov.in}}
| line_used = 25(operational)
| class = CC Chair (Economy Class) Executive Chair (Premium Class)
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all carriages
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|infotainment system|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|electric outlets]]|reading light}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Automatic door]]s|[[smoke alarm]]s|[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]|[[odour]] control system|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|bio-vacuum toilets]]|[[Tap water|sensor-based water taps]]|[[Window blind|roller blinds]]}}
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/VBE_Trainset(V2)_Maintenance_Manual_Volume_II_Chapter1_Introduction_Draft(3).pdf | title=Vande Bharat Express Trainset (V2.0) - Maintenance Manual, Specification name IRCAMTECH/GWL/2022-23/T-18/MM/2.0 | website=rdso.indianrailways.com | access-date= 22 September 2022 }}</ref>
| speed  = {{Convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}} in a part of [[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj) - Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|Rani Kamalapati (in Bhopal) - Hazrat Nizamuddin (in Delhi)]] Route, 110-130 km/h (68-81 mph) in other routes
| trainlength = {{Convert|384|m|ft|abbr=on}} (16 coaches)
 {{Convert|192|m|ft|abbr=on}} (8 coaches)
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead line]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
}}

The '''Vande Bharat Express'''<ref name="VBE">{{cite news |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=27 January 2019}}</ref> is a short-distance train service operated by [[Indian Railways]]. Similar to [[Shatabdi Express]], these are day train services that connect major Indian cities which are in a distance of less than a day's time. The [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|trainsets]] can support [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high speeds]] but due to the railway track speed capacity, multiple stoppages and traffic constraints, the [[#Speed restrictions|operating speed]] of the services are limited to {{Convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}} on a section of the [[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj) - Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|Delhi-Bhopal service]] and 110–130 km/h (68-81 mph) on other services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2023 |title=Bhopal Delhi Vande Bharat Express: TOP SPEED of 160 kmph! Is food free in Delhi to Bhopal semi high-speed train? Know time, route, ticket price |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/bhopal-delhi-vande-bharat-express-top-speed-of-160-kmph-is-food-free-in-delhi-to-bhopal-semi-high-speed-train-know-time-route-ticket-price-article-99210203 |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur-Delhi Vande Bharat to take 1.45 hours at 150 kmph, schedule, launch month revealed |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-jaipur-ajmer-vande-bharat-express-s-schedule-revealed-to-take-145-hours-at-150-kmph-3031905 |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=DNA India}}</ref>It is conceivable that once this infrastructure is put in place, the maximum speed capability of Train 18 type rolling stock can be increased to 200 kmph with minor inputs from IR engineers themselves.<ref>https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/columnists/will-speeds-of-indian-trains-ever-increase-.html</ref>

The train, then known as Train 18, was designed by the [[RDSO]] and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory|Integral Coach Factory (ICF)]].<ref name="RDSO design light aluminum coaches">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rdso-design-light-aluminum-coaches-of-train-18-which-can-cruise-at-200-kmph/articleshow/92405563.cms | title=RDSO design light aluminum coaches of Train-18 which can cruise at 200 KMPH | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 June 2022 }}</ref> The specifications were also standardized by the RDSO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/VANDE_BHARAT_Volume_2.pdf|title=RDSO Specification name IRCAMTECH/GWL/2020-21/T-18/MM/1.0|access-date=21 March 2023 |website=rdso.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> It was made for low-cost maintenance and operational optimization. The cost of a 16-coach Vande Bharat train is about {{INRConvert|115|c}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/new-upgraded-ande-bharat-trains-to-cost-about-rs-115-crore-officials/2540671/ | title=New, upgraded Vande Bharat trains to cost about Rs 115 crore: Officials | date=28 May 2022 }}</ref>

On 27 January 2019, the services using Train 18 sets were named Vande Bharat Express with the first service commencing on 15 February 2019.<ref name="VBE Inauguration">{{cite news |author=PTI |date=7 February 2019 |title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on 15 February from New Delhi |newspaper=Business Today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Background ===
The first [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) service in India was introduced in the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai suburban railway]] on 3 February 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/age-is-just-a-number-she-can-keep-mumbais-life-on-track-even-at-90/|title=Age is just a number, she can keep Mumbai's life on track even at 90|publisher=Indian Express|date=9 February 2015}}</ref> Indigenously built EMUs started entering service in the 1960s after [[Integral Coach Factory]] of [[Chennai]], a government-owned manufacturer of rail coaches started developing EMUs indigenously.<ref name="EMU_History">{{Cite web |date=15 October 1999 |title=Electrical Multiple Units |url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/8/0/2/4684802/1/multipleunits1091923.pdf |url-status=live |website=Indian Rail Info }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Background of Railway Electrification |url=https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530#:~:text=The%20first%20electric%20train%20ran,electrified%20on%201500%20Volt%20DC. |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=core.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

India operated EMU services within urban areas as [[Commuter rail|Suburban rail services]]. For regular long-distance travel, India relied on [[Locomotives of India|its locomotives]] to do the job. The inefficiency of these locomotive-hauled trains was soon felt while the developed world already had well-built EMU [[High-speed rail|high-speed technology]] by the 1990s. EMUs for longer distances were conceived on the long-distance main lines, giving birth to [[MEMU|Mainline Electric Multiple Units (MEMU)]] services.<ref name="EMU_History"/> A decade later, India had several MEMU services operating across the country's electrified routes as a short-distance inter-city service. India still had to rely on its locomotives for long-distance travel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEMU |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Suburban/MEMU/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

=== Efforts to increase speeds ===
For most of Indian Railways' history, speed and punctuality were not of primary concern as safety was of utmost importance. While India saw 325 accidents in 2003-04, this number was down to 106 in 2015-16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Explains the High Number of Railway Accidents? |url=https://thewire.in/uncategorised/railway-safety-accident-derailment |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=The Wire}}</ref> The replacement of old [[ICF coach]]es by the modern and safer [[LHB coach]]es also helped the cause significantly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=LHB coaches reduced number of casualties |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/415982/lhb-coaches-reduced-number-casualties.html |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> After tackling the safety concerns to an extent, speed and comfort were finally on the Indian Railways agenda. Proposals were made to introduce semi-high-speed (160–200 km/h) services between major cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2014 |title=Rail Budget 2014: High-speed trains proposed to connect major cities |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/rail-budget-2014-high-speed-trains-proposed-to-connect-major-cities/articleshow/38006664.cms |access-date=19 May 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2016, [[Gatimaan Express]] was inaugurated as the country's first semi-high-speed service. The train ran on the newly upgraded [[List of high-speed railway lines in India#Classification|Grade A line]] between Tughlakabad and Agra Cantonment that supported speeds up to 160 km/h.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Delhi-Agra at 160 kmph: 10 points about Gatimaan, India's fastest train |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/prabhu-flags-off-gatimaan-10-key-points-about-india-s-fastest-train/story-WSmZmGiV58EU7heiryGtZO.html |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Spanish Talgo Train is starting its 3rd leg of trial between Delhi and Mumbai, at New Delhi Railway Station on August 01, 2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Talgo]] train at [[New Delhi railway station]] for its 3rd leg of the trial.]]

In June 2016, Indian Railways sought [[Request for qualifications|Requests For Qualification]] (RFQ) to jointly manufacture 5000 modern EMU sets and were met with a good response from countries like Canada, China, France, Germany, and Switzerland. Native companies like Medha and BHEL also made the cut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2 May 2017 |title=Indian Railways to invite bids for manufacturing modern coaches |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/business/indian-railways-to-invite-bids-for-manufacturing-modern-coaches-1493700790.html |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> Spanish [[Talgo]] trains went as far as conducting a trial run on the [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|Mumbai - Delhi route]]. The train completed the journey in ten hours (almost six hours quicker than [[Rajdhani Express]]) with an average speed of 117.5 km/h.<ref name="TalgoIndia">{{cite news|last=Dhoot|first=Vikas|date=24 July 2015|title=Train from Spain: Government considering Talgo proposal to run trial runs of faster trains between Mumbai, Delhi|work=Economic Times|location=New Delhi|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-from-spain-government-considering-talgo-proposal-to-run-trial-runs-of-faster-trains-trains-between-mumbai-delhi/articleshow/48195747.cms|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> However, the ministry said that Indian Railways could not come with a direct agreement and wanted them to go through a tendering process. Since there was no other bidder, the procurement of these trains was deemed impossible. The [[Make in India]] campaign also fueled the cause for developing the next generation EMU semi-high-speed trainsets indigenously.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Rakesh Ranjan |date=2 January 2018 |title=Talgo high-speed trains stop in their tracks after government waves red flag|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/no-talgo-trains-government-tender-process-1120294-2018-01-02|access-date=22 August 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== Inauguration and First service ===
After foreign proposals for introducing semi-high-speed capable EMUs were unsuccessful, Indian Railways at [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] headed by general manager Sudhanshu Mani, started developing a new EMU trainset at half the imported cost. Since these trains were planned to be ready by 2018, they were named 'Train-2018' and later 'Train 18'. They were designed to be fully air-conditioned and equipped with automatic plug doors, on-board Wi-Fi, and infotainment out of many other modern facilities. With these modern facilities along with modern technical features, the train was one of its kind in the country and marked a leap into the future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2017 |title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import! |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The Train 18 with sixteen chair cars and a 160 km/h speed, the technology was set to replace [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2018 |title=Indian Railways enters new league! Swanky 160 kmph engine-less Make in India train is too good; 15 features |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/1112743/train-18-indian-railways-self-propelled-160kmph-speed-features-images-make-in-india/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways to Replace Shatabdi Express with 'Made in India' Semi-High Speed, Engine-Less Train 18 {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-replace-shatabdi-express-with-made-in-india-semi-high-speed-engine-less-train-18-2968511/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

During its trial runs, Train 18 became the fastest EMU train India after attaining a speed of 180 km/h, 4 km/h shy of India's overall best record of 184 km/h achieved by [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5 Class locomotive]] back in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Evolution of High-Speed Haulage on Indian Railways |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/high-speed-evolution.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2018 |title=Train 18 becomes India's fastest train |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-to-officially-become-the-fastest-train-in-india/articleshow/67257150.cms |access-date=20 May 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Train 18 was renamed as 'Vande Bharat' as an acknowledgement for the fact that it was completely built in India by the Indian engineers and the services were thus named 'Vande Bharat Express'.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2019 |title=Train 18 named Vande Bharat Express: Piyush Goyal |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal/articleshow/67709409.cms |access-date=20 May 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi flagging off the first Semi High Speed Train “Vande Bharat Express”, at New Delhi Railway Station on February 15, 2019.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the first Vande Bharat Express between [[Delhi]] and [[Varanasi]] at the [[New Delhi railway station]]]]

On 15 February 2019, the first Vande Bharat Express between [[New Delhi]] and [[Varanasi]] was flagged off at the [[New Delhi railway station]] by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Vande Bharat Express flagged off: How to book, fares and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vande-bharat-express-flagged-off-how-to-book-fares-and-more/story-WJIT6vuRhVGZwf1jwdtnKJ.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VBE Inaugration">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi|work=Business Today|date=7 February 2019|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> The train ran from [[New Delhi]] to [[Varanasi]] via [[Kanpur]] and [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]], connecting Uttar Pradesh's [[Varanasi]] to the capital city and reduced the existing travel time along the route by 15%.<ref name="express24">{{citation |title=Train 18, India's first engine-less train, set to hit tracks on October 29 |date=24 October 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The 8-hour journey from New Delhi to Varanasi station covered a total distance of {{Convert|762|km|abbr=on}} between the two cities. However, while returning from [[Varanasi]], the train broke down due to a cattle run over. According to reports, four cars of the train experienced an electrical outage and the brakes were reported to be jammed as the train was halted for over an hour at [[Tundla Junction railway station]] before resumption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Express hits a cow and breaks down on Day 1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/a-day-after-launch-vande-bharat-express-breaks-down-while-returning-from-varanasi-1457476-2019-02-16 |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Later in the year, the second Vande Bharat service was launched between [[New Delhi]] and [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], it is one of the only two first version trainsets of Vande Bharat Express.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Express: Reach Katra in 8 hours from Delhi - Amit Shah flags off Vande Bharat Express |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/vande-bharat-express-reach-katra-in-8-hours-from-delhi/amit-shah-flags-off-vande-bharat-express/slideshow/71418210.cms |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

=== Replacement of Shatabdis ===
Since the Vande Bharat Express was built to provide a short-distance, fast and modern service between major cities, similar to the [[Shatabdi Express]] which was introduced back in 1988 for similar purposes, several train sets were supposed to be built to replace the existing Shatabdis on all routes. But after the inauguration of first two services, the Indian Railways had stopped the production of new sets owing to internal issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fresh Tender System For Vande Bharat Express After "Favouritism Charges" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/railways-introduces-fresh-tender-system-for-vande-bharat-express-after-favouritism-charges-2070639 |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=16 July 2019}}</ref> After the intervention of the Railway Minister, they decided to resume tenders for the production of new sets. However, they wished to provide more time for the manufacturers for them to come up with the cheapest bid and the fact that the train would require a major upgrade from scratch, as per one of the officials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=40 new Vande Bharat Express trains by 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/40-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-by-2022/story-jOMnZOLenfRUpZeajC3D7O.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> These second generation trainsets were developed in 2022 and they entered service on 30 September 2022. It is planned that all Shatabdi Express trains will be phased out and replaced with Vande Bharat trains.<ref name=":9">{{cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Vande Bharat Express 2.0: PM flags off a new train between Gandhinagar and Mumbai, here's all to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/vande-bharat-express-20-pm-modi-flags-off-new-train-between-gandhinagar-and-mumbai-348690-2022-09-30 |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Interiors of the 2nd Generation of the Vande Bharat Express trains.jpg
| caption1 = Vande Bharat's Chair Car (CC) seating
| image2 = Executive Chair Car Interiors of the 2nd Generation of Vande Bharat Express trains.jpg
| caption2 = Vande Bharat's Executive Chair Car (EC) seating
| total_width = 500
}}
[[File:Vande Bharat Express toilet.jpg|thumb|Western style toilet in the train]]
[[File:হাওড়া নিউ জলপাইগুড়ি বন্ধে ভারত ১২.jpg|thumb|Food catering service on Howrah-Jalpaiguri route]]
The Vande Bharat Express, operated by Indian Railways, boasts a myriad of impressive features that enhance the travel experience for its passengers.

Boarding the Vande Bharat Express, passengers have the option of either Chair Car or Executive Chair Car, with seating arrangements that incorporate airline-style, rotatable seats for comfort and convenience. The train also offers onboard catering, providing nourishment throughout the journey. Large windows in all carriages allow passengers to enjoy the scenic beauty of India as they travel.

The Vande Bharat Express also ensures its passengers remain entertained and connected. It offers onboard Wi-Fi and an infotainment system, along with electric outlets and reading lights for those who prefer to read or work. The train's design also takes into consideration passengers' safety and hygiene, with features such as automatic doors, smoke alarms, CCTV cameras, an odor control system, bio-vacuum toilets, and sensor-based water taps. Roller blinds offer privacy and control over natural light, and overhead racks provide ample storage for baggage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noob |first=Vivek |date=10 June 2023 |title=Facilities on Vande Bharat Express |url=http://vandebharatexpress.net/#facilities-on-vande-bharat-express |url-status=live |website=VandeBharatExpress.net}}</ref>

== Ridership ==

Northern Railway stated that the New Delhi-Varanasi Vande Bharat Express, which was launched in 2019, had a cumulative earning of {{INRConvert|92|c}} with 100% occupancy after one year of service.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/vande-bharat-express-completes-1-year-earns-rs-92-crore-for-railways-11582054801643.html | title=Vande Bharat Express completes 1 year, earns ₹92 crore for railways | date=19 February 2020 | work=Mint}}</ref> According to Southern Railway authorities, more than 200% booking rate on the Thiruvananthapuram - Kasaragod Vande Bharat Express points to the wide acceptance of the train in Kerala. The trip from Kasaragod to Thiruvananthapuram earned ₹ 1.17 crore.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Ullas |last=Ilankath |date=5 May 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express collects Rs 2.7 crore in ticket revenue from Kerala within 6 days |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2023/05/05/vande-bharat-express-ticket-revenue-kerala.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |magazine=Manorama}}</ref>

According to data shared by the Indian Railways, between 1 April 2022 and 8 February 2023, the Vande Bharat Express had an average occupancy of 99%. The Vande Bharat Express from Nagpur to Bilaspur had the lowest occupancy rate of 52.86%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vande Bharat running at an average capacity of 99% |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/vande-bharat-running-at-an-average-capacity-of-99-1190295.html |access-date=1 April 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=11 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In comparison, from 2019-2020, Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Duronto express trains had an occupancy of 97.01% with ''Flexi Fare schemes''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Panda |first1=Sushmita |title=Flexi fares in trains like Rajdhani and Duronto Express to continue: Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-flexi-fare-trains-railway-minister-rajdhani-shatabdi-duronto-537745 |access-date=1 April 2023 |work=indiatvnews.com |date=24 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> CAG found faults in Railway's Flexi-fare scheme, hence it was scrapped in many premium trains.<ref>{{cite news |title=CAG finds faults in Railways' flexi-fare scheme, hints makes more sense for travellers to take flights |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/cag-finds-faults-indian-railways-flexi-fare-scheme-flights-108278-2018-07-21 |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=Business Today |date=21 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2023, 16-coach rake of [[Bilaspur - Nagpur Vande Bharat Express]] was swapped with 8-coach rake of [[Secunderabad - Tirupati Vande Bharat Express]] because of low occupancy on the former route. [[Tejas Express]] rake was temporarily used on the former route.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mondal |first=Anish |date=16 May 2023 |title=Indian Railways temporarily replaces country's 6th Vande Bharat Express with Tejas rake – Details Inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-temporarily-replaces-nagpur-bilaspur-vande-bharat-express-train-with-tejas-rake-details-inside-3089134/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Finiancial Express]] |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="thelivenagpur.com">{{cite web |date=8 April 2023 |title=Mini Vande Bharat trains may be introduced on Nagpur-Bilaspur route |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/04/08/mini-vande-bharat-trains-may-be-introduced-on-nagpur-bilaspur-route/ |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=The LIVE Nagpur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 June 2023 |title=Tejas Express Replaces Bilaspur-Nagpur Vande Bharat Express Due To Poor Passenger Response |language=en |work=Business World |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Tejas-Express-Replaces-Bilaspur-Nagpur-Vande-Bharat-Express-Due-To-Poor-Passenger-Response/16-05-2023-476820/ |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref>

== Speed restrictions ==
[[File:Howrah Puri Vande Bharat Express standing at Bhadrak.jpg|thumb|Vande Bharat Express with [[Indian Railways]] and [[Cheetah]] logo which is used to signify the high-speed capability reaching up to {{Convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}]]

The maximum permissible speed of the train is {{Convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=6893&id=0,4,268 |title=VANDE BHARAT EXPRESS TRAINS HAVE BECOME AN INSTANT HIT AMONGST THE PASSENGERS |publisher=Western Railways |date=18 February 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |location=Mumbai}}</ref> and the Vande Bharat Express held a trial run with the train clocking a speed of {{Convert|183|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998 |title=Watch: Vande Bharat Train's "Glass Filled To The Brim" Test At 180 Kmph |last=Mitra |first=Chandrajit |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref> but most of the Indian railway tracks are not capable of supporting a speed of {{Convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}} and for this reason, most of the Vande Bharat Express trains have a maximum permissible speed which is lower than 160 km/h. According to maximum permissible speed, the [[Gatimaan Express]] and [[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj) - Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|Hazrat Nizamuddin - Rani Kamalapati Vande Bharat Express]] are the fastest trains in India as their maximum permissible speed during the Tughlakabad–Agra segment only is {{Convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gatimaan Express, India's fastest train, launched on the Delhi-Agra route |publisher=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gatimaan-express-indias-fastest-train-flag-off-today/ |date=5 April 2016 |access-date=16 April 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/from-april-1-vande-bharat-express-to-connect-bhopal-with-delhi-via-agra/articleshow/99037878.cms |title=From April 1, Vande Bharat Express to connect Bhopal with Delhi via Agra |last=Chauhan |first=Arvind |date=27 March 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Lucknow}}</ref> A full list of trains with their maximum operational speed can be found in [[#Services|the table below]].

