Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

User:WhiteLion

2021-11-08T05:39:09Z

WhiteLion: update

{{User page|logo=right|noindex=yes|border-s=1|rounded=yes|border-radius=15px|short=yes|border-c=#ffc9c9||background=#fffff3|style=yes}}

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| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #F4B400;" | ''' The most important thing to keep in my mind, I gotta get my Encyclopedia done.''' 
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<center>
[[File:A no money handshake.svg |100 px]]
[[File:No vandalism allowed on Wikipedia.svg |100 px]]
[[Image:No-Troll.png|100px]]
[[Image:DoNotFeedTroll.svg|100px]]
[[Image:Trollfreezone.png|100px]]
</center>
''' It's a hobby not a job!'''
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User:WhiteLion/sandbox

2021-11-08T05:38:28Z

WhiteLion: TEST EDIT

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-11-07T12:10:49Z

WhiteLion: /* A barnstar for you! */ new WikiLove message

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
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|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
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|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
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== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}
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|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
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|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
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== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests‎‎]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)
----
Wow! I did it, bro! After properly following your instructions, I succeed in importing files to here! But as I am a birdie, I am importing only one at a time. SonOfZeus 19:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's great, please let me know if you need any help. Also, please note that articles created using a tool such as "importer" will not be counted at the edit-a-thon so please only list those you have created manually. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:31, 3 August 2021 (IST)
::But what about the expansion of already existing article? I mean there are some articles brought here through importer before the beginning of this contest. If I expand such article, are they able to be counted for the contest? SonOfZeus 22:28, 3 August 2021 (IST)
:::Yes, they will be counted as valid entries. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:06, 4 August 2021 (IST)
___
Hello brother! Please check if any of the articles I have added for the contest is ineligible or eligible! If found any problem, please tell me so that I may either fix the problem or create a substitute in time. Besides, you have a mail from me. Please check it too. Regards! SonOfZeus 22:26, 4 August 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks

== Review Timeline ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== User Rights ==
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==

I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)

== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz

Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube

== Draft Request ==
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==

Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.

Thank you.

== Asking a Favour ==
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)

== Vandalism ==

Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)

== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==

I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul

== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==

Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. [[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]]

== How to upload image ==

Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)

== AFC Submission cleaned? ==
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 11:49, 27 July 2021 (IST)

== Copyright issue ==

hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)

== Photo upload ==

Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==

How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism. 
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])

== article review ==

Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==

Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)

== Haters are editing the pages ==

Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.

I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.

Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)

== Add me admin member group ==

I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul

== please publish this ==

hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)

-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],Since June 28, 2021, I am requesting a review of the article. I have attached many news sources and authority control to the article, but so far it has not been approved. I hope you will review the article. Thanks. [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 04:17, 29 July 2021 (IST)

== Premtosh Debnath - Real Name Premtosh Nath ==

Dear Bharatpedia Admin Please Change Name Of Premtosh Debnath to Premtosh Nath, I Have His I card, Media Articles Added His name Premtosh Debnath some issue.[[Special:Contributions/47.29.9.5|47.29.9.5]] ([[User talk:47.29.9.5|talk]]) 01:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)

==Requirements for New page Reviewer==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please help to know the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer? I can not find any article about the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 01:16, 14 August 2021 (IST)
== Request ==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please unprotected the user draft of Danish Maniyar he is Google notable entrepreneur of India guide me with it draft making I can make his name article page with him of urs please unprotected it . I'm help bharatpedia with my contribution I hope I can be patroller in bharatpedia please[[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk:Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page? ==

Dear
Bhartpedia Team,

I am Anshuman Tiwari, better known as Anshuman Tiwari Musician, from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. is an Indian Musician. And I am Verified On different music platforms like Spotify, Google Play Music, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, JioSaavn and many others international platforms like Deezer, Tidal and Napster. You get Anshuman Tiwari music on TikTok, Instagram or Facebook library also. and i am verified on facebook And Google.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/anshumantiwariofficials

Google: https://g.co/kgs/knU5xV

https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Sir i am verified in so many platforms and i have lot of news on google.
Sir why is my page being deleted from Bharatpedia?

Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page?

Sir like this i got many complaints against in Bharatpedia,
Sir this time I am making last time making a page.
If it is deleted here then we will have to take further action
:{{re|Iamanshumantiwari}} No, Bharatpedia is not a paid platform it's a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Your article was deleted due to a lack of reliable sources that discuss the subject in detail, and cited sources are not reliable. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]] to understand what we consider reliable and also please see [[Bharatpedia:Notability (music)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:56, 28 August 2021 (IST)

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:01, 31 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Anjuman}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:14, 31 August 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:26, 31 August 2021 (IST)

==Fix the problem==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have created a page in the name of [[Deepthi Sunaina]] 1 month ago, the article is marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 20:16, 11 September 2021 (IST)
:{{re|WikiJoy}} I apologise for replying late. I have reviewed the most recent edit and it will be indexed soon. Also, please see [[Bharatpedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers]] to review the minimum requirements for NPR. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])
==A mail==
{{ygm}} [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 18:49, 23 September 2021 (IST)

== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Reply ==

Why are you deleted [[Bikram Malati]] Article [[User:Emboy|Emboy]] ([[User talk:Emboy|talk]]) 22:19, 24 October 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Emboy}} I removed the article due to a lack of significant coverage in reliable sources. You can still recreate the article in the draft namespace by citing some reliable sources and then submit it for a review once ready. Also, please disclose if you have a conflict of interest. Thanks. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:27, 24 October 2021 (IST)
== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thank you for edit my user-page [[User:WhiteLion|WhiteLion]] ([[User talk:WhiteLion|talk]]) 17:40, 7 November 2021 (IST)
|}

User:WhiteLion/sandbox

2021-11-07T12:05:07Z

WhiteLion: nothing in the sandbox!

Nothing in the Sandbox!

User:WhiteLion

2021-11-07T12:01:31Z

WhiteLion: Littlebit Done

{{User page|logo=right|noindex=yes|border-s=1|rounded=yes|border-radius=15px|short=yes|border-c=#ffc9c9||background=#fffff3|style=yes}}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:4.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:black; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: white;" | {{smallcaps|'''BharatpediA an open encyclopedia'''}} 
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #4285F4;" | ''' You're welcome! Aha !''' 
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #DB4437;" | ''' What's the Problem? Sorry !''' 
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #F4B400;" | ''' The most important thing to keep in my mind, I gotta get my Encyclopedia done.''' 
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #0F9D58;" |''' Feel free to ''' 
<center>
[[File:A no money handshake.svg |100 px]]
[[File:No vandalism allowed on Wikipedia.svg |100 px]]
[[Image:No-Troll.png|100px]]
[[Image:DoNotFeedTroll.svg|100px]]
[[Image:Trollfreezone.png|100px]]
</center>
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:2em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:black; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: Gainsboro" | ''' It's a hobby not a job!'''

User:WhiteLion

2021-11-07T11:56:16Z

WhiteLion: now done!

{{User page|logo=right|noindex=yes|border-s=1|rounded=yes|border-radius=15px|short=yes|border-c=#ffc9c9||background=#fffff3|style=yes}}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:black; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: white;" | {{smallcaps|'''BharatpediA an open encyclopedia'''}} 
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #4285F4;" | ''' You're welcome! Aha !''' 
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #DB4437;" | ''' What's the Problem? Sorry !''' 
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #F4B400;" | ''' The most important thing to keep in my mind, I gotta get my Encyclopedia done.''' 
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:3.6em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:white; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: #0F9D58;" |''' Feel free to ''' 
<center>
[[File:A no money handshake.svg |100 px]]
[[File:No vandalism allowed on Wikipedia.svg |100 px]]
[[Image:No-Troll.png|100px]]
[[Image:DoNotFeedTroll.svg|100px]]
[[Image:Trollfreezone.png|100px]]
</center>
|-
|}

{| style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; border:0; borderspacing:0;"
| style="font:2em/1.5 Gill Sans MT, GillSansSA, Calibri, sans-serif; color:black; padding:5px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc; vertical-align:middle; background: Gainsboro" | ''' It's a hobby not a job!'''

Hinduism

2021-11-07T11:25:39Z

WhiteLion: nonconstructive/unwikified section(s)

{{cleanup|reason=nonconstructive/unwikified section(s)|date=March 2018}}
'''Hinduism''' is not only a religion but also a way of life.{{refn|group=note|name="definition"}} Hinduism is widely practiced in [[South Asia]] mainly in [[India]] and [[Nepal]]. Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world,{{refn|group=note|See:
* Fowler: "probably the oldest religion in the world" ({{harvnb|Fowler|1997|p=1}})
* Klostermaier: The "oldest living major religion" in the world ({{harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=1}})
* Kurien: "There are almost a billion Hindus living on Earth. They practice the world's oldest religion..." <ref>{{cite journal | last=Kurien | first=Prema | title=Multiculturalism and American Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans| journal=Social Forces | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | volume=85 | issue=2 | year=2006 | pages=723–741 | doi=10.1353/sof.2007.0015 }}</ref>
* Bakker: "it [Hinduism] is the oldest religion".<ref>{{cite journal| author=FL Bakker| title= Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments| journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|year=1997| volume=Deel 153, 1ste Afl.|pages= 15–41|publisher= Brill|jstor= 27864809}}</ref>
* Noble: "Hinduism, the world's oldest surviving religion, continues to provide the framework for daily life in much of South Asia."<ref>{{cite journal | last=Noble | first=Allen | title=South Asian Sacred Places | journal=Journal of Cultural Geography | volume=17 | publisher=Routledge | issue=2 | year=1998 | pages=1–3 | doi=10.1080/08873639809478317 }}</ref>}} and Hindus refer to it as ''[[Sanātanī|{{IAST|Sanātana Dharma}}]]'', "the eternal tradition," or the "eternal way," beyond human history.{{sfn|Knott|1998|pp=5, Quote: "Many describe Hinduism as ''sanatana dharma'', the eternal tradition or religion. This refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history"}}<ref>{{harvnb|Bowker|2000}}; {{harvnb|Harvey|2001|p=xiii}}</ref> Scholars regard Hinduism as a combination{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=193}} of different Indian cultures and traditions,<ref name="Hiltebeitel 2007 12">{{harvnb|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Lockard|2007|p=50}}</ref> with diverse roots.{{sfn|Narayanan|2009|p=11}}{{refn|group=note| Among its roots are the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] of the late [[Vedic period]] ({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans ({{harvnb|Samuel|2010|pp=48–53}}), but also the religions of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] ({{harvnb|Narayanan|2009|p=11}}; {{harvnb|Lockard|2007|p=52}}; {{harvnb|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=3}}; {{harvnb|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=xviii}}) the [[Sramana]] or renouncer traditions of [[Maurya Empire|north-east India]] ({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Gomez|2013|p=42}}) and "popular or [[Adivasi|local traditions]]" ({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}).}} Hinduism has no founder and origins of Hinduism is unknown.{{sfn|Fowler|1997|pp=1, 7}} Hinduism has roots in [[Indus Valley civilization]].<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> There was no concept of religion in India and Hinduism was not a religion. Hinduism as a religion started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}} after the [[Vedic period]] (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Larson|2009}}
Hinduism contains a wide range of philosophies, and is linked by the concepts, like rituals, [[Hindu cosmology|cosmology]], Texts, and [[Pilgrimage|pilgrimage to sacred sites]]. [[Hindu texts]] are divided into [[Śruti]] ("heard") and [[Smriti|Smṛti]] ("remembered"). These texts discuss [[Hindu philosophy|philosophy]], [[Hindu mythology|mythology]], [[Vedas|Vedic]] [[yajna]], [[Yoga]], [[Āgama (Hinduism)|agamic]] [[ritual]]s, and [[Hindu temple|temple building]], and many more.{{sfn|Michaels|2004}} Major scriptures in Hinduism include the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagavad Gita]], and the [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Zaehner| first = R. C.| title = Hindu Scriptures| year = 1992| publisher = Penguin Random House| isbn = 978-0-679-41078-2| pages = 1–7 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book| last = Klostermaier| first = Klaus| title = A Survey of Hinduism| url = https://archive.org/details/surveyhinduismth00klos| edition = 3rd| year = 2007| publisher = State University of New York Press| isbn = 978-0-7914-7082-4| pages = [https://archive.org/details/surveyhinduismth00klos/page/n64 46]–52, 76–77 }}</ref><ref name="frazierintrop2">{{cite book| last1 = Frazier| first1 = Jessica| last2 = Flood| first2 = Gavin| title = The Continuum companion to Hindu studies| url = https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz| date = 2011| publisher = Continuum| location = London| isbn = 978-0-8264-9966-0| pages = [https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz/page/1 1]–15 }}</ref>

There are 4 goals or aims of human life, namely [[Dharma]] (duties), [[Artha]] (prosperity), [[Kama]] (desires/passions), [[Moksha]] (liberation/freedom/salvation);<ref name="Bilimoria 2007 p. 103">{{cite book|title=Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges|last=|first=|publisher=|year=2007|isbn=|editor-last=Bilimoria | display-authors = etal|location=|page=103|quote=|via=}} See also {{cite journal|last=Koller|first=John|year=1968|title=Puruṣārtha as Human Aims|url=|journal=Philosophy East and West|volume=18|issue=4|pages=315–319|via=|doi=10.2307/1398408|jstor=1398408}}</ref><ref name="Gavin Flood 1997 pages 11">{{cite book| last = Flood| first = Gavin| editor-last = Lipner| editor-first = Julius J.| title = The Bhagavadgita for Our Times| year = 1997| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-565039-6| pages = 11–27| chapter = The Meaning and Context of the Puruṣārthas }}</ref> [[karma]] (action, intent and consequences), [[Saṃsāra]] (cycle of rebirth), and the various [[Yoga]]s (paths or practices to attain moksha).<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Brodd|2003}} Hindu rituals include [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worship) and recitations, meditation, family-oriented [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|rites of passage]], annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. Some Hindus leave their social world and become sanyasi to achieve Moksha.<ref name="ellinger70">{{cite book| last = Ellinger| first = Herbert| title = Hinduism| url = https://books.google.com/?id=pk3iAwAAQBAJ| year = 1996| publisher = Bloomsbury Academic| isbn = 978-1-56338-161-4| pages = 69–70 }}</ref> Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, non-violence ([[ahimsa]]), patience, self-restraint, and compassion, among others.<ref name="EB-sanatana dharma">{{cite book|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665848/sanatana-dharma|title=sanatana dharma {{!}} Hinduism|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of Dharmasastra|last=Dharma|first=Samanya|last2=Kane|first2=P. V.|publisher=|isbn=|volume=2|location=|pages=4–5|quote=|via=}} See also {{cite journal|last=Widgery|first=Alban|year=1930|title=The Priniciples of Hindu Ethics|url=|journal=International Journal of Ethics|volume=40|issue=2|pages=232–245|via=|doi=10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977}}</ref> The four largest sects of Hinduism are the [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]] and [[Smarta Tradition|Smartism]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Lipner| first = Julius| title = Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices| year = 2009| publisher = Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices| isbn = 978-0-415-45677-7| page = 377 }}</ref>

Hinduism is the world's third largest religion, There are approximately 1.15 billion Hindus which are 15-16% of the global population.<ref group="web">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx|title=The Global Religious Landscape - Hinduism|last=|first=|publisher=Pew Research Foundation|work=A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010|accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="gordonconwell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact|publisher=gordonconwell.edu|date= January 2015 |accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref> The vast majority of Hindus live in [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Mauritius]]. Hindus are also found in other countries.<ref>{{cite book| last = Vertovec| first = Steven| title = The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns| url = https://books.google.com/?id=FRVTAQAAQBAJ| year = 2013| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-136-36705-2| pages = 1–4, 7–8, 63–64, 87–88, 141–143 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/|title=Hindus|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=14 February 2015}}; {{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php?sort=numberHindu|title=Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers (2010)|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=14 February 2015|archive-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201224548/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php?sort=numberHindu|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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== Etymology ==
The word ''Hindu'' is taken from the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=3}}/[[Sanskrit]]{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} word ''Sindhu'', which is Sanskrit name for the [[Indus River]] which lies on the border of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}}{{refn|group=note|The Sanskrit word ''Sindhu'' means "river", "ocean".{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=3}} The Sindhu-area is part of [[Āryāvarta]], "the land of the Aryans".}} According to [[Gavin Flood]], The word Hindu was used by Persians for the people who live beyond the Indus River,{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} Inscription of Darius I which was written around 550–486 BCE also refer Hindu as the people who live beyond the Indus River.<ref name="arvindsharmahhhh">Arvind Sharma (2002), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva] Numen, Vol. 49, Fasc. 1, pages 2-3</ref> These records didn't refer '''Hindu''' as a religion.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} The earliest record which refer ''Hindu'' as religion may be the 7th-century CE Chinese text ''Record of the Western Regions'' by [[Xuanzang]],<ref name="arvindsharmahhhh" /> and 14th-century Persian text ''Futuhu's-salatin'' by 'Abd al-Malik [[Isami (historian)|Isami]].{{refn|group=note|There are several views on the earliest mention of 'Hindu' in the context of religion:

# Gavin Flood (1996) states: "In Arabic texts, Al-Hind is a term used for the people of modern-day India and 'Hindu', or 'Hindoo', was used towards the end of the eighteenth century by the British to refer to the people of 'Hindustan', the people of northwest India. Eventually 'Hindu' became virtually equivalent to an 'Indian' who was not a Muslim, Sikh, Jain or Christian, thereby encompassing a range of religious beliefs and practices. The '-ism' was added to Hindu in around 1830 to denote the culture and religion of the high-caste Brahmans in contrast to other religions, and the term was soon appropriated by Indians themselves in the context of building a national identity opposed to colonialism, though the term 'Hindu' was used in Sanskrit and Bengali hagiographic texts in contrast to 'Yavana' or Muslim as early as the sixteenth century".({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=6}})
# [[Arvind Sharma]] (2002) and other scholars state that the 7th-century Chinese scholar [[Xuanzang]], whose 17 year travel to India and interactions with its people and religions were recorded and preserved in Chinese language, uses the transliterated term ''In-tu'' whose "connotation overflows in the religious".<ref name=arvindsharmahhhh/> Xuanzang describes [[Hindu temple|Hindu Deva-temple]]s of the early 7th century CE, worship of [[Surya|Sun]] deity and [[Shiva]], his debates with scholars of Samkhya and Vaisheshika schools of Hindu philosophies, monks and monasteries of Hindus, Jains and Buddhists (both Mahayana and Theravada), and the study of the Vedas along with Buddhist texts at [[Nalanda]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Gosch| first1 = Stephen Spencer| last2 = Stearns| first2 = Peter N.| title = Premodern Travel in World History| year = 2008| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-22941-8| pages = 88–99 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Sharma| first = Arvind| title = Hinduism as a Missionary Religion| year = 2011| publisher = SUNY Press| isbn = 1-4384-3211-9| pages = 5–12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Bonnie G. Smith| author2 = Marc Van De Mieroop, Richard von Glahn, Kris Lane| title = Crossroads and Cultures, Combined Volume: A History of the World's Peoples| year = 2012| publisher = Macmillan| isbn = 0-312-41017-4| pages = 321–324 }}</ref>
# Arvind Sharma (2002) also mentions the use of word ''Hindu'' in Islamic texts such those relating to 8th-century Arab invasion of Sindh by Muhammad ibn Qasim, Al Biruni's 11th-century text ''Tarikh Al-Hind'', and those of the Delhi Sultanate period, where the term ''Hindu'' retains the ambiguities of including all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists and of being "a region or a religion".<ref name="arvindsharmahhhh2">Arvind Sharma (2002), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva] Numen, Vol. 49, Fasc. 1, pages 5-9</ref>
# [[David Lorenzen]] (2006) states, citing Richard Eaton: "one of the earliest occurrences of the word 'Hindu' in Islamic literature appears in 'Abd al-Malik Isami's Persian work, ''Futuhu's-salatin'', composed in the Deccan in 1350. In this text, 'Isami uses the word 'hindi' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word 'hindu' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion".<ref>{{cite book| last = Lorenzen| first = David N.| title = Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History| year = 2006| publisher = Yoda Press| isbn = 978-81-902272-6-1| page = 33 }}</ref>
# David Lorenzen (2006) also mentions other non-Persian texts such as ''Prithvíráj Ráso'' by ~12th century Canda Baradai, and epigraphical inscription evidence from Andhra Pradesh kingdoms who battled military expansion of Muslim dynasties in the 14th century, where the word 'Hindu' partly implies a religious identity in contrast to 'Turks' or Islamic religious identity.<ref>{{cite book| last = Lorenzen| first = David N.| title = Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History| year = 2006| publisher = Yoda Press| isbn = 978-81-902272-6-1| pages = 32–33 }}</ref> One of the earliest uses of word 'Hindu' in religious context, in a European language (Spanish), was the publication in 1649 by Sebastiao Manrique.<ref>{{cite book| last = Lorenzen| first = David N.| title = Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History| year = 2006| publisher = Yoda Press| isbn = 978-81-902272-6-1| page = 15 }}</ref>}} This is because the name if the religion is called Hinduism, not Hindu.

The Arabic term ''al-Hind'' referred to the people who live across the River Indus.{{sfn|Thapar|1993|p=77}} It means "Land of Hindus" which is what it stood for until Muslims started to come into India.

The term ''Hindu'' was later used in some Sanskrit texts such as the later ''[[Rajatarangini]]s'' of Kashmir (Hinduka, c. 1450) and some 16th- to 18th-century [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] texts including ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' and ''[[Chaitanya Bhagavata]]''. These texts used to distinguish Hindus from Muslims who are called [[Yona#Later meanings|Yavanas]] (foreigners) or [[Mleccha]]s (barbarians), with the 16th-century ''Chaitanya Charitamrita'' text and the 17th century ''Bhakta Mala'' text using the phrase "''Hindu dharma''".<ref>{{cite news|title=The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts| author = O'Conell, Joseph T.| journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume= 93| number =3 | year =1973| pages=340–344| doi=10.2307/599467}}</ref> In the end of the 18th century the European merchants and colonists began to call followers of Indian religions collectively as ''Hindus''. The term ''Hinduism'', then spelled ''Hindooism'', was introduced into the English language in the 18th-century to denote the religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions native to India.<ref>{{cite book| last = Sweetman| first = Will| title = Mapping Hinduism: 'Hinduism' and the Study of Indian Religions, 1600-1776| year = 2003| publisher = Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn = 978-3-931479-49-7| page = 163 }}</ref>

== Definitions ==

Hinduism is diverse on ideas on [[Spirituality#Hinduism|spirituality]] and traditions, but has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist.<ref name="Lipner 2009 8">{{cite book| last = Lipner| first = Julius| title = Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices| year = 2009| publisher = Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices| isbn = 978-0-415-45677-7| page = 8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Kurtz| first = Lester R.| title = Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict| year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-12-369503-1 }}</ref><ref>MK Gandhi, [http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf The Essence of Hinduism], Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</ref> Because of the wideness and openness of Hinduism, arriving at a definition is difficult.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} <ref>{{cite book| last = Knott| first = Kim| title = Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction| year = 1998| publisher = Oxford University press| location = Oxford| isbn = 978-0-19-285387-5| page = 117 }}</ref> Hinduism has been defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life."{{sfn|Sharma|2003|p=12-13}}{{refn|group=note|name="definition"|Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "a way of life" ({{harvnb|Sharma|2003|pp=12–13}}) etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in {{harvnb|Flood|2008|pp=1–17}}}} From a Western point of view, Hinduism like other faiths is referred to as a religion. In India the term ''dharma'' is preferred, which is broader than the western term ''religion''.

The study of India and its cultures and religions, and the definition of "Hinduism", has been shaped by the interests of colonialism and by Western notions of religion.<ref>{{harvnb|Sweetman|2004}}; {{harvnb|King|1999}}</ref> Since the 1990s, those influences and its outcomes have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism,{{sfn|Sweetman|2004}}{{Refn|group=note|Sweetman mentions:
* Wilhelm Halbfass (1988), ''India and Europe''
* IXth European Conference on Modern Asian Studies in Heidelberg (1989), ''Hinduism Reconsidered''
* [[Ronald Inden]], ''Imagining India''
* [[Carol Breckenridge]] and [[Peter van der Veer]], ''Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament''
* Vasudha Dalmia and [[Heinrich von Stietencron]], ''Representing Hinduism''
* [[S.N. Balagangadhara]], ''The Heathen in his Blindness...''
* [[Thomas Trautmann]], ''Aryans and British India''
* Richard King (1989), ''Orientalism and religion''}} and have also been taken over by critics of the Western view on India.{{sfn|Nussbaum|2009}}{{refn|group=note|See [[Rajiv Malhotra]] and [[Being Different]] for a critic who gained widespread attention outside the academia, [[Invading the Sacred]], and [[Hindu studies]].}}

== Beliefs ==

[[File:Halebid3.JPG|thumb|right|200px| Temple wall panel relief sculpture at the [[Hoysaleswara temple]] in [[Halebidu]], representing the [[Trimurti]]: [[Brahma]], [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]].]]

Hindu beliefs include (but are not restricted to) Dharma (ethics/duties), [[Samsara|{{IAST|Samsāra}}]] (the continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth), Karma (Every action has a reaction), Moksha (liberation from samsara or liberation in this life), and the various Yogas (paths or practices).{{sfn|Brodd|2003}}

=== Purusharthas (objectives of human life) ===
{{Main|Purusharthas}}

{{see also|Initiation_in_Hinduism|l1=Initiation|Dharma|l2=Dharma|Artha|l3=Artha|Kama|l4=Kāma|Moksha#Hinduism|l5=Mokṣa}}

Hindism have accepted four proper goals or aims of human life: [[Dharma]], [[Artha]], [[Kama]] and [[Moksha]]. These are known as the [[Puruṣārtha]]s:<ref name="Bilimoria 2007 p. 103"/><ref name="Gavin Flood 1997 pages 11"/>

==== Dharma (righteousness, ethics) ====

Dharma is considered one of the most important goal of a human being in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book| last = Lipner| first = Julius| title = The Fruits of Our Desiring: An Enquiry Into the Ethics of the Bhagavadgita for Our Times : Essays from the Inaugural Conference of the Dharam Hinduja Institute of Indic Research, Cambridge University| year = 1997| publisher = Bayeux Arts Incorporated| isbn = 978-1-896209-30-2| pages = 16–21 }}</ref> Dharma is considered Important because it is dharma which makes running of Universe and life possible,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1 The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, ''Dharma''], The [[Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]]: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."</ref> and includes duties, virtues and "right way of living".<ref name="tce">{{cite book| last = University| first = Columbia| title = The Columbia Encyclopedia| url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaencyclop00laga| year = 2000| publisher = Visible Ink Press| isbn = 978-0-7876-5015-5 }}</ref> Hindu Dharma includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous.<ref name=tce/> The [[Brihadaranyaka|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] states it as:

{{quote|Nothing is higher than Dharma. The weak overcomes the stronger by Dharma, as over a king. Truly that Dharma is the Truth (''Satya''); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks the Dharma"; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" For both are one.|[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]|1.4.xiv <ref>{{cite book| last = Johnston| first = Charles| title = The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom| year = 2014| publisher = Createspace Independent Publishing Platform| isbn = 978-1-4959-4653-0| pages = 478–505 }}</ref><ref>Paul Horsch (Translated by Jarrod Whitaker), ''From Creation Myth to World Law: The early history of Dharma'', Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol 32, pages 423–448, (2004)</ref>}}

In the [[Mahabharata]], [[Krishna]] says it is Dharma which is holding both this-worldly and other-worldly affairs. (Mbh 12.110.11). The word ''Sanātana'' means ''eternal'', ''perennial'', or ''forever''; thus, ''Sanātana Dharma'' means that it is the dharma that has neither beginning nor end.<ref>{{cite book| author = His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada| title = Bhagavad-gita As It Is| url = https://books.google.com/?id=dSA3hsIq5dsC&pg=PA16| year = 1986| publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust| isbn = 978-91-7149-534-1| page = 16 }}</ref>

==== Artha (livelihood, wealth) ====
Artha is second goal of life in Hinduism which means pursuit of wealth for livelihood, and economic prosperity. It includes political life, diplomacy and material well-being. The Artha includes all "means of life", activities and resources that enables one to be in a state one wants to be in, wealth, career and financial security.<ref name="johnk">John Koller, Puruṣārtha as Human Aims, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1968), pp. 315-319</ref> The aim of artha is considered an important aim of human life in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book| last = Lochtefeld| first = James G.| title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism| year = 2002| isbn = 978-0-8239-2287-1| pages = 55–56 }}</ref><ref name="bruces">{{cite book| last = Sullivan| first = Bruce M.| title = Historical Dictionary of Hinduism| url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000sull| year = 1997| publisher = Scarecrow Press| isbn = 978-0-8108-3327-2| pages = [https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000sull/page/29 29]-30 }}</ref>

==== Kāma (sensual pleasure) ====
{{Main|Kama}}

Kāma ([[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]]; [[Devanagari]]: काम) means desire, wish, passion, pleasure of the [[senses]], the enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without sexual connotations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macy |first1=Joanna |year=1975 |title=The Dialectics of Desire |journal=Numen |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=145–60 |publisher=BRILL |jstor=3269765 |doi=10.2307/3269765}}</ref><ref name="mmwse">Monier Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0304.html काम, kāma] Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, pp 271, see 3rd column</ref> In Hinduism, Kama is considered an important and healthy goal of human life when pursued without sacrificing Dharma, Artha and Moksha.<ref>See:
* The Hindu Kama Shastra Society (1925), [https://archive.org/stream/kamasutraofvatsy00vatsuoft#page/8/mode/2up The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana], University of Toronto Archives, pp. 8;
* A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, {{ISBN|978-99936-24-31-8}}, pp 9-12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140-142;
* A. Sharma (1999), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229 The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism], The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223-256;
* Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, {{ISBN|978-0-415-17281-3}}, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443</ref>

==== Mokṣa (liberation, freedom from samsara) ====
{{Main|Moksha}}

Moksha ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|मोक्ष}} ''{{IAST|mokṣa}}'') or '''mukti''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|मुक्ति}}) is the ultimate, most important goal in Hinduism. In one school Moksha means liberation from sorrow, suffering and saṃsāra (birth-rebirth cycle).<ref>R.C. Mishra, Moksha and the Hindu Worldview, Psychology & Developing Societies, Vol. 25, Issue 1, pp 23, 27</ref><ref>J. A. B. Van Buitenen, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1957), pp. 33-40</ref> In other schools of Hinduism, such as monistic, moksha means self-realization,"realizing the whole universe as the Self".<ref name="E. Deutsch pp 343-360">{{cite book| last = Perrett| first = Roy W.| title = Indian Philosophy: Metaphysics| year = 2001| publisher = Taylor & Francis| isbn = 978-0-8153-3608-2| pages = 343–360 }}</ref><ref>see:
* Karl Potter, Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 8, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1958), pp. 49-63
* Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1957), pp. 41-48;
* Klaus Klostermaier, Mokṣa and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1985), pp. 61-71</ref>

=== Karma and samsara ===
{{Main|Karma}}

''Karma'' means ''action'', ''work'', or ''deed'',<ref>* {{Citation|last=Apte|given1=Vaman S|year=1997|title=The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary|place= Delhi|edition=New
| publisher=Motilal Banarsidas|isbn=978-81-208-0300-8}}</ref> and also the vedic theory of cause and effect".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1991|p=64}}</ref><ref>Karl Potter (1964), The Naturalistic Principle of Karma, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Apr., 1964), pp. 39-49</ref> The theory is a combination of (1) causality that may be moral or non-moral; (2) moralization, that is good or bad actions have consequences; and (3) rebirth.<ref name="wdointro">{{cite book| last1 = Doniger| first1 = Wendy| last2 = O'Flaherty| first2 = Wendy Doniger| title = Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions| year = 1980| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-03923-0 }}</ref> Karma theory means <nowiki>''Whatever experience currently a man have is due to his/her past work''. These actions may be in a person'</nowiki>s current life, or, in some schools of Hinduism, actions in their past lives.<ref name=wdointro/><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Doniger| first1 = Wendy| last2 = O'Flaherty| first2 = Wendy Doniger| title = Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions| url = https://archive.org/details/karmarebirthclas00ofla| year = 1980| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-03923-0| pages = [https://archive.org/details/karmarebirthclas00ofla/page/n241 241]-267 }}</ref> This cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth is called ''samsara''. Liberation from samsara through moksha is believed to ensure lasting happiness and peace.<ref>{{harvnb|Radhakrishnan|1996|p=254}}</ref><ref>See {{Citation|last= Vivekananda|first=Swami|authorlink=Swami Vivekananda|year=2005|title=Jnana Yoga|publisher= Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4254-8288-6}} pages 301-302 (8th Printing 1993)</ref> Hindu scriptures teach that the future depends on the current action and our past deeds.

=== Moksha ===

The ultimate goal of life,according to Hinduism is ''moksha'', ''[[nirvana]]'' or ''[[Samādhi|samadhi]]'', but is understood in different ways in different schools.For example, Advaita Vedanta says that after attaining moksha a person knows their "soul, self" and identifies it as one with Brahman (Ultimate reality or cause of everything).<ref name="karlpotter">see:
* Karl Potter, Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 8, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1958), pp. 49-63
* Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1957), pp. 41-48</ref><ref name="klausklost">Klaus Klostermaier, Mokṣa and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1985), pp. 61-71</ref> The followers of [[Dvaita]] (dualistic) schools,state that after attaining moksha a person identify "soul, self" different from Brahman but very close to Brahman, and after attaining moksha one will spend eternity in a [[loka]] (higher planes). According to theistic schools of Hinduism, moksha is liberation from samsara, while for other schools such as the monistic school, moksha is possible in current life and is a psychological concept.

