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Sabang Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T18:05:04Z

Wazid:

'''Sabang Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sabang
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Sabang.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sabang Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla =Amal Panda
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by = [[Manas Bhunia]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| constituency_no = 226
| established = 1951
| electors = 206,413
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 226 Sabang Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Sabang (community development block)|Sabang]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and [[Jalchak]] I, Jalchak II and [[Maligram]] [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Pingla (community development block)|Pingla]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2010-10-15 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2011 }}</ref>

Sabang Assembly constituency is part of No. 32 [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election Year!!Name of M.L.A.!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]|| rowspan="2" |Gopal Chandra Das Adhikary|| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Aditya Kumar Bakura
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||Gouranga Samanta||{{Full party name with color|Biplobi Bangla Congress}}<ref>{{cite book|title=List of Members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly: Together with the List of ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcNQAQAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, West Bengal|page=113}}</ref><ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=419}}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]|| rowspan="3" Manas Bhunia |[[Manas Bhunia|Manas Ranjan Bhunia]]|| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
||Makhan Lal Bangal||{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||Tushar Kanti Laya||{{Full party name with color|Biplobi Bangla Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]|| rowspan="3" Manas Bhunia |[[Manas Bhunia|Manas Ranjan Bhunia]]|| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2017 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election|2017]] (by-election)
||Geeta Rani Bhunia|| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||[[Manas Bhunia|Manas Ranjan Bhunia]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Amal Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabang}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manas Bhunia]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amal Panda|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nakul Chandra Bera|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Alak Samai|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tapan Kumar|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manas Bhunia|Manas Ranjan Bhunia]]
|votes = 112,098
|percentage = 47.46
|change = {{Down}}3.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Amulya Maity|votes=102,234|percentage=43.28|change={{Up}}25.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chiranjib Bhowmik|votes=17,443|percentage=7.38|change={{Down}}1.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,534|percentage=0.65|change={{Down}}0.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Harekrishna Maiti|votes=1,482|percentage=0.63|change={{Down}}0.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Amra Bangalee|candidate=Debashis Barman|votes=1,410|percentage=0.60|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=9,864|percentage=4.18|change={{Down}}26.78}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=236,201|percentage=89.21|change={{Down}}4.77}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 264,783
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2017: Sabang}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Geeta Rani Bhunia|votes=106,185|percentage=51.21|change={{Up}}14.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Biplobi Bangla Congress|candidate=Rita Mandal (Jana)|votes=41,989|percentage=20.25|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Antara Bhattacharya|votes=37,483|percentage=18.08|change={{Up}}15.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ranjib Bhowmik|votes=18,063|percentage=8.71|change={{Down}}50.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Dinesh Maikap|votes=2,079|percentage=1.00|change={{Down}}0.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,535|percentage=0.74|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=64,196|percentage=30.96|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=207,334|percentage=84.44|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 245,546
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 32.80
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Sabang<ref name="Sabang">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25226.htm |title = Sabang |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053201/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25226.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=226| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064218/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=226| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sabang| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sabang |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Manas Bhunia]]|votes=127,987|percentage=59.70|change={{Up}}8.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Nirmal Ghosh (Paschim Medinipur politician) | Nirmal Ghosh]]|votes=77,820|percentage=36.60|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kashinath Basu|votes=5,610|percentage=2.64|change={{Up}}1.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Dinesh Maikap|votes=2,486|percentage=1.17|change={{Up}}0.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,489|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=49,167|percentage=23.1|change={{Up}}16.26}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=212,903|percentage=89.1|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Manas Ranjan Bhunia of Congress defeated his nearest rival Ram Pada Sahoo of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Sabang<ref name="Sabang">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25226.htm |title = Sabang |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053201/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25226.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=226| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064218/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=226| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sabang| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sabang |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Manas Bhunia|Manas Ranjan Bhunia]]|votes=98,755|percentage=51.25|change={{Down}}1.95#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Biplobi Bangla Congress|candidate=Rama Pada Sahoo|votes=85,571|percentage=44.41|change={{Down}}0.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sabyasachi Sau|votes=2,507|percentage=1.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India|candidate=Narayan Chandra Adhikari|votes=2,437|percentage=1.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Narayan Chandra Samat|votes=2,171|percentage=1.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Krishna Sarkar
|votes = 1,235
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=13,184|percentage=6.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=192,676|percentage=93.94|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Manas Ranjan Bhunia of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Sabang assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Tushar Kanti Laya of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Tushar Kanti Laya of CPI(M) defeated Manas Ranjan Bhunia of Congress in 2001 by 397 votes. A re-election was ordered by the [[Calcutta High Court]], and Manas Ranjan Bunia won it. Makhan Lal Bangal, Independent, defeated Manas Bhunia of Congress in 1996. Manas Bhunia of Congress defeated Gouranga Samanta of CPI(M) in 1991, Hare Krishna Samanta of CPI(M) in 1987 and Hemanta Kumar Jana, Independent, in 1982. Gouranga Samanta of [[Biplobi Bangla Congress]] defeated Surya Kanta Mahapatra of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp216.htm |title = 216 - Sabang Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1951-1962===
While Sabang constituency existed from 1951 to 1962, it did not exist from 1967 to 1972. Aditya Kumar Bakura of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Gopal Chandra Das Adhikary of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] and [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1952]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-20 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

List of Syro-Malabar Catholic eparchies and bishops

2026-05-08T14:14:24Z

Wazid: Creating A Post

{{Short description|none}}
The [[Syro-Malabar Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic church]] of the [[Catholic Church]], traces its origin to apostolic times. Historically, the church developed as the [[Malankara Church]], a [[suffragan]] of the [[Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Metropolis of Persia and India]] under the [[Church of the East]] and later elevated as the [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Metropolis of All India of the Church of the East]] in the seventh century by Patriarch [[Ishoyahb III|Ishoʿyahb III]].<ref>Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 343</ref><ref>MS Vat Syr 22; Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 343 and 391</ref><ref>Wallis Budge, ''The Monks of Kublai Khan'', 122–3</ref><ref>Fiey, ''POCN'', 96</ref> It had the jurisdiction all over India.<ref name="ReferenceA">MSS Vat Syr 204a and Paris BN Syr 25</ref> After the [[Schism of 1552]], the church was integrated with the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] as the [[Archdiocese of Angamaly]].The efforts of the [[Portuguese Padroado]] to [[liturgical latinisation]] under the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Latin Church archidiocese]] that culminated in the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599, led to a suppression of the Syro-Malabar customs and rites, and [[liturgical Latinisation]]. In the 20th century, Syro-Malabar Catholics attained greater autonomy and were ultimately made a [[major archeparch]]al ''[[sui iuris]]'' church and regained its all India jurisdiction by 2017.

== Cardinals from the Syro Malabar Church==
{{Legend|#FFCCCC|Non-elector|text=}}
{{Legend|#F08080|Elector|text=}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
! class="unsortable" |Coat
of arms/seal
!Cardinal
!Eparchy/Archeparchy
!Titular Church
!Other Posts
|- style="background-color: #FFCCCC;" | Row Header | Red Row
|[[Cardinal-Priest]]
|
|[[George Alencherry|Mar George ''Cardinal'' Alenchery]]
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry]]
|Title of [[San Bernardo alle Terme]]
|Major Archbishop Emeritus of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Eranakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam–Angamaly]], member of the [[Dicastery for the Eastern Churches]] and International Council for Catechesis, age {{age|1945|4|19}}.<ref>https://collegeofcardinalsreport.com/cardinals/george-alencherry/</ref>
|- style="background-color: #F08080;" | Row Header | Red Row
|[[Cardinal-Deacon]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of George Jacob Koovakad (cardinal).svg|100px]]
|[[George Koovakad|Mar George Jacob ''Cardinal'' Koovakad]]
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry]]
|Deconary of [[Sant'Antonio di Padova a Circonvallazione Appia]]
|Prefect of the [[Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue]] and member of the [[Dicastery for the Eastern Churches]], age {{age|1973|08|11}}.<ref>https://collegeofcardinalsreport.com/cardinals/cardinal-george-jacob-koovakad/</ref>
|}

== Major Archbishop of the Syro Malabar Church ==
Source:<ref>https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/major-archbishop</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="4" | '''Major Archbishop/ Major-Metropolitan'''
|-
!colspan="4"|[[File:Mar Raphel Thattil.jpg|250px]]
His Beatitude
 [[Mar (title)|Maran Mar]]
 {{resize|120%|'''[[Raphael Thattil]]'''}}
 {{Script/Mdnh|ܡܳܪܝ ܪܰܦܳܐܝܶܠ ܛܰܛܺܝܠ}}
|-
! colspan="4"|Title
|-
! colspan="4" align="center"|
[[Major Archbishop of Erankulam-Angamaly|Head of Syro Malabar Church]] 
President of the Holy Synod of Syro Malabar Church 
Metropolitan and Gate of All India 
Successor to the See of Mar Thoma Sleeha 
Archeparch of Ernakulam-Angamaly 
Metropolitan of the province of Ernakulam-Angamaly
|-
! colspan="4"|Seat
|-
!colspan="4"|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Major Metropolitanate of Ernakulam–Angamaly]] &
Major-Archiepiscopal Curia, Mount St. Thomas
|}
== Bishop of the Major Archepiscopial Curia==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Post / Seat
! class="unsortable" |Bishop's coat
of arms/seal
!Eparch
!Title
|-
! colspan="4" | '''Curia Bishop'''
|-
| align="center" | Major Archiepiscopal Curia, Mount St. Thomas
|
| ''vacant''
| [[Curia|Curia Bishop]]
|}

== Eparchies under Syro-Malabar provinces and their Hierarchs ==
Sources:<ref>https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/eparchies</ref><ref>https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishops</ref>

{{Legend|#C0C0C0|Emeritus or Retired hierarchs|text=}}
{{Legend|#FFCCCC|Cardinal Major Archbishop Emeritus|text=}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Eparchy
! class="unsortable" |Eparchy coat
of arms/seal
!Eparch
!Title
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Ecclesiastical Province of Ernakulam-Angamaly ===
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Major Metropolitanate of Ernakulam–Angamaly]]
| rowspan="5" |
|'''[[Mar (title)|Mar]] [[Raphael Thattil]]'''
|Metropolitan Major Archeparch of Erankulam-Angamaly
|-
|'''[[Joseph Pamplany|Mar Joseph Pamplany]]'''
|Major Archiepiscopial Vicar of the Major Archeparch
|- style="background-color: #FFCCCC;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[George Alencherry|Mar George ''Cardinal'' Alenchery]]''
|Metropolitan Major Archeparch emeritus of Eranakulam-Angamaly
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''Mar Antony Kariyil [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]''
| Major Archiepiscopal Vicar emeritus of Eranakulam-Angamaly
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Thomas Chakiath|Mar Thomas Chakiath]]''
|Auxiliary Eparch emeritus of Eranakulam-Angamaly
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Idukki|Eparchy of Idukki]]
|
|'''[[John Nellikkunnel|Mar John Nellikkunnel]]'''
|Eparch of Idukki
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kothamangalam|Eparchy of Kothamangalam]]
|rowspan="2" |
|'''Mar George Madathikandathil'''
|Eparch of Kothamangalam
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''Mar George Punnakottil''
|Eparch emeritus of Kothamangalam
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Ecclesiastical Province of Chanaganassery ===
|-
|rowspan="2'|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery|Metropolitanate of Changanassery]]
|rowspan="2"|
|'''[[Thomas Joseph Tharayil|Mar Thomas Tharayil]]'''
|Metropolitan Archeparch of Changanassery
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Joseph Perumthottam|Mar Joseph Perumthottam]]''
|Metropolitan Archeparch emeritus of Changanassery
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirappally|Eparchy of Kanjirappally]]
|rowspan="2"|
|'''Mar Jose Pulickal'''
|Eparch of Kanjirappally
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Mathew Arackal|Mar Mathew Arackal]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Kanjirappally
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai|Eparchy of Palai]]
|rowspan="3"|
|'''[[Joseph Kallarangatt|Mar Joseph Kallarangatt]]'''
|Eparch of Palai
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Joseph Pallikaparampil|Mar Joseph Pallikaparampil]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Palai
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Jacob Muricken|Mar Jacob Muricken]]''
|Auxiliary Eparch emeritus of Palai
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thuckalay|Eparchy of Thuckalay]]
|
|'''[[George Rajendran Kuttinadar|Mar George Rajendran]] [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]'''
|Eparch of Thuckalay
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Ecclesiastical Province of Faridabad ===
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Faridabad|Metropolitanate of Faridabad]]
| rowspan="2" |
|'''[[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara|Mar Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]'''
|Metropolitan Archeparch of Faridabad
|-
|'''Mar Jose Puthenveettil'''
|Auxiliary Eparch of Faridabad
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bijnor|Eparchy of Bijnor]]
|rowspan="3" |
|'''Mar Vincent Nellaiparambil'''
|Eparch of Bijnor
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''Mar John Vadakel [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Bijnor
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''Mar [[Gratian Mundadan]] [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Bijnor
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Gorakhpur|Eparchy of Gorakhpur]]
|rowspan="2" |
|'''[[Mathew Nellikunnel|Mar Mathew Nellikunnel]]'''
|Eparch of Gorakhpur
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''Mar Thomas Thuruthimattam [[Congregation of St. Theresa of the Child Jesus|CST]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Gorakhpur
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Ecclesiastical Province of Kalyan ===
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kalyan|Metropolitanate of Kalyan]]
|rowspan="2" |
|'''[[Sebastian Vaniyapurackal|Mar Sebastian Vaniyapurackal]]'''
|Metropolitan Archeparch of Kalyan
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
| ''[[Thomas Elavanal|Mar Thomas Elavanal]] [[Missionary Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament|MCBS]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Kalyan
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Chanda|Eparchy of Chanda]]
|rowspan="2" |
|'''Mar Ephrem Nariculam'''
|Eparch of Chanda
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''Mar Vijay Anand Nedumpuram [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Chanda
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Rajkot|Eparchy of Rajkot]]
|rowspan="2" |
|'''Mar Jose Chittooparambil [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]'''
|Eparch of Rajkot
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Gregory Karotemprel|Mar Gregory Karotemprel]] [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Rajkot
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Ecclesiastical Province of Shamshbad ===
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Shamshabad|Metropolitanate of Shamshabad]]
| rowspan="3" |
|'''[[Antony Prince Panengaden|Mar Antony Panengaden]]'''
|Metropolitan Archeparch of Shamshabad
|-
|'''[[Mar (title)|Mar]] [[Joseph Kollamparambil (bishop, born 1955)|Joseph Kollamparambil]]'''
|First Auxiliary Eparch of Shamshabad
|-
|'''[[Thomas Padiyath|Mar Thomas Padiyath]]'''
|Second Auxiliary Eparch of Shamshabad
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Adilabad|Eparchy of Adilabad]]
|rowspan="2" |
|'''Mar Joseph Thachaparambath [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]'''
|Eparch of Adilabad
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''Mar Joseph Kunnath [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Adilabad
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Ecclesiastical Province of Thrissur ===
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Metropolitanate of Thrissur]]
| rowspan="2" |
|'''[[Andrews Thazhath|Mar Andrews Thazhath]]'''
|Metropolitan Archeparch of Thrissur
|-
|'''[[Tony Neelankavil|Mar Tony Neelankavil]]'''
|Auxiliary Eparch of Thrissur
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Hosur|Eparchy of Hosur]]
|
|'''Mar Sebastian Pozholiparampil'''
|Eparch of Hosur
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Irinjalakuda|Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]]
|
|'''Mar Pauly Kannookadan'''
|Eparch of Irinjalakuda
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palghat|Eparchy of Palghat (Palakkad)]]
|rowspan="2" |
|'''Mar Peter Kochupurackal'''
|Eparch of Palghat
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Jacob Manathodath|Mar Jacob Manathodath]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Palghat
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Ramanathapuram|Eparchy of Ramanathapuram]]
|
|'''[[Paul Alappatt|Mar Paul Alappatt]]'''
|Eparch of Ramanathapuram
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Ecclesiastical Province of Thalassery ===
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Metropolitanate of Tellicherry (Thalassery)]]
|rowspan="3"|
|'''[[Joseph Pamplany|Mar Joseph Pamplany]]'''
|Metropolitan Archeparch of Tellicherry
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[George Njaralakatt|Mar George Njaralakatt]]''
|Metropolitan Archeparch emeritus of Tellicherry
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[George Valiamattam|Mar George Valiamattam]]''
|Metropolitan Archeparch emeritus of Tellicherry
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Belthangady|Eparchy of Belthangady]]
|rowspan="2"|
|'''[[James Patteril|Mar James Patteril]] [[Claretians|CMF]]'''
|Eparch of Belthangady
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Lawrence Mukkuzhy|Mar Lawrence Mukkuzhy]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Belthangady
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bhadravathi|Eparchy of Bhadravathi]]
|
|'''Mar Joseph Arumachadath [[Missionary Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament|MCBS]]'''
|Eparch of Bhadravathi
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mananthavady|Eparchy of Mananthavady]]
| rowspan="2" |
|'''[[Jose Porunnedom|Mar Jose Porunnedom]]'''
|Eparch of Manathavady
|-
|'''Mar Alex Tharamangalam'''
|Auxiliary Eparch of Mananthavady
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mandya|Eparchy of Mandya]]
|
|'''[[Sebastian Adayantharath|Mar Sebastian Adayantharath]]'''
|Eparch of Mandya
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thamarassery|Eparchy of Thamarassery]]
|
|'''[[Remigiose Inchananiyil|Mar Remigiose Inchananiyil]]'''
|Eparch of Thamarassery
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Ecclesiastical Province of Ujjain ===
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Ujjain|Metropolitanate of Ujjain]]
|
|'''Mar Sebastian Vadakkel [[Missionary Society of St Thomas the Apostle|MST]]'''
|Metropolitan Archeparch of Ujjain
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Jagdalpur|Eparchy of Jagdalpur]]
|
|'''Mar Joseph Kollamparampil [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]'''
|Eparch of Jagdalpur
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Sagar|Eparchy of Sagar]]
|rowspan="2"|
|'''[[James Athikalam|Mar James Athikalam]] [[Missionary Society of Saint Thomas|MST]]'''
|Eparch of Sagar
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Anthony Chirayath|Mar Anthony Chirayath]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Sagar
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Satna|Eparchy of Satna]]
|rowspan="2"|
|'''Mar Joseph Kodakallil'''
|Eparch of Satna
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''Mar Matthew Vaniakizhakel [[Vincentian Congregation|VC]]''
|Eparch emeritus of Satna
|-
! colspan="4" |

=== Archeparchy of Kottayam for Knanaya ===
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam|Metropolitanate of Kottayam]]
| rowspan="3" |
|'''[[Mathew Moolakkatt|Mar Mathew Moolakkatt]]'''
|Archeparch of Kottayam
|-
|'''[[Joseph Pandarasseril|Mar Joseph Pandarasseril]]'''
|Auxiliary Eparch of Kottayam
|-
|'''[[Gheevarghese Aprem|Gheevarghese Mar Aprem]]'''
|Auxiliary Eparch of Kottayam for the [[Malankara Rite]] faithful
|}

== Eparchies immediately subject to the Holy See ==
{{Legend|#C0C0C0|Emeritus or Retired hierarchs|text=}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Eparchy
!Eparchy coat
of arms/seal
!Territory
!Eparch
!Title
|-
! colspan="5" |

=== North America ===
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Chicago|Eparchy of St Thomas the Apostle of Chicago]]
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|[[United States of America]] {{flagicon|United States}}
|'''[[Joy Alappat|Mar Joy Alappatt]]'''
|Eparch of St. Thomas the Apostle of Chicago
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Jacob Angadiath|Mar Jacob Angadiath]]''
|Eparch emeritus of St. Thomas the Apostle of Chicago
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga|Eparchy of Mississauga]]
|
|[[Canada]] {{flagicon|Canada}}
|'''[[Jose Kalluvelil|Mar Jose Kalluvelil]]'''
|Eparch of Mississauga
|-
! colspan="5" |

=== Oceania ===
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne|Eparchy of St Thomas the Apostle of Melbourne]]<ref>https://syromalabar.org.au/</ref>
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|[[Australia]] {{flagicon|Australia}}, [[New Zealand]] {{flagicon|New Zealand}} and [[Oceania]]
|'''[[John Panamthottathil|Mar John Panamthottathil]] [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]''' <ref>https://mediablog.catholic.org.au/new-syro-malabar-eparch-named-for-australia-new-zealand/</ref>
|Eparch of St. Thomas of Melbourne
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|''[[Bosco Puthur|Mar Bosco Puthur]]''
|Eparch emeritus of St. Thomas the Apostle of Melbourne
|-
! colspan="5" |

=== Europe ===
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain|Eparchy of Great Britain]]
|
|[[Great Britain]] {{flagicon|Great Britain}}
|[[Joseph Srampickal|Mar Joseph Srampickal]]
|Eparch of Great Britain
|}

== Apostolic Visitations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="5" |

=== Apostolic Visitations under direct jurisdiction of the Major Archbishop ===
|-
!Visitation
!Visitation coat
of arms/seal
!Territory
![[Apostolic visitor|Apostolic Visitator]]
!Title
|-
|Europe <ref>https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/apostolic-visitation</ref><ref>http://smceurope.smcimprojects.com/</ref>
|
|align="center" |{{flagicon|Austria}}{{flagicon|Belgium}}{{flagicon|Denmark}}{{flagicon|Finland}}{{flagicon|France}}{{flagicon|Germany}}{{flagicon|Holland}}{{flagicon|Ireland}}{{flagicon|Italy}}{{flagicon|Malta}}{{flagicon|Norway}}{{flagicon|Portugal}}{{flagicon|Spain}}{{flagicon|Sweden}}{{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[Stephen Chirappanath|Mar Stephen Chirappanath]]
|[[Apostolic visitor|Apostolic Visitator]] for the Syro Malabar faithful in Europe
|-
|Arabian Peninsula <ref>https://catholicconnect.in/news/fr-jolly-vadakken-appointed-apostolic-visitator-for-syro-malabar-faithful-in-gulf</ref>
|
|align="center" |{{flagicon|Bahrain}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}{{flagicon|Oman}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}{{flagicon|Yemen}}
|[[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Fr.]] [[Jolly Vadakken]]
|[[Apostolic visitor|Apostolic Visitator]] for the Syro-Malabar faithful in the Arabian Peninsula
|}

== Hierarchs working for the Holy See==
{{Legend|#C0C0C0|Emeritus or Retired Hierarchs|text=}}
{{Legend|#F08080|Cardinals|text=}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Post / Seat
! class="unsortable" |Bishop's coat
of arms/seal
!Eparch
!Title
|-
! colspan="4" | '''Roman Curia'''
|- style="background-color: #F08080;" | Row Header | Red Row
|[[Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue]],<ref>https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dxird.html</ref> Holy See {{flagicon|Holy See}}
|
|[[George Koovakad|Mar George Jacob ''Cardinal'' Koovakad]]
|Prefect of the [[Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue]] <ref>https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2025/01/pope-francis-names-syro-malabar-cardinal-to-head-interreligious-dialogue-dicastery</ref>
|-
! colspan="4" | '''Propaganda Fide - Diplomatic Posts''' <ref>https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/apostolic-nuncios-from-syromalabar-church</ref>
|-
|[[Apostolic Nuncio to Chile|Apostolic Nunciature of Chile]] {{flagicon|Chile}}
|
| [[Kurian Mathew Vayalunkal|Mar Kurian Vayalunkal]]
|[[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Ratiaria]] and [[Apostolic Nuncio to Chile]] <ref>https://catholicnews.in/kerala-born-archbishop-appointed-as-the-new-apostolic-nuncio-to-chile/</ref>
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|[[Apostolic Nunciature to Uruguay|Apostolic Nunciature of Uruguay]] {{flagicon|Uruguay}}
|
| ''[[George Panikulam|Mar George Panikulam]]''
|[[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Caudium]] and {{font colour|grey|[[Apostolic Nunciature to Uruguay|Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Uruguay]]}}
|- style="background-color: #C0C0C0;" | Row Header | Grey Row
|[[Apostolic Nuncio to Bangladesh|Apostolic Nunciature of Bangladesh]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}}
|
|''[[George Kocherry|Mar George Kocherry]]''
|[[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Othona]] and {{font colour|grey|[[Apostolic Nuncio to Bangladesh|Apostolic Nuncio emeritus to Bangladesh]]}}
|}

== Timeline ==

*May 20, 1887 Two independent Vicariates of Kottayam (present [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Changanassery|''Changanassery''1]]) and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur|''Thrissur''2]] for Syrians; Charles Lavigne and Adolf Medlycott were made Vicar Apostolic respectively (''Quod Jampridem'', Pope Leo XIII).
* September 16, 1890 Seat of Kottayam Vicariate moved to Changanassery
*July 28, 1896 Vicariate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly|''Ernakulam''3]] created, with territories from both Vicariates of Changanassery and Thrissur, and Bishop Louis Pazheparambil, Bishop Mathew Makkil, and Bishop John Menachery were made the bishops respectively (''Quae Rei Sacrae'', Pope Leo XIII).
*July 28, 1896 Vicariate of Kottayam renamed as the Vicariate of Changanassery
*August 29, 1911 Establishment of the Vicariate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Kottayam|''Kottayam''4]] for the Knanaya (Southists) Community of the Syrians.
*December 21, 1923 Vicariates of Thrissur, Changanassery and Kottayam raised as Eparchies.
*December 21, 1923 Vicariate of Ernakulam raised as a [[Metropolitan Archdiocese|Metropolitan Archieparchy]] with suffragan sees of Thrissur, Kottayam and Changanassery.
* December 21, 1923 Establishment of the '''Syro-Malabar Hierarchy''' and elevating the Syro-Malabar Church as a [[Sui iuris|'''Metropolitan ''Sui iuris'' Church''']]
*July 25, 1950 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palai|''Pala''5]]
*December 31, 1953 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Tellicherry|''Thalassery''6]]
* July 26, 1956 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Changanassery|''Changanassery'']] raised as a Metropolitan Archieparchy with suffragan see of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Pala|''Pala'']]
*January 10, 1957 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kothamangalam|''Kothamangalam''7]]
*March 31, 1962 Ordinariate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chanda|''Chanda,'']] Maharashtra (CMI)
*July 29, 1968 Ordinariate of Chanda raised as the Exarchate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chanda|''Chanda'']]
*July 29, 1968 Exarchate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Sagar|''Sagar,'']] Madhya Pradesh (CMI)
*July 29, 1968 Exarchate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Satna|''Satna,'']] Madhya Pradesh (VC)
*July 29, 1968 Exarchate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Ujjain|''Ujjain,'']] Madhya Pradesh (MST)
*March 23, 1972 Exarchate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Bijnor|''Bijnor,'']] Uttarakhand (CMI)
*March 23, 1972 Exarchate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Jagadalpur|''Jagdalpur,'']] Chattisgargh (CMI)
*March 1, 1973 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mananthavady|''Mananthavady''08]]
*June 20, 1974 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palghat|''Palakkad''09]]
*February 26, 1977 Exarchates of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Bijnor|''Bijnor''10]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chanda|''Chanda''11]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Jagadalpur|''Jagdalpur''12]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Sagar|''Sagar''13]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Satna|''Satna''14]], and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Ujjain|''Ujjain''15]] raised as Eparchies.
*February 25, 1977 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Rajkot|''Rajkot''16]], Gujarat (CMI)
*February 26, 1977 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kanjirappally|''Kanjirappally''17]]
*June 22, 1978 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda|''Irinjalakkuda''18]]
*September 8, 1978 First Apostolic Visitation for the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Shamshabad|''faithful outside proper territory of the Syro-Malabar Church in India'']] until April 23, 1985.
*June 19, 1984 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur|''Gorakhpur,''19]] Uttar Pradesh (CST)
*April 28, 1986 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thamarassery|''Thamarassery''20]]
*April 30, 1988 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kalyan|''Kalyan,''21]] Maharashtra
* December 16, 1992 Syro-Malabar Church raised to a [[Sui iuris|'''Major Archepiscopial ''Sui iuris'' Church''']] with the establishment of '''Major Archiepiscopal see of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam-Angamaly]]''' and appointment of [[Antony Padiyara|Mar Antony Cardinal Padiyara]] as the first Major Archbishop.
* May 18, 1995 Eparchies of Thrissur (Suffragan sees of Irinjalakuda and Palakkad) and Thalassery (Suffragan sees of Thamarassery and Mananthavady) made Metropolitan Archieparchies.
*November 11, 1996 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thuckalay|''Thuckalay,''22]] Tamil Nadu
* February 3, 1998 Major Archiepiscopal Headquarters at Mount St. Thomas, Kakkanad.
*April 24, 1999 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Belthangady|''Belthangady,''23]] Karnataka
*July 23, 1999 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Adilabad|''Adilabad,''24]] Andhra Pradesh (CMI)
*July 6, 2001 Eparchy of [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago|''St. Thomas the Apostle of Chicago'',25]] [[Catholic Church in the United States|''USA'']], also acting as Apostolic Visitation in [[Catholic Church in Canada|''Canada'']]
*December 19, 2002 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Idukki|''Idukki''26]]
* May 9, 2005 Eparchy of Kottayam was made a Metropolitan Archieparchy with co-extensive jurisdiction across the Syro-Malabar territory.
*July 15, 2006 Second Apostolic Visitation for the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Shamshabad|''faithful outside proper territory of the Syro-Malabar Church in India'']]
*August 21, 2007 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Bhadravathi|''Bhadravathi,''27]] Karnataka (MCBS)
*January 18, 2010 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mandya|''Mandya''28]] Karnataka
* January 18, 2010 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Ramanathapuram|''Ramanathapuram''29]], Tamil Nadu
*March 6, 2012 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Faridabad|''Faridabad''30]], ''encompassing the Union Territories of Delhi NCT, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh and states of Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and parts of Uttar Pradesh.''
* December 23, 2013 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne|''Saint Thomas the Apostle of Melbourne''31]] established in and for [[Australia]], also acting as [[Apostolic Visitation]] for [[New Zealand]]
* August 26, 2015 Extension of the territory of the Eparchy of Mandya.
* September 19, 2015 Apostolic Exarchate of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga|''Mississauga'']], Canada
*July 16, 2016 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Great Britain|''Great Britain''32]], for England, Scotland and Wales
*July 28, 2016 Apostolic Visitation for the ''Syro-Malabar Faithful in Europe'', headquartered in Rome.
*October 9, 2017 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Hosur|''Hosur''33]], Tamil Nadu
*October 9, 2017 Expansion of territories of Eparchies of Ramanathapuram and Thuckalay.
*October 9, 2017 Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Shamshabad|''Shamshabad''34]], ''for the rest of the territories in India (23 States and 4 UTs)''.
*October 9, 2017 Re-establishing of the '''All India jurisdiction''' of the Syro-Malabar Church with [[Pope Francis]] granting the title of '''Metropolitan and Gate of All India''' to [[Mar (title)|Mar]] [[George Alencherry|George Cardinal Alencherry]], the Major Archbishop of the church.
*December 22, 2018 Apostolic Exarchate of Mississauga raised to the Eparchy of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga|''Mississauga''35]], Canada
*July 19, 2020 Headquarters for the Apostolic Visitation for Europe moved to the [[Sant'Anastasia al Palatino|''Basilica of Sant'Anastasia al Palatino'']], in Rome, after [[Pope Francis]] granted the Basilica to the Syro-Malabar Church.
*March 29, 2021 Expansion of territory of the Eparchy of St. Thomas the Apostle of Melbourne to include [[Catholic Church in New Zealand|''New Zealand'']] and [[Catholic Church in Oceania|'' Oceania'']]
*May 13, 2024 Verbal assent by [[Pope Francis]] to the Major Archbishop [[Raphael Thattil|Mar Raphael Thattil]] to practice jurisdiction over faithful in the Middle East (Vicariates of [[Apostolic vicariate of Northern Arabia|Northern Arabia]] and [[Apostolic vicariate of Southern Arabia|Southern Arabia]]).
*August 28, 2025 Territorial expansion of the eparchies of Adilabad, Bhadravati, Bijnor, Chanda, Gorakhpur, Jagdalpur, Kalyan, Rajkot, Sagar, Satna, and Ujjain from the Eparchy of Shamshabad.
*August 28, 2025 Eparchies of Faridabad (Suffragan sees of Bijnor and Gorakhpur), Kalyan (Suffragan sees of Chanda and Rajkot), Shamshabad (Suffragan see of Adilabad), and Ujjain (Suffragan sees of Jagdalpur, Sagar, and Satna) made Metropolitan Archieparchies.
*August 28, 2025 Eparchy of Hosur was made suffragan to the Archeparchy of Thrissur.
*November 18, 2025 Apostolic Visitation for the ''Syro-Malabar Faithful in the Arabian Peninsula''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.smcim.org// Syro-Malabar Church] Official website
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/rite-Sb.htm GigaCatholic]
*[http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/ Archdiocese of Tellicherry]
*[http://www.synodofdiamper.com/ The website for Synod of Diamper]
*[http://www.archdiocesechanganacherry.org/ Archdiocese of Changanacherry]
*[https://www.trichurarchdiocese.org/ Archdiocese of Trichur]
*[http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/ Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081102193905/http://www.kottayamad.org/ Archdiocese of Kottayam]
*[http://www.syromalabarsf.org/ Syro Malabar Mission of San Francisco]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090119211945/http://palaidiocese.com/ Diocese of Palai]
*[http://www.syromalabarccc.org/ St. Raphael Syro Malabar Catholic Mission of Cleveland]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010419071224/http://www.syromalabarphila.org/ St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church of Philadelphia]
*[http://www.syromalabarla.org/ Syro-Malabar Mission of Los Angeles]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081022043741/http://www.syromalabarmissiongarfield.com/ Syro-Malabar Mission of New Jersey]
*[http://www.indianchristianity.com/index.html Welcome to Indian Christianity]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071024004425/http://indussociety.org/cmsindia/ Christian Musicological Society of India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928102125/http://www.cstbrothers.com/ Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux: CST Brothers]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110101190424/http://www.cmi.in/ Carmelites of Mary Immaculate Homepage]
*[http://www.byzantinediscalcedcarmelites.com/page2.html Syro-Malabar / Discalced Carmelite Nuns]
*[http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=4306 New Head for Syro-Malabar Church]

{{Seven Sacraments}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{Syriac Christianity}}
{{Christianity footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eparchies Of The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Catholic dioceses|Syro-Malabar]]

Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T14:20:46Z

Wazid: made new stub initial version...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Howrah Madhya
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Howrah Madhya.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Howrah Madhya Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Arup Roy]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| constituency_no = 171
| established = 1951
| electors = 223,616
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 171 Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos. 17 to 20, 24 to 34, 36, 37 and 42 of [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
===Howrah North===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Biren Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Samar Mukhopadhyay
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Saila Kumar Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===Howrah South===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Beni Charan Dutta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|Kanai Lal Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}

===Howrah West===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="2"|Bankim Chandra Kar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Anadi Das
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

===Howrah East===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Saila Kumar Mukhopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Beni Charan Dutta
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bejoy Bhattacharya
|}

===Howrah Central===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|D. Mitra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Anadi Das
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Sudhindranath Kumar
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Mrityunjoy Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sudhindranath Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="5"|Ambica Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Arup Ray
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}

===Howrah Madhya===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Arup Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Howrah Madhya}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Aroop Roy]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes= 95,948{{formatnum:}}|percentage=49.59%|change=-7.57%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Biplab Mondal|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=79,865{{formatnum:}}|percentage=41.28%|change=+7.97%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Imteaz Ahmed|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes= 11,280{{formatnum:}}|percentage=5.83%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aparna Bose|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,747{{formatnum:}}|percentage=1.42%|change=-5.21}}

{{Election box majority||votes=16,083{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,93,459{{formatnum:}}|percentage=88.19|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing = -7.77%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Madhya]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aroop Roy]]
|votes = 1,11,554
|percentage = 57.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|votes = 65,007
|percentage = 33.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Palash Bhandari
|votes = 12,942
|percentage = 6.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,735
|percentage =1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Anamika Singh
|votes = 545
|percentage =0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 46,547
|percentage = 24.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,95,258
|percentage = 73.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Madhya]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aroop Roy]]
|votes = 91,800
|percentage = 52.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Amitabha Dutta
|votes = 38,806
|percentage =22.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|votes = 35,691
|percentage = 20.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,135
|percentage =2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Soumitra Sengupta
|votes = 1,326
|percentage =0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 52,994
|percentage = 30.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,76,047
|percentage = 71.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Aroop Roy (Apu) of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Arup Ray(Tukun)of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Madhya]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=171|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Howrah Madhya|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 1 May 2011|archive-date = 19 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163323/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=171|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aroop Roy]]
|votes = 1,03,184
|percentage = 62.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Arup Ray (Tukun)
|votes = 52,514
|percentage = 31.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Narayan Chowrasia

|votes = 6,223
|percentage = 3.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Sunil Dalui
|votes = 1,594
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Vikram Singh Grewal
|votes = 1,071
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 50,670
|percentage = 30.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,66,407
|percentage = 74.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 18.20#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Arup Ray of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Howrah Central assembly seat defeating his nearest rival [[Ambica Banerjee]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> state assembly elections, Ambica Banerjee of Trinamool Congress/ [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Subir Ranjan Das of CPI(M) in 2001, Sureswar Dutta of [[Janata Dal]] in 1996 and 1991, Sankar Mondol, Independent, in 1987, and [[Sudhindranath Kumar]] in 1982. Sudhindranath Kumar, [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]], defeated Sukumar Banerjee of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp163.htm |title =163 - Howrah Central Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=416}}</ref>

===1967-1972===
[[Mrityunjoy Banerjee (economist)|Mrityunjoy Banerjee]] of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Sudhindranath Kumar of [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|RCPI]] won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Committee"/> [[Anadi Das]] of RCPI won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Committee"/> D. Mitra of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

===1951-1962===
During the period Howrah had four Vidhan Sabha constituencies.