== Services ==


The following table provides the list of trains in service {{as of|2023|7|lc=y}}:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Express Trains - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/trains/vandebharat |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 80%;"
|+
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Sr. No.
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Train Name
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Train Number
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Originating Station
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Terminal Station
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Operator
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |No. of Cars
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Frequency
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Distance
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Travel Time
! colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Speed
! rowspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; |Inauguration
|-
! style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; | Maximum permitted
! style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #28457d" ; | Average
{{Resize|75%|(includes stops)}}
|-
! colspan="13" |In Service
|-
!1
|[[New Delhi - Varanasi Vande Bharat Express]]
|22435/22436
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]
|16
|Except Thursdays
|{{Convert|759|km|abbr=on}}
|08h 00m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="permittedspeed">{{cite news |date=8 November 2022 |title=Vande Bharat train reaches 16 minutes early; activists bat for more speed |language=en |website=The Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/bengaluru/vande-bharat-train-reaches-16-minutes-early-activists-bat-for-more-speed/articleshow/95366214.cms |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>
|{{Convert|95|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="speed3">{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Express: From fastest to slowest semi-high speed trains in India – Full List HERE |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/vande-bharat-express-from-fastest-to-slowest-semi-high-speed-trains-in-india-full-list-here-2535748.html |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|15 February 2019
|-
!2
|[[New Delhi - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Vande Bharat Express]]
|22439/22440
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]
|16
|Except Tuesdays
|{{Convert|655|km|abbr=on}}
|08h 00m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="permittedspeed" />
|{{Convert|82|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="speed3" />
|3 October 2019
|-
!3
|[[Mumbai Central - Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express]]
|20901/20902
|[[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]
|[[Gandhinagar Capital railway station|Gandhinagar Capital]]
|[[Western Railway zone|WR]]
|16
|Except Wednesdays
|{{Convert|522|km|abbr=on}}
|06h 25m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="permittedspeed" />
|{{Convert|82|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=PM to flag off Vande Bharat 2 from Gandhinagar to Mumbai on Sept 30 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/pm-narendra-modi-to-flag-off-gandhinagar-mumbai-vande-bharat-express-train-on-september-30-8148418/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>
|30 September 2022
|-
!4
|[[New Delhi - Amb Andaura Vande Bharat Express]]
|22447/22448
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Amb Andaura railway station|Amb Andaura]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]
|16
|Except Fridays
|{{Convert|412|km|abbr=on}}
|05h 10m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="permittedspeed" />
|{{Convert|79|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="speed3" />
|13 October 2022
|-
!5
|[[MGR Chennai Central - Mysuru Vande Bharat Express]]
|20607/20608
|[[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]
|[[Mysore Junction railway station|Mysore Junction]]
|[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]
|16
|Except Wednesdays
|{{Convert|496|km|abbr=on}}
|06h 30m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto5">{{cite web |date=12 November 2022 |title=Speed of Vande Bharat will be increased, say railway officials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/speed-of-vande-bharat-will-be-increased-say-railway-officials/article66129637.ece |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|{{Convert|79|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="speed3" />
|11 November 2022
|-
!6
|[[Bilaspur - Nagpur Vande Bharat Express]]
|20825/20826
|[[Bilaspur Junction railway station|Bilaspur Junction]]
|[[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Junction]]
|[[South East Central Railway zone|SECR]]
|8
|Except Saturdays
|{{Convert|412|km|abbr=on}}
|05h 30m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|75|km/h|abbr=on}}
|11 December 2022<ref>{{cite web |date=4 December 2022 |title=6th Vande Bharat train to be inaugurated on December 11 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/6th-vande-bharat-train-to-be-inaugurated-on-december-11-101670177073449.html |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=तेजस 3 दिन में ही बंद वंदे भारत आज से फिर पटरी पर, अब 16 की जगह केवल 8 कोच |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/tejas-closed-in-3-days-vande-bharat-on-track-again-from-today-now-only-8-coaches-instead-of-16-131291506.html |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express|Howrah - New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express]]
|22301/22302
|[[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]]
|[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]]
|[[Eastern Railway zone|ER]]
|16
|Except Wednesdays
|{{Convert|565|km|abbr=on}}
|07h 30m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|75|km/h|abbr=on}}
|30 December 2022
|-
!8
|[[Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express|Visakhapatnam - Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express]]
|20833/20834
|[[Visakhapatnam Junction railway station|Visakhapatnam Junction]]
|[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]]
|[[East Coast Railway zone|ECoR]]
|16
|Except Sundays
|{{Convert|698|km|abbr=on}}
|08h 30m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|82|km/h|abbr=on}}
|15 January 2023
|-
!9
|[[Mumbai CSMT - Solapur Vande Bharat Express]]
|22225/22226
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
|[[Solapur railway station|Solapur]]
|[[Central Railway zone|CR]]
|16
|Except Wednesdays (22225)
Except Thursdays (22226)
|{{Convert|452|km|abbr=on}}
|06h 30m
|{{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|70|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |date=17 February 2023 |title=CR strengthening tracks to increase speed of Vande Bharat trains |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cr-strengthening-tracks-to-increase-speed-of-vande-bharat-trains-8450109/ |access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref>
|10 February 2023
|-
!10
|[[Mumbai CSMT - Sainagar Shirdi Vande Bharat Express]]
|22223/22224
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
|[[Sainagar Shirdi railway station|Sainagar Shirdi]]
|[[Central Railway zone|CR]]
|16
|Except Tuesdays
|{{Convert|339|km|abbr=on}}
|05h 20m
|{{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|64|km/h|abbr=on}}
|10 February 2023
|-
!11
|[[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj) - Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express]]
|20171/20172
|[[Habibganj railway station|Habibganj (Rani Kamalapati)]]
|[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]
|[[West Central Railway zone|WCR]]
|16
|Except Saturdays
|{{Convert|702|km|abbr=on}}
|07h 30m
|{{Convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Gautam |first=Prateek |date=29 March 2023 |title=The Vande Bharat Express will travel at a top speed of 160 km per hour on the route and will take you to your destination in 7 hours and 50 minutes. |url=https://news24online.com/business/vande-bharat-express-now-travel-from-bhopal-to-delhi-in-just-eight-hours-psg/115007/ |website=News24 Online |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Convert|94|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express trains are running at a speed much lower than permissible, RTI reveals |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/indian-railways/news-vande-bharat-express-speed-lower-semi-high-rti-reveals-indian-railways-mumbai-delhi-varanasi-230998 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>
|1 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Arvind |date=21 March 2023 |title=From April 1, Vande Bharat Express to connect Bhopal with Delhi via Agra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/from-april-1-vande-bharat-express-to-connect-bhopal-with-delhi-via-agra/articleshow/99037878.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!12
|[[Secunderabad - Tirupati Vande Bharat Express]]
|20701/20702
|[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]]
|[[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati]]
|[[South Central Railway zone|SCR]]
|16<ref name="STVBE">{{cite news |date=16 May 2023 |title=Secunderabad-Tirupati Vande Bharat Express to get faster, have additional coaches. Check revised timings |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/secunderabad-tirupati-vande-bharat-express-to-get-faster-have-additional-coaches-check-revised-timings/articleshow/100266941.cms |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
|Except Tuesdays
|{{Convert|661|km|abbr=on}}
|08h 15m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
|8 April 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2023 |title=Tirupati-Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express train likely to hit tracks from April 8 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/tirupati-secunderabad-vande-bharat-express-train-likely-to-hit-tracks-from-april-8/articleshow/98997965.cms |access-date=26 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!13
|[[MGR Chennai Central - Coimbatore Vande Bharat Express]]
|20643/20644
|[[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]
|[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]]
|[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]
|8
|Except Wednesdays
|{{Convert|495|km|abbr=on}}
|05h 50m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|85|km/h|abbr=on}}
|8 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=செல்வகுமார் |date=21 March 2023 |title=சென்னை - கோவை இடையேயான வந்தே பாரத் ரயிலை தொடங்கி வைக்கிறார் பிரதமர் மோடி |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/news/coimbatore/chennai-to-coimbatore-vande-bharat-express-pm-modi-will-flag-off-chennai-kovai-vande-bharat-train-on-april-8-107742 |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
!14
|[[Delhi Cantonment - Ajmer Vande Bharat Express]]
|20977/20978
|[[Delhi Cantonment railway station|Delhi Cantonment]]
|[[Ajmer Junction railway station|Ajmer Junction]]
|[[North Western Railway zone|NWR]]
|16
|Except Wednesdays
|{{Convert|428|km|abbr=on}}
|05h 15m
|{{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=For the first week, its trial speed will be 72 km/h. If all goes well, the train's speed will be increased to 150 km/h. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/delhi-jaipur-ajmer-vande-bharat-express-know-the-routes-distance-toll-charges-and-timings-2350984-2023-03-25 |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-jaipur-ajmer-vande-bharat-express-s-schedule-revealed-to-take-145-hours-at-150-kmph-3031905 |title=Jaipur-Delhi Vande Bharat to take 1.45 hours at 150 kmph, schedule, launch month revealed |date=25 March 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>
|{{Convert|82|km/h|abbr=on}}
|12 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=अजमेर |first=सुमित सारस्वत |date=21 March 2023 |title=रेल मंत्री अश्विनी वैष्णव ने की बड़ी घोषणा, अब जयपुर की जगह अजमेर से चलेगी वंदेभारत |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/railway-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw-announce-new-vande-bharat-train-will-run-from-ajmer-instead-of-jaipur-ann-2363246 |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
!15
|[[Kasaragod - Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express]]
|20633/20634
|[[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]
|16
|Except Thursdays
|{{Convert|587|km|abbr=on}}
|08h 05m
|{{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|73|km/h|abbr=on}}
|25 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Flags Off Kerala's First Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-express-in-kerala-the-states-first-3976878?pfrom=web-homepagerealtime |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!16
|[[Howrah - Puri Vande Bharat Express]]
|22895/22896
|[[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]]
|[[Puri railway station|Puri]]
|[[South Eastern Railway zone|SER]]
|16
|Except Thursdays
|{{Convert|500|km|abbr=on}}
|06h 25m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|78|km/h|abbr=on}}
|18 May 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2023 |title=Howrah-Puri Vande Bharat Express: Check route, fare, timing, speed and how to book ticket |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/indian-railways/news-howrah-puri-vande-bharat-express-check-launch-date-route-train-schedule-timing-ticket-price-stoppage-stations-complete-list-odishas-first-vande-bharat-train-234397 |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>
|-
!17
|[[Anand Vihar Terminal - Dehradun Vande Bharat Express]]
|22457/22458
|[[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]
|[[Dehradun railway station|Dehradun Terminal]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]
|8
|Except Wednesdays
|{{Convert|304|km|abbr=on}}
|04h 45m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|64|km/h|abbr=on}}
|25 May 2023<ref>{{cite magazine |title=PM Modi flags off Delhi-Dehradun Vande Bharat Express. Check timings, ticket price |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-inaugurate-delhi-dehradun-vande-bharat-check-timings-stoppages-ticket-price-2383965-2023-05-25 |access-date=25 May 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=25 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!18
|[[New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Vande Bharat Express]]
|22227/22228
|[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]]
|[[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]]
|[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]]
|8
|Except Tuesdays
|{{Convert|407|km|abbr=on}}
|05h 30m
|{{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|74|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="NJP-Guwhati">{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Joydeep |title=22228/Guwahati - New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express - Guwahati to New Jalpaiguri NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/198521 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
|29 May 2023<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Das |first1=Dipaneeta |title=PM Modi to flag off Northeast's first Vande Bharat Express on May 29 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vande-bharat-express-narendra-modi-launch-assam-northeast-bengal-2384641-2023-05-26 |access-date=30 June 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=26 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |19
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai CSMT - Madgaon Vande Bharat Express]]
| rowspan="2" |22229/22230
| rowspan="2" |[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Madgaon Junction railway station|Madgaon Junction]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Central Railway zone|CR]]
| rowspan="2" |8
|Except Fridays '''''(Non-Monsoon)'''''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-train-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-3-8638786/ |title=Mumbai-Goa Vande Bharat to run on all days except Fridays, cover 10 stations |date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |last=Adimulam |first=Sweety}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |{{Convert|586|km|abbr=on}}
|07h 45m '''''(Non-Monsoon)'''''
| rowspan="2" |{{Convert|120|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|75|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-speed-likely-to-be-restricted-23289787 |title=Mumbai-Goa Vande Bharat Express speed likely to be restricted|date=1 June 2023 |work=mid-day.com}}</ref> '''''(Non-Monsoon)'''''
| rowspan="2" |27 June 2023<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Dwary |first1=Anurag |title=Eye On Madhya Pradesh Polls, PM Flags Off 5 Vande Bharat Trains In Bhopal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-in-madhya-pradesh-eye-on-madhya-pradesh-polls-pm-flags-off-5-vande-bharat-trains-in-bhopal-4155765 |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=NDTV |date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Monday, Wednesday, Friday (22229) Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday (22230) '''''(Monsoon)'''''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-to-operate-thrice-a-week/articleshow/101249067.cms |title=Mumbai-Goa Vande Bharat express to operate thrice a week |last=Mehta |first=Manthank |date=26 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
|10h 05m '''''(Monsoon)'''''
|{{Convert|57|km/h|abbr=on}} '''''(Monsoon)'''''
|-
!20
|[[Patna - Ranchi Vande Bharat Express]]
|22349/22350
|[[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]]
|[[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Junction]]
|[[East Central Railway Zone|ECR]]
|8
|Except Tuesdays
|{{Convert|379|km|abbr=on}}
|06h 00m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|63|km/h|abbr=on}}
|27 June 2023<ref name=":2" />
|-
!21
|[[KSR Bengaluru - Dharwad Vande Bharat Express]]
|20661/20662
|[[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore City]]
|[[Dharwad railway station|Dharwad]]
|[[South Western Railway zone|SWR]]
|8
|Except Tuesdays
|{{Convert|490|km|abbr=on}}
|06h 25m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|76|km/h|abbr=on}}
|27 June 2023<ref name=":2" />
|-
!22
|[[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj) - Jabalpur Vande Bharat Express]]
|20173/20174
|[[Habibganj railway station|Habibganj (Rani Kamalapati)]]
|[[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur Junction]]
|[[West Central Railway zone|WCR]]
|8
|Except Tuesdays
|{{Convert|337|km|abbr=on}}
|04h 40m
|{{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|73|km/h|abbr=on}}
|27 June 2023<ref name=":2" />
|-
!23
|[[Indore - Bhopal Vande Bharat Express]]
|20911/20912
|[[Indore Junction railway station|Indore Junction]]
|[[Bhopal Junction railway station|Bhopal Junction]]
|[[Western Railway zone|WR]]
|8
|Except Sundays
|{{Convert|250|km|abbr=on}}
|03h 05m
|{{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|82|km/h|abbr=on}}
|27 June 2023<ref name=":2" />
|-
!24
|[[Jodhpur - Sabarmati (Ahmedabad) Vande Bharat Express]]<ref name="timesprop">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express Set To Open Three Additional Routes In July |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/vande-bharat-express-set-to-open-three-additional-routes-in-july-blid5062 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=Times Property |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Live: PM Modi flags off Ahmedabad (Sabarmati) – Jodhpur Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2023/07/07/live-pm-modi-flags-off-ahmedabad-sabarmati-jodhpur-vande-bharat-express/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|12461/12462
|[[Jodhpur Junction railway station|Jodhpur Junction]]
|[[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati Junction]]
|[[North Western Railway zone|NWR]]
|8
|Except Tuesdays
|{{Convert|449|km|abbr=on}}
|06h 10m
|{{Convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|73|km/h|abbr=on}}
|7 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi To Flag Off Jodhpur-Sabarmati Vande Bharat Express On July 7: Check Details |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-modi-to-flag-off-jodhpur-sabarmati-vande-bharat-express-on-july-7-check-details-2630982.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Jodhpur-Ahmedabad Sabarmati Vande Bharat Express to hit tracks today: Check details here |url=https://www.news9live.com/utility/jodhpur-ahmedabad-sabarmati-vande-bharat-express-to-hit-tracks-on-july-7-check-details-here-2204196 |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!25
|[[Gorakhpur - Lucknow Charbagh Vande Bharat Express]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2023 |title=Trial Run for Gorakhpur-Lucknow Vande Bharat Begins, Likely to Connect Ayodhya |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vande-bharat-gorakhpur-lucknow-trial-run-begins-connect-ayodhya-8227003.html |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi flags off Gorakhpur-Lucknow Vande Bharat Express. {{!}} Newsalert |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/Newsalert/2514851-pm-modi-flags-off-gorakhpur-lucknow-vande-bharat-express |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref>
|22549/22550
|[[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur Junction]]
|[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh]]
|[[North Eastern Railway zone|NER]]
|8
|Except Saturdays
|{{Convert|296|km|abbr=on}}
|04h 15m
|{{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|71|km/h|abbr=on}}
|7 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express: Lucknow to Gorakhpur via Ayodhya in Under 4 Hours, Check Details |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/vande-bharat-express-lucknow-to-gorakhpur-via-ayodhya-in-under-4-hours-check-details-8252527.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="13" |Future Services (Rake received)
|-
|}
=== Mini Vande Bharat services ===
[[File:2023-06-19 120753 DWR VB.jpg|thumb|8-car Mini Vande Bharat Express with beautiful greenery on the [[Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli line|KSR Bengaluru - SSS Hubballi]] double electrified line]]
Senior railway officials said that allocation has been made for Vande Bharat 2.0 Expresses with reduced car configuration (for a lower demand) known as Mini Vande Bharat Express. It will cost about ₹65 crores per rake for an 8-car configuration, at a cost of ₹8.125 crores per car. The Indian Railways is looking at manufacturing 1,000 Mini Vande Bharat rakes, of 8-car configuration. During the financial year of 2023-24, an allocation of ₹10 lakh has been made for designing the concept and primary research.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=8-car mini Vande Bharat trains get funds from budget; to run intercity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/8car-mini-vande-bharat-trains-get-funds-from-budget-to-run-intercity-101675623899853.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The primary objective of the Mini Vande Bharat Express is to serve shorter routes with a travel time of 4–5 hours, as opposed to the 6-7 hour journeys of the current trains. The railways are planning to operate these trains on smaller sections where passenger demand is lower.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=Mini Vande Bharat Express: 8 coach mini express train launch scheduled for March-April 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/mini-vande-bharat-express-8-coach-mini-express-train-launched-scheduled-for-march-april-2023-article-97297649 |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