=== Concept of God ===
{{Main|Ishvara|God in Hinduism}}
Hinduism is diverse and Hinduism include [[monotheism]], [[polytheism]], [[panentheism]], [[Hindu views on Pantheism|pantheism]], [[pandeism]], [[monism]], and [[Atheism in Hinduism|atheism]] among others;<ref name="Lipner 2009 8"/><ref>{{cite book| last = Chakravarti| first = Sitansu S.| title = Hinduism, a Way of Life| url = https://books.google.com/?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71| year = 1991| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ.| isbn = 978-81-208-0899-7| page = 71 }}</ref><ref group=web name="EBpolytheism">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38143/polytheism |title=Polytheism|accessdate= 5 July 2007 |year=2007 |author =Ninian Smart | work= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Basically it depends on individuals choice and that's why sometimes Hinduism is referred to as [[henotheistic]] (i.e., involving devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of others), but any such term is an over generalization.<ref name="heno">See {{harvnb|Michaels|2004|p=xiv}} and {{cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/egyptmyth/g/henotheism.htm |title=Henotheism |accessdate=5 July 2007 |last=Gill |first= N.S |publisher=[[About.com|About, Inc]] }}</ref>

{{Infobox
| title = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Gods and Goddesses]] in Hinduism
| image =
{{image array|perrow=2|height=120|width=100
| image1 = MurudeshwarStatue.JPG | alt1=Shiva | link1 = Shiva
| image2 = Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG | alt2=Durga | link2 = Durga
| image3 = A powerful deity in her own right, Shri Lakshmi herself.jpg | alt3=Lakshmi | link3=Lakshmi
| image4 = God_Vishnu.jpg | alt4=Vishnu | link4=Vishnu
}}
}}
Hindus believe that all living creatures have a soul. This soul or true "self" of every living being is called the ''[[Atman (Hinduism)|ātman]]''. The soul is believed to be eternal.<ref name="monierwilliams2037">{{harvnb|Monier-Williams|1974|pp=20–37}}</ref> According to the monistic/pantheistic ([[Nondualism|non-dualist]]) theologies of Hinduism (such as [[Advaita Vedanta]] school), this Atman is indistinct from [[Brahman]].<ref name="bhaskaranandaessential">{{Harvnb | Bhaskarananda|1994}}</ref> The goal of life, according to the Advaita school, is to realise that one's soul is identical to supreme soul, that the supreme soul is present in everything and everyone, all life is interconnected and there is oneness in all life.<ref>{{harvnb|Vivekananda|1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Meister| first1 = Chad V.| last2 = Copan| first2 = Paul| title = The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion| year = 2012| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 0-415-78294-5| pages = 99–107 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Fort| first1 = Andrew O.| last2 = Mumme| first2 = Patricia Y.| title = Living Liberation in Hindu Thought| year = 1996| publisher = SUNY Press| isbn = 978-0-7914-2706-4| pages = 38–39 }}</ref> [[Dualistic]] schools (see [[Dvaita]] and [[Bhakti]]) sees Brahman as a Supreme Being separate from individual souls.<ref name="R Prasad 2009 pages 345-347">{{cite book| last = Prasad| first = Rajendra| title = A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals| year = 2009| publisher = Concept Publishing Company| isbn = 978-81-8069-595-7| pages = 345–347 }}</ref> They worship the Supreme Being variously as [[Vishnu]], [[Brahma]], [[Shiva]], or [[Shakti]], depending upon the sect. God is called ''[[Ishvara]]'', ''[[Bhagavan]]'', ''[[Parameshwara (God)|Parameshwara]]'', ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|Devadu]]'' or ''[[Devi]]'', and these terms have different meanings in different schools of Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Eliade| first1 = Mircea| last2 = Trask| first2 = Willard Ropes| last3 = White| first3 = David Gordon| title = Yoga: Immortality and Freedom| year = 2009| publisher = Princeton University Press| isbn = 978-0-691-14203-6| pages = 73–76 }}</ref><ref>Radhakrishnan and Moore (1967, Reprinted 1989), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-01958-1}}, pages 37-39, 401-403, 498-503</ref><ref name="MW Sanskrit dict.">{{harvnb|Monier-Williams|2001}}</ref> Devi is typically used when refereeing to a female goddess.

<ref name="Wallin1999p64">{{cite book| last1 = Buttimer| first1 = Anne| last2 = Wallin| first2 = L.| title = Nature and Identity in Cross-Cultural Perspective| url = https://books.google.com/?id=zUHFyGQcJxgC| year = 1999| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-0-7923-5651-6| pages = 64–68 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Mabry| first = John R.| title = Noticing the Divine: An Introduction to Interfaith Spiritual Guidance| url = https://books.google.com/?id=qWVsNYQ5Gh4C| year = 2006| publisher = New York: Morehouse| isbn = 978-0-8192-2238-1| pages = 32–33 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Samovar| first1 = Larry A.| last2 = Porter| first2 = Richard E.| last3 = McDaniel| first3 = Edwin R.| last4 = Roy| first4 = Carolyn Sexton| title = Communication Between Cultures| url = https://books.google.com/?id=lsYaCgAAQBAJ| year = 2016| publisher = Cengage| isbn = 978-1-305-88806-7| pages = 140–144 }}</ref>

The Hindu scriptures refer to celestial entities called ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]'' (or ''[[Devi|{{IAST|devī}}]]'' in feminine form; ''{{IAST|devatā}}'' used synonymously for ''Deva'' in Hindi), which in English means demi-''gods'' or ''heavenly beings''.{{refn|group=note|For translation of ''deva'' in singular noun form as "a deity, god", and in plural form as "the gods" or "the heavenly or shining ones", see: {{harvnb|Monier-Williams|2001|p=492}}. For translation of ''{{IAST|devatā}}'' as "godhead, divinity", see: {{harvnb|Monier-Williams|2001|p=495}}.}} The devas are an integral part of Hindu culture and are depicted in art, architecture and through [[icon]]s, and stories about them are related in the scriptures, particularly in [[Indian epic poetry]] and the [[Puranas]]. They are, however, often distinguished from [[Ishvara]], a personal god, with many Hindus worshipping Ishvara in one of its particular manifestations as their ''{{IAST|[[iṣṭa devatā]]}}'', or chosen ideal.{{Sfn|Werner|2005|pp=9, 15, 49, 54, 86}}<ref>{{harvnb|Renou|1964|p= 55}}</ref> The choice is a matter of individual preference,<ref name="harman1">{{Harvnb |Harman |2004|pp=104–106}}</ref> and of regional and family traditions.<ref name=harman1/>{{refn|group=note|Among some regional Hindus, such as Rajputs, these are called ''Kuldevis'' or ''Kuldevata''.<ref>{{cite book| author = Lindsey Harlan| author2 = Professor of Religious Studies Lindsey Harlan| title = Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives| url = https://books.google.com/?id=7HLrPYOe38gC| year = 1992| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-07339-5| pages = 19–20, 48 with footnotes }}</ref>}} The multitude of Devas are considered as manifestations of Brahman.{{refn|group=note|name=avatars|
* {{cite book|title=Achieving Cultural Competency|author=Lisa Hark, Lisa Hark, R.D., Horace DeLisser, MD|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=7 September 2011|quote=Three gods, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and other deities are considered manifestations of and are worshipped as incarnations of Brahman.}}
* {{harvnb|Toropov|Buckles|2011}}: The members of various Hindu sects worship a dizzying number of specific deities and follow innumerable rituals in honor of specific gods. Because this is Hinduism, however, its practitioners see the profusion of forms and practices as expressions of the same unchanging reality. The panoply of deities are understood by believers as symbols for a single transcendent reality.
* {{cite book|year=2007|title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|author1=Orlando O. Espín |author2=James B. Nickoloff |publisher=Liturgical Press|quote=The devas are powerful spiritual beings, somewhat like angels in the West, who have certain functions in the cosmos and live immensely long lives. Certain devas, such as Ganesha, are regularly worshiped by the Hindu faithful. Note that, while Hindus believe in many devas, many are monotheistic to the extent that they will recognise only one Supreme Being, a God or Goddess who is the source and ruler of the devas.}}}}

== Main traditions ==
{{Main|Hindu denominations}}
[[File:Ganesha pachayatana.jpg|thumb|A Ganesha-centric [[Panchayatana puja|Panchayatana]] ("five deities", from the Smarta tradition): [[Ganesha]] (centre) with [[Shiva]] (top left), [[Devi]] (top right), [[Vishnu]] (bottom left) and Surya (bottom right). All these deities also have separate sects dedicated to them.]]

Hinduism has no central doctrinal authority and Hindus do not claim to belong to any particular sect or tradition.<ref>{{harvnb|Werner|2005|pp=13, 45}}</ref> Four major sects in Hinduism are: ''Vaishnavism'', ''Shaivism'', ''Shaktism'' and ''Smarthism''.<ref name="lancenelson">{{cite book| last1 = Espin| first1 = Orlando O.| last2 = Nickoloff| first2 = James B.| title = An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies| year = 2007| publisher = Liturgical Press| isbn = 978-0-8146-5856-7| pages = 562–563 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=113, 134, 155-161, 167-168}}

[[Vaishnavism]] is the tradition that worships [[Vishnu]]<ref>{{cite book| last = Beck| first = Guy L.| title = Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity| year = 2006| publisher = SUNY Press| isbn = 978-0-7914-6416-8| page = 65 }}</ref> and his avatars, such as [[Krishna]] and [[Rama]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bryant| first1 = Edwin| last2 = Ekstrand| first2 = Maria| title = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant| url = https://books.google.com/?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC| year = 2013| publisher = Columbia University Press| isbn = 978-0-231-50843-8| pages = 15–17 }}</ref> The people of this sect are generally non-ascetic, monastic.<ref name="sskumar">{{cite book| last = Kumar| first = Samrat Schmiem| title = Bhakti - The Yoga of Love: Trans-Rational Approaches to Peace Studies| year = 2010| publisher = LIT Verlag Münster| isbn = 3-643-50130-7| pages = 35–36 }}</ref> These practices include community dancing, singing of [[Kirtan]]s and [[Bhajan]]s, with sound and music believed by some to have meditative and spiritual powers.<ref name="edwinb">{{cite book| last1 = Bryant| first1 = Edwin| last2 = Bryant| first2 = Edwin Francis| last3 = Ekstrand| first3 = Maria| title = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant| url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnamovem00brya| year = 2004| isbn = 978-0-231-12256-6| pages = [https://archive.org/details/harekrishnamovem00brya/page/38 38]-43 }}</ref>

[[Shaivism]] is the tradition that focuses on [[Shiva]]. Shaivas are more attracted to ascetic individualism, and it has several sub-schools.<ref name=sskumar/> Their practices include Bhakti-style devotion but they leaned to philosply such as Advaita and [[Raja yoga|Yoga]].<ref name=lancenelson/><ref name=edwinb/> Some Shaivas worship in temples, but some practice yoga, striving to be one with Shiva within.<ref>{{cite book| last = Dalal| first = Roshen| title = The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths| url = https://books.google.com/?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC| year = 2010| publisher = Penguin Books| isbn = 978-0-14-341517-6| page = 209 }}</ref> Shaivas visualize god as half male, half female, as a combination of the male and female principles ([[Ardhanarishvara]]). Shaivism is related to Shaktism, wherein Shakti is seen as wife of Shiva.<ref name=lancenelson/> Shaivism is mainly practiced in the Himalayan north from Kashmir to Nepal, and in south India.<ref>{{cite book| last = Isaeva| first = N.V.| title = From Early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrhari, and Abhinavagupta| year = 1995| publisher = SUNY Press| isbn = 978-0-7914-2449-0| pages = 141–145 }}</ref>

[[Shaktism]] focuses on goddess worship of [[Shakti]] or Devi as cosmic mother,<ref name=sskumar/> and it is mainly worshipped in northeastern and eastern states of India such as [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal|Bengal]]. Devi is depicted as in gentler forms like [[Parvati]], the consort of Shiva; or, as warrior goddesses like [[Kali]] and [[Durga]].<ref>Massimo Scaligero (1955), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29753633 The Tantra and the Spirit of the West], East and West, Vol. 5, No. 4, pages 291-296</ref> Community celebrations include festivals, some of which include processions and idol immersion into sea or other water bodies.<ref>{{cite book| last = Monaghan| first = Patricia| title = Goddesses in World Culture| year = 2011| publisher = ABC-CLIO| isbn = 978-0-313-35465-6| pages = 1–18 }}</ref>

[[Smartism]] worship all the major Hindu deities like Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, [[Ganesha]], [[Surya]] and [[Kartikeya|Skanda]].{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=113}} The Smarta tradition developed during the (early) Classical Period of Hinduism around the beginning of the Common Era, when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |authorlink=Alf Hiltebeitel |year=2013 |chapter=Hinduism|editor-last=Kitagawa|editor-first=Joseph|title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture|publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{sfn|Flood|1996}} The Smarta tradition is very much same as [[Advaita Vedanta]], and consider [[Adi Shankara]] as its founder or reformer, who considered worship of God-with-attributes (saguna Brahman) as a journey towards ultimately realizing God-without-attributes (nirguna Brahman, Atman, Self-knowledge).<ref name="williamw">William Wainwright (2012), [http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/ Concepts of God], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, (Accessed on: June 17, 2015)</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Murthy| first1 = U.R. Anantha| last2 = Anantamurthy| first2 = U.R.| title = Samskara: A Rite for a Dead Man| year = 1978| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-561079-6| page = 150 }}</ref>

== Hindu texts ==
Hindu text are world's oldest and had been written in [[Sanskrit]] and Tamil. The oldest Text is Rig Veda which is about 4000 years old.Hindu Texts can be divided in two parts:
* [[Shruti]] (what is heard)
* [[Smriti]] (what is remembered)

=== Shruti ===
'''Shruti''' or '''Shruthi''' (Sanskrit: श्रुति; IAST: ''Śruti''; IPA/Sanskrit: [ʃrut̪i]) in Sanskrit means "that which is heard" These ancient religious texts comprising the central canon of Hinduism includes the four Vedas including its four types of attached texts - the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the early Upanishads

===Smriti===
'''Smriti''' (Sanskrit: स्मृति, IAST: ''Smṛti''), means "that which is remembered" are a body of Hindu texts. Smriti were the texts which were remembered and were spread through mouth from generation to generation. Smriti includes (the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyana), the Dharmasūtras and Dharmaśāstras (or Smritiśāstras), the Arthasaśāstras, the Purānas, the Kāvya or poetical literature.

==Festivals==

There are many [[Hindu]] Festivals celebrated throughout the world but mainly in [[India]] and [[Nepal]]. These festivals include worship, offerings to deities, fasting, rituals, fairs, charity, celebrations, Puja, etc. The festivals mainly celebrate events from Hindu mythology, changes in season, changes in Solar System. Different sects celebrate different festivals but festivals like Diwali, Holi, Shivratri, Raksha Bandhan, Janamashtmi etc. are celebrated by the majority of Hindus.

==History==
===Periodisation===
Hinduism can be divided in following ages
* Prevedic religions (pre-history and Indus Valley Civilisation; until c. 1500 BCE);
* Vedic period (c. 1500–500 BCE);
* "Second Urbanisation" (c. 500–200 BCE);
* Classical Hinduism (c. 200 BCE-1100 CE);[note 20]
* Pre-classical Hinduism (c. 200 BCE-300 CE);
* "Golden Age" (Gupta Empire) (c. 320–650 CE);
* Late-Classical Hinduism - Puranic Hinduism (c. 650–1100 CE);
* Islam and sects of Hinduism (c. 1200–1700 CE);
* Modern Hinduism (from c. 1800).

===Origins===
[[File:Shiva Pashupati.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Pashupati]]'' seal, [[Indus Valley civilization]]]]
The origins of Hinduism are unknown but the earliest traces of Hinduism come from Mesolithic in the sites such as the rock paintings of [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] dating to a period of 30,000 BCE or older,{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Doniger|2010|p=66}}: "Much of what we now call Hinduism may have had roots in cultures that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence. Remarkable cave paintings have been preserved from Mesolithic sites dating from c. 30,000 BCE in [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka]], near present-day Bhopal, in the Vindhya Mountains in the province of Madhya Pradesh."}} as well as neolithic times.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=xvii}}: "Some practices of Hinduism must have originated in Neolithic times (c. 4000 BCE). The worship of certain plants and animals as sacred, for instance, could very likely have very great antiquity. The worship of goddesses, too, a part of Hinduism today, may be a feature that originated in the Neolithic."}} Some of the religious practices can be considered to have originated in 4000 BCE. Several [[Tribal religions in India|tribal religions]] still exist, though their practices may not resemble those of prehistoric religions.<ref group=web>[http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/india/tribal.html PHILTAR, Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria, ''Tribal Religions of India'']</ref>

==Varna==
According to one view, the Varna, which later transformed into [[caste]] system during the British rule, shows how strongly many have felt about each person following his or her dharma, or destined path. Many Hindus say it goes against the true meaning of dharma. However, Varna plays a big role in Hindu society. It's later transformation as Caste system by the British rule of India lost favor and became illegal after the independence of India.

==Temples==
Puja (worship) takes place in the Mandir (temple). Mandirs vary in size from small village shrines to large buildings, surrounded by walls. People can also visit the Mandir at any time to pray and participate in the bhajans (religious songs). Hindus also worship at home and often have a special room with a shrine to particular gods.

Temple construction in India started nearly 2000 years ago. The oldest temples that were built of brick and wood no longer exist. Stone later became the preferred material. Temples marked the transition of Hinduism from the Vedic religion of ritual sacrifices to a religion of Bhakti or love and devotion to a personal deity. Temple construction and mode of worship is governed by ancient Sanskrit scriptures called agamas, of which there are several, which deal with individual deities. There are substantial differences in architecture, customs, rituals and traditions in temples in different parts of India. During the ritual consecration of a temple, the presence of the universal all-encompassing Brahman is invoked into the main stone deity of the temple, through ritual, thereby making the deity and the temple sacred and divine

== Alternative cultures of worship ==
=== The Bhakti schools ===
The [[Bhakti yoga|Bhakti]] (Devotional) school takes its name from the Hindu term that signifies a blissful, selfless and overwhelming love of God as the beloved Father, Mother, Child, or whatever relationship finds appeal in the devotee's heart. The philosophy of Bhakti seeks to tap into the universal divinity through personal form, which explains the proliferation of so many gods and goddesses in India, often reflecting the singular inclinations of small regions or groups of people. Seen as a form of [[Yoga]], or union, it seeks to dissolve the ego in God, since consciousness of the body and limited mind as self is seen to be a divisive factor in spiritual realization. Essentially, it is God who effects all change, who is the source of all works, who acts through the devotee as love and light. 'Sins' and evil-doings of the devotee are said to fall away of their own accord, the devotee shriven, limitedness even transcended, through the love of God. The [[Bhakti]] movements rejuvenated Hinduism through their intense expression of faith and their responsiveness to the emotional and philosophical needs of India. They can rightly be said to have affected the greatest wave of change in Hindu prayer and ritual since ancient times.

The most popular means of expressing love for God in the Hindu tradition has been through ''puja'', or ritual devotion, frequently using the aid of a ''[[#Forms of worship: icons and mantras|murti]]'' (statue) in conjunction with the singing or chanting of meditational prayer in the form of [[mantra]]s.

Devotional songs called [[bhajan]]s (written primarily from the 14th-17th centuries), [[kirtan]] (praise), and [[arti]] (a filtered down form of Vedic fire ritual) are sometimes sung in conjunction with performance of puja. This rather organic system of devotion attempts to aid the individual in connecting with God through symbolic medium. It is said, however, that the ''bhakta'', through a growing connection with God, is eventually able to avoid all external form and is immersed entirely in the bliss of undifferentiated Love in Truth.

Altogether, bhakti resulted in a mass of devotional literature, music and art that has enriched the world and gave India renewed spiritual impetus, one eschewing unnecessary ritual and artificial social boundaries. See [[bhakti yoga]] for more.

=== Tantrism ===
{{Main|Tantra}}
According to the most famous Western Tantrik scholar, Sir John Woodroffe (pseudonym Arthur Avalon): "The Indian Tantras, which are numerous, constitute the Scripture (Shastra) of the Kaliyuga, and as such are the voluminous source of present and practical orthodox 'Hinduism'. The Tantra Shastra is, in fact, and whatever be its historical origin, a development of the Vaidika Karmakanda, promulgated to meet the needs of that age. Shiva says: 'For the benefit of men of the Kali age, men bereft of energy and dependent for existence on the food they eat, the Kaula doctrine, O auspicious one! is given' (Chap. IX., verse 12). To the Tantra we must therefore look if we would understand aright both ritual, yoga, and sadhana of all kinds, as also the general principles of which these practices are but the objective expression." (Introduction to Sir John Woodroffe's translation of "Mahanirvana Tantra.")

The word "[[tantra]]" means "treatise" or "continuum", and is applied to a variety of mystical, occult, medical and scientific works as well as to those which we would now regard as "tantric". Most tantras were written in the late Middle Ages and sprang from Hindu cosmology and [[Yoga]].

== Important symbolism and themes in Hinduism ==
=== Ahimsa and the cow ===
Many Hindus are vegetarians (do not eat meat) because of their respect for life. About 30% of today's [[Hindu]] population, especially in orthodox communities in [[South India]], in certain northerly states like Gujarat, and in many [[Brahmin]] areas around the subcontinent, are vegetarian.

Most [[Hindus]] who do eat meat do not eat [[beef]]. Some do not even use [[leather]] products. This is most likely because many Hindus have relied so heavily on the cow for all sorts of dairy products, tilling of fields and fuel for fertiliser that its status as a willing 'caretaker' of humanity grew to identifying it as an almost motherly figure. Thus, while most Hindus do not worship the cow, and rules against eating beef arose long after the [[Veda]]s had been written, it still has an honored place in Hindu society. It is said that [[Krishna]] is both Govinda (herder of cows) and Gopala (protector of cows), and [[Shiva]]'s attendant is [[Nandi]], the bull. With the stress on vegetarianism (which is usually followed even by meat-eating Hindus on religious days or special occasions) and the sacred nature of the cow, it is no wonder that most holy cities and areas in India have a ban on selling meat-products and there is a movement among Hindus to ban cow-slaughter not only in specific regions, but in all of [[India]].

=== Hindu symbols ===
Hindus use many symbols and signs. The two most important symbols used by Hindus are the "[[Aum]]" and the "[[Swastika (Hinduism)]]".

=== Forms of worship: murtis and mantras ===
Contrary to popular belief, practiced Hinduism is neither [[polytheism|polytheistic]] nor strictly [[monotheism|monotheistic]]. The various [[Hindu gods]] and avatars that are worshipped by Hindus are understood as different forms of One truth, sometimes seen as beyond a mere god and as a formless Divine Ground ([[Brahman]]), akin but not limited to [[monism]], or as one monotheistic principle like [[Vishnu]] or [[Shiva]].

Whether believing in the One source as formless (nirguna brahman, without attributes) or as a personal god (saguna Brahman, with attributes), Hindus understand that the one truth may be seen as different to different people. Hinduism encourages devotees to describe and develop a personal relationship with their chosen deity (ishta devata) in the form of a god or goddess.

While some censuses hold worshippers of one form or another of [[Vishnu]] (known as ''[[Vaishnav]]s'') to be at 80% and those of [[Shiva]] (called ''[[Shaivaites]]'') and [[Devi|Shakti]] at the remaining 20%, such figures are perhaps misleading. The vast majority of Hindus worship many gods as varicolored forms of the same prism of Truth. Among the most popular are [[Vishnu]] (as [[Krishna]] or [[Rama]]), [[Shiva]], [[Devi]] (the Mother as many female deities, such as [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Kali]] and [[Durga]]), [[Ganesha]], [[Skanda]] and [[Hanuman]].

Worship of the said deities is often done through the aid of pictures or icons (''murti'') which are said not to be God themselves but conduits for the devotee's consciousness, markers for the human soul that signify the ineffable and illimitable nature of the love and grandeur of [[God]]. They are symbols of the greater principle, representing and are never presumed to ''be'' the concept or entity itself. Thus, Hindu image worship is a form of [[icon]]olatry, in which the symbols are venerated as putative sigils of divinity, as opposed to [[idolatry]], a charge often levied (erroneously) at Hindus. For more details on this form of worship, see [[murti]].

=== Mantra ===
Hindus use several prayers and group of words. Some group of words are called [[mantra]]s.
These words are said to give the speaker a deeper concentration and understanding, thus coming closer to [[Brahman]].
A well known mantra is ''om'' or ''aum''. It symbolizes Brahman, and is often the opening word in many prayers.
To pronounce a mantra well, you should say it slowly, and in a deep voice.

==Geographic distribution==
The nations of [[India]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Nepal]] as well as the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Bali]] have more people who are Hindus than people who are not Hindus.In these nations, specially [[Nepal]] and [[India]] Hinduism is very popular.
These countries also have many Hindus:
* [[Bangladesh]] (12 million),
* [[Sri Lanka]] (2.5 million),
* the [[United States]] (2.0 million)
* [[Pakistan]] (3.3 million),
* [[South Africa]] (1.2 million),
* the [[United Kingdom]] (1.2 million),
* [[Malaysia]] (1.1 million),
* [[Canada]] (0.7 million),
* [[Fiji]] (0.5 million),
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]] (0.5 million),
* [[Guyana]] (0.4 million),
* the [[Netherlands]] (0.4 million),
* [[Singapore]] (0.3 million)
* [[Myanmar]] (0.3 million),
* [[Suriname]] (0.2 million),
* [[Australia]] (0.1 Million).

There are also strong Hindu communities in the countries of the ex-Soviet Union, especially in [[Russia]] and [[Poland]]. The Indonesian islands of [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Sumatra]], and [[Borneo]] also have big native Hindu populations. In its [[Yoga]] stream, Hinduism is even more widespread all over the world with 30 million (less than one percent can not be 30 million for US population) Hindus in the [[United States]] alone.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
<references/>

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>
* [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=402241 Rigveda. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia]
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555715/Hinduism.html "Hinduism" on Microsoft Encarta Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228222350/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555715/Hinduism.html |date=2005-02-28 }}
* Sâdhus, Going beyond the dreadlocks, by Patrick Levy, published by Prakash Books, Delhi, 2010.

==Web notes==
{{Reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* Chopra, R.M., "Hinduism Today", Kolkata, 2009.

== Other websites ==

{{Commons category|Hinduism}}
* [http://ompage.net/Text/hindutimeline.htm Hindu Timeline]
* [http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2003/10-12/44-49_four_sects.shtml http://www.hinduism-today.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108063824/http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2003/10-12/44-49_four_sects.shtml |date=2009-01-08 }}
* [http://www.freebsd.nfo.sk/hinduism/ Some nice info about Hinduism in general including its all most important gods, festivals, personalities, demons, etc.]
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/hinduism.htm/ Religious Tolerance- Hinduism]

{{Religions}}

[[Category:Hinduism| ]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]

{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Andhra Pradesh

2021-11-07T10:37:35Z

WhiteLion: used superscript

{{Short description|State in southern India}}
{{redirect|Andhra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Andhra Pradesh
| official_name =
| type = [[States and Union Territories of India|State]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = View of Kodanda Ramaswamy Temple in Vontimitta.jpg
| photo3a = Sri venkateshwara swamy temple.webp
| photo2a = Nandi Lepakshi Temple Hindupur 5.jpg
| photo2b = Papi Hills Tour Pic 10.jpg
| photo4a = Araku valley view.jpg
| photo3b = Dhyaan buddha Amaravthi.jpg
| photo4b = Simhachalam temple view from the rear side hillock.jpg
| photo5a = Vizag View from Kailasagiri.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 280
| foot_montage = }}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ''From top, left to right'': [[Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta|Kodanda Rama Temple]] at [[Vontimitta]], [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] at [[Lepakshi]], [[Papi Hills]], [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] at [[Tirumala]], [[Dhyana Buddha statue]] at [[Amaravathi]], [[Araku Valley]], [[Simhachalam Temple]] at [[Visakhapatnam]], Skyline of [[Visakhapatnam]] City
| image_flag = Indian state flag of Andhra Pradesh (proposed).jpg
| flag_type = [[Flag of Andhra Pradesh|Flag]]
| image_blank_emblem = Andhraseal.png
| blank_emblem_type = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh|Emblem]]
| motto = "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (''Truth alone triumphs'')
| anthem = "[[Maa Telugu Thalliki]]" (''To our mother Telugu'')
| image_map = IN-AP.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Andhra Pradesh in [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.50|80.64|region:IN-AP_type:adm1st_dim:500000|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| established_title = Formation
| established_date = 1 November 1956<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government to resume Andhra Pradesh Formation Day celebration on November 1|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/oct/22/government-to-resume-andhra-pradesh-formation-day-celebration-on-november-1-2051075.html|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| seat_type = Capital(s)
| seat = ''De jure:''{{ubl|[[Visakhapatnam]] {{small|(executive)}}{{efn|According to the provisions of [[Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020]].<ref name="capitals">{{Cite web|date=1 August 2020|title=Andhra Governor gives nod to CM Jagan Mohan Reddy's three-capital plan|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/andhra-governor-gives-nod-to-cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-s-three-capital-plan-11596271636431.html|access-date=2 August 2020|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>|name=capitals}}|[[Amaravati]] {{small|(legislative)}}{{efn|name=capitals}}|[[Kurnool]] {{small|(judicial)}}{{efn|name=capitals}}|[[Hyderabad]] {{small|(While Telangana was part of Andhra Pradesh)}}{{efn|The [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] states that Hyderabad is common capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states for a period of time not exceeding 10 years.|name=Hyderabad}}}}''De facto:'' [[Amaravati]]{{efn|Amaravati currently serves as the seat of government where [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]] and [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|High Court of Andhra Pradesh]] are located.<ref name="hcorder">{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh HC Restrains Govt From Shifting Offices out of Amaravati|url=https://thewire.in/law/andhra-pradesh-hc-restrains-govt-from-shifting-offices-out-of-amaravati|access-date=3 August 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref>|name=Amaravati}}
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| parts_type = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|13]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| leader_title = [[Governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Anusuiya Uikey appointed Chhattisgarh Governor, Biswa Bhusan Harichandan is new Governor of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/anusuiya-uikey-appointed-chhattisgarh-governor-biswa-bhusan-harichandan-is-new-governor-of-andhra-pradesh-2219583.html |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=Zee News |date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716175450/https://zeenews.india.com/india/anusuiya-uikey-appointed-chhattisgarh-governor-biswa-bhusan-harichandan-is-new-governor-of-andhra-pradesh-2219583.html |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran BJP leader Biswa Bhusan Harichandan appointed as Governor of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-bjp-leader-biswa-bhusan-harichandan-appointed-governor-andhra-pradesh-105565 |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716154555/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-bjp-leader-biswa-bhusan-harichandan-appointed-governor-andhra-pradesh-105565 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]] ([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|Legislature]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bicameral]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] ([[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|175 seats]])
* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Council]] (58 seats)
| leader_title3 = [[Parliament of India|Parliamentary constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = * [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|11 seats]])
* [[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh|25 seats]])
| leader_title4 = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]
| leader_name4 = [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|High Court of Andhra Pradesh]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile" />
| area_total_km2 = 162975
| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area|7th]]
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 49,386,799
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=demographics>{{cite web |title=Demography |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |website=Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 308
| population_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|10th]]
| population_demonym = [[Telugu people|Andhrulu]], [[Telugu people|Teluguvaru]]
| demographics_type1 = GDP {{nobold|(2019–20 est.)}}
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_01_08_2019_for_uploading.xls|title=MOSPI Gross State Domestic Product|date=1 August 2019|website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Total]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{INRConvert|10.81|t|lk=r}} (15.3%){{increase}}
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]]
| demographics1_info2 = {{INRConvert|164025|lk=r}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| area_code = AP
| area_code_type = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP–39]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 67.41% (2011)
| blank1_name_sec1 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
| blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.650<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> medium · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|27th]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Coastline]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{cvt|974|km|mi}}
| website = {{url|www.ap.gov.in}}
| module = {{Infobox place symbols
| embedded = yes
| region = Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| flag = [[File:Indian state flag of Andhra Pradesh (proposed).jpg|60px|left]] [[Flag of Andhra Pradesh|Flag of Andhra Pradesh]]
| emblem = [[File:Andhraseal.png|60px|left]] [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh|Poorna Ghatam]]
| song = [[Maa Telugu Thalliki]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maitreyi |first1=M. L. Melly |title=No official State song for WTC |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/no-official-state-song-for-telugu-conference/article21616289.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=14 December 2017 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213194158/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/no-official-state-song-for-telugu-conference/article21616289.ece |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dance = [[File:Kuchipudi Performer DS.jpg|50px|left]] [[Kuchipudi]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| mammal = [[File:Antilope cervicapra from velavadar.JPG|50px|left]] [[Blackbuck]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| bird = [[File:Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri male by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8937 (3).jpg|50px|left]] [[Parrot]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols">{{cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh gets new state bird, state flower |url=https://deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310518/andhra-pradesh-gets-new-state-bird-state-flower.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601000928/https://deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310518/andhra-pradesh-gets-new-state-bird-state-flower.html |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| flower = [[File:Jasminum officinale.JPG|50px|left]] [[Jasmine]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| fruit = [[File:Mangifera_indica_(Manguier_4).jpg|50px|left]] [[Mango]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| tree = [[File:(Curetis thetis) Indian Sunbeam on a neem tree along Eastern Ghats 04.JPG|50px|left]] [[Neem]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| fish = [[File:Gabus_070909_0074_rwg.jpg|50px|left]] [[Channa striata|Mudfish]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| sport = [[File:Kabaddi Game play(2273574).jpg|50px|left]] [[Kabaddi]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| costume =
}}
}}
'''Andhra Pradesh''' (English: {{IPAc-en||ˌ|ɑː|n|d|r|ə|_|p|r|ə|ˈ|d|ɛ|ʃ}} Telugu: {{IPA-te|ãːndʱrʌ prʌdeːɕ|}} {{Audio|andhra pradesh.ogg|listen}}) is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in the south-eastern [[Coastal India|coastal]] region of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh|title=Andhra Pradesh {{!}} History, Capital, Population, Map, & Points of Interest|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|seventh-largest state by area]] covering an area of {{convert|162975|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=AP at a Glance |url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=30 |website=Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government |access-date=31 May 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and [[List of states and union territories of India by population|tenth-most populous state]] with 49,386,799 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.populationu.com/in/andhra-pradesh-population|title=Andhra Pradesh Population (2019/2020)|website=www.populationu.com|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quickgs.com/coastal-length-of-indian-states/|title=Coastal Length of Indian States|date=13 November 2015|website=QuickGS.com|language=en-US|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> It is bordered by [[Telangana]] to the north-west, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the north, [[Odisha]] to the north-east, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south, [[Karnataka]] to the west and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east.<ref name="ap.gov.in">{{Cite web|title=List of Governors|publisher=AP State Portal|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=241|access-date=11 December 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075513/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=241|archive-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> It has the second longest coastline in India after [[Gujarat]], of about {{cvt|974|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairy – Lok Sabha – Starred Question No. *498 |date=21 September 2016|url=http://mha1.nic.in/par2013/par2013-pdfs/ls-300413/498.pdf|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921045613/http://mha1.nic.in/par2013/par2013-pdfs/ls-300413/498.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh is the first state to be formed on a [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|linguistic basis]] in India on 1 October 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19531002&printsec=frontpage&hl=en%3C/ref%3E%3C!--%20information%20about%20the%20state%27s%20reorganization%20throughout%20the%20years%20is%20pretty%20clear%20in%20the%20article%20and%20needs%20no%20mention%20here|access-date=15 July 2020|website=news.google.com}}</ref> The state was once a major [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India|Buddhist pilgrimage site]] in the country and a [[Culture of Buddhism|Buddhist learning center]] which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of [[Buddhist monastery|ruins]], [[chaitya]]s and [[stupa]]s<ref>{{Cite web|last=by|date=27 January 2019|title=Growth Of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://andhrapradesh.pscnotes.com/appsc-group-1-mains/paper-i/andhra-pradesh-history/growth-of-buddhism-in-andhra-pradesh/|access-date=15 July 2020|website=Andhra Pradesh PCS Exam Notes|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reddy (retd)|first=Capt Lingala Pandu Ranga|date=25 April 2016|title=Kohinoor belongs to Telugus|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250416/kohinoor-belongs-to-telugus.html|access-date=20 July 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> It is also known as the land of the world-famous diamond [[Koh-i-Noor]] and many other [[Golconda diamonds|global known diamonds]] due to their source in its [[Kollur Mine]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reddem|first=Appaji|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/in-the-quest-of-yet-another-koh-i-noor/article18192252.ece|title=In the quest of yet another Koh-i-noor|date=22 April 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is also known as the "[[rice bowl]] of India" for being a major producer of rice in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2016|title=Most Crucial facts about Andhra Pradesh (The Rice Bowl of India)|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/most-crucial-facts-about-andhra-pradesh-the-rice-bowl-of-india-1452076579-1|access-date=27 April 2020|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> Its official language is [[Telugu language|Telugu]]; one of the [[Languages of India|classical languages of India]], the [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|fourth most spoken language in India]] and the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|11th-most spoken language in the world]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/telugu-language/|title=Telugu Language {{!}} AP State Portal|date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619202615/http://www.ap.gov.in/telugu-language/|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=44340|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>