====Howrah North====
Saila Mukherjee of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Samar Mukhopadhyay of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Biren Banerjee of CPI won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

====Howrah West====
Anadi Dass, Independent, won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Bankim Chandra Kar of Congress won in 1957<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> and 1951.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

====Howrah East====
Bejoy Bhattacharyya of Congress won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Beni Chandra Dutta of Congress won in 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> Saila Kumar Mukhopdhyay of Congress won in 1951.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

For results of Howrah South constituency see [[Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Howrah]]

Ravendra Pal Singh (general)

2026-05-03T03:32:04Z

Wazid: Creating Biography

{{short description|Lieutenant general in the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| name = R P Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = June 1982 – October 2021
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
| service_number = IC-40302P
| unit = [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
| commands = [[File:IA_Western_Command.svg|20px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Army]] [[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| spouse =
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| other_work =
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| website =
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| signature_size =
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}}

[[Lieutenant General]] '''Ravendra Pal Singh''' [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a former [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He assumed office on 1 August 2019, succeeding Gen [[Surinder Singh (general)|Surinder Singh]].<ref name="Western_army_commander">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army|website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":XXI_Corps">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/2018-07-06-210999.html|title=INBRIEF|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref name="commanders_appointed">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/naravane-appointed-as-new-vice-chief-of-indian-army-four-army-commanders-appointed/articleshow/70339637.cms|title=Naravane appointed as new Vice Chief of Indian Army, four army commanders appointed|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|last1=Gurung|website=The Economic Times|access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lt-gen-ravindra-pal-singh-is-next-goc-in-c-western-command-to-take-over-on-oct-1-5843428/|title=Lt Gen Ravindra Pal Singh is next GOC-in-C Western Command, to take over on Oct 1|date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gen Singh was commissioned into the [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]] on 12 Jun 1982. An alumnus of [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and [[Indian Military Academy]], the General officer has attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Senior Command Course, Higher Command Course and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army|website=www.indianarmy.nic.in|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>

== Career ==
The general officer has held various regimental, staff and instructional appointments. These include [[brigade major]] of an Infantry Brigade in intense Counter Insurgency areas in J&K, GSO-2, Military Intelligence Directorate at IHQ of MoD (Army), Col GS (Military Doctrine) at [[Army War College, Mhow]], BGS (Ops) of a command in the Western Theatre, ADG (Discipline & Vigilance), DG LWE & DG DC&W at IHQ of MoD (Army). He was instructor at School of Armoured Warfare [[Ahmednagar]] and was also posted as United Nations military observer in United Nations in Africa.

The general officer commanded a Mechanised Infantry Battalion, an Armoured Brigade and an Infantry Division in the Western Theatre.

He was also 'the colonel' of The [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanised Infantry]] Regiment.

<ref name="auto" />

==Military awards and aecorations==
He is a recipient of [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]], and [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] for distinguished service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1600543|title=President approves 409 Gallantry and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="5"|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:Wound Medal-India.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:UN UNAVEM Medal ribbon.svg|104px]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="1"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="1"|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Wound Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[United Nations Angola Verification Mission II|UN Mission in Angola Medal]]
|}

== Dates of rank ==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 12 June 1982<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1666 |date=29 September 1984|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1984/O-0834-1984-0039-36639.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 12 June 1984<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=652 |date=11 May 1985|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0780-1985-0019-34598.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 12 June 1987
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 12 June 1993<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1685 |date=10 September 1994|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1994/O-0363-1994-0037-14340.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 16 December 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1890 |date=15 October 2005|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_42_2012_119.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 March 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=634 |date=21 April 2007|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2007/W_16_2011_060.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1 June 2010 (seniority from 7 January 2009)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=272 |date=16 February 2013|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/W_7_2013_196.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 January 2015 (seniority from 4 June 2012)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1308 |date=21 May 2016|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/169742.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 20 May 2017 (seniority from 1 May)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=393 |date=9 February 2019|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/197165.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| years = 1 August 2019 - 31 October 2021
| before = [[Surinder Singh (general)|Surinder Singh]]
| after = [[Nav Kumar Khanduri]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]]
| years = June 2018 - July 2019
| before = [[Iqroop Singh Ghuman]]
| after = [[Yogendra Dimri]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ravendra Pal}}
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]

{{India-mil-bio-stub}}

Vanthala Rajeswari

2026-04-22T14:10:54Z

Wazid: added a pg!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vanthala Rajeswari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|7|10}}
| birth_place = [[Rampachodavaram]], [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = Studied up to Class VII, [[Zilla Parishad High School]], [[Addateegala]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (until 2017)
| constituency = [[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency]]
| office = [[Member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = Seethamsetti Venkateswara Rao
| successor = Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi
| father = Konda Babu
}}

'''Vanthala Rajeswari''' (born 10 July 1981) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. In 2014, she was became a first-time MLA from [[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in the erstwhile [[East Godavari district|East Godavari District]], which is presently [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitaramaraju District]]. She won the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket.

== Early life and education ==
Rajeswari hails from [[Rampachodavaram]]. Her father late Konda Babu was a farmer. She studied Class VII from Zilla Parishad High School, [[Addateegala]]. Later, she discontinued her studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Political Wiki |url=https://www.telugupoliticalwiki.com/2016/12/vantala-rajeswari.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Telugu Political Wiki}}</ref>

== Career ==
In [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] she lost to [[Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi|Nagulapalli Dhanalakshi]] of the YSR Congress Party. She contested on the Telugu Desam Party ticket and polled 59,212 votes but lost by a margin of 39,106 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampachodavaram Assembly Election 2024: Rampachodavaram Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/rampachodavaram-constituency-result-1053 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Rampachodavaram Constituency Winner List in AP Elections 2019 {{!}} Rampachodavaram Constituency MLA Election Results 2019 |url=https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/rampachodavaram.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723094136/https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/rampachodavaram.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-07-23 |access-date=2024-05-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ఆదివాసీ రాజ్యంలో 'మార్పు' వచ్చేనా? {{!}} Andhrabhoomi - Telugu News Paper Portal {{!}} Daily Newspaper in Telugu {{!}} Telugu News Headlines {{!}} Andhrabhoomi |url=http://www.andhrabhoomi.net/content/state-14984 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.andhrabhoomi.net}}</ref> She was first elected as an MLA winning the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket from [[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency]]. She polled 52,156 votes and defeated Seethamsetti Venkateswara Rao of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 8,222.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Rampachodavaram Election Results 2019 Live Updates |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/rampachodavaram-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153521.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, she left YSR Congress Party and joined [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] in the presence of party supremo Chandrababu Naidu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-04 |title=YSRC MLA joins TDP in Andhra Pradesh a year after she alleged the party offered her crores to 'switch loyalties' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ysrc-mla-joins-tdp-in-andhra-pradesh-a-year-after-she-alleged-the-party-offered-her-crores-to-switch-loyalties-4193167.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-04 |title=YSR Cong MLA Vantala Rajeswari joins TDP in presence of Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041117/ysr-cong-mla-vantala-rajeswari-joins-tdp-in-presence-of-chandrababu-naidu.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2017-11-04 |title=YSRC MLA Rajeswari joins TDP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ysrc-mla-rajeswari-joins-tdp/article19983867.ece |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was denied a ticket for the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PT80TUpQDso |title=No Ticket for Giddi Eswari, Vanthala Rajeswari, and Kidari Sravan {{!}} Chandrababu {{!}}@SakshiTV |date=2024-03-19 |last=Sakshi TV |access-date=2025-07-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanthala, Rajeswari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]

Kalthodu

2026-04-21T12:42:46Z

Wazid: made a entry basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalthodu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.8183|74.7187|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Byndoor]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5172
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =KA
| website =
}}

'''Kalthodu''' is a village in the [[Byndoor]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]]. T As of 2011, Kalthodu has a total population of 5172 people consisting of 2820 male and 539 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 4212.71 hecatres with a population density of 1.228 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 66.57% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2011, Kalthodu has an employment rate of over 52.11%, 70.17% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" />

In 2022, a school girl was washed away by a swollen stream while crossing a wooden footbridge near Kalthodu which brought to light the lack of infrastructure in the village.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-08 |title=Schoolgirl washed away in swollen stream as she slips from wooden footbridge in Udupi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/schoolgirl-washed-away-in-swollen-stream-as-she-slips-from-wooden-footbridge-in-udupi/article65746972.ece |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Byndoor]]
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Karan Kaur Brar

2026-04-19T22:24:56Z

Wazid: made first stub nd citations...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Karan Kaur Brar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|11|5}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh
| image =
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Muktsar Assembly constituency|Muktsar]]
| term = 2012–2017
| predecessor = [[Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar]](Sunny Brar)
| successor = [[Kanwarjit Singh Rozy Barkandi]]
| office2 =
| term2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| profession = Politician [[horse breeding]]
| website =
| spouse = [[Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bede's College]]
| education = [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Delhi]]
| citizenship = Indian
}}

'''Karan Kaur Brar''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-25 |title=The Brar dynasty: Not a male bastion, MLA Karan Brar is holding fort to the legacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/the-brar-dynasty-not-a-male-bastion-mla-karan-brar-is-holding-fort-to-the-legacy/story-AB45uq0DrcRUYiHuzZjTEO.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She was a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sri Muktsar Sahib|Muktsar]](2012–2017).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/members/detail/65 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.punjabassembly.gov.in}}</ref> She is the daughter-in-law of former Chief Minister [[Harcharan Singh Brar]].

== Personal life ==
Karan Kaur Brar was born in 1951. She was married to [[Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar|Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar(Sunny Brar)]]. Together the couple has three sons. Her father-in-law [[Harcharan Singh Brar]] served as the 13th Chief Minister of Punjab. She completed her schooling from [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Delhi|The Convent of Jesus and Mary]] at New Delhi. She is a graduate from [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bede's College]] under [[Himachal Pradesh University|Himachal University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-25 |title=The Brar dynasty: Not a male bastion, MLA Karan Brar is holding fort to the legacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/the-brar-dynasty-not-a-male-bastion-mla-karan-brar-is-holding-fort-to-the-legacy/story-AB45uq0DrcRUYiHuzZjTEO.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Her majors were in History and French.

== Political career ==
Karan Kaur Brar started her political career in 2004. She fought the 2004 Lok Sabha elections from Faridkot against [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2004 |first=Balwant |last=Garg |title=Karan Brar: Lonely in Faridkot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/karan-brar-lonely-in-faridkot/articleshow/607884.cms |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, she was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. She defeated [[Kanwarjit Singh Rozy Barkandi]] by 9255 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-06 |title=Key Winners And Losers In Punjab |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/key-winners-and-losers-in-punjab-14751.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Barely two days before the elections results were announced Karan Brar lost her husband [[Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar|Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar(Sunny Brar)]] to cancer. During her tenure she remained Member of various committees including House Committee, Committee on Privileges, Committee on Public Accounts, Committee on Estimates and Committee on Local Bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/members/detail/65 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.punjabassembly.gov.in}}</ref> She was the second richest candidate in the 2022 Punjab Assembly Elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-25 |title=The Brar dynasty: Not a male bastion, MLA Karan Brar is holding fort to the legacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/the-brar-dynasty-not-a-male-bastion-mla-karan-brar-is-holding-fort-to-the-legacy/story-AB45uq0DrcRUYiHuzZjTEO.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, Karan Kaur}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ujiarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:17Z

Wazid: added a article!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Ujiarpur
|type= SLA
| map_image = 134-Ujiarpur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Alok Kumar Mehta]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = 
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|134]]
|established = 2008
| electors = 310,269
|reservation = 
|abolished = 
}}
'''Ujiarpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. The constituency was formed following the [[Delimitation Order of 2008]].<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 134 Ujiarpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ujiarpur [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Sultanpur Ghataho,
Chakbahauddin, Mokhtiyarpur Salkhani, Panr, Pachpaika, Harishankarpur, Kewanta, Nagargama, Pagra, Nawada, Basariya Pl[[gram panchayat]]s and [[Dalsinghsarai]] notified area of Dalsinghsarai CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 10 January 2011 }}</ref>

Ujiarpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 22 [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1951-2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Durga Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ujiarpur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102707}}
|percentage = 44.66
|change = {{decrease}}4.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Morcha
|candidate = Prashant Kumar Pankaj
|votes = {{formatnum:86424}}
|percentage = 37.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Durga Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9502}}
|percentage = 4.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Upendra kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:6452}}
|percentage = 2.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranveer Kumar Chourasiya
|votes = {{formatnum:3463}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maha Shanker Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3177}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Virendra Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:3077}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janshakti Vikas Party (Democratic)
|candidate = Sunita Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2661}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Ankit Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2624}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bulbul Kumar Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:2452}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2077}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16283}}
|percentage = 7.08
|change = {{decrease}}5.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:229995}}
|percentage = 74.13
|change = {{increase}}12.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ujiarpur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:90601}}
|percentage = 48.81
|change = -3.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sheel Kumar Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:67333}}
|percentage = 36.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nawal Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4759}}
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dinesh Prashad Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:4575}}
|percentage = 2.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Prashant Kumar Pankaj
|votes = {{formatnum:4345}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change = -20.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Afaque Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:2506}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Baidya Nath Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:1828}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:956}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change = -3.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23268}}
|percentage = 12.54
|change = -16.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185633}}
|percentage = 62.05
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===

In the [[2015 Bihar legislative assembly election|2015 state assembly elections]], [[Alok Kumar Mehta]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] won the newly constituted Ujiarpur seat.<ref name="election2011">{{cite web| url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/ujiarpur.php |title = Ujiarpur Assembly Constituency| publisher = Travel India Guide|access-date = 25 October 2011 }}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ujiarpur<ref name="election2015">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/|title=Bihar 2015|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:85466}}
|percentage = 52.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Kumar Anant
|votes = {{formatnum:38006}}
|percentage = 23.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Kushwaha|Ajay Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:18973}}
|percentage = 11.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = ''n/a''
|votes = {{formatnum:6388}}
|percentage = 3.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:3727}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baiju Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:3156}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Kumar Baitha
|votes = {{formatnum:2357}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1565}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6388}}
|percentage = 3.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47460}}
|percentage = 29.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163614}}
|percentage = 61.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}
* [https://www.ujiarpurnews.com/%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5/ Result of all Ujiarpur Assembly election 2020 candidates] ujiarpurnews.com Info provided by Ujiarpur News team of 2020 assembly election.
*[https://www.ujiarpurnews.com/bihar-election-result-2025-live-ujiarpur-134/ Result of all candidates of the Ujiarpur Assembly Constituency 2025]
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Samastipur]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{coord|25|46|38|N|85|47|25|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre

2026-04-19T15:56:19Z

Wazid:

{{Short description|Anglo-Indian politician (1808–1851)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Sudbury]]
| term_start = July 1841
| term_end = April 1842
| birth_date = 18 December 1808
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1851|7|1|1808|12|18}}
| birth_place = [[Sardhana]], [[Kingdom of Awadh]], India
| death_place = [[West End of London]], England
| image = Dyce-sombre.jpg
}}
'''David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre''' (18 December 1808 – 1 July 1851),<ref>{{Cite book| last = | first = | author-link = | author2 = | title = List of Inscriptions on Christian Tombs and Tablets of Historical Interest in the United Provinces| publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC| year = 2009| location = | pages = 17–18| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pm1A_jGr5G8C| doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-115-90721-7}}</ref> also known as '''D. O. Dyce Sombre''' and '''David Dyce Sombre''', was an [[Anglo-Indian]] politician recognized to be the first person of Indian descent to be elected to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. He stood as a candidate in the [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|constituency of Sudbury]] and became its MP in July 1841, but was removed from his seat in April 1842 after being found guilty of "gross, systematic and extensive [[bribery]]"<ref>{{cite book |last=Segura-Garcia |first=Teresa |editor-last1=Fradera |editor-first1=Josep M. |editor-last2=Portillo |editor-first2=José María |date=2021 |title=Unexpected Voices in Imperial Parliaments |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=167 |isbn=978-1-3501-9319-2}}</ref> during his campaign.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Fisher| first = Michael H.| title = Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600–1857| publisher = Orient Blackswan| year = 2006| location = | pages = 318| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC| doi = | id = | isbn = 81-7824-154-4}}</ref>
He was named after the [[Resident (title)#Residents in Asia|British Resident at Delhi]], [[David Ochterlony]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sardhanachurch.org/TheBegumDescendants.aspx|title=Sardhana Church|website=www.sardhanachurch.org}}</ref>

==Lineage and background==
David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre was the great-grandson of [[Walter Reinhardt Sombre]] (c. 1725–1778), a [[mercenary soldier]] who lived for many years in India. Walter Reinhardt Sombre had two wives, both of whom were Indian Muslim women; the senior wife is known only as ''Badi Bibi'' ("senior lady"), while the second wife was [[Begum Samru]] (c. 1753–1836). The name "Samru" is the local corruption of the name "Sombre", and Begum, a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Muslim by birth, converted in 1781 to the Catholic faith. A wealthy woman, she was left with no surviving children or grandchildren in her old age. Her husband had only one son by ''Badi Bibi'', his first wife. The boy, born in 1764, was initially named Zafar Yab Khan, and was raised more or less as a Muslim by his mother in a mixed household. However, he accepted Catholic baptism in 1781 at the age of 17, three years after the death of his Catholic father. Incidentally, his widowed stepmother, Begum Samru, also accepted Catholic baptism at the same time. Upon his baptism, the young man's name was changed to "Walter Balthazzar Reinhardt," or (according to a biography of his grandson) "Aloysius Balthazzar Reinhardt."<ref name="sardhanachurch.org">{{cite web|url=http://sardhanachurch.org/TheBegumDescendants.aspx|title=Sardhana Church|website=sardhanachurch.org}}</ref>

Khan married Julia Anne (or Juliana) Le Fevre (1770–1815), the daughter of a captain in Begum Samru's service. Julia Anna was also known as Juliana, as Madame Reybaud and as Bhai Begum. The couple had two children, a son, Aloysius Reinhardt, who died young and is buried in the Akbar Church in [[Agra]], and a daughter, Julia Anne (or Juliana). Khan died due to the effects of [[cholera]] in 1799. He was survived by his wife (who died in 1815) and their daughter, also named Juliana (born 1787/1789 – died 1820), who in 1803 married George Alexander Dyce. Dyce was the illegitimate [[Anglo-Indian]] son of a Major General Dyce by an Indian woman; he died in April 1838 and was buried at [[Fort William, Calcutta]]). The couple had several children, of whom four are mentioned in subsequent papers and histories:<ref>Oxford DNB 18 December 2006 daily entry gives the daughters' names and dates as Anna May (1812–1867) and Georgiana (1815–1867) [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2006-12/1166437906 archived version on a mailing list]</ref>
# David Ochterlony (b. 18 December 1808)
# George Archibald (b. 1 August 1810, died within a year)
# Anna Maria (b. 24 December 1813) married John Rose Troup, a former [[East India Company]] general
# Georgiana (b. 2 September 1807; alternatively 1815–1867). She married an Italian mercenary soldier named Paolo Solaroli (1796–1878) who was later to become a wealthy and high-ranking aristocrat. Born into a humble family from Novara, [[Piedmont]], Paolo Solaroli joined the Sardinian army. He later became an officer and diplomat who was ennobled in the 1840s by Carlo Alberto of Sardinia, became Baron, by 1864, and was elevated to the title of Marchese di Briona in 1867 by [[Vittorio Emmanuele II]]. He had descendants and left them an enormous estate at his death. His castle was acquired in 1864 by the government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7KqQrL47pkC&q=%22Paolo+Solaroli%22&pg=PA102|title=Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861–1930|first=Anthony L.|last=Cardoza|date=8 August 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521522298|via=Google Books}}</ref> In the 1840s, he was styled Baron Paolo Solaroli, but was referred to by his sister-in-law, Anna Maria (Ochterlony) Troup, and her lawyers as Peter Solaroli.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Begum Samroo looked after David, who was brought up after his mother's death in 1820 as the Begum's son and heir,<ref name="sardhanachurch.org"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mrdycesombresre00sombgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/mrdycesombresre00sombgoog/page/n164 159]|title=Mr. Dyce Sombre's Refutation of the Charge of Lunacy Brought Against Him in the Court of Chancery|year=1849|first=David Ochterlony Dyce|last=Sombre|publisher=Dyce Sombre|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> and was selected by Begum Samru to succeed to her vast estates. He thereupon added the surname "Sombre" to his existing names and came to be known as David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Religious position==
Although educated by Protestant missionaries, David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre was brought up as a Catholic. He added Sombre to his name on being formally nominated by the Begam as her sole heir and successor. She transferred to him her wealth, and the administration of her principality but her attempts to have him accepted by the British as ruler on her death were to no avail.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

When the Begam died in 1836, the British took possession of Sardhana, all the arms which she had brought from them to equip her army, and the lands of Badshapur, which were her private property. They also failed to honour undertakings to continue the many pensions paid from the revenue. David's attempts to have these wrongs rectified were unsuccessful, although compensation for the arms was eventually granted long after his death. He was embroiled in attempts by his father to grab his fortune. His personal life was marked by extravagant spending – gambling, womanising, and even the occasional pimping – to please European friends and better-off Anglo-Indian friends such as [[Ochterlony Baronets|Sir Charles Metcalfe Ochterlony]].<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Fisher
| first = Michael H.
| author-link =
| title = The Inordinately Strange Life of Dyce Sombre: Victorian Anglo Indian MP and Chancery "Lunatic"
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| date = 15 May 2010
| page = 384
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Epb-UcOoJ7gC
| isbn = 978-0-231-70108-2}}</ref>
==Marriage==
[[File:A portrait of The Honourable Mary Anne Jervis by James Godsell Middleton img 17-1.jpg|thumb|The Honourable Mary Anne Jervis, at age 18]]
After a visit to China, David set out for England and the Grand Tour of Europe. On 26 September 1840, he married the Honourable Mary Anne Jervis, third daughter of the [[Edward Jervis Jervis, 2nd Viscount St Vincent|2nd Viscount St Vincent]], his only daughter by his second wife,<ref>Christopher Howse. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111016024359/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/christopherhowse/3645841/mad_heir_to_the_begums_fortune/]. Mary Anne's status as a daughter by a second wife is obtained from [[iarchive:mrdycesombresre00sombgoog/page/n165| other sources]]. Howse describes her father as a Jamaican plantationer, not as a Protestant peer.</ref> described as "accomplished singer, dancer, and composer" and also as an associate of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|the Duke of Wellington]]. The marriage took place despite quarrels over his fiancée's social life and the religious affiliation of their future (and never born) children.
==Member of Parliament==
In the [[1841 United Kingdom general election|1841 general election]], he stood as one of the two [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] candidates at [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Sudbury]] in [[Suffolk]]. Dyce Sombre spent over £3,000 on the election, and the Whigs narrowly won both seats. However, opponents filed an [[election petition]], alleging corruption. In April 1842, the elections of both Whigs were declared void due to "gross, systematic and extensive bribery".<ref name="fisher">Fisher, p. 178</ref>

==Marital breakdown and alleged insanity==
Dyce Sombre accused his wife of adultery with various men, including her father.

In 1843, Mrs Dyce Sombre alleged that he was insane, with the support and consent of his sisters, Mrs Anna May Troup (1812–1867) and Baroness Georgiana Solaroli (1815–1867), and their husbands. On 8 August he was found insane and placed under restraint. <ref>{{cite book |title=MR. DYCE SOMBRE'S REFUTATION OF THE CHARGE OF LUNACY BROUGHT AGAINST HIM IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY. |author=David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre |location=Paris |publisher=self-published |year=1849 |pages=20-34 |chapter=COMMISSION OF LUNACY— EXTRAORDINARY CASE 8th August, 1843 |url=https://archive.org/details/mrdycesombresre00sombgoog}}</ref>

==Escape, medical reports, and death==
In September of that year, David escaped his guards and fled to France, where an attempt to have him extradited failed. Doctors all over Europe examined him and found he was perfectly sane, but his attempts to reverse the judgement were brushed aside. He managed to obtain part of his estate with an allowance of £4,000 deducted for his wife. Meanwhile, he travelled from one end of Europe to the other. Finally, with a change of government, there seemed a chance of success. He returned to England with indemnity from arrest. But a few days before the case was due to be heard, he died suddenly in excruciating agony from a septic foot on 1 July 1851.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/|archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20091119080124/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2009|title=Opinion|date=16 March 2016|publisher=|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| pmid=22567603 | pmc=3342989 | volume=9 | title=The mysterious illness of Dyce Sombre | year=2012 | journal=Innov Clin Neurosci | pages=10–12 | last1 = Pies | first1 = R | last2 = Fisher | first2 = MH | last3 = Haldipur | first3 = CV| issue=3 }}</ref>

He was buried at once in an unmarked grave in Kensington though he requested that his body be returned to India to be buried in Sardhana. His will, which provided for the establishment of a school in Sardhana,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1856/mar/14/will-of-mr-dyce-sombre |title=WILL OF MR. DYCE SOMBRE. |date=14 March 1856 |website=Hansard}}</ref> was contested by his estranged wife, whom he had disinherited, on the grounds that he was still insane. She won the case sometime around 1856. Later on, she also became known as Lady Forester, through her marriage to [[George Weld-Forester, 3rd Baron Forester]] on 8 November 1862. The former Mrs Dyce Sombre died childless in 1893, and her fortune presumably passed to the Weld-Forester family.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-david-sombre-1 | David Sombre }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[George Tomline (politician)|George Tomline]]
| before2 = [[Joseph Bailey (Sudbury MP)|Joseph Bailey]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Sudbury]]
| years = 1841–1842
| with = [[Frederick Meynell Villiers]]
}}
{{s-non | reason = Constituency disfranchised for corruption }}
{{s-end}}
* [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2006-12/1166437906 Oxford DNB entry]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sombre, David Ochterlony Dyce}}
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1841–1847]]
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1851 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Anglo-Indian descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Sudbury]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]

Roger Ebert

2026-03-28T00:19:06Z

Wazid: fixed issues

{{Short description|American film critic and author (1942–2013)}}
{{For|the website named after Ebert|RogerEbert.com{{!}}''RogerEbert.com''}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Roger Ebert
| image = Roger Ebert cropped.jpg
| caption = Ebert in 2006
| birth_name = Roger Joseph Ebert
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|6|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Urbana, Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|4|4|1942|6|18|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Film critic|film historian|journalist|essayist|screenwriter|author}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| years_active = 1967–2013
| subject = Film
| notableworks = {{flatlist|
* ''[[Sneak Previews]]''
* ''[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|At the Movies]]''
* ''[[The Great Movies]]''
* ''[[Beyond the Valley of the Dolls]]''
* ''Life Itself: A Memoir''
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Chaz Ebert|Chaz Hammel-Smith]]|July 18, 1992}}
| awards = [[Pulitzer Prize for Criticism]] (1975)
| signature = Roger Ebert signature.png
| website = {{URL|https://rogerebert.com}}
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Roger Joseph Ebert''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|b|ər|t}} {{respell|EE|bərt}}; June 18, 1942 – April 4, 2013) was an American [[Film criticism|film critic]], film historian, essayist, screenwriter and author. He wrote for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' from 1967 until his death in 2013. Ebert was known for his intimate, Midwestern [[writing style]] and critical views informed by values of [[populism]] and [[humanism]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Zak |first=Dan |date=April 5, 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/roger-ebert-lover-of-life-taught-me-to-write/2013/04/05/131daa82-9d76-11e2-a2db-efc5298a95e1_story.html |title=Roger Ebert, lover of life, taught me to write |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105235654/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/roger-ebert-lover-of-life-taught-me-to-write/2013/04/05/131daa82-9d76-11e2-a2db-efc5298a95e1_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing in a prose style intended to be entertaining and direct, he made sophisticated cinematic and analytical ideas more accessible to non-specialist audiences.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zeitchik |first=Steven |date=April 5, 2013 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-apr-05-la-et-mn-roger-ebert-reviews-film-newspapers-changed-20130405-story.html |title=Five unexpected ways Roger Ebert changed film journalism |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806203342/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-apr-05-la-et-mn-roger-ebert-reviews-film-newspapers-changed-20130405-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebert endorsed foreign and independent films he believed would be appreciated by mainstream viewers, championing filmmakers like [[Werner Herzog]], [[Errol Morris]] and [[Spike Lee]], as well as [[Martin Scorsese]], whose first published review he wrote. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the [[Pulitzer Prize for Criticism]]. [[Neil Steinberg]] of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' said Ebert "was without question the nation's most prominent and influential film critic",<ref name=SunTimesObit>{{cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Neil |authorlink=Neil Steinberg|title=Roger Ebert dies at 70 after battle with cancer |url=http://www.suntimes.com/17320958-761/roger-ebert-dies-at-70-after-battle-with-cancer.html |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=April 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216070113/http://www.suntimes.com/17320958-761/roger-ebert-dies-at-70-after-battle-with-cancer.html |archive-date=December 16, 2014}}</ref> and [[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called him "the best-known film critic in America".<ref name="LA Times death Turan">{{cite news |last=Turan |first=Kenneth |authorlink=Kenneth Turan |title=Remembrance: Roger Ebert, film's hero to the end |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-roger-ebert-appreciation-20130405,0,669989.story |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427071136/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-roger-ebert-appreciation-20130405,0,669989.story |url-status=live }}</ref> Per ''[[The New York Times]]'', "The force and grace of his opinions propelled film criticism into the mainstream of American culture. Not only did he advise moviegoers about what to see, but also how to think about what they saw."<ref name=NYTObit>{{cite news| author=Douglas Martin| title=Roger Ebert Dies at 70; a Critic for the Common Man| date=April 4, 2013| work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/movies/roger-ebert-film-critic-dies.html}}</ref>

Early in his career, Ebert co-wrote the [[Russ Meyer]] film ''[[Beyond the Valley of the Dolls]]'' (1970). Starting in 1975 and continuing for decades, Ebert and ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' critic [[Gene Siskel]] helped popularize nationally televised film reviewing when they co-hosted the [[PBS]] show ''[[Sneak Previews]]'', followed by several variously named ''[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|At the Movies]]'' programs on commercial TV [[broadcast syndication]]. The two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase "two thumbs up," used when both gave the same film a positive review. After Siskel died from a [[brain tumor]] in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, with [[Richard Roeper]]. In 1996, Ebert began publishing essays on great films of the past; the first hundred were published as ''The Great Movies''. He published two more volumes, and a fourth was published posthumously. In 1999, he founded the [[Ebertfest|Overlooked Film Festival]] in [[Champaign, Illinois]].

In 2002, Ebert was diagnosed with cancer of the [[Papillary thyroid cancer|thyroid]] and [[salivary gland cancer|salivary glands]]. He required treatment that included removing a section of his lower jaw in 2006, leaving him severely disfigured and unable to speak or eat normally. However, his ability to write remained unimpaired and he continued to publish frequently online and in print until his death in 2013. His ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' website, launched in 2002, remains online as an archive of his published writings. [[Richard Corliss]] wrote, "Roger leaves a legacy of indefatigable connoisseurship in movies, literature, politics and, to quote the title of his 2011 autobiography, ''Life Itself''."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=April 4, 2013 |title=Roger Ebert: Farewell to a Film Legend and Friend |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/04/04/roger-ebert-farewell-to-a-film-legend-and-friend/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212155437/https://entertainment.time.com/2013/04/04/roger-ebert-farewell-to-a-film-legend-and-friend/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, ''Life Itself'' was adapted as a [[Life Itself (2014 film)|documentary of the same title]], released to positive reviews.

== Early life and education ==
Roger Joseph Ebert<ref name=NYTObit/><ref name=YouTubeInterview>{{YouTube|kTYVnuKnJNo|"Roger Ebert – Archive Interview Part 1 of 3 "}}. May 20, 2008. Retrieved June 7, 2012.</ref> was born on June 18, 1942, in [[Urbana, Illinois]], the only child of Annabel ({{née|Stumm}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3069000035.html |title=Ebert, Roger (R. Hyde, Reinhold Timme) |website=encyclopedia.com |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215122957/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3069000035.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a bookkeeper,<ref name=SunTimesObit /><ref name=bookref1>{{cite book |title=Life Itself: A Memoir |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeitselfmemoir00eber |url-access=registration |last=Ebert |first=Roger |year=2011 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |location=New York City |isbn=9780446584975}}</ref> and Walter Harry Ebert, an electrician.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-company-men-2011 |first=Roger |last=Ebert |title=What do you make at work, Daddy? |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=January 19, 2011 |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-date=April 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424123531/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-company-men-2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ChicagoMag /> He was raised [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], attending St. Mary's elementary school and serving as an [[altar boy]] in Urbana.<ref name=ChicagoMag />

His paternal grandparents were German immigrants<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020412/REVIEWS/204120305/1023 |title=Maryam Movie Review & Film Summary |date=April 12, 2002 |last=Ebert |first=Roger | website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=January 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316065612/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/maryam-2002 |archive-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref> and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch.<ref name=bookref1 /><ref>{{cite web|first=Roger|last=Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/oh-say-can-you-wear|date=May 13, 2010|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|title=Oh, say, can you wear?|access-date=January 3, 2017|archive-date=January 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103094319/http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/oh-say-can-you-wear|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2013/02/what_was_my_aunt_martha_trying.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226041411/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2013/02/what_was_my_aunt_martha_trying.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |title=What was my Aunt Martha trying to ask me? |author=Ebert, Roger |date=February 22, 2013 |website=Roger Ebert's Journal }}</ref> His first movie memory was of his parents taking him to see the [[Marx Brothers]] in [[A Day at the Races (film)| ''A Day at the Races'']] (1937).<ref name=NPR>{{cite news| title=Roger Ebert: A 'Life' Still Being Lived, and Fully| author=Melissa Block | work=[[National Public Radio]]| url=https://www.npr.org/2011/09/13/140437328/ebert-a-life-still-being-lived-and-fully}}</ref> He wrote that ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' was "the first real book I ever read, and still the best".<ref>{{cite book| title=Life Itself: A Memoir| author=Roger Ebert| page=11}}</ref> He began his writing career with his own newspaper, ''The Washington Street News'', printed in his basement.<ref name=NYTObit/> He wrote letters of comment to the [[science-fiction fanzine]]s of the era and founded his own, ''Stymie''.<ref name=NYTObit/> At age 15, he was a sportswriter for ''[[The News-Gazette (Champaign–Urbana)|The News-Gazette]]'' covering [[Urbana High School (Illinois)|Urbana High School]] sports.<ref>{{cite book |title=Life Itself: A Memoir |last=Ebert |first=Roger |location=New York |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |page=30}}</ref> He attended Urbana High School, where in his senior year he was class president and co-editor of his [[Student newspaper|high school newspaper]], ''The Echo''.<ref name=ChicagoMag /><ref name="Ebert My old man">{{cite web |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title=My old man |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/my-old-man |access-date=July 11, 2019 |date=March 18, 2010 |quote=I always worked on newspapers. Harold Holmes, the father of my best friend Hal, was an editor at The News-Gazette, and took us down to the paper. A linotype operator set my byline in lead, and I used a stamp pad to imprint everything with "By Roger Ebert." I was electrified. I wrote for the St. Mary's grade school paper. Nancy Smith and I were co-editors of the Urbana High School Echo. At Illinois, I published "Spectator," a liberal weekly, my freshman year, and then sold it and went over to The Daily Illini. But that was after my father's death. |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711003048/https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/my-old-man |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1958, he won the [[Illinois High School Association]] state [[Individual events (speech)|speech]] championship in "radio speaking," an event that simulates radio newscasts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ihsa.org/SportsActivities/IndividualEvents/RecordsHistory.aspx?url=/data/ie/records/index.htm |title=Roger Ebert in the IHSA list of state speech champions, 1957–58 |publisher=Ihsa.org |access-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216235334/http://ihsa.org/SportsActivities/IndividualEvents/RecordsHistory.aspx?url=/data/ie/records/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{quote box
| align = right
| width = 25em
| bgcolor = Bisque
| quote = "I learned to be a movie critic by reading ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]'' magazine ... ''Mad''{{'s}} parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, while inside it was just recycling the same old dumb formulas. I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. [[Pauline Kael]] [[I Lost It at the Movies|lost it at the movies]]; I lost it at ''Mad'' magazine"
| source = — Roger Ebert, ''Mad About the Movies'' (1998 parody collection)<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Nick |editor1-last=Meglin |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Ficarra |title=Mad About the Movies |year=1998 |publisher=Mad Books |location=New York City |isbn=1-56389-459-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/madaboutmovies00edit}}</ref>
}}

Ebert began taking classes at the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] as an early-entrance student, completing his high school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960,<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Milestones in the life of Roger Ebert |url=http://www.news-gazette.com/news/local/2013-04-05/milestones-life-roger-ebert.html |work=The News-Gazette |location=Champaign, IL |date=April 5, 2013 |access-date=January 20, 2019 |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064858/http://www.news-gazette.com/news/local/2013-04-05/milestones-life-roger-ebert.html |url-status=live }}</ref> he attended the University of Illinois and received his undergraduate degree in journalism in 1964.<ref name=NYTObit/> While there, Ebert worked as a reporter for ''[[The Daily Illini]]'' and served as its editor during his senior year while continuing to work for the ''News-Gazette''.