=== Proposed services ===


# [[Hyderabad]] - [[Bhubaneswar]]<ref>https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-demands-vande-bharat-express-for-bhubaneswar-hyderabad-puri-raipur-puri-howrah-routes/</ref><ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-govt-demands-three-vande-bharat-trains-for-state/articleshow/99852679.cms</ref><ref>https://odishatv.in/videos/odisha/odisha-seeks-vande-bharat-express-in-2-more-routes-puri-rourkela-bhubaneswar-hyderabad-trains-202887</ref>
# [[Hyderabad]] - [[Pune]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Check list of 31 proposed routes of Vande Bharat Express train |url=https://www.news9live.com/utility/check-list-of-31-proposed-routes-of-vande-bharat-express-train-au1321-2101464 |work=News9live}}</ref>
# [[Nagpur]] - [[Pune]]<ref name="Nagpur to Pune, Hyderabad and Bhopal">{{cite news |date=4 August 2023 |title=Vande Bharat train likely to start from Nagpur to Pune, Hyderabad and Bhopal - The Live Nagpur |work=The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/08/04/vande-bharat-train-likely-to-start-from-nagpur-to-pune-hyderabad-and-bhopal/ |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref>
# [[Nagpur]] - [[Hyderabad]]<ref name="Nagpur to Pune, Hyderabad and Bhopal" /><ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=New Vande Bharat Exp from Ngp to Secunderabad |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/04/17/new-vande-bharat-exp-from-ngp-to-secunderabad/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=The Live Nagpur}}</ref>
# [[Nagpur]] - [[Bhopal]]<ref name="Nagpur to Pune, Hyderabad and Bhopal"/><ref>https://www.news9live.com/utility/indian-railways-likely-to-operate-vande-bharat-express-from-nagpur-to-pune-hyderabad-and-bhopal-soon-2241432</ref>
# [[Khajuraho]] - [[Bhopal]]<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/5-new-vande-bharat-trains-their-routes-and-ticket-prices/khajuraho-bhopal-indore-vande-bharat-express/slideshow/101297455.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref name="MP">https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-vande-bharat-express-both-running-from-bhopal-will-be-extended-can-go-to-gwaliorkhajuraho-indore-and-nagpur-8192563</ref>
# [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad]] - [[Bhopal Junction railway station|Bhopal]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad]] - [[Okha railway station|Okha]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad]] - [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Jaipur]] - [[Agra]] - [[Kanpur]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Jaipur]] - [[Chandigarh]]<ref name="Route from Jaipur to Chandigarh is approved by Railways">{{Cite web |title=Raj to get 4th Vande Bharat train, to run between Jaipur-Chandigarh |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/raj-to-get-4th-vande-bharat-train-to-run-between-jaipur-chandigarh/102896986 |work=ET Infra}}</ref>
# [[Jaipur]] - [[Sriganganagar]]<ref name="RAJASTHAN VB TRAINS PROPOSED">{{Cite web |last=Jethani |first=Rimjhim |date=19 February 2019 |title=Vande Bharat Express to connect Jaipur with Udaipur, Sriganganagar, Jodhpur, and Jaisalmer |url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/vande-bharat-express-to-connect-jaipur-with-udaipur-sriganganagar-jodhpur-and-jaisalmer/}}</ref>
# [[Jaipur]] - [[Jodhpur]]<ref name="RAJASTHAN VB TRAINS PROPOSED" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2022 |title=Jaipur To Jodhpur By Vande Bharat Express Will Take Less Than 2 Hours |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/jaipur-to-jodhpur-by-vande-bharat-express-will-take-less-than-2-hours-6109615.html |work=News18}}</ref>
# [[Jaipur]] - [[Jaisalmer]]<ref name="RAJASTHAN VB TRAINS PROPOSED" />
# [[Jaipur]] - [[Indore]]<ref>{{cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Jaipur is all set to launch the 'Vande Bharat', a semi-highspeed Jaipur-Indore train |url=https://www.knocksense.com/jaipur/jaipur-is-all-set-to-launch-the-vande-bharat-a-semi-highspeed-jaipur-indore-train}}</ref>
# [[Indore]] - [[Gwalior]]<ref>https://gangatimes.com/indore-gwalior-vande-bharat-route-timing-stop-fare/</ref><ref name="MP" />
# [[Indore]] - [[Udhna Junction railway station|Surat (Udhna)]]<ref>https://english.loktej.com/article/5081/surat-western-railway-announces-new-vande-bharat-express-service</ref><ref>https://deshgujarat.com/2023/08/25/gujarat-likely-to-get-third-vande-bharat-train-on-udhna-surat-indore-route/</ref>
# [[Vadodara]] - [[Hapa railway station|Hapa]]<ref name="Hapi-Vadodara Route is already planned by IR">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=Plan afoot for Vande Bharat Express to connet Hapa and Vadodara |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/08/22/plan-afoot-for-vande-bharat-express-to-connet-hapa-and-vadodara/ |work=DeshGujarat}}</ref>
# [[Mumbai]] - [[Kolhapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=Demand grows for Vande Bharat from Kolhapur to Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/demand-grows-for-vande-bharat-from-kolhapur-to-mumbai/articleshow/100516681.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
# [[Mumbai]] - [[Udaipur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparation to run Vande Bharat train between Udaipur-Jaipur and Bandra | उदयपुर-जयपुर और ब्रांद्रा के बीच वंदे भारत ट्रेन चलाने की तैयारी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/udaipur/news/preparation-to-run-vande-bharat-train-between-udaipur-jaipur-and-bandra-130893923.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Udaipur to soon receive Vande Bharat Express in the year 2023 |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/travel-and-tourism/udaipur-vande-bharat-express/cid10995102.htm |work=Udaipur Times}}</ref>
# [[Mumbai]] - [[Belagavi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Vande Bharat express to Belagavi - Here's what railway minister said |url=https://belagaviinfra.co.in/vande-bharat-express-to-belagavi-heres-what-railway-minister-said/}}</ref>
# [[Bangalore]] - [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Bangalore]] - [[Tirupati]]<ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2022 |title='Vande Bharat' train sought between Tirupati, Bengaluru |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vande-bharat-train-sought-between-tirupati-bengaluru/article65819022.ece |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
# [[Bangalore]] - [[Mangalore]]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangaluru-mysuru-bengaluru-vande-bharat-express-to-be-introduced-after-completing-line-electrification-works-says-kateel/article66920191.ece</ref><ref>https://www.mangaluru.in/vande-bharat-express-train-18-mangalore-bangalore/</ref>
# [[Kochi]] - [[Mangalore]]<ref name="mangaloremerijaan.com">{{cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Mangaluru and Bengaluru may be destinations for Kerala's next Vande Bharat trains – Mangalore Meri Jaan |url=https://mangaloremerijaan.com/mangaluru-and-bengaluru-may-be-destinations-for-keralas-next-vande-bharat-trains/}}</ref>
# [[Kochi]] - [[Bangalore]]<ref name="mangaloremerijaan.com" />
# [[Kochi]] - [[Coimbatore]]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/vande-bharat-trains-from-coimbatore-by-2023/article65514956.ece</ref>
# [[Mangalore]] - [[Mysore]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Mangalore]] - [[Gokarna Road railway station|Gokarna]] - [[Margao]]<ref name=":06">{{cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=CM pitches for Vande Bharat train service from Goa-Mangaluru |url=https://goemkarponn.com/cm-pitches-for-vande-bharat-train-service-from-goa-mangaluru/}}</ref>
# [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] - [[Hyderabad]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] - [[Kanniyakumari railway station|Kanyakumari]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati]] - [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai]] - [[Puducherry railway station|Pondicherry]]<ref>https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=68223</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Chennai -Tirupati Vande Bharat Express to be launched before July end; check details here |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/tamil-nadu/chennai-tirupati-vande-bharat-express-to-be-launched-before-july-end-check-details-here-2199380}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title=6 weekend getaways from Bangalore, including 1 reached by Vande Bharat Express to Chennai |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/travel/6-weekend-getaways-from-bangalore-including-one-reached-by-vande-bharat-express-to-chennai-10460201.html}}</ref>
# [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati]] - [[Visakhapatnam]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Visakapatnam|Visakhapatnam]] - [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Visakhapatnam]] - [[Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2022 |title=Vande Bharat express train will be started from Visakhapatnam soon, says DRM |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vande-bharat-express-train-will-be-started-from-visakhapatnam-soon-says-drm/article65928531.ece |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
# [[Pune]] - [[Londa Junction railway station|Londa]] - [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Goa]] <ref>https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/mp-angadi-asks-question-about-vande-bharat-train-to-belagavi-and-pune-intercity/</ref>
# [[Pune]] - [[Surat]] (via [[Kalyan railway station|Kalyan]])<ref>https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-46-vande-bharat-express-services-reaches-all-rail-electrified-states-of-the-country/</ref>
# [[Raipur]] - [[Bhubaneswar]]<ref name=":04">{{cite news |date=30 April 2023 |title=Odisha demands introduction of Vande Bharat trains on three routes - ET Infra |language=en |work=Economic Times |agency=IANS |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/odisha-demands-introduction-of-vande-bharat-trains-on-three-routes/99891642 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
# [[Raipur]] - [[Ranchi]]
# [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] - [[Bokaro Steel City]]<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=Howrah Bokaro Vande Bharat Route, Timetable and Ticket Price |url=https://gangatimes.com/howrah-bokaro-vande-bharat-route-timing-ticket-price/ |work=Ganga Times}}</ref>
# [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] - [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Haridwar]] - [[Varanasi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand CM urges Centre to run additional train services |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/uttarakhand-cm-urges-centre-to-run-additional-train-services-1503169177.html}}</ref>
# [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur]] - [[Kanpur]]<ref name="5 new VB routes approved">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2023 |title=Vande Bharat: Big update for passengers! ! 5 New Vande Bharat Train will run on these routes, know the route immediately |url=https://www.informalnewz.com/vande-bharat-big-update-for-passengers-5-new-vande-bharat-train-will-run-on-these-routes-know-the-route-immediately/}}</ref>
# [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur]] - [[Prayagraj]]<ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 2022 |title=U.P.: Vande Bharat train likely between Prayagraj and Gorakhpur |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-vande-bharat-train-likely-between-prayagraj-and-gorakhpur-101664043748904.html |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
# [[Jabalpur]] - [[Varanasi]]<ref name="JABALPUR_TO_VARANASI&RAIPUR">https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/city/jabalpur/passengers-will-increase-by-running-vande-bharat-train-from-jabalpur-to-varanasi-and-raipur-947472</ref>
# [[Jabalpur]] - [[Raipur]]<ref name="JABALPUR_TO_VARANASI&RAIPUR"/>
# [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur]] - [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2023 |title=Vande Bharat train to be introduced from Saharanpur to Prayagraj, says Vaishnaw |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vande-bharat-announced-from-saharanpur-to-prayagraj-says-railway-minister/article67008284.ece |access-date=26 June 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
# [[Chitrakutdham Karwi railway station|Chitrakoot]] - [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] - [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Madan |date=27 April 2023 |title=Vande Bharat: रामभक्तों के लिए खुशखबरी, इस रूट पर चलेगी वंदे भारत; लाखों लोगों को होगा फायदा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-vande-bharat-express-chitrakoot-prayagraj-ayodhya-lucknow-route-starting-timing-good-news-for-ram-bhakts-8095045.html |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>
# [[Delhi]] - [[Lucknow]]<ref name="LUCKNOW">{{cite web |title=Vande Bharat Express दिल्ली-लखनऊ वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस चलाने की तैयारी टाइम टेबल बनाने में जुटा रेलवे - Preparing to run Delhi Lucknow Vande Bharat Express railway busy in making time table |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-preparing-to-run-delhi-lucknow-vande-bharat-express-railway-busy-in-making-time-table-23470558.html}}</ref>
# [[Delhi]] - [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Delhi]] - [[Bikaner Junction railway station|Bikaner]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[Delhi]] - [[Kathgodam]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2023 |title=काठगोदाम-नई दिल्ली के बीच वंदे भारत चलाने की तैयारी |url=https://jantaserishta.com/national/preparation-to-run-vande-bharat-between-kathgodam-new-delhi-2382797 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Delhi Kathgodam Vande Bharat Route, Timing and Ticket Price |url=https://gangatimes.com/delhi-kathgodam-vande-bharat-route-timing-ticket-fare/ |work=Ganga Times}}</ref>
# [[Dehradun]] - [[Tanakpur]]<ref name="5 new VB routes approved" />
# [[Dehradun railway station|Dehradun]] - [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2023 |title=Railways preparing to run Vande Bharat metro between Dehradun & Kathgodam |url=https://uttarakhandnewsnetwork.com/2023/05/railways-preparing-to-run-vande-bharat-metro-between-dehradun-kathgodam/}}</ref>
# [[Lucknow]] - [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]]<ref name="LUCKNOW" />
# [[Lucknow]] - [[Dehradun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express to run soon between Lucknow-Dehradun |url=https://uttarakhandnewsnetwork.com/2023/09/vande-bharat-express-to-run-soon-between-lucknow-dehradun/}}</ref>
# [[Lucknow]] - [[Patna]]<ref name="5 new VB routes approved" />
# [[Lucknow]] - [[Varanasi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=Vande Bharat: अयोध्या समेत यूपी के इन 3 तीर्थ स्थानों को कवर करेगी वंदे भारत ट्रेन, जानें रेलवे का प्लान |url=https://www.aajtak.in/uttar-pradesh/story/vande-bharat-express-will-run-on-ayodhya-prayagraj-and-varanasi-route-in-up-indian-railways-vande-bharat-trains-news-ahlbs-1753791-2023-08-09 |work=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref>
# [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]] - [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=सिन्हा |first1=रवि |date=29 May 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express: रांची-वाराणसी के बीच चलेगी वंदे भारत ट्रेन, रूट-किराया और कितने घंटे का होगा सफर... जानिए सबकुछ |language=hi |work=Navbharat Times |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/vande-bharat-train-will-run-between-ranchi-varanasi-route-fare-and-how-many-hours-will-journey-take/articleshow/100591279.cms |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
# [[Ranchi]] - [[Deoghar]]<ref name="DEOGHAR">{{cite web |date=28 July 2023 |title=Deoghar Vande Bharat Express Will Provide Seamless Travel Experience |url=https://gangatimes.com/deoghar-vande-bharat-express-ticket-price-route-stop}}</ref>
# [[Ranchi]] - [[Bhubaneswar]] - [[Puri]]
# [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna]] - [[Deoghar Junction railway station|Deoghar]]<ref name="DEOGHAR" />
# [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu]] - [[Srinagar railway station|Srinagar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express may soon run between Jammu and Srinagar {{!}} See details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vande-bharat-express-may-soon-run-between-jammu-and-srinagar-see-details-article-99498320 |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

=== Vande Metro ===
"Vande Metro" is a proposed service that will operate on a short distance, intercity rail network that connect major cities within a distance of around 100 km. The design speed of Vande Metro will be 130 km/h and the train is likely to run at a very high frequency (4-5 times a day). Vande Metro will become a replacement for the existing [[MEMU]] services for regional rail connectivity between any two big cities, which are at a distance of 100 to 120 km.<ref>{{cite web | last=Rao | first=Lingamgunta Nirmitha | title='Vande Metro' to be rolled out by Dec 2023; Check features, other details | website=Hindustan Times | date=14 April 2023 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vande-metro-to-be-rolled-out-by-december-2023-check-features-other-details-101681475678629.html | access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://metrorailtoday.com/article/vande-metro-know-all-about-indias-fastest-and-next-generation-intercity-train | title=Vande Metro: Know all about India's fastest and next generation intercity train |work=Metro Rail Today |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> As per sources Vande metro will connect routes such as Kanpur-Lucknow, Bhopal-Indore, Bhilai-Raipur-Naya Raipur, Varanasi-Prayagraj , Puri-Bhubaneswar-Cuttack etc.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |last1=दुष्यंत |first1=शर्मा |title=UP : 500 करोड़ से जमीन पर उतरेगी लखनऊ-कानपुर वंदे भारत मेट्रो, 130 किमी की रफ्तार से दौड़ेगी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-kanpur-vande-bharat-metro-will-run-on-ground-with-500-crores-2023-05-01 |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=Amar Ujala |date=1 May 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{cite news |last1=Maurya |first1=Parvesh |title=Vande Bharat Metro: New update! Good news for passengers! Vande Bharat Metro may start in this state from this month. - informalnewz |url=https://www.informalnewz.com/vande-bharat-metro-new-update-good-news-for-passengers-vande-bharat-metro-may-start-in-this-state-from-this-month/ |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=Informalnewz.com |date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

==== Proposed Vande Metro services ====
#[[Kanpur]] - [[Lucknow]]<ref name="auto3"/>
#[[Puri]] - [[Bhubaneswar]] - [[Cuttack]]<ref name="auto6"/>
#[[Varanasi]] - [[Prayagraj]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=कांत |first1=उत्पल |title=हाईटेक तकनीक और सुविधाओं से लैस: वाराणसी-प्रयागराज के बीच चलेगी वंदे मेट्रो ट्रेन, जानिए पूरी डिटेल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/vande-metro-train-will-run-between-varanasi-to-prayagraj-know-full-details-indian-railway-2023-02-03 |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=Amar Ujala |date=4 February 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>
#[[Mumbai]] - [[Lonavala]]<ref name=":09">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nivedita |last2=Sen Gupta |first2=Pathikrit |title=Vande Metro, A Luxury, Full-AC Version of EMUs, Coming Soon to A Train Station near You |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vande-metro-a-luxury-full-ac-version-of-emus-coming-soon-to-a-train-station-near-you-7931179.html |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=News18 |date=27 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
#[[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]<ref name=":19">{{cite web | url=https://indiainfrahub.com/2023/featured/vande-metro-for-mumbai-suburban-railways-nod-for-procurement-of-238-rakes/ | title=Vande Metro for Mumbai Suburban: Railways Nod for Procurement of 238 Rakes | date=21 May 2023 |work=indiainfrahub.com |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
#[[Delhi]] - [[Meerut]]<ref name=":09"/>
#[[Kolkata]] - [[Haldia]]<ref name=":09"/>
#[[Chennai]] - [[Tirupati]]<ref name=":09"/>
#[[Hosur]] - [[Bangalore]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
#[[Arakkonam]] - [[Jolarpet]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
#[[Bongaon]]-[[Barasat]]-[[Sealdah]]