Early inhabitants were known as the Andhras, tracing their history to the [[Vedic period]] when they were mentioned in the 8th century BCE [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] text [[Aitareya Brahmana]]. According to the Aitareya Brahmana, the Andhras left [[North India]] from the banks of [[Yamuna|river Yamuna]] and migrated to [[South India]].<ref name="Devi 1990 https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/n241 66">{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Ragini|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/n241 66]|title=Dance Dialects of India|date=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0674-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|title=APonline - History and Culture-History|date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Assaka]] [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada]] (700–300 BCE) was an ancient kingdom located between the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers in southeastern India accounts that people in the region are descended from the [[Vishvamitra|Viswamitra]] are found in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the [[Puranas]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRAhAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh Oriental Conference: Fourth Session, Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 3rd to 5th March 1984|date=1987|publisher=The Conference|language=en}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=|date=October 2020}} The region also derives its name from [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] who are also known as Andhras, the earliest [[Monarch|kings]] of Andhra Pradesh and India.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=Government of AP - History Satavahanas|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=189|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190919/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=189|url-status=dead}}</ref> Early peoples supported local art culture by building temples and sculptures of the [[Stupa|Buddhist monuments]] in the state.<ref name="Devi 1990 https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/n241 66"/> It was ruled by Satavahanas, [[Eastern Chalukyas]], [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s, [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]], [[Medieval Cholas|Cholas]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], [[Salankayana dynasty|Salankayanas]], [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]], [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] and [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]]. In the 3rd century BCE, Andhra was a vassal kingdom of [[Ashoka]] but after his death Andhra became powerful and extended its empire to the whole of Maratha country and beyond.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Ragini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&q=In+the+3rd+century+B.C.,+Andhra+was+a+vassal+kingdom+of+Ashoka+but+after+his+death+Andhra+became+powerful+and+extended+it's+empire+to+the+whole+of+Maratha+country+and+beyond.&pg=PA66|title=Dance Dialects of India|date=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0674-0|language=en}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh comprises two major regions, namely [[Rayalaseema]] in the south-west and [[Coastal Andhra]] bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east and north-east.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jammanna|first1=Akepogu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOa2DQAAQBAJ&q=Rayalaseema+is+a+region+with+four+southern+districts+Anantapur,+Chittoor,+Kurnool+and+Kadapa.&pg=PA156|title=Dalits' Struggle for Social Justice in Andhra Pradesh (1956–2008): From Relays to Vacuum Tubes|last2=Sudhakar|first2=Pasala|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4496-3|page=156|language=en|access-date=12 July 2017}}</ref> The state has [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|thirteen districts]], nine located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema. The state also has a [[union territory]], [[Yanam district|Yanam]] – a district of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] which lies to the south of [[Kakinada]] in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state. It is the only state with three [[de jure]] capitals. The largest city and commercial hub of the state, [[Visakhapatnam]] being the [[Executive (government)|executive]] capital while [[Amaravati]] and [[Kurnool]] are [[Legislature|legislative]] and [[Judiciary|judicial]] capitals respectively.{{efn|name=Amaravati}}<ref name="3caps" /> The [[economy of Andhra Pradesh]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|seventh-largest state economy]] in India with {{INRConvert|9.33|t|lk=r}} in [[gross domestic product]] and a higher than national average per capita GDP of {{INRConvert|164|k}}.<ref name="MOSPI" /> Andhra Pradesh [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|ranks 27th]] among Indian states in [[Human Development Index]] (HDI).<ref name="snhdi-gdl" /> It has a jurisdiction over almost {{convert|15000|km2}} of territorial waters.<ref name="profile" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha1.nic.in/par2013/par2013-pdfs/ls-300413/498.pdf|title=Length of coastline|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921045613/http://mha1.nic.in/par2013/par2013-pdfs/ls-300413/498.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2016|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015, a 30% growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year, making it the [[Tourism in India#Statistics|third most-visited]] state in India.<ref name="The Hindu Business Line">{{cite news|author1=PTI|title=30% growth in AP tourist arrivals|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/30-growth-in-ap-tourist-arrivals/article8405886.ece|access-date=28 January 2017|work=Business Line|date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161720/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/30-growth-in-ap-tourist-arrivals/article8405886.ece|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] in [[Tirupati]] is one of the world's most visited religious sites, with 18.25 million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=World's Most-Visited Sacred Sites|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/worlds-most-visited-sacred-sites/5|website=Travel + Leisure|access-date=28 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065858/http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/worlds-most-visited-sacred-sites/5|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The region is also home to a variety of other [[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh#Religious and pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage centres]], such as the [[Pancharama Kshetras]], [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga]] and [[Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta|Kodanda Rama Temple]]. The state's [[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh#Nature tourism|natural attractions]] include the [[Tourist attractions in Visakhapatnam#Beaches|beaches]] of Visakhapatnam, [[hill station]]s such as the [[Araku Valley]] and [[Horsley Hills]], and the deltas of [[Konaseema]] in the Godavari river, and [[Diviseema]] in the Krishna river.
== History ==
{{Main|History of Andhra Pradesh}}
=== Toponomy ===
A group of people named Andhras was mentioned in [[Sanskrit]] texts such as [[Aitareya Brahmana]] (800–500 [[BCE]]). According to ''Aitareya Brahmana'' of the [[Rig Veda]], the Andhras left north India from banks of [[River Yamuna]] and settled in south India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dance Dialects of India|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/66 66]|work=Ragini Devi|publisher=Motilal Bansarsi Dass|isbn=978-81-208-0674-0|access-date=9 June 2014|year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=History of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh|url-access=registration|work=P. Raghunadha Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers, 1993|page=iv|access-date=9 June 2014|isbn=9788120714953|year=1993}}</ref> The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names ''Andhra'', ''Andhrara-jateeya'' and ''[[Andhrabhrtya]]'' in the [[Puranas|Puranic literature]].<ref name="SNS_1999">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 |pages=172–176 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323134904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SC_1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37 |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1974 |pages=17–56 |isbn=9788120829411 }}</ref> They did not refer themselves as ''Andhra'' in any of their coins or inscriptions; it is possible that they were termed as Andhras because of their ethnicity or because their territory included the Andhra region.<ref name="SEA_2001">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA166 |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |editor=[[Susan E. Alcock]] |chapter=On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty |author=Carla M. Sinopoli |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |pages=166–168 |isbn=978-0-521-77020-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Struggle for Andhra State – AP State Portal|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190824/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=R. Uma|date=31 July 2013|title=A State that must fulfil a higher purpose|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-state-that-must-fulfil-a-higher-purpose/article4971018.ece|access-date=20 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
=== Early and medieval history ===
[[File:Telugu talli bomma.JPG|alt=|thumb|Telugu Thalli]]
The [[Assaka]] Mahajanapada, one of the sixteen Vedic Mahajanapadas, included Andhra, [[Maharashtra]] and Telangana.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ5kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307|title=Laxminama: Monks, Merchants, Money and Mantra|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anshuman|last2=Sengupta|first2=Anindya|date=10 August 2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9789387146808|pages=307|language=en}}</ref> Archaeological evidence from places such as [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravati]], [[Dharanikota]], and [[Vaddamanu]] suggests that the Andhra region was part of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]]. [[Amaravati]] might have been a regional centre for the Mauryan rule. After the death of Emperor [[Ashoka]], Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE and was replaced by several smaller [[Kingship and kingdom of God|kingdoms]] in the Andhra region.<ref name="Akira_2012">{{cite book |author=Akira Shimada |title=Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great St?pa at Amar?vat? (ca. 300 BCE{{snd}}300 CE) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC&pg=PA33 |year=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 |pages=33–40 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223174213/https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC&pg=PA33 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Satavahana dynasty]] dominated the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]] from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.<ref name="CH_2009">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |author=Charles Higham |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |page=299 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609220228/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The later Satavahanas made Dharanikota and Amaravathi their capital, which according to the Buddhists is the place where [[Nagarjuna]], the philosopher of [[Mahayana]] lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.<ref>{{cite book |author=David M. Knipe |title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026673-8 |pages=8–9 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409114500/https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s, with their capital at [[Vijayapuri South|Vijayapuri]], succeeded the Satavahanas in the [[Krishna River]] valley in the latter half of the 2nd century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Subramanian|first1=K. R.|title=Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D.|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120604445|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&q=andhra+ikshvaku&pg=PA82|language=en|year=1989}}</ref> Pallavas, who were originally executive officers under the Satavahana kings, were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century CE and were swept away by the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyan]] invasion, led by [[Pulakeshin II|Pulakesin II]] in the first quarter of the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh|url-access=registration|work=P. Raghunadha Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers, 1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh/page/68 68]|access-date=9 June 2014|isbn=9788120714953|year=1993}}</ref> After the downfall of the Ikshvakus, the [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]] were the first great dynasty in the 5th and 6th centuries, and held sway over the entire Andhra country, including [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and parts of [[Telangana]]. They played an important role in the history of Deccan during the 5th and 6th century CE, with [[Eluru]], [[Amaravati|Amaravathi]] and [[Puranisangam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History outline of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://bieap.gov.in/Pdf/TTPaperIYR2.pdf|website=Board of Intermediate Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713055335/http://bieap.gov.in/Pdf/TTPaperIYR2.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Salankayana dynasty|Salankayanas]] were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna district|Krishna]] with their capital at Vengi (modern [[Pedavegi]]) from 300 to 440 CE.<ref name="Ancient Indian History and civilization By S. N. Sen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=Salankayanas&pg=PA433|title=Ancient Indian History and civilization By S. N. Sen|isbn=9788122411980|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra Nath|date=1 January 1999}}</ref> The [[Eastern Chalukyas]] of [[Vengi]], whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 CE, eventually merged with the [[Chola dynasty]]. They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189 CE when the kingdom succumbed to the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] and the [[Yadava|Yadavas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/|title=About Eastern Chalukyas – Official AP State Government Portal – AP State Portal|access-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617075255/http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/|archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The roots of the [[Telugu language]] have been seen on inscriptions found near the [[Guntur district]] and from others dating to the rule of [[Telugu Chodas|Renati Cholas]] in the fifth century [[Common Era|CE]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Age of Telugu language|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1971071.ece|access-date=31 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903183458/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1971071.ece|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Salomon|first=Richard|title=Indian epigraphy : a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|page=106|edition=1. publ.}}</ref>

Kayastha chiefs descended from [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|North Indian Kayastha]]s ruled over vast swathes of land in Andhra country, and they are recorded in Andhra history dating back to the 13th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Yashoda M|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n407/mode/2up|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|pages=401–419|quote=CHAPTER 19. THE KAYASTHAS. The Kayasthas as defacto independent rulers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Government|first=Andhra Pradesh|title=The History Of Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series|year=1960|pages=103|quote=the Kayastha chiefs of the Kakatiyās had dislodged the Pandyan occupation of this area.}}</ref> [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] ruled Andhra Pradesh state for nearly two hundred years and constructed several forts. They were succeeded by the [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuri Nayaks]]. Musunuri Nayaks led a confederation of Nayakas to overthrow the rule of the [[Delhi]] Sultanate in Telugu lands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2noBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT194|title=Gods, Heroes and their Story Tellers: Intangible cultural heritage of South India|last=Saravanan|first=V. Hari|date=2014|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=9789384391492|pages=194|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddi kingdom]] (1325–1448 CE) was established by Prolaya Vema Reddi in the early 14th century, who ruled from present day Kondaveedu. Prolaya Vema Reddi was part of the confederation of states that started a movement against the invading [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Muslim armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. They constructed [[Kondaveedu Fort]] {{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}, which they ruled between 1328 and 1428, before it was taken over by the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajpathis]] of Orissa, and later ravaged by the [[Muslims|Muslim]] rulers of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani kingdom]] in 1458. The [[Vijayanagara]] emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] captured it in 1516. The [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]] [[Sultan]]s fought for the fort in 1531, 1536 and 1579, and Sultan [[Quli Qutb Shah]] captured it in 1579, renaming it ''Murtuzanagar''. It was reconquered by Vijayanagara who overthrew sultanate rule across the entirety of modern-day Andhra Pradesh (excluding Telangana). After this rebellion, the Bahmani sultans launched no further military campaigns outside their kingdoms, because the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha empire]] soon emerged as the strongest power in India.<ref name=gazette>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15 1931|work=Kondaveedu|page=393|access-date=20 October 2009|publisher=Digital South Asia Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613100037/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif|archive-date=13 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sewell>{{Cite book|last=Sewell|first=Robert|title=Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of Southern India, Archaeological Survey of India|work=Kondaveedu Reddy Chiefs…|pages=[https://archive.org/details/listsinscriptio00sewegoog/page/n204 187]–188|access-date=21 October 2009|url=https://archive.org/details/listsinscriptio00sewegoog|publisher=E. Keys at the Government Press|year=1884}}</ref><ref name="gallery">{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html|title=Kondavid-durg near Guntur. 19 February 1804. Signed 'W.R.'|access-date=20 October 2009|publisher=British on line Gallery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018115359/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html|archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Efforts are in progress to classify [[Kondaveedu Fort]] as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/dec/11/kondaveedu-fort-likely-to-get-unesco-heritage-status-1547919.html|title=Kondaveedu fort likely to get UNESCO heritage status|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063404/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/dec/11/kondaveedu-fort-likely-to-get-unesco-heritage-status-1547919.html|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Raaja mahal 1.JPG|thumb|Rajmahal of [[Chandragiri]] Fort]]
The [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] Empire originated in the [[Deccan Plateau]] region in the early 14th century. It was established in 1336 by [[Harihara I|Harihara Raya I]] and his brother [[Bukka Raya I]] of the [[Sangama dynasty|Sangama Dynasty]].<ref name="Book of Duarte Barbosa">By James Mansel Longworth page 204</ref><ref name="The madras journal of literature and science, year 1882">edited by J C morris page 261</ref> The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Sanskrit]], while [[Carnatic music]] evolved into its current form.<ref name="Kannadaempire">Historians such as [[P. B. Desai]] (''History of Vijayanagar Empire'', 1936), [[Henry Heras]] (''The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara'', 1927), [[B. A. Saletore]] (''Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire'', 1930), G.S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (''The Hoysala Vamsa'', 1955) and Kamath (Kamath 2001, pp. 157–160)</ref> During the Vijayanagara Empire, the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|1989|p=88}}: "Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century."</ref> The [[Lepakshi]] group of monuments are culturally and archaeologically significant as it is the location of shrines dedicated to [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi|Veerabhadra]] which were built during the Vijayanagara Kings' period (1336–1646). The temples are the location of mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, Dravidian art, and inscriptions. Near the temple complex is a large granite [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi bull]]. On a hillock known as ''Kurma Saila'' ('tortoise-shaped hill') are other temples to [[Papanatheswara]], [[Raghunatha]], [[Rama|Srirama]], and [[Durga]].<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/150417/andhra-pradesh-eyes-unesco-tag-for-its-heritage-sites.html|title=Andhra Pradesh eyes Unesco tag for its heritage sites|date=15 April 2017|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204062044/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/150417/andhra-pradesh-eyes-unesco-tag-for-its-heritage-sites.html|archive-date=4 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/move-to-get-world-heritage-status-for-buddhist-sites/article17533703.ece|title=Move to get world heritage status for Sankaram|first1=B. Madhu|last1=Gopal|first2=B. Madhu|last2=Gopal|date=20 March 2017|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken the initiative for including the "Lepakshi Group of Monuments" among the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|UNESCO World Heritage sites in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/11/27/stories/102772a4.htm|title=The Lepakshi heritage|website=Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amaravativoice.com/News/lepakshi-may-get-world-heritage-status|title=Lepakshi May Get World Heritage Status|first=Amaravati|last=Voice|website=amaravativoice.com|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204114610/http://www.amaravativoice.com/News/lepakshi-may-get-world-heritage-status|archive-date=4 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Modern history ===
[[Harihara]] and [[Bukka]], who served as treasury officers of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] of [[Warangal]], founded the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sewell |first1=Robert |last2=Nunes |first2=Fernão |last3=Paes |first3=Domingos |title=A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A contribution to the history of India |date=1900 |publisher=S. Sonnenschein & co ., ltd. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/aforgottenempir00paesgoog |language=en |chapter=Origin of the Empire (A.D. 1336)}}</ref> In 1347 [[Common Era|CE]], an independent Muslim state, the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], was established in [[south India]] by [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the sixteenth century to the end of the seventeenth century.<ref name="Richards">{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=J. F.|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707|year=1975|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|volume=9|issue=2|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996}}</ref>

In the early nineteenth century, [[Northern Circars]] was ceded to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] and became part of the [[Madras Presidency]]. Eventually, this region emerged as the [[Coastal Andhra]] region. Later the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam rulers of Hyderabad]] ceded five territories to the British that eventually became the [[Rayalaseema]] region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], acknowledging [[British Raj|British rule]] in return for local autonomy. However, [[Komaram Bheem]], a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi Dynasty]] for the liberation of Hyderabad State.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091816590500.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | date=18 September 2005 | title=Tributes paid to Telangana martyrs | access-date=14 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203205044/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091816590500.htm | archive-date=3 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[French colonial empire|French]] occupied [[Yanam]], in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954. In 1947, Vizianagaram was the largest Hindu princely state in Andhra Pradesh.

[[Indian independence movement|India became independent]] from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was integrated into the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] with [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Operation Polo]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799076-2,00.html |work=Time |title=HYDERABAD: The Holdout |date=30 August 1948 |access-date=20 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522212635/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C799076-2%2C00.html |archive-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Post-independence ===
{{See also|Andhra State|Vishalandhra Movement|United Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Archaeological Museums map of Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|Archaeological Museums map of Andhra Pradesh]]
In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of [[Madras State]], [[Potti Sreeramulu]] fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras [now Chennai]". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of [[Andhra State]] was carved out of [[Madras State]] on 1 October 1953, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence |title=Post-Independence Era, then and now |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> On the basis of the [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956|gentlemen's agreement]] of 1 November 1956, the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]] formed [[United Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)|combined Andhra Pradesh]] by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing [[Hyderabad State]].<ref name="Know Hyderabad">{{cite web |title=Know Hyderabad: History |url=http://hyderabadonline.in/Profile/History/ |publisher=Pan India Network |year=2010 |access-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921144224/http://hyderabadonline.in/Profile/History/ |archive-date=21 September 2010 }}</ref> Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with [[Bombay State]] and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with [[Mysore State]].

In February 2014, the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] bill was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] for the formation of the [[Telangana]] state comprising [[List of districts of Telangana|ten districts]]. [[Hyderabad]] will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years.<ref name="reorganisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts2014/6%20of%202014.pdf|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|date=1 March 2014|website=India Code Legislative Department|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice|page=2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034307/http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts2014/6%20of%202014.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|title=Telangana state formation gazette|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706093144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is long pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] constitutional bench.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/supreme-court-refers-telangana-petitions-to-constitution-bench-492795|title=Supreme court refers Telangana petitions to constitution bench|publisher=NDTV|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042049/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/supreme-court-refers-telangana-petitions-to-constitution-bench-492795|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Andhra Pradesh Government began operating from the newly planned capital city [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh To Get New Capital Amaravati Today, PM Modi To Inaugurate|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-andhra-pradeshs-new-capital-amaravati-today-1235078|access-date=9 March 2021|work=NDTV|date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=P|first=Ashish|date=2 March 2017|title=Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates new Andhra Pradesh Assembly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district-963618-2017-03-02|access-date=9 March 2021|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In August 2020, [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] passed [[Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020]]. According to its provisions, [[Visakhapatnam]] is the [[Executive (government)|executive]] capital while [[Amaravati]] and [[Kurnool]] serve as [[Legislature|legislative]] and [[Judiciary|judicial]] capitals respectively.<ref name="3caps">{{Cite news|title=YS Jaganmohan Reddy's three-capital plan on track as Andhra Pradesh governor gives nod to two bills|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/vijayawada/ys-jaganmohan-reddys-three-capital-plan-on-track-as-andhra-pradesh-governor-gives-nod-to-two-bills/amp_articleshow/77296660.cms}}</ref> The decision resulted in widespread [[2019–2020 Amaravati protests|protests by the farmers of Amaravati]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sudhir|first1=Uma|date=13 January 2020|title=Won't Celebrate Harvest Festival, Say Amaravati Farmers Amid Protests|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/amaravati-farmers-protesting-over-andhra-pradesh-capital-proposal-say-wont-celebrate-sankranti-2163126|access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> The act has been challenged in [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]], which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing.<ref name="hcorder" />
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Andhra Pradesh|List of districts of Andhra Pradesh}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Physical.jpeg|Andhra Pradesh topographical map
File:Ap-districts.png|Map of Andhra Pradesh
File:Srisailam Dam and River Krishna.jpg|[[Krishna River]] at Srisailam
</gallery>
The state has varied [[topography]] ranging from the hills of [[Eastern Ghats]] and [[Nallamala Hills]] to the shores of [[Bay of Bengal]] that support varied ecosystems, the rich diversity of flora and fauna. There are two main rivers namely, [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]], that flow through the state. The coast of the state extends along the Bay of Bengal from [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] to [[Nellore district]].<ref name=coastline>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Fact File|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/1%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20AND%20GEOGRAPHICAL%20PROFILE.pdf|website=Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|publisher=AP state portal|access-date=1 July 2014|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603172005/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/1%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20AND%20GEOGRAPHICAL%20PROFILE.pdf|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the [[Eastern Coastal Plains|Eastern Coastal plains]]. The coastal plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and [[Penna River|Penna]] rivers. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Kadapa Basin<ref>{{cite web|title=Kadapa or Cuddapah basin|url=http://www.dghindia.org/10.aspx|publisher=Directorate General of Hydrocarbons|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223319/http://www.dghindia.org/10.aspx|archive-date=6 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ndrdgh.gov.in/NDR/?page_id=860 | title=Cuddapah Basin | NDR – National Data Repository India}}</ref>{{better source|date=January 2016}} formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The [[Rayalaseema]] region has semi-arid conditions.
=== Natural vegetation and conservation ===
{{Main|Natural vegetation and Wildlife of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Pichavaram Mangrove Forest.jpg|alt=|thumb|Mangrove forest near Kakinada]]
The [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]] deals with protection, conservation and management of [[Forest|forests]]. The total forest cover of the state after the bifurcation is left with an area of {{convert|22862|km2}}.<ref name=forests>{{cite web|title=Forests in AP facts. |url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/About.htm |publisher=AP Forest department |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507042125/http://forest.ap.nic.in/about.htm |archive-date=7 May 2015 }}</ref> The forest in the state can be broadly divided into four major biotic provinces.<ref name="flora and fauna">{{cite web|title=Natural vegetation and wildlife |url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WLINDEX.htm |publisher=AP Forest Department |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704033449/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WLINDEX.htm |archive-date=4 July 2014 }}</ref> They are:
# [[Deccan Plateau]]
# Central Plateau
# Eastern Highland
# East Coastal Plains
[[Eastern Ghats]] region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types with a mixture of [[teak]], ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'', ''[[Dalbergia]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus]]'', ''[[Anogeissus]]'', etc.

The state has many [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|sanctuaries]], [[List of national parks of India|national parks]] and [[Zoo Park|zoological parks]], such as [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary|Coringa]], [[Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]], [[Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park]] and [[Indira Gandhi Zoological Park]]. [[Kolleru Bird Sanctuary|Atapaka Bird Sanctuary]], [[Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]], [[Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries]] and [[Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary]] attract many migratory birds.<ref name="lakes and wetlands">{{cite web|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf|website=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)|access-date=5 June 2014|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530015101/http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like ''[[Cycas beddomei]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'', ''Terminalia pallida'', ''[[Syzygium alternifolium]]'', ''Shorea talura'', ''Shorea tumburgia'', ''[[Psilotum nudum]]'', etc.<ref name="flora and fauna" /> The diversity of fauna includes [[Tiger|tigers]], panthers, [[Hyena|hyenas]], [[Blackbuck|black bucks]], [[Cheetah|cheetals]], [[Sambar deer|sambars]], [[Sea turtle|sea turtles]] and a number of birds and reptiles. The estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna rivers support rich [[Mangrove|mangrove forests]] with [[Fishing cat|fishing cats]] and [[Otter|otters]] as [[keystone species]].<ref name="flora and fauna" />
=== Climate ===
The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between {{convert|20|and|41|°C}}. July to September is the season for tropical rains. About one-third of the total rainfall is brought by the [[northeast monsoon]]. October and November see low-pressure systems and [[Tropical cyclone|tropical cyclones]] form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the northeast monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state.

November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally {{convert|12|to|30|°C}}. [[Lambasingi]] in [[Visakhapatnam district]] is also nicknamed as the "Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh" due to its relatively cool climate as compared to others and the temperature ranges from {{convert|0|to|10|°C}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ganguly|first1=Nivedita|title=Lambasingi set to become tourist hotspot|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/lambasingi-set-to-become-tourist-hotspot/article6416560.ece|access-date=26 November 2014|work=The Hindu|date=17 September 2014|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903183458/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/lambasingi-set-to-become-tourist-hotspot/article6416560.ece|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lambasingi records 2º c|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/news-current-affairs/article/lambasingi-records-2%C2%BA-c|access-date=26 November 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=16 December 2013|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713203422/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/news-current-affairs/article/lambasingi-records-2%C2%BA-c|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{See also|Ethnic groups of Andhra Pradesh|Demographics of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{IndiaCensusPop
| title= Population Trend
| 1961= 35983000
| 1971= 43503000
| 1981= 53550000
| 1991= 66508000
| 2001= 75727000
| 2011= 84665533
| estimate=
| est year=
| est ref=
| footnote=''Includes [[Telangana]].'' Source:Census of India<ref name=demographics />
}}
{{As of|2011}}{{Update after|2021}} [[Census of India]], the residual state had a population of {{formatnum:49386799}} with a population density of {{convert|308|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. According to the Polavaram ordinance bill 2014, 7 [[Tehsil|mandals]] of [[Khammam district]] in Telangana state merged with Andhra Pradesh to facilitate [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram project]], due to which population of {{formatnum:247515}} added to Andhra Pradesh. Thus the final population of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2014, as per census 2011 is {{formatnum:49634314}}, with a density of {{cvt|304.5|/km2}}.

The total population constitute, 70.4% of rural population with {{formatnum:34776389}} inhabitants and 29.6% of urban population with {{formatnum:14610410}} inhabitants. Children in the age group of 0–6 years are {{formatnum:5222384}}, constituting 10.6% of the total population, among them {{formatnum:2686453}} are boys and {{formatnum:2535931}} are girls. [[Visakhapatnam district]] has the largest urban population of 47.5% and [[Srikakulam district]] with 83.8%, has the largest rural population, among others districts in the state. The overall population of the state comprises 17.1% of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] and 5.3% of Scheduled Tribe population.<ref name=profile />

There are {{formatnum:24738068}} male and {{formatnum:24648731}} female citizens—a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 996 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of the state stands at 67.41%. However, post bifurcation from Telangana, the state is expected to reach 91.1% by 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/literacy-rate-dismal-in-state/article8196745.ece|title=Literacy rate dismal in Telangana|date=5 February 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822225246/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/literacy-rate-dismal-in-state/article8196745.ece|archive-date=22 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[West Godavari district]] has the highest literacy rate of 74.6% and [[Vizianagaram district]] has the least with 58.9%.<ref name=demographics /><ref name=census>{{cite web|title=INDIA AT A GLANCE : CENSUS 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922103426/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|archive-date=22 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Apportal/HumanDevelopmentReport2007/APHDR_2007_Chapter2.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2007|publisher=APonline.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919084827/http://aponline.gov.in/Apportal/HumanDevelopmentReport2007/APHDR_2007_Chapter2.pdf|archive-date=19 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> with a score of 0.416. The [[National Council of Applied Economic Research]] district analysis in 2001 reveals that [[Krishna district|Krishna]], West Godavari and [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] are the three districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores in ascending order.
[[File:Vizag View from Kailasagiri.jpg|thumb|800px|center|<center>[[Visakhapatnam]] is the most populous city in Andhra Pradesh, and the [[List of most populous cities in India|14th-largest city in India]].</center>]]
{{Largest cities
| name = Largest cities of Andhra Pradesh
| class = nav
| country = Andhra Pradesh
| stat_ref = As per the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|2011 Census]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-AndhraPradesh.html|access-date=7 September 2020|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Andhra Pradesh
| div_name = District
| div_link = List of districts in Andhra Pradesh{{!}}District

| city_1 = Visakhapatnam
| div_1 = Visakhapatnam district{{!}}Visakhapatnam
| pop_1 = 1,728,128
| img_1 = Visakhapatnam and the Bay of Bengal 20161226-DSC09580.jpg

| city_2 = Vijayawada
| div_2 = Krishna district{{!}}Krishna
| pop_2 = 1,476,931
| img_2 = Vijayawada from Gandhi Hill.jpg

| city_3 = Guntur
| div_3 = Guntur district{{!}}Guntur
| pop_3 = 670,073
| img_3 = Panoramic view of Guntur.JPG

| city_4 = Nellore
| div_4 = Nellore district{{!}}Nellore
| pop_4 = 558,548
| img_4 = Nellore city (Andhra Pradesh - India) .jpg

| city_5 = Kurnool
| div_5 = Kurnool district{{!}}Kurnool
| pop_5 = 484,327
| img_5 = File:23 - Telugu Talli Statue with Kondareddy Buruju as background.JPG

| city_6 = Rajahmundry
| div_6 = East Godavari district{{!}}East Godavari
| pop_6 = 476,873

| city_7 = Tirupati
| div_7 = Chittoor district{{!}}Chittoor
| pop_7 = 461,900

| city_8 = Kakinada
| div_8 = East Godavari district{{!}}East Godavari
| pop_8 = 443,028

| city_9 = Kadapa
| div_9 = Kadapa district{{!}}Kadapa
| pop_9 = 344,893

| city_10 = Anantapur
| div_10 = Anantapur district{{!}}Anantapur
| pop_10 = 340,613
}}
=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|label1=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|value1=89.65
|label2=[[Urdu]]
|value2=6.57
|label3=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|value3=1.04
|value4=2.74
|label4=Others
|color1=pink
|color2=green
|color3=gold
|color4=Grey
|caption=Languages of Andhra Pradesh, excluding Telangana (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the official language of Andhra Pradesh, which is also the mother tongue of nearly 90% of the population.<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/telugu-language/|title=Telugu Language|website=AP State Portal|publisher=Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619202615/http://www.ap.gov.in/telugu-language/|archive-date=19 June 2015|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="nclmanurep2010">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)|publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India|pages=122–126|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> The Minister of Tourism and Culture has declared Telugu a [[Classical languages of India#Classical|Classical Language]].<ref name="Classical Language">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=44340|title=Classical Language|publisher=Press Information Bureau|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819070902/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=44340|archive-date=19 August 2014|access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref>

[[Urdu]] is the largest minority language.<ref name="census2011-langreport" /> [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] are spoken in border-areas. [[Lambadi]], [[Koya language|Koya]], [[Sora language|Savara]], [[Konda language (Dravidian)|Konda]], [[Ollari language|Gadaba]] and a number of other languages are spoken by the Scheduled Tribes of the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh {{!}} History, Capital, Population, Map, & Points of Interest|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Religions ===
{{Pie chart|label1=[[Hinduism]]|label2=[[Islam in India|Islam]]|label3=[[Christianity in Andhra Pradesh|Christianity]]|value1=90.87|value2=7.32|value3=1.38|value4=0.43|color1=darkorange|color2=green|color3=dodgerblue|color4=chartreuse|label4=Others|caption=Religion in Andhra Pradesh (excluding Telangana)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
The majority of the people in Andhra Pradesh are Hindus while Muslims constitute a sizeable minority. According to the 2011 census, the major religious groups in the state are Hindus (90.87%), Muslims (7.32%) and Christians (1.38%). Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and the people who declined to state their religion make up the remaining portion of population.<ref name="census2011" />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Sri Kala Hasti.jpg|[[Srikalahasti]] Temple
File:Tirumala 090615.jpg|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]
File:Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle of Visakhapatnam dist in AP.jpg|Rock-cut [[Buddha]] statue at [[Bojjannakonda]] near [[Anakapalle]], [[Visakhapatnam]].
</gallery>
==== Hinduism ====
[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] at [[Tirupati]] is the world's second-richest [[Hindu temple|temple]] and is visited by millions of devotees throughout the year. Andhra Pradesh is home to Shankaracharya of Pushpagiri Peetham. Other Hindu saints include [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]], [[Kannappa|Bhaktha Kannappa]], [[Vemana|Yogi Vemana]], [[Sathya Sai Baba]] and [[Potuluri Veerabrahmam|Pothuluru Veerabrahmendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mihira.com/wisdommasters/veerabrahmam.htm |title=Sri Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swami |publisher=Mihira.com |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120050546/http://www.mihira.com/wisdommasters/veerabrahmam.htm |archive-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==== Mahayana Buddhism ====
Buddhism spread to Andhra Pradesh early in its history. The Krishna river valley was "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years."<ref>Davidson, Ronald. ''Tibetan Renaissance''. Columbia 2005, pp. 29.</ref> The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and [[Jaggayyapeta]] "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."<ref>Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.'' SUNY Press 2008, pg. 2.</ref>

The region played a central role in the development of [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], along with the [[Magadha]]-area in northeastern India.<ref>Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.'' SUNY Press 2008, p.1</ref><ref>Peter Harvey (2013), ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices'', Cambridge University Press, p.108</ref> [[A. K. Warder]] holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 313</ref> According to Xing, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India probably in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."<ref>Guang Xing. ''The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.'' 2004. pp. 65–66</ref> The [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] Sutras belong to the earliest [[Mahayana sutras|Mahayana Sutras]].<ref>Williams, Paul. ''Buddhist Thought''. Routledge, 2000, pages 131.</ref><ref>Williams, Paul. ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.'' Routledge, 2009, pg. 47.</ref>
== Administrative divisions ==
=== Regions ===
Andhra Pradesh comprises three regions: [[Coastal Andhra]], [[Uttarandhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]].
=== Districts ===
{{Main|List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|}}
It has a total of 13 districts, six in Coastal Andhra region, three in Uttarandhra and four in the Rayalaseema region.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
'''Coastal Andhra''' Region :
# [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
# [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
# [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
# [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
# [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
# [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]

'''Uttarandhra''' Region :
# [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
# [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
# [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]

'''Rayalaseema''' Region :
# [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
# [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
# [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
# [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of AP districts(2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/districts/|publisher=ap.gov.in|access-date=25 May 2014|page=14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317171205/http://www.ap.gov.in/districts/|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
=== Revenue divisions ===
{{Main|List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh}}
These 13 districts are further divided into 50 [[Revenue division|revenue divisions]]. There are as many as 7 revenue divisions in East Godavari, and only 2 in Vizianagaram district.<ref name=profile /><ref>{{cite web|title=Part-I State Administrative Divisions 2001–2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part1.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122230816/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part1.pdf|archive-date=22 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Mandals ===
{{Main|List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh}}
The 50 revenue divisions are in turn divided into 671 [[Tehsil|mandals]].{{efn|name=fn1|Guntur mandal was divided into Guntur East and Guntur West<ref name="mandal">{{cite news |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Guntur urban divided into east, East mandals |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-03-31/Guntur-urban-divided-into-east-East-mandals/370772 |access-date=26 April 2019 |work=thehansindia.com |date=31 March 2018 |location=Guntur}}</ref>}} Chittoor district has the most mandals with 66 and Vizianagaram has the least with 34.<ref name="districts&mandals">{{cite web|title=Administrative and Geographical Profile |url=http://msmehyd.ap.nic.in/PROFILE%20-AP.pdf |website=msmehyd.ap.nic.in |access-date=3 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911225305/http://msmehyd.ap.nic.in/PROFILE%20-AP.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 }}</ref>
=== Cities ===
There are a total of [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh|31 cities]] which include, [[List of municipal corporations in India|16 municipal corporations]] and [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|14 municipalities]]. There are two cities with [[List of cities in India by population|more than one million]] inhabitants, namely [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Vijayawada]].
== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Andhra Pradesh|Politics of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Guntur District Court, India.jpg|thumbnail|District Court, Guntur]]
[[File:District Collectorate of West Godavari (May 2019) 3.jpg|thumb|West Godavari district Collectorate complex, Eluru]]
[[File:23 - Telugu Talli Statue with Kondareddy Buruju as background.JPG|thumb|Telugu Talli Statue near Kondareddy Buruju, Kurnool]]
When the state was first created, [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] Pantulu, became the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]. After the unification with Telangana, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] became the first [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]. He later served as the [[List of presidents of India|President of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kiran-beats-pv-rosaiah-anjaiah-in-tenure/article4132949.ece|title=The Hindu, November 25, 2012|date=25 November 2012|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220234650/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kiran-beats-pv-rosaiah-anjaiah-in-tenure/article4132949.ece|archive-date=20 December 2013|url-status=live|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3529044.ece?homepage=true|title=The Hindu, on the election and Presidency|date=15 June 2012|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015201558/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3529044.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=live|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), the [[Praja Socialist Party]] and the Krishi Lok Party were the major parties in the 1950s. Later the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) became the dominant opposition party. In the [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967 state assembly elections]], all socialist parties were eliminated and the CPI lost opposition party status.