His college mentor was [[Daniel Curley]], who "introduced me to many of the cornerstones of my life's reading: '[[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock]]', ''[[Crime and Punishment]]'', ''[[Madame Bovary]]'', ''[[The Ambassadors (novel)|The Ambassadors]]'', ''[[Nostromo]]'', ''[[The Professor's House]]'', ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'', ''[[The Sound and the Fury]]'' ... He approached these works with undisguised admiration. We discussed patterns of symbolism, felicities of language, motivation, revelation of character. This was ''appreciation'', not the savagery of deconstruction, which approaches literature as pliers do a rose."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Life Itself |year=2011 |pages=94}}</ref> One of his classmates was [[Larry Woiwode]], who went on to be the Poet Laureate of North Dakota. At ''The'' ''Daily Illini'' Ebert befriended [[William Nack]], who as a sportswriter would cover [[Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 17, 2010 |title=The Storyteller and the Stallion |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-storyteller-and-the-stallion |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130044333/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-storyteller-and-the-stallion |url-status=live }}</ref> As an undergraduate, he was a member of the [[Phi Delta Theta]] fraternity and president of the [[United States Student Press Association]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Life Itself: A Memoir |last=Ebert |first=Roger |location=New York |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |pages=92, 96}}</ref> One of the first reviews he wrote was of ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'', published in ''The Daily Illini'' in October 1961.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/la-dolce-vita |title=La Dolce Vita Movie Review & Film Summary |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 4, 1961 |newspaper=The Daily Illini |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=January 3, 2017 |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612112023/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/la-dolce-vita |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a graduate student, he "had the good fortune to enroll in a class on [[Shakespeare]]'s [[Shakespearean tragedy| tragedies]] taught by [[G. Blakemore Evans]] ... It was then that Shakespeare took hold of me, and it became clear he was the nearest we have come to a voice for what it means to be human."<ref>{{cite book |title=Life Itself: A Memoir |last=Ebert |first=Roger |location=New York City |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |page=99}}</ref> Ebert spent a semester as a master's student in the department of English there before attending the [[University of Cape Town]] on a Rotary fellowship for a year.<ref>{{cite book |title=Life Itself: A Memoir |last=Ebert |first=Roger |location=New York |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |page=96}}</ref> He returned from Cape Town to his graduate studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD student at the [[University of Chicago]], he prepared to move to Chicago. He needed a job to support himself while he worked on his doctorate and so applied to the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'', hoping that, as he had already sold freelance pieces to the ''Daily News'', including an article on the death of writer [[Brendan Behan]], he would be hired by editor [[Herman Kogan]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |title=Life Itself: A Memoir |last=Ebert |first=Roger |location=New York |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |page=139}}</ref>

Instead, Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', [[James F. Hoge Jr.|Jim Hoge]], who hired him as a reporter and feature writer in 1966.<ref name="auto"/> He attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter for a year. After movie critic Eleanor Keane left the ''Sun-Times'' in April 1967, editor Robert Zonka gave the job to Ebert.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ebert named film critic |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=April 5, 1967 |page=57}}</ref> The paper wanted a young critic to cover movies like ''[[The Graduate]]'' and films by [[Jean-Luc Godard]] and [[François Truffaut]].<ref name=NYTObit/>

Beginning in 1968, Ebert worked for the [[University of Chicago]] as an adjunct lecturer, teaching a night class on film at the [[Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies]].<ref>{{cite web |date=April 5, 2013 |title=Roger Ebert, X'70, film critic and longtime Graham School lecturer, 1942–2013 |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2013/04/05/roger-ebert-x-70-film-critic-and-longtime-graham-school-lecturer-1942-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130527/https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2013/04/05/roger-ebert-x-70-film-critic-and-longtime-graham-school-lecturer-1942-2013 |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |access-date=December 26, 2016 |website=UChicagoNews |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref> The load of graduate school and being a film critic proved too much, so Ebert left the University of Chicago to focus his energies on film criticism.<ref>{{cite book |title=Life Itself: A Memoir |last=Ebert |first=Roger |location=New York |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |page=142}}</ref>

==Career==
===1967–1974: Early writings ===
[[File:Russ Meyer and Roger Ebert by Roger Ebert.jpg|thumb|right|Ebert (right) with [[Russ Meyer]] in 1970|alt=A black and white photograph of two men in suits. The man on the right is wearing glasses.]]
Ebert's first review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' began: "[[Georges Lautner]]’s ''Galia'' opens and closes with arty shots of the ocean, mother of us all, but in between it's pretty clear that what is washing ashore is the [[French New Wave]]."<ref>{{cite news| author=Roger Ebert| date=April 7, 1967| title=Gaila| work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/galia-1967}}</ref> He recalls that "Within a day after Zonka gave me the job, I read ''The Immediate Experience'' by [[Robert Warshow]]", from which he gleaned that "the critic has to set aside theory and ideology, theology and politics, and open himself to—well, the immediate experience."<ref name=ImmediateExperience>{{cite book| author=Roger Ebert| title=Life Itself: A Memoir| date=2011| page=154}}</ref> That same year, he met film critic [[Pauline Kael]] for the first time at the [[New York Film Festival]]. After he sent her some of his columns, she told him they were "the best film criticism being done in American newspapers today".<ref name=ChicagoMag /> He recalls her telling him how she worked: "I go into the movie, I watch it, and I ask myself what happened to me."<ref name=ImmediateExperience/> A formative experience was reviewing [[Ingmar Bergman]]'s ''[[Persona (1966 film)|Persona]]'' (1966).<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=November 7, 1967| title=Persona| work=Chicago Sun-Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-persona-1966| access-date=April 8, 2024| archive-date=November 16, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116124240/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-persona-1966| url-status=live}}</ref> He told his editor he wasn't sure how to review it when he didn't feel he could explain it. His editor told him he didn't have to explain it, just describe it.<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=January 7, 2001| title=Great Movies: Persona| work=Chicago Sun-Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-persona-1966| access-date=April 8, 2024| archive-date=November 16, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116124240/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-persona-1966| url-status=live}}</ref>

He was one of the first critics to champion [[Arthur Penn]]'s ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]'' (1967), calling it "a milestone in the history of American movies, a work of truth and brilliance. It is also pitilessly cruel, filled with sympathy, nauseating, funny, heartbreaking and astonishingly beautiful. If it does not seem that those words should be strung together, perhaps that is because movies do not very often reflect the full range of human life". He concluded: "The fact that the story is set 35 years ago doesn't mean a thing. It had to be set some time. But it was made now and it's about us."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=September 25, 1967 |title=Bonnie and Clyde |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bonnie-and-clyde-1967 |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205357/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bonnie-and-clyde-1967 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thirty-one years later, he wrote "When I saw it, I had been a film critic for less than six months, and it was the first masterpiece I had seen on the job. I felt an exhilaration beyond describing. I did not suspect how long it would be between such experiences, but at least I learned that they were possible."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=August 3, 1998 |title=Great Movies: Bonnie and Clyde |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-bonnie-and-clyde-1967 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211222807/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-bonnie-and-clyde-1967 |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote [[Martin Scorsese]]'s first review, for ''[[Who's That Knocking at My Door]]'' (1967, then titled ''I Call First''), and predicted the young director could become "an American [[Federico Fellini| Fellini]]".<ref name="Who'sThat">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=November 17, 1967 |title=I Call First/ Who's That Knocking at My Door? |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/i-call-first--whos-that-knocking-at-my-door-1967 |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-date=December 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227045136/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/i-call-first--whos-that-knocking-at-my-door-1967 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert co-wrote the screenplay for [[Russ Meyer]]'s ''[[Beyond the Valley of the Dolls]]'' (1970) and sometimes joked about being responsible for it. It was poorly received on its release yet has become a [[cult film]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/beyond-the-valley-of-the-dolls-1980 |title=Beyond the Valley of the Dolls |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |first=Roger |last=Ebert |access-date=September 3, 2012 |date=January 1, 1970 |archive-date=December 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230054847/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/beyond-the-valley-of-the-dolls-1980 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebert and Meyer also made ''[[Up! (1976 film)|Up!]]'' (1976), ''[[Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens]]'' (1979) and other films, and were involved in the ill-fated [[Sex Pistols]] film ''[[Who Killed Bambi? (unfinished film)|Who Killed Bambi?]]'' In April 2010, Ebert posted his screenplay of ''Who Killed Bambi?'', also known as ''Anarchy in the UK'', on his blog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2010/04/who_killed_bambi_-_a_screenpla.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429015727/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2010/04/who_killed_bambi_-_a_screenpla.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 29, 2010 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title='Who Killed Bambi?' – A screenplay |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=April 25, 2010 }}</ref>

Ebert served on the jury at the [[33rd Venice International Film Festival]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1972-07-23 |title=Ebert and Reed To Judge Venice Film Festival |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-houston-chronicle-roger-ebert-and-re/181448823/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=The Houston Chronicle |pages=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=1972-09-19 |title=US films warmly received but Venice fest disappointing |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-us-films-warmly-receive/181449019/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=38}}</ref>

=== 1975–1999: Stardom with ''Siskel & Ebert'' ===
[[File:Gene Siskel at the 61st Academy Awards cropped.jpg|alt=Color photo of a man in a tuxedo.|thumb|left|upright|Co-host [[Gene Siskel]] at the [[1989 Academy Awards]]]]
In 1975, Ebert received the [[Pulitzer Prize for Criticism]].<ref name="Salt Lake Tribune death" /> In the aftermath of his win, he was offered jobs at ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'', but he declined them both, as he did not wish to leave Chicago.{{sfn|Singer|2023|p=28}} That same year, he and [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' began co-hosting a weekly film-review television show, ''Opening Soon at a Theater Near You'',<ref name=NYTObit/> later ''[[Sneak Previews]]'', which was locally produced by the Chicago [[public broadcasting]] station [[WTTW]].<ref name="s&e mbc">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=siskelandeb|title=Siskel and Ebert|website=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]|first=Joel|last=Steinberg|access-date=June 17, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204224136/http://museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=siskelandeb|archive-date=December 4, 2010}}</ref> The series was later picked up for national syndication on [[PBS]].<ref name="s&e mbc"/> The duo became well known for their "thumbs up/thumbs down" reviews.<ref name="s&e mbc"/><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20129634,00.html |last=Gliatto |first=Tom |title=Despite the Loss of Film-Critic Buddy Gene Siskel, Roger Ebert Gives Life a Thumbs-Up |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=November 1, 1999 |access-date=April 20, 2010 |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205021101/http://people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20129634,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They trademarked the phrase "Two Thumbs Up".<ref name="s&e mbc"/><ref name=Statement />

In 1982, they moved from PBS to launch a similar [[Broadcast syndication|syndicated]] commercial television show, ''[[At the Movies (1982 TV program)|At the Movies With Gene Siskel & Roger Ebert]]''.<ref name="s&e mbc"/> In 1986, they again moved the show to new ownership, creating ''[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|Siskel & Ebert & the Movies]]'' through [[Disney-ABC Domestic Television|Buena Vista Television]], part of the [[Walt Disney Company]].<ref name="s&e mbc"/> Ebert and Siskel made many appearances on late night talk shows, appearing on ''[[The Late Show with David Letterman]]'' sixteen times and ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'' fifteen times. They also appeared together on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', ''[[The Arsenio Hall Show]]'', ''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'', ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'' and ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]''.

Siskel and Ebert were sometimes accused of trivializing film criticism. [[Richard Corliss]], in ''[[Film Comment]]'', called the show "a sitcom (with its own noodling, toodling theme song) starring two guys who live in a movie theater and argue all the time".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=March–April 1990 |title=All Thumbs: Or, Is There a Future For Film Criticism? |work=[[Film Comment]] |url=https://www.filmcomment.com/article/richard-corliss-all-thumbs-or-is-there-a-future-for-film-criticism/}}</ref> Ebert responded that "I am the first to agree with Corliss that the Siskel and Ebert program is not in-depth film criticism" but that "When we have an opinion about a movie, that opinion may light a bulb above the head of an ambitious youth who then understands that people can make up their own minds about movies." He also noted that they did "theme shows" condemning [[film colorization| colorization]] and showing the virtues of [[letterboxing (filming)|letterboxing]]. He argued that "good criticism is commonplace these days. ''Film Comment'' itself is healthier and more widely distributed than ever before. ''[[Film Quarterly]]'' is, too; it even abandoned eons of tradition to increase its page size. And then look at ''[[Cineaste (magazine)| Cinéaste]]'' and [[American Film (magazine)|''American Film'']] and the specialist film magazines (you may not read ''[[Fangoria]]'', but if you did, you would be amazed at the erudition its writers bring to the horror and special effects genres.)"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=All Stars: Or, Is There a Cure For Criticism? |work=[[Film Comment]]| date=May–June 1990 |url=https://www.filmcomment.com/article/roger-ebert-richard-corliss-cure-for-criticism-of-film-criticism/}}</ref> Corliss wrote that "I do think the program has other merits, and said so in a sentence of my original article that didn't make it into type: 'Sometimes the show does good: in spotlighting foreign and independent films, and in raising issues like censorship and colorization.' The stars' recent excoriation of the MPAA's X rating was salutary to the max."<ref>{{cite news| last=Corliss| first=Richard| title=Then Again| date=May–June 1990| work=Film Comment| url= https://www.filmcomment.com/article/richard-corliss-roger-ebert-cure-for-criticism-of-film-criticism/}}</ref>

In 1996, [[W. W. Norton & Company]] asked Ebert to edit an anthology of film writing. This resulted in ''Roger Ebert's Book of Film: From Tolstoy to Tarantino, the Finest Writing From a Century of Film''. The selections are eclectic, ranging from [[Louise Brooks]]'s autobiography to [[David Thomson (film critic)| David Thomson]]'s novel ''Suspects''.<ref>{{cite news| work=[[Publishers Weekly]]| title=Roger Ebert's Book of Film: Fromm Tolstoy to Tarantino, the Finest Writing From a Century of Film| url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780393040005}}</ref> Ebert "wrote to Nigel Wade, then the editor of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'', and proposed a biweekly series of longer articles great movies of the past. He gave his blessing ... Every other week I have revisited a great movie, and the response has been encouraging."<ref>{{cite book| last=Ebert| first=Roger| title=The Great Movies| date=2002| page=xvii}}</ref> The first film he wrote about for the series was [[Casablanca (film)|''Casablanca'']] (1942).<ref>{{cite news| author=Roger Ebert| title=Great Movies: Casablanca| date=September 15, 1996| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-casablanca-1942}}</ref> A hundred of these essays were published as ''The Great Movies'' (2002); he released two more volumes, and a fourth was published posthumously. In 1999, Ebert founded The Overlooked Film Festival (later [[Ebertfest]]), in his hometown, [[Champaign, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebertfest.com/about.html |title=About EbertFest |website=[[Ebertfest: Roger Ebert's Film Festival|Roger Ebert's Film Festival]] |access-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229103019/http://www.ebertfest.com/about.html |archive-date=December 29, 2016 }}</ref>

In May 1998, Siskel took a leave of absence from the show to undergo brain surgery. He returned to the show, although viewers noticed a change in his physical appearance. Despite appearing sluggish and tired, Siskel continued reviewing films with Ebert and would appear on ''Late Show with David Letterman''. In February 1999, Siskel died of a brain tumor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newspapers.com/clip/58107353/in-tribute-legendary-film-reviewer/|title=In tribute: Legendary film reviewer leaves thumbprint on a nation of moviegoers|date=March 27, 1999|work=[[The Star Press]]|access-date=June 17, 2022|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=May 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505132306/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58107353/in-tribute-legendary-film-reviewer/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 21, 1999 |title=Gene Siskel, Half of a Famed Movie-Review Team, Dies at 53 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/21/nyregion/gene-siskel-half-of-a-famed-movie-review-team-dies-at-53.html |access-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-date=September 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904210034/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/21/nyregion/gene-siskel-half-of-a-famed-movie-review-team-dies-at-53.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The producers renamed the show ''Roger Ebert & the Movies'' and used rotating co-hosts including [[Martin Scorsese]],<ref name=Scorsese>{{Cite web|last=Ebert & Scorsese|title=Best films of the 90s|date=February 27, 2000|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/ebert-and-scorsese-best-films-of-the-1990s|access-date=June 17, 2022|archive-date=August 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828102353/https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/ebert-and-scorsese-best-films-of-the-1990s|url-status=live}}</ref>[[Janet Maslin]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Perrone|first=Pierre|title=Obituary: Gene Siskel|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-gene-siskel-1072625.html|website=[[The Independent]] |date=February 23, 1999|access-date=June 17, 2022|archive-date=August 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811003221/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-gene-siskel-1072625.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[A.O. Scott]].<ref name=Scott>{{cite news| last=Scott| first=A.O.| title=Roger Ebert, The Critic Behind The Thumb| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|pages=Arts & Leisure, 1, 22|date=April 13, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/13scot.html?ex=1365652800&en=f8c0d5eab2237088&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|access-date=June 17, 2022}}</ref> Ebert wrote of his late colleague: "For the first five years that we knew one another, Gene Siskel and I hardly spoke. Then it seemed like we never stopped." He wrote of Siskel's work ethic, of how quickly he returned to work after surgery: "Someone else might have taken a leave of absence then and there, but Gene worked as long as he could. Being a film critic was important to him. He liked to refer to his job as 'the national dream beat,' and say that in reviewing movies he was covering what people hoped for, dreamed about, and feared."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=February 22, 1999 |title=Farewell, my friend |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/farewell-my-friend |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929043129/https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/farewell-my-friend |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebert recalled, "Whenever he interviewed someone for his newspaper or for television, Gene Siskel liked to end with the same question: 'What do you know for sure?' OK Gene, what do I know for sure about you? You were one of the smartest, funniest, quickest men I've ever known and one of the best reporters...I know for sure that seeing a truly great movie made you so happy that you'd tell me a week later your spirits were still high."<ref>{{cite web| title=Siskel & Ebert: Remembering Gene Siskel| website=[[YouTube]]| date=February 27, 1999| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvlTSxhWGqY}}</ref> Ten years after Siskel's death, Ebert blogged about his colleague: "We once spoke with Disney and CBS about a sitcom to be titled ''Best Enemies''. It would be about two movie critics joined in a love/hate relationship. It never went anywhere, but we both believed it was a good idea. Maybe the problem was that no one else could possibly understand how meaningless was the hate, how deep was the love."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=February 17, 2009 |title=Remembering Gene |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/remembering-gene |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-date=February 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207203819/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/02/i_remember_gene.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2000–2006: ''Ebert & Roeper'' ===
In September 2000, ''Chicago Sun-Times'' columnist [[Richard Roeper]] became the permanent co-host and the show was renamed ''At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper'' and later ''Ebert & Roeper''.<ref name=NYTObit/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88631117/tampa-bay-times/ |title=Columnist to become foil to Roger Ebert |work=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |date=July 14, 2000 |access-date=May 18, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518173243/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88631117/tampa-bay-times/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000, Ebert interviewed President [[Bill Clinton]] about movies at [[The White House]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siskelebert.org/?p=7506 |title=The Bill Clinton Interview 2000 |website=siskelebert.org |access-date=July 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712032728/https://siskelebert.org/?p=7506 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, Ebert was diagnosed with cancer of the salivary glands. In 2006, cancer surgery resulted in his losing his ability to eat and speak. In 2007, prior to his Overlooked Film Festival, he posted a picture of his new condition. Paraphrasing a line from ''[[Raging Bull]]'' (1980), he wrote, "I ain’t a pretty boy no more. (Not that I ever was. The original appeal of ''Siskel & Ebert'' was that we didn't look like we belonged on TV.)" He added that he would not miss the festival: "At least, not being able to speak, I am spared the need to explain why every film is 'overlooked', or why I wrote ''Beyond the Valley of the Dolls''."<ref>{{cite web |title=Roger Ebert: I ain't a pretty boy no more and so what? |date=April 24, 2007 |url=https://signalvnoise.com/posts/391-roger-ebert-i-aint-a-pretty-boy-no-more-and-so-what}}</ref>

===2007–2013: ''RogerEbert.com''===
[[File:Roger Ebert (4590674207 d0ab1b653d n) (cropped).jpg|Ebert in 2010|thumb|right]]
Ebert ended his association with ''At The Movies'' in July 2008,<ref name=Statement>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/arts/22arts-EBERTANDROEP_BRF.html |title=Ebert and Roeper No Longer at the Movies |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 22, 2008 |access-date=August 30, 2013 |first=Julie |last=Bloom |archive-date=November 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128004935/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/arts/22arts-EBERTANDROEP_BRF.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Jones>{{cite web| title=Roger Ebert: The Essential Man| author=Chris Jones| date=February 16, 2010| work=[[Esquire (magazine)| Esquire]] | url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a6945/roger-ebert-0310/}}</ref> after Disney indicated it wished to take the program in a new direction. As of 2007, his reviews were [[print syndication|syndicated]] to more than 200 newspapers in the United States and abroad.<ref name="Corliss2007">{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1636520,00.html |title=Thumbs Up for Roger Ebert |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |date=June 23, 2007 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=January 2, 2017 |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103165323/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1636520,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' website, launched in 2002 and originally underwritten by the ''Chicago Sun-Times'',<ref name=Guernica>{{cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Quenton |title=Roger Ebert, Wikipedia Editor |url=https://www.guernicamag.com/roger-ebert-wikipedia-editor/ |magazine=[[Guernica (magazine)|Guernica]] |date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426010832/https://www.guernicamag.com/roger-ebert-wikipedia-editor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> remains online as an archive of his published writings and reviews while also hosting new material written by a group of critics who were selected by Ebert before his death. Even as he used TV (and later the Internet) to share his reviews, Ebert continued to write for the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' until he died.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQKhAwAAQBAJ&q=write+for+the+Chicago+Sun-Times+until+he+died+in+2013&pg=PA101 |title=Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2013 |first=Harris M. III |last=Lentz |date=May 16, 2014 |publisher=[[McFarland (publisher)|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9780786476657 |language=en |access-date=November 2, 2020 |archive-date=May 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506050940/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQKhAwAAQBAJ&q=write+for+the+Chicago+Sun-Times+until+he+died+in+2013&pg=PA101 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2025}} On February 18, 2009, Ebert reported that he and Roeper would soon announce a new movie-review program,<ref name=NewShow>{{cite news |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=ANSWERMAN |title=Roger Ebert. "By the time we get to Phoenix, he'll be laughing" February 18, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=October 13, 2004 |access-date=July 24, 2011 |archive-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405095701/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=ANSWERMAN |url-status=dead }}</ref> and reiterated this plan after Disney announced that the program's last episode would air in August 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2010/03/see_you_at_the_movies.html|title=See you at the movies|date=March 25, 2010|first=Roger|last=Ebert|work=Roger Ebert's Journal|accessdate=June 22, 2022|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326033808/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2010/03/see_you_at_the_movies.html|archivedate=March 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/towerticker/2010/03/disneyabc-to-cancel-at-the-movies-siskel-and-eberts-old-show.html|title=Tower Ticker: Disney-ABC cancels 'At the Movies,' Siskel and Ebert's old show|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=March 24, 2010|first=Phil|last=Rosenthal|accessdate=July 29, 2022|archive-date=July 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703092520/https://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/towerticker/2010/03/disneyabc-to-cancel-at-the-movies-siskel-and-eberts-old-show.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, having lost his voice, he turned to blogging to express himself.<ref name=Jones/> Peter Debruge writes that "Ebert was one of the first writers to recognize the potential of discussing film online."<ref name=Variety>{{cite magazine |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=April 4, 2013 |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/opinion/roger-ebert-dead-variety-critic-tribute-1200333350/ |title=Variety's Peter Debruge Remembers Roger Ebert: A Champion Among Men |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806184552/https://variety.com/2013/film/opinion/roger-ebert-dead-variety-critic-tribute-1200333350/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

His final television series, ''[[Ebert Presents: At the Movies]]'', premiered on January 21, 2011, with Ebert contributing a review voiced by [[Bill Kurtis]] in a brief segment called "Roger's Office,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700101980/Roger-Ebert-returns-with-new-PBS-review-show.html |title=Roger Ebert returns with new PBS review show |first=Caryn |last=Rousseau |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[Deseret News]] |date=January 19, 2010 |access-date=January 20, 2011 |archive-date=January 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122013235/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700101980/Roger-Ebert-returns-with-new-PBS-review-show.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as traditional film reviews in the ''At the Movies'' format by [[Christy Lemire]] and [[Ignatiy Vishnevetsky]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/01/23/ebert-presents-at-the-movies-a-work-in-progress/|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|title='Ebert Presents At the Movies' a work in progress|date=January 23, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2022|first=Phil|last=Rosenthal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125023903/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-01-23/business/ct-biz-0123-phil-20110123_1_sun-times-ebert-tribune-s-siskel-roger-ebert|archive-date=January 25, 2011}}</ref> The program lasted one season, before being cancelled due to funding constraints.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2011/11/so_long_for_awhile.html|title=So long for awhile|date=November 30, 2011|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|first=Roger|last=Ebert|access-date=June 17, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203034611/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2011/11/so_long_for_awhile.html|archive-date=December 3, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NYTObit/>

In 2011, he published his memoir, ''Life Itself'', in which he describes his childhood, his career, his struggles with alcoholism and cancer, his loves and friendships.<ref name=NPR/> On March 7, 2013, Ebert published his last Great Movies essay, for ''[[The Ballad of Narayama (1958 film)|The Ballad of Narayama]]'' (1958).<ref>{{cite news| author=Roger Ebert| title=The elderly are left on a mountain to die| date=March 7, 2013| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-ballad-of-narayama-1958}}</ref> The last review Ebert published during his lifetime was for [[The Host (2013 film)|''The Host'']], on March 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-host-2013| title=Don't listen to inner voices from other planets| work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]| date=March 27, 2013| first=Roger|last=Ebert| accessdate=June 22, 2022|via=[[RogerEbert.com]]|archive-date=June 22, 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622133900/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-host-2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sperling |first=Nicole |date=April 4, 2013 |title=Roger Ebert's last review: A lukewarm assessment of 'The Host' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-apr-04-la-et-mn-roger-eberts-last-review-the-host-20130404-story.html |access-date=January 1, 2022 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101105436/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-apr-04-la-et-mn-roger-eberts-last-review-the-host-20130404-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The last review Ebert filed, published posthumously on April 6, 2013, was for ''[[To the Wonder]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ebert, Roger |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/to-the-wonder-2013 |date=April 6, 2013 |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |title=To the Wonder (2013) |access-date=April 24, 2013 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513215811/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/to-the-wonder-2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Roger Ebert's last thumbs up: Terrence Malick's 'To The Wonder'| author=Mark Olson| date=April 9, 2013| work=[[Los Angeles Times]]| url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-apr-09-la-et-mn-roger-ebert-last-review-to-the-wonder-20130409-story.html}}</ref> In July 2013, a previously unpublished review of ''[[Computer Chess (film)|Computer Chess]]'' appeared on ''RogerEbert.com''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ebert, Roger |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/computer-chess-2013 |date=July 18, 2013 |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |title=Computer Chess (2013) |access-date=July 20, 2013 |archive-date=July 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721034138/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/computer-chess-2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The review had been written in March but had remained unpublished until the film's wide-release date.<ref name="compslate">{{cite web |author=Shetty, Sharan |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/07/18/roger_ebert_reviews_computer_chess.html| date=July 18, 2013| work=[[Slate (magazine)| Slate]]| title=A New Review From Roger Ebert| access-date=July 20, 2013| archive-date=July 20, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720225127/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/07/18/roger_ebert_reviews_computer_chess.html| url-status=live }}</ref> [[Matt Zoller Seitz]], the editor of ''RogerEbert.com'', confirmed that there were other unpublished reviews that would eventually be posted.<ref name="compslate" /> A second review, for ''[[The Spectacular Now]]'', was published in August 2013.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ebert, Roger |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-spectacular-now-2013 |date=August 2, 2013 |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |title=The Spectacular Now (2013) |access-date=October 6, 2013 |archive-date=November 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128064048/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-spectacular-now-2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his last blog entry, posted two days before his death, Ebert wrote that his cancer had returned and he was taking "a leave of presence."<ref>{{cite news| title=Announcing a 'Leave of Presence,' Ebert Says He's Reducing His Workload| date=April 3, 2013| author=[[Dave Itzkoff]]| work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> "What in the world is a leave of presence? It means I am not going away. My intent is to continue to write selected reviews but to leave the rest to a talented team of writers handpicked and greatly admired by me. What's more, I'll be able at last to do what I’ve always fantasized about doing: reviewing only the movies I want to review." He signed off, "So on this day of reflection I say again, thank you for going on this journey with me. I'll see you at the movies."<ref>{{cite web| author=Roger Ebert| title=A Leave of Presence| date=April 2, 2013| publisher=RogerEbert.com| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/a-leave-of-presence}}</ref>

==Critical style==
[[File:Pauline Kael (1968).jpg|thumb|left|160px|Ebert cited [[Pauline Kael]] as an influence.]]
Ebert cited [[Andrew Sarris]] and [[Pauline Kael]] as influences, and often quoted [[Robert Warshow]], who said: "A man goes to the movies. A critic must be honest enough to admit he is that man."<ref>{{cite web| title=Roger Ebert, In His Own Words, On the Education of a Film Critic| author=Matt Singer| date=April 5, 2013| work=Indiewire| url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/roger-ebert-in-his-own-words-on-the-education-of-a-film-critic-128145/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 22, 2011 |title=Knocked up at the movies |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/knocked-up-at-the-movies |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219194552/https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/knocked-up-at-the-movies |url-status=live }}</ref> His own credo was: "Your intellect may be confused, but your emotions never lie to you."<ref name=NYTObit/> He tried to judge a movie on its style rather than its content, and often said "It's not what a movie is about, it's how it's about what it's about."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=November 26, 2003 |title=Bad Santa |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bad-santa-2003 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=March 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310015703/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bad-santa-2003 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=November 18, 2009| title=The man who stares at iguanas| work=Chicago Sun Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bad-lieutenant-port-of-call-new-orleans-2009| access-date=December 5, 2023| archive-date=June 22, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622204552/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bad-lieutenant-port-of-call-new-orleans-2009| url-status=live}}</ref>

He awarded four stars to films of the highest quality, and generally a half star to those of the lowest, unless he considered the film to be "artistically inept and morally repugnant", in which case it received no stars, as with ''[[Death Wish II]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=January 1, 1982 |title=Death Wish II |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/death-wish-ii-1982 |access-date=November 24, 2020 |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190006/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/death-wish-ii-1982 |url-status=live }}</ref> He explained that his star ratings had little meaning outside the context of the review:

{{cquote|When you ask a friend if ''[[Hellboy (2004 film)|Hellboy]]'' is any good, you're not asking if it's any good compared to ''[[Mystic River (film)|Mystic River]]'', you're asking if it's any good compared to ''[[The Punisher (2004 film)|The Punisher]]''. And my answer would be, on a scale of one to four, if ''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]'' is four, then ''Hellboy'' is three and ''The Punisher'' is two. In the same way, if ''[[American Beauty (1999 film)|American Beauty]]'' gets four stars, then ''[[The United States of Leland]]'' clocks in at about two.<ref>{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040423/REVIEWS/404230305/1023 |title=Shaolin Soccer |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=April 23, 2004 |access-date=March 8, 2005 |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023024220/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040423/REVIEWS/404230305/1023 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

Although Ebert rarely wrote outright scathing reviews, he had a reputation for writing memorable ones for the films he really hated, such as ''[[North (1994 film)|North]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/2957019/roger-ebert-life-itself-brutal-reviews/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=7 of Roger Ebert's most brutal movie reviews |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=October 20, 2017 |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020115438/http://time.com/2957019/roger-ebert-life-itself-brutal-reviews/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Of that film, he wrote "I hated this movie. Hated hated hated hated hated this movie. Hated it. Hated every simpering stupid vacant audience-insulting moment of it. Hated the sensibility that thought anyone would like it. Hated the implied insult to the audience by its belief that anyone would be entertained by it."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=July 22, 1994 |title=North |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/north-1994 |access-date=October 10, 2021 |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609150838/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/north-1994 |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote that ''[[Mad Dog Time]]'' "is the first movie I have seen that does not improve on the sight of a blank screen viewed for the same length of time. Oh, I've seen bad movies before. But they usually made me ''care'' about how bad they were. Watching ''Mad Dog Time'' is like waiting for the bus in a city where you're not sure they have a bus line" and concluded that the film "should be cut up to provide free ukulele picks for the poor."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=November 26, 1996 |title=Mad Dog Time |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mad-dog-time-1996 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214170859/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mad-dog-time-1996 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of ''[[Caligula (film)|Caligula]]'', he wrote "It is not good art, it is not good cinema, and it is not good porn" and approvingly quoted the woman in front of him at the drinking fountain, who called it "the worst piece of shit I have ever seen."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=September 22, 1980 |title=Caligula |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/caligula-1980 |access-date= |archive-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007010030/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/caligula-1980 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert's reviews were also characterized by "dry wit."<ref name=SunTimesObit /> He often wrote in a deadpan style when discussing a movie's flaws; in his review of ''[[Jaws: The Revenge]]'', he wrote that Mrs. Brody's "friends pooh-pooh the notion that a shark could identify, follow or even care about one individual human being, but I am willing to grant the point, for the benefit of the plot. I believe that the shark wants revenge against Mrs. Brody. I do. I really do believe it. After all, her husband was one of the men who hunted this shark and killed it, blowing it to bits. And what shark wouldn't want revenge against the survivors of the men who killed it? Here are some things, however, that I do not believe", going on to list the other ways the film strained credulity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=June 27, 1987 |title=Jaws: The Revenge |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/jaws-the-revenge-1987 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822222928/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/jaws-the-revenge-1987 |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote "[[Pearl Harbor (film)|''Pearl Harbor'']] is a two-hour movie squeezed into three hours, about how on Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese staged a surprise attack on an American love triangle. Its centerpiece is 40 minutes of redundant special effects, surrounded by a love story of stunning banality. The film has been directed without grace, vision, or originality, and although you may walk out quoting lines of dialog, it will not be because you admire them."<ref>{{cite news| title=Pearl Harbor| author=Roger Ebert| date=May 25, 2001| work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/pearl-harbor-2001}}</ref>

{{quote box
| align = right
| width = 25em
| bgcolor = LightCyan
| quote = "[Ebert's prose] had a plain-spoken Midwestern clarity...a genial, conversational presence on the page...his criticism shows a nearly unequaled grasp of film history and technique, and formidable intellectual range, but he rarely seems to be showing off. He's just trying to tell you what he thinks, and to provoke some thought on your part about how movies work and what they can do".
| source = — [[A.O. Scott]], film critic for ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref name=Scott/>
}}
Ebert often included personal anecdotes in his reviews; reviewing ''[[The Last Picture Show]]'', he recalls his early days as a moviegoer: "For five or six years of my life (the years between when I was old enough to go alone, and when TV came to town) Saturday afternoon at the Princess was a descent into a dark magical cave that smelled of Jujubes, melted Dreamsicles and Crisco in the popcorn machine. It was probably on one of those Saturday afternoons that I formed my first critical opinion, deciding vaguely that there was something about [[John Wayne]] that set him apart from ordinary cowboys."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=December 21, 1971 |title=The Last Picture Show |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-last-picture-show-1971 |access-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212015438/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-last-picture-show-1971 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing [[Star Wars (film)|''Star Wars'']], he wrote: "Every once in a while I have what I think of as an out-of-the-body experience at a movie. When the ESP people use a phrase like that, they're referring to the sensation of the mind actually leaving the body and spiriting itself off to China or Peoria or a galaxy far, far away. When I use the phrase, I simply mean that my imagination has forgotten it is actually present in a movie theater and thinks it's up there on the screen. In a curious sense, the events in the movie seem real, and I seem to be a part of them...My list of other out-of-the-body films is a short and odd one, ranging from the artistry of [[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|''Bonnie and Clyde'']] or ''[[Cries and Whispers]]'' to the slick commercialism of [[Jaws (film)|''Jaws'']] and the brutal strength of ''[[Taxi Driver]]''. On whatever level (sometimes I'm not at all sure) they engage me so immediately and powerfully that I lose my detachment, my analytical reserve. The movie's ''happening'', and it's happening to me."<ref>{{cite news| title=Star Wars| author=Roger Ebert| date=1977| work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/star-wars-1977}}</ref> He sometimes wrote reviews in the forms of stories, poems, songs,<ref>{{cite news| author=Roger Ebert| title=Wet Hot American Summer| date=August 31, 2001| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/wet-hot-american-summer-2001}}</ref> scripts, open letters,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=September 14, 1997 |title=Great Movies: E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-et-the-extra-terrestrial-1982 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129132649/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-et-the-extra-terrestrial-1982 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=July 16, 2004 |title=A Cinderella Story |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-cinderella-story-2004 |access-date= |archive-date=January 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111134812/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-cinderella-story-2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> or imagined conversations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=March 25, 1994 |title=The Hudsucker Proxy |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hudsucker-proxy-1994 |url-status= |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708005214/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19940325/REVIEWS/403250301/1023 |archive-date=July 8, 2011}}</ref>

[[Alex Ross (music critic)|Alex Ross]], music critic for ''[[The New Yorker]]'', wrote of how Ebert had influenced his writing: "I noticed how much Ebert could put across in a limited space. He didn't waste time clearing his throat. 'They meet for the first time when she is in her front yard practicing baton-twirling,' begins his review of [[Badlands (film)|''Badlands'']]. Often, he managed to smuggle the basics of the plot into a larger thesis about the movie, so that you don't notice the exposition taking place: '[[Broadcast News (film)|''Broadcast News'']] is as knowledgeable about the TV news-gathering process as any movie ever made, but it also has insights into the more personal matter of how people use high-pressure jobs as a way of avoiding time alone with themselves.' The reviews start off in all different ways, sometimes with personal confessions, sometimes with sweeping statements. One way or another, he pulls you in. When he feels strongly, he can bang his fist in an impressive way. His review of ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'' ends thus: 'The whole huge grand mystery of the world, so terrible, so beautiful, seems to hang in the balance.'"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ross |first=Alex |date=April 15, 2013 |title=Learning From Ebert |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/learning-from-ebert |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730174334/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/learning-from-ebert |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his introduction to ''The Great Movies III'', he wrote:

{{cquote|People often ask me, "Do you ever change your mind about a movie?" Hardly ever, although I may refine my opinion. Among the films here, I've changed on ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'' and ''[[Blade Runner]]''. My original review of ''Part II'' puts me in mind of the "brain cloud" that besets [[Tom Hanks]] in ''[[Joe Versus the Volcano]]''. I was simply wrong. In the case of ''Blade Runner'', I think the director's cut by [[Ridley Scott]] simply plays much better. I also turned around on ''[[Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day]]'', which made it into this book when I belatedly caught on that it wasn't about the weatherman's predicament but about the nature of time and will. Perhaps when I first saw it I allowed myself to be distracted by [[Bill Murray]]'s mainstream comedy reputation. But someone in film school somewhere is probably even now writing a thesis about how Murray's famous cameos represent an injection of philosophy into those pictures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=The Great Movies III |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2010 |pages=xvii}}</ref>
}}

In the first ''Great Movies'', he wrote:
{{Blockquote |text=
Movies do not change, but their viewers do. When I first saw ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'' in 1961, I was an adolescent for whom "the sweet life" represented everything I dreamed of: sin, exotic European glamour, the weary romance of the cynical newspaperman. When I saw it again, around 1970, I was living in a version of Marcello's world; Chicago's North Avenue was not the Via Veneto, but at 3 A. M. the denizens were just as colorful, and I was about Marcello's age.}}

{{Blockquote |text=When I saw the movie around 1980, Marcello was the same age, but I was ten years older, had stopped drinking, and saw him not as role model, but as a victim, condemned to an endless search for happiness that could never be found, not that way. By 1991, when I analyzed the film a frame at a time at the [[University of Colorado]], Marcello seemed younger still, and while I had once admired and then criticized him, now I pitied and loved him. And when I saw the movie right after [[Marcello Mastroianni| Mastroianni]] died, I thought that [[Federico Fellini| Fellini]] and Marcello had taken a moment of discovery and made it immortal. There may be no such thing as the sweet life. But it is necessary to find that out for yourself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=The Great Movies |date=2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatmovies0000eber/page/243/mode/1up?view=theater |location=New York |edition=First |publisher=Broadway Books |page=243 |isbn=9780767910323 |oclc=47989891}}</ref>
}}

==Preferences==
===Favorites===
In an essay looking back at his first 25 years as a film critic, Ebert wrote:

{{Blockquote |text=
If I had to make a generalization, I would say that many of my favorite movies are about Good People ... ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' is about people who do the right thing. ''[[The Third Man]]'' is about people who do the right thing and can never speak to one another as a result ... Not all good movies are about Good People. I also like movies about bad people who have a sense of humor. [[Orson Welles]], who does not play either of the good people in ''The Third Man'', has such a winning way, such witty dialogue, that for a scene or two we almost forgive him his crimes. Henry Hill, the hero of ''[[Goodfellas]]'', is not a good fella, but he has the ability to be honest with us about why he enjoyed being bad. He is not a hypocrite.}}

{{Blockquote |text=Of the other movies I love, some are simply about the joy of physical movement. When [[Gene Kelly]] splashes through ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]'', when [[Judy Garland]] follows the yellow brick road, when [[Fred Astaire]] dances on the ceiling, when [[John Wayne]] puts the reins in his teeth and gallops across the mountain meadow, there is a purity and joy that cannot be resisted. In ''[[Equinox Flower]]'', a Japanese film by the old master [[Yasujirō Ozu]], there is this sequence of shots: A room with a red teapot in the foreground. Another view of the room. The mother folding clothes. A shot down a corridor with a mother crossing it at an angle, and then a daughter crossing at the back. A reverse shot in the hallway as the arriving father is greeted by the mother and daughter. A shot as the father leaves the frame, then the mother, then the daughter. A shot as the mother and father enter the room, as in the background the daughter picks up the red pot and leaves the frame. This sequence of timed movement and cutting is as perfect as any music ever written, any dance, any poem.<ref name=Twenty-Five>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=April 11, 1992 |title=Reflections after 25 years at the movies |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/reflections-after-25-years-at-the-movies}}</ref>}}

Ebert credits film historian [[Donald Richie]] and the [[Hawaii International Film Festival]] for introducing him to Asian cinema through Richie's invitation to join him on the jury of the festival in 1983, which quickly became a favorite of his and would frequently attend along with Richie, lending their support to validate the festival's status as a "festival of record".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title=In memory of Donald Richie |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/far-flung-correspondents/in-memory-of-donald-richie |website=rogerebert.com |date=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sartin |first1=Hank |title=Mahalo Roger!: The Hawaii International Film Festival pays tribute to Roger |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/chazs-blog/mahalo-roger-the-hawaiian-international-film-festival-pays-tribute-to-roger |date=11 October 2013}}</ref> He lamented the decline of campus film societies: "There was once a time when young people made it their business to catch up on the best works by the best directors, but the death of film societies and repertory theaters put an end to that, and for today's younger filmgoers, these are not well-known names: [[Luis Buñuel| Buñuel]], [[Federico Fellini| Fellini]], [[Ingmar Bergman| Bergman]], [[John Ford| Ford]], [[Akira Kurosawa| Kurosawa]], [[Satyajit Ray| Ray]], [[Jean Renoir| Renoir]], [[David Lean| Lean]], [[Robert Bresson| Bresson]], [[Billy Wilder| Wilder]], [[Orson Welles| Welles]]. Most people still know who [[Alfred Hitchcock| Hitchcock]] was, I guess."<ref name=Twenty-Five/>

Ebert argued for the aesthetic values of [[black-and-white photography]] and against colorization, writing:

{{Blockquote|Black-and-white movies present the deliberate absence of color. This makes them less realistic than color films (for the real world is in color). They are more dreamlike, more pure, composed of shapes and forms and movements and light and shadow. Color films can simply be illuminated. Black-and-white films have to be lighted ... Black and white is a legitimate and beautiful artistic choice in motion pictures, creating feelings and effects that cannot be obtained any other way.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=1989 |title=Why I Love Black and White |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref>}}

He wrote: "Black-and-white (or, more accurately, silver-and-white) creates a mysterious dream state, a simpler world of form and gesture. Most people do not agree with me. They like color and think a black-and-white film is missing something. Try this. If you have wedding photographs of your parents and grandparents, chances are your parents are in color and your grandparents are in black and white. Put the two photographs side by side and consider them honestly. Your grandparents look timeless. Your parents look goofy.

The next time you buy film for your camera, buy a roll of black-and-white. Go outside at dusk, when the daylight is diffused. Stand on the side of the house away from the sunset. Shoot some natural-light closeups of a friend. Have the pictures printed big, at least 5 x 7. Ask yourself if this friend, who has always looked ordinary in every color photograph you've ever taken, does not suddenly, in black and white, somehow take on an aura of mystery. The same thing happens in the movies."<ref name=Twenty-Five/>

Ebert championed animation, particularly the films of [[Hayao Miyazaki]] and [[Isao Takahata]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title=Japanese animation unleashes the mind |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/japanese-animation-unleashes-the-mind |access-date=February 28, 2023 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=October 7, 1999 |language=en |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815114910/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/japanese-animation-unleashes-the-mind |url-status=live }}</ref> In his review of Miyazaki's ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'', he wrote: "I go to the movies for many reasons. Here is one of them. I want to see wondrous sights not available in the real world, in stories where myth and dreams are set free to play. Animation opens that possibility, because it is freed from gravity and the chains of the possible. Realistic films show the physical world; animation shows its essence. Animated films are not copies of 'real movies,' are not shadows of reality, but create a new existence in their own right."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 29, 1999 |title=Princess Mononoke |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/princess-mononoke-1999 |access-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306121035/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/princess-mononoke-1999 |url-status=live }}</ref> He concluded his review of ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'' by writing: "Every time an animated film is successful, you have to read all over again about how animation isn't 'just for children' but 'for the whole family,' and 'even for adults going on their own.' No kidding!"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=August 30, 2007 |title=Waiter, there's a rat in my soup |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ratatouille-2007 |access-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013023850/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ratatouille-2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert championed documentaries, notably [[Errol Morris]]'s ''[[Gates of Heaven]]'': "They say you can make a great documentary about anything, as long as you see it well enough and truly, and this film proves it. ''Gates of Heaven'', which has no connection to the unfortunate ''[[Heaven's Gate (film)|Heaven's Gate]]'', is about a couple of pet cemeteries and their owners. It was filmed in Southern California, so of course we expect a sardonic look at the peculiarities of the Moonbeam State. But then ''Gates of Heaven'' grows ever so much more complex and frightening, until at the end it is about such large issues as love, immortality, failure, and the dogged elusiveness of the American Dream."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=January 1, 1978 |title=Gates of Heaven |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/gates-of-heaven-1978 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419192139/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/gates-of-heaven-1978 |url-status=live }}</ref> Morris credited Ebert's review with putting him on the map.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Errol Morris On Ebert & Siskel |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8Zj_bAlyB0 |website=YouTube | date=July 21, 2011 |access-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022003223/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8Zj_bAlyB0 |url-status=live }}</ref> He championed [[Michael Apted]]'s [[Up (film series)|''Up'' films]], calling them "an inspired, even noble use of the medium."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=1998 |title=The Up Documentaries |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-up-documentaries-1985 |access-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422042138/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-up-documentaries-1985 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebert concluded his review of ''[[Hoop Dreams]]'' by writing: "Many filmgoers are reluctant to see documentaries, for reasons I've never understood; the good ones are frequently more absorbing and entertaining than fiction. ''Hoop Dreams'', however, is not only documentary. It is also poetry and prose, muckraking and expose, journalism and polemic. It is one of the great moviegoing experiences of my lifetime."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 21, 1994 |title=Hoop Dreams |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hoop-dreams-1994 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419192143/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hoop-dreams-1994 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{quote box
| quoted = 1|If a movie can illuminate the lives of other people who share this planet with us and show us not only how different they are but, how even so, they share the same dreams and hurts, then it deserves to be called great.
| source = — Ebert, 1986<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 25, 1986 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/A-love-story-forged-in-hell |title=Sid and Nancy |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=May 31, 2020 |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405191646/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/A-love-story-forged-in-hell |url-status=live }}</ref>
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Ebert said that his favorite film was ''[[Citizen Kane]]'', joking, "That's the official answer," although he preferred to emphasize it as "the most important" film. He said seeing ''The Third Man'' cemented his love of cinema: "This movie is on the altar of my love for the cinema. I saw it for the first time in a little fleabox of a theater on the Left Bank in Paris, in 1962, during my first $5 a day trip to Europe. It was so sad, so beautiful, so romantic, that it became at once a part of my own memories — as if it had happened to me."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=April 1, 1991 |title=Ten Greatest Films of All Time |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/ten-greatest-films-of-all-time |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605174332/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/ten-greatest-films-of-all-time |url-status=live }}</ref> He implied that his real favorite film was ''[[La Dolce Vita]]''.<ref name="FavoriteFilm">{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=September 4, 2008 |title="What's your favorite movie?" |work=Chicago Sun-Times |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2008/09/whats_your_favorite_movie.html |url-status=dead |access-date=October 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905150448/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2008/09/whats_your_favorite_movie.html |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}</ref>

His favorite actor was [[Robert Mitchum]] and his favorite actress was [[Ingrid Bergman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tv.com/roger-ebert/person/81392/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517061609/http://www.tv.com/roger-ebert/person/81392/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 17, 2012 |title=Biography page for Ebert at |publisher=Tv.com |access-date=October 17, 2009}}</ref> He named [[Buster Keaton]], Yasujirō Ozu, [[Robert Altman]], [[Werner Herzog]] and [[Martin Scorsese]] as his favorite directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/meet-a-critic-roger-ebert/ |title=Meet a Critic: Roger Ebert |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=January 3, 2017 |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830123412/http://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/meet-a-critic-roger-ebert/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He expressed his distaste for "top-10" lists, and all movie lists in general, but did make an annual list of the year's best films, joking that film critics are "required by unwritten law" to do so. He also contributed an all-time top-10 list for the decennial ''[[Sight and Sound|Sight & Sound]]'' Critics' poll in 1982, 1992, 2002 and 2012. In 1982, he chose, alphabetically, ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', ''[[Aguirre, the Wrath of God]]'', ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]'', ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'', ''Citizen Kane'', ''La Dolce Vita'', ''[[Notorious (1946 film)|Notorious]]'', ''[[Persona (1966 film)|Persona]]'', ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' and ''The Third Man''. In 2012, he chose ''2001: A Space Odyssey'', ''Aguirre, the Wrath of God'', ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'', ''Citizen Kane'', ''La Dolce Vita'', ''[[The General (1926 film)|The General]]'', ''[[Raging Bull]]'', ''[[Tokyo Story]]'', ''[[The Tree of Life (film)|The Tree of Life]]'' and ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/voter/142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819021224/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/voter/142 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 19, 2012 |title=The Greatest Films Poll |author=Roger Ebert |publisher=BFI |date=September 2012 |access-date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> Several of the contributors to Ebert's website participated in a video tribute to him, featuring films that made his ''Sight & Sound'' list in 1982 and 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/42638994?embedded=true&source=vimeo_logo&owner=6994428 |title=The Sight and Sound Film Poll: An International Tribute to Roger Ebert and His Favorite Films |last=Lee |first=Kevin B. |date=2013 |website=Vimeo.com |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206234048/https://vimeo.com/42638994?embedded=true&source=vimeo_logo&owner=6994428 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Best films of the year===
Ebert made annual "ten best lists" from 1967 to 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041215/COMMENTARY/41215001/1023 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |title=Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967–present |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908200137/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20041215%2FCOMMENTARY%2F41215001%2F1023 |archive-date=September 8, 2006}}</ref> His choices for best film of the year were:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* 1967: ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]''
* 1968: ''[[The Battle of Algiers]]''
* 1969: ''[[Z (1969 film)|Z]]''
* 1970: ''[[Five Easy Pieces]]''
* 1971: ''[[The Last Picture Show]]''
* 1972: ''[[The Godfather]]''
* 1973: ''[[Cries and Whispers]]''
* 1974: ''[[Scenes from a Marriage]]''
* 1975: ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]''
* 1976: ''[[Small Change (film)|Small Change]]''
* 1977: ''[[3 Women]]''
* 1978: ''[[An Unmarried Woman]]''
* 1979: ''[[Apocalypse Now]]''
* 1980: ''[[The Black Stallion (film)|The Black Stallion]]''
* 1981: ''[[My Dinner with Andre]]''
* 1982: ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]''
* 1983: ''[[The Right Stuff (film)|The Right Stuff]]''
* 1984: ''[[Amadeus (film)|Amadeus]]''
* 1985: ''[[The Color Purple (1985 film)|The Color Purple]]''
* 1986: ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]''
* 1987: ''[[House of Games (film)|House of Games]]''
* 1988: ''[[Mississippi Burning]]''
* 1989: ''[[Do the Right Thing]]''
* 1990: ''[[Goodfellas]]''
* 1991: ''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]''
* 1992: ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)|Malcolm X]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=The Best 10 Movies of 1992|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19921231/COMMENTARY/40308026/1023|work=rogerebert.com|access-date=March 15, 2011|date=December 31, 1992|archive-date=November 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105174530/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19921231%2FCOMMENTARY%2F40308026%2F1023|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1993: ''[[Schindler's List]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27SCHINDLER%27S+LIST%27+TOPS+SISKEL%27S+%26+EBERT%27S+EAGERLY+AWAITED+%2710+BEST...-a014742445|title='SCHINDLER'S LIST' TOPS SISKEL'S AND EBERT'S EAGERLY AWAITED '10 BEST FILMS OF 1993' – Free Online Library|publisher=Thefreelibrary.com|date=December 27, 1993|access-date=May 3, 2022|archive-date=December 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044051/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27SCHINDLER%27S+LIST%27+TOPS+SISKEL%27S+%26+EBERT%27S+EAGERLY+AWAITED+%2710+BEST...-a014742445|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Ebert | first = Roger | url = https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1993 | title = The Best 10 Movies of 1993 | date = December 31, 1993 | work = Roger Ebert's Journal | access-date = June 1, 2020 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ebert|1993b}} | archive-date = November 13, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201113211249/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1993 | url-status = live }}</ref>
* 1994: ''[[Hoop Dreams]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best 10 Movies of 1994|first=Roger|last=Ebert|author-link=Roger Ebert|date=December 31, 1994|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1994|access-date=April 4, 2022|archive-date=July 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706195332/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1994|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1995: ''[[Leaving Las Vegas]]''
* 1996: ''[[Fargo (1996 film)|Fargo]]''
* 1997: ''[[Eve's Bayou]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=1997-12-31 |title=The Best 10 Movies of 1997 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1997 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=RogerEbert.com}}</ref>
* 1998: ''[[Dark City (1998 film)|Dark City]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19981231/COMMENTARY/40308009/1023|title=The Best 10 Movies of 1998|date=December 31, 1998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060458/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19981231/COMMENTARY/40308009/1023|archive-date=30 September 2007|website=Chicago Sun-Times|access-date=20 December 2005}}</ref>
* 1999: ''[[Being John Malkovich]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best 10 Movies of 1999 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1999 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |publisher=[[Roger Ebert|RogerEbert.com]] |date=December 31, 1999 |access-date=January 25, 2012 |archive-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105172941/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19991231%2FCOMMENTARY%2F40308007%2F1023 |url-status=live |first=Roger |last=Ebert }}</ref>
* 2000: ''[[Almost Famous]]''
* 2001: ''[[Monster's Ball]]''
* 2002: ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_Dec_30/ai_95904385 |title=Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper Announce Their Top Ten Movies of the Year |work=[[Business Wire]] |date=December 30, 2002 |access-date=March 5, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231144724/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_Dec_30/ai_95904385 |archive-date=December 31, 2007}}</ref>
* 2003: ''[[Monster (2003 film)|Monster]]''
* 2004: ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]''
* 2005: ''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=December 18, 2005 |title=Ebert's Best 10 Movies of 2005 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/eberts-best-10-movies-of-2005 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=RogerEbert.com |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112201727/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/eberts-best-10-movies-of-2005 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2006: ''[[Pan's Labyrinth]]''
* 2007: ''[[Juno (film)|Juno]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071220/COMMENTARY/176124809 |title=The year's ten best films and other shenanigans |access-date=January 5, 2008 |author=[[Roger Ebert]] |date=December 20, 2007 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |archive-date=December 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224083858/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20071220%2FCOMMENTARY%2F176124809 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2008: ''[[Synecdoche, New York]]''
* 2009: ''[[The Hurt Locker]]''
* 2010: ''[[The Social Network]]''
* 2011: ''[[A Separation]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2011/12/the_best_films_of_2011.html|title=The Best Films of 2011|last=Ebert|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|date=15 December 2011|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105215412/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2011/12/the_best_films_of_2011.html|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dietz|first=Jason|date=8 December 2011|url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/movie-critic-best-of-2011-top-ten-lists|title=Metacritic: 2011 Film Critic Top Ten|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626084253/http://www.metacritic.com/feature/movie-critic-best-of-2011-top-ten-lists|archive-date=26 June 2012|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* 2012: ''[[Argo (2012 film)|Argo]]''
{{div col end}}

Ebert revisited and sometimes revised his opinions. After ranking ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' third on his 1982 list, it was the only movie from that year to appear on his later "Best Films of the 1980s" list (where it also ranked third).<ref name = ListArchive>{{cite web |url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/ebert.html#best80s |title=Roger Ebert's Top Ten Lists, 1967-2006 |website=Eric C. Johnson's archive |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]] |access-date=January 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231063216/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/ebert.html#best80s |archive-date=December 31, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He made similar reevaluations of ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) and ''[[Ran (film)|Ran]]'' (1985).<ref name = ListArchive/> The ''[[Three Colours trilogy]]'' (''[[Three Colors: Blue|Blue]]'' (1993), ''[[Three Colors: White|White]]'' (1994), and ''[[Three Colors: Red|Red]]'' (also 1994), and ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994) originally ranked second and third on Ebert's 1994 list; both were included on his "Best Films of the 1990s" list, but their order had reversed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innermind.com/misc/s_e_top.htm |title=Siskel and Ebert Top Ten Lists (1969–1998) |website=innermind.com |access-date=November 11, 2011 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108124328/http://www.innermind.com/misc/s_e_top.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, Ebert noted his own "tendency to place what I now consider the year's best film in second place, perhaps because I was trying to make some kind of point with my top pick,"<ref>{{cite book |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Awake in the Dark |url=https://archive.org/details/awakedarkbestrog00eber |url-access=limited |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/awakedarkbestrog00eber/page/n139 103]}}</ref> adding, "In 1968, I should have ranked ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey|2001]]'' above ''The Battle of Algiers''. In 1971, ''[[McCabe & Mrs. Miller]]'' was better than ''The Last Picture Show''. In 1974, ''[[Chinatown (1974 film)|Chinatown]]'' was probably better, in a different way, than ''Scenes from a Marriage''. In 1976, how could I rank ''Small Change'' above ''[[Taxi Driver]]''? In 1978, I would put ''[[Days of Heaven]]'' above ''An Unmarried Woman''. And in 1980, of course, ''[[Raging Bull]]'' was a better film than ''The Black Stallion'' ... although I later chose ''Raging Bull'' as the best film of the entire decade of the 1980s, it was only the second-best film of 1980 ... am I the same person I was in 1968, 1971, or 1980? I hope not."

===Best films of the decade===
Ebert compiled "best of the decade" movie lists in the 2000s for the 1970s to the 2000s, thereby helping provide an overview of his critical preferences. Only three films for this listing were named by Ebert as the best film of the year, ''Five Easy Pieces'' (1970), ''Hoop Dreams'' (1994), and ''Synecdoche, New York'' (2008).

* ''[[Five Easy Pieces]]'' (1970s)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-five-easy-pieces-1970|title=Five Easy Pieces|work=RogerEbert.com|date=March 16, 2003|access-date=March 22, 2023|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728051330/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-five-easy-pieces-1970|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Raging Bull]]'' (1980s)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/chazs-blog/rogers-top-ten-lists-best-films-of-the-1980s|title=Roger's Top Ten Lists: Best Films of the 1980s|date=April 19, 2022|access-date=March 22, 2023|archive-date=March 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323002708/https://www.rogerebert.com/chazs-blog/rogers-top-ten-lists-best-films-of-the-1980s|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Hoop Dreams]]'' (1990s)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1990s|title=The Best 10 Movies of 1990s|work=RogerEbert.com|date=February 23, 2000|access-date=March 22, 2023|archive-date=March 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309150029/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1990s|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Synecdoche, New York]]'' (2000s)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-films-of-the-decade|title=The best films of the decade|work=RoberEbert.com|date=December 30, 2009|access-date=March 22, 2023|archive-date=April 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413024222/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-films-of-the-decade|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Genres and content===
Ebert was often critical of the [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system]] (MPAA). His main arguments were that they were too strict on sex and profanity, too lenient on violence, secretive with their guidelines, inconsistent in applying them and not willing to consider the wider context and meaning of the film.<ref name="uglyreality">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/ugly-reality-in-movie-ratings |title=Ugly reality in movie ratings |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=September 24, 2000 |access-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225754/https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/ugly-reality-in-movie-ratings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703766704576009343432436296 |title=Getting Real About Movie Ratings |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=December 11, 2010 |access-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706203750/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703766704576009343432436296 |url-status=live }}</ref> He advocated replacing the [[NC-17]] rating with separate ratings for pornographic and nonpornographic adult films.<ref name="uglyreality"/> He praised ''[[This Film Is Not Yet Rated|This Film is Not Yet Rated]]'', a documentary critiquing the MPAA, adding that their rules are "[[Franz Kafka|Kafkaesque]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=September 14, 2006 |title=How do the ratings rate? |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/this-film-is-not-yet-rated-2006 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419192140/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/this-film-is-not-yet-rated-2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> He signed off on his review of ''[[Almost Famous]]'' by asking, "Why did they give an R rating to a movie so perfect for teenagers?"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=September 15, 2000 |title=Almost Famous |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/almost-famous-2000 |access-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224142345/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/almost-famous-2000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert also frequently lamented that cinemas outside major cities are "booked by computer from Hollywood with no regard for local tastes," making high-quality independent and foreign films virtually unavailable to most American moviegoers.<ref>{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=http://www.suntimes.com/output/oscars/ebert27.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604184449/http://www.suntimes.com/output/oscars/ebert27.html |archive-date=June 4, 2004 |date=June 4, 2004 |title=They got it right |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref>

He wrote that "I've always preferred generic approach to film criticism; I ask myself how good a movie is of its type."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=December 26, 1973 |title=The Exorcist |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-exorcist-1973 |access-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102153840/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-exorcist-1973 |url-status=live }}</ref>
He gave ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'' four stars: "Seeing it, I was reminded of the favorable review I gave a few years ago to ''Last House on the Left'', another really terrifying thriller. Readers wrote to ask how I could possibly support such a movie. But I wasn't supporting it so much as describing it: You don't want to be scared? Don't see it. Credit must be paid to directors who want to really frighten us, to make a good thriller when quite possibly a bad one would have made as much money. [[Hitchcock]] is acknowledged as a master of suspense; it's hypocrisy to disapprove of other directors in the same genre who want to scare us too."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 31, 1978 |title=Halloween |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]}}</ref>

Ebert did not believe in grading children's movies on a curve, as he thought children were smarter than given credit for and deserved quality entertainment. He began his review of ''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'': "Kids are not stupid. They are among the sharpest, cleverest, most eagle-eyed creatures on God's green Earth, and very little escapes their notice. You may not have observed that your neighbor is still using his snow-tires in mid-July, but every four-year-old on the block has, and kids pay the same attention when they go to the movies. They don't miss a thing, and have an instinctive contempt for shoddy and shabby work. I make this observation because nine out of ten kids' movies are stupid, witless and display contempt for their audiences. Is that all parents want from kids' movies? That they not have anything bad in them? Shouldn't they have something good in them — some life, imagination, fantasy, inventiveness, something to tickle the imagination? If a movie isn't going to do your kids any good, why let them watch it? Just to kill a Saturday afternoon? That shows a subtle contempt for a child's mind, I think." He went on to say he thought ''Willy Wonka'' was the best movie of its kind since ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=1971 |title=Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/willy-wonka-and-the-chocolate-factory-1971 |access-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233251/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/willy-wonka-and-the-chocolate-factory-1971 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert tried not to judge a film on its ideology. Reviewing ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'', he writes: "I am not particularly interested in the 'ideas' in Coppola's film...Like all great works of art about war, ''Apocalypse Now'' essentially contains only one idea or message, the not-especially-enlightening observation that war is hell. We do not go to see Coppola's movie for that insight — something Coppola, but not some of his critics, knows well. Coppola also well knows (and demonstrated in ''The Godfather'' films) that movies aren't especially good at dealing with abstract ideas — for those you'd be better off turning to the written word — but they are superb for presenting moods and feelings, the look of a battle, the expression on a face, the mood of a country. ''Apocalypse Now'' achieves greatness not by analyzing our 'experience in Vietnam,' but by re-creating, in characters and images, something of that experience."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=June 1, 1979| title=Apocalypse Now| work=Chicago Sun-Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/apocalypse-now-1979| access-date=April 27, 2024| archive-date=November 14, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114145551/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/apocalypse-now-1979| url-status=live}}</ref> Ebert commented on films using his [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] upbringing as a point of reference,<ref name=ChicagoMag>{{cite magazine |first=Carol |last=Felsenthal |date=December 2005 |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/December-2005/A-Life-in-the-Movies/index.php?cp=1&si=0 |title=A Life In The Movies |magazine=[[Chicago Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823172045/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/December-2005/A-Life-in-the-Movies/index.php?cp=1&si=0 |archive-date=August 23, 2011 |access-date=April 6, 2013}}</ref> and was critical of films he believed were grossly ignorant of or insulting to Catholicism, such as ''[[Stigmata (film)|Stigmata]]'' (1999)<ref>{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/stigmata-1999 |title=Stigmata |date=January 1, 1999 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609203034/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/stigmata-1999 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Priest (1994 film)|Priest]]'' (1994).<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19950407/REVIEWS/504070308/1023 |title=Priest |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=April 7, 1995 |access-date=July 24, 2011 |archive-date=November 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126181317/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19950407/REVIEWS/504070308/1023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He also gave favorable reviews of controversial films relating to [[Jesus Christ]] or Catholicism, including ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]'' (1988),<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=August 12, 1988| title=The Last Temptation of Christ| work=Chicago Sun-Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-last-temptation-of-christ-1998| access-date=May 3, 2024| archive-date=February 23, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223153806/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-last-temptation-of-christ-1998| url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' (2004), and [[Kevin Smith]]'s religious satire ''[[Dogma (film)|Dogma]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dogma-1999 |title=Dogma |date=November 12, 1999 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423230809/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dogma-1999 |url-status=live }}</ref> He defended [[Spike Lee]]'s ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'': "Some of the advance articles about this movie have suggested that it is an incitement to racial violence. Those articles say more about their authors than about the movie. I believe that any good-hearted person, white or black, will come out of this movie with sympathy for all of the characters. Lee does not ask us to forgive them, or even to understand everything they do, but he wants us to identify with their fears and frustrations. ''Do the Right Thing'' doesn't ask its audiences to choose sides; it is scrupulously fair to both sides, in a story where it is our society itself that is not fair."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=June 30, 1989| title=Do the Right Thing| work=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref>

===Contrarian reviews===
[[Metacritic]] later noted that Ebert tended to give more lenient ratings than most critics. His average film rating was 71%, if translated into a percentage, compared to 59% for the site as a whole. Of his reviews, 75% were positive and 75% of his ratings were better than his colleagues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/feature/remembering-roger-ebert |website=[[Metacritic]] |title=Remembering Roger Ebert: His reviews |access-date=October 20, 2017 |archive-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123140724/http://www.metacritic.com/feature/remembering-roger-ebert |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ebert had acknowledged in 2008 that he gave higher ratings on average than other critics, though he said this was in part because he considered a rating of 3 out of 4 stars to be the general threshold for a film to get a "thumbs up."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/you-give-out-too-many-stars |title=You give out too many stars |first=Roger |last=Ebert |website=www.rogerebert.com/ |date=December 14, 2012 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125632/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/you-give-out-too-many-stars |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writing in ''[[Random House of Canada|Hazlitt]]'' about Ebert's reviews, Will Sloan argued that "[t]here were inevitably movies where he veered from consensus, but he was not provocative or idiosyncratic by nature."<ref name="sloan-hazlitt">{{cite web |url=https://hazlitt.net/feature/roger-eberts-zero-star-movies |title=Roger Ebert's Zero-Star Movies |website=[[Random House of Canada|Hazlitt]] |last=Sloan |first=Will |date=February 21, 2017 |access-date=March 10, 2019 |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192043/https://hazlitt.net/feature/roger-eberts-zero-star-movies |url-status=live }}</ref> Examples of Ebert dissenting from other critics include his negative reviews of such celebrated films as [[Blue Velvet (film)|''Blue Velvet'']] ("marred by sophomoric satire and cheap shots"),<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Blue Velvet |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/blue-velvet-1986 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=January 2, 2021 |date=September 19, 1986 |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427124003/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/blue-velvet-1986 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' ("a paranoid right-wing fantasy masquerading as an [[Orwellian]] warning"),<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-clockwork-orange-1972 |title=A Clockwork Orange |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=February 2, 1972 |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-date=July 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701195957/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-clockwork-orange-1972 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Usual Suspects]]'' ("To the degree that I do understand, I don't care").<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-usual-suspects-1995 |title=The Usual Suspects |newspaper=[[The Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=August 18, 1995 |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426171724/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-usual-suspects-1995 |url-status=live }}</ref> He gave only two out of four stars to the widely acclaimed ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]'', calling it "very hard to follow"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/brazil-1986 | title=Brazil movie review & film summary (1986) | Roger Ebert | access-date=July 28, 2023 | archive-date=February 13, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213230759/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/brazil-1986 | url-status=live }}</ref> and is the only critic on [[RottenTomatoes]] to not like it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003033-brazil | title=Brazil - Rotten Tomatoes | website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | access-date=July 28, 2023 | archive-date=November 7, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107110259/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003033-brazil | url-status=live }}</ref>

He gave a one-star review to the critically acclaimed [[Abbas Kiarostami]] film ''[[Taste of Cherry]]'', which won the ''[[Palme d'Or]]'' at the [[1997 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Taste of Cherry |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=February 27, 1998 |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/taste-of-cherry-1998 |access-date=July 31, 2017 |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427124019/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/taste-of-cherry-1998 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebert later added the film to a list of his most-hated movies of all time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/eberts-most-hated |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |title=Ebert's Most Hated |access-date=July 31, 2017 |archive-date=August 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802044414/http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/eberts-most-hated |url-status=live }}</ref> He was dismissive of the 1988 [[Bruce Willis]] action film ''[[Die Hard]]'', stating that "inappropriate and wrongheaded interruptions reveal the fragile nature of the plot".<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Die Hard |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19880715/REVIEWS/807150301/1023 |access-date=September 4, 2009 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=July 15, 1988 |archive-date=March 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302012747/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19880715/REVIEWS/807150301/1023 |url-status=dead |via=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> His positive 3 out of 4 stars review of 1997's ''[[Speed 2: Cruise Control]]'', "Movies like this embrace goofiness with an almost sensual pleasure"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title=Speed 2: Cruise Control movie review (1997) {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/speed-2-cruise-control-1997 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=February 14, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723055317/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/speed-2-cruise-control-1997 |url-status=live }}</ref> is one of only three positive reviews accounting for that film's 4% approval rating on the reviewer aggregator website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], one of the two others having been written by his ''At the Movies'' co-star Gene Siskel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speed 2 - Cruise Control (1997) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/speed_2_cruise_control/ |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=March 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430074753/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/speed_2_cruise_control |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert reflected on his ''Speed 2'' review in 2013, and wrote that it was "Frequently cited as an example of what a lousy critic I am," but defended his opinion, and noted, "I'm grateful to movies that show me what I haven't seen before, and ''Speed 2'' had a cruise ship plowing right up the main street of a Caribbean village."<ref name="speed3">{{cite web |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title="Speed 3"--Winner of my 1999 contest {{!}} Roger Ebert {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/speed-3-winner-of-my-1999-contest |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=February 11, 2013 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214211237/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/speed-3-winner-of-my-1999-contest |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1999, Ebert held a contest for [[University of Colorado Boulder]] students to create short films with a ''Speed 3'' theme about an object that could not stop moving.<ref name="speed3"/> The winning entrant was set on a roller coaster and was screened at Ebertfest that year.<ref name="speed3"/>

===Other interests===
In addition to film, Ebert occasionally wrote about other topics for the ''Sun-Times'', such as music. In 1970, Ebert wrote the first published concert review of singer-songwriter [[John Prine]], who at the time was working as a mailman and performing at Chicago folk clubs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title=John Prine: American Legend {{!}} Balder and Dash {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/john-prine-american-legend |website=www.rogerebert.com |date=November 14, 2010 |access-date=March 30, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331072627/https://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/john-prine-american-legend |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert was a lifelong reader, and said he had "more or less every book I have owned since I was seven, starting with ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn|Huckleberry Finn]]''." Among the authors he considered indispensable were [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Henry James]], [[Willa Cather]], [[Colette]] and [[Georges Simenon|Simenon]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 5, 2009 |title=Books do furnish a life |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/books-do-furnish-a-life |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212233554/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/books-do-furnish-a-life |url-status=live }}</ref> He writes of his friend [[William Nack]]: "He approached literature like a gourmet. He relished it, savored it, inhaled it, and after memorizing it rolled it on his tongue and spoke it aloud. It was Nack who already knew in the early 1960s, when he was a very young man, that [[Vladimir Nabokov|Nabokov]] was perhaps the supreme stylist of modern novelists. He recited to me from ''[[Lolita]],'' and from ''[[Speak, Memory]]'' and [[Pnin (novel)|''Pnin'']]. I was spellbound." Every time Ebert saw Nack, he'd ask him to recite the last lines of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 17, 2010 |title=The storyteller and the stallion |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-storyteller-and-the-stallion |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130044333/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-storyteller-and-the-stallion |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing ''[[Stone Reader]]'', he wrote: "get me in conversation with another reader, and I'll recite titles, too. Have you ever read ''[[The Quincunx]]''? ''[[The Raj Quartet]]''? ''[[A Fine Balance]]''? Ever heard of that most despairing of all travel books, ''The Saddest Pleasure'', by Moritz Thomsen? Does anybody hold up better than [[Joseph Conrad]] and Willa Cather? Know any [[Yeats]] by heart? Surely [[P. G. Wodehouse]] is as great at what he does as Shakespeare was at what he did."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| title=Stone Reader| date=July 11, 2003| work=Chicago Sun Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/stone-reader-2003| access-date=April 10, 2024| archive-date=June 2, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602122346/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/stone-reader-2003| url-status=live}}</ref> Among contemporary authors he admired [[Cormac McCarthy]], and credited ''[[Suttree]]'' with reviving his love of reading after his illness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=October 24, 2008 |title=I think I'm musing my mind |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/i-think-im-musing-my-mind |access-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225160338/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/i-think-im-musing-my-mind |url-status=live }}</ref> He also loved [[audiobooks]], particularly praising [[Sean Barrett (actor)|Sean Barrett]]'s reading of [[Perfume (novel)|''Perfume'']].<ref>{{cite web| last=Ebert| first=Roger| title=My new job. In his own words.| date=December 14, 2012| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/my-new-job-in-his-own-words| access-date=April 10, 2024| archive-date=December 5, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205093341/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/my-new-job-in-his-own-words| url-status=live}}</ref> He was a fan of [[Hergé]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', which he read in French.<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| title=Tintin! Tonnere de Brest! Mille sebords!| date=December 20, 2011| work=Chicago Sun-Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-adventures-of-tintin-2011| access-date=April 8, 2024| archive-date=May 7, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507121446/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-adventures-of-tintin-2011| url-status=live}}</ref>