=== Vande Sadharan ===
Indian railways announced plan to make Non-AC Vandhe Sadharan with sleeper and general coaches for long distance travel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways To Soon Launch Budget-Friendly Non-AC VANDE SADHARN Train |date=3 July 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/indian-railways-to-soon-launch-budget-friendly-non-ac-vande-sadharan-train-article-101458003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IRCTC Latest News: Indian Railways To Run Non-AC Vande Sadharan Trains Soon {{!}} Check Details |url=https://www.india.com/business/irctc-latest-news-today-4-july-2023-indian-railways-to-run-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-soon-check-amenities-features-services-6146803/}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Board showing next stop inside Vande Bharat Express.jpg|Board displaying next stop and speed inside the train
File:Anand Vihar - Dehradun Vande Bharat Express.jpg|Train number and coach number display on the digital board
File:CCTV Cameras inside Vande Bharat Express.jpg|CCTV Cameras inside the coach
File:New_Variant_of_Vande_Bharat_Express_trains_at_Integral_Coach_Factory,_Chennai,_India.jpg|New Variant of Vande Bharat Express
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat (trainset)]]
* [[High-speed rail in India#Semi-high-speed rail|Semi-high speed rail in India]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[RapidX]]
* [[Tejas Express]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Vande Bharat Express}}
{{Indian Railways}}
{{Greater Delhi transit}}
}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Jaipur

2026-10-23T10:26:45Z

WikiDwarf: Advert and npov issue

{{Short description|Capital of Rajasthan, India}}
{{About|the metropolitan area in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Jaipur district|other uses|Jaipur (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaipur
| native_name = 
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image_style =
|perrow = 1/2/2/2
|caption_align = center
|image1 = East facade Hawa Mahal Jaipur from ground level (July 2022) - img 01.jpg
|caption1 = [[Hawa Mahal]]
|image2 = UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE-JAIPUR CITY-RAJASTHAN-01-.jpg
|caption2 = [[City wall of Jaipur]]
|image4 = Birla Mandir Jaipur (2022-07).jpg
|caption4 = [[Birla Mandir, Jaipur|Birla Mandir]]
|image3 = Amber palace, Jaipur.jpg
|caption3 = [[Amber Fort]]
|image5 = Jaipur 03-2016 39 Jal Mahal - Water Palace.jpg
|caption5 = [[Jal Mahal]]
|image6 = Albert Hall ( Jaipur ).jpg
|caption6 = [[Albert Hall Museum]]
|image7 = Jantar Mantar at Jaipur.jpg
|caption7 = [[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur|Jantar Mantar]]
|image8 = World Trade Park Jaipur in 2012.jpg
|caption8 = [[World Trade Park, Jaipur|World Trade Park]]}}
| image_caption =
| nickname = The Pink City
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jaipur#Rajasthan#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Jaipur##Location of Jaipur in [[Rajasthan]]##Location of Jaipur in [[India]]##Location of Jaipur in Asia
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 431
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.915|N|75.820|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Rajasthan.svg}} [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = {{start date and age|1727|11|18|df=y}}
| founder = [[Sawai Jai Singh II]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] (JMC Greater)
| leader_name1 = Somya Gurjar ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us, Jaipur Municipal Corporation |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/Others/ConctactUs.aspx |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225142515/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/Others/ConctactUs.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] (JMC Heritage)
| leader_name2 = Kusum Yadav (BJP)<ref>{{cite news |title=Kusum Yadav appointed Jaipur Heritage acting mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/kusum-yadav-appointed-jaipur-heritage-acting-mayor-9586363/ |work=The Indian Express |date=25 September 2024 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]] (JMC Greater)
| leader_name3 = Rukmani Riar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Deepak |date=8 January 2024 |title=सियासी और प्रशासनिक तौर पर अब महिलाएं ही चलाएंगी जयपुर! इस महिला IAS को मिली बड़ी जिम्मेदारी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/women-will-run-jaipur-politically-administratively-female-ias-rukmani-riar-got-big-responsibility/2050029/ |work=[[Zee News]] |language=hi |access-date=16 May 2024 |quote=2012 बैच की आईएएस रूक्मणि रियार ने आज नगर निगम ग्रेटर आयुक्त का पदभार संभाला |trans-quote=2012 batch IAS Rukmani Riar took charge as Municipal Corporation Greater Commissioner today |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516090043/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/women-will-run-jaipur-politically-administratively-female-ias-rukmani-riar-got-big-responsibility/2050029/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title4 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner ]](JMC Heritage)
| leader_name4 = Abhishek Surana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Deepak |date=8 January 2024 |title=कौन हैं IAS अभिषेक सुराणा, नगर निगम हैरिटेज आयुक्त का पदभार संभालते ही अफसरों पर गिराई गाज |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/ias-abhishek-surana-took-charge-in-heritage-corporation-and-big-action-kishanpole-dc-kaushal-khatumra-suspend/2050069 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi |access-date=16 May 2024 |quote=2018 बैच के आईएएस अभिषेक सुराणा ने आज नगर निगम हैरिटेज और स्मार्ट सिटी सीईओ का पदभार संभालते ही एक्शन मोड में नजर आए |trans-quote=2018 batch IAS Abhishek Surana was seen in action mode today as soon as he took charge of Municipal Corporation Heritage and Smart City CEO |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516090030/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/ias-abhishek-surana-took-charge-in-heritage-corporation-and-big-action-kishanpole-dc-kaushal-khatumra-suspend/2050069 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="JMC">{{Cite web |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |title=Jaipur City Profile |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032103/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank = [[List of cities and towns in Rajasthan|1st in Rajasthan]]
| area_total_km2 = 484.64
| population_total = 3046163
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|10th in India]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonyms = Jaipuri, Jaipurite
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{Cite report |title=District Census Handbook – Jaipur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0812_PART_B_DCHB_JAIPUR.pdf |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=10 February 2016 |pages=30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114010348/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0812_PART_B_DCHB_JAIPUR.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 3020xx
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]]
| area_code = +91-141
| registration_plate = RJ-14 (Jaipur South) RJ-45 (Jaipur North) RJ-59 RJ-60
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]]<ref name="Dhundari">{{Cite book |last1=Tillotson |first1=Giles Henry Rupert |author-link=Giles Tillotson |title=Jaipur Nama: Tales from the Pink City |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400100-2 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfxexeX3pIC&pg=PA119 |language=en }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]] ([[Jaipur district]])
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|192668|c}}<ref>{{Cite report |title=Year Wise Gross Domestic Product at Current Price of Jaipur district |url=https://desddp.raj.nic.in/ |publisher=[[Government of Rajasthan]] |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718014506/https://desddp.raj.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Per-capita]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Budget
| blank_info_sec2 = ₹6945.60 crores (${{To USD|89556|IND|year=2021|round=yes}} million)<ref name="Budget">{{Cite web |title=JMC budget |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/Budget.aspx |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025951/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/Budget.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = Airport
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Jaipur International Airport]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Rapid Transit|Rapid transit system]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Jaipur Metro]]
| website = {{URL|jaipurmc.org}} (Jaipur Greater)
{{URL|jaipurmcheritage.org}} (Jaipur Heritage)
| footnotes = {{Designation list
|embed = yes
|designation1 = WHS
|designation1_offname = Jaipur City, Rajasthan
|designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2019 (43rd session)|2019]] (43rd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
|designation1_type =
|designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv), (vi)}}(ii), (iv), (vi)
|designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605 1605]
|designation1_free1name = Region
|designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]
}}
}}

'''Jaipur''' ({{Indic Transl|raj|Jayapura|ˈd͡ʑɛpʊɾᵊ|}}) is the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] and the [[List of cities and towns in Rajasthan|largest city]] of the north-western [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. {{As of|2011}}, the city had a population of 3.1 million, making it the [[List of cities in India by population|tenth most populous city]] in the country. Located {{Convert|268|km|mi|0|abbr=in}} from the national capital [[New Delhi]], Jaipur is also known as the ''Pink City'' due to the dominant color scheme of its buildings in the old city.<ref name=":3" />

Jaipur was founded in 1727 by [[Sawai Jai Singh|Sawai Jai Singh II]], the [[Kachhwaha|Kachhwaha Rajput]] ruler of [[Amer, India|Amer]], after whom the city is named.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Nagar Nigam (Greater) |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutJaipur/HistoryOfJaipur.aspx |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=jaipurmc.org }}</ref> It is one of the earliest planned cities of modern India, designed by [[Vidyadhar Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2011 |title=Jaipur |url=http://jaipur.nic.in/profile.htm |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033304/http://jaipur.nic.in/profile.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref> During the [[British Raj|British colonial period]], the city served as the capital of [[Jaipur State]]. After [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, Jaipur became the capital of the newly formed state of Rajasthan in 1949.

Jaipur is a popular [[Tourism in India|tourist destination in India]], forming a part of the Western [[Golden Triangle (India)|Golden Triangle]] tourist circuit along with Delhi and [[Agra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Agra at its heart, Golden Triangle ranked 21 globally by elite travel magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/with-agra-at-its-heart-golden-triangle-ranked-21-globally-by-elite-travel-magazine-1288286-2018-07-17 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=India Today |date=17 July 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125124338/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/with-agra-at-its-heart-golden-triangle-ranked-21-globally-by-elite-travel-magazine-1288286-2018-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city serves as a gateway to other [[Tourism in Rajasthan|tourist destinations in Rajasthan]], such as [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaisalmer]], [[Bikaner]], [[Udaipur]], [[Bundi]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], and [[Mount Abu]]; it has two [[World Heritage Sites|World heritage site]]s, [[Amer Fort]], [[Hawa Mahal]] and [[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur|Jantar Mantar]]. On 6 July 2019, the city was placed on the [[Organization of World Heritage Cities|World Heritage Cities]] list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Jaipur City, Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127041609/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also known as the [[Paris]] of India. Due to its beauty, [[C. V. Raman| C.V. Raman]] called it the "Island of Glory".

==Etymology==
Jaipur derives its name from Sawai Jai Singh II, the Kachhwaha ruler of Amer, who founded the city in 1727.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 |date=1984 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-8-1250-0333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=jaipur+named+after+sawai+raja+jai+singh |language=en |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043431/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=jaipur+named+after+sawai+raja+jai+singh#v=snippet&q=jaipur%20named%20after%20sawai%20raja%20jai%20singh&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Sanskrit]], variations of the word "pur" or "pura" are commonly used to refer to a city or town. So "Jaipur" essentially means "The City of Jai" or "Jai's City".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatt |first1=Rajendra Shankar |title=Sawai Jai Singh |date=2005 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-4418-6 |pages=101, 123, 155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVhuAAAAMAAJ&q=jaipur+named+after+sawai+raja+jaisingh |language=en |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043305/https://books.google.com/books?id=HVhuAAAAMAAJ&q=jaipur+named+after+sawai+raja+jaisingh |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Jaipur}}
[[File:1 Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II ca 1725 Jaipur. British museum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sawai Jai Singh]], the founder of Jaipur]]

Jaipur was founded by the Rajput chief of Kachhwaha clan, Jai Singh II, on 18 November 1727, who ruled the region from 1699 to 1743. He planned to shift his capital from Amber, {{convert|11|km|mi|0}} to Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture |publisher=Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=167 }}</ref> Jai Singh consulted with several architects while planning the layout of Jaipur and established the city based on the principles of [[Vastu Shastra]] and [[Shilpa Shastra]], under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya.<ref name="History"/> The construction of the city began in 1726. During the rule of [[Ram Singh II|Sawai Ram Singh II]], the city was painted pink to welcome [[Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] in 1876.<ref name="POW">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/rajasthan/jaipur/history |title=History of Jaipur |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601043503/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/rajasthan/jaipur/history |archive-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the avenues remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithet ''Pink City''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/edward_vii_02.shtml |title=History in depth: Edward VII: The First Constitutional Monarch |publisher=BBC |date=5 November 2009 |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626201400/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/edward_vii_02.shtml |archive-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and had a population of 160,000 by 1900. The wide boulevards were paved, and its chief industries included [[Metalworking|metalwork]] and [[marble]], fostered by a school of art founded in 1868.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Jaipur|volume=15|pages=128–129 }}</ref> In August 1981, large areas of the city including the [[Jaipur International Airport|airport]], were flooded due to heavy rains from a cloudburst, resulting in the deaths of eight people and much damage to the city's [[Dravyavati River]].<ref name="jda-May2016">{{cite web |title=Rejuvenation of Amanishah Nallah including Area Development |url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/EIA_EMP/05052016GHYEVHEZAnnexure-documentofEIAEMP.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] |page=25 |date=5 May 2016 |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020222/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/EIA_EMP/05052016GHYEVHEZAnnexure-documentofEIAEMP.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sharad K. |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7 |page=883 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC |language=en |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075232/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 July 2019, the city was named to the [[Organization of World Heritage Cities|World Heritage Cities]] list.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/puducherry-takes-a-leaf-out-of-ahmedabad-in-bid-to-get-unesco-tag/article66511380.ece |title=Puducherry learns from Ahmedabad, in bid to get UNESCO World Heritage City tag |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=1 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226122610/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/puducherry-takes-a-leaf-out-of-ahmedabad-in-bid-to-get-unesco-tag/article66511380.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
=== Topography ===
Jaipur is located in the northeastern part of Rajasthan and covers a total area of {{convert|467|km2|sqmi|0}}. The city is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains to the east and south, and hill chains and desert areas to the north and west.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur - History, Map, Population, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jaipur-India |publisher=[[Britannica]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022195125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jaipur-India |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur City, Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605/ |access-date=16 March 2023 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127041609/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaipur generally slopes downwards from north to south and then to the southeast.<ref name="JNN"/> The city is surrounded by the Nahargarh hills in the north and Jhalana in the east, which is a part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli range]].<ref name="JNN">{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Nagar Nigam (Greater) |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |access-date=16 March 2023 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032103/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Dravyavati River]] is the primary drainage channel, which by 2014 had degenerated into an untreated sewage [[Nullah|nallah]]. To address this issue, a plan for the rejuvenation of the river was developed by [[Jaipur Development Authority]] (JDA) in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2015 |title=State okays DPR, takes step forward to revive Dravyavati |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/State-okays-DPR-takes-step-forward-to-revive-Dravyavati/articleshow/49371060.cms |access-date=17 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601203224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/State-okays-DPR-takes-step-forward-to-revive-Dravyavati/articleshow/49371060.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A {{cvt|13|km}} stretch of Dravyavati riverfront out of {{cvt|47.5|km}} was opened after rejuvenation in 2018 and the remaining project was completed in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2018 |title=Raje opens much-awaited Dravyavati river project |newspaper=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/raje-opens-much-awaited-dravyavati-river-project-118100200948_1.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317064026/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/raje-opens-much-awaited-dravyavati-river-project-118100200948_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Jaipur has a monsoon-influenced [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with long, extremely hot summers and short mild to warm winters. Annual precipitation is over {{convert|625|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, falling mostly in July and August due to the southwest monsoon, causing the average temperatures in these two months to be lower compared to drier May and June. During the monsoon, there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|49.0|C|1}}, on 23 May 1994. The city's average temperature remains below {{convert|20|C|disp=or}} between December and February. These months are mild, dry, and pleasant, sometimes chilly. The lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-2.2|C|1}} on 31 January 1905, 1 February 1905, and 16 January 1964. Jaipur, like many other major cities of the world, is a significant [[urban heat island]] zone with surrounding rural temperatures occasionally falling below freezing in winters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00531.htm |title=World Weather Information Service |access-date=11 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128183949/http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00531.htm |archive-date=28 November 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{center|1={{Weather box
|location=Jaipur ([[Jaipur International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1952–present
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|Jan record high C=31.7
|Feb record high C=36.7
|Mar record high C=42.8
|Apr record high C=44.9
|May record high C=49.0
|Jun record high C=47.2
|Jul record high C=46.7
|Aug record high C=41.7
|Sep record high C=41.7
|Oct record high C=40.0
|Nov record high C=36.4
|Dec record high C=32.0
|year record high C=49.0
|Jan high C=22.5
|Feb high C=26.1
|Mar high C=32.0
|Apr high C=37.6
|May high C=41.1
|Jun high C=39.7
|Jul high C=34.8
|Aug high C=32.7
|Sep high C=34.2
|Oct high C=34.1
|Nov high C=29.6
|Dec high C=25.1
|year high C=32.5
|Jan mean C = 15.3
|Feb mean C = 19.1
|Mar mean C = 24.9
|Apr mean C = 30.1
|May mean C = 34.1
|Jun mean C = 33.5
|Jul mean C = 30.1
|Aug mean C = 28.5
|Sep mean C = 28.8
|Oct mean C = 27.0
|Nov mean C = 21.9
|Dec mean C = 17.1
|Jan low C=8.4
|Feb low C=12.0
|Mar low C=17.4
|Apr low C=22.8
|May low C=27.1
|Jun low C=27.9
|Jul low C=26.2
|Aug low C=24.9
|Sep low C=24.0
|Oct low C=20.1
|Nov low C=14.4
|Dec low C=9.9
|year low C=19.6
|Jan record low C=-2.2
|Feb record low C=-2.2
|Mar record low C=3.3
|Apr record low C=9.4
|May record low C=15.6
|Jun record low C=18.4
|Jul record low C=20.6
|Aug record low C=18.9
|Sep record low C=15.0
|Oct record low C=11.1
|Nov record low C=3.3
|Dec record low C=0.0
|year record low C=-2.2
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain mm=5.9
|Feb rain mm=10.2
|Mar rain mm=4.4
|Apr rain mm=7.1
|May rain mm=12.2
|Jun rain mm=61.9
|Jul rain mm=190.5
|Aug rain mm=203.4
|Sep rain mm=79.6
|Oct rain mm=19.4
|Nov rain mm=1.9
|Dec rain mm=3.8
|year rain mm=600.3
|Jan rain days=0.6
|Feb rain days=0.9
|Mar rain days=0.7
|Apr rain days=0.9
|May rain days=1.3
|Jun rain days=4.2
|Jul rain days=9.8
|Aug rain days=9.4
|Sep rain days=4.8
|Oct rain days=1.2
|Nov rain days=0.2
|Dec rain days=0.3
|year rain days=34.3
|time day=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity=38
|Feb humidity=31
|Mar humidity=22
|Apr humidity=18
|May humidity=19
|Jun humidity=35
|Jul humidity=62
|Aug humidity=69
|Sep humidity=52
|Oct humidity=32
|Nov humidity=34
|Dec humidity=39
|year humidity=38
|Jan dew point C=6
|Feb dew point C=7
|Mar dew point C=7
|Apr dew point C=8
|May dew point C=12
|Jun dew point C=19
|Jul dew point C=24
|Aug dew point C=24
|Sep dew point C=21
|Oct dew point C=13
|Nov dew point C=9
|Dec dew point C=6
|Jan uv=5
|Feb uv=7
|Mar uv=9
|Apr uv=11
|May uv=12
|Jun uv=12
|Jul uv=12
|Aug uv=12
|Sep uv=10
|Oct uv=8
|Nov uv=6
|Dec uv=5
|year uv=9.1
|source 1=[[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Jaipur (Sanganer) Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=343–344 |access-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M180 |access-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42348 |title=Climatological Information – Jaipur (42348) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902112134/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42348 |archive-date=2 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |title=Nagpur (42867) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809085837/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |title=Climatological Tables 1991-2020 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=1 January 2023 |page=21 }}</ref> Climate of Jaipur<ref name=IMDclimatology>{{cite web |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/jaipur/docs/climate.pdf |title=Climate of Jaipur |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207004709/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/jaipur/docs/climate.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/jaipur/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718120314/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/jaipur/climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source=
|source 2=Weather Atlas,<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/jaipur-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Jaipur, India |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613070009/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/jaipur-climate |url-status=live }}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42348 |title=Normals Data: Jaipur/Sanganer - India Latitude: 26.82°N Longitude: 75.80°E Height: 383 (m) |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310100002/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42348 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}}}
Jaipur has been ranked 33rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
|align=center
|source=[[Census of India]]<ref name="Census data">{{cite report |url=http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |title=Census of India |publisher=mospi.gov.in |access-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813081037/http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |archive-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |title=Historical Census of India |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="UA">{{cite report |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1881|142600
|1891|158900
|1901|160000
|1911|137100
|1921|120200
|1931|144200
|1941|175800
|1951|291000
|1961|403400
|1968|533200
|1971|636800
|1981|1004700
|1991|1518200
|2001|2322575
|2011|3073350
}}