The INC ruled the state from 1956 to 1982. In 1983, the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) won the state elections and [[N. T. Rama Rao]] became the Chief Minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long-time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. The [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989 elections]] ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with [[Marri Chenna Reddy]] at the helm. He was replaced by [[N. Janardhana Reddy|Janardhan Reddy]] in 1990, who was replaced by [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]] in 1992.

In [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]], Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the Chief Minister again. [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]], Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]. The Telugu Desam Party won both the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|assembly]] and [[Lok Sabha]] [[1999 Indian general election|election]] in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus Naidu held the record for the longest-serving Chief Minister (1995 to 2004).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401839/Nara-Chandrababu-Naidu|title= Length of time as Chief Minister|access-date= 20 December 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195811/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401839/Nara-Chandrababu-Naidu|archive-date= 10 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]], Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face, [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|YS Rajashekara Reddy]], better known as YSR. He also won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 elections]], but shortly afterward was killed in a [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash|helicopter crash]] in September of that year. He was succeeded by two other Congressmen, namely [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] and [[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]], the last resigning over the impending [[Telangana movement|division]] of [[Telangana]].

In the last elections held in the unified state in [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]], the TDP got a mandate in their favour in the residuary (new) state. After Telangana became a separate state, Naidu, the chief of the TDP became the Chief Minister on 8 June 2014, for the new state of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deccan-journal.com/content/cbn-take-oath-june-8th|title=CBN to be sworn as CM of Andhra on June 8th|work=Deccan-Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714011154/http://deccan-journal.com/content/cbn-take-oath-june-8th|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref>

As of 2014, the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh]] is the lower house of the state with 175 members and the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] is the upper house with 58 members. In the [[Parliament of India]], Andhra Pradesh has 11 seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]], and 25 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apassemblylive.com |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050401032522/http://www.apassemblylive.com/ |archive-date=1 April 2005 }}</ref> There are a total of 175 [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituencies]] in the state. [[East Godavari|East Godavari district]] has the highest number of constituencies with 19 and [[Vizianagaram district]] has the least with 9 assembly seats.<ref>{{cite web|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|pages=16–28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Whereas, the legislative council of the state has 58 seats, which is one-third of total assembly seats.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview|website=AP Legislature|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519055636/http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 elections]], YSR's son [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]] of the [[YSR Congress Party]] (founded in 2011) became the Chief Minister with a resounding mandate by winning 151 out of 175 seats.
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:vizagcity.jpg|thumb|right|[[Visakhapatnam]] is an important commercial hub of the state]]
[[File:Visakhapatnam view from Vizag seaport.JPG|thumb|Visakhapatnam skyline, overlooking seaport|alt=seaport distance view]]
Andhra Pradesh was ranked eighth among other Indian states in terms of [[Gross regional domestic product|GSDP]] for the financial year 2014–2015. The GSDP at current prices was {{INRConvert|5200.3|b|abbr=on}} and at constant prices was {{INRConvert|2645.21|b|abbr=on}}.<ref name="gsdp">{{cite web|title=Indian states by GDP|url=http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-of-indian-states.php|website=Statistics Times|access-date=21 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216151608/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-of-indian-states.php|archive-date=16 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The domestic product of agriculture sector accounts for {{INRConvert|545.99|b|abbr=on}} and industrial sector for {{INRConvert|507.45|b|abbr=on}}. The service sector of the state accounts more percentage of the GSDP with a total of {{INRConvert|1305.87|b|abbr=on}}.<ref name="economy">{{cite web|title=Economy|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/4_AP_Economy.pdf|website=Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|publisher=AP state portal|access-date=21 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715004343/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/4_AP_Economy.pdf|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 2010 list by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, several people from Andhra Pradesh were among the top [[List of Indian people by net worth|100 richest Indians]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/77/india-rich-10_Indias-Richest_Rank.html |title=India's Richest |work=Forbes |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022214850/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/77/india-rich-10_Indias-Richest_Rank.html |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Agriculture ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Konaseema greenery 1.JPG|Lush green farms in [[Konaseema]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
File:Map of Sugar industries in Andhra Pradesh.png|Map of Sugar industries in Andhra Pradesh
</gallery>
Andhra Pradesh's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock. Four important rivers of India, the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Penner River|Penna]], and [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] flow through the state and provide irrigation. 60 percent of the population is engaged in agriculture and related activities. [[Rice]] is the major food crop and staple food of the state. It is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as "Rice Bowl of India".<ref>{{cite news|author1=Appaji Reddem|title=Rice bowl of India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rice-bowl-of-india-worst-hit/article5227645.ece|access-date=7 June 2014|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830191546/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rice-bowl-of-india-worst-hit/article5227645.ece|archive-date=30 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rice>{{cite book|title=India Today|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&q=Rice+Bowl+of+India&pg=PA36|access-date=15 November 2014|date=30 September 2011}}</ref> The state has three Agricultural Economic Zones in Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, Krishna district for mangoes, Guntur district for chilies.<ref>{{cite news|title=United AP stood second in agri exports|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/united-ap-stood-second-in-agri-exports/article8116244.ece|access-date=17 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=17 January 2016|location=Vijayawada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011133/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/united-ap-stood-second-in-agri-exports/article8116244.ece|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Besides rice, farmers also grow [[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]], [[Pearl millet|bajra]], [[maize]], minor millet, coarse grain, many varieties of [[Legume|pulses]], [[Vegetable oil|oil seeds]], [[sugarcane]], [[cotton]], [[chili pepper]], [[mango]] nuts and [[tobacco]]. Crops used for vegetable oil production such as [[Helianthus|sunflower]] and [[Peanut|peanuts]] are popular. There are many multi-state irrigation projects under development, including [[Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects]] and [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]].<ref name=irrigation>{{cite web|title=Irrigation Projects|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=49395|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Ministry of Water Resources|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215144/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=49395|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Livestock and [[Poultry farming|poultry]] is also another profitable business, which involves rearing [[cattle]] in enclosed areas for commercial purposes. The state is also a largest producer of [[Egg as food|eggs]] in the country and hence, it is nicknamed as "Egg Bowl of Asia".<ref>{{cite web|title=Socio Economic Survey 2013–2014|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Socio%20Economic%20Survey%20Book%20let.pdf|website=AP State Portal|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=27 June 2015|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403094839/http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Socio%20Economic%20Survey%20Book%20let.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=egg>{{cite book|last1=Mohanty|first1=Muktikanta|title=Macmillan's General Knowledge Manual 2010|date=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-32874-7|page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBx03lUGHlUC&q=egg+bowl+of+asia&pg=PA72|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref>

[[Fishery|Fisheries]] contribute 10% of total fish and over 70% of the [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp]] production<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ap-top-producer-of-shrimp-mpeda/article4311671.ece|title=AP top producer of shrimp: MPEDA|author=Special Correspondent|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228162628/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ap-top-producer-of-shrimp-mpeda/article4311671.ece|archive-date=28 February 2013|url-status=live|date=16 January 2013}}</ref> of India. The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production. The most exported marine exports include ''[[Whiteleg shrimp|Vannamei shrimp]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Vannamei Hatcheries |url=http://www.caa.gov.in/ |publisher=Coastal Aquaculture Authority |access-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603143059/http://www.caa.gov.in/ |archive-date=3 June 2014 }}</ref> and are expected to cross billion in 2013–2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://viscan.in/?p=533|title=The $ Billion Andhra Shrimp exports|work=viscan.in|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183324/http://viscan.in/?p=533|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Infrastructure ===
Andhra Pradesh is investing in building infrastructure in the state such as highways and making every service of the government digital. [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] passes through Andhra Pradesh. The [[List of state highways in Andhra Pradesh|highways in the state]] are also being widened. [[Andhra Pradesh State FiberNet Limited|APSFL]] is an initiative of the government of Andhra Pradesh to set up an [[optical fiber]] network throughout the thirteen districts of Andhra Pradesh. This network provides internet connectivity, telephony and [[Internet Protocol television|IPTV]] with fiber to private and corporate users of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=AP Fiber Grid Vision|url=http://apsfl.in/about-us/mission-vision/|website=apsfl.in|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133154/http://apsfl.in/about-us/mission-vision/|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The state also has seaports such as [[Visakhapatnam Port]], [[Kakinada Port]], [[Krishnapatnam Port]] for import and export and a [[shipyard]] for building ships at Visakhapatnam. Major airports in the state are Visakhapatnam, [[Rajahmundry]], Vijayawada, with [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]], [[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati]] and [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]] being international airports.
=== Industrial sector ===
[[File:Satyam campus in Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumbnail|[[Tech Mahindra]] Development Centre, [[Visakhapatnam]]|alt=Front of large round building, with street and trees in front]]
The industrial sector of the state includes some of the key sectors like [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceutical]], [[Automotive industry in India|automobile]], [[Textile industry in India|textiles]] etc. [[Sri City|Sricity]] located in [[Chittoor district]] is an integrated business city which is home to firms including [[PepsiCo]], [[Isuzu Motors India|Isuzu Motors]], [[Cadbury|Cadbury India]], [[Kellogg's]], [[Colgate-Palmolive]], [[Kobe Steel|Kobelco]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Firms in sricity|url=http://www.sricity.in/customer.html|website=Sricity.in|access-date=14 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509183500/http://www.sricity.in/customer.html|archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> The PepsiCo firm has its largest plant in India at Sri City.<ref>{{cite web|author1=V Rishi Kumar|title=PepsiCo inaugurates new facility at Sri City|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/pepsico-to-commission-new-unit-at-sri-city-today/article7064372.ece|work=Business Line|access-date=14 May 2015|location=Hyderabad|date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713203445/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/pepsico-to-commission-new-unit-at-sri-city-today/article7064372.ece|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is also emerging as destination for the automobile industry which already hosts companies including [[Ashok Leyland]] in Krishna district, [[Hero Motors]] in Chittoor district, [[Kia Motors India|Kia Motors]] in Anantapur district.

The state is also emerging in [[Information technology in India|information technology]] and [[Biotechnology in India|biotechnology]]. The IT/ITES revenues of Visakhapatnam is at {{INRConvert|14.45|b}} in 2012–2013. The development of IT in Tier-II and Tier-III cities like Vijayawada, [[Kakinada]] and [[Tirupati]] is also improving. In the fiscal year 2012–2013, Vijayawada's IT/ITeS revenues were {{INRConvert|1153|m}}. Tirupati with {{INRConvert|693|m}} and Kakinada with {{INRConvert|615|m}} stand next.<ref name="it sector">{{cite web|title=IT/ITES revenues|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Visakhapatnam-IT/ITeS-sector-surges-20-in-2013/articleshow/22592960.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423042921/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Visakhapatnam-IT/ITeS-sector-surges-20-in-2013/articleshow/22592960.cms|archive-date=23 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> For the benefit of state, that is, after separating Telangana from Andhra, people of Andhra protested for special status during January in 2017.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
=== Resources ===
Andhra Pradesh is one of the storehouses of mineral resources in India. Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations, contain rich and variety of industrial minerals and building stones.<ref name=minerals>{{cite web|title=Industrial & Fertilizer minerals|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/peer_reviewed_base_document_com_iv.pdf|website=Geological Survey of India portal|publisher=CGPB Committee-IV|pages=17–44|access-date=9 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016124047/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/peer_reviewed_base_document_com_iv.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh is listed at the top in the deposit and production of [[mica]] in India. Minerals found in the state include [[limestone]], reserves of [[Oil reserves|oil]] and [[natural gas]], [[manganese]], [[asbestos]], [[iron ore]], [[ball clay]], [[fire clay]], gold diamonds, [[graphite]], [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], [[quartz]], [[tungsten]], steatitic, [[feldspar]], silica sand. It has about one-third of India's [[limestone]] reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of [[Baryte|barytes]] and [[Granite|galaxy granite]] in the international market.<ref name=minerals />
==== Mining ====
[[Mining]] is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. The [[Tummalapalle uranium mine|Tummalapalle Uranium mine]] in Andhra has confirmed {{convert|49000|t}} of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totaling three times its current size. {{convert|700|e6t|abbr=off}} of metal grade [[Bauxite]] deposits in proximity to Visakhapatnam Port.

[[Reliance Industries]] struck nine trillion cubic feet of gas reserves in the [[Krishna Godavari Basin|KG basin]], {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} off the Andhra Pradesh coast near [[Kakinada]]. Discovery of a large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth.<ref name="kg basin">{{cite web|title=Krishna Godavari Basin: Oil & Gas Resource|url=http://www.kgbasin.in/|publisher=kgbasin.in|access-date=7 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619002749/http://www.kgbasin.in/|archive-date=19 June 2014}}</ref> During 2016, nearly {{convert|134|e12cuft|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of [[Methane clathrate|methane hydrate]] deposits were explored in KG basin whose extraction was adequate to impart [[energy security]] for many decades to India.<ref>{{cite web|title=ONGC hydrates discovery may be 4 times bigger than RIL's gas find|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ONGC-hydrates-discovery-may-be-4-times-bigger-than-RILs-gas-find/articleshow/50505577.cms|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701112628/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ONGC-hydrates-discovery-may-be-4-times-bigger-than-RILs-gas-find/articleshow/50505577.cms|archive-date=1 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Power plants ====
{{Main|Power sector of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station.jpg|thumb|Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]]
The state is a pioneer nationwide in [[Solar power in India|solar power generation]]. [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation|APGENCO]] is the power generating company owned by the state.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://apgenco.gov.in/getInfo.do|title = APGENGO overview|access-date = 19 June 2014|publisher = APGENCO|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203324/http://www.apgenco.gov.in/getInfo.do|archive-date = 12 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has become power surplus with excess power generation being exported to other states.<ref>{{cite news|title=Davos Visit will Boost Andhra Pradesh's Image, Says Naidu|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Davos-Visit-will-Boost-Andhra-Pradeshs-Image-Says-Naidu/2016/01/26/article3245055.ece|access-date=21 February 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 January 2016|location=Vijayawada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213081200/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Davos-Visit-will-Boost-Andhra-Pradeshs-Image-Says-Naidu/2016/01/26/article3245055.ece|archive-date=13 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is abundantly endowed with solar power and high head [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|PHES]] sites to convert the solar power available during the day time in to round the clock power supply.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |title=Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PHES projects in Andhra Pradesh state |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603022914/https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |url-status=dead }}</ref> PHES projects also has synergy with the [[lift irrigation]] projects in storing water available during the monsoon season and supplying to the uplands throughout the year. Ultimate water and energy requirements of the state can be fully met by the combination of cheap solar power, PHES and irrigation projects economically harnessing [[Renewable energy in India|renewable energy]] without much damage to the environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/11/09/elon-musk-should-build-pumped-hydro-with-tesla-energy-the-boring-co-coal-miners/|title=Elon Musk Should Build Pumped Hydro With Tesla Energy, The Boring Co., & Coal Miners|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

[[Thermal power station|Thermal]] ([[Gas-fired power plant|natural gas]] and [[Coal-fired power station|coal]] based) and [[Renewable energy|renewable power]] plants totaling to 21,000 MW were installed in the state by the year 2015. Local power plants of 9,600 [[Watt|MW]] capacity only are supplying electricity in the state, which includes [[Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station]] (2000 MW) of [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], [[Vizag Thermal Power Station]] (1040 MW), [[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]] (1650 MW), [[Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station]] (1600 MW), and [[Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station|Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Plant]] (1760 MW). Hydel power plants have a capacity of 1671 MW.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salient features of A.P.TransCo / A.P.GenCo / DisComs|url=http://www.aptransco.gov.in/transco/docs/Sal-Fea-Jan-16.pdf|access-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504212830/http://www.aptransco.gov.in/transco/docs/Sal-Fea-Jan-16.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Andhra Pradesh}}
Andhra Pradesh has rich culture and heritage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Varma|first1=P. Sujatha|title=Andhra Pradesh has a very rich culture, heritage|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/andhra-pradesh-has-a-very-rich-culture-heritage/article7737404.ece|access-date=5 June 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[Kuchipudi]], the cultural dance recognized as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh, originated in the village of [[Kuchipudi, Krishna district|Kuchipudi]] in [[Krishna district]]. It entered the [[Guinness World Records]] for performing ''Mahabrinda Natyam'' with a total of 6,117 dancers in Vijayawada.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=G.V.R. Subba|title=6,117 Kuchipudi dancers put A.P. in Guinness book|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/6117-Kuchipudi-dancers-put-A.P.-in-Guinness-book/article16943005.ece|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226153418/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/6117-Kuchipudi-dancers-put-A.P.-in-Guinness-book/article16943005.ece|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh has thirteen [[Geographical indication|geographical indications]] in categories of agricultural [[handicraft]]s, [[foodstuff]] and textiles as per ''Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999''.<ref name="GIlist">{{cite web|title=State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications (15th September, 2003 – Till Date)|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/News/283_1_REGISTRATION_DETAILS_OF_GI_TILL_DATE_March_2012_Till_Date.pdf|website=Geographical Indication Registry|access-date=5 May 2017|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918175622/http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/News/283_1_REGISTRATION_DETAILS_OF_GI_TILL_DATE_March_2012_Till_Date.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It increased to fifteen with the addition of [[Benishan (mango)|Banaganapalle Mangoes]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Banaganapalle mangoes finally get GI tag|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040517/banaganapalle-mangoes-finally-get-gi-tag.html|access-date=13 May 2017|work=deccanchronicle.com/|date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505001210/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040517/banaganapalle-mangoes-finally-get-gi-tag.html|archive-date=5 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Bandar laddu]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Naidu|first1=T. Appala|title=Bandar laddu gets GI tag|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bandar-laddu-gets-gi-tag/article17722857.ece|access-date=13 May 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The other GI tagged goods are, [[Bobbili Veena]], [[Budithi Bell and Brass Craft]], [[Dharmavaram handloom pattu sarees and paavadas|Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees and Paavadas]], [[Guntur Sannam]], [[Kondapalli Toys]], [[Pedana Kalamkari|Machilipatnam Kalamkari]], [[Mangalagiri Sarees and Fabrics]], [[Srikalahasti Kalamkari]], [[Tirupati Laddu]], [[Uppada Jamdani Sari]] and [[Venkatagiri Sari]].<ref name="GIlist" />
=== Arts, crafts and artifacts ===
[[File:Kondapalli toys at a house in Vijayawada.jpg|thumb|[[Kondapalli Toys]] at a house in Vijayawada]]
Machilipatnam and Srikalahasti Kalamkari are the two unique textile art forms practised in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalamkari: Craft of the matter|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kalamkari-craft-of-the-matter/16478155|website=mid-day|access-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131082254/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kalamkari-craft-of-the-matter/16478155|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live|date=24 August 2015}}</ref> There are also other notable handicrafts present in the state, like the soft [[limestone]] [[Cult image|idol]] carvings of [[Durgi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/durgi_stonecraft.html|title=Durgi Stone Craft|publisher=Cesdeva|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204034111/http://guntur.nic.in/durgi_stonecraft.html|archive-date=4 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Etikoppaka]] in [[Visakhapatnam district]] is notable for its [[lac]] industry, producing lacquered wooden.<ref>{{cite web|title=Etikoppaka Vizag|url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/etikoppaka_vizag.html|website=Andhra Pradesh Tourism|access-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128070257/http://www.aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/etikoppaka_vizag.html|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sarma|first1=Rani|title=The lac industry of Etikoppaka – An art form to cherish|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/The-lac-industry-of-Etikoppaka-An-art-form-to-cherish/articleshow/50251973.cms|access-date=11 March 2016|work=The Times of India|date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225170910/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/The-lac-industry-of-Etikoppaka-An-art-form-to-cherish/articleshow/50251973.cms|archive-date=25 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state has many museums, which features a varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, and inscriptions, and religious artifacts such as the [[Archaeological Museum, Amaravati|Amaravati Archaeological Museum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_amravati.asp|title=Archaeological Museum, Amaravati – Archaeological Survey of India|publisher=Asi.nic.in|access-date=19 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929190235/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_amravati.asp|archive-date=29 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Visakha Museum]] and [[Culture of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu Cultural Museum]] in Visakhapatnam displays the history of the pre-independence and the [[Bapu Museum, Vijayawada|Victoria Jubilee Museum]] in Vijayawada with a large collection of artifacts.
=== Literature ===
{{Main|Telugu literature}}
[[Nannayya]], [[Tikkana]] and [[Yerrapragada]] form the trinity who translated the [[Sanskrit]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' into [[Telugu language]]. Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar called ''Andhra Shabda Chintamani'' in Sanskrit, as there was no grammatical work in Telugu prior to that.<ref name="Padmapriya ch1">{{cite book |title= A Comparative Study of Andhrasabdachintamani And Balavyakaranam |last= Gopavaram |first= Padmapriya |author2=Subrahmanyam, Korada |year= 2011 |publisher= University of Hyderabad |location=Hyderabad|chapter=1}}</ref> [[Pothana]] is the poet who composed the classic ''Srimad Maha Bhagavatamu'', a Telugu translation of ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Sri Bhagavatam]]''. [[Vemana]] is notable for his philosophical poems. The [[Vijayanagara]] emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] wrote [[Amuktamalyada]]. Telugu literature after [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] is termed as Adhunika Telugu Sahityam (Modern Telugu literature). He is known as ''Gadya Tikkana'' and was the author of Telugu [[social novel]], ''Satyavati Charitam''. [[Jnanpith Award]] holders from the state include [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]]. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaforyou.in/states/andhrapradesh/apculture.php |title=Telugu Literature |access-date=8 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408221719/http://indiaforyou.in/states/andhrapradesh/apculture.php |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}</ref>
==== Media ====
The print media in the state consists mainly of Telugu and English newspapers. ''[[Eenadu|Eenadu]]'', ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'', ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'', and Tel.J.D.Patrika [[Vaartha]] all these are Telugu newspapers. English newspapers include [[Deccan Chronicle]] and [[The Hans India]].<ref>http://www.davp.nic.in/Upload/(S(pyatp4ydvoojmwmj340xys55))/davp_empanel_status.aspx</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rni.nic.in/registerdtitle_search/registeredtitle_ser.aspx|title=Office of Registrar of Newspapers for India|website=rni.nic.in|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref>
=== Art and cinema ===
{{Main|Music of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu theatre}}
{{See also|Tholu bommalata}}
[[File:Prathiksha Kashi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kuchipudi]] dance]]
Many composers of [[Carnatic music]] like [[Annamacharya]], [[Kshetrayya]], and [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu|Bhadrachala Ramadas]] were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers and singers like [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]], Sujatha Puligella and [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]] and [[P. B. Sreenivas]]. Folk songs are very important and popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the ''[[Burra katha]]'' and ''Poli'' are still performed today.<ref>{{cite book|title=Musical Heritage of India|author=Manorma Sharma|pages=19–32|year=2007|publisher=APH|isbn=978-81-313-0046-6}}</ref> ''Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or [[Harikatha]])'' involves the narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story. Harikatha was originated in Andhra.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thoomati Donappa|title=Telugu Harikatha Sarvasvam|oclc=13505520}}</ref> ''Burra katha'' is an [[oral storytelling]] technique with the topic be either a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] mythological story or a contemporary social issue.<ref>{{cite web | title = Burrakatha loses sheen sans patronage | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Burrakatha-loses-sheen-sans-patronage/articleshow/18012802.cms?referral=PM | date = 14 January 2013 | access-date = 2 September 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123554/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Burrakatha-loses-sheen-sans-patronage/articleshow/18012802.cms?referral=PM | archive-date = 2 April 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> ''Rangasthalam'' is an [[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]] in the [[Telugu language]], based predominantly in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="auto5">{{cite news|url=http://indiascanner.com/tag/nandi-natakotsavam-awards|title=Nandi Natakotsavam Awards|publisher=India Scanner|date=8 October 2010|access-date=13 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317152806/http://indiascanner.com/tag/nandi-natakotsavam-awards|archive-date=17 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gurajada Apparao]] wrote the play ''[[Kanyasulkam]]'' in 1892, often considered the greatest play in the Telugu language.<ref name="auto3">20th Century Telugu Luminaries, Potti Sriramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005</ref> [[C. Pullaiah]] is cited as the father of Telugu theatre movement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece|title=SATI SAVITHRI (1933)|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 November 2010|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.|access-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113225918/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece|archive-date=13 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SoManyCinemas">{{cite book|title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India|author=Bhagwan Das Garg|publisher=Eminence Designs|year=1996|isbn=978-81-900602-1-9|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521221827/https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon&dq=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon&cd=4|archive-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Telugu film industry is largely based in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam. The Telugu film culture (also known as "[[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]") is the second-largest film industry in India next to the [[Bollywood]] film industry.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://preethika.wordpress.com/2008/01/28/indian-film-industry/ |title= The Telugu film industry |publisher= Preethi's Web |access-date= 6 June 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000638/http://preethika.wordpress.com/2008/01/28/indian-film-industry/ |archive-date= 15 July 2014 |url-status=live|date= 28 January 2008 }}</ref> Film producer [[D. Ramanaidu]] holds a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Record]] for the most films produced by a person.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Sathyalaya |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/09/11/prestigious-phalke-award-conferred-veteran-film-producer-d-rama-naidu |title=Prestigious 'Phalke" award conferred to Veteran Film producer D Rama Naidu |work=Asian Tribune |date=11 September 2010 |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523215222/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/09/11/prestigious-phalke-award-conferred-veteran-film-producer-d-rama-naidu |archive-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008, the Telugu film industry produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/-Tollywood-loses-to-Bollywood-on-numbers-/articleshow/6661950.cms?referral=PM |title=Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers |work=The Times of India |date=2 October 2010 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713203509/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/-Tollywood-loses-to-Bollywood-on-numbers-/articleshow/6661950.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/telugu-film-industry-enters-new-era/article1674075.ece |title=Telugu film industry enters new era |work=Business Line |date=6 November 2007 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203163423/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/telugu-film-industry-enters-new-era/article1674075.ece |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/largest-film-studio |title=Largest film studio |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |access-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119000128/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/largest-film-studio |archive-date=19 January 2014 }}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
[[File:Vegetarian Andhra Meal.jpg|thumb|Vegetarian Andhra meal, served on important occasions]]
{{Main|Telugu cuisine}}
Telugu people's traditional sweet [[Pootharekulu]] originated from [[Atreyapuram]] village of East Godavari district.
=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Ananta Padmanabha Swami Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Undavalli Caves]], is a [[Monolithic architecture|monolithic]] example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] and one of the finest testimonials to ancient ''viswakarma sthapathis''.|alt=]]
The state has several beaches in its coastal districts such as [[Rushikonda]], [[Mypadu]], [[Suryalanka Beach|Suryalanka]] etc.;<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh to develop beach front locations|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-to-develop-beach-front-locations/articleshow/52452263.cms|access-date=13 May 2017|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213202119/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-to-develop-beach-front-locations/articleshow/52452263.cms|archive-date=13 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> caves such as, [[Borra Caves]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Sumit|title=Natural world heritage status for Borra Caves sought|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Natural-world-heritage-status-for-Borra-Caves-sought/article17041900.ece|access-date=13 May 2017|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116062146/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Natural-world-heritage-status-for-Borra-Caves-sought/article17041900.ece|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] depicting [[Undavalli Caves]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/undavalli_caves.html|title=- WELCOME TO GUNTUR DISTRICT OFFICIAL WEBSITE -|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627173402/http://guntur.nic.in/undavalli_caves.html|archive-date=27 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the country's second longest caves- the [[Belum Caves]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Film tourism to boost Kurnool economy|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/030217/film-tourism-to-boost-kurnool-economy.html|access-date=13 May 2017|work=deccanchronicle.com/|date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313031427/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/030217/film-tourism-to-boost-kurnool-economy.html|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The valleys and hills include, [[Araku Valley]], [[Horsley Hills]], [[Papikonda National Park|Papi Hills]] etc.<ref name=aptdc>{{cite web|title=Tourist destinations in AP|url=http://www.tourisminap.com/know_ap/index.php|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Tourism Department|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806000215/http://www.tourisminap.com/know_ap/index.php|archive-date=6 August 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arma Konda]] peak located in Visakhapatnam district is the highest peak in [[Eastern Ghats]].

The state is home to various religious pilgrim destinations such as, [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Temple]], [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam|Simhachalam Temple]], [[Annavaram Satyanarayana Temple|Annavaram temple]], [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Srisailam temple]], [[Kanaka Durga Temple]], [[Amararama|Amaravati]], [[Srikalahasti]], [[Shahi Jamia Mosque|Shahi Jamia Masjid]] in [[Adoni]], [[St. Mary's Church, Vijayawada|Gunadala Church]] in [[Vijayawada]], Buddhist centres at [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravati]], and [[Nagarjunakonda|Nagarjuna Konda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.templenet.com/encandh1.html|title=The Templenet Encyclopedia – Temples of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=26 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509081809/http://www.templenet.com/encandh1.html|archive-date=9 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Transport ==
The state is well connected to other states through road and rail networks. It is also connected to other countries by means of airways and seaports as well. With a long seacoast along the [[Bay of Bengal]], it also has many ports for sea trade. The state has one of the [[List of railway junction stations in India|largest railway junctions]] at Vijayawada and one of the [[List of ports in India|largest seaports]] at Visakhapatnam.
=== Roads ===
[[File:Rps20160709 141628.jpg|thumb|[[Vijayawada]]-[[Guntur]] Expressway section of NH-16]]
The state has a total road network of {{Convert|53403|km|mi|abbr=on}}, of which {{Convert|6401|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[National highways of India|National highways]], {{Convert|14722|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[State highways in India|state highways]] and {{convert|32280|km|mi|abbr=on}} of district roads.<ref>{{cite news |title=4000-km Andhra Pradesh highways to be maintained by private companies |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/may/06/4000-km-andhra-pradesh-highways-to-be-maintained-by-private-companies-1810888.html |access-date=26 April 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=6 May 2018 |location=Vijayawada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426141054/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/may/06/4000-km-andhra-pradesh-highways-to-be-maintained-by-private-companies-1810888.html |archive-date=26 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]], with a highway network of around {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} in the state, is a part of [[Golden Quadrilateral|Golden Quadrilateral Project]] undertaken by [[National Highways Development Project]]. It also forms part of [[AH45|AH 45]] which comes under the [[Asian Highway Network]].