Ebert first visited [[London]] in 1966 with his professor [[Daniel Curley]], who "started me on a lifelong practice of wandering around London. From 1966 to 2006, I visited London never less than once a year and usually more than that. Walking the city became a part of my education, and in this way I learned a little about architecture, British watercolors, music, theater and above all people. I felt a freedom in London I've never felt elsewhere. I made lasting friends. The city lends itself to walking, can be intensely exciting at eye level, and is being eaten alive block by block by brutal corporate leg-lifting." Ebert and Curley coauthored ''The Perfect London Walk''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engelhart |first=Katie |date=July 12, 2013 |title=Roger Ebert's Pilgrimage |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/07/roger-eberts-lost-book-the-perfect-london-walk-reviewed.html |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130044333/https://slate.com/culture/2013/07/roger-eberts-lost-book-the-perfect-london-walk-reviewed.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert attended the [[Conference on World Affairs]] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] for many years. It was there that he coined the Boulder Pledge: "Under no circumstances will I ever purchase anything offered to me as the result of an unsolicited e-mail message. Nor will I forward chain letters, petitions, mass mailings, or virus warnings to large numbers of others. This is my contribution to the survival of the online community."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panix.com/~tbetz/boulder.shtml |title=Critical eye by Roger Ebert – Enough! A Modest Proposal to End the Junk Mail Plague |website=Panix.com |access-date=October 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916074641/http://www.panix.com/~tbetz/boulder.shtml |archive-date=September 16, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lumbercartel.ca/glossary/boulderpledge.pl |publisher=The Lumber Cartel, local 42 |title=Roger Ebert gets 'two thumbs up' from the Lumber Cartel for this distinct, well-written pledge |access-date=November 14, 2006 |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185005/http://www.lumbercartel.ca/glossary/boulderpledge.pl |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Weiman |url=http://bw.org/ube/boulder.html |title=Bill Weinman · Why I Keep The Boulder Pledge |website=Bw.org |access-date=January 27, 2017 |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227194551/http://bw.org/ube/boulder.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Starting in 1975, he hosted a program called Cinema Interruptus, where would analyze a film with an audience, and anyone could say "Stop!" to point out anything they found interesting. He wrote "[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] is my hometown in an alternate universe. I have walked its streets by day and night, in rain, snow, and sunshine. I have made life-long friends there. I was in my twenties when I first came to the Conference on World Affairs and was greeted by [[Howard Higman]], its choleric founder, with 'Who invited you back?' Since then I have appeared on countless panels where I have learned and rehearsed debatemanship, the art of talking to anybody about anything." In 2009, Ebert invited [[Ramin Bahrani]] to join him in analyzing Bahrani's film [[Chop Shop (film)|''Chop Shop'']] a frame at a time. The next year, they invited Werner Herzog to join them in analyzing ''[[Aguirre, the Wrath of God]]''. After that, Ebert announced that he would not return to the conference: "It is fueled by speech, and I'm out of gas ... But I went there for my adult lifetime and had a hell of a good time."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Life Itself |year=2011 |pages=189–191}}</ref>

===Relations with filmmakers===
Ebert wrote [[Martin Scorsese]]'s first review, for ''[[Who's That Knocking at My Door]]'', and predicted the director could be "an American Fellini someday."<ref name=" Who'sThat"/> He later wrote, "Of the directors who started making films since I came on the job, the best is Martin Scorsese. His camera is active, not passive. It doesn't regard events, it participates in them. There is a sequence in ''[[GoodFellas]]'' that follows Henry Hill's last day of freedom, before the cops swoop down. Scorsese uses an accelerating pacing and a paranoid camera that keeps looking around, and makes us feel what Hill feels. It is easy enough to make an audience feel basic emotions ('Play them like a piano,' Hitchcock advised), but hard to make them share a state of mind. Scorsese can do it."<ref name=Twenty-Five/> In 2000, Scorsese joined Ebert on his show in choosing the best films of the 1990s.<ref name=Scorsese/>

Ebert was an admirer of [[Werner Herzog]], and conducted a Q&A session with him at the [[Walker Art Center|Walker Arts Center]] in 1999. It was there that Herzog read his "Minnesota Declaration" which defined his idea of "ecstatic truth."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=April 30, 1999 |title=Herzog's Minnesota Declaration: Defining 'ecstatic truth' |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/herzogs-minnesota-declaration-defining-ecstatic-truth |website=RogerEbert.com |access-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418224831/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/herzogs-minnesota-declaration-defining-ecstatic-truth |url-status=live }}</ref> Herzog dedicated his ''[[Encounters at the End of the World]]'' to Ebert, and Ebert responded with an open letter of gratitude.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20071117%2FPEOPLE%2F71117002 |title=Roger Ebert. "A letter to Werner Herzog: In praise of rapturous truth" rogerebert.com November 17, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=November 17, 2007 |access-date=October 17, 2009 |archive-date=December 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231100314/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071117/PEOPLE/71117002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ebert often quoted something Herzog told him: "our civilization is starving for new images."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=August 28, 2005 |title=A conversation with Werner Herzog |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/a-conversation-with-werner-herzog |access-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418224832/https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/a-conversation-with-werner-herzog |url-status=live }}</ref>

When [[Vincent Gallo]]'s ''[[The Brown Bunny]]'' (2003) premiered at [[Cannes Film Festival | Cannes]], Ebert called it the worst film in the history of the festival. Gallo responded by putting a curse on his colon and a hex on his prostate. Ebert replied, "I had a colonoscopy once, and they let me watch it on TV. It was more entertaining than ''The Brown Bunny.''" Gallo called Ebert a "fat pig". Ebert replied: "It is true that I am fat, but one day I will be thin, and he will still be the director of ''The Brown Bunny.''"<ref>{{cite news| author=Roger Ebert| title=Gallo goes on the offensive after 'Bunny' flop| work=Chicago Sun Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals/gallo-goes-on-the-offensive-after-bunny-flop}}</ref> Ebert gave the director's cut a positive review, writing that Gallo "is not the director of the same ''Brown Bunny'' I saw at Cannes, and the film now plays so differently that I suggest the original Cannes cut be included as part of the eventual DVD, so that viewers can see for themselves how 26 minutes of aggressively pointless and empty footage can sink a potentially successful film...Make no mistake: The Cannes version was a bad film, but now Gallo's editing has set free the good film inside."<ref>{{cite news| author=Roger Ebert| title=Revised editing releases a much improved 'Brown Bunny'| work=Chicago Sun-Times| date=September 3, 2004| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-brown-bunny-2004}}</ref>

In 2005, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' critic [[Patrick Goldstein]] wrote that the year's Best Picture Nominees were "ignored, unloved and turned down flat by most of the same studios that ... bankroll hundreds of sequels, including a follow-up to ''Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo,'' a film that was sadly overlooked at Oscar time because apparently nobody had the foresight to invent a category for Best Running Penis Joke Delivered by a Third-Rate Comic." Rob Schneider responded in an open letter: "Well, Mr. Goldstein, I decided to do some research to find out what awards you have won. I went online and found that you have won nothing. Absolutely nothing. No journalistic awards of any kind ... Maybe you didn't win a Pulitzer Prize because they haven't invented a category for Best Third-Rate, Unfunny Pompous Reporter Who's Never Been Acknowledged by His Peers." Reviewing ''[[Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo]]'', Ebert responded: "Reading this, I was about to observe that Schneider can dish it out but he can't take it. Then I found he's not so good at dishing it out, either. I went online and found that Patrick Goldstein has won a National Headliner Award, a Los Angeles Press Club Award, a RockCritics.com award, and the Publicists’ Guild award for lifetime achievement ... Schneider is correct, and Patrick Goldstein has not yet won a Pulitzer Prize. Therefore, Goldstein is not qualified to complain that Columbia financed ''Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo'' while passing on the opportunity to participate in ''[[Million Dollar Baby]],'' ''[[Ray (film)| Ray]]'', ''[[The Aviator (2004 film) |The Aviator]],'' ''[[Sideways]]'' and ''[[Finding Neverland (film)| Finding Neverland]].'' As chance would have it, I ''have'' won the Pulitzer Prize, and so I am qualified. Speaking in my official capacity as a Pulitzer Prize winner, Mr. Schneider, your movie sucks."<ref>{{cite news| title='Bigalow' reaches new giga-low| author=Roger Ebert| date=August 11, 2005| work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/deuce-bigalow-european-gigolo-2005}}</ref> After Ebert's cancer surgery, he received a bouquet from "Your Least Favorite Movie Star, Rob Schneider". Ebert wrote of the flowers, "They were a reminder, if I needed one, that although Rob Schneider might (in my opinion) have made a bad movie, he is not a bad man, and no doubt tried to make a wonderful movie, and hopes to again. I hope so, too."<ref>{{cite news| title=A bouquet arrives...| work=Roger Ebert's Journal| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/a-bouquet-arrives}}</ref>

===Views on technology===
Ebert was a strong advocate for [[Maxivision]] 48, in which the movie projector runs at 48 frames per second, as compared to the usual 24 frames per second. He was opposed to the practice whereby theaters lower the intensity of their projector bulbs in order to extend the life of the bulb, arguing that this has little effect other than to make the film harder to see.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060219/ANSWERMAN/602190302/1023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420012335/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060219/ANSWERMAN/602190302/1023 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 20, 2007 |title=Ebert's "Movie Answer Man column", February 19, 2006 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=October 17, 2009 }}</ref> Ebert was skeptical of the resurgence of [[3D film|3D effects in film]], which he found unrealistic and distracting.<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2008/08/dminus_for_3d.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817035951/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2008/08/dminus_for_3d.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 17, 2008 |title=D-minus for 3-D |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=August 16, 2008 |access-date=October 17, 2009 }}</ref>

===Views on video games as an art form===

In 2005, Ebert opined that video games are not art, and are inferior to media created through authorial control, such as film and literature, stating, "video games can be elegant, subtle, sophisticated, challenging and visually wonderful," but "the nature of the medium prevents it from moving beyond craftsmanship to the stature of art."<ref>{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/answer-man/why-did-the-chicken-cross-the-genders |title=Why did the chicken cross the genders? |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=November 27, 2005 |access-date=December 19, 2013 |archive-date=December 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220104729/http://www.rogerebert.com/answer-man/why-did-the-chicken-cross-the-genders |url-status=live }}</ref> This resulted in negative reaction from video game enthusiasts,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=December 6, 2005 |title=Gamers fire flaming posts, e-mails |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/gamers-fire-flaming-posts-e-mails |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622031553/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051206/COMMENTARY/51206002 |archive-date=June 22, 2012 |access-date=February 22, 2025 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> such as writer [[Clive Barker]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/games-are-indeed-art-says-barker |first=Androvich |last=Mark |title=Games are indeed art, says Barker
|publisher=gamesindustry.biz |date=June 27, 2007 |access-date=February 22, 2025}}</ref> who defended [[video games as an art form]]. Responding to Barker, Ebert wrote, "I believe art is created by an artist. If you change it, you become the artist," and said that the main attributes of video games "have more in common with sports" than they do with arts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070721/COMMENTARY/70721001 |first=Roger |last=Ebert |title=Games vs. Art: Ebert vs. Barker |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=July 21, 2007 |access-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-date=February 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211235435/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070721/COMMENTARY/70721001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ebert maintained his position in 2010, but conceded that he should not have expressed this skepticism without being more familiar with the actual experience of playing them. He admitted that he barely played video games: "I have played ''[[Cosmology of Kyoto]]'' which I enormously enjoyed, and ''[[Myst]]'' for which I lacked the patience."<ref name="lawn">{{cite web |author=Ebert, Roger |date=July 1, 2010 |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2010/07/okay_kids_play_on_my_lawn.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703023952/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2010/07/okay_kids_play_on_my_lawn.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 3, 2010 |title=Okay, Kids, Play on my Lawn |website=Roger Ebert's Journal }}</ref> In the article, Ebert wrote, "It is quite possible a game could someday be great art."<ref name="lawn"/>

Ebert had reviewed ''Cosmology of Kyoto'' for ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' in 1994, and had praised the exploration, depth, and graphics found in the game, writing "This is the most beguiling computer game I have encountered, a seamless blend of information, adventure, humor, and imagination — the gruesome side-by-side with the divine."<ref name="cosmo1">{{cite magazine |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title=Cosmology of Kyoto |url=https://www.wired.com/1994/09/cosmology-of-kyoto/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214204358/https://www.wired.com/1994/09/cosmology-of-kyoto/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebert filed one other video game-related article for ''Wired'' in 1994, in which he described his visit to [[Sega]]'s [[Joypolis]] arcade in Tokyo.<ref name="wired2">{{cite magazine |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title=Sega's Tokyo Joypolis |url=https://www.wired.com/1994/12/segas-tokyo-joypolis/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214204358/https://www.wired.com/1994/12/segas-tokyo-joypolis/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Appearances in other media ===
Ebert provided DVD [[audio commentary|audio commentaries]] for ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941), [[Casablanca (film)|''Casablanca'']] (1942), ''[[Beyond the Valley of the Dolls]]'' (1970) and ''[[Dark City (1998 film)|Dark City]]'' (1998). For the [[Criterion Collection]], he recorded commentaries for ''[[Floating Weeds]]'' (1959) and [[Crumb (film)|''Crumb'']] (1994), the latter with director [[Terry Zwigoff]]. Ebert was also interviewed by [[Central Park Media]] for an extra feature on the DVD release of ''[[Grave of the Fireflies]]'' (1988).

In 1982, 1983 and 1985, [[Gene Siskel]] and Ebert appeared as themselves on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.<ref>{{cite episode|title=Chevy Chase|series=[[Saturday Night Live]]|air-date=September 25, 1982|season=8|number=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|title=Brandon Tartikoff|series=[[Saturday Night Live]]|air-date=October 8, 1983|season=9|number=1}}</ref> For their first two appearances, they reviewed sketches from that night's telecast; for their last, they reviewed sketches from the "SNL Film Festival".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vulture.com/2015/11/the-night-siskel-and-ebert-took-over-snl.html|title=The Night Siskel and Ebert Took Over 'SNL'|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |date=November 18, 2015|first=Joe|last=Blevins|accessdate=July 19, 2022|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701192453/https://www.vulture.com/2015/11/the-night-siskel-and-ebert-took-over-snl.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1991, Siskel and Ebert appeared in the ''[[Sesame Street]]'' segment "Sneak Peek Previews" (a parody of ''Sneak Previews'').<ref name="Sesame Street">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMlioyKsaQg|title=Sesame Street - "Sneak Peek Previews" with SISKEL & EBERT!|date=December 12, 2006 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=August 12, 2023|archive-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815115636/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMlioyKsaQg|url-status=live}}</ref> That year, the two were in the show's celebrity version of "[[Monster in the Mirror]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maYnqbdo2jw|title=Sesame Street - Monster in the Mirror (celebrity version)|date=March 26, 2007 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=August 12, 2023|archive-date=August 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812195853/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maYnqbdo2jw|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1995, Siskel and Ebert guest-starred on an episode of the animated sitcom ''[[The Critic]]''. In the episode, a parody of ''[[Sleepless in Seattle]],'' Siskel and Ebert split and each wants protagonist Jay Sherman, a fellow film critic, as his new partner.<ref name="The Critic">{{cite web|url=https://siskelebert.org/?p=6377|title=The Critic (cartoon) with the Voices of Gene and Roger, 1995|website=Siskel And Ebert Movie Reviews|accessdate=June 21, 2022|archive-date=July 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702013558/https://siskelebert.org/?p=6377|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1997, Ebert appeared in [[Pitch (film)| ''Pitch'']], a documentary by [[Spencer Rice]] and [[Kenny Hotz]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0125459/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |title=Pitch (1997) Full cast & crew |website=IMDb |access-date=January 27, 2017 |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316044758/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0125459/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Chicago-set television series ''[[Early Edition]]'',<ref name="The Cat">{{cite episode|title=The Cat|series=[[Early Edition]]|airdate=April 13, 1997|season=1|number=19}}</ref> where consoles a young boy who is depressed after he sees the character Bosco the Bunny die in a movie.<ref name=Questions>{{cite book |title=Questions for the Movie Answer Man |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=June 1, 1997 |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |location=Kansas City, Missouri |page=[https://archive.org/details/questionsformovi00eber/page/99 99] |isbn=0-8362-2894-4 |quote=In the Spring of 1997, I did a guest appearance on the show, consoling a little boy who was depressed that Bosco the Bunny had died. |url=https://archive.org/details/questionsformovi00eber/page/99}}</ref> Ebert made a [[cameo appearance|cameo]] in ''[[Abby Singer (film)|Abby Singer]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hometheatersound.com/dvd/abby_singer.htm |title=Abby Singer |website=Home Theater & Sound |date=November 2007 |access-date=January 2, 2017 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322165726/http://www.hometheatersound.com/dvd/abby_singer.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, Ebert appeared in ''Sesame Street'''s direct-to-video special ''A Celebration of Me, Grover'', delivering a review of the ''[[Monsterpiece Theater]]'' segment "The King and I".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://imdb.com/title/tt31224538/|title=Sesame Street: A Celebration of Me, Grover (Video 2004)|website=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=July 19, 2022|archive-date=May 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506050941/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31224538/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ebert was one of the principal critics featured in [[Gerald Peary]]'s 2009 documentary ''[[For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism]]''. He discusses the dynamics of appearing with Gene Siskel on the 1970s show ''Coming to a Theatre Near You'', the predecessor of ''Sneak Previews'' on Chicago PBS station WTTW, and expresses approval of the proliferation of young people writing film reviews today on the internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/775058/for-the-love-of-movies-the-story-of-american-film-criticism |title=For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism |website=[[Turner Classic Movies|TCM Movie Database]] |access-date=December 16, 2012 |archive-date=May 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516023321/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/775058/For-the-Love-of-Movies-The-Story-of-American-Film-Criticism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On October 22, 2010, Ebert appeared with [[Robert Osborne]] on [[Turner Classic Movies]] during their "The Essentials" series. Ebert selected ''[[Sweet Smell of Success]]'' (1957) and ''[[The Lady Eve]]'' (1941).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/339775%7c0/Critic-s-Choice-TCM-Spotlight-.html |title=Critic's Choice Introduction |author=Fristoe, Roger |publisher=TCM Film Article |access-date=April 30, 2015 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052102/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/339775%7c0/Critic-s-Choice-TCM-Spotlight-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A "Mayor Ebert" ([[Michael Lerner (actor)|Michael Lerner]]) appeared in the [[Godzilla (1998 film)|1998 remake of]] ''[[Godzilla (1954 film)|Godzilla]]''. In his review, Ebert wrote: "Now that I've inspired a character in a Godzilla movie, all I really still desire is for several [[Ingmar Bergman]] characters to sit in a circle and read my reviews to one another in hushed tones."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/godzilla-1998 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Godzilla movie review & film summary (1998) | Roger Ebert |access-date=April 8, 2024 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404101113/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/godzilla-1998 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Chaz Hammel-Smith, Roger Ebert, and Nancy Kwan at the Hawaii International Film Festival in October 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Ebert and his wife [[Chaz Ebert|Chaz Hammelsmith Ebert]] (left) giving the thumbs up to [[Nancy Kwan]] (right) at the [[Hawaii International Film Festival]] in 2010|alt=Three people are smiling with Hawaiian leis around their necks.]]

=== Marriage ===
At age 50, Ebert married trial attorney [[Chaz Ebert|Charlie "Chaz" Hammel-Smith]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67702842/1991-roger-ebert-to-marry-chaz/ |title=Roger Ebert getting married |work=Messenger-Inquirer |date=July 9, 1991 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602133320/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67702842/1991-roger-ebert-to-marry-chaz/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67703511/1992-ebert-marries-hammelsmith/ |title=Clipping from Public Opinion |work=Public Opinion |date=July 20, 1992 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602133321/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67703511/1992-ebert-marries-hammelsmith/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1992.<ref name=ChicagoMag/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewine |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/13/magazine/a-film-critics-windy-city-home.html |title=A Film Critic's Windy City Home |date=February 13, 2005 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 2, 2022 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503214300/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/13/magazine/a-film-critics-windy-city-home.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hunt |first1=Drew |url=http://people2014.chicagoreader.com/chaz-ebert/ |title=Chaz Ebert: The Media Mogul |work=The Chicago Reader |access-date=May 2, 2022 |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526202531/http://people2014.chicagoreader.com/chaz-ebert/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chaz Ebert became vice president of the Ebert Company and has [[master of ceremonies|emceed]] Ebertfest.<ref>{{cite news |last=Merli |first=Melissa |date=April 25, 2007 |title=Ebert will have best seat in the house |newspaper=News-Gazette |location=Champaign, Illinois |url=http://www.news-gazette.com/news/local/2007-04-25/ebert-will-have-best-seat-house.html |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-date=May 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506051111/https://www.news-gazette.com/news/ebert-will-have-best-seat-in-the-house/article_7cb8efcf-daef-501d-9cd3-678867a58307.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Esquire">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Chris |date=February 16, 2010 |title=Roger Ebert: The Essential Man |url=http://www.esquire.com/features/roger-ebert-0310 |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |access-date=February 16, 2010 |archive-date=September 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172438/http://www.esquire.com/features/roger-ebert-0310 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Caruso |first=Michael |date=January 21, 2020 |title=New year, new semester: what's in store for Spring 2020 |url=https://dailyillini.com/news/2020/01/21/spring-2020-campus-events/ |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=The Daily Illini |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518211801/https://dailyillini.com/news/2020/01/21/spring-2020-campus-events/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He explained in his memoir, ''Life Itself'', that he did not want to marry before his mother died, as he was afraid of displeasing her.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rogerebert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130404/MEMORY/130409989 |title=Roger Ebert (1942–2013) |first=Neil |last=Steinberg |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=April 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407034401/http://rogerebert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130404/MEMORY/130409989 |archive-date=April 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref> In a July 2012 blog entry, Ebert wrote about Chaz, "She fills my horizon, she is the great fact of my life, she has my love, she saved me from the fate of living out my life alone, which is where I seemed to be heading... She has been with me in sickness and in health, certainly far more sickness than we could have anticipated. I will be with her, strengthened by her example. She continues to make my life possible, and her presence fills me with love and a deep security. That's what a marriage is for. Now I know."<ref name="Chicago Sun-Times Roger Loves Chaz">{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Roger loves Chaz |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2012/07/roger_loves_chaz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719072437/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2012/07/roger_loves_chaz.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 19, 2012 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=July 17, 2012}}</ref>

=== Alcoholism recovery ===
Ebert was a recovering alcoholic, having quit drinking in 1979. He was a member of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] and had written some blog entries on the subject.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/my-name-is-roger-and-im-an-alcoholic |title=My Name is Roger, and I'm an alcoholic |date=August 25, 2009 |access-date=August 25, 2009 |first=Roger |last=Ebert |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427123959/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/my-name-is-roger-and-im-an-alcoholic |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Lou Lumenick incident===
In September 2008, at the [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival]], during the premiere of ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', Ebert was attacked by ''[[New York Post]]'' film critic [[Lou Lumenick]], who was sitting in front of him. Ebert was inconvenienced by Lumenick obstructing his line of sight, could not see the subtitles,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/11/roger-ebert-attacked-at-s_n_125575.html |title=Roger Ebert Attacked at Screening by New York Post Movie Critic |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=2019-12-12 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222945/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/11/roger-ebert-attacked-at-s_n_125575.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and tapped him on the shoulder a few times to get him to move a bit to the side. Lumenick abruptly rose from his seat, shouting "Don't touch me!"; he did this again a few minutes later and then also hit Ebert with a large binder, causing a loud noise that reportedly startled the audience. He then understood that he had yelled at and hit Ebert, but reportedly did not apologize at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ebert smacked at Toronto Film Festival |url=https://abc7chicago.com/archive/6384638/ |website=ABC7 Chicago |access-date=15 March 2024 |language=en |date=September 11, 2008 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103080822/https://abc7chicago.com/archive/6384638/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Herald |first1=Boston |title=Roger Ebert attacked at film premiere |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2008/09/12/roger-ebert-attacked-at-film-premiere/ |website=Boston Herald |access-date=15 March 2024 |date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315155652/https://www.bostonherald.com/2008/09/12/roger-ebert-attacked-at-film-premiere/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Health===
[[File:Boutte and Ebert.jpg|thumb|Ebert (right) at the [[Conference on World Affairs]] in September 2002, shortly after his cancer diagnosis|alt=An image of a woman in a red dress speaking with a man, both sitting down.]]

In February 2002, Ebert was diagnosed with [[papillary thyroid cancer]] which was successfully removed.{{sfn|Singer|2023|p=243}} In 2003, he underwent surgery for [[salivary gland cancer]], which was followed up by [[radiation therapy]]. He was again diagnosed with cancer in 2006. In June of that year, he had a [[mandibulectomy]] to remove cancerous tissue in the right side of his jaw.<ref name="email">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=August 17, 2006 |title=Email from Roger |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060817/PEOPLE/60817001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820123705/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060817/PEOPLE/60817001 |archive-date=August 20, 2006 |access-date=January 18, 2024 |website=RogerEbert.com}}</ref> A week later he had a life-threatening complication when his [[carotid artery]] burst near the surgery site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=June 29, 2007 |title=Sicko Movie Review & Film Summary |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/sicko-2007 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209054957/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/sicko-2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was confined to bed rest and was unable to speak, eat, or drink for a time, necessitating the use of a [[feeding tube]].<ref name="blogs.suntimes.com">{{cite web |author=Ebert, Roger |date=January 6, 2010 |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2010/01/nil_by_mouth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109083637/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2010/01/nil_by_mouth.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 9, 2010 |title=Nil by mouth |website=Roger Ebert's Journal }}</ref>

The complications kept Ebert off the air for an extended period. Ebert made his first public appearance since mid-2006 at Ebertfest on April 25, 2007. He was unable to speak, instead communicating through his wife.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jim Emerson |date=March 29, 2007 |title=Ebertfest '07: 'It's his happening and it freaks him out!' |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070329%2FFILMFESTIVALS06%2F70329001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114140735/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070329/FILMFESTIVALS06/70329001 |archive-date=November 14, 2011 |access-date=September 4, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> He returned to reviewing on May 18, 2007, when three of his reviews were published in print.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/frontpage |title=RogerEbert.com Front Page |author=Ebert, Roger |access-date=May 22, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521015959/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/frontpage/ |archive-date=May 21, 2007}}</ref> In July 2007, he revealed that he was still unable to speak.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070721/COMMENTARY/70721001 |title=RogerEbert.com commentary |access-date=July 23, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |archive-date=February 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211235435/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070721/COMMENTARY/70721001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ebert adopted a computerized voice system to communicate, eventually using a copy of his own voice created from his recordings by [[CereProc]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lund |first=Jordan |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/08/finding_my_own_voice.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815000910/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/08/finding_my_own_voice.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 15, 2009 |title=Roger Ebert's Journal: Finding my own voice 8 December 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=October 17, 2009 }}</ref>

In March 2010, his health trials and new computerized voice were featured on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ebert, Roger |date=February 26, 2010 |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100226/PEOPLE/100229986 |title=Hello, this is me speaking |website=Roger Ebert's Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309081208/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100226/PEOPLE/100229986 |archive-date=March 9, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=KenTucker>{{cite magazine |author=[[Ken Tucker|Tucker, Ken]] |date=March 2, 2010 |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2010/03/02/oprah-roger-ebert-oscars/ |title=Roger Ebert predicts the Oscars, movingly: 'No more surgery for me.' |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=March 3, 2010 |archive-date=March 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305081546/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2010/03/02/oprah-roger-ebert-oscars/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, Ebert gave a [[TED (conference)|TED talk]] assisted by his wife, Chaz, and friends [[Dean Ornish]] and John Hunter, called "Remaking my voice"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=2011 |title=Remaking my voice |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/roger_ebert_remaking_my_voice |access-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225022026/https://www.ted.com/talks/roger_ebert_remaking_my_voice |url-status=live }}</ref> in which, he [[Ebert test|proposed a test]] to determine the verisimilitude of a synthesized voice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roger Ebert Tests His Vocal Cords, and Comedic Delivery |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/roger-ebert-tests-his-vocal-cords-and-comedic-delivery/ |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 7, 2011 |access-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405012559/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/roger-ebert-tests-his-vocal-cords-and-comedic-delivery/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert underwent further surgery in January 2008 to try to restore his voice and address the complications from his previous surgeries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/thumbs-up-for-roger-ebert-after-latest-bout-of-surgery-lawyer-reports-1.695384 |title=Thumbs up for Roger Ebert after latest bout of surgery, lawyer reports |work=CBC News |date=January 25, 2008 |access-date=July 12, 2025 |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008202449/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/thumbs-up-for-roger-ebert-after-latest-bout-of-surgery-lawyer-reports-1.695384 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/thumbs-up-for-roger-ebert-after-latest-bout-of-surgery-lawyer-reports-1.695384 |title=Thumbs up for Roger Ebert after latest bout of surgery, lawyer reports |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=January 25, 2008 |access-date=October 17, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605081213/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/story/2008/01/25/ebert-roger-surgery.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref> On April 1, Ebert announced his speech had not been restored.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/870571,ebert040108.article |title="Roger Ebert: Let's go to the movies"; ''Chicago Sun-Times''; April 1, 2008 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=October 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404034550/http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/870571,ebert040108.article |archive-date=April 4, 2008}}</ref> Ebert underwent further surgery in April 2008 after fracturing his hip in a fall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=April 18, 2008 |title=Ebert recovering from hip surgery |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/ebert-recovering-from-hip-surgery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209033027/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/ebert-recovering-from-hip-surgery |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |language=en}}</ref> By 2011, Ebert had a prosthetic chin made to hide some of the damage done by his many surgeries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=January 19, 2011 |title=Leading with my chin |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/leading-with-my-chin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209032815/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/leading-with-my-chin |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2012, Ebert was hospitalized due to the fractured hip, which was subsequently determined to be the [[Bone metastasis|result of cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |date=April 2, 2013 |title=A Leave of Presence |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/a-leave-of-presence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209032510/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/a-leave-of-presence |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref>

Ebert wrote that "what's sad about not eating" was:<blockquote>The loss of dining, not the loss of food. It may be personal, but for me, unless I'm alone, it doesn't involve dinner if it doesn't involve talking. The food and drink I can do without easily. The jokes, gossip, laughs, arguments and shared memories I miss. Sentences beginning with the words, "Remember that time?" I ran in crowds where anyone was likely to break out in a poetry recitation at any time. Me too. But not me anymore. So yes, it's sad. Maybe that's why I enjoy this blog. You don't realize it, but we're at dinner right now.<ref name="blogs.suntimes.com"/></blockquote>

=== Politics ===
A lifelong member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooke |first=Rachel |date=November 6, 2011 |title=Roger Ebert: 'I'm an optimistic person' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/nov/06/roger-ebert-cancer-life-cinema |access-date=February 13, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=February 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213093759/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/nov/06/roger-ebert-cancer-life-cinema |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebert wrote of how his [[Catholic]] schooling led him to his politics: "Through a mental process that has by now become almost instinctive, those nuns guided me into supporting [[universal health care]], the rightness of [[labor unions]], fair taxation, prudence in warfare, kindness in peacetime, help for the hungry and homeless, and equal opportunity for the races and genders. It continues to surprise me that many who consider themselves religious seem to tilt away from me."<ref name="EbertCatholic"/>

Ebert was critical of [[political correctness]], "a rigid feeling that you have to keep your ideas and your ways of looking at things within very narrow boundaries, or you'll offend someone. Certainly one of the purposes of journalism is to challenge that kind of thinking. And certainly one of the purposes of criticism is to break boundaries. It's also one of the purposes of art."<ref>{{cite video| title=Siskel & Ebert Advise Young Movie Critics| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__L9DzZIkwI}}</ref> He lamented that ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' "has regrettably been under fire in recent years from myopic advocates of Political Correctness, who do not have a bone of irony (or humor) in their bodies, and cannot tell the difference between what is said or done in the novel, and what Twain means by it."<ref>{{cite news| author=Roger Ebert| title=The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn| date=April 2, 1993| work=Chicago Sun Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-adventures-of-huck-finn-1993}}</ref> Ebert defended the cast and crew of [[Justin Lin]]'s ''[[Better Luck Tomorrow]]'' (2002) during a [[Sundance Film Festival]] screening when a white member of the audience asked “Why, with the talent up there and yourself, make a film so empty and amoral for Asian Americans and for Americans?” Ebert responded that "What I find very offensive and condescending about your statement is nobody would say to a bunch of white filmmakers, ‘How could you do this to 'your people'?...Asian-American characters have the right to be whoever the hell they want to be. They do not have to represent 'their people'!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmthreat.com/festivals/737/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311235020/http://www.filmthreat.com/festivals/737/ |archive-date=March 11, 2015 |date=January 19, 2012 |website=[[Film Threat]] |title=When Audiences Attack at Sundance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Erik |url=http://www.movies.com/movie-news/about-that-time-roger-ebert-fought-heckler-over-justin-lin39s-39better-luck-tomorrow39/11338?wssac=164&wssaffid=news |title=About That Time Roger Ebert Fought a Heckler over Justin Lin's 'Better Luck Tomorrow |website=Movies.com |access-date=January 27, 2017 |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215808/http://www.movies.com/movie-news/about-that-time-roger-ebert-fought-heckler-over-justin-lin39s-39better-luck-tomorrow39/11338?wssac=164&wssaffid=news |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Dana |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/this-video-shows-exactly-what-we-lost-with-the-death-of-roger-ebert |title=This Video Shows Exactly What We Lost With the Death of Roger Ebert |website=[[IndieWire]] |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-date=April 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406061932/http://www.indiewire.com/article/this-video-shows-exactly-what-we-lost-with-the-death-of-roger-ebert |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a supporter of the film after the incident at Sundance.