As of the official report, Jaipur Municipal Corporation had 5,99,507 households and a population of 3,046,163. 3,87,354 (12.72%) were under the age of 7. Jaipur had a sex ratio of 900 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 83.33% for those 7 years and above. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 392,285 (12.88%) and 115,258 (3.78%) of the population, respectively.<ref name="census" />

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jaipur (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 69.69 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value2 = 9.85 |color2 = firebrick
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 5.86 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value4 = 4.36 |color4 = maroon
|label5 = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]] |value5 = 3.93 |color5 = sienna
|label6 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value6 = 2.54 |color6 = limegreen
|label7 = Others |value7 = 3.77 |color7 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

The official language of Jaipur is [[Hindi]] and the additional official language is English.<ref name="langoff" /> The native and main dialect of the city is [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]]<ref name="Dhundari"/> with [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and Standard Hindi dialects are also spoken, along with English.<ref name="Org"/>

According to the 2011 census, 69.69% of the population recorded their language as Hindi, 9.85% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 5.86% [[Urdu]], 4.36% Marwari, 3.93% Dhundari, and 2.54% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Rajasthan |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112073618/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Religion ===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jaipur City (2011)<ref name="religion2011"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|18.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|2.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.58}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Hindu]]s form the majority religious group, accounting for 77.9% of the city's population, followed by [[Muslim]]s (18.6%), [[Jain]]s (2.4%) and others (1.1%).<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509052527/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
=== Administration ===
[[Jaipur Development Authority]] is the main planning authority of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development Plans 2025 |url=https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/development-authority/jda-jaipur/pdf/MDP/Vol2.pdf |publisher=JDA |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027032704/https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/development-authority/jda-jaipur/pdf/MDP/Vol2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] (JMC) was established in the year 1994.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Jaipur Municipal Corporation - Newsletter |url=http://jaipurmc.org/PDF/Auction_MM_RTI_Act_Etc_PDF/enewsletter-MARCh2016.pdf |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] }}</ref> The area of the municipal corporation is {{cvt|467|km2}} and is headed by a [[mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur Municipal Corporation, about |url=http://jaipurmc.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316032335/http://jaipurmc.org/ |archive-date=16 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] }}</ref> In 2020, JMC was bifurcated into two Municipal Corporations, namely Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation with 150 and 100 wards respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three Rajasthan cities to get additional municipal corporations |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/three-rajasthan-cities-to-get-additional-municipal-corporations/1643323 |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=Outlook |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029192019/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/three-rajasthan-cities-to-get-additional-municipal-corporations/1643323 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |title=City Profile |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032103/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The latest [[elections]] were held in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2020 |title=Jaipur, Jodhpur & Kota civic bodies polls on Oct 29, Nov 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jaipur-jodhpur-kota-civic-bodies-polls-on-oct-29-nov-1/articleshow/78597148.cms |access-date=24 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023095246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jaipur-jodhpur-kota-civic-bodies-polls-on-oct-29-nov-1/articleshow/78597148.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2020 |title=Voting for 100 wards of Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation tomorrow |url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/voting-for-100-wards-of-jaipur-heritage-municipal-corporation-tomorrow/ |access-date=29 October 2020 |work=The PinkCity Post |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043306/https://www.pinkcitypost.com/voting-for-100-wards-of-jaipur-heritage-municipal-corporation-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The current mayor of Greater JMC is Somya Gurjar and the mayor for Heritage JMC is Munesh Gurjar since 10 November 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2020 |title=Somya Gurjar takes over as Jaipur mayor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/somya-gurjar-takes-over-as-jaipur-mayor-after-rajasthan-hc-order-quashing-her-disqualification-1161727.html |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201182912/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/national/west/somya-gurjar-takes-over-as-jaipur-mayor-after-rajasthan-hc-order-quashing-her-disqualification-1161727.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The administration duties are carried out by the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] and his group of officials. The estimated municipal budget for the year 2022–23 is {{INRconvert|8950|l}}.<ref name="Budget"/> The key revenue sources for the corporation are taxes which include [[House tax]], Urban Development tax and octroi compensation along with various fees and user charges.<ref name="Budget"/> Law and order is maintained by the Jaipur city police under the jurisdiction of the Rajasthan state department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Government |url=https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/homeportal/en/jaipurcitypolice |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027013416/https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/homeportal/en/jaipurcitypolice |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a district and sessions court at Jaipur to handle civil and criminal cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur District |url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/jaipur |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Government of Rajasthan]] |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810070718/https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/jaipur |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Jaipur consists of two [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]] and [[Jaipur Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur Rural]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf |title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/MemberContacts.aspx |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=[[Government of Rajasthan]] |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818172216/https://rajassembly.nic.in/MemberContacts.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency]] comprises eight [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] segments, all of which fall partly in Jaipur city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Delimitation Notification |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Delimitation/GP_Notification__Eng.PDF |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119055110/https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Delimitation/GP_Notification__Eng.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan LA |url=https://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/constituencies.html |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043432/https://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/constituencies.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Adarsh Nagar Assembly constituency (Rajasthan): Full details, live and past results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/adarsh-nagar-election-result-s20a053/ |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=News18 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126095625/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/adarsh-nagar-election-result-s20a053/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
Jaipur Development Authority is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur District Guide Map Rajasthan- Jaipur District Tourism Information Climate Details |url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/districts/jaipur |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=Rajasthan Direct |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813074344/https://www.rajasthandirect.com/districts/jaipur |url-status=live }}</ref> The municipal corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur Development Authority |url=https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=10&mid=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074308/https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=10&mid=10 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=5 November 2015 |publisher=Government of Rajasthan }}</ref> Electricity is distributed through Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (JVVNL) owned by the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=https://energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/energy-department/jaipur-vidyut-vitran-nigam-ltd-/en/home.html |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=energy.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en-us |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043313/https://energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/energy-department/jaipur-vidyut-vitran-nigam-ltd-/en/home.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation|Jaipur municipal corporaiton]] has a fire department wing with 11 fire stations and 50 fire tenders.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 January 2018 |first=Ajay |last=Singh |title=Jaipur fire department urgently requires 30 fire tenders, 500 personnel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/required-urgently-30-fire-tenders-500-personnel/articleshow/62501383.cms |access-date=24 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106181026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/required-urgently-30-fire-tenders-500-personnel/articleshow/62501383.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Established in 2018, Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (JWSSB) is responsible for the management of water supply and sewerage services in the city.<ref name="Infra">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board constituted |url=https://indianinfrastructure.com/2018/09/04/jaipur-water-supply-and-sewerage-board-constituted/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Indian Infrastructure |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026183359/https://indianinfrastructure.com/2018/09/04/jaipur-water-supply-and-sewerage-board-constituted/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The agency is responsible for water supply as per the standards stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the State Pollution Control Board and the [[Public Health Engineering Department]] (PHED).<ref name="Infra"/> It will also be responsible for financing, designing, constructing, altering, repairing, operating, and maintaining various water supply and sewerage schemes in addition to commercial services such as meter reading, billing, and revenue collection.<ref name="Infra"/> The city has been divided into four main drainage zones, with the northern and central zones draining into the Dravyavati river, while the western zone drains into the Chandler lake, and the eastern and southern areas combined drain into the Dhundh River.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIUA Study |url=https://scbp.niua.org/download.php?fn=Jaipur_1.pdf |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026150632/https://scbp.niua.org/download.php?fn=Jaipur_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sewerage systems and STPs have been constructed accordingly, with the installed capacity being 730 km of sewer lines and 442 MLD of sewage treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIUA |url=https://scbp.niua.org/download.php?fn=Jaipur_1.pdf |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=scbp.niua.org |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026150632/https://scbp.niua.org/download.php?fn=Jaipur_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The corporation has a solid waste management system that includes door-to-door collection, transportation of garbage in covered vehicles, proper deployment of dustbins, use of modern equipment.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/NewInitiatives.aspx |title=New Initiatives |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=jaipurmc.org |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026161112/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/NewInitiatives.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The system ensures private investment as well as public participation with a small amount of monthly user charges. The size of the JMC garbage can be kept at a manageable level.<ref name="auto" /> Sanitation work in three zones has been contracted out to private agencies.<ref name="auto" />

== Economy ==
As per the official records released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Rajasthan), the GDP (nominal) of Jaipur district is estimated at [[Indian rupee|INR]] 1,22,140 crores ($15.8 billion) in 2020–21, with a per-capita GDP of INR 141,305.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=Estimates of District Domestic Product of Rajasthan for 2020–21 |url=https://desddp.raj.nic.in/PDF/Publication_982021%20125213%20PM.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Rajasthan |publisher=Statistics Department |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308062602/https://desddp.raj.nic.in/PDF/Publication_982021%20125213%20PM.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to its role as the provincial capital, educational, and administrative center, the economy of Jaipur is fuelled by tourism, gemstone cutting, the manufacture of jewellery and luxury textiles, and information technology.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://resurgent.rajasthan.gov.in/focus-sectors/it-ites |title=IT & ITeS – Resurgent Rajasthan |website=resurgent.rajasthan.gov.in |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610071923/http://resurgent.rajasthan.gov.in/focus-sectors/it-ites |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Three major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Jaipur: [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]], (FICCI) the [[PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (PHDCCI) and the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) which has its regional offices here. In 2008, Jaipur was ranked 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quickiearticleshow/3566253.cms |title=Indian cities among global outsourcing cities |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303211736/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quickiearticleshow/3566253.cms |archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur Stock Exchange]] was one of the regional stock exchanges in India and was founded in 1989 but was closed in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsel.in/ |title=JSEL |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025065005/http://www.jsel.in/ |archive-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Jaipur has emerged as a hub of automotive industries with [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]], [[Hero MotoCorp]] and [[Robert Bosch GmbH]] having their manufacturing plants in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=JCB inaugurates two new facilities at Jaipur – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/jcb-inaugurates-two-new-facilities-at-jaipur/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |magazine=Motor India |date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031147/https://www.motorindiaonline.in/jcb-inaugurates-two-new-facilities-at-jaipur/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2016 |title=Auto component maker Bosch resumes operations at Jaipur plant |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-auto-component-maker-bosch-resumes-operations-at-jaipur-plant-7487 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=Zee Business |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043344/https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-auto-component-maker-bosch-resumes-operations-at-jaipur-plant-7487 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Greeshma |date=10 March 2016 |title=Hero MotoCorp opens R&D facility in Jaipur |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hero-motocorp-opens-rd-facility-jaipur-670167 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408072225/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hero-motocorp-opens-rd-facility-jaipur-670167 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are chemical manufacturers in the city including [[Emami]] and [[CK Birla Group|National Engineering Industries]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=NEI's 75-year-old Jaipur plant wins IGBC certification |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/national-engineering-industries’-jaipur-plant-gets-igbc-certification-77941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304194659/https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/national-engineering-industries%E2%80%99-jaipur-plant-gets-igbc-certification-77941 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=8 April 2022 |magazine=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |date=10 December 2020 |language=en-US }}</ref> The city is among top emerging IT hubs of India. [[Mahindra World City, Jaipur|Mahindra World City]] is an integrated business zone in Jaipur with several software and IT companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahindra World City, Jaipur marches on Signs-up four new clients |url=http://www.mahindra.com/News/Press-Releases/1293603854 |publisher=Mahindra Group |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164725/http://www.mahindra.com/News/Press-Releases/1293603854 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2011 |title=Infosys to build facility at Jaipur SEZ |work=Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/news/29669842_1_infosys-bpo-facility-development-centres |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727063801/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/news/29669842_1_infosys-bpo-facility-development-centres |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of Rajasthan have built Asia's largest incubator in Jaipur – the Bhamashah Techno Hub.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2021 |title=Jaipur's New Avatar as an Emerging Business Hub {{!}} Empyrealclub |url=https://www.empyrealclub.in/jaipurs-new-avatar-as-an-emerging-business-hub/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=www.empyrealclub.in |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Jaipur is a major hub for arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewellery, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather, and metal products. Jaipur is one of India's largest manufacturers of [[Jaipur Rugs|hand-knotted rugs]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2012 |title=Development through Enterprise |url=http://www.nextbillion.net/blog/the-top-5-list-best-new-bop-teaching-cases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927100159/http://www.nextbillion.net/blog/the-top-5-list-best-new-bop-teaching-cases |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=2 June 2012 |publisher=NextBillion.net }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2012 |title=Churu's Marwari, Nand Kishore Chaudhary's Jaipur Rugs a matter of discourse at Harvard |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/news/30666627_1_supply-chain-case-study-tribals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130043458/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/news/30666627_1_supply-chain-case-study-tribals |archive-date=30 January 2012 |access-date=24 February 2012 |publisher=Economic Times }}</ref> [[Jaipur foot]], a rubber-based [[Artificial limb|prosthetic leg]] for people with below-knee [[amputation]]s, was designed and is produced in Jaipur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur foot: History |url=http://www.jaipurfoot.org/03_Technology_history.asp |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903120321/http://www.jaipurfoot.org/03_Technology_history.asp |archive-date=3 September 2009 |access-date=5 November 2015 |publisher=jaipurfoot.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=5 November 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] }}</ref> [[World Trade Park, Jaipur|World Trade Park Jaipur]], is a shopping mall in Jaipur opened in 2012.

== Culture and cityscape ==
=== Tourism ===
{{See also|List of attractions in Jaipur}}
[[File:Nahargarh 080.jpg|thumb|[[Nahargarh Fort]]]]
Jaipur is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of the [[Golden Triangle (India)|Golden Triangle]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aman |title=Air India's Jaipur-Agra flight suffering losses |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-indias-jaipur-agra-flight-suffering-losses/articleshow/72973044.cms |access-date=5 February 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 December 2019 |archive-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315105328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-indias-jaipur-agra-flight-suffering-losses/articleshow/72973044.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the seventh best place to visit in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatonline.com/news/details/jaipur-seventh-best-tourist-destination-41.php |title=Jaipur Seventh Best Tourist Destination in Asia – Conde Nast Traveller Survey |publisher=bharatonline.com |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130757/http://www.bharatonline.com/news/details/jaipur-seventh-best-tourist-destination-41.php |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to TripAdvisor's 2015 Traveller's Choice Awards, Jaipur was ranked first among the Indian destinations for the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/web-exclusive/web-exclusive-month/the-worlds-best-destinations-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401221808/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/web-exclusive/web-exclusive-month/the-worlds-best-destinations-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2015 |title=World's best destinations |access-date=28 March 2011 }}</ref> The Presidential Suite at the [[The Raj Palace|Raj Palace Hotel]], billed at {{US$|45,000|link=yes}} per night, was listed in second place on CNN's ''World's 15 most expensive hotel suites'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |author=Arnold, Helen |url=http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/escape/worlds-15-most-expensive-hotel-suites-747256 |title=World's 15 most expensive hotel suites |work=CNNGo |date=25 March 2012 |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102235454/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/escape/worlds-15-most-expensive-hotel-suites-747256 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jaipur was ranked eighth in "The Top 15 Cities in Asia".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2020 |title=Travel+Leisure World's Best Awards 2020 |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/cities-in-asia |access-date=7 December 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206044755/https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/cities-in-asia |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre (JECC) is Rajasthan's biggest convention and exhibition center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accor to manage Jaipur's new convention centre |url=http://www.meetbizindia.com/jaipur-exhibition-convention-centre-to-be-managed-by-accor/ |website=M&IT India |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045148/http://www.meetbizindia.com/jaipur-exhibition-convention-centre-to-be-managed-by-accor/ |archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jaipur Exhibition and Convention Centre will make Pink City a meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions hub – Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Jaipur-Exhibition-and-Convention-Centre-will-make-Pink-City-a-meetings-incentives-conferences-and-exhibitions-hub/articleshow/44778821.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 October 2014 |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711114056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Jaipur-Exhibition-and-Convention-Centre-will-make-Pink-City-a-meetings-incentives-conferences-and-exhibitions-hub/articleshow/44778821.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Visitor attractions include the [[Albert Hall Museum]], [[Hawa Mahal]], [[Jal Mahal]], [[City Palace, Jaipur|City Palace]], [[Amer Fort]], [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jantar Mantar]], [[Nahargarh Fort]], [[Jaigarh Fort]], [[Birla Mandir, Jaipur|Birla Mandir]], [[Galtaji]], [[Govind Dev Ji Temple]], [[Garh Ganesh Temple]], [[Moti Dungri]] Ganesh Temple, [[:hi:गैटोर|Gator Chhatri]], [[Sanghiji]] Jain temple and the [[Jaipur Zoo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/temples/galataji.html |title=Temples of Jaipur |publisher=jaipur.org |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124052739/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/temples/galataji.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jantar Mantar observatory, a collection of 19 astronomical instruments and Amer Fort are [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1338 |title=The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=whc.unesco.org |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005070230/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1338/ |archive-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hawa Mahal is a five-storey pyramidal shaped monument with 953 windows<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawa Mahal Jaipur – History, Architecture, Visiting Hours |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.html |website=www.jaipur.org.uk |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041551/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> that rises {{convert|50|ft|m|order=flip}} from its high base. [[Sisodiya Rani Bagh]] and [[Kanak Vrindavan]] are the major parks in Jaipur.<ref name="JDA" /> [[Sambhar Lake]] is about 56 kms from the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roshan |first=Priyanka |date=6 December 2024 |title=MSN |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/travel/13-incredible-places-in-india-that-look-like-they-re-from-another-planet-article-12884680.html |work=Moneycontrol |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dralicedental.com/best-dental-clinic-in-mansarovar-jaipur/ |title=Best dental clinic in Mansarovar Jaipur |publisher= Dr.Alice |access-date=27 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913061428/https://dralicedental.com/best-dental-clinic-in-mansarovar-jaipur/ |archive-date=13 September 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Culture ===
Jaipur has many cultural sites like [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]] established by [[Charles Correa]] and Ravindra Manch. The Government Central Museum hosts several art and antiquities. There is a government museum at Hawa Mahal and an art gallery at [[Viratnagar]]. There are statues depicting [[Rajasthani culture]] around the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html |title=Culture Of Jaipur – Cultural Heritage, Art & Architecture of Jaipur |publisher=jaipur.org |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211357/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurfabric.com/blog/jaipur-fabric-defines-the-culture-and-creativity |title=Culture of Jaipur |date=21 December 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709161155/https://www.jaipurfabric.com/blog/jaipur-fabric-defines-the-culture-and-creativity |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaipur has many traditional shops selling antiques and handicrafts, as well as contemporary brands reviving traditional techniques, such as [[Anokhi]]. The prior rulers of Jaipur patronised some arts and crafts. They invited skilled artisans, artists, and craftsmen from India and abroad who settled in the city. Some of the crafts include [[bandhani]], [[block printing]], [[stone carving]] and [[sculpture]], [[Inlay|tarkashi]], [[zari]], [[Gota work|gota-patti]], [[kinari]] and [[zardozi]], silver jewellery, [[Gemstone|gems]], [[kundan]], [[Vitreous enamel|meenakari]] and [[jewellery]], [[Bangle|Lakh ki Chudiya]], [[Rajput painting|miniature paintings]], [[Blue Pottery of Jaipur|blue pottery]], [[ivory carving]], [[shellac]] work and [[Leather crafting|leather ware]].<ref name="Pink">{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/why-is-jaipur-called-the-pink-city |title=Why Jaipur is called pink city |date=17 October 2013 |publisher=mapsofindia.com |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019011352/http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/why-is-jaipur-called-the-pink-city |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JDA">{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=11&mid=27# |title=About Jaipur |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614192823/https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=11&mid=27 |archive-date=14 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Jaipur has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana for [[Kathak]] is one of the three gharanas of the major north Indian classical dance form of Kathak.<ref name="KK">{{cite web |url=http://jaipurkathakkendra.nic.in/index.html |title=Jaipur Kathak Kendra: Home |work=jaipurkathakkendra.nic.in |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024151524/http://jaipurkathakkendra.nic.in/index.html |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak is known for its rapid intricate dance forms, vivacious body movements and subtle Abhinaya.<ref name="KK" /> The [[Ghoomar]] is a popular folk dance style.<ref>{{cite book |author=Manorma Sharma |title=Tradition of Hindustani Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdtqrooCo-oC&pg=PA49 |year=2006 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-999-7 |pages=49–51 |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318034948/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdtqrooCo-oC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jeffrey Michael Grimes |title=The Geography of Hindustani Music: The Influence of Region and Regionalism on the North Indian Classical Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eoNVmfGBLoC&pg=PA142 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-109-00342-0 |pages=142– |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317234017/https://books.google.com/books?id=8eoNVmfGBLoC&pg=PA142 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kumāraprasāda Mukhopādhyāẏa |title=The Lost World of Hindustani Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MR_6Gr26hAC&pg=PA154 |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306199-1 |pages=154– |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318101927/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MR_6Gr26hAC&pg=PA154 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tamasha is an art form where [[Kathputli (Puppet)|Kathputli]] puppet dance is shown in play form.<ref name="Org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html |title=Culture of Jaipur |publisher=jaipur.org |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211357/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Major festivals celebrated in Jaipur include [[Elephant Festival]], [[Gangaur]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Teej]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], [[Mahavir Jayanti]] and [[Christmas]]. Jaipur is also famous for the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]], the world's largest free literature festival in which authors, writers, and literature lovers from all over the country participate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/fairs-festivals/index.html |title=Jaipur literary festival |publisher=jaipur.org |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017092826/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/fairs-festivals/index.html |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Architecture ====
The city was planned according to the Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajasthantour4u.com/blog/index.php/2009/10/20/vidyadhar-garden-in-jaipur-a-tribute-to-chief-architect-of-jaipur-vidyadhar-bhattacharya/ |title=Vidyadhar Garden in Jaipur |access-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513104427/http://www.rajasthantour4u.com/blog/index.php/2009/10/20/vidyadhar-garden-in-jaipur-a-tribute-to-chief-architect-of-jaipur-vidyadhar-bhattacharya/ |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Three gates are facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called ''Suraj pol'' (sun gate), the western gate is called ''Chand pol'' (moon gate) and the northern gate faces the ancestral capital of [[Amer Fort|Amer]].<ref name="History">{{cite web |url=http://jaipur.nic.in/profile.htm |title=Jaipur – The Pink City |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033304/http://jaipur.nic.in/profile.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zP9gQgAACAAJ |title=Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City |author=Vibhuti Sachdev, Giles Henry Rupert Tillotson |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-566353-2 |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145927/https://books.google.com/books/about/Building_Jaipur.html?id=zP9gQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The architecture of the city was heavily influenced by the 17th century architectural renaissance during Mughal rule in Northern India. The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates.<ref name="Hist1">{{cite web |url=http://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/history.html |title=About Jaipur |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103091000/http://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/history.html |archive-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, and the division of the city into six sectors by broad streets 34 m (111  ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five-quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses the [[Hawa Mahal]] palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. [[Nahargarh Fort]], which was the residence of King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city.<ref name="JDA" />