The state government owned [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] (APSRTC) is the major public bus transport, which runs thousands of buses connecting different parts of the state. [[Pandit Nehru bus station|Pandit Nehru Bus Station]] (PNBS) in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Contact%20Us/Grievances/Citi-Chart.htm |title=citi-Charter |publisher=Apsrtc.gov.in |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917143549/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Contact%20Us/Grievances/Citi-Chart.htm |archive-date=17 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 30 January 2019, all the vehicles in the state are registered as [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|AP–39]], followed by an alphabet and four digits.<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-date=28 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Railways ===
{{See also|South Coast Railway zone}}
[[File:VijayawadaRailwayStation.jpg|thumb|[[Vijayawada railway station]]]]Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/ap-budget-2018-19-highlights-1050949|title=AP Budget 2018–19 Highlights – Sakshi|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308092618/https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/ap-budget-2018-19-highlights-1050949|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> has a total [[broad-gauge railway]] route of {{cvt|3703.25|km}} and has no [[metre-gauge railway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155019|title=Statewise Length of Railway Lines and Survey For New Railway Lines|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011404/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155019|archive-date=5 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The rail density of the state is 16.59 per {{Convert|1000|km|abbr=on}}, compared to an all India average of 20.<ref name="apedb">{{cite web|url=http://apedb.gov.in/infrastrctr.html|title=Infrastructure – Connectivity – Rail|website=apedb.gov.in|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629144351/http://apedb.gov.in/infrastrctr.html|archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] which runs through the state is proposed to be upgraded into a [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail corridor]] through the [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] project of the Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/need-for-speed-rly-board-looks-at-2-more-bullet-train-corridors/articleshow/59746546.cms|title=Bullet Train Corridors|date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916145129/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/need-for-speed-rly-board-looks-at-2-more-bullet-train-corridors/articleshow/59746546.cms|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148794|title=Diamond Quadrilateral|date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612224549/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148794|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The railway network spans two [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|zones]], further subdivided into divisions – [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada]], [[Guntur railway division|Guntur]] and [[Guntakal railway division|Guntakal]] railway divisions of [[South Central Railway zone]], and [[Waltair railway division]] of [[East Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ECoR – WALTAIR DIVISION|url=http://eastcoastrailwaywaltairdivision.blogspot.in/|website=eastcoastrailwaywaltairdivision.blogspot.in|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420105937/http://eastcoastrailwaywaltairdivision.blogspot.in/|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="scr">{{cite web|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206015535/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2011|title=State-wise Route Kilometerage|website=South Central Railway|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> There is a demand for creating a unified zone for the state based out of Visakhapatnam.{{fact|date=April 2021}}

There are three A1 and twenty three A-category railway stations in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing category-wise No.of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=South Central Railway|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Stnlnk|Visakhapatnam|}} has been declared the cleanest railway station in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vizag-billed-the-cleanest-rail-station/article18478254.ece|title=Vizag billed the cleanest rail station|date=18 May 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2018|others=Special Correspondent|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104133007/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vizag-billed-the-cleanest-rail-station/article18478254.ece|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The railway station of [[Shimiliguda]] was the first highest broad gauge railway station in the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BHATTACHARJEE|first1=SUMIT|title=Hidden 100 – 58 tunnels. 84 bridges. Welcome to Araku Valley|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/hidden-100-58-tunnels-84-bridges-welcome-to-araku-valley/article2594651.ece|access-date=23 April 2017|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609115011/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/hidden-100-58-tunnels-84-bridges-welcome-to-araku-valley/article2594651.ece|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

As on date the Railways lines in Andhra Pradesh are under the following Railway zones/Divisions
* South Central Railway-[[Secunderabad railway division|Secunderabad Division]]
* South Central Railway-[[Hyderabad railway division|Hyderabad Division]]
* South Central Railway-[[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada Division]]
* South Central Railway-[[Guntakal railway division|Guntakal Division]]
* South Central Railway-[[Guntur railway division|Guntur Division]]
* East Coast Railway- [[Waltair railway division|Waltair Division]]
* East Coast Railway- [[Khurda Road railway division|Khurda Road Division]]
* [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]-[[Bangalore railway division|Bengalore Division]]
* South Western Railway- [[Mysore railway division|Mysore Division]]
* South Western Railway- [[Hubli railway division|Hubli Division]]
* [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]- [[Chennai railway division|Chennai Division]]
=== Airports ===
{{See also|List of airports in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Map of Airports and airstrips of Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|Map of airports and airstrips of Andhra Pradesh|alt=|left]]
[[Visakhapatnam Airport]], is the only airport in the state with operating international flights while [[Vijayawada Airport]] at Gannavaram has launched an international flight to Singapore, recently.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijayawada airport to go International|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/vijayawada-airport-goes-international-after-centres-nod/articleshow/62132535.cms|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111113316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/vijayawada-airport-goes-international-after-centres-nod/articleshow/62132535.cms|archive-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has four other [[Domestic airport|domestic airports]], [[Rajahmundry Airport]], [[Kadapa Airport]], a privately owned, public use airport at [[Sri Sathya Sai Airport|Puttaparthi]], and [[Tirupati Airport]] located in the city of [[Tirupati]]. There are also 16 small air strips located in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Airports|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/Economic%20Survey/economic6.pdf|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=23 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172904/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/Economic%20Survey/economic6.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>[[File:Seaports Map of Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|Map of seaports in Andhra Pradesh (click on the image for maximum view)]]
=== Sea ports ===
{{See also|Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh}}Andhra Pradesh has one of the country's largest port at [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam]] in terms of cargo handling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vizag port info|url=http://www.vizagport.com/AboutUs/History.aspx|publisher=vizagport|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111025637/http://www.vizagport.com/AboutUs/History.aspx|archive-date=11 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The other famous ports are [[Krishnapatnam Port]] ([[Nellore district|Nellore]]), [[Gangavaram Port]] and [[Kakinada Port]]. [[Gangavaram Port]] is a deep seaport which can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 [[Deadweight tonnage|DWT]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Capacity of port|url=http://www.gangavaram.com/about-port.htm|publisher=gangavaram port|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221121500/http://gangavaram.com/about-port.htm|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are 14 notified non-major ports at [[Bheemunipatnam]], S.Yanam, Machilipatnam, [[Nizampatnam]], and Vadarevu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhraports.com/index.htm |title=Andhra Pradesh: Opening up ports |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Department of Ports |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929021120/http://www.andhraports.com/index.htm |archive-date=29 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/andhra-pradesh-hyperloop/ |title=Andhra Pradesh to Become First Indian State to Get Hyperloop |access-date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221610/https://inc42.com/buzz/andhra-pradesh-hyperloop/ |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live |date=7 September 2017 }}</ref>
== Education and research ==
{{Main|Education in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Universities Map of Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|Map of universities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[File:Guntur-Agri-University.jpg|thumb|right|Agriculture University, [[Guntur]]]]
Andhra Pradesh has an overall [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of 67.41% as per the 2011 Indian census.<ref name="demographics" /> The primary and secondary school education is imparted by [[State school|government]], aided and private schools, managed and regulated by the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |website=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |location=Hyderabad |date=26 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/school-education/|website=ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413205259/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/school-education/|archive-date=13 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are urban, rural and [[Gurukula Patasala|residential schools]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nagaraju|first1=M.T.V|title=Study Habits of Secondary School Students|date=2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-893-0|page=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pe8RUvwHxbcC&q=Zilla+Parishad+High+Schools+are+run+by&pg=PA75|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Working Groups|url=http://childinfo.ap.nic.in/SSA_FeedbackForms/WorkingGroups/group4.pdf|website=Commissioner and Director of School Education|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021151650/http://childinfo.ap.nic.in/SSA_FeedbackForms/WorkingGroups/group4.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> As per the child info and school information report (2018–19), there were a total of {{formatnum:7041568}} students,<ref>{{cite web |title=Student Information Day Wise Status Report |url=https://studentinfo.ap.gov.in/DSE_CI/check.do |website=Commissionerate of School Education |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606073532/https://studentinfo.ap.gov.in/DSE_CI/check.do |archive-date=6 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> enrolled in {{formatnum:62063}} schools respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://schooledu.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606073539/https://schooledu.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |archive-date=6 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Directorate of Government Examinations]] of the state administers and conduct the [[Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC) examination.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjay |title=AP 10th Results 2019: Andhra Pradesh Board SSC results declared @ bseap.org, girls outshine boys |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ap-10th-results-2019-andhra-pradesh-board-to-release-ssc-results-live-updates-bseap-org/articleshow/69315531.cms |access-date=6 June 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515231326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ap-10th-results-2019-andhra-pradesh-board-to-release-ssc-results-live-updates-bseap-org/articleshow/69315531.cms |archive-date=15 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than {{Nowrap|600,000}} students have appeared for the 2019 SSC exam and recorded an overall pass percentage of 94.88% with a 100% pass percentage in 5,464 schools.<ref name="ssc2019">{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=BS Web |title=AP SSC Result 2019 declared on manabadi.com, bseap.org; 94.88% pass |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/ap-ssc-result-2019-declared-on-manabadi-com-bseap-org-check-ap-10th-results-pass-percentage-toppers-list-highlights-119051400109_1.html |access-date=6 June 2019 |work=Business Standard India |date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606094706/https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/ap-ssc-result-2019-declared-on-manabadi-com-bseap-org-check-ap-10th-results-pass-percentage-toppers-list-highlights-119051400109_1.html |archive-date=6 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The mediums of instruction are primarily [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and English with a very few opting for [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="ssc2015">{{cite web|title=Statistics of SSC 2015 Results|url=http://bse.ap.gov.in/ssc_2015_results.aspx|website=Board of Secondary Education Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107165451/http://bse.ap.gov.in/ssc_2015_results.aspx|archive-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Higher education in the state is administered by the Department of Higher Education.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of Higher Education – Andhra Pradesh Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/higher-education/|website=ap.gov.in|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418011610/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/higher-education/|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The central universities are [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam|IIM Visakhapatnam]], [[IIT Tirupati]], [[National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh|NIT Tadepalligudem]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool|IIITDM Kurnool]],<ref name="central_universities">{{cite news|last1=Tutika|first1=Kiranmai|title=VIT at Amaravati|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-10-19/VIT-at-Amaravati/259690|access-date=13 May 2017|work=The Hans India|date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116122747/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-10-19/VIT-at-Amaravati/259690|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sarma|first1=Ch. R. S|title=National status for Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy hailed|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/national-status-for-indian-institute-of-petroleum-and-energy-hailed/article9637601.ece|access-date=13 May 2017|work=Business Line|date=13 April 2017}}</ref> [[National Institute of Design, Andhra Pradesh|NIDV]], Central University of Andhra Pradesh, [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Sri City|IIIT Sri City]], [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati|IISER Tirupati]], Agriculture University, Guntur and [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade|IIFT]] Kakinada. The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] established [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies]] (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the education needs of the rural youth of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgukt.in/home-aboutrgukt.html |title=Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies |publisher=Rgukt.in |access-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142943/http://www.rgukt.in/home-aboutrgukt.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref> As per the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|GITAM]], [[KL University]] and [[Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research|Vignan University]] are the [[Deemed university|Deemed Universities]] in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deemed University|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/subpage/ugc-expert-committee-reports-du.aspx#andhra|website=University Grants Commission|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509021553/http://www.ugc.ac.in/subpage/ugc-expert-committee-reports-du.aspx#andhra|archive-date=9 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are 18 state universities in the districts providing higher education in [[horticulture]], law, medical, technology, [[Vedas|Vedic]] and [[Veterinary education|veterinary]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State University|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=1&Unitype=2|website=University Grants Commissiom|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512023117/http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=1&Unitype=2|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Andhra University]] is the oldest of the universities in the state, established in 1926.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=Old-timers recollect glorious days of AU|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/au-old-timers-recollect-glorious-days/article18237557.ece|access-date=2 May 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Profile of Universities in Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.apsche.org/apsche/PDF/STATISTICAL%20PROFILE%20OF%20THE%20UNIVERSITIES.pdf|website=Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052107/http://www.apsche.org/apsche/PDF/STATISTICAL%20PROFILE%20OF%20THE%20UNIVERSITIES.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Research ===
Research institutes have been set up by the central state{{Which one|date=January 2021}} government. [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]] (NSTL), [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]], Visakhapatnam (NIO), [[School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada|School of Planning and Architecture]] at Vijayawada is an autonomous research institute under [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] of [[Government of India]], [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] carry out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences,<ref>{{cite web|title=NARL|url=http://www.narl.gov.in/Default.aspx|publisher=National Atmospheric Research Laboratory|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606204739/http://www.narl.gov.in/Default.aspx|archive-date=6 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati]],<ref>{{cite web|title = IISER Tirupati|url = http://www.iisertirupati.ac.in/|website = IISER Tirupati|access-date = 2 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160214104555/http://www.iisertirupati.ac.in/|archive-date = 14 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research, Visakhapatnam Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry under control of ICAR (Indian Council of Agriculture Research) conducts fundamental and applied research on tobacco for the benefit of the farming community,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctri.org.in/|title=CTRI Rajahmundry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428094304/http://www.ctri.org.in/|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR) at [[Pedavegi]] near [[Eluru]] in [[West Godavari district]] serves as a centre for conducting and co-ordinating research on all aspects of [[Elaeis|oil palm]] conservation, improvement, production, protection, post-harvest technology and transfer of technology,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dopr.gov.in/index.htm|title=IIOPR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428023710/http://dopr.gov.in/index.htm|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> CCRH Regional Research Institute at [[Gudivada]], Clinical Research Institute at [[Tirupati]] and National Institute of Oceanography<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nio.org/|title=National Institute of Oceanography(NIO) – HOME|access-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140517/http://www.nio.org/|archive-date=13 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> at Visakhapatnam are some of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccrhindia.org/index.asp|title=ccrh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504155928/http://ccrhindia.org/index.asp|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Space research organisation ====
[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], also known as Sriharikota Range (SHAR), at barrier island of [[Sriharikota]] in [[Nellore district]] is a satellite launching station operated by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/isrocentres/sdsc.aspx |title=SHAR |access-date=15 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927042545/http://www.isro.org/isrocentres/sdsc.aspx |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> It is India's primary orbital launch site. India's lunar orbiter [[Chandrayaan-1]] was launched from the centre at 6:22 [[Ante meridiem|AM]] [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 22 October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/index.aspx |title=Chandrayaan 1 |access-date=15 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208042931/http://isro.org/index.aspx |archive-date=8 February 2014 }}</ref>
== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Vizagacavdca.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]] in [[Visakhapatnam]].]]
The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in [[cricket]], [[field hockey]], association football, [[Roller skating|Skating]], [[Olympic weightlifting]], [[chess]], [[List of water sports|water sports]], [[tennis]], [[badminton]], [[table tennis]], [[cycling]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saap.in/aboutsaap.htm |title=Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=SAAP |access-date=5 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404230915/http://www.saap.in/aboutsaap.htm |archive-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the state. The [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|ACA-VDCA Stadium]] in [[Visakhapatnam]] is the home to [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra Pradesh cricket team]]. The venue regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches. Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh include former Indian captain [[Mohammad Azharuddin]], [[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram]], [[M. V. Narasimha Rao]], [[M. S. K. Prasad]], [[VVS Laxman]], [[Tirumalasetti Suman]], [[Arshad Ayub]], [[Ambati Rayudu]], [[Venkatapathy Raju]], [[Sravanthi Naidu]], [[Venugopal Rao (cricketer)|Yalaka Venugopal Rao]] and [[Hanuma Vihari]].

[[Koneru Humpy|Humpy Koneru]], from [[Gudivada]] in [[Krishna district]], is an Indian chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]].

[[Karnam Malleswari]], the first female Indian to win an [[Olympic medal]], hails from [[Srikakulam district]]. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the {{cvt|69|kg|abbr=on}} category with a lift of {{cvt|240|kg}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/karnam-malleswari-ended-the-weight-of-a-medal-deprived-nation/articleshow/14975439.cms|title = Karnam Malleswari at Olympics|date =n.d.|work = The Times of India|access-date = 29 June 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140730011006/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/karnam-malleswari-ended-the-weight-of-a-medal-deprived-nation/articleshow/14975439.cms|archive-date = 30 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Krishnam Raju Gadiraju]] of [[Bhimavaram]], is a four-time world record holder. He is a [[speedcubing|speedsolver]] and [[Unicycle|Unicyclist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/he-can-solve-rubiks-cube-underwater/articleshow/61622059.cms|title=He can solve Rubik's Cube underwater|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213085119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/he-can-solve-rubiks-cube-underwater/articleshow/61622059.cms|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Pullela Gopichand]] is a former Indian [[badminton]] player. He won the [[All England Open Badminton Championships]] in 2001, becoming the second Indian to win after [[Prakash Padukone]].<ref name="mapsofindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/sports/pulella-gopichand.html|title=Pulella Gopichand|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=7 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213051415/http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/sports/pulella-gopichand.html|archive-date=13 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toi_dec02">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/P-Gopichand/articleshow/30977688.cms|title=P Gopichand|date=11 December 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821192742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/P-Gopichand/articleshow/30977688.cms|archive-date=21 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GBA">{{cite web|url=http://www.pgba.in/abt_gopi.html|title=Pullela Gopichand – The Founder|publisher=Gopichand Badminton Academy|access-date=7 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224093210/http://www.pgba.in/abt_gopi.html|archive-date=24 February 2010}}</ref>

[[Cherukuri Lenin]] (1985 or 1986{{snd}}24 October 2010) was an Indian archer and coach who won a silver medal at the Asian Grand Prix in Malaysia and was a national [[archery]] coach.
== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Index of Andhra Pradesh–related articles|Index of Andhra Pradesh-related articles]]
* [[List of people from Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Middle kingdoms of India]]
* [[Part I of the Constitution of India|Part One of the Constitution of India]]
{{-}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
===Government===
* [https://www.ap.gov.in/ Andhra Pradesh Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105194334/http://www.ap.gov.in/ |date=5 November 2020 }}
* [https://tourism.ap.gov.in/ Department of Tourism]
===General information===
* {{Britannica|23752}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Andhra_Pradesh/}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2022095}}
{{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Major Cities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Asia|India}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:South India|.]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]
{{en-Wikipedia}}

Karnataka

2021-11-07T10:20:32Z

WhiteLion: wiki-link(s)

{{Short description|State in southern India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement 
| name = Karnataka
| official_name =
| type = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Mysore Palace Morning.jpg
| photo2a = 7th - 9th century Hindu and Jain temples, Pattadakal monuments Karnataka 5.jpg
| photo2b = Shravanabelagola Bahubali wideframe.jpg
| photo4a = Hoysala emblem.jpg
| photo3b = DGTF2318.jpg
| photo3a = Coorg's Scenic Nature.jpg
| photo4b = Yakshagana new.jpg
| photo5a = Hampi virupaksha temple.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = black
| size = 275
| foot_montage = ''From top, left to right:'' [[Mysore Palace]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Gommateshwara statue]], Valley view in [[Kodagu]], [[Shivanasamudra Falls]], [[Hoysala Empire]] emblem, [[Yakshagana]] Dance and [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi]]
}}
| image_flag = Indian state flag of Karnataka (proposed).png
| flag_type = [[Flag of Karnataka]]
| flag_size = 100px
| image_blank_emblem = Karnataka emblem.svg
| blank_emblem_type = [[Emblem of Karnataka|Emblem]]
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| anthem = "[[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]]"{{ref|est|}}
 "(Victory to You Mother Karnataka, Daughter of Mother India)
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Karnataka in India
| image_map1 = IN-KA.svg
| map_caption1 = Map of Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|12.97|77.50|region:IN-KA_type:adm1st_dim:500000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Bangalore
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| established_title = Formation
| established_date = 1 November 1956 {{small|(as [[Mysore State]]}})
| parts_type = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[List of districts of Karnataka|31]]
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Bangalore]]
| governing_body = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| leader_title = [[Governors of Karnataka|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Vajubhai Vala]]
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Chief Minister]]s
| leader_name2 = *[[C. N. Ashwath Narayan]] (BJP)
*[[Govind Karjol]] (BJP)
*[[Laxman Savadi]] (BJP)
| leader_title3 = [[Karnataka Legislature|Legislature]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bicameral]]
* [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Council]] ([[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Council|75 seats]])
* [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] ([[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|224 seats]])
| leader_title4 = [[Parliament of India|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name4 = * [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|12 seats]])
*[[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Karnataka|28 seats]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/stat/Protected%20Areas%20of%20India.pdf|work=Wildlife Institute of India|publisher=Government of India|title=Protected Areas of India: State-wise break up of Wildlife Sanctuaries|access-date=24 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024130725/http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/stat/Protected%20Areas%20of%20India.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 191791
| area_note =
| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area|6th]]
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="popu">{{cite web|title=Figures at a glance|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/karnataka/3-figure-7.pdf|work=2011 Provisional census data|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=17 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024231951/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/karnataka/3-figure-7.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2011}}</ref>
| population_total = 61,130,704
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|8th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym = [[Kannada people|Kannadiga]] (masculine) [[Kannada people|Kannadati]] (feminine)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Sea level|MSL]]
| elevation_max_m = 1925
| demographics_type1 = GDP {{nobold|(2019–20)}}
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_31_07_2020_website.xls|title=MOSPI Gross State Domestic Product|date=31 July 2020|website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Budget">{{cite web|title= Karnataka Budget 2018–19|url= http://finance.kar.nic.in/Bud2018/2018-19%20Final%20Outputs/OVB%20AND%20SMALL%20DOC%20MERGE%20FULL.pdf|website= Karnataka Finance Dept|access-date= 15 March 2018|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023922/http://finance.kar.nic.in/Bud2018/2018-19%20Final%20Outputs/OVB%20AND%20SMALL%20DOC%20MERGE%20FULL.pdf|archive-date= 16 March 2018}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Total]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{INRConvert|16.99|t|lk=r}}
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]]
| demographics1_info2 = {{INRConvert|231246}}
| blank_name_sec1 = {{nowrap|[[Official languages]]}}
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<ref>{{cite book|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commission for Linguistic Minorities in India |agency=nclm.nic.in |page=123 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
| blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.682<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> medium · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|19th]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}}
| blank1_info_sec2 = 75.36%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}}
| blank2_info_sec2 = 973 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[males|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" />
| website = {{url|www.karnataka.gov.in/}}
| module = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=Yes
| region = Karnataka
| country = India
| emblem =[[Emblem of Karnataka]] [[File:Seal of Karnataka.svg|50px|left]]
<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shankar|first1=Shiva|title=State flag may be a tricolour with Karnataka emblem on white|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-flag-it-may-be-a-tricolour-with-state-logo-on-white/articleshow/62811158.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=7 February 2018|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717220634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-flag-it-may-be-a-tricolour-with-state-logo-on-white/articleshow/62811158.cms|archive-date=17 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| song = [[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Poem declared 'State song'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2004|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| mammal = [[File:IndianElephant.jpg|40px|left]] [[Indian elephant]]<ref name="handbook2015">{{cite book|editor1-last=Huq|editor1-first=Iteshamul|title=A Handbook of Karnataka|date=2015|publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer Department|page=48|edition=Fifth|chapter-url=http://www.karnataka.gov.in/Gazetteer/Publications/Special%20Publications/A%20Hand%20Book%20of%20Karnataka%202015/Chapter%2001%20Introduction.pdf|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>
| flag = [[File:Indian state flag of Karnataka (proposed).png|40px|left]] [[Flag of Karnataka]]
| bird = [[File:Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis)2.jpg|40px|left]] [[Indian Roller]]<ref name="handbook2015" />
| flower = [[File:Lotus flower (978659).jpg|50px|left]] [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]<ref name="handbook2015" />
| tree = [[File:(Pterocarpus santalinus) red sandalwood tree at IG Zoo Park in Visakhapatnam 02.jpg|40px|left]] [[Santalum album|Sandalwood]]<ref name="handbook2015" />
| dance =
}}
| seat1 = [[Bangalore]]
| seat1_type = Largest City
| nickname = Karunadu
}}
'''Karnataka''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ər|ˈ|n|ɑː|t|ə|k|ə}}; [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transl|kn|ISO|Karnāṭaka}}, {{IPA-kn|kəɾˈnɑːʈəkɑ}}) is a [[States of India|state]] in the south western region of India. It is the largest state in [[South India]] and sixth largest in India. It was [[Unification of Karnataka|formed]] on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]]. Originally known as the [[Mysore State|State of Mysore]] {{IPAc-en|m|aɪ|'|s|ɔːr}}, it was renamed ''Karnataka'' in 1973. The state corresponds to the [[Carnatic region]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Bangalore]].

Karnataka is bordered by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Goa]] to the northwest, [[Maharashtra]] to the north, [[Telangana]] to the northeast, [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the east, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the southeast, and [[Kerala]] to the south. It is the only southern state to have land borders with all of the other 4 southern Indian sister states. The state covers an area of {{convert|191976|km2|mi2}}, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the [[List of states of India by area|sixth largest Indian state by area]]. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the [[List of states of India by population|eighth largest state by population]], comprising 31 [[List of districts in India|districts]]. [[Kannada]], one of the [[classical language]]s of India, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. Other minority languages spoken include [[Urdu]], [[Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]] and [[Beary]]. Karnataka also contains some of the only [[Sanskrit revival#Sanskrit villages|villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://detechter.com/seven-sanskrit-speaking-villages-in-india/ |title=Seven Indian villages where people speak in Sanskrit |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407102822/https://detechter.com/seven-sanskrit-speaking-villages-in-india/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live |date=24 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-4-indian-villages-where-sanskrit-is-a-primary-language-4848406-PHO.html |title=Know about these 4 Indian villages where SANSKRIT is still their first language |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055308/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-4-indian-villages-where-sanskrit-is-a-primary-language-4848406-PHO.html |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cteindia.org/five-indian-villages-where-sanskrit-is-spoken/ |title=Five Indian villages where sanskrit is spoken |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407145917/https://www.cteindia.org/five-indian-villages-where-sanskrit-is-spoken/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Though [[Origin of Karnataka's name|several etymologies]] have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that ''Karnataka'' is derived from the Kannada words ''karu'' and ''nādu'', meaning "elevated land". ''Karu Nadu'' may also be read as ''karu'', meaning "black" and ''nadu'', meaning "region", as a reference to the [[Vertisol|black cotton soil]] found in the [[Bayalu Seeme]] region of the state. The [[British Raj|British]] used the word [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], sometimes ''Karnatak'', to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna.<ref>See [[Lord Macaulay]]'s life of Clive and James Talboys Wheeler: ''Early History of British India'', London (1878) p.98. The principal meaning is the western half of this area, but the rulers there controlled the [[Coromandel Coast]] as well.</ref>

With an antiquity that dates to the [[paleolithic]], Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful [[Political history of medieval Karnataka|empires of ancient and medieval India]]. The philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of [[Indian classical music]], the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] traditions.

The [[economy of Karnataka]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|fourth-largest of any Indian state]] with {{INRConvert|16.99|t|lk=r}} in [[gross domestic product]] and a per capita GDP of {{INRConvert|231|k}}.<ref name="MOSPI" /><ref name="Karnataka Budget" /> Karnataka has the [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|nineteenth highest ranking]] among Indian states in [[Human Development Index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl" />
== History ==
{{Main|History of Karnataka|Political history of medieval Karnataka|Etymology of Karnataka}}
[[File:Mallikarjuna and Kasivisvanatha temples at Pattadakal.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photo of brown cone-topped temple ruins|Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at [[Pattadakal]], built successively by the kings of the [[Chalukya Empire]] and [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]]
Karnataka's pre-history goes back to a [[paleolithic]] hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, [[hand axe]]s and [[Cleaver (tool)|cleavers]] in the region.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Recent findings on the Acheulian of the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, Karnataka, with special reference to the Isampur excavation and its dating|author=Paddayya, K.|journal=Current Science|volume=83|issue=5|pages=641–648|date=10 September 2002|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Evidence of [[neolithic]] and [[megalithic]] cultures have also been found in the state. Gold discovered in [[Harappa]] was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prompting scholars to hypothesise about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] ca. 3300 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121024542/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm|archive-date=21 January 2007|title=THE Golden Heritage of Karnataka|author=S. Ranganathan|work=Department of Metallurgy|publisher=Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore|access-date=7 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html|title=Trade|access-date=6 May 2007|publisher=[[The British Museum]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526202851/http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html|archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>

Prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the [[Nanda Empire]] before coming under the [[Mauryan empire]] of [[Emperor Ashoka]]. Four centuries of [[Satavahana Dynasty|Satavahana]] rule followed, allowing them to control large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the [[Kadambas]] and the [[Western Gangas]], marking the region's emergence as an independent political entity. The [[Kadamba Dynasty]], founded by [[Mayurasharma]], had its capital at [[Banavasi]];<ref name="origin">From the [[Talagunda]] inscription (Dr. B. L. Rice in Kamath (2001), p. 30.)</ref><ref name="origin1">Moares (1931), p. 10.</ref> the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] was formed with [[Talakad]] as its capital.<ref name="gan">Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p. 89.</ref><ref name="gan1">Ramesh (1984), pp. 1–2.</ref>

These were also the first kingdoms to use [[Kannada language|Kannada]] in administration, as evidenced by the [[Halmidi inscription]] and a fifth-century copper coin discovered at Banavasi.<ref name="first">From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp. 10–11.)</ref><ref name="hal">Kamath (2001), p. 10.</ref> These dynasties were followed by imperial Kannada empires such as the [[Badami Chalukyas]],<ref name="cha">The Chalukyas hailed from present-day Karnataka (Keay (2000), p. 168.)</ref><ref name="cha1">The Chalukyas were native ''[[Kannadigas]]'' (N. Laxminarayana Rao and Dr. S. C. Nandinath in Kamath (2001), p. 57.)</ref> the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta]]<ref name="rash">Altekar (1934), pp. 21–24.</ref><ref name="rash1">Masica (1991), pp. 45–46.</ref> and the [[Western Chalukya Empire]],<ref name="west">Balagamve in Mysore territory was an early power centre (Cousens (1926), pp. 10, 105.)</ref><ref name="west1">Tailapa II, the founder king was the governor of Tardavadi in modern Bijapur district, under the Rashtrakutas (Kamath (2001), p. 101.).</ref> which ruled over large parts of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and had their capitals in what is now Karnataka. The Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of [[Western Chalukya Architecture|architecture]] and Kannada [[Western Chalukya literature|literature]] which became a precursor to the [[Hoysala]] art of the 12th century.<ref name="unique">Kamath (2001), p. 115.</ref><ref name="flow">Foekema (2003), p. 9.</ref> Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka (Gangavadi) were occupied by the [[Chola Empire]] at the turn of the 11th century.<ref name="A History of South India">Sastri (1955), p.164</ref> The Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule.<ref name="A History of South India" />

At the turn of the first millennium, the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] gained power in the region. [[Hoysala literature|Literature]] flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada [[Meter (music)|literary metres]], and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the [[Vesara]] style of architecture.<ref name="sang1">Kamath (2001), pp. 132–134.</ref><ref name="sang">Sastri (1955), pp. 358–359, 361.</ref><ref name="chenna">Foekema (1996), p. 14.</ref><ref name="chenna1">Kamath (2001), pp. 122–124.</ref> The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] under its rule. In the early 14th century, [[Harihara]] and [[Bukka Raya]] established the [[Vijayanagara empire]] with its capital, ''Hosapattana'' (later named [[Vijayanagara]]), on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, which it completely controlled for over two centuries.<ref name="vij">Kamath (2001), pp. 157–160.</ref><ref name="vij1">Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p. 188.</ref>

In 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the [[Battle of Talikota]].<ref name="bin">Kamath (2001), pp. 190–191.</ref> The [[Bijapur Sultanate]], which had risen after the demise of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of Bidar, soon took control of the Deccan; it was defeated by the [[Moghul empire|Moghuls]] in the late 17th century.<ref name="conf">Kamath (2001), p. 201.</ref><ref name="erst">Kamath (2001), p. 202.</ref> The Bahmani and Bijapur rulers encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture, the [[Gol Gumbaz]] being one of the high points of this style.<ref name="gol">Kamath (2001), p. 207.</ref> During the sixteenth century, [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Hindus migrated to Karnataka, mostly from [[Salcette]], [[Goa]],<ref name="konk">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Dhanesh|author2=Cardona, George|title=The Indo-Aryan languages|editor=Jain, Dhanesh |editor2=Cardona, George|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|series=Routledge language family series|volume=2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA757#v=onepage&q=&f=false 757]|isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PP1}}</ref> while during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, [[Goan Catholics]] migrated to [[North Canara]] and [[South Canara]], especially from [[Bardez|Bardes]], Goa, as a result of food shortages, epidemics and heavy taxation imposed by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pinto|first=Pius Fidelis|author-link=Pius Fidelis Pinto|publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan|location=Mangalore|year=1999|title=History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D.|page=124}}</ref>