Ebert opposed the [[Iraq War]], writing: "Am I against the war? Of course. Do I support our troops? Of course. They were sent to endanger their lives by zealots with occult objectives."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=November 4, 2008| title=This land was made for you and me| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/this-land-was-made-for-you-and-me| access-date=May 6, 2024| archive-date=March 27, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327045924/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/this-land-was-made-for-you-and-me| url-status=live}}</ref> He endorsed [[Barack Obama]] for re-election in [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]], citing the [[Affordable Care Act]] as one important reason for his support of Obama.<ref name=90days90reasons>{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |title=Reason 02: President Obama faced down the GOP and the health industry to finally reform American healthcare |url=http://90days90reasons.com/02.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813211002/http://90days90reasons.com/02.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |publisher=90days90reasons.com |access-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref> He was concerned about income inequality, writing: "I have no objection to financial success. I've had a lot of it myself. All of my income came from paychecks from jobs I held and books I published. I have the quaint idea that wealth should be obtained by legal and conventional means–by working, in other words–and not through the manipulation of financial scams. You're familiar with the ways bad mortgages were urged upon people who couldn't afford them, by banks who didn't care that the loans were bad. The banks made the loans and turned a profit by selling them to investors while at the same time betting against them on their own account. While Wall Street was knowingly trading the worthless paper that led to the financial collapse of 2008, executives were being paid huge bonuses."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| title=The One Percenters| date=April 9, 2011| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-one-percenters}}</ref> He voiced tentative support for the [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement: "I believe the Occupiers are opposed to the lawless and destructive greed in the financial industry, and the unhealthy spread in this country between the rich and the rest." Referring to the [[subprime mortgage crisis]], he wrote: "I have also felt despair at the way financial instruments were created and manipulated to deliberately defraud the ordinary people in this country. At how home buyers were peddled mortgages they couldn't afford, and civilian investors were sold worthless 'securities' based on those bad mortgages. Wall Street felt no shame in backing paper that was intended to fail, and selling it to customers who trusted them. This is clear and documented. It is theft and fraud on a staggering scale."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| title=Where I stand on the Occupy movement| date=December 7, 2011| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/where-i-stand-on-the-occupy-movement}}</ref> He was also sympathetic to [[Ron Paul]], noting that he "speaks directly and clearly without a lot of hot air and lip flap".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdevitt |first=Caitlin |title=Roger Ebert gives Ron Paul a thumbs up |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/click/2012/01/roger-ebert-gives-ron-paul-a-thumbs-up-112544 |access-date=November 14, 2022 |website=POLITICO |date=January 27, 2012 |language=en |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114000613/https://www.politico.com/blogs/click/2012/01/roger-ebert-gives-ron-paul-a-thumbs-up-112544 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a review of the 2008 documentary ''[[I.O.U.S.A.]]'', he credited Paul with being "a lonely voice talking about the [[National debt of the United States|debt]]", proposing based on the film that the US government was "already broke".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=I.O.U.S.A. movie review & film summary (2008) {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/iousa-2008 |access-date=November 14, 2022 |website=www.rogerebert.com/ |language=en |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114002113/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/iousa-2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> He opposed the [[war on drugs]]<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| title=Traffic| date=2001| work=Chicago Sun-Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/traffic-2001| access-date=May 3, 2024| archive-date=April 19, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419071411/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20010101%2FREVIEWS%2F101010301%2F1023| url-status=live}}</ref> and [[capital punishment]].<ref>{{cite web| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=January 12, 2012| title="Nobody has the right to take another life"| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/nobody-has-the-right-to-take-another-life| access-date=May 3, 2024| archive-date=May 3, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503172535/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/nobody-has-the-right-to-take-another-life| url-status=live}}</ref>

Laura Emerick, his ''Sun Times'' editor, recalled: “His union sympathies began at an early age. His father, Walter, worked as an electrician, and Roger remained a member of the [[Newspaper Guild]] throughout his career — though after he became an independent contractor, he probably could have opted out. He famously stood with the Guild in 2004, when he wrote to then publisher John Cruickshank that ‘it would be with a heavy heart that I would go on strike against my beloved Sun-Times, but strike I will if a strike is called.'”<ref>{{cite web| title=Remembrances of Roger| date=April 9, 2012| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/remembrances-of-roger}}</ref> He lamented that "Most Americans don't understand the [[First Amendment]], don't understand the idea of freedom of speech, and don't understand that it's the responsibility of the citizen to speak out." Regarding his own freedom of speech, he said: "I write op-ed columns for the Chicago Sun-Times, and people send me e-mails saying, 'You're a movie critic. You don't know anything about politics.' Well, you know what, I'm 60 years old, and I've been interested in politics since I was on my daddy's knee.... I know a lot about politics."<ref>{{cite magazine| title=Roger Ebert Remembered| last=Rothschild| first=Matthew| date=April 4, 2013| magazine=[[The Progressive]]| url=https://progressive.org/op-eds/roger-ebert-remembered/}}</ref>

=== Beliefs ===
Ebert was critical of [[intelligent design]],<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=December 3, 2008| title=Win Ben Stein's Mind| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/win-ben-steins-mind| access-date=May 3, 2024| archive-date=May 3, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503204052/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/win-ben-steins-mind| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Evolves>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/09/the_longest_thread_evolves.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908043144/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/09/the_longest_thread_evolves.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2009 |title=The Longest Thread Evolves |access-date=September 4, 2009 |author=Roger Ebert |date=September 4, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times }}</ref> and stated that people who believe in either [[creationism]] or [[New Age]] beliefs such as [[crystal healing]] or [[astrology]] should not be president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/new-agers-and-creationists-should-not-be-president |title=New Agers and Creationists should not be President |access-date=May 9, 2021 |author=Ebert, Roger |date=December 2, 2009 |work=Roger Ebert's Journal |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510045630/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/new-agers-and-creationists-should-not-be-president |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote that in Catholic school he learned of the "[[Theory of Evolution]], which in its elegance and blinding obviousness became one of the pillars of my reasoning, explaining so many things in so many ways. It was an introduction not only to logic but to symbolism, thus opening a window into poetry, literature and the arts in general. All my life I have deplored those who interpret something only on its most simplistic level."<ref name="EbertCatholic">{{cite web| title=How I am a Roman Catholic| author=Roger Ebert| date=March 1, 2013| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/how-i-am-a-roman-catholic| access-date=April 23, 2024| archive-date=March 9, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309193226/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/how-i-am-a-roman-catholic| url-status=live}}</ref>

Ebert described himself as an agnostic on at least one occasion,<ref name=ChicagoMag /> but at other times explicitly rejected that designation; biographer Matt Singer wrote that Ebert opposed any categorization of his beliefs.{{sfn|Singer|2023|p=265}} In 2009, Ebert wrote that he did not "want [his] convictions reduced to a word," and stated, "I have never said, although readers have freely informed me I am an atheist, an agnostic, or at the very least a [[secular humanism|secular humanist]] – which I am."<ref name="EbertGod">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/04/how_i_believe_in_g.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420132015/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/04/how_i_believe_in_g.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 20, 2009 |title=How I believe in God |access-date=November 5, 2009 |first=Roger |last=Ebert |date=April 17, 2009 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] }}</ref> He wrote: "I am not a believer, not an atheist, not an agnostic. I am still awake at night, asking ''how''?{{efn|The question ''how'' in these last sentences of the blog entry refers back to its first paragraph in which Ebert writes that as a second-grader he would lie awake at night asking himself the questions "''But how could God have no beginning? And how could he have no end?''".<ref name="EbertGod" />}} I am more content with the question than I would be with an answer."<ref name="EbertGod" /> He writes: "I was asked at lunch today who or what I worshiped. The question was asked sincerely, and in the same spirit I responded that I worshiped whatever there might be outside knowledge. I worship the void. The mystery. And the ability of our human minds to perceive an unanswerable mystery. To reduce such a thing to simplistic names is an insult to it, and to our intelligence."<ref>{{cite web| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=August 13, 2010| title=Traveler to the undiscovere'd country| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/traveler-to-the-undiscovered-country| access-date=May 3, 2024| archive-date=May 3, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503204051/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/traveler-to-the-undiscovered-country| url-status=live}}</ref>

He wrote of his [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] upbringing: "I believed in the basic Church teachings because I thought they were correct, not because God wanted me to. In my mind, in the way I interpret them, I still live by them today. Not by the rules and regulations, but by the principles. For example, in the matter of abortion, I am pro-choice, but my personal choice would be to have nothing to do with an abortion, certainly not of a child of my own. I believe in free will, and believe I have no right to tell anyone else what to do. Above all, the state does not." He later wrote: "My choice is to not support abortion, except in cases of a clear-cut choice between the lives of the mother and child. A child conceived through incest or rape is innocent and deserves the right to be born."<ref>{{cite web| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=March 21, 2013| title=How I am a Roman Catholic| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/how-i-am-a-roman-catholic| access-date=August 9, 2025}}</ref>

He wrote: "I drank for many years in a tavern that had a photograph of [[Brendan Behan]] on the wall, and under it is this quotation, which I memorized: '''I respect kindness in human beings first of all, and kindness to animals. I don't respect the law; I have a total irreverence for anything concerned with society except that which makes the roads safer, the beer stronger, the food cheaper and the old men and the old women warmer in the winter and happier in the summer.''<nowiki/>' For 57 words, that does a pretty good job of summing it up."<ref name="GoGently"> {{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=May 2, 2009 |title=Go Gentle Into That Good Night |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/go-gentle-into-that-good-night |access-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161102/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/go-gentle-into-that-good-night |url-status=live }}</ref> Summarizing his beliefs, Ebert wrote:

<blockquote>I believe that if, at the end of it all, according to our abilities, we have done something to make others a little happier, and something to make ourselves a little happier, that is about the best we can do. To make others less happy is a crime. To make ourselves unhappy is where all crime starts. We must try to contribute joy to the world. That is true no matter what our problems, our health, our circumstances. We must try. I didn't always know this, and am happy I lived long enough to find it out.<ref name="GoGently" /></blockquote>

He wrote: "I correspond with a dear friend, the wise and gentle Australian director [[Paul Cox (director)| Paul Cox]]. Our subject sometimes turns to death. In 2010 he came very close to dying before receiving a liver transplant. In 1988 he made a documentary named ''[[Vincent (1987 film)|Vincent: The Life and Death of Vincent Van Gogh]]''. Paul wrote that in his [[Arles]] days, van Gogh called himself 'a simple worshiper of the external [[Buddha]].' Paul told me that in those days, Vincent wrote:

<blockquote>Looking at the stars always makes me dream, as simply as I dream over the black dots representing towns and villages on a map.

Why, I ask myself, shouldn't the shining dots of the sky be as accessible as the black dots on the map of France?

Just as we take a train to get to [[Tarascon]] or [[Rouen]], we take death to reach a star. We cannot get to a star any more when we are alive than we can take the train when we are dead. So to me it seems possible that cholera, tuberculosis and cancer are the celestial means of locomotion. Just as steamboats, buses and railways are the terrestrial means.

To die simply of old age would be to go there on foot. </blockquote>

That is a lovely thing to read, and a relief to find I will probably take the celestial locomotive. Or, as the little dog, [[Milou]], says whenever [[Tintin (character)| Tintin]] proposes a journey, 'Not by foot, I hope!'"<ref>{{cite book| last=Ebert| first=Roger| title=Life Itself: A Memoir| page=415}}</ref>

==Death and legacy ==
On April 4, 2013, Ebert died at age 70 at a hospital in [[Chicago]], shortly before he was set to return to his home and enter [[hospice]] care.<ref name="SunTimesObit" /><ref name="NPR death">{{cite news |last=Corely |first=Cheryl |title=For Pulitzer-Winning Critic Roger Ebert, Films Were A Journey |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/04/04/176194903/for-pulitzer-winner-critic-roger-ebert-films-were-a-journey |publisher=NPR |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=April 4, 2018 |archive-date=March 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330075840/https://www.npr.org/2013/04/04/176194903/for-pulitzer-winner-critic-roger-ebert-films-were-a-journey |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/04/showbiz/roger-ebert-obituary/index.html|title=Roger Ebert, renowned film critic, dies at age 70|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=April 4, 2013|accessdate=June 24, 2022|first=Alan|last=Duke|archive-date=June 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624134933/https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/04/showbiz/roger-ebert-obituary/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://esquire.com/entertainment/tv/news/a26606/roger-ebert-final-moments/|title=Oral Histories of 2013: Roger Ebert's Wife, Chaz, on His Final Moments|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=December 24, 2013|first=Chris|last=Jones|accessdate=July 19, 2022|archive-date=July 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719135046/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/news/a26606/roger-ebert-final-moments/|url-status=live}}</ref>

President [[Barack Obama]] wrote, "For a generation of Americans — and especially Chicagoans — Roger was the movies... [he could capture] the unique power of the movies to take us somewhere magical. ... The movies won't be the same without Roger."<ref>{{cite web |last=Obama |first=Barack |author-link=Barack Obama |date=April 4, 2013 |title=Statement by the President on the Passing of Roger Ebert |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/04/statement-president-passing-roger-ebert |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=The White House |archive-date=March 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314144719/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/04/statement-president-passing-roger-ebert |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Martin Scorsese]] released a statement saying, "The death of Roger Ebert is an incalculable loss for movie culture and for film criticism. And it's a loss for me personally... there was a professional distance between us, but then I could talk to him much more freely than I could to other critics. Really, Roger was my friend. It's that simple."<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2014 |title=Filmmakers and Film Critics on Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/filmmakers-on-roger-ebert |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |language=en |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214234337/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/filmmakers-on-roger-ebert |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Steven Spielberg]] stated that Ebert's "reviews went far deeper than simply thumbs up or thumbs down. He wrote with passion through a real knowledge of film and film history, and in doing so, helped many movies find their audiences... [He] put television criticism on the map."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Child |first=Ben |date=April 5, 2013 |title=Roger Ebert dies at 70: 'Roger was the movies,' says Obama |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/apr/05/roger-ebert-obama-spielberg-tributes |access-date=February 13, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=February 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213085242/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/apr/05/roger-ebert-obama-spielberg-tributes |url-status=live }}</ref> Numerous celebrities paid tribute including [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Oprah Winfrey]], [[Steve Martin]], [[Albert Brooks]], [[Jason Reitman]], [[Ron Howard]], [[Darren Aronofsky]], [[Larry King]], [[Cameron Crowe]], [[Werner Herzog]], [[Howard Stern]], [[Steve Carell]], [[Stephen Fry]], [[Diablo Cody]], [[Anna Kendrick]], [[Jimmy Kimmel]], and [[Patton Oswalt]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.businessinsider.com/roger-ebert-death-twitter-reactions-2013-4|title= Hollywood Mourns The Loss Of Roger Ebert|website= [[Business Insider]]|accessdate= June 9, 2023|archive-date= June 10, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230610004037/https://www.businessinsider.com/roger-ebert-death-twitter-reactions-2013-4|url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Michael Phillips (critic)|Michael Phillips]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' recalled that "I came late to film criticism in Chicago, after writing about the theater. Roger loved the theater. His was a theatrical personality: a raconteur, a spinner of dinner-table stories, a man who was not shy about his accomplishments. But he made room in that theatrical, improbable, outsized life for others."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philipps |first=Michael |date=April 3, 2013 |title=Farewell to a generous colleague and friend |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2013-04-04-chi-roger-ebert-talking-pictures-20130404-story.html |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228000918/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2013-04-04-chi-roger-ebert-talking-pictures-20130404-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Andrew O'Hehir of ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]'' wrote that "He's up there with [[Will Rogers]], [[H. L. Mencken]], [[A. J. Liebling]] and not too far short of [[Mark Twain]] as one of the great plainspoken commentators on American life."<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hehir |first=Andrew |date=April 5, 2013 |title=RIP Roger Ebert: Movie criticism's Great Communicator |url=https://www.salon.com/2013/04/05/rip_roger_ebert_movie_criticisms_great_communicator/ |website=Salon.com |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228000915/https://www.salon.com/2013/04/05/rip_roger_ebert_movie_criticisms_great_communicator/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Peter Debruge wrote "Ebert's negative reviews were invariably his most entertaining, and yet, he never insulted those who found something to admire in lesser films. Instead, he hoped to enlighten readers, challenging them to think, while whetting their appetite for stronger work ... It's a testament to Ebert's gift that, after a life spent writing about film, he made us love the movies all the more. ...I’ve always suspected the reason he settled into this profession is that film reviews, as he wrote them, served as a Trojan horse for the delivery of bigger philosophical ideas, of which he had an inexhaustible supply to share."<ref name=Variety/>

{{quote box
| align = right
| width = 25em
| bgcolor = LightCyan
| quote = "No one has done as much as Roger to connect the creators of movies with their consumers. He has immense power, and he’s used it for good, as an apostle of cinema. Reading his work, or listening to him parse the shots of some notable film, the movie lover is also engaged with an alert mind constantly discovering things — discovering them to share them. That’s what a great teacher does, and what Roger’s done as a writer, public personality and friend to film for all these years. And, dammit, keep on doing."
| source = — [[Richard Corliss]], film critic for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''<ref name="Corliss2007"/>
}}

''[[The Onion]]'' paid tribute to Ebert: "Calling the overall human existence 'poignant,' 'thought-provoking,' and 'a complete tour de force,' film critic Roger Ebert praised existence as 'an audacious and thrilling triumph.'...'At times brutally sad, yet surprisingly funny, and always completely honest, I wholeheartedly recommend existence. If you haven't experienced it yet, what are you waiting for? It is not to be missed.' Ebert later said that while human existence's running time was 'a little on the long side' it could have gone on much, much longer and he would have been perfectly happy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roger Ebert Hails Human Existence As 'A Triumph'|url=https://www.theonion.com/roger-ebert-hails-human-existence-as-a-triumph-1819574774|website=The Onion|date=April 4, 2013|access-date=January 30, 2023|archive-date=January 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130044333/https://www.theonion.com/roger-ebert-hails-human-existence-as-a-triumph-1819574774|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hundreds of people attended the [[funeral Mass]] held at Chicago's [[Holy Name Cathedral (Chicago)|Holy Name Cathedral]] on April 8, 2013, where Ebert was celebrated as a film critic, newspaperman, advocate for social justice, and husband. Father [[Michael Pfleger]] concluded the service with "the balconies of heaven are filled with angels singing 'Thumbs Up' ".<ref name="Mass">{{cite news |last=Caro |first=Mark |date=April 9, 2013 |title=Roger Ebert's funeral: 'He had a heart big enough to love all' |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chi-roger-ebert-funeral-story.html |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135757/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chi-roger-ebert-funeral-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Reverend John F. Costello of Loyola University delivered a [[homily]] for Ebert.<ref>{{cite news| last=Costello| first=John F.| title=Roger Ebert Homily| date=April 8, 2013| work=Chicago Sun-Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/roger-ebert-homily| access-date=April 15, 2024| archive-date=May 28, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528122922/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/roger-ebert-homily| url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[Life Itself (2014 film)|documentary adaptation of ''Life Itself'']] (2014), directed by [[Steve James (film producer)|Steve James]], premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/life_itself/ |title=Life Itself |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Flixster]] |access-date=September 11, 2014 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215064658/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/life_itself |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/life-itself |title=Life Itself Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=July 19, 2014 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108111755/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/life-itself |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was executive produced by [[Martin Scorsese]] and includes interviews with Scorsese, [[Ava DuVernay]], [[Werner Herzog]], [[Errol Morris]] and numerous critics. The film received critical acclaim and received numerous accolades including a [[Emmy Award]], [[Producers Guild of America Award]] and [[Critics' Choice Movie Award]].

== Memorials ==
[[File:Roger Ebert Statue, Virginia Theater (Champaign).JPG|thumb|alt=An image of a bronze statue of Roger Ebert outside of a movie theater.|A [[statue of Roger Ebert]] giving his "[[thumbs up]]" outside the [[Virginia Theatre (Champaign)|Virginia Theatre]] in Champaign, Illinois]]
A nearly-three-hour public tribute, entitled ''Roger Ebert: A Celebration of Life'', was held on April 11, 2013, at the [[Chicago Theatre]]. It featured in-person remembrances, video testimonials, video and film clips, and gospel choirs, and was, according to the ''Chicago Tribune''{{'s}} Mark Caro, "a laughter- and sorrow-filled send-off from the entertainment and media worlds."<ref>{{cite news |last=Caro |first=Mark |date=April 12, 2013 |title=Roger Ebert honored by Hollywood stars for his 'tenacity', 'zest for life' |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2013-04-12-chi-roger-ebert-tribute-20130411-story.html |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102652/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2013-04-12-chi-roger-ebert-tribute-20130411-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2013, organizers in [[Champaign, Illinois]], announced plans to raise $125,000 to build a life-size bronze [[statue of Roger Ebert]] in the town, which was unveiled in front of the [[Virginia Theatre (Champaign)|Virginia Theatre]] at Ebertfest on April 24, 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rothman |first=Lily |date=April 25, 2014 |title=Roger Ebert Statue Unveiled Outside Illinois Theater |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://time.com/76577/roger-ebert-statue-illinois/ |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224131427/https://time.com/76577/roger-ebert-statue-illinois/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The composition was selected by his widow, Chaz Ebert, and depicts Ebert sitting in the middle of three theater seats giving a "thumbs up."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/22482627-421/story.html |title=Ebert statue planned in Champaign |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=September 12, 2013 |access-date=September 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029235043/http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/22482627-421/story.html |archive-date=October 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Roger Ebert Statue Unveiled Outside Illinois Theater |url=https://time.com/76577/roger-ebert-statue-illinois/ |access-date=June 1, 2015 |magazine=Time |first=Lily |last=Rothman |date=April 25, 2014 |archive-date=June 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613004917/http://time.com/76577/roger-ebert-statue-illinois/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2013 [[Toronto International Film Festival]] opened with a video tribute of Ebert at [[Roy Thomson Hall]] during the world premiere of the WikiLeaks-based film ''[[The Fifth Estate (film)|The Fifth Estate]]''. Ebert had been an avid supporter of the festival since its inception in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-toronto-roger-ebert-tribute-20130905-story.html |title=TIFF 2013: Roger Ebert tribute: 'He's probably ... somewhere in here' |date=September 6, 2013 |access-date=January 2, 2017 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |last=Whipp |first=Glenn |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103172051/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/06/entertainment/la-et-mn-toronto-roger-ebert-tribute-20130905 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chaz was in attendance to accept a plaque on Roger's behalf.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/chazs-blog/toronto-international-film-festival-launches-with-a-tribute-to-roger |title=Toronto International Film Festival Launches with a Tribute to Roger |date=September 4, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2015 |author= |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403165915/http://www.rogerebert.com/chazs-blog/toronto-international-film-festival-launches-with-a-tribute-to-roger |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same festival, [[Errol Morris]] dedicated his film ''[[The Unknown Known]]'' to Ebert, saying "He was a really fabulous part of my life, a good friend, a champion, an inspiring writer. I loved Roger."<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Errol Morris dedicates his new film to Roger Ebert at TIFF |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/awards-and-festivals/tiff/errol-morris-dedicates-his-new-film-to-roger-ebert-at-tiff/article14238910/ |access-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324212019/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/awards-and-festivals/tiff/errol-morris-dedicates-his-new-film-to-roger-ebert-at-tiff/article14238910/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2013, the Plaza Classic Film Festival in [[El Paso, Texas]], paid homage to Ebert by screening seven films that played a role in his life: ''[[Citizen Kane]]'', ''[[The Third Man]], [[Tokyo Story]], [[La Dolce Vita]]'', ''[[Beyond the Valley of the Dolls]]'', ''[[Fitzcarraldo]]'' and ''[[Goodfellas]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Chaz |date=August 5, 2013 |title=Ebert Everlasting: Classic Film Festival in El Paso Honors Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/chazs-blog/ebert-everlasting-classic-film-festival-inel-paso-honors-roger-ebert |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228000918/https://www.rogerebert.com/chazs-blog/ebert-everlasting-classic-film-festival-inel-paso-honors-roger-ebert |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the [[86th Academy Awards]] ceremony, Ebert was included in the ''in memoriam'' montage, a rare honor for a film critic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oscar.go.com/photos/2014-oscars-in-memoriam/media/ebert_roger_film_critic |title=Oscar Remembers – Photo Gallery, Roger Ebert, Film Critic |publisher=The Oscars |date=February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304190936/http://oscar.go.com/photos/2014-oscars-in-memoriam/media/ebert_roger_film_critic |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUgIodydDXg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310125649/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUgIodydDXg |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 10, 2014 |title=Oscars 2014 – In Memoriam Montage (Full) |website=YouTube |access-date=April 30, 2015 |date=March 2, 2014}}</ref>

In 2014, the documentary ''[[Life Itself (2014 film)|Life Itself]]'' was released. Director [[Steve James (producer)|Steve James]], whose films had been widely advocated by Ebert, started making the documentary while Ebert was still alive. [[Martin Scorsese]] served as an executive producer. The film studies Ebert's life and career, while also filming Ebert during his final months, and includes interviews with his family and friends. It was universally praised by critics. It has a 98% approval rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{rottentomatoes|life_itself|Life Itself}}</ref>

[[Werner Herzog]] told ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' that Ebert was "a soldier of the cinema": "I always loved Roger for being the good soldier, not only the good soldier of cinema, but he was a wounded soldier who for years in his affliction held out and plowed on and soldiered on and held the outpost that was given up by almost everyone: The monumental shift now is that intelligent, deep discourse about cinema has been something that has been vanishing over the last maybe two decades...I've always tried to be a good soldier of cinema myself, so of course since he's gone, I will plow on, as I have plowed on all my life, but I will do what I have to do as if Roger was looking over my shoulder. And I am not gonna disappoint him."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rome |first=Emily |date=April 4, 2013 |title=Werner Herzog on Roger Ebert, 'the good soldier of cinema' |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |url=https://ew.com/article/2013/04/04/roger-ebert-werner-herzog/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814001643/https://ew.com/article/2013/04/04/roger-ebert-werner-herzog/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ebert was inducted as a laureate of [[The Lincoln Academy of Illinois]]. In 2001, the governor of Illinois awarded him the state's highest honor, the Order of Lincoln, in the area of performing arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-15 |title=Laureates by Year - The Lincoln Academy of Illinois |website=The Lincoln Academy of Illinois |access-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204516/http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2016, Ebert was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/roger-ebert |title=Roger Ebert |year=2016 |website=Chicago Literary Hall of Fame |access-date=October 8, 2017 |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231203/https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/roger-ebert |url-status=live }}</ref>

The website ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' contains an archive of every review Ebert wrote, as well as many essays and opinion pieces. The site, operated by Ebert Digital (a partnership between Chaz and friend Josh Golden), continues to publish new material written by a group of critics who were selected by Ebert before his death.<ref name="Mashable-20130409">{{cite web |last1=Hernandez |first1=Brian Anthony |title=Roger Ebert's Website for Film Reviews Gets Makeover |url=https://mashable.com/2013/04/09/rogerebert-website-redesign |website=[[Mashable]] |access-date=March 15, 2019 |date=April 9, 2013 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122659/https://mashable.com/2013/04/09/rogerebert-website-redesign/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Ebert received many awards during his long and distinguished career as a film critic and television host. He was the first film critic to ever win a [[Pulitzer Prize]], receiving the [[Pulitzer Prize for Criticism]] in 1975 while working for the ''Chicago Sun-Times'', "for his film criticism during 1974".<ref>{{cite web |title=1975 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1975 |access-date=July 8, 2021 |website=The Pulitzer Prizes |publisher=Columbia University |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184318/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1975 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |title=American film critic |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Ebert |access-date=July 8, 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707173847/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Ebert |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003, Ebert was honored by the [[American Society of Cinematographers]], winning a Special Achievement Award. In 2005, Ebert became the first film critic to receive a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], for his work on television. His star is located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/roger-ebert-photos-his-life-406146/1-roger-ebert-19422013 |title=Remembering Roger Ebert: The Iconic Film Critic's Life and Career in Pictures |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818034346/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/roger-ebert-photos-his-life-406146/1-roger-ebert-19422013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Salt Lake Tribune death">{{cite news |last=Rousseau |first=Caryn |title=Roger Ebert, first movie critic to win Pulitzer, dies at 70 |url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/entertainment2/56107300-223/ebert-movie-siskel-chicago.html.csp |newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date=April 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130005857/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/entertainment2/56107300-223/ebert-movie-siskel-chicago.html.csp |archive-date=January 30, 2016 }}</ref> That same year, he was honored with a sidewalk plaque at the [[Chicago Theatre]] on the city-decreed "Roger Ebert Day".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-roger-ebert-sidewalk-pla/79137539/|title=Chicago gives Ebert 4 stars: Critic basks in praise on Roger Ebert Day|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=July 19, 2005|first=Mark|last=Caro|access-date=August 28, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 2009, Ebert received the [[Directors Guild of America Award]]'s for Honorary Life Member Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/awards/directors-guild-honors-roger-ebert-1117997468/ |title=Directors Guild honors Roger Ebert |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 16, 2008 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |first=Dave |last=McNary |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806203342/https://variety.com/2008/film/awards/directors-guild-honors-roger-ebert-1117997468/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Ebert received the [[Webby Award]] for Person of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2010/special-achievement/special-achievement/person-of-the-year/roger-ebert/?/ |title=Roger Ebert - The Webby Awards |website=webbyawards.com |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128230242/https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2010/special-achievement/special-achievement/person-of-the-year/roger-ebert/?/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, Ebert was honored by the [[Gotham Awards]] receiving a tribute and award for his lifetime contributions to independent film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2007/11/last_nights_gotham_awards.html |title=Last Night's Gotham Awards Deemed Indie Enough |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |date=November 28, 2007 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625050432/https://www.vulture.com/2007/11/last_nights_gotham_awards.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On January 31, 2009, Ebert was made an honorary life member of the [[Directors Guild of America]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Directors Guild to honor Roger Ebert |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20081217/film_nm/us_ebert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228051048/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20081217/film_nm/us_ebert |archive-date=December 28, 2008 |date=December 28, 2008}}</ref> On May 15, 2009, Ebert was honored by the American Pavilion at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] by the renaming of its conference room, "The Roger Ebert Conference Center." [[Martin Scorsese]] joined Ebert and his wife Chaz at the ribbon-cutting ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmjerk.com/news/2009/05/18/cannes-martin-scorsese-at-dedication-of-the-roger-ebert-conference-room/ |title=Cannes: Martin Scorsese at Dedication of the Roger Ebert Conference Room |website=filmjerk.com |date=May 18, 2009 |access-date=May 20, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172719/https://www.filmjerk.com/news/2009/05/18/cannes-martin-scorsese-at-dedication-of-the-roger-ebert-conference-room/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 4, 2010, Ebert was announced by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences as the Webby Person of the Year, having found a voice on the Internet following his battle with cancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement14.php |title=The Webby Awards |publisher=The Webby Awards |date=June 14, 2010 |access-date=April 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404205528/http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement14.php |archive-date=April 4, 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!| Year
!| Award
!| Category
!| Nominated work
!| Result
|-
|1979 || [[Chicago / Midwest Emmy Awards|Chicago Emmy Awards]] || Outstanding Special Program || ''[[Sneak Previews]]'' || {{won}}
|-
|[[36th Primetime Emmy Awards|1984]] || rowspan=4|[[Primetime Emmy Award]] || rowspan=4|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special|Outstanding Informational Series]] || rowspan=2|''[[At the Movies (1982 TV program)|At the Movies]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|[[37th Primetime Emmy Awards|1985]] || {{nom}}
|-
|[[39th Primetime Emmy Awards|1987]] || rowspan=8|''[[Siskel & Ebert & the Movies]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|[[40th Primetime Emmy Awards|1988]] || {{nom}}
|-
|1989 || rowspan=3|[[Daytime Emmy Awards]] || rowspan=3|[[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Series|Outstanding Special Class Program]] || {{nom}}
|-
|1990 || {{nom}}
|-
|1991 || {{nom}}
|-
|[[44th Primetime Emmy Awards|1992]] || rowspan=3|[[Primetime Emmy Awards]] || rowspan=3|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special|Outstanding Informational Series]] || {{nom}}
|-
|[[46th Primetime Emmy Awards|1994]] || {{nom}}
|-
|[[49th Primetime Emmy Awards|1997]] || {{nom}}
|-
|2005 || [[Chicago / Midwest Emmy Awards|Chicago Emmy Awards]] || Silver Circle Award || {{n/a}} || {{won}}
|-
|}

'''Honors'''
*1975 – Pulitzer Prize for Criticism
*1995 – Publicists Guild of America Press Award
*2003 – [[American Society of Cinematographers]]'s Special Achievement Award
*2004 – Savannah Film Festival's Lifetime Achievement Award
*2007 – [[Gotham Award]]'s Lifetime Achievement Award
*2009 – [[Directors Guild of America Award]]' Honorary Life Member Award
*2010 – [[Webby Award]] for Person of the Year

==Published works==
Each year from 1986 to 1998, Ebert published ''Roger Ebert's Movie Home Companion'' (retitled ''Roger Ebert's Video Companion'' for its last five installments), which collected all of his movie reviews to that point. From 1999 to 2013 (except in 2008), Ebert instead published ''Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook'', a collection of all of his movie reviews from the previous two and a half years (for example, the 2011 edition, {{ISBN|978-0-7407-9769-9}}, covers January 2008 – July 2010.) Both series also included yearly essays, interviews, and other writings. He also wrote the following books:
* ''An Illini Century: One Hundred Years of Campus Life'' (1967) – a history of the first 100 years of the [[University of Illinois]]. (no ISBN)
* ''A Kiss Is Still a Kiss'' (1984) ({{ISBN|0-8362-7957-3}})
* ''The Perfect London Walk'' (1986), with Daniel Curley – a tour of London, Ebert's favorite foreign city. ({{ISBN|0-8362-7929-8}})
* ''Two Weeks In Midday Sun: A Cannes Notebook'' (1987) – coverage of the [[1987 Cannes Film Festival]], which was also the 40th anniversary of the festival, plus comments about the previous 12 festivals Ebert had attended. Interviews with [[John Malkovich]], [[Barbara Hershey]], and [[Isabella Rossellini]]. ({{ISBN|0-8362-7942-5}})
* ''The Future of The Movies'' (1991), with [[Gene Siskel]] – collected interviews with [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Steven Spielberg]], and [[George Lucas]] about the future of motion pictures and film preservation. It is the only book co-authored by Siskel and Ebert. ({{ISBN|978-0-8362-6216-2}})
* ''Behind the Phantom's Mask'' (1993) – Ebert's only work of fiction, which is about an on-stage murder and the resulting attention put on a previously unknown actor. ({{ISBN|0-8362-8021-0}})
* ''Ebert's Little Movie Glossary'' (1994) – a book of movie clichés. ({{ISBN|0-8362-8071-7}})
* ''Roger Ebert's Book of Film'' (1996) – a ''[[The Norton Anthology of English Literature|Norton Anthology]]'' of a century of writing about the movies. ({{ISBN|0-393-04000-3}})
* ''Questions for the Movie Answer Man'' (1997) – his responses to questions sent from his readers. ({{ISBN|0-8362-2894-4}})
* ''Ebert's Bigger Little Movie Glossary'' (1999) – a "greatly expanded" book of movie clichés. ({{ISBN|0-8362-8289-2}})
* ''I Hated, Hated, Hated This Movie'' (2000) – a collection of reviews of films that received two stars or fewer, dating to the beginning of his ''Sun-Times'' career. (The title comes from his [https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/north-1994 zero-star review] of the 1994 film ''[[North (1994 film)|North]]''.) ({{ISBN|0-7407-0672-1}})
* ''The Great Movies'' (2002), ''The Great Movies II'' (2005), ''The Great Movies III'' (2010) and The Great Movies IV (2016) – four books of essays about great films. ({{ISBN|0-7679-1038-9}}, {{ISBN|0-7679-1950-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-226-18208-7}}), and {{ISBN|978-0-226-40398-4}}
* ''Awake in the Dark: The Best of Roger Ebert'' (2006) – a collection of essays from his 40 years as a film critic, featuring interviews, profiles, essays, his initial reviews upon a film's release, as well as critical exchanges between the film critics [[Richard Corliss]] and [[Andrew Sarris]].
* ''Your Movie Sucks'' (2007) – a collection of fewer-than-two-star reviews, for movies released between 2000 and 2006. (The title comes from his [https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/deuce-bigalow-european-gigolo-2005 zero-star review] of the 2005 film ''[[Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo]]''.) ({{ISBN|0-7407-6366-0}})
* ''Roger Ebert's Four-Star Reviews 1967–2007'' (2007) ({{ISBN|0-7407-7179-5}})
* ''Scorsese by Ebert'' (2008) – covers works by director [[Martin Scorsese]] from 1967 to 2008, plus 11 interviews with the director over that period. ({{ISBN|978-0-226-18202-5}})
* ''The Pot and How to Use It: The Mystery and Romance of the Rice Cooker'' (2010) ({{ISBN|0-7407-9142-7}})<ref>{{cite news |title=Roger Ebert: No Longer an Eater, Still a Cook |first=Kim |last=Severson |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 31, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/dining/01ebert.html |access-date=October 30, 2010 |archive-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902042429/http://www.nytimes.com//2010//09//01//dining//01ebert.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Life Itself: A Memoir''. (2011) New York: [[Grand Central Publishing]]. ({{ISBN|0-446-58497-5}})
* ''A Horrible Experience of Unbearable Length'' (2012) – a third book of fewer-than-two-star reviews, for movies released in 2006 and onward. (The title comes from his [https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/transformers-revenge-of-the-fallen-2009 one-star review] of the 2009 film ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]''.) ({{ISBN|1-4494-1025-1}})

==See also==
* [[Ebert test]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last = Singer|first = Matt|title = Opposable Thumbs: How Siskel & Ebert Changed Movies Forever|publisher = [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]|location = New York|date = 2023|isbn = 978-0-593-54015-2 }}

== Further reading==
* Bruce J. Evensen. "Ebert, Roger (18 June 1942–04 April 2013)" ''American National Biography'' (2015) [www.anb.org/viewbydoi/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1603924 online]

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{EmmyTVLegends name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|critics/roger-ebert|title=Roger Ebert's critic page}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|celebrity/roger_ebert|title=Roger Ebert's celebrity page}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{TED speaker}}
* {{C-SPAN|39982}}
* {{Charlie Rose guest|96}}
* {{Muckrack}}

{{SiskelandEbert}}
{{PulitzerPrize Criticism}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Journalism|Film|Chicago|Illinois}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ebert, Roger}}
[[Category:Roger Ebert| ]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American film critics]]
[[Category:American film historians]]
[[Category:American humanists]]
[[Category:American male bloggers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American writers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Chicago Sun-Times people]]
[[Category:American critics of creationism]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Illinois]]
[[Category:Deaths from salivary gland cancer]]
[[Category:Deaths from thyroid cancer in the United States]]
[[Category:Film theorists]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Urbana, Illinois]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Criticism winners]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Illinois]]
[[Category:Secular humanists]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Chicago]]
[[Category:University of Cape Town alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Media alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Chicago]]
[[Category:Writers from Urbana, Illinois]]
[[Category:Phi Delta Theta members]]
[[Category:People from Chicago]]