==== Cuisine ====
Typical dishes include [[Dal bati churma|Dal Baati Churma]], Missi [[Roti]], Gatte ki Sabzi, Lahsun ki chutney, Ker Sangri, Makke ki Ghat, Bajre ki Ghat, Bajre ki Roti and Laal Maans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cuisines Of Jaipur |url=http://www.pinkcity.com/citizenblogger/cuisines-of-jaipur/ |publisher=pinkcity.com |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224734/http://www.pinkcity.com/citizenblogger/cuisines-of-jaipur/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live |date=5 December 2012 }}</ref> Jaipur is also known for its sweets which include [[Ghevar]], Feeni, Mawa Kachori, Gajak, Meethi thuli, Chauguni ke laddu, and Moong Thal.<ref name="food">{{cite web |url=http://jaipur-pinkcity.webs.com/foodbeverage.htm |title=Cuisine of Jaipur |publisher=Jaipur-pinkcity.webs.com |access-date=28 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514205332/http://jaipur-pinkcity.webs.com/foodbeverage.htm |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipurtravel.com/what_eat.htm |title=What to eat in Jaipur |publisher=jaipurtravel.com |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019022029/http://www.jaipurtravel.com/what_eat.htm |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Jaipur houses world-famous brands like [[Haldiram's]], a popular snack chain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manzar |first=Nishat |date=16 March 2024 |title=Haldiram's Journey: From Namkeen to Global Fame |url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/haldirams-journey-with-authentic-snacks-and-sweets/ |website=Business Outreach |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

== Transport ==
=== Air ===
[[File:NIGHT - Jaipur International Airport (13-07-2022) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Jaipur International Airport]]]]
[[Jaipur International Airport]] is located in the southern suburb of [[Sanganer]], which is located 13 km (8.1 mi) from Jaipur.It is the 13th [[List of the busiest airports in India|busiest airport in India]] in daily scheduled flight operations. The airport handled 363,899 international and 2,540,451 domestic passengers in 2015–2016.<ref name="airport">{{cite web |url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp |title=Jaipur International Airport |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614003327/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jaipur Airport also provides air cargo services. During winter, sometimes flights towards [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] are diverted to Jaipur Airport due to heavy fog in [[Delhi]].<ref name="fog">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article1467200.ece |title=Flights diverted to Jaipur |access-date=19 February 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629124423/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article1467200.ece |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport was granted the status of international airport on 29 December 2005. The airport's [[Airport ramp|apron]] can accommodate 14 aircraft, and the new integrated terminal building can handle up to 1,000 passengers at peak hours.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jaipur airport expansion |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0= |access-date=30 June 2014 |date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185317/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0= |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[File:रंगीलो म्हारो देस.jpg|thumb|[[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Junction Railway Station]]]]
[[Jaipur Junction railway station]] was built in 1875 and is situated at the centre of Rajasthan. Serving almost 35,000 passengers daily, Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan. The cornerstone of the existing Jaipur railway station building was laid on 4 May 1956 by Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur, and construction took three years to complete. The station harnesses solar energy technology to power its operations. Jaipur is the headquarters of [[Jaipur railway division|Jaipur Railway division]] and [[North Western Railway Zone]] of Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Western Railway / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261&cssType=1 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506021803/https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261&cssType=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan with more than 45,000 passengers daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Junction official website |url=https://www.jaipurjunction.in/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127132953/https://www.jaipurjunction.in/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=jaipurjunction.in }}</ref> During [[Meter Gauge]] era, The fastest MG Train of India & the world, Pink City Express used to connect Jaipur with Delhi. Covering the {{convert|308.2|km|mi}} distance in 5 hrs 30 mins time, running at a record {{convert|56|km/h|mph}} speed until 1997. In 1997 Pink City Express got replaced by now running 12015/12016 [[Ajmer]] [[Shatabdi Express]]

;Metro
[[File:Jaipur 03-2016 34 Jaipur Metro.jpg|thumb|[[Jaipur Metro]]]]
[[Jaipur Metro]] commenced commercial operation on 3 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/pdf/2724JMRC%20English.jpg |title=JMRC Notification for commercial operations of metro |publisher=Jaipur Metro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711050523/https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/pdf/2724JMRC%20English.jpg |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref> Construction on the mostly elevated part of the first line, called Phase 1A, comprising 9.63 kilometres (5.98 mi) of route from [[Mansarovar (Jaipur)|Mansarovar]] to Chandpole Bazaar, started in November 2010, and was completed in 2014. The Jaipur Metro began commercial service between [[Chandpole metro station|Chandpole]] and [[Mansarovar (Jaipur)|Mansarovar]] on 3 June 2015. The Jaipur Metro Rail system is [[Urban rail transit in India#List of systems|India's sixth metro rail system]]. The Jaipur Metro is the first metro in India to run on a triple-storey elevated road and metro track. Phase 1-B, from Chandpole to [[Badi Chaupar]], began operation on 23 September 2020. Phase-1A is operational between Mansarovar and Chandpole consisting of nine stations namely Mansarovar, New Aatish Market, Vivek Vihar, Shyam Nagar, Ram Nagar, Civil Line, Railway Station, Sindhi Camp and Chandpole.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/Metro%20Stations |title=Metro Stations |publisher=Jaipur Metro Rail |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518183345/https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/Metro%20Stations |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Phase-1B was constructed with an estimated cost of {{INR}}97.32 billion ($1.74 billion).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/jaipur-metro-rail-project/#:~:text=Jaipur%20Metro%20is%20a%20rapid%20rail%20transit%20system%20under%20development,32bn%20(%241.74bn). |title=Jaipur Metro Rail Project, India |publisher=railway-technology.com/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211144903/http://www.cici.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=247&Itemid=282 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> It became operational on 23 September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashok Gehlot inaugurates Phase I-B of Jaipur Metro |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/ashok-gehlot-inaugurates-phase-i-b-of-jaipur-metro/657038 |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=Times Now |date=23 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043936/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/ashok-gehlot-inaugurates-phase-i-b-of-jaipur-metro/657038 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="phase1b">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/work-on-metro-1b-to-start-next-year/articleshow/69640673.cms |title=Work on Jaipur Metro 1B to start next year |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 June 2019 |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128073001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/work-on-metro-1b-to-start-next-year/articleshow/69640673.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Road ===
[[File:Way to Amer Fort (Amber Fort) Jaipur.jpg|thumb|Way to Amer Fort (Amber Fort) Jaipur]]
Jaipur is located on [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway No.48]] connecting [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]]. [[National Highway 52 (India)|National Highway 52]] links Jaipur with [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[National Highway 21 (India)|National Highway 21]] links Jaipur with [[Agra]]. [[RSRTC]] operates bus service to major cities in [[Rajasthan]] and other states of [[New Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]]. City buses are operated by [[Jaipur City Transport Services Limited]] (JCTSL)<ref name="jcstl">{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipurbus.com/ |title=JCSTL Website |publisher=Jaipurbus.com |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226113104/http://jaipurbus.com/ |archive-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> of [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation|RSRTC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan State Road Transportation Company info |url=http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/rajasthan_state_road.aspx#RSRTCOverview |publisher=India Transit |access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126075557/http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/rajasthan_state_road.aspx#RSRTCOverview |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The service operates more than 400 regular and low-floor buses. Major bus depots are located at [[Vaishali Nagar (Jaipur)|Vaishali Nagar]], Vidyadhar Nagar, and [[Sanganer]]. [[Jaipur BRTS]] was approved by the government in August 2006. Jaipur BRTS is managed by JCSTL, a special-purpose vehicle formed by Jaipur Development Authority and Jaipur Nagar Nigam. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed: a "North-South Corridor" from Sikar Road to Tonk Road and an "East-West Corridor" from Ajmer Road to Delhi Road. A section of the North-South Corridor from the bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in 2010.<ref name="brts">{{cite web |url=http://jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69&mid=6 |title=BRTS – JDA Website |publisher=JDA |access-date=28 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326031300/http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69&mid=6 |archive-date=26 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://praja.in/en/blog/nitinjhanwar/2008/11/13/traffic-diversion-and-flow-during-construction-brts |title=Traffic Diversion and Flow During Construction of BRTS |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224734/http://praja.in/en/blog/nitinjhanwar/2008/11/13/traffic-diversion-and-flow-during-construction-brts |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur Ring Road]] is a project of [[Jaipur Development Authority]] to reduce increasing traffic of Jaipur city<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1523269 |title=Development of New Express Highways |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811124629/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1523269 |url-status=live }}</ref> which connects NH-21 (Agra Road), NH-48 (Ajmer Road), NH-52 (Tonk Road), and NH-52 (Malpura Road) having a length of 150 km.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-development-authority-to-commence-land-acquisition-for-ring-road-2714055 |title=Jaipur Development Authority to commence land acquisition for Ring Road |author= |date=31 January 2019 |website=DNA India |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828141656/https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-development-authority-to-commence-land-acquisition-for-ring-road-2714055 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 57 km out of 150 km long six-lane [[Jaipur Ring Road]] has been completed at Rs. 1217 crore. Bhawani Singh Road, which begins from Nehru Sahkar Bhawan and ends at the intersection where [[Birla Mandir]] is situated and hosts notable places like [[Rambagh Palace]], the Golf Club, and [[Jaipur Development Authority]] Office falling on its path.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhawani Singh Rd |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhawani+Singh+Rd,+Jaipur,+Rajasthan+302007 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=Bhawani Singh Rd |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405202511/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhawani+Singh+Rd,+Jaipur,+Rajasthan+302007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Placement and Training Cell.jpg|thumb|[[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur]]]]
[[File:The LNMIIT.jpg|thumb|[[LNM Institute of Information Technology]]|left]]
The city had three colleges, including a [[Sanskrit]] college (1865) and a girls' school (1867) opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_405.gif |title=Jaipur City or Jainagar |year=1909 |publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |pages=399–402 |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526201958/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_405.gif |archive-date=26 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=13&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_388.gif |title=Jaipur State |year=1909 |publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |pages=382–399 |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115051816/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=13&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_388.gif |archive-date=15 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Public and private schools in Jaipur are governed by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] or [[Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan]], International Board of education and follow a "10+2" plan. This plan entails eight years of primary education and four years of secondary education. The secondary school includes two years of upper secondary education, which is more specific and diverse than the two years of lower secondary education before it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Nick |title=Education in India |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2006/02/wenr-feb-2006-education-in-india |website=World Education News + Reviews |publisher=World Education Services |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184415/https://wenr.wes.org/2006/02/wenr-feb-2006-education-in-india |archive-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=live |date=February 2006 }}</ref> Languages of instruction include English and [[Hindi]]. Notable institutions in the city are: [[University of Rajasthan]], [[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]], [[ARCH Academy of Design]], [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University]], [[Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Rajasthan Sanskrit University|Rajasthan Sanskrit University]], [[Haridev Joshi University of Journalism and Mass Communication]], [[Suresh Gyan Vihar University]], [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology]], [[LNM Institute of Information Technology]], [[National Institute of Ayurveda]], [[Sawai Man Singh Medical College]], [[Subodh College]] and [[Vedic Kanya College]]. Admission to Engineering colleges in Jaipur, many of which are affiliated to [[Rajasthan Technical University]] (Kota), is through the Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process. Some of the colleges that are affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University are [[Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering and Technology|Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering & Technology]], [[Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur|Poornima College of Engineering]], [[Arya Group of Colleges]].

== Communication ==
Major telecommunication providers include [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Jio]], [[Vodafone Idea Ltd|VI]] (Vodafone-Idea), and [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]] which are providing mobile telephony and there are also various internet service providers in the city. The government of Rajasthan has started free WiFi at various public places like Central Park, [[Jantar Mantar]], among others. Rajasthan's first ISP, Data Ingenious Global Limited still providing a large number of broadband customers and email services in the entire Jaipur.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Ajay Data set up Data Infosys, Rajasthan's first ISP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/how-ajay-data-set-up-data-infosys-rajasthans-first-isp/articleshow/11487199.cms#:~:text=Though%20I%20was%20haunted%20by,service%20provider%20(ISP)%20company. |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614091616/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/how-ajay-data-set-up-data-infosys-rajasthans-first-isp/articleshow/11487199.cms#:~:text=Though%20I%20was%20haunted%20by,service%20provider%20(ISP)%20company. |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Media ===
Major daily newspapers in Jaipur include ''[[Amar Ujala]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amarujala.com/jaipur |title=Jaipur News in Hindi. |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907043958/http://www.amarujala.com/jaipur |archive-date=7 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Indian Express]]'', ''[[Dainik Navajyoti]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name="bhaskar.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/ |title=Jaipur Guide |work=bhaskar.com |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723230728/http://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/ |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dainik Navajyoti">{{cite web |url=http://www.dainiknavajyoti.com/ |title=Dainik Navajyoti |publisher=dainiknavajyoti.com |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801073827/http://dainiknavajyoti.com/ |archive-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state-owned [[All India Radio]] is broadcast both on the [[medium wave]] and [[FM band]] in the city. Private FM stations include [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz), [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1 MHz), [[94.3 FM|My FM]] (94.3 MHz), [[95 FM|FM Tadka 95 FM]] (95.0 MHz), [[Mirchi Love]] (104.0 MHz), [[Red FM 93.5]] (93.5 MHz) and [[Gyan Vani]] (105.6 MHz). The city has a community FM channel in FM Radio 7 (90.4 MHz) by India International School Institutional Network. The public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] ([[Prasar Bharati]]) provides a regional channel in addition to the private broadcasters.

== Sports ==
[[File:Sawai-Mansingh-Stadium-Jaipur.jpg|thumb|[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]]]]
The main cricket stadium in the city, [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], has a [[seating capacity]] of 30,000 and has hosted national and international cricket matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |title=Sawai Mansingh Stadium |publisher=worldstadiums.com |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also the home ground of [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team [[Rajasthan Royals]]. [[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]], [[Chaugan Stadium]] and [[Railway Cricket Ground]] are the other sporting arenas in the city. A new stadium has been proposed for Chonp Village with a [[seating capacity]] 75,000. It would be the third-largest cricket stadium in the world after the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] and the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]].
<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=World's third largest cricket stadium to be constructed in Jaipur |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/world-s-third-largest-cricket-stadium-to-be-constructed-in-jaipur-121070300312_1.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043944/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/world-s-third-largest-cricket-stadium-to-be-constructed-in-jaipur-121070300312_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Sangeeta |date=4 July 2021 |title=India's second-largest cricket stadium to be built in Jaipur |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/indias-secondlargest-cricket-stadium-to-be-built-in-jaipur-all-you-need-to-know-1625339587-1 |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=Jagranjosh.com |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327103916/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/indias-secondlargest-cricket-stadium-to-be-built-in-jaipur-all-you-need-to-know-1625339587-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is represented in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] by [[Rajasthan Royals]] (2008–2016; 2018–present)<ref>{{cite web |title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/333193.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924082133/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/333193.html |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Return of the Royals |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/the-return-of-the-royals/ |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804091352/https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/the-return-of-the-royals/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in [[Pro Kabaddi League]] by [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Big B, Aamir, SRK cheer for Abhishek's Pink Panthers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/big-b-aamir-srk-cheer-for-abhisheks-pink-panthers/article6254534.ece |date=27 July 2014 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221154930/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/big-b-aamir-srk-cheer-for-abhisheks-pink-panthers/article6254534.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Paul McCartney]] wrote and recorded the Jaipur tribute song "Riding into Jaipur" (4:08) whose minimalist lyrics say: « riding to Jaipur, riding through the night, riding with my baby, oh what a delight, oh what a delight, it is. » The song was released on his 2001 studio album ''[[Driving Rain]]''.