In the period that followed, parts of northern Karnataka were ruled by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the [[Maratha Empire]], the [[British Raj|British]], and other powers.<ref>A History of India by [[Burton Stein]] p.190</ref> In the south, the [[Mysore Kingdom]], a former [[vassal]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, was briefly independent.<ref name="ind">Kamath (2001), p. 171.</ref> With the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], [[Haidar Ali]], the commander-in-chief of the Mysore army, gained control of the region. After his death, the kingdom was inherited by his son [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name="tip">Kamath (2001), pp. 171, 173, 174, 204.</ref> To contain European expansion in South India, Haidar Ali and later Tipu Sultan fought four significant [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan's death and the incorporation of Mysore into the [[British Raj]] in 1799.<ref name="tip1">Kamath (2001), pp. 231–234.</ref> The Kingdom of Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars and Mysore remained a princely state under the British Raj.
[[File:karnataka declaration.jpg|thumb|left|Chief Minister [[D. Devaraj Urs|Dr. Devaraj Urs]] announcing the new name of the Mysore state as 'Karnataka']]
As the "[[doctrine of lapse]]" gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country, [[Kittur Chennamma]], [[Sangolli Rayanna]] and others spearheaded rebellions in Karnataka in 1830, nearly three decades before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. However, Kitturu was taken over by the British East India Company even before the doctrine was officially articulated by Lord Dalhousie in 1848.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944|title=Rani Chennamma of Kittur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418163405/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944|archive-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Other uprisings followed, such as the ones at [[Joida|Supa]], [[Bagalkot]], [[Shorapur]], [[Nargund]] and [[Dandeli]]. These rebellions—which coincided with the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]—were led by Mundargi Bhimarao, Bhaskar Rao Bhave, the Halagali Bedas, [[Raja Venkatappa Nayaka]] and others. By the late 19th century, the independence movement had gained momentum; Karnad Sadashiva Rao, [[Aluru Venkata Raya]], [[S. Nijalingappa]], [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]] and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May202007/sundayherald200705192574.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602004353/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May202007/sundayherald200705192574.asp|archive-date=2 June 2008|title=The rising in the south|publisher=The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited| date= 20 May 2007|access-date=20 July 2007|first=Suryanath |last=Kamath}}</ref>

After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]], the Maharaja, [[Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]], allowed his kingdom's accession to India. In 1950, Mysore became an Indian state of the same name; the former Maharaja served as its ''Rajpramukh'' (head of state) until 1975. Following the long-standing demand of the [[Unification of Karnataka|Ekikarana Movement]], Kodagu- and Kannada-speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras, Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state, under the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956. The thus expanded state was renamed Karnataka, seventeen years later, on 1 November 1973.<ref name="Unification">{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp|title=History in the making|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=1 November 2005|first=Prem Paul|last=Ninan|access-date=24 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111458/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> In the early 1900s through the post-independence era, industrial visionaries such as Sir [[Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya]], born in [[Muddenahalli]], [[Chikballapur]] district, played an important role in the development of Karnataka's strong manufacturing and industrial base.
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Karnataka|Rainfall in Karnataka|Beaches in Karnataka}}
The state has three principal geographical zones:
# The coastal region of [[Karavali]] and [[Tulu Nadu]]
# The hilly [[Malenadu]] region comprising the [[Western Ghats]]
# The [[Bayaluseeme]] region comprising the plains of the [[Deccan Plateau]]
The bulk of the state is in the [[Bayalu Seeme|Bayaluseeme]] region, the northern part of which is the second-largest [[arid]] region in India.<ref name="arid">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1817/18170420.htm|first=Parvathi|last=Menon|title=Karnataka's agony|work=The Frontline, Volume 18 – Issue 17, 18–31 August 2001|publisher=Frontline|access-date=4 May 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1817/18170420.htm|archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The highest point in Karnataka is the [[Mullayanagiri]] hills in [[Chikmagalur district]] which has an altitude of {{convert|1925|m|ft|0}}. The two main river systems of the state are the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and its tributaries, the [[Bhima River|Bhima]], [[Ghataprabha River|Ghataprabha]], [[Vedavathi River|Vedavathi]], [[Malaprabha River|Malaprabha]] and [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] in North Karnataka, and the [[Kaveri]] and its tributaries, the [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Shimsha]], [[Arkavati]], [[Lakshmana Tirtha|Lakshmana Thirtha]] and [[Kabini River|Kabini]], in South Karnataka. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward, reaching the sea at the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Other prominent rivers such as the [[Sharavati]] in [[Shimoga]] and [[Netravati River|Netravati]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] flow westward, reaching the sea at the Arabian Sea. A large number of [[List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka|dams and reservoirs]] are constructed across these rivers which richly add to the [[irrigation]] and [[hydroelectricity]] power generation capacities of the state.
[[File:Jog Falls 05092016.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Wide photo of large waterfall in mist |[[Jog Falls]], formed by Sharavathi River, are the second-highest plunge waterfalls in India.]]
Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations<ref name="geology">{{cite web|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/TR109/TR109_TVR.pdf|author1=Ramachandra T.V.|author2=Kamakshi G.|name-list-style=amp|title=Bioresource Potential of Karnataka|work=Technical Report No. 109, November 2005|publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore|access-date=5 May 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001648/http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/TR109/TR109_TVR.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> – the ''[[Archean]] complex'' made up of [[Dharwad]] [[schist]]s and granitic [[gneiss]]es, the ''[[Proterozoic]]'' non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the Kaladgi and Bhima series, the ''Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits'' and the tertiary and recent [[laterite]]s and alluvial deposits. Significantly, about 60% of the state is composed of the ''Archean complex'' which consist of gneisses, granites and charnockite rocks. Laterite cappings that are found in many districts over the [[Deccan Traps]] were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in the early tertiary period. Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka, viz. [[Entisol]]s, [[Inceptisol]]s, [[Mollisol]]s, [[Spodosol]]s, [[Alfisol]]s, [[Ultisol]]s, [[Oxisol]]s, [[Aridisol]]s, [[Vertisol]]s, [[Andisol]]s and [[Histosol]]s.<ref name="geology" /> Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil, the soil types are divided into six types, ''[[viz.]]'' red, [[Lateritic soil|lateritic]], [[Vertisol|black]], alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal soils.

About {{convert|38724|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of Karnataka (i.e. 20% of the state's geographic area) is covered by forests. The forests are classified as reserved, protected, unclosed, village and private forests. The percentage of forested area is slightly less than the all-India average of about 23%, and significantly less than the 33% prescribed in the National Forest Policy.<ref name="forest_area">{{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/karnataka.htm|title=Karnataka – An Introduction|work=Official website of the Karnataka legislature|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807055904/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/karnataka.htm|archive-date=7 August 2007|access-date=4 October 2007}}</ref>
== Climate ==
Karnataka experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May, the [[monsoon]] season between June and September and the post-monsoon season from October till December. [[Meteorology|Meteorologically]], Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about {{convert|3638.5|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} per annum, far in excess of the state average of {{convert|1139|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}. [[Amagaon]] in [[Khanapur|Khanapura taluka]] of [[Belgaum district]] received {{convert|10068|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} of rainfall in the year 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka 2010|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Karnataka|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030241/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the year 2014, Kokalli in [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi taluka]] of [[Uttara Kannada district]] received {{convert|8746|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} of rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka 2014|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Karnataka|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Agumbe]] in [[Thirthahalli|Thirthahalli taluka]] and [[Hulikal]] of [[Hosanagara taluk]]a in [[Shimoga district]] were the rainiest cities in Karnataka, situated in one of the wettest regions in the world.<ref name="second">Agumbe's receiving the second highest rainfall in India is mentioned by {{cite web|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070328/2803302.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013130243/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070328/2803302.htm|archive-date=13 October 2007|title=Link Godavari, Krishna & Cauvery|first=Arabinda| last=Ghose|work=The Central Chronicle, dated 2007-03-28|publisher=2007, Central Chronicle|access-date=16 May 2007}}</ref>

The state is projected to warm about {{convert|2.0|°C-change|°F-change|abbr=on|lk=on|0}} by 2030. The monsoon is set to provide less rainfall. Agriculture in Karnataka is mostly rainfed as opposed to irrigated, making it highly vulnerable to expected changes in the monsoon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Suresh|last2=Raizada|first2=A.|last3=Biswas|first3=H.|last4=Srinivas|first4=S.|last5=Mondal|first5=Biswajit|date=2016|title=Application of indicators for identifying climate change vulnerable areas in semi-arid regions of India|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X16303417|journal=Ecological Indicators|series=Navigating Urban Complexity: Advancing Understanding of Urban Social – Ecological Systems for Transformation and Resilience|volume=70|pages=507–517|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.041|issn=1470-160X}}</ref> The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|45.6|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=on|0}} in [[Raichur|Raichuru district]]. The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|2.8|°C|°F|abbr=on|0}} at [[Bidar|Bidar district]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2016|title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (up to 2012)|url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf|journal=India Meteorological Department, Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (up to 2012)|pages=40}}</ref>
== Sub-divisions ==
[[File:Taluks of Karnataka - 2011 Census.pdf|thumb|]]
{{Main|Districts of Karnataka}}
There are 31 districts in Karnataka. Each district (''[[List of districts in India|zila]]'') is governed by a district commissioner (''ziladar''). The districts are further divided into sub-districts (''[[taluka]]s''), which are governed by sub-commissioners (''talukdars''); sub-divisions comprise blocks (''[[tehsil]]s''/''hobli''), which are governed by block development officers (''tehsildars''), which contain village councils (''[[panchayat]]s''), town municipal councils (''purasabhe''), city municipal councils (''nagarasabhe''), and city municipal corporations (''mahanagara palike'').
{| class="wikitable"
! Sl. no.
! Divisions
! Capital
! Sl. no.
! Districts
! Capital
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center" | 1
| rowspan="7" | [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Belagavi]]
| style="text-align: center" | 1
| [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| [[Bagalkot]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2
| [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| [[Belagavi]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 3
| [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| [[Dharwad]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 4
| [[Gadag district|Gadag]]
| [[Gadag]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 5
| [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
| [[Haveri]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 6
| [[Uttara Kannada]]
| [[Karwar]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 7
| [[Vijayapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapur]]
| [[Vijayapur]]
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align: center" | 2
| rowspan="9" | [[Bengaluru division|Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Bengaluru]]
| style="text-align: center" | 8
| [[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 9
| [[Bengaluru Rural district|Bengaluru Rural]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 10
| [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
| [[Chikkaballapura]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 11
| [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| [[Chitradurga]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 12
| [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| [[Davanagere]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 13
| [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| [[Kolar]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 14
| [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
| [[Ramanagara]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 15
| [[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]]
| [[Shivamogga]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 16
| [[Tumakuru district|Tumkuru]]
| [[Tumkuru]]
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center" | 3
| rowspan="7" | [[Kalabuargi division|Kalabuargi]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Kalabuargi]]
| style="text-align: center" | 17
| [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| [[Ballari]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 18
| [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
| [[Bidar]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 19
| [[Kalabuargi district|Kalabuargi]]
| [[Kalabuargi]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 20
| [[Koppal district|Koppal]]
| [[Koppal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 21
| [[Raichur district|Raichur]]
| [[Raichur]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 22
| [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]
| [[Yadgir]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 23
| [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| [[Hosapete]]
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align: center" | 4
| rowspan="8" | [[Mysuru division|Mysuru]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Mysuru]]
| style="text-align: center" | 24
| [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]
| [[Chamarajanagar]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 25
| [[Chikkamagalur district|Chikkamagalur]]
| [[Chikkamagalur]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 26
| [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| [[Mangaluru]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 27
| [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 28
| [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
| [[Madikeri]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 29
| [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| [[Mandya]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 30
| [[Mysuru district|Mysuru]]
| [[Mysuru]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 31
| [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
| [[Udupi]]
|}
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Karnataka|Karnataka ethnic groups}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="right"
|+ [[List of cities in Karnataka by population|Cities of Karnataka by Population]]
|-
! Rank
! City
! District
! Population (2011)
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 1
| [[Bangalore]]
| [[Bangalore Urban]] and [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
| 10,456,000
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2
| [[Hubli–Dharwad]]
| [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| 943,857
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 3
| [[Mysore]]
| [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| 920,550
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 4
| [[Belgaum]]
| [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| 610,350
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 5
| [[Gulbarga]]
| [[Gulbarga district|Gulbarga]]
| 543,147
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 6
| [[Mangalore]]
| [[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]]
| 484,785
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 7
| [[Davanagere]]
| [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| 435,128
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 8
| [[Bellary]]
| [[Bellary district|Bellary]]
| 409,444
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 9
| [[Bijapur]]
| [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| 330,143
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 10
| [[Shimoga]]
| [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
| 322,650
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 11
| [[Tumkur]]
| [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur]]
| 305,821
|}
According to the 2011 census of India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/karnataka.html|title=Karnataka Population Sex Ratio in Karnataka Literacy rate data|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807185033/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/karnataka.html|archive-date=7 August 2013}}</ref> the total population of Karnataka was 61,095,297 of which 30,966,657 (50.7%) were male and 30,128,640 (49.3%) were female, or 1000 males for every 973 females. This represents a 15.60% increase over the population in 2001. The population density was 319 per km2 and 38.67% of the people lived in urban areas. The literacy rate was 75.36% with 82.47% of males and 68.08% of females being literate. 84.00% of the population were [[Hindu]], 12.92% were [[Muslim]], 1.87% were [[Christians|Christian]], 0.72% were [[Jain]]s, 0.16% were [[Buddhist]], 0.05% were [[Sikh]] and 0.02% were belonging to other religions and 0.27% of the population did not state their religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/29-karnataka.html|title=Karnataka Religion Data – Census 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907190049/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/29-karnataka.html|archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref>

In 2007 the state had a birth rate of 2.2%, a death rate of 0.7%, an infant mortality rate of 5.5% and a maternal mortality rate of 0.2%. The [[total fertility rate]] was 2.2.<ref name="health">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2118/stories/20040910002909100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008002526/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2118/stories/20040910002909100.htm |archive-date=8 October 2010 |title=Envisaging a healthy growth|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the field of speciality health care, Karnataka's private sector competes with the best in the world.<ref name="healthcare">{{cite web|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm|title=Karnataka bets big on healthcare tourism|work=The Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-11-23|publisher=2004, The Hindu|access-date=21 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929184911/http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm|archive-date=29 September 2008}}</ref> Karnataka has also established a modicum of public health services having a better record of health care and child care than most other states of India. In spite of these advances, some parts of the state still leave much to be desired when it comes to primary health care.<ref name="childcare">{{cite web|url=http://www.educationworldonline.net/eduworld/article.php?choice=prev_art&article_id=336&issueid=28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317085248/http://www.educationworldonline.net/eduworld/article.php?choice=prev_art&article_id=336&issueid=28|archive-date=17 March 2008|title= Ticking child healthcare time bomb|work=The Education World|publisher=Education World|access-date=21 June 2007}}</ref>
== Government and administration ==
{{Main|Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Legislature|Unification of Karnataka|Taluks of Karnataka}}
[[File:Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg|thumb|400px|center|{{center|The ''[[Vidhana Soudha]]'' in [[Bangalore]] is the seat of the [[Legislative Assembly]] of Karnataka.}}]]
Karnataka has a [[parliamentary]] system of government with two democratically elected houses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members who are elected for five-year terms.<ref name="legi">{{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/legislature.htm|title=Origin and Growth of Karnataka Legislature|work=The Government of Karnataka|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=5 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152743/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/legislature.htm|archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref> The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 75 members with one-third (25 members) retiring every two years.<ref name="legi" />

The [[government of Karnataka]] is headed by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] who is chosen by the ruling party [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of the [[Legislative Assembly]]. The Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, executes the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers.<ref>Pylee, M. V. 2003. Constitutional government in India. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co, p. 365.</ref> However, the constitutional and formal head of the state is the [[Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India|Governor]] who is appointed for a five-year term by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the Union government.<ref>"The Head of the State is called the Governor who is the constitutional head of the state as the President is for the whole of India", Pylee, M. V. 2003. Constitutional government in India. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co, p. 357.</ref> The people of Karnataka also elect 28 members to the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="loksabha">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|title=Lok Sabha-Introduction|work=The Indian Parliament|publisher=Govt. of India|access-date=4 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 12 members to the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'', the upper house of the Indian Parliament.

For administrative purposes, Karnataka has been divided into four revenue divisions, 49 sub-divisions, 31 districts, 175 ''[[taluk]]s'' and 745 ''hoblies'' / revenue circles.<ref name="split">{{cite web|url=http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/forest_glance/forest_at_glance.htm |title=Statistics – Karnataka state |work=The Forest Department |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=4 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093340/http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/forest_glance/forest_at_glance.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The administration in each district is headed by a [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] who belongs to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka state services. The [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]], an officer belonging to the [[Indian Police Service]] and assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The [[Deputy Conservator of Forests (India)|Deputy Conservator of Forests]], an officer belonging to the [[Indian Forest Service]], is entrusted with the responsibility of managing forests, environment and wildlife of the district, he will be assisted by the officers belonging to [[Karnataka Forest Service]] and officers belonging to Karnataka Forest Subordinate Service. Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Public Works Department, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, etc. The judiciary in the state consists of the [[Karnataka High Court]] (''Attara Kacheri'') in Bangalore, Dharwad, and Gulbarga, [[District Courts of India|district and session courts]] in each district and lower courts and judges at the ''taluk'' level.

Politics in Karnataka has been dominated by three political parties, the [[Indian National Congress]], the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="politics">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/karnatakapolitics1.htm |title=Karnataka Politics – Suspense till 27 January |work=OurKarnataka.com |publisher=OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. |access-date=4 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003409/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/karnatakapolitics1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> Politicians from Karnataka have played prominent roles in [[Government of India|federal government of India]] with some of them having held the high positions of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and Vice-President. Border disputes involving Karnataka's claim on the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<ref name="kasaragod-dispute">{{cite news | title=Government not keen on solving Kasaragod dispute | date=24 October 2005 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/24/stories/2005102417830300.htm | access-date=25 October 2007 | location=Chennai, India | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116160641/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/24/stories/2005102417830300.htm | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=16 January 2008}}</ref> and [[Solapur]]<ref name="solapur-dispute">{{cite news | title=Border row: Government told to find permanent solution | date=29 September 2006 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/29/stories/2006092902300300.htm | access-date=25 October 2007 | location=Chennai, India | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001031711/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/29/stories/2006092902300300.htm | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> districts and [[Maharashtra]]'s [[Belgaum border dispute|claim on Belgaum]] are ongoing since the states reorganisation.<ref name="belgaummajority1">{{cite news|title = Border dispute saves NCP the blushes|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2030188.cms|newspaper = The Times of India|date = 26 September 2006|access-date = 1 November 2007|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112132644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2030188.cms|archive-date = 12 January 2009}}</ref>
The official [[:File:Karnataka emblem.png|emblem of Karnataka]] has a [[Gandaberunda|''Ganda Berunda'']] in the centre. Surmounting this are four lions facing the four directions, taken from the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] at [[Sarnath]]. The emblem also carries two ''[[Sharabha]]s'' with the head of an [[elephant]] and the body of a [[lion]].
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Karnataka|Software industry in Karnataka|Banking in Karnataka|Economy of Bangalore|Economy of Mangalore}}
[[File:Gross State Domestic Product of Karnataka (chart of yearly growth).jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.20|alt=Line graph of yearly growth |GSDP Growth of the Karnatakan Economy over the previous years]]
Karnataka had an estimated GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) of about US$115.86 billion in the 2014–15 fiscal year.<ref name="IBEF">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibef.org/states/karnataka-presentation|title=Industrial Development & Economic Growth in Karnataka|publisher=Indian Brand Equity Foundation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220064750/http://www.ibef.org/states/karnataka-presentation|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> The state registered a GSDP growth rate of 7% for the year 2014–2015.<ref name="DES">{{cite web|title=State and district domestic product of Karnataka|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/docs/sip/State%20and%20District%20Domestic%20Product%20of%20Kar%2014-15.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707073813/http://des.kar.nic.in/docs/sip/State%20and%20District%20Domestic%20Product%20of%20Kar%2014-15.pdf|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Karnataka's contribution to India's GDP in the year 2014–15 was 7.54%.<ref name="IBEF" /> With GDP growth of 17.59% and per capita GDP growth of 16.04%, Karnataka is on the 6th position among all states and union territories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian states by GDP Growth|url=http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-growth-of-indian-states.php|website=Statistics Times|access-date=19 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808054036/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-growth-of-indian-states.php|archive-date=8 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian states by GDP per capita Growth|url=http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-capita-growth-of-indian-states.php|website=Statistics Times|access-date=19 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821040412/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-capita-growth-of-indian-states.php|archive-date=21 August 2015}}</ref> In an employment survey conducted for the year 2013–2014, the unemployment rate in Karnataka was 1.8% compared to the national rate of 4.9%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on employment-unemployment survey|url=http://labourbureau.nic.in/Report%20%20Vol%201%20final.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Labour and Employment|access-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305112141/http://labourbureau.nic.in/Report%20%20Vol%201%20final.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> In 2011–2012, Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of 20.91% compared to the national ratio of 21.92%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |title=Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line |publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102043/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref>

Nearly 56% of the workforce in Karnataka is engaged in agriculture and related activities.<ref name="excel">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_kar05.pdf|title=Karnataka Human Development Report 2005|work=The Planning Commission|publisher=Government of India|access-date=4 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001643/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_kar05.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> A total of 12.31 million hectares of land, or 64.6% of the state's total area, is cultivated.<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Agri%20Policy%20Eng.pdf|title=Karnataka Agricultural Policy 2006|work=Department of Agriculture|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=4 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Agri%20Policy%20Eng.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the [[southwest monsoon]] as only 26.5% of the sown area is irrigated.<ref name="stats" />

Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest [[public sector]] industries in India, including [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]], [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] and [[HMT (India)|HMT]] (formerly Hindustan Machine Tools), which are based in Bangalore. Many of India's premier science and technology research centres, such as [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], [[Central Power Research Institute]], [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]], are also headquartered in Karnataka. [[MRPL|Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited]] is an [[oil refinery]], located in Mangalore.

The state has also begun to invest heavily in [[solar power]] centred on the [[Pavagada Solar Park]]. As of December 2017, the state has installed an estimated 2.2 gigawatts of block solar panelling and in January 2018 announced a tender to generate a further 1.2 gigawatts in the coming years: Karnataka Renewable Energy Development suggests that this will be based on 24 separate systems (or 'blocks') generating 50 megawatts each.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2018/02/01/karnataka-kredl-tenders-1-2-gw-of-solar-pv/ |title=Karnataka: KREDL tenders 1.2 GW of solar PV |access-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012405/https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2018/02/01/karnataka-kredl-tenders-1-2-gw-of-solar-pv/ |archive-date=2 February 2018 }}, KREDL tenders 1.2GW of solar PV</ref>
[[File:GSDP.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.20|alt=Pie chart of economy sectors |Contribution to economy by sector]]
Since the 1980s, Karnataka has emerged as the pan-Indian leader in the field of IT ([[information technology]]). In 2007, there were nearly 2,000 firms operating in Karnataka. Many of them, including two of India's biggest software firms, [[Infosys]] and [[Wipro]], are also headquartered in the state.<ref name="it" /> Exports from these firms exceeded {{INRConvert|500|b|year=2006}} in 2006–07, accounting for nearly 38% of all IT exports from India.<ref name="it">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=164868 |work=The Financial Express, dated 2007-05-22 |title=IT exports from Karnataka cross Rs 50k cr |publisher=2007: Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212034256/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=164868 |archive-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> The [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] area in the outskirts of [[Devanahalli]] is the site of the upcoming $22 billion, 50 km2 [[BIAL IT Investment Region]], one of the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953620400.htm |title=Karnataka / Bangalore News: State Cabinet approves IT park near Devanahalli airport |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405143940/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953620400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 April 2010 }}</ref> All this has earned the state capital, Bangalore, the sobriquet ''[[Silicon Valley of India]]''.<ref name="business">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/know-india/states/karnataka.htm|work=Ministry of External affairs|title=India in Business|publisher=Government of India|access-date=11 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805124658/http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/know-india/states/karnataka.htm|archive-date=5 August 2007}}</ref>

Karnataka also leads the nation in [[biotechnology]]. It is home to India's largest biocluster, with 158 of the country's 320 biotechnology firms being based here.<ref name="biotech">{{cite web|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2006/06/08/stories/2006060804710300.htm|work=The Hindu Business Line, dated 2006-06-08|title=Bangalore tops biocluster list with Rs 1,400-cr revenue|publisher= 2006, The Hindu Business Line|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121144/http://www.blonnet.com/2006/06/08/stories/2006060804710300.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The state accounts for 75% of India's [[floriculture]], an upcoming industry which supplies flowers and ornamental plants worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|author=Raggi Mudde|url=http://www.karnataka.com/industry/floriculture/about-floriculture/|date=17 July 2007|title=Floriculture|work=www.Karnataka.com|access-date=19 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317035610/http://www.karnataka.com/industry/floriculture/about-floriculture/|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

Seven of India's banks, [[Canara Bank]], [[Syndicate Bank]], [[Corporation Bank]], [[Vijaya Bank]], [[Karnataka Bank]], [[ING Vysya Bank]] and the [[State Bank of Mysore]] originated in this state.<ref name="cradle">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2221/stories/20051021002509200.htm|work=The Frontline|volume=22|issue=21|date=21 October 2005|title=Building on a strong base|author=Ravi Sharma|publisher=Frontline|access-date=21 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2221/stories/20051021002509200.htm|archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The coastal districts of [[Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] have a branch for every 500 persons—the best distribution of banks in India.<ref name="fl">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2015/stories/20030801002810400.htm|work=The Frontline volume 20 issue 15|date=1 August 2003|title=A pioneer's progress|author=Ravi Sharma|publisher=Frontline|access-date=21 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2015/stories/20030801002810400.htm|archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> In March 2002, Karnataka had 4767 branches of different banks with each branch serving 11,000 persons, which is lower than the national average of 16,000.<ref name="rbi">{{cite web|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/35585.pdf |title=State/Union Territory-Wise Number of Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Average Population Per Bank Branch – March 2002 |work=Online webpage of the Reserve Bank of India |access-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810094850/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/35585.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2007 }}</ref>

A majority of the [[Silk in the Indian subcontinent|silk industry in India]] is headquartered in Karnataka, much of it in [[Doddaballapura]] in Bangalore Rural district and the state government intends to invest {{INRConvert|700|m|year=2011}} in a "Silk City" at [[Muddenahalli]] in Chikkaballapura district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html |title=Silk city to come up near B'lore |work=Deccanherald.com |access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715103600/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jg1rkmebjfi&title=Karnataka_silk_weavers_fret_over_falling_profits_due_to_globalisation&tag=Karnataka |title=Karnataka silk weavers fret over falling profits due to globalisation |work=Sify.com |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418235819/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jg1rkmebjfi&title=Karnataka_silk_weavers_fret_over_falling_profits_due_to_globalisation&tag=Karnataka |archive-date=18 April 2015 }}</ref>
== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Karnataka|List of National Highways in Karnataka|List of state highways in Karnataka}}
Air transport in Karnataka, as in the rest of the country, is still a fledgling but fast expanding sector. Karnataka has airports at [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore]], [[Belgaum Airport|Belgaum]], [[Hubli Airport|Hubli]], [[Hampi]], [[Bellary Airport|Bellary]], [[Kalaburagi Airport|Gulbarga]], and [[Mysore Airport|Mysore]] with international operations from [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]] and [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore]] airports.<ref name="5airports">{{cite web|url=http://deccanherald.com/Content/Jun52007/district200706045625.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193016/http://deccanherald.com/Content/Jun52007/district200706045625.asp|archive-date=12 October 2007|access-date=29 June 2007|title=5 airports to be functional soon|work=Online Webpage of The Deccan Herald, dated 2007-06-05|publisher=2007, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.}}</ref> [[Shimoga Airport|Shimoga]] and [[Bijapur Airport|Bijapur]] airports are being built and are expected to be operational soon.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.livemint.com/news/india/karnataka-s-shivamogga-airport-to-be-completed-in-a-year-11592207289778.html|title= Karnataka's Shivamogga airport to be completed in a year|website=Livemint|date=15 June 2020|last=Poovanna|first=Sharan|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="TNIE1">{{cite news |title=Vijayapura airport gets Karnataka cabinet nod, 18-month deadline to start operations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/jul/10/vijayapura-airport-gets-karnataka-cabinet-nod-18-month-deadline-to-start-operations-2167937.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=10 July 2020 |access-date= 28 July 2020 }}</ref>

Karnataka has a railway network with a total length of approximately {{convert|3089|km|mi|0}}. Until the creation of the [[South Western Railway zone|South-Western Railway Zone]] headquartered at [[Hubli|Hubballi]] in 2003, the railway network in the state was in the [[Southern Railway zone]], [[South Central Railway zone|South-Central Railway Zone]] and [[Western Railway zone]]. Several parts of the state now come under the [[South Western Railway zone]] with 3 Railway Divisions at [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore]], [[Hubli]], with the remainder under the [[Southern Railway zone]] and [[Konkan Railway|Konkan Railway Zone]], which is considered one of India's biggest railway projects of the century due to the difficult terrain.<ref name="konkan">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr98/l0498/PIBR220498.html|title=Prime Minister to Dedicate Konkan Railway Line to Nation on 1 May|work=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Government of India|access-date=18 July 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012205128/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr98/l0498/PIBR220498.html|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> Bangalore and other cities in the state are well-connected with intrastate and inter-state destinations.
[[File:Norwegian Star - Mangalore.jpg|thumb|left|[[Norwegian Star]], a [[Cruise ship]] docked at the New Mangalore Port.]]
Karnataka has 11 [[Ports of Karnataka|ports]], including the [[New Mangalore Port]], a major port and ten minor ports, of which three were operational in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iddkarnataka.gov.in/docs/58.CaptivePort.pdf|title=Prefeasibility Report on Development of Captive Port at Padubidri|author=Feedback Infrastructure Services|date=May 2012|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Infrastructure Development Department|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054956/http://www.iddkarnataka.gov.in/docs/58.CaptivePort.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> The New Mangalore port was incorporated as the ninth major port in India on 4 May 1974.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief history|url=http://newmangaloreport.gov.in:8080/#!/history|website=New Mangalore Port Trust|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051838/http://newmangaloreport.gov.in:8080/#!/history|archive-date=28 November 2016}}</ref> This port handled 32.04 million tonnes of traffic in the fiscal year 2006–07 with 17.92 million tonnes of imports and 14.12 million tonnes of exports. The port also handled 1015 vessels including 18 cruise vessels during the year 2006–07. Foreigners can enter Mangalore through the New Mangalore Port with the help of [[Travel visa#Electronic visas|Electronic visa (e-visa)]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Foreigners-can-enter-India-through-five-ports-on-e-visa/article16738695.ece | title = Foreigners can enter India through five ports on e-visa | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 5 December 2016 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161205152812/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Foreigners-can-enter-India-through-five-ports-on-e-visa/article16738695.ece | archive-date = 5 December 2016}}</ref> [[Cruise ship]]s from Europe, North America and [[UAE]] arrive at New Mangalore Port to visit the tourist places across [[Coastal Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/584097/nautica-norwegian-star-cruise-through.html|title=Nautica and Norwegian Star cruise through M'luru coast|access-date=3 December 2016|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303214137/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/584097/nautica-norwegian-star-cruise-through.html|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151210/nation-current-affairs/article/aida-aura-arrives-mangaluru|title=Aida Aura arrives in Mangaluru|access-date=3 December 2016|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220065046/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151210/nation-current-affairs/article/aida-aura-arrives-mangaluru|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> The port of Mangalore is among the 4 major ports of India that receive over 25 international cruise ships every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/nmp-draws-up-big-plans-to-ramp-up-cruise-tourism/articleshow/71071006.cms|title=NMP draws up big plans to ramp up cruise tourism|date=11 September 2019|access-date=6 October 2019|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The total lengths of [[List of National Highways in Karnataka|National Highways]] and [[List of state highways in Karnataka|State Highways]] in Karnataka are {{convert|3973|and|9829|km|mi|0}}, respectively.

The state transport corporations, transports an average of 2.2 million passengers daily and employs about 25,000 people.<ref name="ksrtc">{{cite web|url=http://ksrtc.in/about_ksrtc.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822211002/http://ksrtc.in/about_ksrtc.htm|archive-date=22 August 2008|title=About KSRTC|work=Online webpage of KSRTC|publisher=KSRTC|access-date=6 May 2007}}</ref> The [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) and The [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC) headquartered in Bangalore, The [[North Eastern Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (NEKRTC) headquartered in Gulbarga, and The [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (NWKRTC) headquartered in Hubballi are the 4 state-owned transport corporations.
== Culture ==
{{Main|Art and culture of Karnataka|Carnatic music|Cuisine of Karnataka|Kannada people|Tuluvas}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width =
| image1 =
| width1 = 
| alt1 = Flag with 3 bars of yellow, white and red with Karnataka's state emblem in the middle of the white bar
| caption1 = A [[Flag of Karnataka|State flag for Karnataka]] was unilaterally adopted by the Government of Karnataka in 2018
| image2 = Flag of Karnataka.svg
| width2 = 
| alt2 = Flag with 2 bars of yellow and red
| caption2 = The [[Kannada flag]] is widely used in Karnataka, but it has never officially been adopted as a state flag
}}
The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that are native to Karnataka, combined with their long histories, have contributed immensely to the varied cultural heritage of the state. Apart from Kannadigas, Karnataka is home to [[Tuluva]]s, [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] and [[Konkanis]]. Minor populations of [[Tibetan Buddhist]]s and tribes like the [[Soliga tribe|Soligas]], Yeravas, [[Toda people|Todas]] and [[Siddhis of Karnataka|Siddhis]] also live in Karnataka. The [[Folk arts of Karnataka|traditional folk arts]] cover the entire gamut of music, dance, drama, storytelling by itinerant troupes, etc. ''Yakshagana'' of Malnad and coastal Karnataka, a classical dance drama, is one of the major theatrical forms of Karnataka. Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka remains vibrant with organisations like ''[[Ninasam]]'', ''[[Ranga Shankara]]'', ''[[Rangayana]]'' and ''[[Prabhat Kalavidaru]]'' continuing to build on the foundations laid by [[Gubbi Veeranna]], [[T. P. Kailasam]], [[B. V. Karanth]], [[K V Subbanna]], Prasanna and [[List of people from Karnataka#Theatre|others]].<ref>Chief Editor:H Chittaranjan. 2005. Handbook of Karnataka, Gazetteer Department of the Government of Karnataka, Chapter XIII, pp. 332–337.</ref> ''[[Veeragase]]'', ''[[Kamsale]]'', ''[[Kolata]]'' and ''[[Dollu Kunitha]]'' are popular dance forms. The [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] style of ''[[Bharatanatyam|Bharatanatya]]'', nurtured and popularised by the likes of the legendary Jatti Tayamma, continues to hold sway in Karnataka, and Bangalore also enjoys an eminent place as one of the foremost centres of ''Bharatanatya''.<ref>H Chittaranjan (chief editor). 2005. Handbook of Karnataka, Gazetteer Department of the Government of Karnataka, Chapter XIII, pp. 350–352.</ref>
[[File:Kondadakuli.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Person with painted eyes in ''yakshagana'' costume, as gold-spangled robe with red sheer scarf and spiked headress on gold crown |A ''[[yakshagana]]'' artist]]
Karnataka also has a special place in the world of [[Indian classical music]], with both Karnataka<ref>''Karnataka Music as Aesthetic Form/R. Sathyanarayana''. New Delhi, Centre for Studies in Civilizations, 2004, xiii, 185 p., {{ISBN|81-87586-16-8}}.</ref> ([[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]) and [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] styles finding place in the state, and Karnataka has produced a number of [[List of people from Karnataka#Music|stalwarts in both styles]]. The [[Haridasa]] movement of the sixteenth century contributed significantly to the development of Karnataka (Carnatic) music as a performing art form. [[Purandara Dasa]], one of the most revered [[Haridasa]]s, is known as the ''Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha'' ('Father of Karnataka a.k.a. Carnatic music').<ref name="father">{{cite web|title=Purandara Dasa|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm|author=Jytosna Kamat|publisher=Kamats Potpourri|access-date=31 December 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208155920/http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm|archive-date=8 December 2006}}</ref> Celebrated Hindustani musicians like [[Gangubai Hangal]], [[Mallikarjun Mansur]], [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Basavaraja Rajaguru]], [[Sawai Gandharva]] and [[List of people from Karnataka#Classical Music – Hindustani|several others]] hail from Karnataka, and some of them have been recipients of the [[Kalidas Samman]], [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards. Noted Carnatic musicians include Violin T. Chowdiah, Veena Sheshanna, Mysore Vasudevachar, Doreswamy Iyengar and Thitte Krishna Iyengar.