Jaipur is the setting for the film ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' and its sequel, ''[[The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'', which follow the adventures of a group of senior European immigrants who retire to Jaipur and in the process discover their true selves.

The opening song of [[The Mountain Goats|The Mountain Goats']] 2000 album ''[[The Coroner's Gambit]],'' "Jaipur," describes the narrator's arrival at "the gates of the fabled pink city."

== Notable people ==

{{div col|colwidth=10em|rules=yes|gap=2em|style=column-count:3|content=
* [[Ila Arun]]
* [[Asrani]], actor
* [[Smita Bansal]], actress
* [[Daulat Mal Bhandari]]
* [[Vikrant Bhargava]]
* [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
* [[Apurvi Chandela]]
* [[Ajay Data]], entrepreneur
* [[Gayatri Devi]], royal
* [[Bhupendra Jadawat]], actor
* [[Anshu Jain]], banker
* [[Syed Akbar Jaipuri]], poet
* [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], poet and lyricist
* [[Mungtu Ram Jaipuria]], industrialist and educationist
* [[Rajaram Jaipuria]], industrialist and educationist
* [[Ravi Jaipuria]], businessman
* [[Sitaram Jaipuria]], politician
* [[Irrfan Khan]], actor
* [[Habib Miyan]], the oldest man in the world
* [[Aditya J Patwardhan]], film producer and director
* [[Ravi Kumar Punia]], soccer player
* [[Jesse Randhawa]]
* [[Kamal Singh Saroha]], businessman
* [[Man Singh II]], royal
* [[Ashish Sharma]]
* [[Shubhi Sharma]], actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shubhi Sharma donates masks and sanitisers worth Rs 3 lakh to fight against coronavirus – In Pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-dream-girl-shubhi-sharma-donates-masks-and-sanitisers-worth-rs-3-lakh-facilitates-food-in-remote-areas-of-bihar-up-to-fight-against-coronavirus-covid-19-in-pics-2273010.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231103419/https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-dream-girl-shubhi-sharma-donates-masks-and-sanitisers-worth-rs-3-lakh-facilitates-food-in-remote-areas-of-bihar-up-to-fight-against-coronavirus-covid-19-in-pics-2273010.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Sambhavna Seth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/from-monalisa-to-sambhavna-seth-bhojpuri-actresses-who-belong-to-other-regions/photostory/75161068.cms |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231103414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/from-monalisa-to-sambhavna-seth-bhojpuri-actresses-who-belong-to-other-regions/photostory/75161068.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sunil Vaswani]]
* [[Hafiz Salahuddin Yusuf]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[History of Jaipur]]
* [[List of districts of Rajasthan]]
* [[Outline of Rajasthan]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

== References ==
{{reflist }}

== Further reading ==
* Bhatt, Kavi Shiromani; Shastry, Mathuranath (1948). ''Jaipur Vaibhawam'' (History of Jaipur written in Sanskrit). Re-published in 2002 by Kalanath Shastry, Manjunath Smriti Sansthan, Jaipur.
* Khangarot, R.S., Nathawat, P.S. (1990) ''Jaigarh- The Invincible Fort of Amer''. RBSA Publishers, Jaipur.
* Sachdev, Vibhuti; [[Giles Tillotson|Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert]] (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7F_MJcTjDOQC Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City].'' Reaktion Books, London. {{ISBN|1-86189-137-7}}.
* Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC A History of Jaipur]''. Orient Longman Limited, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}.
* Volwahsen, Andreas (2001). ''Cosmic Architecture in India: The Astronomical Monuments of Maharaja Jai Singh II'', Prestel Mapin, [[Munich]].

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|1950062}}

{{Subject bar|portal1=India|commons=yes|s=yes}}

{{Jaipur|state=collapsed}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Jaipur district}}
{{Rajasthan}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}


{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jaipur|Jaipur]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1727]]
[[Category:1727 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Talk:Pedrolino

2026-10-22T16:00:14Z

WikiDwarf: /* I found another issue */ Re

== I found another issue ==

not enough information and unclearness.

[[Special:Contributions/72.138.152.162|72.138.152.162]] ([[User talk:72.138.152.162|talk]]) 21:22, 22 October 2026 (IST)
:The article has been expanded. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 21:30, 22 October 2026 (IST)

Pedrolino

2026-10-22T15:59:22Z

WikiDwarf: Expanded

{{Short description|Theatrical character}}
[[File:Pedrolino and the Doctor in 1621 woodcut.jpg|thumb|Pedrolino scuffles with the Doctor, 1621]]
'''Pedrolino''' is a ''primo'' ('first') [[Zanni#Two types of Zanni|Zanni]], or comic servant, in the [[commedia dell'arte]]. The name is a [[hypocorism]] of ''Pedro'' ('Peter'), formed by adding the suffix ''-lino''. The character first appeared in the last quarter of the 16th century and was apparently created by the actor Giovanni Pellesini, who remained closely associated with the role for many years. Contemporary illustrations suggest that his white blouse and trousers were "a variant of the typical Zanni suit",<ref>Katritzky, p. 248.</ref> while his [[Bergamasque dialect]] identified him as belonging to the "low" rural class.<ref>So asserted Bartolomeo Rossi in the foreword to his 1584 pastoral play ''Fiamella'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=ow08AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3 p. 3]. See also Andrews, p. xxiv.</ref> Although his costume and social position were not particularly distinctive, his dramatic role certainly was. As a versatile first Zanni, his character was—and continues to be—full of comic contradictions.

Many historians of ''commedia dell'arte'' connect the Italian Pedrolino with the later [[Pierrot]] of the French [[Comédie-Italienne]]. Although a connection between the two is possible, it has not been established conclusively and appears unlikely on the basis of the limited evidence available in early Italian [[scenario]] texts.<ref>Andrews, pp. xxv–xvi.</ref>

==Type, plot-function, and character==
Pedrolino appears in forty-nine of the fifty scenarios in [[Flaminio Scala]]'s ''Il teatro delle favole rappresentative'' (1611), as well as in three undated works from the "Corsini" manuscript collection.<ref>The Scala scenarios have been translated by Salerno; the plots of the "Corsini" pieces have been summarised by Pandolfi (V, 252-76). As Storey (1978) notes, at least one of Pandolfi's summaries "gives indication that [Pedrolino] may enjoy here different nuances of character from those of Scala's Zanni: in ''Il Granchio'' [The Crab] he appears to be a father on equal footing with Pantalone" (p. 15, n. 23).</ref> He also appears as "Pedrolin" in Luigi Groto's scripted comedy ''La Alteria'', written in 1587.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k752872|title=La Alteria, comedia di Luigi Groto, cieco d'Hadria. Novamente ricorretta e ristampata|last=Groto|first=Luigi (1541-1585)|date=1612-01-01}}</ref> These works provide evidence of how the character was conceived and performed. He is clearly an example of what Robert Storey calls the "social wit", generally represented as "the go-between, the willing servant, the wily slave" who "survives in serving others".<ref>Storey (1996), pp. 170, 171.</ref>

In Scala's scenarios, which provide the clearest picture of his character, Pedrolino invariably appears as the first Zanni. The first and second Zanni are distinguished by their respective functions in the plot. The ''commedia'' critic and historian Constant Mic explains this difference by observing that the first Zanni

<blockquote>instigates confusion quite voluntarily, [but] the second creates disturbance through his blundering. The second Zanni is a perfect dunce; but the first sometimes gives indication of a certain instruction. ... ''The first'' Zanni ''incarnates the dynamic, comic element of the play, the second its static element''.<ref>Mic, p. 47; tr. Storey (1978), p. 13 (emphasis Storey's).</ref></blockquote>

As his role is "to keep the play moving",<ref>Storey (1978), p. 13.</ref> Pedrolino displays what Storey describes as a "Janus"-like character, showing two contrasting sides. In one play, ''Li Quattro finti spiritati'' [The Four Fake Spirits], he cleverly helps the Lovers by disguising himself as a magician and persuading Pantalone that Isabella and Oratio can be cured of their supposed "madness" only by being brought together. In another, ''Gli avvenimenti comici, pastorali e tragici'' [Comic, Pastoral, and Tragic Events], he gives free rein to his mischievous nature and makes the young characters' troubles even worse.<ref>Storey (1978), pp. 15-16.</ref>

His character is so varied that his cleverness can sometimes give way to gullibility. On one occasion, he is tricked into believing that he was drunk when he learnt of his wife's infidelity and had therefore imagined the entire incident. His calculating nature can also be overcome by exaggerated sentimentality, as when he, [[Harlequin|Arlecchino]] and [[Burattino]] share a bowl of macaroni and all three begin to cry.<ref>The examples in parentheses are taken from two plays in the Scala collection, [https://sites.google.com/site/italiancommedia/plays-and-scenari/la-fortunata-isabella ''La Fortunata Isabella'' (Lucky Isabella)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922131404/http://sites.google.com/site/italiancommedia/plays-and-scenari/la-fortunata-isabella |date=2010-09-22 }} and ''Il Pedante'' (The Pedant).</ref>

Despite these inconsistencies in his character and behaviour, Pedrolino had an identity that was "instantly recognisable" to his Renaissance audiences. As Richard Andrews explains, "The recognizability came", "from his costume; from his body language; and most of all from his style of speech, which for Italian audiences was based on a regional dialect as well as more personal idiosyncrasies."<ref>Andrews, pp. xix, xx.</ref> His recognisability also came from his playful enjoyment of mischief. A modern performer of ''commedia'' describes him as someone who "takes a child-like delight in practical jokes and pranks", although his other schemes are generally carried out in support of his master. At times, however, all he can do is try to escape the punishment that others have planned for him.<ref>Rudlin, p. 136.</ref> Although he is naïvely impulsive and can resort to violence when angry, the conventions of comedy usually prevent his aggression from succeeding.

Pedrolino is generally shown wearing an entirely white costume consisting of exaggeratedly large and loose-fitting clothes. These usually include a white jacket with large buttons and comically long sleeves, a large neck ruff and a large, floppy hat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pedrolino|title=Pedrolino {{!}} stock theatrical character|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref> He is one of the few unmasked male characters who was not an ''[[innamorati]]''. According to some historians of ''commedia dell'arte'', rather than wearing a mask, Pedrolino was identified by a white, flour-like make-up known as ''infarinato''. This make-up later influenced, in part, the appearance of the modern white-faced clown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.factionoffools.org/history|title=Faction of Fools {{!}} A History of Commedia dell'Arte|website=www.factionoffools.org|access-date=2016-12-10|archive-date=2017-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313021054/http://www.factionoffools.org/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Pellesini==
Pedrolino first appears in the historical records of ''commedia'' in 1576, when his performer Giovanni Pellesini ({{circa|1526–1616}}) is recorded in Florence, apparently leading his own troupe, known as Pedrolino.<ref>For the movements of this troupe and of Pellesini himself, see Lea, I, 265-92.</ref> Pellesini belonged to several of the most prominent acting companies of the 16th and 17th centuries, including the Confidenti, Uniti, Fideli, [[I Gelosi|Gelosi]] and Accessi.<ref>A detailed account of these troupes and of Pellesini's movements among them is given by Rudlin and Crick, pp. 1-53.</ref> He was evidently "a much sought-after and highly paid guest star".<ref>Katritzky, p. 249.</ref> His standing is further demonstrated by the prominent place given to Pedrolino in Scala's scenarios. As K.M. Lea convincingly argues, when compiling these works, Scala drew upon the talents of the "chief actors of his day ... without regard to the composition of a company at any particular period".<ref>Lea, I, 293.</ref> It can therefore be concluded that both Pedrolino and Pellesini were among the leading figures of the early [[commedia dell'arte]].

Pellesini played Pedrolino over a long period and performed before several distinguished audiences, including the Duke of Mantua at [[Fontainebleau]] while travelling with the Confidenti. His final recorded performance as Pedrolino took place in 1613, when he was eighty-seven years old, with the Accessi company at the court theatre of the [[Louvre Palace|Louvre]].<ref>Rudlin and Crick, p. 27.</ref> The poet [[François de Malherbe|Malherbe]] commented on the performance:

<blockquote>Harlequin is certainly quite different from what he was, and so is Petrolin [i.e., Pedrolino]: the first is fifty-six and the second eighty-seven. These are no longer proper ages for the theater; gay spirits and sharp wits are needed there, and one hardly finds these in bodies as old as theirs.<ref>[[Ludovic Lalanne]], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k52098/f355.image.r=.langEN vol. 3, p. 337], has the original French: "Arlequin est certainement bien différent de ce qu'il a été, et aussi est Petrolin : le premier a cinquante-six ans et le dernier quatre-vingts et sept; ce ne sont plus âges propres au théâtre : il y faut des humeurs gaies et des esprits délibérés, ce qui ne se trouve guère en de si vieux corps comme les leurs."</ref></blockquote>

==Pedrolino and Pierrot==
Since the names of the two characters translate into the same diminutive, "Little Pete", and both occupy a similar social and dramatic position as comic servants in ''commedia'', many writers have concluded that Pedrolino is either the "Italian equivalent" of, or the direct ancestor of, the 17th-century French [[Pierrot]].<ref>"Italian equivalent" is Nicoll's phrase ([1963], p. 88); Mic writes that the historical connection between Pedrolino and Pierrot is "absolutely evident" (p. 211). Sand and Duchartre assume a close kinship between the two characters, as does Oreglia; Storey (1978) sees Pedrolino and [[Prince Hamlet|Hamlet]] as establishing behavioural "poles" for Pierrot, between which he oscillates throughout his long history (pp. 73-74). As late as 1994, Rudlin (pp. 137-38) renames Pierrot "Pedrolino", in a translation of a scene from ''Arlequin, Empereur dans la lune'', first performed in 1684 and published in the Gherardi collection, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vDg0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA181 vol. 1, p. 179].</ref> However, no documentation from the 17th century establishes a clear link between the two characters.

"Dominique" Biancolelli, Harlequin in the first Italian troupe based in Paris in which Pierrot appeared under that name, argued that Pierrot was conceived as a [[Pulcinella]], rather than as a Pedrolino. He wrote that the character's role

<blockquote>is that of a Neapolitan Pulcinella a little altered. In point of fact, the Neapolitan ''scenari'', in place of Arlecchino and Scapino, admit two Pulcinellas, the one an intriguing rogue and the other a stupid fool. The latter is Pierot's [sic] ''rôle''.<ref>MS 13736, Bibliothèque de l'Opéra, Paris, I, 113; cited and tr. Nicoll (1931), p. 294.</ref></blockquote>

A more direct influence may be found in the lovesick peasant Pierrot, who speaks in a regional dialect in [[Molière]]'s play ''[[Dom Juan|Don Juan, or The Stone Guest]]'' (1665). About eight years after the play's highly successful first performance, the Italian actors made a parody of Molière's comedy entitled ''Addendum to "The Stone Guest"''. In this work, Pierrot appeared by name for the first time among the other masked characters.<ref>Both masked and unmasked characters of the Commedia were known as "masks": see Andrews, p. xix.</ref> The role was performed by Giuseppe Giaratone, who remained closely identified with the character for the next twenty-five years.<ref>See Storey (1978), pp. 17-18.</ref>

Like Molière's character, Giaratone's Pierrot was also lovesick, a condition not associated with Pedrolino.<ref>"Pedrolino's love for Franceschina sometimes provides the occasion for a farcical scuffle between him and Arlecchino (''Li Duo vecchi gemelli'' [The Two Old Twins]) or for a burst of jealous anger when he is cuckolded by Doctor Gratiano (''La Fortunata Isabella'' [Lucky Isabella]). But it never elicits the tenderness, both comic and pathetic, that infuses [a] scene of [[Jean-François Regnard|Regnard]]'s ''La Coquette'' (1691), in which Pierrot stands tongue-tied with love before his master's young daughter, Columbine": Storey (1978), pp. 25-26. For the scene, see Gherardi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDM0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA100 vol. 3, pp. 100-102].</ref> Although Giaratone generally performed Pierrot as an Italian-style Zanni, it is probably significant that several plays preserved from his troupe portray Pierrot as a peasant speaking in a regional dialect, in the French tradition.<ref>See, e.g., [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDM0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA195 Act III, scene iii] of [[Eustache Le Noble]]'s ''Harlequin-Aesop'' (1691) in the Gherardi collection.</ref>

Pedrolino and Pierrot are clearly distinguished by the functions they perform in their respective plays. As a first Zanni, Pedrolino represents the "dynamic" element of the action, as Mic observes above. Pierrot, by contrast, functions as a second Zanni and is comparatively static. As Storey explains, Pierrot appears "in comparative isolation from his fellow masks, with few exceptions, in all the plays of ''Le Théâtre Italien'', standing on the periphery of the action, commenting, advising, chiding, but rarely taking part in the movement around him."<ref>Storey (1978), pp. 27-28. ''Le Théâtre Italien'' is the Gherardi collection cited in "References" below.</ref> Pedrolino, on the other hand, is never a character who remains inactive for long.

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Andrews, Richard (2008). ''The Commedia dell'Arte of Flaminio Scala: A Translation and Analysis of 30 Scenarios''. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|9780810862074}}.
* Duchartre, Pierre-Louis (1929; Dover reprint 1966). ''The Italian Comedy'', translated by Randolph T. Weaver. London: George G. Harrap and Co., Ltd. {{ISBN|0-486-21679-9}}.
* Gherardi, Evaristo, editor (1721). ''Le Théâtre Italien de Gherardi ou le Recueil général de toutes les comédies et scènes françoises jouées par les Comédiens Italiens du Roy ...'', 6 vols. Amsterdam: Michel Charles le Cène. Vols. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vDg0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=AzM0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 2], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDM0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP11 3], [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jM0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 4], [https://books.google.com/books?id=UzQ0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 5], and [https://books.google.com/books?id=zDQ0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 6] at Google Books.
* {{Cite book |author=Katritzky, M.A. |title=The Art of commedia: a study in the Commedia dell'Arte 1560-1620 with special reference to the visual records |publisher=Editions Rodopi B.V |location=Amsterdam, N.Y |year=2006 |isbn=90-420-1798-8 }}
* [[Ludovic Lalanne|Lalanne, Ludovic]], editor (1862). ''Oeuvres de Malherbe'', vol. 3. Paris: Hachette. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k52098.r=.langEN Copy] at Gallica.
* Lea, K.M. (1934). ''Italian popular comedy: a study in the Commedia dell'Arte, 1560-1620, with special reference to the English stage''. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Mic, Constant (1927). ''La Commedia dell'Arte, ou le théâtre des comédiens italiens des XVIe, XVIIe & XVIIIe siècles''. Paris: J. Schiffrin.
* [[Nicoll, Allardyce]] (1931). ''Masks, mimes and miracles''. London: Harrap & Co.
* Nicoll, Allardyce (1963). ''The World of Harlequin: a critical study of the commedia dell'arte''. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
* Oreglia, Giacomo (1968). ''The Commedia dell'Arte'', translated by Lovett F. Edwards. New York: Hill and Wang. First published in Italian in 1961, revised in 1964. {{ISBN|9780809005451}}.
* Pandolfi, Vito (1957–1969). ''La Commedia dell’Arte, storia e testo''. 6 vols. Florence: Sansoni Antiquariato.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ow08AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR4 Rossi, Bartolomeo (1584). ''Fiammella pastorale''. Paris: Abel L'Angelier].
* {{Cite book |author=Rudlin, John |title=Commedia dell'Arte: an actor's handbook |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=0-415-04770-6 }}
* {{Cite book |author1=Rudlin, John |author2=Olly Crick |name-list-style=amp |title=Commedia dell'Arte: a handbook for troupes |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-20409-7 }}
* Salerno, Henry F., translator (1967). ''Scenarios of the Commedia dell’Arte: Flaminio Scala's'' Il teatro delle favole rappresentative. New York: New York University Press.
* [[Maurice Sand|Sand, Maurice]] (Jean-François-Maurice-Arnauld, Baron Dudevant, called) (1915). ''The History of the harlequinade'' [orig. ''Masques et bouffons''. 2 vols. Paris: Michel Lévy Frères, 1860]. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
* {{Cite book |author=Storey, Robert F. |title=Pierrot: a critical history of a mask |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J. |year=1978 |isbn=0-691-06374-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/pierrotcriticalh0000stor }}
* {{Cite book |author=Storey, Robert |title=Mimesis and the human animal: on the biogenetic foundations of literary representation |publisher=Northwestern University Press |location=Evanston, Il. |year=1996 |isbn=0-8101-1458-5 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:History of theatre]]
[[Category:Theatre of Italy]]
[[Category:Zanni class characters]]
[[Category:Commedia dell'arte male characters]]
[[Category:Theatre characters introduced in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Fictional Italian people]]
[[Category:Pierrot]]

Trimurti Films

2026-10-22T15:12:27Z

WikiDwarf: Sourced version

{{Short description|Indian film production house}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Trimurti Films Pvt. Ltd.
| logo = image:Trimurti films logo.jpg
| owner =
| parent =
| founded = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] (1969)
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = [[Gulshan Rai]] (Founder) [[Rajiv Rai]] (Owner)
| ceo =
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Motion picture]]s
| products = Motion pictures
| revenue =
| website =
}}

'''Trimurti Films Pvt. Ltd.''' is an Indian film production house founded by [[Gulshan Rai]] in 1969. Following Rai's death, his son [[Rajiv Rai]] took over the company. Its first production was ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' (1970). The company subsequently produced several notable films, including ''[[Deewaar]]'', ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'', ''[[Vidhaata]]'', ''[[Tridev]]'', ''[[Vishwatma]]'', ''[[Mohra]]'' and ''[[Gupt]]''.

After remaining inactive for more than a decade, the company's last production was ''[[Asambhav]]'' (2004). In 2022, Rajiv Rai relaunched the production banner and returned to direction after 18 years with ''Zora & Zora Zoravar''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/tridev-director-rajiv-rai-back-on-set-23245253|title='Tridev' director Rajiv Rai back on set|date=11 September 2022|website=Mid-day|access-date=9 April 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409163416/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/tridev-director-rajiv-rai-back-on-set-23245253|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trimurti Films sues Aditya Dhar’s production house over use of Hum Pyar Karne Wale song in Dhurandhar 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/trimurti-films-sues-aditya-dhar-s-production-house-over-use-of-hum-pyar-karne-wale-song-in-dhurandhar-2-101775662592505.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 April 2026 |language=en |date=8 April 2026}}</ref>

==Films produced by Trimurti Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' || [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] || [[Dev Anand]], [[Hema Malini]]
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Joshila]]'' || rowspan="2"|[[Yash Chopra]] || [[Dev Anand]], [[Hema Malini]]
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Deewaar]]'' || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Nirupa Roy]]
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Dream Girl (1977 film)|Dream Girl]]'' || [[Pramod Chakravorty]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Ashok Kumar]]
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' || [[Yash Chopra]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raakhee]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Poonam Dhillon]]
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Vidhaata]]'' || [[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Yudh (film)|Yudh]]'' || rowspan="9"|[[Rajiv Rai]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Nutan]], [[Danny Denzongpa]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Tridev]]'' || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Sangeeta Bijlani]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]]
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Vishwatma]]'' || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Divya Bharti]], [[Sonam]]
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Mohra]]'' || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Gupt]]'' || [[Bobby Deol]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Kajol]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]'' || [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Kirti Reddy]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Monica Bedi]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Asambhav]]'' || [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Zora (2025 film)|Zora]]'' || [[Ravinder Kuhar]], [[Karan Vir]], [[Nikhil Dewan]], [[Sofia Parveen]], [[Dilraj Kaur]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trimurti Films| ]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{film-company-stub}}

Trimurti Films

2026-10-22T15:09:59Z

WikiDwarf: WikiDwarf moved page Draft:Trimurti Films to Trimurti Films without leaving a redirect: Revert

{{Media IMDb refimprove|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Trimurti Films Pvt. Ltd.
|logo = image:trimurti films logo.jpg
|owner =
|parent =
|foundation = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] (1970)
|location_city =[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|location_country = [[India]]
|key_people = [[Gulshan Rai]] (Founder) [[Rajiv Rai]] (Owner)
|ceo =
|num_employees =
|industry = [[Motion picture]]s
|products = Motion pictures
|revenue =
|homepage =
}}

'''Trimurti Films Pvt. Ltd.''' was an Indian film production house founded by [[Gulshan Rai]] in 1970. After Rai's death, his son [[Rajiv Rai]] took over as the head of the company. The company's first production was ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' (1970). The company subsequently produced notable films like ''[[Deewaar]]'', ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'', ''[[Vidhaata]]'', ''[[Tridev]]'', ''[[Vishwatma]]'', ''[[Mohra]]'' and ''[[Gupt]]''.

Dormant for more than a decade, the company's last productions was ''[[Asambhav]]'' (2004).

==Films produced by Trimurti Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' || [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] || [[Dev Anand]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Joshila]]'' || rowspan="3"|[[Yash Chopra]] || Dev Anand, Hema Malini, Pran
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Deewaar]]'' || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Parveen Babi]]
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' || Amitabh Bachchan, Shashi Kapoor, [[Raakhee]], Hema Malini, [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Vidhaata]]'' || [[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], Sanjeev Kumar, [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Yudh (film)|Yudh]]'' || rowspan="7"|[[Rajiv Rai]] || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Nutan]], [[Danny Denzongpa]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Tridev]]'' || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Sunny Deol]], Jackie Shroff, [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Sangeeta Bijlani]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]], [[Amrish Puri]]
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Vishwatma]]'' || Naseeruddin Shah, Sunny Deol, [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Divya Bharti]], Sonam, Amrish Puri
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Mohra]]'' || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Sunil Shetty]], Naseeruddin Shah
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth|Gupt]]''|| [[Bobby Deol]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Kajol]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]'' || [[Arjun Rampal]], Sunil Shetty, [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Kirti Reddy]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Monica Bedi]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Asambhav]]'' || Arjun Rampal, [[Priyanka Chopra]], Naseeruddin Shah, [[Dipannita Sharma]]
|}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/company/co0051192 Trimurti Films at IMDB]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trimurti Films| ]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1970]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1970]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{film-company-stub}}

Ajmer–Chandigarh Vande Bharat Express

2026-10-22T04:09:29Z

WikiDwarf: Reverted edits by 2409:40E3:5426:3380:1850:34FF:FE39:2CED (talk) to last revision by AlexPopp6687

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Ajmer Junction – Chandigarh Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| image = Ajmer-chandigarh vande Bharat.jpg
| image_width = 330px
| caption = Ajmer Junction – Chandigarh Junction Vande Bharat Express at [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]]
| first = 12 April 2023 (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|04|13}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways (NWR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} '''(AII)'''
| stops = 08
| end = {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}} '''(CDG)'''
| distance = {{convert|678|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20977 / 20978
| line_used = *[[Ahmedabad–Jaipur line]]
*[[Delhi–Jaipur line]]
*[[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi–Kalka line (till Chandigarh Jn.)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment system|[[IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat pockets|Bottle holder|Tray table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Modified rakes|Vande Bharat 3.0]]
| gauge = [[Indian gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{convert|81|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[North Western Railway zone|Madar Coaching Depot (Ajmer)]]
| map = {{Ajmer-Chandigarh VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}
The 20977/20978 '''Ajmer - Chandigarh ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 14th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Delhi-Ajmer Vande Bharat to now get extended till Chandigarh |url=https://www.news9live.com/city/delhi/delhi-ajmer-vande-bharat-to-now-get-extended-till-chandigarh-2464291 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref> This express train is an extension of the former Vande Bharat Express train which ran from Ajmer Junction till Delhi Cantonment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2023 |title=Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer Vande Bharat Express train to start regular service from Thursday in Rajasthan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/regular-service-of-vande-bharat-in-rajasthan-to-start-from-thursday/articleshow/99392460.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer Vande Bharat Express: PM Modi to launch world's first semi-high speed passenger train on OHE territory {{!}} Know all about it |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/delhi-jaipur-ajmer-vande-bharat-express-pm-modi-to-launch-worlds-first-semi-high-speed-passenger-train-on-ohe-territory-know-all-about-it-article-99393186 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer Vande Bharat Express train to cut travel time by 1 hour compared to Shatabdi Express, check route |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-jaipur-vande-bharat-express-train-to-cut-travel-time-to-just-1-hr-45-mins-check-route-ticket-price-3035632 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Ajmer Junction railway station|Ajmer Jn]], [[Kishangarh railway station|Kishangarh]], [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Jn]], [[Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station|Gandhinagar Jaipur]], [[Alwar Junction railway station|Alwar Jn]], [[Rewari railway station|Rewari Jn]], [[Gurgaon railway station|Gurgaon]], [[Delhi Cantonment railway station|Delhi Cantonment]], [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantonment Jn]] and [[Chandigarh Junction railway station|Chandigarh Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 20977/20978 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=PM to flag off Delhi-Jaipur Vande Bharat train on April 12 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pm-flag-delhi-jaipur-vande-bharat-train-april-12-175745 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=PM Modi to flag off world's first semi-high-speed train on April 12 - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/pm-modi-to-flag-off-worlds-first-semi-high-speed-train-on-april-12/99409907 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi To Flag Off Rajasthan's 1st Vande Bharat Express Today. Check Details |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-flag-off-jaipur-delhi-vande-bharat-express-today-check-details-timing-3940444 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
It is the twelfth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Modified rakes|2nd Generation Vande Bharat Express train]] and was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) under the leadership of ''Sudhanshu Mani'' at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.

The Ajmer–Chandigarh Vande Bharat Express is the world's first semi high-speed passenger train on high rise overhead electric (OHE) territory.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/india/pm-to-flag-off-rajasthans-first-vande-bharat-train-on-12-april-1503170984.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Ajmer-Delhi Vande Bharat vs Shatabdi Exp: A look at fares, stoppages, travel time |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ajmer-delhi-vande-bharat-vs-shatabdi-express-indian-railways-a-look-at-fares-stoppages-travel-time-11681371972158.html |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Ajmer Junction railway station]]
* [[Delhi Cantonment railway station]]
* [[Chandigarh Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajmer-Chandigarh Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]

Inteha (2003 film)

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WikiDwarf: Reverted edit by 2409:40E6:F3:5745:B579:CA9D:46D8:9EA (talk) to last revision by 2409:40E6:F3:5745:91C:EAF8:F17:CD46

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{about|the 2003 film|other films of the same name|Inteha (disambiguation){{!}}Inteha}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Inteha
| image =Inteha_(2003_film).jpg
| director =[[Vikram Bhatt]]
| producer =[[Mukesh Bhatt]] Kumkum Saigal
| writer =[[Mahesh Bhatt]] Girish Dhamija
| starring =[[Ashmit Patel]] [[Vidya Malavade]] [[Nauheed Cyrusi]]
| music =[[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography =[[Pravin Bhatt]]
| distributor =
| studio = [[Vishesh Films]]
| released =24 October 2003
| runtime =
| country =India
| language =[[Hindi]] / [[Urdu]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Inteha''''' ({{lang-en|Limit}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/21ash.htm|title='I hope my future is bright'|website=[[Rediff.com]]|quote=Besides, it is an action thriller. It has lots of twists and turns. This will especially appeal to the youth. They will also be able to relate to it because it stars young people like me and my other co-stars.}}</ref> released on 24 October 2003. It was produced by [[Mukesh Bhatt]] and directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]], and stars [[Ashmit Patel]] and [[Vidya Malavade]] in their film debut along with [[Nauheed Cyrusi]] in the lead roles. It was inspired by the Hollywood film ''[[Fear (1996 film)|Fear]]''. 3 months after the release of this movie, another movie directed by Vikram Bhatt titled ''[[Aetbaar]]'' was released and that too was based on the Hollywood film ''[[Fear (1996 film)|Fear]]'' .

== Plot ==
Nandini leaves the bright of Mumbai to settle in the hill town of Koti (which is actually Ooty) to look after her younger sister Tina after the demise of their father. Tina is a spoilt brat who despises her older sister-- she thinks she is interfering and should mind her own business. Tina finds out she's being watched and photographed by a young handsom stranger who seems rather taken with her.

== Cast ==
*[[Ashmit Patel]] as Ranbir Oberoi / Vikram Rathod / Rakesh Sharma
*[[Vidya Malavade]] as Nandini Saxena
*[[Nauheed Cyrusi]] as Tina Saxena
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Advocate Ranjit S. Thakur
*[[Anup Soni]] as Rohit
*[[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Mohanlal
*[[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Mr. Saxena

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Inteha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2003
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Sssshhh...]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[LOC: Kargil]]
| next_year = 2003
}}
The soundtrack of ''Inteha'' was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. Lyrics were written by [[Rahat Indori]], Praveen Bhardwaj and Dev Kohli. Though Shreya Ghoshal was credited in the track "Ab Humse Akele Raha Jaaye Na", the female vocals for the song have originally been given by [[Alka Yagnik]]. "Dhalne Lagi Hai Raat", sung by [[Sonu Nigam]] was received positively.

=== Track listing ===
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Humsafar Chahiye" || [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Alka Yagnik]] || [[Rahat Indori]] || 7:47
|-
| 2 || "Yun Hi Dil Ko Agar" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || Rahat Indori || 7:34
|-
| 3 || "Dhalne Lagi Hai Raat" (Duet) || [[Sonu Nigam]] and Shreya Ghoshal || Rahat Indori || 6:47
|-
| 4 || "Dhalne Lagi Hai Raat" (Sad Version) || Sonu Nigam || Rahat Indori || 2:16
|-
| 5 || "Ab Humse Akele Raha Jaaye" || Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik || Praveen Bhardwaj || 8:09
|-
| 6 || "Deewana Dil" || Shreya Ghoshal || Dev Kohli || 7:41
|-
| 7 || "Dhalne Lagi Hai Raat" || Sonu Nigam || Rahat Indori || 4:54
|}

== In popular culture ==
*A sequence from the song "Humsafar Chahiye", where Nauheed Cyrusi dials the landline of the house and Vidya Malvade replies by saying "Hello" and she repeatedly says "Hello", has been incorporated into a very popular ringtone. This was also used as the ringtone of [[Tusshar Kapoor]]'s character's cell phone in the 2012 film ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0385782}}

{{Vikram Bhatt}}
{{Mahesh Bhatt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inteha (Hindi Film)}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikram Bhatt]]
[[Category:2000s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2003 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s serial killer films]]

Jhulasan

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WikiDwarf: Undo revision 570298 by Kanubhaibhagat (talk)

{{Use dmy dates|date = August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhulasan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Indian
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5000
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 382741
| registration_plate = GJ-02
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kalol
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jhulasan''' is a small village located in district of [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]], Kadi Taluka in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.

== Demographics ==
Jhulasan is an important Railway station between Ahmedabad and Mehsana railway route. There are large petroleum wells in this village land area. It has a population of about 5,000. The majority of the residents are farmers. About 1700 people from Jhulasan have migrated to the US and Canada. Other families have migrated to the nearby cities of Kalol and Ahmedabad.

American astronaut [[Sunita Williams]]' father, Deepakbhai Pandya, a doctor in Boston, migrated to the USA in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunita Williams visits her ancestral village in Gujarat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sunita-Williams-visits-her-ancestral-village-in-Gujarat/articleshow/2390952.cms |accessdate=26 May 2020 |date=21 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=T1>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-Sunita-Williamss-native-village-goddess-Dola-is-a-Muslim-woman/articleshow/19372251.cms | title=In Sunita Williams’s native village, goddess Dola is a Muslim woman | date=4 April 2013 | first=Bharat | last=Yagnik | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=24 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Religious ==
Jhulasan village is one of the most developed villages in Kadi Taluka. Most of the population in this village are Patels. Thakor, Raval, Rabari, Gujjars, Suthars, Barots,Scheduled Castes , and Ravals are minorities.

== Temples ==
There are many large temples in this village. The Dola Mata (goddess) temple is the biggest one and worldwide popular.<ref name=T1 /> There is a Swaminarayan Temple (Under NarNarayan Dev Gadi), Radha Vallabh Temple (Radhe Redhe), Ramji Mandir, Sat Kaival Ashram, Gogleshvar Mahadev, Nilkantheswar Mahadev Temple (Mahadev Vas) with Shitla Mata and Hanuman Temple, Pipaleshavar Mahadev Temple, Narayan Mahadev Temple, Varahi Mata Temple, Vihat Mata Temple and few other temples.

== Education ==
Jhulasan Anupam Prathmik Shala(primary school) provides education from 1st to 7th grade and C.P.Gajjar High School provides education from 8th grade to 10th grade. To get a higher education after that, one has to go to the nearby village Pansar or Vadu or the cities of Kalol or Ahmedabad. From 1870 to 1910, Primary School was at Niilkanth Mahadev Temple (Mahadev Vas). The current Jhulasan Prathmik School was built in 1910 by Maharaja Sayajirao since Jhulasan village belonged to Gaikavad Sarkar. In 1965, Maganlal Chimanlal Mistry (Suthar) built C. P. Gajjar High School in memory of his late father Chimanlal Purushottamdas Gajjar, so the school name is C. P. Gajjar High School.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*http://jhulasanpatidarbhojansamiti.com/

*http://www.dolomaparivarusa.org/

*http://saum.atwebpages.com/imsitemap.html
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mehsana district]]

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