''[[Gamaka (music)|Gamaka]]'' is another [[Indian classical music|classical music]] [[music genre|genre]] based on Carnatic music that is practised in Karnataka. ''[[Bhavageete#Kannada Bhavageete|Kannada Bhavageete]]'' is a genre of popular music that draws inspiration from the expressionist poetry of modern poets. The Mysore school of painting has produced painters like Sundarayya, Tanjavur Kondayya, B. Venkatappa and Keshavayya.<ref name="play2">Kamath (2001), p. 283.</ref> ''[[Chitrakala Parishat]]'' is an organisation in Karnataka dedicated to promoting painting, mainly in the [[Mysore painting]] style.

''[[Saree]]'' is the traditional dress of women in Karnataka. Women in Kodagu have a distinct style of wearing the ''saree'', different from the rest of Karnataka. ''[[Dhoti]]'', known as ''Panche'' in Karnataka, is the traditional attire of men. [[Shirt]], [[Trousers]] and ''[[Salwar kameez]]'' are widely worn in Urban areas. ''[[Mysore Peta]]'' is the traditional headgear of southern Karnataka, while the ''pagadi'' or ''pataga'' (similar to the [[Pagri (turban)#Rajastani Pagari|Rajasthani turban]]) is preferred in the northern areas of the state.

[[Rice]] and ''[[Finger millet|Ragi]]'' form the staple food in South Karnataka, whereas ''[[Jolada rotti]]'', [[Sorghum]] is staple to North Karnataka. ''[[Bisi bele bath]]'', ''[[Jolada rotti]]'', ''[[Ragi mudde]]'', ''[[Upma|Uppittu]]'', ''[[Benne Dose]]'', ''[[Masala dosa|Masala Dose]]'' and ''[[Maddur vada|Maddur Vade]]'' are some of the popular food items in Karnataka. Among sweets, ''[[Mysore Pak]]'', ''[[Karadantu]]'' of [[Gokak]] and ''[[Hunagunda|Amingad]]'', ''Belgaavi Kunda'' and ''[[Dharwad pedha]]'' are popular. Apart from this, [[coastal Karnataka]] and Kodagu have distinctive cuisines of their own. [[Udupi cuisine]] of coastal Karnataka is popular all over India.
== Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in Karnataka}}
{{pie chart
|title=Religion in Karnataka (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1=[[Hinduism]]|color1=darkorange|value1=84.00
|label2=[[Islam]]|color2=green|value2=12.92
|label3=[[Christianity]]|color3=dodgerblue|value3=1.87
|label4=[[Jainism]]|color4=brown|value4=0.72
|label5=[[Buddhism]]|color5=yellow|value5=0.16
|label6=[[Sikhism]]|color6=DarkKhaki|value6=0.05
|label7=Other|color7=pink|value7=0.02
|label8=Not religious|color8=black|value8=0.27
}}
[[File:Vishnu image inside cave number 3 in Badami.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Vishnu]] image inside the [[Badami cave temples|Badami Cave Temple Complex]] number 3. The complex is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]].]]
[[File:Gomateswara.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Giant grey stone statue of nude man with vines climbing legs to his arms |[[Bahubali|Gomateswara]] (982–983) at [[Shravanabelagola]] is an important centre of [[Jain]] pilgrimage.]]
[[Adi Shankaracharya]] (788–820) chose [[Sringeri]] in Karnataka to establish the first of his four ''[[matha]]s'' (monastery). [[Madhvacharya]] (1238–1317) was the chief proponent of [[Dvaita Vedanta|Tattvavada]] (Philosophy of Reality), popularly known as [[Dvaita]] or Dualistic school of Hindu philosophy – one of the three most influential [[Vedanta]] philosophies. Madhvacharya was one of the important philosophers during the [[Bhakti movement]]. He was a pioneer in many ways, going against standard conventions and norms. According to tradition, Madhvacharya is believed to be the third incarnation of [[Vayu]] (Mukhyaprana), after [[Hanuman]] and [[Bhima]]. The [[Haridasa]] devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Over a span of nearly six centuries, several saints and mystics helped shape the culture, philosophy, and art of South India and Karnataka in particular by exerting considerable spiritual influence over the masses and kingdoms that ruled South India.

This movement was ushered in by the Haridasas (literally "servants of Lord Hari") and took shape in the 13th century – 14th century CE, period, prior to and during the early rule of the Vijayanagara empire. The main objective of this movement was to propagate the Dvaita philosophy of Madhvacharya (Madhva Siddhanta) to the masses through a literary medium known as [[Dasa Sahitya]] literature of the servants of the Lord. [[Purandara Dasa|Purandara dasa]] is widely recognised as the ''"Pithamaha"'' of [[Carnatic Music]] for his immense contribution. [[Ramanujacharya]], the leading expounder of ''[[Vishishtadvaita]]'', spent many years in [[Melkote]]. He came to Karnataka in 1098 CE and lived here until 1122 CE. He first lived in Tondanur and then moved to Melkote where the [[Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple]] and a well-organised ''matha'' were built. He was patronised by the Hoysala king, [[Vishnuvardhana]].<ref name="Kamath">Kamath (2001), pp. 150–152</ref>

In the twelfth century, [[Lingayatism]] emerged in northern Karnataka as a protest against the rigidity of the prevailing social and caste system. Leading figures of this movement were [[Basava]], [[Akka Mahadevi]] and [[Allama Prabhu]], who established the [[Anubhava Mantapa]] which was the centre of all religious and philosophical thoughts and discussions pertaining to Lingayats. These three social reformers did so by the literary means of ''"Vachana Sahitya"'' which is very famous for its simple, straight forward and easily understandable Kannada language. Lingayatism preached women equality by letting women wear ''Ishtalinga'' i.e. Symbol of god around their neck. [[Basava]] shunned the sharp hierarchical divisions that existed and sought to remove all distinctions between the hierarchically superior master class and the subordinate, servile class. He also supported inter-caste marriages and Kaayaka Tatva of Basavanna. This was the basis of the [[Lingayat]] faith which today counts millions among its followers.<ref name="basava">Kamath (2001), pp. 152–154.</ref>

The [[Jain]] philosophy and literature have contributed immensely to the religious and cultural landscape of Karnataka. [[Islam]], which had an early presence on the west coast of India as early as the tenth century, gained a foothold in Karnataka with the rise of the Bahamani and Bijapur sultanates that ruled parts of Karnataka.<ref name="bam">Sastri (1955), p. 396.</ref> [[Christianity]] reached Karnataka in the sixteenth century with the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[St. Francis Xavier]] in 1545.<ref name="chris">Sastri (1955), p. 398.</ref>

[[Buddhism]] was popular in Karnataka during the first millennium in places such as [[Gulbarga]] and [[Banavasi]]. A chance discovery of edicts and several [[Maurya]]n relics at [[Sannati]] in [[Gulbarga district]] in 1986 has proven that the [[Krishna River]] basin was once home to both [[Mahayana]] and [[Hinayana]] Buddhism. There are [[Refugees in India|Tibetan refugee]] camps in Karnataka.
=== Festivals ===
[[Mysore Dasara]] is celebrated as the ''Nada habba'' (state festival) and this is marked by major festivities at Mysore. [[Bangalore Karaga]], celebrated in the heart of Bangalore, is the second most important festival celebrated in Karnataka.<ref name="nada-habba">{{cite news|title=Dasara fest panel meets Thursday|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/88517.cms|work=The Times of India, dated 2003-07-22|publisher=Times Internet Limited.|access-date=17 July 2007|date=22 July 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012174112/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/88517.cms|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> ''[[Ugadi]]'' (Kannada New Year), [[Makara Sankranti]] (the harvest festival), [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Gowri Habba]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Nagaradhane|Nagapanchami]], [[Basava Jayanthi]], [[Diwali|Deepavali]], and [[Balipadyami]] are the other major festivals of Karnataka.
== Language ==
{{Main|Kannada language|Kannada literature|Tulu language|Konkani language|Urdu language|Kodava language|Beary bashe}}
[[File:Halmidi oldKannada inscription mounted.JPG|thumb|upright|left|alt=Monument with black plaque of inscribed writing |[[Halmidi inscription]] (450 CE) is the earliest attested inscription in the [[Kannada language]].]]
{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of languages in Karnataka ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=12–14, 49 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1=[[Kannada language|Kannada]]|value1=66.54
|label2=[[Urdu]]|value2=10.83
|label3=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|value3=5.84
|label4=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|value4=3.45
|label5=[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|value5=3.38
|label6=[[Tulu language|Tulu]]|value6=2.61
|label7=[[Lambadi]]|value7=1.59
|label8=[[Hindi]]|value8=1.43
|label9=[[Konkani language|Konkani]]|value9=1.29
|label10=[[Malayalam]]|value10=1.22
|label11=Others|value11=1.86
|color1=skyblue|color2=green|color3=gold|color4=darkblue|color5=pink|color6=deepskyblue|color9=red|color10=purple|color11=Grey|color8=orange|color7=lavender}}
[[Kannada language|Kannada]] is the official language of the state of Karnataka, as the native language of 66.54% of its population as of 2011 and is one of the [[classical languages of India]]. Other linguistic minorities in the state were [[Urdu]] (10.83%), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (5.84%), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (3.45%), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (3.38%), [[Hindi]] (3.3%), [[Tulu language|Tulu]] (2.61%), [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (1.29%), [[Malayalam]] (1.27%) and [[Kodava Takk]] (0.18%).<ref name="census2011-langreport" /><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/30%20of%201981%20(E).pdf|title=The Karnataka Local Authorities (Official Language) Act, 1981|work=Official website of Government of Karnataka|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=26 July 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810094855/http://dpal.kar.nic.in/30%20of%201981%20(E).pdf|archive-date=10 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="antiquity">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India |access-date=31 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124306/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |archive-date=16 December 2008 }}</ref>

[[Kannada]] played a crucial role in the creation of Karnataka: linguistic demographics played a major role in defining the new state in 1956. [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Kodava language|Kodava]] are other minor native languages that share a long history in the state. [[Urdu]] is spoken widely by the [[Muslim]] population. Less widely spoken languages include [[Beary bashe]] and certain languages such as [[Sankethi language|Sankethi]]. Some of the regional languages in Karnataka are [[Tulu Language|Tulu]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Beary dialect|Beary]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karnataka Tulu Sahithya Academy|url=http://www.tuluacademy.org/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125032615/http://www.tuluacademy.org/en/|archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karnataka Beary Sahithya Academy|url=http://www.karnatakabearysahithyaacademy.org/about_academy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212001322/http://www.karnatakabearysahithyaacademy.org/about_academy.html|archive-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karnataka Konkani Sahithya Academy|url=http://www.konkaniacademy.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153408/http://www.konkaniacademy.org/|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

Kannada features a rich and ancient body of [[Kannada literature|literature]] including religious and secular genre, covering topics as diverse as [[Jainism]] (such as ''[[Purana]]s''), [[Lingayatism]] (such as [[Vachana]]s), [[Vaishnavism]] (such as [[Haridasa|''Haridasa Sahitya'']]) and [[Modern Kannada literature|modern literature]]. Evidence from edicts during the time of [[Ashoka]] (reigned 274–232 BCE) suggest that Buddhist literature influenced the [[Kannada alphabet|Kannada script]] and its literature. The [[Halmidi inscription]], the earliest attested full-length inscription in the Kannada language and script, dates from 450 CE, while the earliest available literary work, the ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'', has been dated to 850 CE. References made in the ''Kavirajamarga'', however, prove that Kannada literature flourished in the native composition metres such as ''Chattana'', ''Beddande'' and ''Melvadu'' during earlier centuries. The classic refers to several earlier greats (''purvacharyar'') of Kannada poetry and prose.<ref name="kavi5">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 12, 17.</ref>

[[Kuvempu]], the renowned Kannada poet and writer who wrote [[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]], the state anthem of Karnataka<ref name="anthem">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm|title=Poem declared 'State song'|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012200650/http://hinduonnet.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>
was the first recipient of the "[[Karnataka Ratna]]" award, the highest civilian award bestowed by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. Contemporary [[Kannada literature]] has received considerable acknowledgement in the arena of Indian literature, with eight Kannada writers winning India's highest literary honour, the [[Jnanpith award]].

[[Tulu language|Tulu]] is the majority language in the [[Kanara|coastal district]] of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and is the second most spoken in the [[Udupi district]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|access-date=20 October 2020|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> This region is also known as [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref>
{{Cite book
| author = Anthropological Survey of India (Department of Anthropology)
| title = Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 25
| date = 1980
| publisher = Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum
| page = [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=C3hDAAAAYAAJ&dq=Tulu+Nadu+Tuluva&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Tuluva 41]
}}</ref> ''Tulu Mahabharato'', written by Arunabja in the [[Tigalari alphabet|Tigalari]] script, is the oldest surviving Tulu text.<ref name="tuluold">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/13/stories/2004111302140500.htm|author=Raviprasad Kamila|title=Tulu Academy yet to realise its goal|access-date=5 May 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=13 November 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153132/http://hindu.com/2004/11/13/stories/2004111302140500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> Tigalari script was used by Brahmins to write [[Sanskrit]] language. The use of the [[Kannada script]] for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in Tigalari script contributed to the marginalisation of Tigalari script.

In Karnataka [[Konkani language|Konkani]] is mostly spoken in the [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts and in parts of [[Udupi district|Udupi]], Konkani use the Devanagari Script (which is official)/[[Kannada script]]( Optional ) for writing as identified by government of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=35720|title=News headlines|website=www.daijiworld.com|date=14 July 2007|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/mangaluru/Konkani-script-row-may-now-reach-Supreme-Court/articleshow/50888646.cms |title=Konkani script row may now reach Supreme Court|date=2 February 2016|work=The Times of India |access-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219150700/http://m.timesofindia.com/city/mangaluru/Konkani-script-row-may-now-reach-Supreme-Court/articleshow/50888646.cms |archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] who mainly reside in the [[Kodagu district]], speak Kodava Takk. Two regional variations of the language exist, the northern ''Mendale Takka'' and the southern ''Kiggaati Takka''.<ref name="takk">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/kodavarajyashree.html|author=K.S. Rajyashree|title=Kodava Speech Community: An Ethnolinguistic Study|work=Online webpage of languageindia.com|publisher=M. S. Thirumalai|access-date=6 May 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625093611/http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/kodavarajyashree.html|archive-date=25 June 2007}}</ref> Kodava Takk use the Kannada script for writing. English is the medium of education in many schools and widely used for business communication in most private companies.

All of the state's languages are patronised and promoted by governmental and quasi-governmental bodies. The ''[[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]]'' and the ''Kannada Sahitya Akademi'' are responsible for the promotion of Kannada while the ''Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademi'',<ref name="konkani">{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/sep162005/district1814202005915.asp|title=Konkan Prabha released|work=Online webpage of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-09-16|publisher=2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.|access-date=6 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302094115/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/sep162005/district1814202005915.asp|archive-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> the ''Tulu Sahitya Akademi'' and the ''Kodava Sahitya Akademi'' promote their respective languages.
== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Karnataka}}
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Karnataka}}
[[File:Sheeju iisc.jpg|thumb|right|alt=3-storey stone building with taller ivory tower |[[Indian Institute of Science]] is one of the premier institutes of India.]]
As per the 2011 census, Karnataka had a [[literacy rate]] of 75.36%, with 82.47% of males and 68.08% of females in the state being literate.<ref name="pc-census2011" /> In 2001, the literacy rate of the state were 67.04%, with 76.29% of males and 57.45% of females being literate.<ref name="censusLit">{{cite web|url=http://www.nlm.nic.in/tables/k_pg_06.htm|work=National Literacy Mission, India|title=Literacy Rate State/UT Wise|access-date=1 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009104758/http://www.nlm.nic.in/tables/k_pg_06.htm|archive-date=9 October 2007}}</ref>

The [[Indian Institute of Science]] and [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] were ranked within the top 10 universities of India by NIRF 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/UniversityRanking.html|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref> The state is home to some of the premier educational and research institutions of India such as the [[Indian Institute of Management|Indian Institute of Management – Bangalore]], the [[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad|Indian Institute of Technology – Dharwad]] the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences|National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences – Bangalore]], the [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka|National Institute of Technology Karnataka – Surathkal]] and the [[National Law School of India University|National Law School of India University – Bangalore]].

In March 2006, Karnataka had 54,529 primary schools with 252,875 teachers and 8.495 million students,<ref name="school">{{cite web|url=http://www.schooleducation.kar.nic.in/pdffiles/SomeImportantStatistics.pdf|title=Number of schools in Karnataka on 31-03-2006|work=Department of Public Instruction|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=6 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://www.schooleducation.kar.nic.in/pdffiles/SomeImportantStatistics.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> and 9498 secondary schools with 92,287 teachers and 1.384 million students.<ref name="school" /> There are three kinds of schools in the state, viz., government-run, private aided (financial aid is provided by the government) and private unaided (no financial aid is provided). The primary languages of instruction in most schools are [[Kannada]] and [[English language|English]].
[[File:Karnataka stats.jpg|thumb|left|Literacy rates of Karnataka districts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/karnataka.html|title=List of districts of Karnataka|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825071854/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/karnataka.html|archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>]]
The syllabus taught in the schools is either of [[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board|KSEEB (SSLC)]] and [[Pre-university course|Pre-University Couse (PUC)]] of the State Syllabus, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] of the Central Syllabus, [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]], [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], [[International Baccalaureate|IB]], [[National Institute of Open Schooling|NIOS]], etc., are all defined by the Department of Public Instruction of the [[Government of Karnataka]]. The state has two Sainik Schools – [[Sainik School Kodagu|Kodagu Sainik School in Kodagu]] and [[Sainik School Bijapur|Vijayapura Sainik School in Vijayapura]].

To maximise attendance in schools, the Karnataka Government has launched a mid-day meal scheme in government and aided schools in which free lunch is provided to the students.<ref name="lunch">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Bangalore/Mid-day_meal_scheme_extended/articleshow/2050892.cms|title=Mid-day meal scheme extended|work=The Times of India, dated 2007-05-16|publisher=Times Internet Limited|access-date=6 June 2007|date=16 May 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526220312/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Bangalore/Mid-day_meal_scheme_extended/articleshow/2050892.cms|archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>

[[SSLC|Statewide board examinations]] are conducted at the end of secondary education. Students who qualify are allowed to pursue a two-year [[Pre University Course|pre-university course]], after which they become eligible to pursue [[bachelor's degree|under-graduate]] degrees.

There are 481-degree colleges affiliated with one of the [[universities]] in the state, viz. [[Bangalore University]], [[Rani Channamma University, Belagavi]], [[Gulbarga University]], [[Karnatak University]], [[Kuvempu University]], [[Mangalore University]] and [[Mysore University]].<ref name="degree">{{cite web|url=http://www.dce.kar.nic.in/statistics/districtwise%20&%20universitywise.pdf|title=Districtwise and Universitywise degree college statistics for 2006–07|work=The Department of Collegiate Education|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=6 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://www.dce.kar.nic.in/statistics/districtwise%20%26%20universitywise.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> In 1998, the engineering colleges in the state were brought under the newly formed [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] headquartered in [[Belgaum]], whereas the medical colleges are run under the jurisdiction of the [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] headquartered in [[Bangalore]]. Some of these baccalaureate colleges are accredited with the status of a [[deemed university]]. There are 186 engineering, 39 medical and 41 dental colleges in the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka CET 2011 Brochure|year=2010|publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority|location=Sampige Road, Malleshwaram, Bangalore|url=http://cet.kar.nic.in/cet2011/Brochure_files/CET_Manual_Book_69-83.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021151457/http://cet.kar.nic.in/cet2011/Brochure_files/CET_Manual_Book_69-83.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> [[Udupi]], [[Sringeri]], [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] and [[Melkote]] are well-known places of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Veda|Vedic]] learning. In 2015 the Central Government decided to establish the first [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in Karnataka at [[Dharwad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/first-iit-karnataka-come-dharwad-645972 |title=First IIT in Karnataka to Come up in Dharwad |access-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927150407/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/first-iit-karnataka-come-dharwad-645972 |archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Tulu and Konkani<ref>{{cite web |title= Konkani as a third optional language in Schools |url= http://www.konkaniacademy.org/news-events/news-events1/205-konkani-as-a-third-optional-language-in-schools |date= 2011 |access-date= 3 August 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161005181816/http://www.konkaniacademy.org/news-events/news-events1/205-konkani-as-a-third-optional-language-in-schools |archive-date= 5 October 2016}}</ref> languages are taught as an optional subject in the twin districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=74609 |title= Mangalore: Tulu Enters Schools as a Language of Study |date= 27 March 2010 |work= daijiworld.com |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore |access-date= 18 January 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111103220825/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=74609 |archive-date= 3 November 2011}}</ref>

[[Christ University]], [[Jain University]], [[CMR University]], [[Dayananda Sagar University]], [[PES University]], and [[REVA University]] are famous private universities in Karnataka.
== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Karnataka}}
The era of Kannada newspapers started in the year 1843 when [[Hermann Mögling]], a [[missionary]] from [[Basel Mission]], published the first Kannada newspaper called ''[[Mangaluru Samachara]]'' in [[Mangalore]]. The first Kannada periodical, ''Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini'' was started by Bhashyam Bhashyacharya in Mysore. Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, [[K. N. Guruswamy]] founded ''The Printers (Mysuru) Private Limited'' and began publishing two newspapers, ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' and ''[[Prajavani]]''. Presently ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp|title=Battleground Bangalore|author=Shuma Raha|date=19 November 2006|work=The Telegraph|access-date=8 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011172555/http://telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="vk">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1651347.cms|title=Times Group acquires Vijayanand Printers|work=Online Edition of The Times of India dated 2006-06-15|publisher=Times Internet Limited|access-date=8 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701070350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1651347.cms|archive-date=1 July 2007}}</ref> A vast number of weekly, biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in both Kannada and English. ''[[Udayavani]]'', ''[[Kannadaprabha]]'', ''[[Samyukta Karnataka]]'', ''[[VarthaBharathi]]'', ''[[Sanjevani]]'', ''Eesanje'', ''[[Hosa digantha]]'', ''[[Karavali Ale]]'' are also some popular dailies published from Karnataka.

[[Doordarshan]] is the broadcaster of the [[Government of India]] and its channel [[DD Chandana]] is dedicated to Kannada. Prominent [[List of Kannada language television channels|Kannada channels]] include [[Colors Kannada]], [[Zee Kannada]], [[Star Suvarna]] and [[Udaya TV]].

Karnataka occupies a special place in the history of Indian radio. In 1935, ''Aakashvani'', the first private radio station in India, was started by Prof. M.V. Gopalaswamy in [[Mysore]].<ref name="gs">Named by Na. Kasturi, a popular Kannada writer {{cite news|author=Deepa Ganesh|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/03/09/stories/2006030901660100.htm|title=Still a hot favourite at 50|access-date=8 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=9 March 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153231/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/03/09/stories/2006030901660100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> The popular radio station was taken over by the local municipality and later by [[All India Radio]] (AIR) and moved to Bangalore in 1955. Later in 1957, AIR adopted the original name of the radio station, ''Aakashavani'' as its own. Some of the popular programs aired by AIR Bangalore included ''Nisarga Sampada'' and ''Sasya Sanjeevini'' which were programs that taught science through songs, plays, and stories. These two programs became so popular that they were translated and broadcast in 18 different languages and the entire series was recorded on cassettes by the Government of Karnataka and distributed to thousands of schools across the state.<ref name="gs" /> Karnataka has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels, mainly in the cities of Bangalore, Mangalore and Mysore, which has become hugely popular.<ref name="fm">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/karnataka-radio.htm|title=Radio Stations in Karnataka, India|work=Online webpage of asiawaves.net|publisher=Alan G. Davies|access-date=18 July 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603101601/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/karnataka-radio.htm|archive-date=3 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="popfm">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/12/stories/2006011218120200.htm|title=Radio has become popular again|access-date=18 July 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=12 January 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153147/http://hindu.com/2006/01/12/stories/2006011218120200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>
== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Karnataka}}
[[File:Former Indian cricketer Anil Kumble.jpg|right|thumb|upright|alt=Photo of a young man wearing lavendar shirt and unframed eyeglasses |[[Anil Kumble]], former captain of the Indian Test team and spin legend, is the highest wicket-taker for India in international cricket.]]
Karnataka's smallest district, [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]], is a major contributor to [[Field hockey in India|Indian field hockey]], producing numerous players who have represented India at the international level.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm|title=A field day in coorg|access-date=10 June 2007|quote=Since Coorg (Kodagu) was the cradle of Indian hockey, with over 50 players from the region going on to represent the nation so far, seven of whom were Olympians...|location=Chennai, India|date=13 June 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622070003/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 June 2007}}</ref> The annual [[Kodava Hockey Festival]] is the largest hockey tournament in the world.<ref>{{cite news|author=Krishnakumar|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm|title=A field day in coorg|access-date=10 June 2007|date=13 June 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|quote=... the festival assumed such monstrous proportions (one year, 350 families took part in the festival) that it found place in the Limca Book of Records. It was recognised as the largest hockey tournament in the world. This has been referred to the Guinness Book of World Records too.|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622070003/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm|archive-date=22 June 2007}}</ref> [[Bangalore]] has hosted a [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] [[tennis]] event and, in 1997, it hosted the fourth National Games of India.<ref name="natlgam">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970612/16350393.html|title=Curtains down on Fourth National Games|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=12 June 1997|last=Rao|first=Roopa|access-date=5 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124058/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970612/16350393.html|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The Sports Authority of India, the premier sports institute in the country, and the [[Nike, Inc|Nike]] Tennis Academy are also situated in Bangalore. Karnataka has been referred to as the cradle of Indian swimming because of its high standards in comparison to other states.
[[File:Test Match Cricket India Vs. Pakistan.jpg|thumb|left|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in [[Bangalore]].]]
One of the most popular sports in Karnataka is [[cricket]]. [[Karnataka cricket team|The state cricket team]] has won the [[Ranji Trophy]] seven times, second only to [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in terms of success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/715131.html|title=Karnataka seal seventh Ranji Trophy title|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=2 February 2014|access-date=3 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206075028/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/715131.html|archive-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> [[Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in Bangalore regularly hosts [[International cricket|international Cricket matches]] and is also the home of the [[National Cricket Academy]], which was opened in 2000 to nurture potential international players. Many [[Karnataka cricket team#Famous players|cricketers]] have represented [[India national cricket team|India]] and in one international match held in the 1990s; players from Karnataka composed the majority of the national team.<ref name="odi">[[Sujith Somasunder]], [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Javagal Srinath]], [[Sunil Joshi]], [[Anil Kumble]] and [[Venkatesh Prasad]], all from Karnataka played in this match: {{cite web|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63848.html|title=ODI no. 1127, Titan Cup – 1st Match India v South Africa 1996/97 season|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=5 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014000236/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63848.html|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="test">[[Vijay Bharadwaj]], [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Javagal Srinath]], [[Sunil Joshi]], [[Anil Kumble]] and [[Venkatesh Prasad]], all from Karnataka played in this match: {{cite web|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66059.html|title=Test no. 1462 New Zealand in India Test Series – 1st Test India v New Zealand 1999/00 season|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=5 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017145728/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66059.html|archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref> The [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], an [[Indian Premier League]] franchise, the [[Bengaluru Football Club]], an [[Indian Super League]] franchise, the Bengaluru Yodhas, a [[Pro Wrestling League]] franchise, the [[Bengaluru Blasters]], a [[Premier Badminton League]] franchise and the [[Bengaluru Bulls]], a [[Pro Kabaddi League]] franchise are based in Bangalore. The [[Karnataka Premier League]] is an inter-regional [[Twenty20]] cricket tournament played in the state.

Notable sportsmen from Karnataka include [[B.S. Chandrasekhar]], [[Roger Binny]], [[E. A. S. Prasanna]], [[Anil Kumble]], [[Javagal Srinath]], [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Venkatesh Prasad]], [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Vinay Kumar]], [[Gundappa Vishwanath]], [[Syed Kirmani]], [[Stuart Binny]], [[K. L. Rahul]], [[Mayank Agarwal]], [[Manish Pandey]], [[Karun Nair]], [[Ashwini Ponnappa]], [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], [[Rohan Bopanna]], [[Prakash Padukone]] who won the [[All England Badminton Championships]] in 1980 and [[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]] who has won three world titles in [[cue sport]]s by the age of 20 including the amateur [[World Snooker Championship]] in 2003 and the World Billiards Championship in 2005.<ref name="prak">{{cite web|url=http://www.tatapadukoneacademy.com/faculty.asp|title=Faculty|work=Online Webpage of the Tata Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy|publisher= 2007 TATA Padukone Badminton Academy|access-date=5 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521084204/http://tatapadukoneacademy.com/faculty.asp|archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref><ref name="cue">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/12/stories/2005071204242000.htm|title=Pankaj Advani is a phenomenon: Savur|date=12 July 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001064601/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/12/stories/2005071204242000.htm|archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref>

[[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] has produced some of the best-known road cyclists in the national circuit. Premalata Sureban was part of the Indian contingent at the Perlis Open '99 in [[Malaysia]]. In recognition of the talent of cyclists in the district, the state government laid down a cycling track at the B.R. Ambedkar Stadium at a cost of {{INRConvert|4|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052651250300.htm |title=Front Page News: Friday, 16 July 2010 |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=16 July 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510085455/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052651250300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref>

Sports like ''[[kho kho]]'', ''[[kabaddi]]'', ''[[Chinni Daandu]]'' and ''goli'' ([[marbles]]) are played mostly in Karnataka's rural areas.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020|reason=Your explanation here}}
== Flora and fauna ==
{{Main|Wildlife of Karnataka}}
[[File:Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Photo of olive-winged bird with sky-blue head/vest.|The state bird, [[Indian roller]]]]
[[File:Tigers at the water hole.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bengal tiger]]s at [[Bannerghatta National Park]] near Bangalore]]
Karnataka has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of {{convert|38720|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} which constitutes 20.19% of the total geographical area of the state. These forests support 25% of the [[elephant]] and 10% of the [[tiger]] population of India. Many regions of Karnataka are as yet unexplored, so new species of flora and fauna are found periodically. The [[Western Ghats]], a [[biodiversity hotspot]], includes the western region of Karnataka. Two sub-clusters in the Western Ghats, viz. [[Talakaveri|Talacauvery]] and [[Kudremukh]], both in Karnataka, are on the tentative list of [[World Heritage Site]]s of [[UNESCO]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/|title=Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination)|work=Online webpage of [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre|publisher=1992–2007 [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre|access-date=8 May 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104163046/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/|archive-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> The Bandipur and Nagarahole National Parks, which fall outside these subclusters, were included in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation.<ref name="unesco1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org.uy/mab/documentospdf/sevilla5.pdf|title=Seville 5, Internal Meeting of Expects, Proceedings, Pamplona, Spain, 23–27 October 2000|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 November 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609231736/http://www.unesco.org.uy/mab/documentospdf/sevilla5.pdf |archive-date = 9 June 2007}}</ref> The Indian roller and the [[Indian elephant]] are recognised as the state bird and animal while [[sandalwood]] and the [[Lotus (genus)|lotus]] are recognised as the state tree and flower respectively. Karnataka has five national parks: [[Anshi National Park|Anshi]], [[Bandipur National Park|Bandipur]], [[Bannerghatta National Park|Bannerghatta]], [[Kudremukh National Park|Kudremukh]] and [[Nagarhole National Park|Nagarhole]].<ref name="book">A Walk on the Wild Side, An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka, Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar, Karnataka Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, October 2000</ref> It also has 27 wildlife sanctuaries of which seven are bird sanctuaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223175631/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2017 }} Wildlife Sanctuaries in India</ref>

Wild animals that are found in Karnataka include the [[Elephas maximus|elephant]], the [[Panthera tigris|tiger]], the [[Panthera pardus|leopard]], the [[Bos gaurus|gaur]], the [[Cervus unicolor|sambar deer]], the [[Axis axis|chital or spotted deer]], the [[Muntiacus muntjak|muntjac]], the [[Macaca radiata|bonnet macaque]], the [[Loris tardigradus|slender loris]], the [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus|common palm civet]], the [[Viverricula indica|small Indian civet]], the [[Melursus ursinus|sloth bear]], the [[Cuon alpinus|dhole]], the [[Hyaena hyaena|striped hyena]], the [[Vulpes bengalensis|Bengal fox]] and the [[Canis aureus|golden jackal]]. Some of the birds found here are the [[great hornbill]], the [[Malabar pied hornbill]], the [[Ceylon frogmouth]], herons, ducks, kites, eagles, [[falcon]]s, [[Old World quail|quails]], [[partridge]]s, [[lapwing]]s, [[sandpiper]]s, pigeons, doves, [[parakeet]]s, cuckoos, owls, [[nightjar]]s, [[Swift (bird)|swift]]s, [[kingfisher]]s, bee-eaters and [[munia]]s.<ref name="book" /> Some species of trees found in Karnataka are ''Callophyllum tomentosa'', ''Callophyllum wightianum'', ''Garcina cambogia'', ''Garcina morealla'', ''[[Alstonia]] scholaris'', ''{{lang|la|Flacourtia montana}}'', ''[[Artocarpus]] hirsutus'', ''[[Artocarpus]] lacoocha'', ''[[Cinnamomum]] zeylanicum'', ''[[Grewia]] tilaefolia'', ''[[Santalum]] album'', ''[[Shorea]] talura'', ''[[Emblica]] officinalis'', ''[[Vitex]] altissima'' and ''[[Wrightia]] tinctoria''. Wildlife in Karnataka is threatened by poaching, habitat destruction, human-wildlife conflict and pollution.<ref name="book" />
== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Karnataka}}
{{See also|Architecture of Karnataka}}
[[File:The Chennakeshava temple at Somanathapura.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Brown temple on 5-step platform with 2 cone-topped side chambers |[[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Chennakesava Temple]] is a model example of the [[Hoysala architecture]], later repaired in the 16th century with financial support and grants by the Vijayanagara Emperors.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}]]
[[File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|thumb|alt=7-storey domed building with 4 domed corner towers |[[Gol Gumbaz]] at [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine [[Hagia Sophia]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}]]
By virtue of its varied geography and long history, Karnataka hosts numerous spots of interest for tourists. There is an array of ancient sculptured temples, modern cities, scenic hill ranges, forests and beaches. Karnataka has been ranked as the fourth most popular destination for tourism among the states of India.<ref name="toptour">{{cite web|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021500501200.htm|date=2002-02-15|title=Karnataka to turn on tourism charms|work=The Hindu Business Line.|access-date=29 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120855/http://www.blonnet.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021500501200.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> Karnataka has the second highest number of nationally protected monuments in India, second only to [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="protect">{{cite web|title=Alphabetical list of Monuments|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|work=Protected Monuments|access-date=13 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808023916/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp|archive-date=8 August 2013}}</ref> in addition to 752 monuments protected by the State Directorate of Archaeology and Museums. Another 25,000 monuments are yet to receive protection.<ref name="protected_monuments">{{cite news|title=Plan to conserve heritage monuments, museums|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/06/stories/2007010606360500.htm|access-date=13 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=6 January 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724023146/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/06/stories/2007010606360500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="mp">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081755371000.htm|title=Mysore Palace beats Taj Mahal in popularity|author=R. Krishna Kumar|access-date=31 October 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=17 August 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017032724/http://hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081755371000.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref>

The districts of the [[Western Ghats]] and the southern districts of the state have popular eco-tourism locations including [[Kudremukh]], [[Madikeri]] and [[Agumbe]]. Karnataka has 25 wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks. Popular among them are [[Bandipur National Park|Bandipura National Park]], [[Bannerghatta National Park]] and [[Nagarhole National Park]]. The ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at [[Hampi]] and the monuments of [[Pattadakal]] are on the list of [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Site]]s. The cave temples at [[Badami]] and the rock-cut temples at [[Aihole]] representing the Badami Chalukyan style of architecture are also popular tourist destinations. The [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]] temples at [[Belur, Karnataka|Beluru]] and [[Halebidu]], which were built with Chloritic schist ([[soapstone]]) are proposed UNESCO World Heritage sites.<ref name="heritage">{{cite news|title=Belur for World Heritage Status|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm|access-date=17 November 2006|location=Chennai, India|date=25 July 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312061918/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 March 2007}}</ref> The Gol Gumbaz and Ibrahim Rauza are famous examples of the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanate]] style of architecture. The monolith of Gomateshwara [[Bahubali]] at [[Shravanabelagola]] is the tallest sculpted monolith in the world, attracting tens of thousands of pilgrims during the [[Mahamastakabhisheka]] festival.<ref name="mono">Keay (2000), p. 324.</ref>
[[File:Mysore palace illuminated.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Golden 5-storey Mysore Palace building with 21 domed towers and central spire |[[Mysore Palace]] in the evening, the official residence and seat of the [[Wodeyar dynasty]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore|rulers of Mysore]] of the [[Mysore Kingdom]], the royal family of [[Mysore]].]]
The waterfalls of Karnataka and [[Kudremukh]] are considered by some to be among the "1001 Natural Wonders of the World".<ref>Michael Bright, ''1001 Natural Wonders of the World'' by Barrons Educational Series Inc., published by Quinted Inc., 2005.</ref> [[Jog Falls]] is [[List of waterfalls in India|India's tallest single-tiered waterfall]] with [[Gokak Falls]], [[Unchalli Falls]], [[Magod Falls]], [[Abbey Falls]] and [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] among other popular waterfalls.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Several popular beaches dot the coastline, including [[Murudeshwara]], [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]], [[Malpe]] and [[Karwar]]. In addition, Karnataka is home to several places of religious importance. Several Hindu temples including the famous [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha]], the [[Marikamba Temple, Sirsi|Marikamba Temple]] at [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], the [[Mookambika|Kollur Mookambika Temple]], the Sri Manjunatha Temple at [[Dharmasthala]], [[Kukke Subramanya Temple]], Janardhana and Mahakali Temple at [[Ambalpadi]], Sharadamba Temple at [[Shringeri]] attract pilgrims from all over India. Most of the holy sites of [[Lingayatism]], like [[Kudalasangama]] and [[Basavana Bagewadi]], are found in northern parts of the state. [[Shravanabelagola]], [[Mudabidri]] and [[Karkala]] are famous for Jain history and monuments. Jainism had a stronghold in Karnataka in the early medieval period with Shravanabelagola as its most important centre. The [[Shettihalli Rosary Church]] near [[Shettihalli]], an example of French colonial [[Gothic architecture]], is a rare example of a Christian ruin, is a popular tourist site.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Recently Karnataka has emerged as a center of [[health care tourism]]. Karnataka has the highest number of approved health systems and alternative therapies in India. Along with some [[ISO 9000|ISO certified]] government-owned hospitals, private institutions which provide international-quality services have caused the health care industry to grow by 30% during 2004–05. Hospitals in Karnataka treat around 8,000 health tourists every year.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm|title=Karnataka bets big on healthcare tourism|work=Online webpage of the Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-11-23|publisher=2004, The Hindu|access-date=21 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929184911/http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm|archive-date=29 September 2008}}</ref>
{{clear}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India|Bangalore}}
* [[Outline of Karnataka]]
* [[Media in Karnataka]]
* [[List of Governors of Karnataka]]
* [[List of districts of Karnataka]]
* [[List of people from Karnataka]]
* [[List of butterflies of Karnataka]]
* [[List of airports in Karnataka]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
== General sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* John Keay, ''India: A History'', 2000, Grove publications, New York, {{ISBN|0-8021-3797-0}}
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002) {{OCLC|7796041}}
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}.
* R. Narasimhacharya, ''History of Kannada Literature'', 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988, {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}.
* K.V. Ramesh, ''Chalukyas of Vātāpi'', 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi. {{OCLC|13869730}}. {{OL|3007052M}}. {{LCCN|84900575}}. . {{OCLC|13869730}}.
* Malini Adiga (2006), ''The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period, AD 400–1030'', Orient Longman, Chennai, {{ISBN|81-250-2912-5}}
* {{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas and Their Times; Being a Political, Administrative, Religious, Social, Economic and Literary History of the Deccan During C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D.|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}
* {{cite book |last=Masica |first= Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |orig-year=1991|year=1991|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 }}
* {{cite book|author=Cousens, Henry|title= The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese District|orig-year= 1926|year= 1996|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location= New Delhi|oclc = 37526233}}
* Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, ''A History of India'', fourth edition, Routledge, 2004, {{ISBN|0-415-32919-1}}
* Foekema, Gerard [2003] (2003). ''Architecture Decorated with Architecture: Later Medieval Temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD''. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. {{ISBN|81-215-1089-9}}.
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Karnataka}}

=== Government ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101219090604/http://karnataka.gov.in/ Official Site of Karnataka]
=== General information ===
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2019939}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:South India|.]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Hyderabad

2021-11-07T10:06:48Z

WhiteLion: /* History */ added wiki-links

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox
|title=Hyderabad
|image=[[File:Hyderabad montage-2.png|250px]]
|caption=From upper left clockwise: [[Charminar]], Tall Buildings, [[Hussain Sagar]], [[Golconda Fort]], [[Chowmahalla Palace]], and [[Birla Mandir]].
|label1=Country
|data1={{flag|India}}
|label2=State
|data2=[[Telangana]]
|label3=District
|data3=[[Rangareddy]]
|label4=Founded
|data4=1592
|label5=Commissioner
|data5=B.Prasada Rao
|label6=Planning Agency
|data6=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]], [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]
|label7=Population
|data7=6,809,970
|label8=[[Language|Language(s)]]
|data8=[[Telugu]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], English
|label9=[[Time zone]]
|data9=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (UTC+5:30)
|label10=Area
|data10={{convert|7073|km2}}
|header16=Codes
|label17=Pincode
|data17=500 xxx
|label18=Telephone
|data18=+91-40
|label19=website
|data19=[http://www.ghmc.gov.in/ www.ghmc.gov.in]
}}'''Hyderabad''' (pronounced ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|d|ər|ə|b|a:|d|audio=Hyderabad.ogg}} {{respell|HY|dər|ə|baad}})) is the largest [[capital (city)|capital]] of the state of [[Telangana]]. At over 12.2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/hyderabad-population.html|title=Hyderabad Population 2019- Current Population of Hyderabad City|website=www.indiaonlinepages.com|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> [[million]], it has the largest [[population]] of any [[city]] in the [[Andhra Pradesh|state]]<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf</ref> Hyderabad is an [[Classification of Indian cities|A-1 city]] under the [[wikt:term|term]]s of [[wikt:development|development]] [[wikt:priority|priorities]].<ref name="A1">{{Citation|last=Anand|first=Sarthak|date=11 September 2009|title=Fit to be a capital|periodical=The Times of India:Student Edition|page=2}}</ref> It is also known as ''city of [[Pearl|pearls]]''<ref name="ref2">{{Citation|url=http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,21831036-5005040,00.html|title=High times in Hyderabad|publisher=PerthNow|last=Watson|first=Patrick|date=1 June 2007|accessdate=7 September 2009}}</ref> or ''city of [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]]''.<ref name="ref3{Ĺ">{{Citation|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/satyam-true-lies/408105/0|title=Satyam: true lies|date=8 January 2009|last=Sarathy|first=Partha|work=Indian Express|accessdate=7 September 2009}}</ref> The [[people]] of Hyderabad are called ''Hyderabadis.''
Hyderabad was founded in 1591 AD by [[Sultan]] Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the banks of river Musi. It was later ruled by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[governor]] Nizam Asaf Jah I who then founded the Asaf Jahi [[Dynasty]] (Also known as [[Nizam of Hyderabad|The Nizams]]). There were a total of 10<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hyderabadplanet.com/asaf-jahi-dynasty.html|title=Asaf Jahi Dynasty - Family of the Nizams of Hyderabad (1724 - 1948)|website=HyderabadPlanet.com|access-date=2020-02-18|archive-date=2011-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231155319/http://www.hyderabadplanet.com/asaf-jahi-dynasty.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nizams with the last one being [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]].

The city is home to the Ramoji Film City which spans an area of over {{convert|2000|acre|km2 sqmi|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ramojifilmcity.com/about|title=Ramoji Film City - India’s Only Thematic Holiday Destination|website=www.ramojifilmcity.com|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> The movieindustry here is called The ''Hyderabad Deccan Urdu'' film industry (also known as ''Deccanwood'').<ref name="ref5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/deccanwood-indian-film-industry-bollywood-160623102912455.html|title=Deccanwood: An Indian film industry taking on Bollywood|last=Mumtaz|first=Roase|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Tomb of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in Hyderabad W IMG 4738.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah near Golconda Fort in Hyderabad, India.]]
[[Archaeologist]]s have found [[Iron Age]] sites in Hyderabad that are 2,500 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Rare-discovery-pushes-back-Iron-Age-in-India/articleshow/47322021.cms|title=Rare discovery pushes back Iron Age in India {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|last=May 18|first=Siddharth Tadepalli {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated:|last2=2015|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18|last3=Ist|first3=19:34}}</ref> These sites have been found near Haythnagar and Ramoji Film City,<ref name="ironage" /> and have [[wikt:bury|burials]] and [[Tool|tools]].<ref name="ironage">{{Citation|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/ET_Cetera/Hyderabads_history_could_date_back_to_500_BC/rssarticleshow/3468146.cms|title=Hyderabad's history could date back to 500 BC|date=10 September 2008|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> The Qutub Shahi [[King|kings]] ruled Hyderabad till 1687 when the city was taken over by the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughals]]. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah was a Qutub Shahi ruler who ordered the construction of the Charminar as a mosque.<ref name="ref10">{{Citation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/973915082.cms|title=Charminar’s location still has historians stumped|date=16 September 2001|work=The Times of India|accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> Nawab Abdul Hassan Shah who is popularly known as Tanisha was the last [[Qutub Shahi]] ruler of Hyderabad before [[Aurangzeb]] captured it in 1687.<ref name="ref11">{{Citation|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004111400480700.htm&date=2004/11/14/&prd=mag&|title=On the banks of the Godavari|date=14 November 2004|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> Asaf Jah was declared the governor of Hyderabad by Aurangzeb.<ref name="ref12">{{Citation|last=Richards|first=J. F.|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707|year=1975|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996}}</ref> This is how the Asaf Jahi Dynasty began which ruled Hyderabad till 1948.<ref name="ref13">{{Citation|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091703450500.htm|title=The exit of an infamous ruler|date=17 September 2004|last=Sivanandan|first=T.V.|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref>

Hyderabad became a [[princely state]] in 1947 after collaboration with India. But soon the Nizam had to sign an Instrument of Accession to the Union of India so that Hyderabad becomes a part of India.<ref name="ref31">{{Citation|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1712/17120730.htm|title=A tale of two states|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|work=THE HINDU|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> On 1 November 1956, the province of Hyderabad was divided into [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] on the basis of language. So, Hyderabad came into the Telugu speaking community and thus became the capital of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="ref14">{{Citation|url=http://hyderabadonline.in/Profile/History/|title=History}}</ref> The state of Telangana was formed on 2 June 2014 and separated from Andhra Pradesh retaining Hyderabad as it's capital.

The city has now developed in fields of [[Information technology|IT]] with four IT colleges including JNTU (Jawaharlal Nehru's Technological University ).<ref name="ref15">{{Citation|url=http://www.indicareer.com/city-11-colleges-in-Hyderabad.html|title=Information Technology Colleges in Hyderabad|publisher=India Career|accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref> The rise of International Airport and real estate has a major impact on the development of Hyderabad.<ref name="ref16">{{Citation|url=http://www.indiaelections.co.in/lok-sabha-constituencies/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad/|title=Updated Election Results Details of Hyderabad|publisher=India Elections.co.in|accessdate=10 September 2009|archive-date=20 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820134353/http://www.indiaelections.co.in/lok-sabha-constituencies/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Geography ==
[[File:Mecca masjid.jpg|thumb|left|The Mecca Masjid]]
Hyderabad is situated at the [[Deccan Plateau]], 500 meters above the sea level<ref name="ref18">{{Citation|url=http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v15/n6/full/oby2007165a.html|title=Factors Affecting Prevalence of Overweight Among 12- to 17-year-old Urban Adolescents in Hyderabad, India|doi=10.1038/oby.2007.165|date=2007|last=Laxmaiah|first=Avula|accessdate=11 September 2009}}</ref> and most of the area is rocky.<ref name="ref19">{{Citation|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/12/10233900/Public-spaces-for-children-To.html?pg=1|title=Public spaces for children: Too few to count|last=Burte|first=Himanshu|date=11 December 2008|accessdate=11 September 2009}}</ref> [[Paddy]] is the main crop grown and other crops include Bengal [[gram]], [[nut (fruit)|groundnut]], [[sugar cane]] and sunflower. Hyderabad was found on the banks of [[Musi river]] in 1591. Today that area is known as old city where Mecca Masjid and Hussain Sagar Lake exist.<ref name="ref21">{{Citation|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/18jafri.htm|title=We thought it was a tyre burst|date=18 May 2007|last=Jafri|first=Syed Amin|publisher=Rediff News|accessdate=11 September 2009}}</ref> The area has many official buildings and that area is very old.<ref name="ref22">{{Citation|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/II07Df02.html|title=The dark side of Hyderabad's success|date=7 September 2007|last=Ramachandran|first=Sudha|work=Asian Times|accessdate=11 September 2009|archive-date=15 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215100300/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/II07Df02.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> From the recent time, Hyderabad has been merged with [[Secunderabad]]. This has led a large, [[unite]]d and [[population|populous]] city with many villages surrounding it.<ref name="ref23">{{Citation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Hyderabads_fate_hangs_in_balance/rssarticleshow/3581436.cms|title=Hyderabad's fate hangs in balance|date=10 October 2008|work=Times of India|accessdate=11 September 2009}}</ref>
=== Climate ===
Hyderabad has a hot, wet and dry [[climate]]. The [[monsoon]] or rainy season is from late June until late October.<ref name="temp">{{Citation|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/09/stories/2005060903201900.htm|title=Hyderabad monsoon races from 18 July|date=9 June 2005|work=The Hindu|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="ref26">{{Citation|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/29/stories/2007052901781900.htm|title=Hyderabad Monsoon season from 19 July|date=29 May 2007|work=The Hindu|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="ref27">{{Citation|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/06/19/stories/2004061902531500.htm|title=Hyderabad monsoon season from 19 July|date=19 June 2004|work=The Hindu|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> On average, 32 inches of rain falls on the city each year. The highest temperature ever recorded was 51.5 °C (113.9 °F) on 2 June 1966. The lowest recorded temperature was 1.1 °C (43 °F) on 8 January 1946.<ref name="ref29">{{Citation|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970531/15150043.html|title=Severe heat wave in AP continues|date=31 May 1997|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 September 2009}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ref30">{{Citation|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=82134&refer=&units=metric|title=Weatherbase: Historical weather for Hyderabad, India|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> It is cooler in the evenings and mornings because the city is high above sea level.<ref name="ref30"/>
=== Population ===
The city has a population of over four million.<ref name="ref32">{{Citation|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|title=India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|publisher=World Gazetteer|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> [[Hindu]]s form the majority<ref name="ref33">{{cite book| last = Boda| first = Sharon La| title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania| url = https://books.google.com/?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA370| year = 1995| publisher = Taylor & Francis| isbn = 978-1-884964-04-6| page = 370 }}</ref> while [[Muslim]]s are 40% of the population. The Muslim [[wikt:community|community]] of Hyderabad is largest in Telangana.<ref name="ref34">{{Citation|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Aug04-Print-Edition/163108200423.htm|title=Muslim population in AP|date=1 August 2004|last=Khan|first=Masood Ali|work=The Milli Gazette|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> Muslims are mainly located in and around the old city. Christians are small in number in the city. Famous churches include those around Abids and Secunderabad like St. Joseph's Cathedral.<ref name="ref35">{{Citation|url=http://www.hyderabadonline.in/TouristPlaces/Spots/|title=Hyderabad's Temples, Mosques and Churches|publisher=HyderabadOnline.in|accessdate=12 September 2009|archive-date=16 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316162951/http://www.hyderabadonline.in/TouristPlaces/Spots/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Culture==
===Architecture===
'''[[Charminar]]''' is actually founded as a Mosque and later by archaeological department changed into a monument. Charminar has long been the icon of Hyderabad. The name means "Four [[minarets]]". The towers rise to a height of 48.7 m above the ground. There is a mosque with 45 prayer spaces in the upper storeys of the building.

The '''Golconda Fort''' was the capital of the Qutb Shahi kingdom. In the 16th century, it was the center of a busy diamond trade. The outer wall of the fort is 10 km around.

'''Mecca Masjid''' is one of the oldest mosques in the city. Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah began building it in 1617. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb finished the building in 1694. The mosque is made of granite. The main hall of the mosque is 75 feet high, 220 feet wide and 180 feet long. Ten thousand worshippers can fit inside at the same time. The entrance arches are made of single slabs of granite. It is believed that Muhammed Quli had bricks made from earth brought from Mecca. He used them the central arch of the mosque. This explains the name of the mosque.

The '''Chowmahalla Palace''' was Asaf Jahi dynasty capital. The [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] entertained official guests and royal visitors here.

Nawab Viqar al-Umra built '''Falaknuma Palace''' in 1872. The palace includes sculptures by artists from Florence.
== Language ==
[[Telugu]], [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] are mainly spoken in Hyderabad.<ref name="telugu">{{Citation|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/25/stories/2005122517650500.htm|title=BACK TO ROOTS: Cultural troupes lend an air of festivity to the Andhra Telugu Association celebrations in Hyderabad|work=The Hindu|date=25 December 2005|accessdate=3 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="ref37">{{Citation|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/31/stories/2007073160340500.htm|title=Quota for Muslims at all-India level favoured|date=31 July 2007|work=The Hindu|accessdate=3 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="booklang">{{cite book| last = Maloney| first = Clarence| title = Language and civilization change in South Asia| year = 1978| publisher = Brill Archive| isbn = 978-90-04-05741-8| page = 182 }}</ref> English is also spoken among the [[education|educated]] people. The Telugu varies across the state but the language remains the same.<ref name=booklang />
==See also==
* [[Hyderabad State]]
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Hyderabad, India| ]]

Syed Falak

2021-11-07T09:56:17Z

WhiteLion: added wiki-link

{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Falak
| image = Syed_Falak.jpeg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1997|5|08}}
| birth_place = Islamabad, Pakistan
| nationality = [[Pakistan]]
| education = * Master of business administration
* Master of fashion designing
| alma_mater = University of Cambridge
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2016-present
| organization = * Delightful Islamabadians
* Diya Fashion Hut
* Commence of Quran
* Ideal Links International
| known_for = [[Entrepreneur]]
| net_worth = US$1.3 million (January 2021)
| website = [http://www.syedfalak.com syedfalak.com]
}}
'''Syed Falak''' (born 8 May 1997)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Falak - An exceptional entrepreneur and media proprietor from Islamabad Pakistan.|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/syed-falak--an-exceptional-entrepreneur-and-media-proprietor-from-islamabad-pakistan-sc17-nu293-ta293-1148958-1.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Newstrack|language=en}}</ref> is a serial entrepreneur,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet young and intelligent Syed Falak from Islamabad|url=https://www.kivodaily.com/making-money-online/entrepreneurs/how-the-founder-of-delightful-islamabadians-media-syed-falak-meets-success/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=kivodaily.com|language=en-US}}</ref> investor and media proprietor,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-06|title=How the youngest media tycoon Syed Falak meets Success {{!}} The Los Angeles Tribune|url=https://thelosangelestribune.com/2021/02/06/how-the-youngest-media-tycoon-syed-falak-meets-success/|access-date=2021-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Falak - Crunchbase Person Profile|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/person/syed-falak|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Crunchbase|language=en}}</ref> whose net worth is an estimated $1.3 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Falak|url=https://everipedia.org/wiki/lang_en/syed-falak|access-date=2021-03-25|website=everipedia.org}}</ref> He is the owner of the Delightful Islamabadians Media,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delightful Islamabadians Media - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/delightful-islamabadians-media|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Crunchbase|language=en}}</ref> Diya Fashion Hut<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Diya Fashion Hut - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/diya-fashion-hut|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Crunchbase|language=en}}</ref> and Commence of Quran.

For his business capabilities, He won the Pakistan Business Council (PBC) Award<ref name=":0" /> He also received an award from Business Excellence Awards & Expo that was organized by REDAP<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Falak – 23-Year-old entrepreneur and media proprietor with a prodigal mind - NEPAL NEWS|url=https://nepalbreakingnews.com/syed-falak-23-year-old-entrepreneur-and-media-proprietor-with-a-prodigal-mind/|access-date=2021-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Recently, he was awarded as multi-talented business proprietor by Management Association of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Falak - 23-Year-old entrepreneur and media proprietor with a prodigal mind {{!}} Kathmandu Tribune {{!}} News from Nepal and the World|url=https://www.kathmandutribune.com/syed-falak-23-year-old-entrepreneur-and-media-proprietor-with-a-prodigal-mind/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=www.kathmandutribune.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
== Early life and education ==
Syed Falak was born and brought up in Islamabad, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=http://www.syedfalak.com/about/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Syed Falak|language=en-US}}</ref> At the age of seventeen he moved London<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-04|title=Syed Falak Fastest growing Youngest Entrepreneur From Islamabad Pakistan|url=https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2020/06/syed-falak-fastest-growing-youngest-entrepreneur-from-islamabad-pakistan/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Youth Ki Awaaz|language=en}}</ref> to attend the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership Tips For Digital Entrepreneurs: Syed F 2/16/2020, اسلام آباد Avalanches.com|url=https://pk.avalanches.com/islamabad_leadership_tips_for_digital_entrepreneurs_syed_falak30136_16_02_2020|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Avalanches.com|language=en}}</ref> He spent two years there before returning back Islamabad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet 23 years old entrepreneur from Islamabad: Syed Falak|url=https://hamariweb.com/articles/128021|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Hamariweb.com Articles|language=en-us}}</ref>
== Career ==
Falak founded his first company when he was 19<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=From Middle Class To World Class With Online Entrepreneur Syed Falak|url=https://disruptmagazine.com/syed-falak-being-born-middle-class-doesnt-mean-you-cant-be-the-fastest-growing-entrepreneur-in-your-area/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Disrupt Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>. In 2016 he founded his first media company Delightful Islamabadians Media<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-28|title=Delightful Islamabadians business profile|url=https://e27.co/startups/delightful-islamabadians|access-date=2021-03-25|website=e27.co|language=en-US}}</ref>. In 2018 he established his second company Diya Fashion Hut.<ref name=":1"/> In 2019, He established his third company Commence of Quran. In 2020, he established his fourth company Ideal Links (IT) company.
== Awards ==
* Pakistan Business Council Award
* Business Excellence Awards & Expo
* Multi-talented business proprietor
== Personal life ==
Falak is not married. He began his career as a serial entrepreneur<ref>{{Cite web|last=MENAFN|title=Success Story of Syed Falak, Youngest Entrepreneur from Islamabad|url=https://menafn.com/1099815976/Success-Story-of-Syed-Falak-Youngest-Entrepreneur-from-Islamabad|access-date=2021-03-25|website=menafn.com}}</ref> and motivational speaker. His father Sajjad-ul-Hassan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr Syed Falak Syed Falak - EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki|url=https://en.everybodywiki.com/Syed_Falak|access-date=2021-03-25|website=en.everybodywiki.com|language=en}}</ref> is a businessman and his mother is a homemaker.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.syedfalak.com/ Official website]
* {{facebook|officialsyedfalak|Syed Falak}}
* {{Instagram|officialsyedfalak|Syed Falak}}
* {{twitter|SyedFalak01|Syed Falak}}
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Media_proprietors]]
[[Category:Pakistani people]]
[[Category:People born in Islamabad]]

Abdullapur (Meerut)

2021-11-07T09:49:02Z

WhiteLion: given a space bar

'''Abdullapur''' is a settlement situated in the eastern outskirts of [[Meerut]], just to the south of Ganga Nagar, [[Meerut district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiamapia.com/Meerut/Abdullapur.html|title=Abdullapur Pin Code, Abdullapur, Meerut Map, Latitude and Longitude, Uttar Pradesh|website=indiamapia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://housing.com/abdullapur-meerut-overview-P1dg80optpu89ce6q|title=Abdullapur, Meerut | Abdullapur Map, Photos and Places to Visit - Housing.com|website=Housing}}</ref>[[File:SYED MOHAMMAD NAQVI.jpg|thumb|Zamindar Syed Sayyed Hussain Ahmed Naqvi with his sons(Syed Ali Abbas Naqvi and Syed Mirsahib Badshah Ali Naqvi) at Nasarpur, Haveli]]
It is also known as '''Abdullapur Sadaat'''. It was founded by Syed Mir Abdullah Naqvi Al Bukhari. Kot Kila or Kot Fort of Abdullapur was built in the early 16th century, it was his main residence. Abdullapur is the seat of the Kannauji Bukhari and Jalal Bukhari branch of [[Naqvi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Journal Of Archaeology |url=http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=ijarch.org}}{{Deep link needed|date=August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2021-07-28|title=ABDULLAPUR SADAAT, MEERUT|url=https://muslimsofindia.com/uncategorized-en/abdullapur-sadaat-meerut/|access-date=2021-08-03|website=Muslims Of India|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:Bada Darwaza Abdullapur Meerut.jpg|thumb|Bada Darwaza, main entrance of Kot Fort, Abdullapur Meerut]]
Both are descendants of [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]] through Syed Ali Naqvi, Syed Sadarudin Shah Kabir Naqvi Al Bukhari the chief advisor of [[Sikandar Lodi]] and father of Syed Mehboob Alam Naqvi-ul Bukhari Al-Maroof [[Shah Jewna]]. Shah Jewna’s colonized towns in [[Kannauj]]:- Siray- e-Miraan, Bibiyaan Jalalpur, Makhdoom Pur, Laal Pur (associated with the name of Saint Sayyed Jalaluddin Haider Surkh Posh Bukhari or Laal Bukhari). Makhdoom Jahaniya Mosque is also present in Kannauj.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=Pir Shah Jewna: The soul still exudes spirituality|url=https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2016/pir-shah-jewna-the-soul-still-exudes-spirituality|access-date=2020-08-17|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|url=http://nazariapak.info/Sufism/Pir-Shah-Jewna.php|access-date=2020-08-17|website=nazariapak.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Makhdoom Jahaniyan Jahangasht Tomb, Uch Sharif, Pakistan |url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1009/pakistan/uch-sharif/makhdoom-jahaniyan-jahangasht-tomb|access-date=2020-12-17|website=Asian Historical Architecture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari|access-date=2020-08-30|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=इंडिया जानेगा कन्नौज की गाथा|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj-11640714.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Glories of Hazrat Pir shah Jewana|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/5652-glories-of-hazrat-pir-shah-jewana|access-date=2020-12-23|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Makhdoom Jahaniya, kannauj {{!}} Architecture fashion, Tourist places, Tourism|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/747245763167080165/|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Pinterest|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Makhdum Jahania - Kannauj |url=http://wikimapia.org/568472/Makhdum-Jahania |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}{{Better source needed|date=August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Journal Of Archaeology |url=http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx |access-date=2021-02-03 |website=ijarch.org}}{{Deep link needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> [[File:Kot Masjid Abdullapur Meerut.jpg|thumb|400 years old Kot Masjid,Abdullapur Meerut ]]
[[File:Azmat Manzil Abdullapur Meerut.jpg|thumb|Azmat Manzil was built by Zamindar Syed Azmat Ali Naqvi Al Bukhari,Abdullapur Meerut ]]
[[File:Shakir Mahal Abdullapur.jpg|thumb|Shakir Mahal of Zamindar Syed Shakir Ali Naqvi, Abdullapur Meerut ]]
[[File:52 Dari of Syed Shamsher Ali Naqvi.jpg|thumb|52 dari was built by Syed Shamsher Ali Naqvi,Abdullapur Meerut ]]
9th [[Moharram]] of this town is quite famous among Shia Muslims. Notable sites include Bada Darwaza (main entrance of Kot Fort), Shakir Mahal, 52 Dari, Kot Masjid, Azmat Manzil, Sayyed Tomb and Syed Barkat Ali Naqvi's 300 years old Pakki Baithak.<ref>{{Cite web|title=दास्तान ए कर्बला सुन अश्कबार हुई आंखें|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-14852638.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> [[File:Sayyed Tomb, Abdullapur Meerut.jpg|thumb|Syed Tomb of Syed Sayyed Mohammad Naqvi, Abdullapur Meerut]][[File:Sayyed Tomb.jpg|thumb|]]
Sayyeds of this place are popularly known as "Mirsahibs". They had a large [[Jagirdar]]a consisting of 52 villages. The lavish lifestyle of Syed Bunyad Ali Naqvi and Syed Badshah Ali Naqvi was noteworthy. There are numerous [[wafq]] frauds cases going on including [[Vijay Mallya]]'s liquor factory on waqf land.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-17|title=Meerut police refused FIR against Vijay Mallya: waqf board|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/meerut-police-refused-fir-against-vijay-mallya-waqf-board/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meerut cops ignored plaint against Mallya: Shia board - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/meerut-cops-ignored-plaint-against-mallya-shia-board/articleshow/51418162.cms|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Amita|date=2016-03-17|title=Board accuses Vijay Mallya of selling waqf land in UP|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/board-accuses-vijay-mallya-selling-waqf-land-967|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘गैलन साहब’ के बंदोबस्त की आड़ में बड़ा खेल, गलत अनुवाद से करोड़ों की जमीन पर कब्जा|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/millions-of-land-capturing-by-wrong-translation-big-game-under-the-garb-of-gallon-saab|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

The Pakistani writer, linguist and critic Syed Qudrat Naqvi was a denizen of Abdullapur, his famous books are Ghalib kaun hai, Asaas-i-Urdu, Ghalib-i-sad rang, Seerat-un-Nabi, Hindi-Urdu lughat, Mutal'a-i-Abdul Haq, Lisani maqalaat. He migrated to Pakistan after the [[partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|date=2017-12-12|title=Syed Qudrat Naqvi and his research on Ghalib|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1376001|access-date=2020-08-16|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Urdu Books of Syed Qudrat Naqvi|url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-qudrat-naqvi/ebooks|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Rekhta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAIDI|first=ALI JAWAD|date=1965|title=URDU|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329150|journal=Indian Literature|volume=8|issue=2|pages=133–143|issn=0019-5804}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further sources==
* ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976'', p. 561. Election Commission, India, 1976
* ''Directory of Cities and Towns in India'' (ed. Om Parkash Sharma, Dy. Dir. of Census Operations). Kar Kripa Publishers, 1989
* ''Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Meerut'' (text & suppl.), p. 469. Government of Uttar Pradesh, 1965
==External links==
*[https://www.mdameerut.in/authorised-colonies.php Meerut Development Authority: approved colonies in Abdullapur]
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[[Category:Villages in Meerut district]]

{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}

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