Mexico City

2026-03-27T14:03:05Z

Wazid: quick update

{{Short description|Capital and most populous city of Mexico}}
{{About|the capital of Mexico}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2016}}
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| name = Mexico City
| official_name =
| native_name = {{native name|es|Ciudad de México}} {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|
* {{native name|nhn|Mexihco Hueyaltepetl}}
* {{native name|yua|U noj kaajil México}}
* {{native name|oto|'Monda}}}}
| native_name_lang =
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| image1 = Sobrevuelos CDMX HJ2A4913 (25514321687) (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Mexico City|Skyline of Mexico City]] with the [[Torre Latinoamericana]]
| image2 = Angel-de-la-Independencia--Mexico-D.F.jpg
| caption2 = [[Angel of Independence]]
| image3 = Ext 06Museo Soumaya FREE Fernando Romero EnterprisE photo by Adam Wiseman (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Museo Soumaya]]
| image4 = Monumento a la Revolución 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Monumento a la Revolución|Monument to the Revolution]]
| image5 = CDMX - Paseo de la Reforma.jpg
| caption5 = [[Paseo de la Reforma]] from the [[Chapultepec Castle]]
| image6 = MX MM PANORÁMICAS DESFILE ZÓCALO.jpg
| caption6 = [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Cathedral]] and [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] in the [[Zócalo]]
| image7 = Bellas Artes 01.jpg
| caption7 = [[Palacio de Bellas Artes|Palace of Fine Arts]]
| image8 = Trajinera en canal Nativitas.jpg
| caption8 = [[Trajinera]]s in [[Xochimilco]]
| color = white
}}
| image_flag = 
| flag_size =
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| image_blank_emblem = Gobierno de la Ciudad de México.svg
| blank_emblem_size = 160px
| shield_size = 65px
| nicknames = {{lang|es|La Ciudad de los Palacios}} ''(The City of Palaces)''
| motto = {{lang|es|Capital de la transformación}} ''(Capital of the transformation)''
| anthem = {{lang|es|Himno de la Ciudad de México}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cultura.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/182-24|title=Presenta gobierno capitalino Himno de la Ciudad de México, primero en la historia en ser compuesto por una mujer|date=20 June 2024|work=Secretariat of Culture of Mexico City|access-date=23 June 2024|language=es|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624015510/https://www.cultura.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/182-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image_map = Mexico (city) in Mexico (zoom).svg
| map_caption = Mexico City within Mexico
| pushpin_map = Mexico#North America
| pushpin_map_caption =
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| coordinates = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|8|W|type:adm1st_region:MX-CMX|display=it}}
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| established_title = Founded
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* {{start date|1325|3|13|df=y}}: [[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |title = Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores – México |publisher = Sre.gob.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110420232605/http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |archive-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>
* {{start date|1521|8|13|df=y}}: {{lang|es|Ciudad de México|italic=no}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |title = De la Colonia / 13 agosto de 1521: rendición de México-Tenochtitlan |publisher = Redescolar.ilce.edu.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701210417/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{start date|1824|11|18|df=y}}: {{lang|es|Distrito Federal|italic=no}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |title = Conmemora la SecretarĂa de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de CreaciĂłn del Distrito Federal |publisher = Cultura.df.gob.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225100/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |archive-date = 22 July 2011}}</ref>
* {{start date|2016|1|29|df=y}}: Ciudad de México<ref name="Guardian 2016-01-29">{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df |title = Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City |work = [[The Guardian]] |first = David |last = Agren |date = 29 January 2015 |access-date = 30 January 2016 |archive-date = 24 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200424045620/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}
| founder = {{unbulleted list|
* [[Tenoch]] (as Mexico-Tenochtitlan)
* [[Hernán Cortés]] (as Mexico City)
}}
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Head of Government of Mexico City|Head of Government]]
| leader_name = [[Clara Brugada]] ([[Morena (political party)|Morena]])
| leader_title1 = [[List of Mexican state legislatures|Legislature]]
| leader_name1 = [[Congress of Mexico City]]
| unit_pref = [[Metric]]
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130091033/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |archive-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>{{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}}
| area_total_km2 = 1,485
| area_metro_km2 = 7,866
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 32nd]]
| elevation_m = 2,240
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_point = [[Ajusco]]
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302151509/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |archive-date=2 March 2011}}</ref>
| population_total = 9,209,944
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref name="inegi_pop_2020">{{cite web |title=Censo Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |website=inegi.org.mx |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Geography|INEGI]] |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=es |date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214192634/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 23,146,802
| population_metro = 21,804,515
| population_rank = [[List of North American cities by population|1st]] in North America [[List of cities in Mexico|1st]] in Mexico
| population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|1st]]
| population_demonyms = {{Unbulleted list|Capitalino (a)|Mexiqueño (a) (archaic)|[[Chilango]] (a) (colloquial)}}
| population_note =
| demographics_type2 = GDP {{Nobold|(Nominal, 2024)}}
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name=mex>{{cite web|access-date=2025-05-24 |date=May 2025 |title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2025 |url=https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2025.pdf |website=Citibanamex}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Capital city|Capital]] and [[megacity]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[Mexican peso|MXN]] {{FXConvert|MEX|5041|b|lk=on}}
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita<ref>{{cite web|title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica|date=May 2025|publisher=[[Banamex]]|last=Guillermina|first=Rodríguez|page=45|url=https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2025.pdf}}</ref>
| demographics2_info2 = [[Mexican peso|MXN]] {{FXConvert|MEX|547767|lk=on}}
| demographics2_title3 = Metro
| demographics2_info3 = [[Mexican peso|MXN]] {{FXConvert|MEX|8134|b|lk=on}}
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset1 = −06:00
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 00–16
| area_code = [[Area code 55 (Mexico)|55]]/[[Area code 56 (Mexico)|56]]
| area_code_type = [[Area code]]
| iso_code = MX-CMX
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Patron saint|Patron Saint]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Philip of Jesus]] ({{langx|es|San Felipe de Jesús|links=no}})
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.876 very high [[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 1st of 32]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=GeoHub |url=https://geohub.data.undp.org/maps/265 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=UNDP GeoHub |language=en}}</ref>
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Historic center of Mexico City]], [[Xochimilco]] and Central University City Campus of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]]
| designation1_date = 1987, 2007 (11th, 31st [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, ii, iii, iv, v
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/412 412], [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1250 1250]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
}}{{note|engfactobox}}b. Area of Mexico City that includes non-urban areas at the south
| elevation_max_m = 3930
| blank_name_sec2 = Climate
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Subtropical highland climate]] (Cwb)
| website = {{URL|https://www.cdmx.gob.mx/|cdmx.gob.mx}}
| blank_emblem_type = Government logo
}}
'''Mexico City'''{{efn|{{langx|es|Ciudad de México|lit=City of Mexico}},{{efn|In [[Peninsular Spanish]], the spelling variant ''Méjico'', is also used alongside ''México''. According to the ''[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]'' by the [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and the [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], the spelling version with J is correct, however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one is used in [[Mexican Spanish]].}}<ref>"México" in ''[[iarchive:diccionariopanhi0000unse|Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]'' by [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], Madrid: Santillana. 2005. ISBN 978-8-429-40623-8.</ref> {{IPA|es|sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈmexiko|local|Es-Ciudad de Mexico.ogg}}, {{abbr.}} '''CDMX'''
{{bulleted list |[[Central Nahuatl languages|Central Nahuatl]]: {{Lang|nah|Mexihco Hueyaltepetl}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IHUEYTLANAHUATIL MEXIHCO HUEYALTEPETL "His great tlanahatil
|url=https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/n-huatl.pdf
|access-date=31 January 2024
|archive-date=31 January 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131211312/https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/n-huatl.pdf
|url-status=live
|language=nah,es
|translator-first=Fausto
|trans-title=The Kingdom of Mexico City
|translator-last=Aguilar Domínguez
|publisher=Government of the City of Mexico }}
</ref>
{{IPA|nah|meːˈʃiʔko wejaːlˈtepeːt͡ɬ |}}
|[[Yucatec Maya language|Maya]]: {{Lang|yua|u noj kaajil México}}
<ref>{{Cite web
|title=U NOJ A'ALAMAJT'AANIL U NOJ KAAJIL MÉXICO
|url=https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/Maya.pdf
|access-date=31 January 2024
|archive-date=28 February 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228223456/https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/Maya.pdf
|url-status=live
|language=yua,es
|translator-first=Feliciano
|translator-last=Sánchez Chan
|trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF MEXICO
|publisher=Government of the City of Mexico }}
</ref>
|[[Otomi language|Otomi]]: {{Lang|ote|'Monda}}{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
}}}}
is the [[capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities in Mexico|largest city]] of [[Mexico]], as well as the [[List of North American cities by population|most populous city]] in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Artículo 44 |url = http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf |publisher = Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |access-date = 14 May 2010 |archive-date = 17 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200117163053/http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|title=Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City|first=David|last=Agren|date=29 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424045620/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the world, and is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|Alpha]] world city according to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] (GaWC) 2024 ranking.<ref>{{cite web |work=Foreign Policy |title = The 2008 Global Cities Index |year = 2008 |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |access-date = 27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110131155/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |archive-date = 10 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cities 2024 |url=https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=GaWC |language=en-US}}</ref> Mexico City is located in the [[Valley of Mexico]] within the high [[Mexican Plateau|Mexican central plateau]], at an altitude of {{convert|2240|m|ft|sp=us|abbr=off}}. The city has 16 [[Boroughs of Mexico City|boroughs]] or {{Lang|es|demarcaciones territoriales}}, which are in turn divided into [[List of neighborhoods in Mexico City|neighborhoods]] or {{Lang|es|colonias}}.

The 2020 population for the [[city proper]] was 9,209,944,<ref name="inegi_pop_2020" /> with a land area of {{convert | 1495 | km2 | sqmi | sp=us|abbr=off}}, making it the [[primate city]] of Mexico and the [[List of cities in the Americas by population|second largest Spanish-speaking city proper]] in the world after [[Lima]], [[Peru]].<ref>{{cite book | first1=Brian W. | last1=Blouet | first2=Olwyn M. | last2=Blouet | title=OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican States 2009 | publisher=OECD Publishing | year=2009 | pages=418, 299 | isbn=978-92-64-06012-8}}</ref> According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of [[Greater Mexico City]] is 21,804,515, which makes it the world's [[list of largest cities#List|sixth-largest metropolitan area]] and the second-largest [[urban area|urban agglomeration]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]] (behind [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf |year=2019 |title=World Urbanization Prospects 2018 |author=United Nations |access-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211222646/https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Greater Mexico City]] has a [[gross domestic product|GDP]] of $411 billion in 2011, which makes it one of the [[list of cities by GDP|most productive urban areas in the world]].<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 Global MetroMonitor {{!}} Brookings Institution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |date=5 June 2013}}. Brookings.edu. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</ref> The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of the country's GDP.<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Key Economic Facts and Figures |url=http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426013125/http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |archive-date=26 April 2010 |access-date=19 August 2010 |website=Mexico City Experience}}</ref> If it were an independent country in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Parish Flannery |first=Nathaniel |date=Dec 23, 2013 |title=Mexico City Is Focusing on Tech Sector Development |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/12/23/mexico-city-is-focusing-on-tech-sector-development/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Forbes]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230220020613/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/12/23/mexico-city-is-focusing-on-tech-sector-development/?sh=1382733d26a4 |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

Mexico City is the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities#Americas|oldest capital city in the Americas]] and one of two founded by [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous peoples]].{{efn|[[Quito]], the capital city of [[Ecuador]], is the other such city.}} The city was originally built on a group of islands in [[Lake Texcoco]] by the [[Mexica]] around 1325, under the name [[Tenochtitlan]]. It was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 [[Fall of Tenochtitlan|siege of Tenochtitlan]] and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with [[Spanish architecture#Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish urban standards]]. In 1524, the [[municipalities of Mexico|municipality]] of Mexico City was established, known as {{lang|es|México Tenochtitlán}},<ref name="gobdf" /> and beginning in 1585, it was officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (Mexico City).<ref name="gobdf">{{cite web |author=Government of the Federal District |title=Historia de la Ciudad de México |trans-title=History of Mexico City |url=http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219215021/http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |archive-date=19 December 2009 |access-date=27 December 2009 |website=df.gob.mx |language=es}}</ref> Mexico City played a major role in the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial empire]] as a political, administrative, and financial center.<ref name="UN">{{cite web |author = United Nations |title = Mexico City, Mexico |url = https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |access-date = 27 December 2009 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100502045456/http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |archive-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref> Following [[Mexican War of Independence|independence from Spain]], the region around and containing the city was established as the new and only Mexican [[federal district]] ({{langx|es|Distrito Federal|links=no}} or ''DF'') in 1824.

After years of demanding greater political [[autonomy]], in 1997 residents were finally given the right to [[election|elect]] both a [[List of heads of government of Mexico City|head of government]] and the representatives of the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City|Legislative Assembly]] by election. Ever since, left-wing parties (first the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] and later the [[National Regeneration Movement]]) have controlled both of them.<ref>Daniel C. Schechter, Josephine Quintero. ''[[iarchive:mexicocity00nobl|Lonely Planet Mexico City, City Guide [With Pullout Map]]]''. Third Edition. Lonely Planet, 2008. p. 288 (pp. 20–21). {{ISBN|978-1-74059-182-9}}.</ref> The city has several progressive policies,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gallo |first=Rubén |date=6 April 2021 |title=A Chronicle of Mexico City and Its Multitudes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/books/review/horizontal-vertigo-mexsico-city-juan-villoro.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055542/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/books/review/horizontal-vertigo-mexsico-city-juan-villoro.html |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/my-mexico-city-is-everyones-now/|title=My Mexico City is everyone's now|date=27 April 2017|access-date=7 January 2023|first=Luisita|last=Lopez Torregrosa|location=Mexico City|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055558/https://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/my-mexico-city-is-everyones-now/|url-status=live}}</ref> such as elective [[abortion in Mexico|abortions]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/26/mexicos-quintana-roo-state-decriminalises-abortion|title=Mexico's Quintana Roo state decriminalises abortion|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=26 October 2022|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=6 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106101005/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/26/mexicos-quintana-roo-state-decriminalises-abortion|url-status=live}}</ref> a limited form of [[euthanasia in Mexico|euthanasia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/people-want-die-will-countries-allow-euthanasia-rcna3307|title=These people want to die. Will their countries allow euthanasia?|first=Albinson|last=Linares|agency=[[Telemundo]]|work=[[NBC News]]|date=21 October 2021|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055542/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/people-want-die-will-countries-allow-euthanasia-rcna3307|url-status=live}}</ref> [[No-fault divorce#Mexico|no-fault divorce]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Malkin |first=Elisabeth |date=21 July 2009 |title=Express Route to Divorce Has Familiar Delays |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/world/americas/22divorce.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055549/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/world/americas/22divorce.html |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[same-sex marriage in Mexico City|same-sex marriage]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|title=Mexico City legalises same-sex marriage|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=22 December 2009|access-date=7 January 2023|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=8 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108184954/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[LGBT rights in Mexico City|legal gender change]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogue |first=Tom |date=25 June 2023 |title=Mexico City holds mass celebration for same-sex weddings, gender ID changes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-city-holds-mass-celebration-same-sex-weddings-gender-id-changes-2023-06-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115025405/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-city-holds-mass-celebration-same-sex-weddings-gender-id-changes-2023-06-24/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> On 29 January 2016, it ceased to be the ''Federal District'' ({{lang|es|DF}}) and is now officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} ({{lang|es|CDMX}}). These 2016 reforms gave the city a greater degree of autonomy and made changes to its governance and political power structures.<ref name="Federal District Now Officially">{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Tony |date=30 January 2016 |title=Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital |url=http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721155716/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |work=Mexico News Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 January 2016 |title=From DF to CDMX, Mexico City changes name, status |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/760075/from-df-to-cdmx-mexico-city-changes-name-status |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411160014/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/760075/from-df-to-cdmx-mexico-city-changes-name-status |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=Inquirer News}}</ref> A clause in the [[Constitution of Mexico]], however, prevents it from becoming a state within the Mexican federation, as long as it remains the capital of the country.<ref name="UN2">{{cite web |author= |date=January 28, 2016 |title=La Ciudad de México no será estado, sino entidad federal autónoma |url=http://www.diariodemexico.com.mx/la-ciudad-mexico-no-sera-estado-sino-entidad-federal-autonoma/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035714/http://www.diariodemexico.com.mx/la-ciudad-mexico-no-sera-estado-sino-entidad-federal-autonoma/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Diario de México |language=es}}</ref>

== Nicknames and mottos ==
Up until 2013, it was common to refer to the city by the initialism
"DF" from {{lang|es|Distrito Federal de México}}. Since 2013, use of the abbreviation "CDMX" ({{lang|es|Ciudad de México}}) has been more common, particularly by government.{{CN|date=March 2026}}

The city is colloquially known as ''Chilangolandia'' after the locals' nickname ''[[chilango]]s''.<ref>1994 Oxford Spanish-English Dictionary</ref> Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person".{{sfn|Lida|2008|page=15}} For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in ''la provincia'' ('the provinces', 'the periphery') and many proudly embrace the term chilango.{{sfn|Lida|2008|page=15}} Residents of Mexico City are formally called ''capitalinos'' (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but "[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized".{{sfn|Lida|2008|page=16}}

Mexico City was traditionally known as ''La Ciudad de los Palacios'' ("the City of the Palaces"), a [[nickname]] attributed to Baron [[Alexander von Humboldt]]. When visiting the city in the 19th century, he wrote a letter back to Germany, saying that Mexico City could rival any major city in Europe. English politician [[Charles La Trobe|Charles Latrobe]] wrote the following: "... look at their works: the moles, aqueducts, churches, roads—and the luxurious ''City of Palaces'' which has risen from the clay-built ruins of Tenochtitlan...", on page 84 of the Letter V of ''The Rambler in Mexico''.<ref>''Diccionario Porrúa. Historia, Biografía y Geografía de México'', Editorial Porrúa, S.A., Mexico City, Fifth Edition, 1986, Vol. II, page 1638.</ref>

During the colonial period, the city's [[motto]] was "Muy Noble e Insigne, Muy Leal e Imperial" (Very Noble and Distinguished, Very Loyal and Imperial).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esteticas.unam.mx/revista_imagenes/anotaciones/ano_dallal01.html|title=La Ciudad de México: el espectáculo más grande del mundo|author=Alberto Dallal|website=Electronic magazine Imágenes of the [[Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas|Institute of Aesthetic Research]] of the National Autonomous University of Mexico|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109073642/http://www.esteticas.unam.mx/revista_imagenes/anotaciones/ano_dallal01.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=La muy noble, muy leal, insigne é imperial ciudad de México, cabeza de los reynos y provincias de Nueva España y en si nombre los señores presidente y vocales que componen la Real Junta de Policía de esta Córte con anuencia del Exmo. Sr. virey de este reyno hacemos saber al piadoso vecindario lo que sigue|trans-title=The very noble, very loyal, distinguished and imperial city of Mexico, head of the kingdoms and provinces of New Spain and in its name the sirs president and members of the Royal Police Board of this Court with the consent of the Excellency Sr. Viceroy of this kingdom let the pious neighborhood know what's coming next|author=Ramón Gutiérrez del Mazo ([[Intendant (government official)|Intendent]] of Mexico: 1811–1821)|year=1811|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdygYgEACAAJ|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204605/https://books.google.com/books?id=IdygYgEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> During [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]'s administration (2018–24) a political slogan was introduced: ''la Ciudad de la Esperanza'' ({{lit|The City of Hope}}). This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname but has faded since the new motto, ''Capital en Movimiento'' ("Capital in Movement"), was adopted by the administration headed by [[Marcelo Ebrard]]; this latter motto is not really treated as a nickname.

== History ==
{{Main|History of Mexico City}}
{{For timeline}}
The oldest signs of human occupation in the area of Mexico City are those of the "[[Peñon woman|Peñón woman]]" and others found in San Bartolo Atepehuacan ([[Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City|Gustavo A. Madero]]). They were believed to correspond to the lower Cenolithic period (9500–7000 BC).<ref>The evidence consists of a burial in the first case, and of [[lithic flake]]s associated with remains of extinct fauna. They were estimated to be about 10 000 years old. ''Cfr. Acosta Ochoa'', 2007: 9.</ref> However, a 2003 study placed the age of the Peñon woman at 12,700 years old (calendar age),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Silvia |last2=Jiménez-López |first2=José Concepción |last3=Hedges |first3=Robert |last4=Huddart |first4=David |last5=Ohman |first5=James C |last6=Turner |first6=Alan |last7=Pompa y Padilla |first7=José Antonio |title=Earliest humans in the Americas: new evidence from México |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=March 2003 |volume=44 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/s0047-2484(03)00004-6 |page=381 |pmid=12674097 |bibcode=2003JHumE..44..379. }}</ref> one of the oldest human remains discovered in the Americas. Studies of her mitochondrial DNA suggest she was either of Asian<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2003/65456.html |title=El ADN de La Mujer del Peñón confirma el origen asiático del hombre americano |website=www.cronica.com.mx |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012073700/http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2003/65456.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> or European<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44lXDwAAQBAJ&q=pe%C3%B1on+woman+european&pg=PT91|title=Scattered Skeleton in Our Closet|author=Karen Mutton|year=2011|isbn=978-1-935487-41-8|publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204606/https://books.google.com/books?id=44lXDwAAQBAJ&q=pe%C3%B1on+woman+european&pg=PT91#v=snippet&q=pe%C3%B1on%20woman%20european&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> or Aboriginal Australian origin.<ref>{{Cite news |author=David Epstein |author-link=David Epstein (journalist) |title=First Americans May Have Come From Australia |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/28-first-americans-may-have-come-from-australia |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |date=2 January 2005 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018065929/https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/28-first-americans-may-have-come-from-australia |url-status=live }}</ref>

The area was the destination of the migrations of the [[Chichimeca|Teochichimecas]] during the 8th and 13th centuries, people that would give rise to the [[Toltec]], and [[Aztecs|Mexica]] (Aztecs) cultures. The latter arrived around the 14th century to settle first on the shores of the lake.

=== Aztec period ===
{{Main|Mexico-Tenochtitlan}}
[[File:Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_(9755215791).jpg|thumb|left|The city was the place of [[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]], the Aztec capital.]]

The city of [[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]] was founded by the [[Mexica]] people in 1325 or 1327.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Mexico City |volume=18 |page=346|quote=The City of Mexico dates, traditionally, from the year 1325 or 1327}}</ref> The old Mexica city that is now referred to as [[Tenochtitlan]] was built on an island in the center of the inland lake system of the [[Valley of Mexico]], which is shared with a smaller city-state called [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]].<ref>Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, pp. 10–14.</ref> According to legend, the Mexicas' principal god, [[Huītzilōpōchtli|Huitzilopochtli]], indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting a [[golden eagle]] perched on a [[Opuntia|prickly pear]] devouring a [[rattlesnake]].<ref name="Frances F. Berdan 1982, p. 14">Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, p. 14.</ref>

Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around [[Lake Texcoco]] and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the [[Aztec]] Empire had reached much of [[Mesoamerica]], touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Frances F. Berdan 1982, p. 14" />

=== Spanish conquest ===
[[File:Cortez & La Malinche.jpg|left|thumb|The panel dedicated to the Tenochtitlan campaign, as depicted in the 1552 ''[[Canvas of Tlaxcala]]''. Hernando Cortés and [[La Malinche|Malintzin]] (right) meet [[Moctezuma II]] in [[Tenochtitlan|Mexico-Tenochtitlan]], 8 November 1519.]]
After landing in [[Veracruz]], Spanish explorer [[Hernán Cortés]] advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the other native peoples,<ref name="Ciudad Mexico">{{cite web |url = http://www.ciudadmexico.com.mx/historia.htm |title = Historia de la Ciudad de México |language = es |access-date = 14 October 2008 |archive-date = 1 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501144358/http://ciudadmexico.com.mx/historia.htm |url-status = live }}</ref>
arriving there on 8 November 1519.<ref name="Marroqui">{{Cite book |title = La Ciudad de Mexico |last = Marroqui |first = Jose Maria |year = 1969 |publisher = Ayuntamiento del Distrito Federal |location = Mexico City |pages = 21–25 }}</ref> Cortés and his men marched along the causeway leading into the city from [[Iztapalapa]] (Ixtapalapa), and the city's ruler, [[Moctezuma II]], greeted the Spaniards; they exchanged gifts, but the camaraderie did not last long.<ref name="pbs1">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_e00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. November 1519, The Most Beautiful Thing in the World |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 26 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190426165811/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_e00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Cortés put Moctezuma under [[house arrest]] at his [[Palace of Axayacatl|father's palace]], hoping to rule through him.<ref name="pbs2">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_f00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. November, 1519 – Montezuma Arrested |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 18 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418033417/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_f00.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

Tensions increased until, on the night of 30 June 1520 – during a struggle known as "[[La Noche Triste]]" – the Aztecs rose up against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or drive out the Europeans and their [[Tlaxcaltec|Tlaxcalan]] allies.<ref name="pbs4">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_g00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. June 1520 – Massacre at Tenochtitlán |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 22 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190422021242/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_g00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, [[Cuitláhuac]], but he soon died; the next king was [[Cuauhtémoc]].<ref name="pbs6">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_h00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. December 1520 – Siege, Starvation & Smallpox |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 28 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190528141631/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_h00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Cortés began a [[siege of Tenochtitlan]] in May 1521. For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of [[smallpox]] brought by the Europeans.<ref name="Ciudad Mexico" /> Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and slowly fought their way through the city.<ref name="pbs7">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_i00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. The Last Stand: An Aztec Iliad |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 20 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190420100622/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_i00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Cuauhtémoc surrendered in August 1521.<ref name="Ciudad Mexico" /> The Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest.<ref name="Marroqui" />

Cortés first settled in [[Coyoacán]], but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order.<ref name="Marroqui" /> He did not establish a territory under his own [[Sovereignty|personal rule]], but remained loyal to the Spanish crown. The first Spanish [[viceroy]] arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. By that time, the city had again become a [[city-state]], having power that extended far beyond its borders.<ref name="Enc Mex 2000">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |language=es |title = Mexico, Ciudad de |year = 2000 |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |volume = 9 |pages = 5242–5260 }}</ref> Although the Spanish preserved Tenochtitlan's basic layout, they built [[Catholic Church|Catholic churches]] over the old Aztec temples and claimed the imperial palaces for themselves.<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" /> Tenochtitlan was renamed "Mexico" because the Spanish found the word easier to pronounce.<ref name="Marroqui" />

=== Growth of colonial Mexico City ===
[[File:Ignacio Serrano - Catedral de México.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]]'s (1571–1813) 18th century painting. The cathedral was built by the Spaniards over the ruins of the main Aztec temple.]]

The city had been the capital of the [[Aztec Empire]] and in the colonial era, Mexico City became the capital of [[New Spain]]. The [[viceroy of Mexico]] or vice-king lived in the viceregal palace on the main square or [[Zócalo]]. The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]], the seat of the Archbishopric of New Spain, was constructed on another side of the Zócalo, as was the archbishop's palace, and across from it the building housing the city council or ''ayuntamiento'' of the city. A late seventeenth-century painting of the Zócalo by [[Cristóbal de Villalpando]] depicts the main square, which had been the old Aztec ceremonial center. The existing central plaza of the Aztecs was effectively and permanently transformed to the ceremonial center and seat of power during the colonial period, and remains to this day in modern Mexico, the central plaza of the nation. The rebuilding of the city after the siege of Tenochtitlan was accomplished by the abundant indigenous labor in the surrounding area. Franciscan friar [[Toribio de Benavente Motolinia]], one of the [[Twelve Apostles of Mexico]] who arrived in New Spain in 1524, described the rebuilding of the city as one of the afflictions or plagues of the early period:

<blockquote>The seventh plague was the construction of the great City of Mexico, which, during the early years used more people than in the construction of Jerusalem. The crowds of laborers were so numerous that one could hardly move in the streets and causeways, although they are very wide. Many died from being crushed by beams, or falling from high places, or in tearing down old buildings for new ones.<ref>Toribio de Benavente Motolinia, ''Motolinia's History of the Indians of New Spain'', translated and edited by Elizabeth Adnros Foster. Wesport: Greenwood Press, (1950) 1973, pp. 41–42</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B13 078-Panorama van- NOVA MEXICO.jpeg|thumb|Mexico City in 1690. Atlas Van der Hagen.]]

Preconquest Tenochtitlan was built in the center of the inland lake system, with the city reachable by [[canoe]] and by wide causeways to the mainland. The causeways were rebuilt under Spanish rule with indigenous labor. Colonial Spanish cities were constructed on a grid pattern, if no geographical obstacle prevented it. In Mexico City, the Zócalo (main square) was the central place from which the grid was then built outward. The Spanish lived in the area closest to the main square in what was known as the ''traza'', in orderly, well laid-out streets. Indigenous residences were outside that exclusive zone and houses were haphazardly located.<ref>Edmundo O'Gorman, ''Reflexiones sobre la distribución urbana coloinal de la ciudad de México'', Mexico 1938, pp. 16ff.</ref> The Zócalo was a center of commerce for indigenous people, making Spanish efforts to keep the area segregated difficult to enforce.<ref>Magnus Mörner and Charles Gibson, "Diego Muñoz Camargo and the Segregation Policy of the Spanish Crown," ''Hispanic American Historical Review'', vol. 42, pp. 558ff.</ref> At intervals Zócalo was where major celebrations took place as well as executions. It was also the site of two major riots in the seventeenth century, one in 1624, the other in 1692.<ref>Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, ''The Early History of Greater Mexico'', Pearson 2003, pp. 246–249.</ref>

The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the [[desagüe]], compelled thousands of indigenous over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for indigenous cultivation close to the capital.<ref>Noble David Cook, ''Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650.'' New York: Cambridge University Press 1998.</ref> The 16th century saw a proliferation of churches, many of which can still be seen today in the [[Historic center of Mexico City|historic center]].<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" />
Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of trade. Unlike Brazil or [[Peru]], Mexico had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. Although the Spanish crown tried to completely regulate all commerce in the city, it had only partial success.<ref name="Hamnett 1998">{{Cite book |title = Concise History of Mexico. |last = Hamnett |first = Brian R. |year = 1998 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Port Chester, NY |isbn = 978-0-521-58120-2 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000hamn }}</ref>
[[Image:Palacio de mineria.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palacio de Minería]], Mexico City. The elevation of silver mining as a profession and the ennoblement of silver miners was a development of the eighteenth-century [[Bourbon Reforms]].]]

The concept of [[nobility]] flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a [[Mexican nobility|noble title in Mexico]] did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not.<ref name="Ladd 1998">{{Cite book |title = Artes deMexico Palacios de la Nueva España The Mexican Nobility |last = Ladd |first = Doris M |year = 1998 |publisher = Artes de Mexico y del Mundo |location = Mexico City |isbn = 978-968-6533-61-3 |pages = 84–86 }}</ref> The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by [[Alexander von Humboldt|Alexander Von Humboldt]].<ref name="Marroqui" /><ref name="Enc Mex 2000" /><ref name="Ladd 1998" />

The [[Grito de Dolores]] ("Cry of Dolores"), also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), marked the beginning of the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. After a decade of war, Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on 27 September 1821.<ref name="Iturbide">{{cite web |url = http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040411084151/http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date = 11 April 2004 |title = Don Agustín de Iturbide |access-date = 20 October 2008 }}</ref> [[Agustín de Iturbide]] is proclaimed Emperor of the [[First Mexican Empire]] by Congress, crowned in the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Cathedral of Mexico]].

The Mexican Federal District was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, where the concept of a [[federal district]] was adapted from the [[United States Constitution]].<ref name="Countries of the World">{{Cite book |first = Thomas E. |last = Weil |chapter = Mexico: Chapter 3B. Evolution of a Nation |title = Countries of the World |publisher = Bureau Development, Inc. |date = 1 January 1991 }}</ref> Before this designation, Mexico City had served as the [[seat of government]] for both the [[State of Mexico]] and the nation as a whole. [[Texcoco de Mora, State of Mexico|Texcoco de Mora]] and then [[Toluca]] became the capital of the State of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book |first = Ashoka |last = Mody |chapter = Infrastructure Delivery |title = Countries of the World |publisher = World Bank Publications |year= 1996 |page = 187 |isbn = 978-0-8213-3520-8 }}</ref>

=== Battle of Mexico City in the U.S.–Mexican War of 1847 ===
[[File:Nebel Mexican War 11 Chapultepec Quitman (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The American assault on the [[Chapultepec Castle]]'', 1847 by [[Carl Nebel|Nebel]] and [[Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot|Bayot]]]]
During the 19th century, Mexico City was the center stage of all the political disputes of the country. It was the imperial capital on two occasions (1821–1823 and 1864–1867), and of two [[Federalism|federalist]] states and two [[Unitary state|centralist]] states that followed innumerable coups d'états in the space of half a century before the triumph of the Liberals after the [[Reform War]]. It was also the objective of one of the two French invasions to Mexico ([[Second French intervention in Mexico|1861–1867]]), and occupied for a year by American troops in the framework of the [[Mexican–American War]] (1847–1848).

The [[Battle for Mexico City]] was the series of engagements from 8 to 15 September 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the [[Mexican–American War|U.S. Mexican War]]. Included are major actions at the battles of [[Battle of Molino del Rey|Molino del Rey]] and [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the [[Battle of Churubusco]] on 8 August, where the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]], which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexicans, fought for the Mexican cause, repelling the American attacks. After defeating the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]], the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States [[Deployments of the United States Military|deployed]] [[Military organization|combat units]] deep into [[Mexico]] resulting in the capture of Mexico City and [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]] by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th [[Division (military)|Divisions]].<ref name="Cerro">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/cerro_gordo.html |title = The Battle of Cerro Gordo |website = [[PBS]] |access-date = 18 October 2008 |archive-date = 23 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071023110409/https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/cerro_gordo.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> The invasion culminated with the storming of [[Chapultepec Castle]] in the city itself.<ref name="Storming of Chapultepec">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/chapultepec_pillows_attack.html |title = The Storming of Chapultepec (General Pillow's Attack) |website = [[PBS]] |access-date = 18 October 2008 |archive-date = 2 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902101312/https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/chapultepec_pillows_attack.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>

During this battle, on 13 September, the 4th Division, under [[John A. Quitman]], spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] generals [[George E. Pickett]] and [[James Longstreet]] participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as ''[[Niños Héroes|Los Niños Héroes]]'' (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The [[treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] was signed in what is now the far north of the city.<ref name="treaty">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html |title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |author=Richard Griswold del Castillo |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=18 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213210803/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) ===
[[File:Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks,_Mexico_City.jpg|thumb|Corpses in front of the National Palace during the [[Ten Tragic Days]]. Photographer, Manuel Ramos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/mex/searchterm/Ag1996.1039/mode/exact |title=Album, Mexican Revolution |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129211250/http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/mex/searchterm/Ag1996.1039/mode/exact |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

The capital escaped the worst of the violence of the ten-year conflict of the [[Mexican Revolution]]. The most significant episode of this period for the city was the [[Decena trágica|Decena Trágica]] ("Ten Tragic Days") of February 1913, when forces counter to the elected government of [[Francisco I. Madero]] staged a successful coup. The center of the city was subjected to artillery attacks from the army stronghold of the ''ciudadela'' or citadel, with significant civilian casualties and the undermining of confidence in the Madero government. [[Victoriano Huerta]], chief general of the [[Huerta's Federal Army|Federal Army]], saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to [[Palacio de Lecumberri|Lecumberri prison]].<ref name="redescolar">{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm |title = La Decena Trágica, febrero de 1913 |language = es |access-date = 19 October 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620151846/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm |archive-date = 20 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Huerta's ouster in July 1914 saw the entry of the armies of [[Pancho Villa]] and [[Emiliano Zapata]], but the city did not experience violence. Huerta had abandoned the capital and the conquering armies marched in. [[Venustiano Carranza]]'s [[Constitutionalist]] faction ultimately prevailed in the revolutionary civil war and Carranza took up residence in the presidential palace.

=== 20th century to present ===

[[File:Casa_Estudio_Diego_Rivera_y_Frida_Kahlo_(2566206309).jpg|thumb|left|Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera house in [[San Ángel]] designed by [[Juan O'Gorman]]]]

In the 20th century the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences dominate. In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000.<ref name="LaRosa 2005">{{Cite book |title = Atlas and Survey of Latin American History. |editor-last = LaRosa |editor-first = Michael J. |year = 2005 |publisher = M.E. Sharpe, Inc. |pages = 118–125 |isbn = 9780765615978 }}</ref> The city began to grow rapidly westward in the early part of the 20th century<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" /> and then began to grow upwards in the 1950s, with the [[Torre Latinoamericana]] becoming the city's first skyscraper.<ref name="Ciudad Mexico" />

The rapid development of Mexico City as a center for [[modernist architecture]] was most fully manifested in the mid-1950s construction of the [[Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City]], the main campus of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]. Designed by the most prestigious architects of the era, including [[Mario Pani]], [[Eugenio Peschard]], and [[Enrique del Moral]], the buildings feature murals by artists [[Diego Rivera]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]], and [[José Chávez Morado]]. It has since been recognized as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1250/ |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029064104/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1250 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympic Games]] brought about the construction of large sporting facilities.<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" /> In 1969, the [[Mexico City Metro]] was inaugurated.<ref name="Ciudad Mexico" /> Explosive growth in the population of the city started in the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into the neighboring State of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest, and northeast. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to nearly 9 million.<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" />

In 1980, half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge [[shanty town]]s. The inhabitants of Mexico City faced serious [[air pollution in Mexico City|air pollution]] and [[water pollution]] problems, as well as [[groundwater-related subsidence]].<ref name="water">{{Cite book |title = Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. |author = National Research Council Staff |year = 1995 |publisher = National Academies Press |location = Washington, DC |page = 4 }}</ref> [[Air pollution in Mexico City|Air]] and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.
[[Image:Estudiantes sobre cammión quemado (A68).JPG|thumb|Students in a burned bus during the [[Tlatelolco massacre]] 1968]]

The autocratic government that ruled Mexico City since the Revolution was tolerated, mostly because of the continued economic expansion since World War II. This was the case even though this government could not handle the population and pollution problems adequately. Nevertheless, discontent and protests began in the 1960s leading to the [[Tlatelolco massacre|massacre of an unknown number of protesting students]] in [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Kate |date=May 29, 2023 |title=TLATELOLCO MASSACRE: DECLASSIFIED U.S. DOCUMENTS ON MEXICO AND THE EVENTS OF 1968 |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB10/nsaebb10.htm |url-status=live |publisher=National Security Archive |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203130342/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB10/nsaebb10.htm }}</ref> Three years later, a demonstration in the Maestros avenue, organized by former members of the 1968 student movement, was violently repressed by a paramilitary group called "[[Los Halcones]]", composed of gang members and teenagers from many sports clubs who received training in the US.
[[File:Paloma Cordero Nancy Reagan Mexico City 1985 earthquake.jpg|right|thumb|First ladies [[Paloma Cordero]] of Mexico (left) and [[Nancy Reagan]] of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, [[John Gavin]] observing the damage done by the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake|1985 earthquake]]]]

On 19 September 1985, at 7:19am [[Central Standard Time|CST]], the area was struck by the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]].<ref name="Campus">{{Cite news |first = Yunnven |last = Campus |title = A 20 años del sismo del 85 |url = http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |publisher = Televisa |location = Mexico City |date = 19 September 2005 |access-date = 4 October 2008 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922025641/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |archive-date = 22 September 2008 }}</ref> The earthquake proved to be a disaster politically for the [[one-party state]] government. The Mexican government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.<ref name="haber">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Haber |first = Paul Lawrence |encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |title = Earthquake of 1985 |year = 1995 |publisher = Taylor & Frances Ltd. |pages = 179–184 }}</ref> In 1987, the [[Historic center of Mexico City]], a central neighborhood of Mexico City was enlisted as [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] for its large collection of ancient Aztec and colonial architecture.

== Geography ==
[[File:Mexico city ESA348919.jpg|thumb|[[Satellite image]] of Mexico City]]

Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the [[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico.<ref name="Porrua Cuenca">{{Cite book |title = Diccionario Porrua de Historia, Biografia y Geografia de Mexico 6th ed. – Mexico, Cuenca de |year = 1995 |publisher = Editorial Porrua |location = Mexico City |language=es |isbn = 978-968-452-907-6 |page = 2238 |volume = 3 }}</ref><ref name="case study">{{cite web |url = http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100 |title = Mexico City: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Management of Urban Water Resources |date = December 2004 |access-date = 25 November 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207190625/http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100 |archive-date = 7 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It has a minimum altitude of {{convert|2200|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over {{convert|5000|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="National Research">{{Cite book |title = Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. |author = National Research Council Staff |year = 1995 |publisher = National Academies Press |location = Washington, DC |isbn = 978-0-309-05245-0 }}</ref> This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.<ref name="Porrua Cuenca" /><ref name="National Research" />

Mexico City primarily rests on what was [[Lake Texcoco]].<ref name="Porrua Cuenca" /> Seismic activity is frequent there.<ref name="Yip 2002">{{Cite web |last = Yip |first = Maricela |author2 = Madl, Pierre |title = Air Pollution in Mexico City |page = 16 |publisher = University of Salzburg, Austria |date = 16 April 2002 |url = http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/mexico/air.htm |access-date = 25 November 2008 |archive-date = 14 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110914131727/http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/mexico/air.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called ''[[groundwater-related subsidence]]''.

Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as {{convert|9|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} in some areas, and it continues to sink almost {{convert|50|cm|in}} every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eos.org/research-spotlights/the-looming-crisis-of-sinking-ground-in-mexico-city |title=The Looming Crisis of Sinking Ground in Mexico City |last=O’Hanlon |first=L. |date=22 April 2021 |website=[[Eos (magazine)|Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]] |access-date=24 March 2022 |quote=The ground in Mexico City is sinking at a rate of almost 50 centimeters (20 inches) per year... |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402144840/https://eos.org/research-spotlights/the-looming-crisis-of-sinking-ground-in-mexico-city |url-status=live }}</ref> This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the summer.<ref name="National Research" /><ref name="Yip 2002" /><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/17/world/americas/mexico-city-sinking.html?emc=edit_ta_20170217&nl=top-stories&nlid=73270920&ref=headline&_r=0 New York Times: "Mexico City, Parched and Sinking, Faces a Water Crisis" By Michael Kimmelman] 17 February 2017</ref> The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of [[Milpa Alta]], [[Tlalpan]] and [[Xochimilco]].<ref name="Yip 2002" />

{|class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="margin:1em auto; width:600px; float:center; padding:0.5e text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%;"
|colspan="4" style=" color:white; font-size:100%; text-align:center; background-color:black;"|Mexico City geophysical maps
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-Relieve.png|120px]]
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|- style="text-align:center; background:#e9e9e9;"
|Topography
|Hydrology
|Climate patterns
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=== Environment ===
{{See also|Water management in Greater Mexico City}}
[[File:Xochimilco trajineras.jpg|thumb|[[Trajinera]]s in the canals of [[Xochimilco]]. Xochimilco and the [[historic center of Mexico City]] were declared a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1987.]]

Originally much of the valley lay beneath the waters of [[Lake Texcoco]], a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The [[Aztec]]s built dikes to separate the [[Freshwater|fresh water]] used to raise crops in ''[[chinampa]]s'' and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside Mexico City, in the municipality of [[San Salvador Atenco|Atenco]], [[State of Mexico]].

Architects [[Teodoro González de León]] and [[Alberto Kalach]] along with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers and biologists have developed the project plan for ''Recovering the City of Lakes''. If approved by the government the project will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the [[Valley of Mexico]], the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning.

=== Pollution ===
{{Further|Air pollution in Mexico City}}

[[File:AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg|thumb|left|Air pollution over Mexico City. Air quality is poorest during the winter.]]

By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however, the city has since become a model for drastically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 [[carbon monoxide]] pollution had dropped drastically, while [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]] were at levels about a third of those in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/los-angeles-and-mexico-city-a-tale-of-two-cities-2152222|title=Los Angeles and Mexico City: A Tale of Two Cities|first=Julia|last=Cooke|date=27 February 2008|website=laweekly.com|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920103306/http://www.laweekly.com/news/los-angeles-and-mexico-city-a-tale-of-two-cities-2152222|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most [[ozone]]-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond [[WHO]]-defined safe limits.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/coming-up-for-air/ |title = Coming up for air |work = Harvard Gazette |access-date = 16 December 2015 |date = 28 October 2014 |archive-date = 18 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150818144109/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/coming-up-for-air/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and [[nitrogen oxide]]s.<ref name="clean">{{cite news |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28391130 |title = Mexico City cleans up its reputation for smog |date = 26 December 2008 |access-date = 11 November 2019 |archive-date = 23 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923224721/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28391130 |url-status = live }}</ref> When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the ''[[Hoy No Circula|A day without a car]]'' program to two days of the week.<ref name="clean" /> The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and [[diesel fuel]]s.<ref name="clean" /> The introduction of [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] [[bus rapid transit]] and the [[EcoBici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]] bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.<ref name="harvard" />

=== Parks and recreation ===
[[File:Sobrevuelos CDMX HJ2A5116 (26515134738).jpg|thumb|The [[Chapultepec]] was an important park during the Aztecs whose access had been limited to its [[Pipiltin|nobility]], was declared open to the public by a decree of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1530,<ref name="NY Times 1987-12-13">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/13/travel/chapultepec-park-mexico-in-microcosm.html|title=Chapultepec Park: Mexico in Microcosm|website=[[The New York Times]]|author=Larry Rother|date=13 December 1987|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118032228/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/13/travel/chapultepec-park-mexico-in-microcosm.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/historia/historia.php |title= Historia del Bosque de Chapultepec |publisher= Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec |location= Mexico City |language= es |trans-title= History of the Forest of Chapultepec|url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114082249/http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/historia/historia.php |archive-date= 14 November 2010 }}</ref> it is one of the world's largest city parks.<ref name="NY Times 1987-12-13" />]]

[[Chapultepec]], the city's most iconic public park, has history back to the Aztec emperors who used the area as a retreat. It is south of [[Polanco]] district, and houses the [[Chapultepec Zoo]] the main city's zoo, several ponds and seven museums, including the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]]. Other iconic city parks include the [[Alameda Central]], it is recognized as the oldest [[public park]] in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meade|first1=Julie|title=Moon Mexico City|date=2016|publisher=Avalon Publishing|isbn=9781631214097|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BELXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|language=en|quote=Just west of Bellas Artes, the Alameda Central is the largest green space in the center of the city and the oldest public park in the Americas.|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204607/https://books.google.com/books?id=BELXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three Kings Day in Mexico, a holiday in flux|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/01/mexico-city-holidays-safety-crowds-revitalization-ebrard.html|website=LA Times Blogs – La Plaza|date=6 January 2011|quote=Consider the scene this week at the Alameda Central, the downtown Mexico City park historians describe as the oldest planned urban green space in the Americas.|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228061252/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/01/mexico-city-holidays-safety-crowds-revitalization-ebrard.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Parque México]] and [[Parque España (Mexico City)|Parque España]] in the hip [[Condesa]] district; [[Parque Hundido]] and ''Parque de los Venados'' in [[Colonia del Valle]], and [[Parque Lincoln]] in [[Polanco]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = El Universal |url = http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/benitojuarez/nota18622.html |title = 5 parques representativos del DF |trans-title = 5 iconic parks of Mexico City |author = Lidia Arista |date = 16 January 2011 |access-date = 2 October 2013 |archive-date = 27 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527090127/http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/benitojuarez/nota18622.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> There are many smaller parks throughout the city. Most are small "squares" occupying two or three square blocks amid residential or commercial districts. Several other larger parks such as the {{ill|Bosque de Tlalpan|es||no}} and [[Viveros de Coyoacán]], and in the east {{ill|Alameda Oriente|es}}, offer many recreational activities. Northwest of the city is a large ecological reserve, the {{ill|Bosque de Aragón|ceb|Bosque de San Juan de Aragón|es|Bosque de San Juan de Aragón|no|Bosque de San Juan de Aragón}}. In the southeast is the [[Xochimilco Ecological Park and Plant Market]], a [[World Heritage Site]]. West of [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] district are the pine forests of the [[Desierto de los Leones National Park]]. Amusement parks include [[Six Flags México]], in Ajusco neighborhood which is the largest in Latin America. There are numerous seasonal fairs present in the city.

Mexico City has three zoos. [[Chapultepec Zoo]], the {{ill|San Juan de Aragon Zoo|es|Zoológico de San Juan de Aragón|no|Zoológico de San Juan de Aragón}} and [[Zoológico Los Coyotes|Los Coyotes Zoo]]. Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo. It was opened in 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123052/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=22 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Visitors can see about 243 specimens of different species including kangaroos, giant panda, gorillas, caracal, hyena, hippos, jaguar, giraffe, lemur, lion, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122547/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Colección animal|date=22 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero. In this zoo, opened in 1964,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004113006/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=4 October 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf. Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004211309/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2015|title=Colección animal|date=4 October 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan. It was inaugurated on 2 February 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094602/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=22 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the area, featuring eagles, ajolotes, coyotes, macaws, bobcats, Mexican wolves, raccoons, mountain lions, teporingos, foxes, and white-tailed deer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114313/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Colección animal|date=22 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[Image:Lightning in Mexico 04.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lightning]] in the background of the [[Torre Mayor]]]]
{{climate chart
|Mexico City
|6 |21 |5 
|7 |23 |5 
|9 |25 |10 
|11 |26 |15 
|12 |26 |40 
|13 |24 |140 
|12 |23 |160 
|12 |23 |150 
|12 |23 |120 
|11 |22 |50 
|8 |21 |10 
|6 |20 |5 
|maxprecip=160
|float=right
|clear=right
|units=metric
}}
Mexico City has a [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwb''), due to its tropical location but high elevation. The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of [[Iztapalapa]], [[Iztacalco]], [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] and the east portion of [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of [[Tlalpan]] and [[Milpa Alta]], a mountainous region of [[pine]] and [[oak]] trees known as the range of [[Ajusco]]. The average annual temperature varies from {{convert|12|to|16|C|F|0}}, depending on the altitude of the borough. The temperature is rarely below {{convert|3|C|0}} or above {{convert|30|C|0}}.<ref name="weatherspark">{{cite web |title = Average Weather for Mexico City |url = http://weatherspark.com/averages/32574/Mexico-City-Distrito-Federal |publisher = Weather Spark |access-date = 29 October 2013 |archive-date = 5 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161105013644/https://weatherspark.com/averages/32574/Mexico-City-Distrito-Federal |url-status = live }}</ref> At the Tacubaya observatory, the lowest temperature ever registered was {{convert|−4.4|C|0}} on 13 February 1960, and the highest temperature on record was {{convert|34.7|C}} on 25 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/CDMX-rompe-por-segundo-dia-consecutivo-record-de-calor-alcanza-los-34.7-celsius-20240525-0034.html|title=CDMX rompe por segundo día consecutivo récord de calor; alcanza los 34.7° celsius|date=25 May 2024|access-date=26 May 2024|language=es|work=El Economista|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526152006/https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/CDMX-rompe-por-segundo-dia-consecutivo-record-de-calor-alcanza-los-34.7-celsius-20240525-0034.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Overall precipitation is heavily concentrated in the summer months, and includes dense [[hail]].

Snow falls in the city scarcely, although somewhat more often on nearby mountaintops. Throughout its history, the Central Valley of Mexico was accustomed to having several snowfalls per decade (including a period between 1878 and 1895 in which every single year—except 1880—recorded snowfalls<ref name="Clima-CDMX" />), mostly [[lake-effect snow]]. The effects of the draining of [[Lake Texcoco]] and [[global warming]] have greatly reduced snowfalls after the snow flurries of 12 February 1907.<ref>"Snow in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). 13 February 1907. p. 2.</ref> Since 1908, snow has only fallen thrice: snow on 14 February 1920;<ref>"Snow Falls in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). p. 1.</ref> snow flurries on 14 March 1940;<ref>"Snowfall Startles Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. 15 March 1940. p. 3.</ref> and on 12 January 1967, when {{convert|8|cm|0|sp=us}} of snow fell on the city, the most on record.<ref>"6 Die As Snow Storm Covers Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. 12 January 1967. p. 13.</ref> The 1967 snowstorm coincided with the operation of ''[[Lake Texcoco#Artificial drainage|Deep Drainage System]]'' that resulted in the total draining of what was left of Lake Texcoco.<ref name="Clima-CDMX">{{Cite book|last=Jáuregui Ostos |first=Ernesto |title=El clima de la Ciudad de México |year=2000 |publisher=Instituto de Geografía de la UNAM |isbn=978-968-856-819-4 |language=es |location=México, D.F.}}</ref><ref name="DAMsxix">{{Cite book|last=Escobar Ohmstede |first=Antonio |title=Desastres agrícolas en México: Siglo XIX Tomo 2 (1822–1900) |year=2004 |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE); Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) |editor=Juan Manuel Pérez Zevallos |isbn=978-968-16-7188-4 |language=es |location=México, D.F.}}</ref> After the disappearance of Lake Texcoco, snow has never fallen again over Mexico City.<ref name="Clima-CDMX" /> The region of the [[Valley of Mexico]] receives [[Anticyclone|anti-cyclonic]] systems. The weak winds of these systems do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the [[air pollution|air pollutants]] which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |title = Program to improve air quality in the Metropolitan zone of the valley of Mexico – 2002. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070126231119/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |archive-date = 26 January 2007 }}</ref>

The area receives about {{convert|820|mm|in|0|sp=us}} of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from May through October with little or no precipitation for the remainder of the year.<ref name="National Research" /> The area has two main seasons. The wet humid summer runs from May to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea, the wettest month being July. The cool sunny winter runs from November to April, when the air is relatively drier, the driest month being December. This season is subdivided into a cold winter period and a warm spring period. The cold period spans from November to February, when polar [[air mass]]es push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when subtropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain to form.<ref name="Lafragua 2003">{{Cite web |last = Lafregua |first = J |author2 = Gutierrez, A |author3=Aguilar E |author4=Aparicio J |author5=Mejia R |author6=Santillan O |author7=Suarez MA |author8=Preciado M |title = Balance hídrico del Valle de Mexico |publisher = Anuario IMTA |year = 2003 |url = http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf |access-date = 1 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230728/http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf |archive-date = 16 December 2008 }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Ciudad de México ([[Tacubaya]]), normals 1991–2020, extremes 1877–2024
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 28.2
|Feb record high C = 33.5
|Mar record high C = 32.9
|Apr record high C = 33.7
|May record high C = 34.7
|Jun record high C = 33.5
|Jul record high C = 29.6
|Aug record high C = 29.4
|Sep record high C = 28.6
|Oct record high C = 29.2
|Nov record high C = 31.5
|Dec record high C = 29.4
|year record high C = 34.7
|Jan high C = 22.4
|Feb high C = 24.3
|Mar high C = 26.1
|Apr high C = 27.5
|May high C = 27.2
|Jun high C = 25.8
|Jul high C = 24.7
|Aug high C = 24.6
|Sep high C = 23.7
|Oct high C = 23.5
|Nov high C = 22.8
|Dec high C = 22.4
|year high C = 24.6
|Jan mean C = 15.4
|Feb mean C = 16.9
|Mar mean C = 18.6
|Apr mean C = 20.3
|May mean C = 20.4
|Jun mean C = 19.8
|Jul mean C = 18.8
|Aug mean C = 18.9
|Sep mean C = 18.4
|Oct mean C = 17.6
|Nov mean C = 16.4
|Dec mean C = 15.4
|year mean C = 18.1
|Jan low C = 8.5
|Feb low C = 9.5
|Mar low C = 11.1
|Apr low C = 13.1
|May low C = 13.7
|Jun low C = 13.8
|Jul low C = 13.0
|Aug low C = 13.2
|Sep low C = 13.1
|Oct low C = 11.8
|Nov low C = 9.9
|Dec low C = 8.5
|year low C = 11.6
|Jan record low C = −4.2
|Feb record low C = −4.4
|Mar record low C = -4.0
|Apr record low C = −0.6
|May record low C = 3.7
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 1.0
|Aug record low C = 1.0
|Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = -3.0
|Dec record low C = -3.0
|year record low C = −4.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 11.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 5.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 11.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 24.2
|May precipitation mm = 59.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 132.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 174.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 175.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 158.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 71.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 17.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.0
|year precipitation mm = 846.9
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 2.7
| Feb precipitation days = 2.1
| Mar precipitation days = 3.8
| Apr precipitation days = 6.7
| May precipitation days = 11.1
| Jun precipitation days = 16.3
| Jul precipitation days = 21.8
| Aug precipitation days = 20.8
| Sep precipitation days = 18.2
| Oct precipitation days = 10.1
| Nov precipitation days = 3.7
| Dec precipitation days = 1.2
| year precipitation days = 118.5
|Jan humidity = 54.0
|Feb humidity = 48.0
|Mar humidity = 43.5
|Apr humidity = 45.2
|May humidity = 52.8
|Jun humidity = 63.7
|Jul humidity = 69.6
|Aug humidity = 69.2
|Sep humidity = 69.9
|Oct humidity = 64.0
|Nov humidity = 57.1
|Dec humidity = 55.3
|year humidity = 57.7
|Jan sun = 233.4
|Feb sun = 232.5
|Mar sun = 262.3
|Apr sun = 238.6
|May sun = 232.2
|Jun sun = 180.9
|Jul sun = 178.6
|Aug sun = 176.9
|Sep sun = 148.3
|Oct sun = 190.9
|Nov sun = 224.4
|Dec sun = 226.9
|year sun = 2525.8
|source 1 = [[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)|Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]]<ref name="SMN normales">{{cite web
| url = https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales_Climatologicas/Normales9120/df/nor9120_09048.TXT
| title = Estado de Ciudad de México-Estación: Tacubaya Central (OBS)
| work = Normales Climatologicas 1991–2020
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
| language = es
| access-date = 2025-09-30
}}</ref><ref name="SMN extremes">{{cite web
| url = https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00009/00009048.TXT
| title = Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Tacubaya Central (OBS)
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
| language = es
| access-date = 2021-10-15
| archive-date = 2021-10-15
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211015225015/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00009/00009048.TXT
}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[World Meteorological Organization]] (humidity and sun 1981–2010)<ref name="WMO">
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211015224024/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx
| archive-date = 2021-10-15
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=27 May 2024 |date=25 May 2024 |title=76680: Mexico Central, D. F. (Mexico) |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=76680&ano=2024&mes=5&day=26&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 |website=www.ogimet.com}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1900|541,516<ref name=florecimiento>{{cite book|url=https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadCqlDWJVTvMtOjIlh5_-223w279HssBwxOhiRfmwh8_dVM-bJRmYteqBlkqzLZLdp16rUR_2S6vIvxOjzxfLSx1SX6AbcHUlPmxg7ST2UJnRHa34DgKFvipygfrdnJG9_SveELjUb23ZBN6KJqp8-GqllMElJB8dmoxSgRfYEzbvmN2ysSuFrrHnWRKLQx51iX9S2WCCye3A7mNbPSPKuEWjWWFwHOYyZvqMfEs2e7YMvCHUcqb0hnjGNSkVsiJoy5xRtqB9-qHWDf1wkN7ijxFWOSlQ|title=El Florecimiento de México|year=1906|page=24|publisher=Tipografía de Bouligny & Schmidt Sucs}}</ref>|1950|3,365,081|1960|5,479,184|1970|8,830,947|1980|13,027,620|1990|15,642,318|2000|18,457,027|2010|20,136,681|2019|21,671,908|align=right|footnote=for Mexico City agglomeration<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mexico-city-population/|website=worldpopulationreview.com|title=Mexico City Population|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106103422/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mexico-city-population/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Historically, and since [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] times, the [[Valley of Mexico|Valley of Anahuac]] has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc borough]].

During the [[Porfiriato]] era at the beginning of the 20th century, the wealthy and middle class began migrating to the west and south of the city's periphery.<ref name=santafe>{{cite book|chapter=2.10|title=La constitución urbana y espacial de la ZEDEC Santa Fe: origen y desarrollo producto de la reestructuración urbana, y símbolo del proyecto neoliberal mexicano|year=2014|last=Kunz|first=Gustavo|publisher=Universidad Iberoamericana|location=Mexico City|url=https://www.bib.uia.mx/ciudad/siglo21/Kunz.pdf}}</ref> This led to a class divide between the upper and lower classes of Mexico City.<ref name=thesis>{{cite thesis|publisher=University of California|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7vd7j9g6/qt7vd7j9g6_noSplash_255143fb593331e093d89f5ace04cd8c.pdf|title=The Politics of Immediacy: Citizenship, Infrastructure and Sustainable Mobility in Mexico City|date=2017|pages=17,42|first=Oscar|last=Sosa López|location=Berkeley}}</ref> The wealthy neighborhoods such as [[Colonia Roma]], [[Polanco]], and [[Colonia_Verónica_Anzures|Anzures]] were located on the western side of the city near the [[Historic center of Mexico City|historic center]], while the working-class neighborhoods were located on the eastern side on the lakebed of former [[Lake Texcoco]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 April 2018|last=Vitz|first=Matthew|title=A City on a Lake: Urban Political Ecology and the Growth of Mexico City|publisher=Duke University Press|page=8|url=https://history.ucsd.edu/doc/review/current/mv/a-1-1.pdf}}</ref> Over the 20th century, this led to the creation of less developed settlements like [[Iztapalapa]] and [[Tláhuac]] in the east.<ref name=thesis/>

According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |title = The Hispanic Experience – Indigenous Identity in Mexico |publisher = Houstonculture.org |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 4 August 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090804090647/http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |url-status = live }}</ref>{{failed verification |date=October 2024}}

Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous [[Political divisions of Mexico|federal entity]] in Mexico, but since then, its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the city proper to 59 municipalities of the [[State of Mexico]] and 1 in the state of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]].<ref name="CONAPOzm2005">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013007/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005]}}. Retrieved 27 September 2008. {{Cite web |url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm |title=Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005 |access-date=22 February 2009 |archive-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100054/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008),<ref name="CONAPOProy2">{{cite web|url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |title=Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005–2050 |access-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 }} Total projected population of Mexico City and the 60 other municipalities of ''Zona metropolitana del Valle de México'', as defined in 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</ref> it is one of the [[List of largest cities|most populous]] conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the [[Greater Mexico City|Metropolitan Area of Mexico City]] is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico,<ref name="Sintesis" /> a phenomenon most likely attributable to the [[environmental policy]] of decentralization. The [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City from 1995 to 2000 was negative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>

=== Metropolitan area ===
{{Main|Greater Mexico City}}
[[File:Mexico_City_Metropolitan_Area_Map.svg|thumb|right|[[Greater Mexico City]] and Mexico City]]

The metropolitan area, [[Greater Mexico City]] ('Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México' or 'ZMVM' in Spanish) consists of Mexico City itself plus 60 municipalities in the [[State of Mexico]] and one in [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo state]]. With a population of 21,804,515 (2020 census), Greater Mexico City is both the biggest and the densest [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico|metropolitan area in the country]]. Of the ca. 21.8 million, 9.2 million live in Mexico City proper<ref name="inegi_pop_2020" /> and 12.4 million in the State of Mexico (ca. 75% of the state's population), including the municipalities of:<ref name="inegi_pop_2020" />
* [[Ecatepec de Morelos]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 1,645,352)
* [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 1,077,208)
* [[Naucalpan]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 834,434)
* [[Chimalhuacán]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 705,193)
* [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 672,202)

====Megalopolis====
[[File:Megapolis Mexico Nombres.svg|thumb|The Mexico City Megalopolis as defined prior to 2019. Since then Querétaro state is also included.]]
Greater Mexico City, in turn, forms part of an even larger [[megalopolis]] officially known as the ''Corona regional del centro de México'' ([[Mexico City megalopolis]]), with a population of 33.4 million, more than one quarter of the country's population according to the 2020 census. The megalopolis as defined by the Environmental Commission of the Megalopolis (''CAMe'') covers Mexico City and the states of Mexico, Hidalgo, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Morelos, and since 2019, Querétaro,<ref name="qro-mega">{{cite news |title=Querétaro ya será parte de la megalópolis ('Querétaro will now be part of the megalopolis') |url=https://www.diariodequeretaro.com.mx/local/queretaro-ya-sera-parte-de-la-megalopolis-4363398.html |access-date=August 20, 2023 |publisher=Diario de Querétaro |date=October 25, 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820141049/https://www.diariodequeretaro.com.mx/local/queretaro-ya-sera-parte-de-la-megalopolis-4363398.html |url-status=live }}</ref> thus encompassing the metropolitan areas of Mexico City, [[Greater Puebla|Puebla]], [[Querétaro metropolitan area|Querétaro]], [[Greater Toluca|Toluca]], [[Cuernavaca]], [[Pachuca]], and others.<ref name="mega-came">{{cite web |author1=Comisión Ambiental de la Megalópolis |title=La megalópolis de la ZMVM (The Greater Mexico City Megalopolis) |url=https://www.gob.mx/comisionambiental/articulos/la-megalopolis-de-la-zmvm?idiom=es |website=Gobierno de Mexico (Government of Mexico) |publisher=Comisión Ambiental de la Megalópolis |access-date=August 20, 2023 |language=es |date=September 2018 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820141047/https://www.gob.mx/comisionambiental/articulos/la-megalopolis-de-la-zmvm?idiom=es |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Growth====
Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country until the late 1980s. Since then, government policies have supported decentralization with the aim of reducing pollution in Greater Mexico City. While still growing, the annual rate of growth has decreased and is lower than that of [[Greater Guadalajara]] and [[Greater Monterrey]].<ref name="Sintesis">[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps Síntesis de Resultados del Conteo 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209124039/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps |date=9 February 2007 }} INEGI</ref>

The [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City proper from 1995 to 2000 was negative,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref> which implies that residents are moving to the suburbs of the metropolitan area, or to other states of Mexico. In addition, some inner suburbs are losing population to outer suburbs, indicating the continuing expansion of Greater Mexico City.
{{wide image|Panorama of Mexico City from Torre Latinoamericana.jpg|2200px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Mexico City from [[Torre Latinoamericana]]}}

=== Religion ===
[[File:Día_de_la_virgen.jpg|thumb|[[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe]] in [[Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City|La Villa de Guadalupe]], the main [[Christian pilgrimage|Catholic pilgrimage]] site in the Americas. It houses the original image of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]].]]
The majority (82%) of the residents in Mexico City are [[Catholic]], slightly lower than the 2010 census national percentage of 87%, making it the largest [[Christianity|Christian]] denomination, though it has been decreasing over the last decades.<ref>[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/df/poblacion/diversidad.aspx?tema=me&e=09 Volumen y porcentaje de la población de 5 y más años católica por entidad federativa, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507144955/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/df/poblacion/diversidad.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |date=7 May 2012 }} INEGI</ref> Many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: many different types of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] groups, different types of [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Jewish communities]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Islamic]] and other [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and [[philosophical]] groups. There are also growing<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mora Duro |first1=Carlos Nazario |title=Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions |chapter=Agnostics and Atheists in Mexico |date=2019 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4_369 |isbn=978-3-319-27077-7 }}</ref> numbers of irreligious people, whether [[agnostic]] or [[atheist]].
The patron saint of Mexico City is Saint [[Philip of Jesus]], a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] [[Catholic]] missionary who became one of the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan]].<ref>Ronald J. Morgan, ''Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600–1810.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2002, pp. 143–169</ref>

The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico]] is the largest [[archdiocese]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web | website = Crux | access-date = 1 October 2019 | url = https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-americas/2019/09/30/three-new-dioceses-carved-out-of-archdiocese-of-mexico/ | title = Three new dioceses carved out of Archdiocese of Mexico | date = 30 September 2019 | agency = Catholic News Service | first = David | last = Agren | archive-date = 15 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115143905/https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-americas/2019/09/30/three-new-dioceses-carved-out-of-archdiocese-of-mexico | url-status = live }}</ref> There are two Catholic cathedrals in the city, the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]] and the [[Iztapalapa Cathedral, Mexico City|Iztapalapa Cathedral]], and three former Catholic churches who are now the cathedrals of other rites, the [[San José de Gracia Cathedral, Mexico City|San José de Gracia Cathedral]] (Anglican church), the [[Porta Coeli Cathedral, Mexico City|Porta Coeli Cathedral]] (Melkite Greek Catholic church) and the [[Valvanera Cathedral, Mexico City|Valvanera Cathedral]] (Maronite church).

=== Ethnic groups ===

Representing around 18.74% of the city's population, [[Indigenous peoples in Mexico|indigenous peoples]] from different areas of Mexico have migrated to the capital in search of better economic opportunities. [[Nahuatl]], [[Otomi language|Otomi]], [[Mixtec]], [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]] and [[Mazahua language|Mazahua]] are the indigenous languages with the greatest number of speakers in Mexico City.<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 Población de 5 y más años hablante de lengua indígena por principales lenguas, 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722062155/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 |date=22 July 2011 }} INEGI</ref> According to the 2020 Census, 2.03% of Mexico City's population identified as Black, [[Afro-Mexican]], or of African descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/tableros/panorama/|title=Panorama sociodemográfico de México|website=www.inegi.org.mx|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013823/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/tableros/panorama/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, Mexico City is home to large communities of [[expatriate]]s and immigrants from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from [[Argentine people|Argentina]] and [[Colombian people|Colombia]], but also from [[Brazilian people|Brazil]], [[Chilean people|Chile]], [[Uruguayan people|Uruguay]] and [[Venezuelan people|Venezuela]]), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from [[Cubans|Cuba]], [[Demographics of Guatemala|Guatemala]], [[List of Salvadorans|El Salvador]], [[Haitian people|Haiti]] and [[Hondurans|Honduras]]); from Europe (mainly from [[Spanish people|Spain]], [[Germans|Germany]] and [[Swiss people|Switzerland]], but also from [[Czechs|Czech Republic]], [[Hungarian people|Hungary]], [[French people|France]], [[Italian people|Italy]], [[Irish people|Ireland]], [[Dutch people|the Netherlands]], [[Polish people|Poland]] and [[Romanians|Romania]]),<ref name="extranjeros">{{cite web|url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |title=Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704104421/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |title=Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa? |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> and from the Arab world (mostly from Lebanon, and other countries like Syria and Egypt).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |title=Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref>

Mexico City is home to the largest population of [[Demographics of the United States|Americans]] living outside the United States. Estimates are as high as 700,000 Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimated over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Carl Franz |author2 = Lorena Havens |name-list-style = amp |url = http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/%232americans.html |title = How Many Americans Live in Mexico? |publisher = Peoplesguide.com |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-date = 15 August 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070815013459/http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/%232americans.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |title = Private American Citizens Residing Abroad |publisher = Overseasdigest.com |access-date = 17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326040310/http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |archive-date = 26 March 2010 }}</ref>

=== Health ===
[[File:Centro_Médico_Nacional_Siglo_XXI_-_2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[XXI Century National Medical Center]], managed by the [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (IMSS)]]
Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country, including Hospital Ángeles, Hospital ABC and Médica Sur. The national [[Publicly-funded health care|public healthcare]] institution for [[private sector|private-sector]] employees, [[Mexican Social Security Institute|IMSS]], has its largest facilities in Mexico City—including the National Medical Center and the [[La Raza]] Medical Center—and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos. The IMSS and other [[public health]] institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.

=== Education ===
[[File:Explanada_de_El_Colegio_de_México.jpg|thumb|[[El Colegio de México]] dedicated to higher education and research in the social sciences and humanities, with a particular emphasis on Mexican and Latin American studies.]]

Among its many public and private schools (K–13), the city offers [[Multiculturalism|multi-cultural]], [[Multilingualism|multi-lingual]] and [[international school]]s attended by Mexican and [[International student|foreign students]]. Best known are the [[Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt (Mexico City)|Colegio Alemán]] (German school with three main campuses), the [[Liceo Mexicano Japonés]] (Japanese), the Centro Cultural Coreano en México (Korean), the [[Lycée Franco-Mexicain]] (French), the [[ASF Mexico|American School]], The [[Westhill Institute]] (American School), the [[Edron Academy]] and the [[Greengates School]] (British). Mexico City joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-05 |title=Mexico City, Mexico - UNESCO Learning City Awardee 2015 {{!}} UIL |url=https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities/mexico-city-mexico-unesco-learning-city-awardee-2015 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=uil.unesco.org |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012032110/https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities/mexico-city-mexico-unesco-learning-city-awardee-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was designated a "Design City" in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico City {{!}} Creative Cities Network |url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/mexico-city |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930223743/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/mexico-city |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=en.unesco.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas]] is the [[Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco]] that is recognized for being the first and oldest European school of [[higher learning]] in the [[Americas]]<ref name="catalog.hathitrust.org" /> and the first major school of interpreters and translators in the [[New World]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/uop/336?lang=es|title=The Imperial College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco|author=Lourdes Arencibia Rodriguez|chapter=The Imperial College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco : The First School of Translators and Interpreters in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America1|series=Regards sur la traduction | Perspectives on Translation|date=27 September 2017|pages=263–275|publisher=Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa {{!}} University of Ottawa Press|isbn=9780776626208|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202204304/https://books.openedition.org/uop/336?lang=es|url-status=live}}</ref> Other, the now-defunct [[Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico]] is considered the father of the UNAM, and it was located in the city and was the [[List of colonial universities in Hispanic America|third oldest university in the Americas]].
[[File:Ciudad_Universitaria_(5535011417).jpg|thumb|left|Central Campus of the [[University City of Mexico|University City]] of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]]. Since 2007 the University City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref name="MexDes"/>]]

The [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's [[scientific method|scientific research]] and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centers. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World [[College and university rankings|University Ranking]] published by [[Times Higher Education]] (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144076.html |title = Times Higher Education Supplement, 2006 |publisher = Eluniversal.com.mx |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-date = 9 August 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809035739/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144076.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as [[University City of Mexico|Ciudad Universitaria]], was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007.<ref name="MexDes">{{cite journal |last= Tavares Lopez|first=Edgar|date=February 2008 |title=Ciudad Universitaria |journal=México Desconocido |volume= 372 |pages=90–92 }}</ref>

The second largest higher-education institution is the [[National Polytechnic Institute]] (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the [[CINVESTAV|Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados]] (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University]] (UAM), the [[National School of Anthropology and History]] (ENAH), the [[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México]] (ITAM), the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] (3 campuses), the [[Universidad Panamericana Sede México|Universidad Panamericana]] (UP), the [[Universidad La Salle]], the [[Universidad Intercontinental]] (UIC), the [[Universidad del Valle de México]] (UVM), the [[Anahuac Universities Network|Universidad Anáhuac]], [[Simón Bolívar University (Mexico)|Simón Bolívar University]] (USB), the [[Universidad Intercontinental]] (UIC), the [[Alliant International University]], the [[Universidad Iberoamericana]], [[El Colegio de México]] (Colmex), [[Escuela Libre de Derecho]] and the [[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas|Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica]], (CIDE).
In addition, the prestigious [[University of California]] maintains a campus known as "Casa de California" in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |title = University of California Mexico City |publisher = Universityofcalifornia.edu |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613212934/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |archive-date = 13 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The [[Universidad Tecnológica de México]] is also in Mexico City.

== Politics ==
=== Political structure ===
[[File:Palacio Nacional 2012-09-29 22-45-57.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Palace of Mexico]]]]
[[File:Senado de México 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate of the Republic]]]]
[[File:LegPalaceDF.JPG|thumb|right|[[Legislative Palace of San Lázaro]]]]
[[File:Edificio Tlatelolco (S.R.E).JPG|thumb|right|Offices of the [[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs]]]]
[[File:Cámara de Diputados 2012-09-09 03-36-12.jpg|thumb|right|Mexico City's Legislative Assembly building]]

The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of 31 January 1824, and the Federal Constitution of 4 October 1824,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |title = Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824) |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |archive-date = 18 March 2012 }}</ref> fixed the political and administrative organization of the [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]].<ref>[http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410153948/http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm |date=10 April 2014 }}. Juridicas.unam.mx. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.</ref>

Due in large part to the persuasion of representative [[Servando Teresa de Mier]], Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though [[Queretaro]] was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on 18 November 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the [[Zócalo|Zocalo]]. This area was then separated from the [[State of Mexico]], forcing that state's government to move from the [[Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine)|Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine)]] in the city to [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]]. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[Xochimilco]], [[San Mateo Mexicaltzingo|Mexicaltzingo]] and [[Tlalpan]], all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.<ref name="EncMex2003">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |title = Distrito Federal |year = 2003 |publisher = Sabeco International Investment Corp. |volume = IV |language=es |isbn = 978-1-56409-063-8 |pages = 2293–2314 }}</ref>

In 1854 president [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] enlarged the area of Mexico City almost eightfold from the original {{convert|220|to|1700|sqkm|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in the event of a foreign invasion. (The [[Mexican–American War]] had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of Mexico City were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current {{convert|1479|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} by adjusting the southern border with the state of [[Morelos]]. By that time, the total number of municipalities within Mexico City was twenty-two. In 1941, the [[Pedro María de Anaya|General Anaya]] borough was merged with the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve ''delegaciones'' and Mexico City. In 1970, Mexico City was split into four different ''delegaciones'': [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]], [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]], [[Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City|Venustiano Carranza]] and [[Benito Juárez, Mexico City|Benito Juárez]], increasing the number of ''delegaciones'' to 16. Since then, the whole Federal District, whose ''delegaciones'' had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered ''de facto'' a synonym of Mexico City.<ref name="df.gob.mx">[http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 Statute of Government of the Federal District] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313061806/http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 |date=13 March 2008}}</ref>

The lack of a ''de jure'' stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether. In 1993, the situation was solved by an amendment to the 44th article of the [[Constitution of Mexico]]; Mexico City and the Federal District were stated to be the same entity. The amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District.<ref name="df.gob.mx" />

On 29 January 2016, Mexico City ceased to be the ''Federal District'' (Spanish: ''Distrito Federal'' or D.F.), and was officially renamed "Ciudad de México" (or "CDMX").<ref name="Federal District Now Officially" /> On that date, Mexico City began a transition to becoming the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. It will have its own constitution and its legislature, and its ''delegaciones'' will now be headed by mayors.<ref name="Federal District Now Officially" /> Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as it is the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, or the capital of the country has to be relocated elsewhere.<ref name="UN2" />

In response to the demands, Mexico City received a greater degree of autonomy, with the 1987 elaboration the first Statute of Government (''Estatuto de Gobierno'') and the creation of an assembly of representatives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tavera Fenollosa |first1=Ligia |editor1-last=Rossi |editor1-first=Federico M. |editor2-last=Bülow |editor2-first=Marisa von |title=Social Movement Dynamics: New Perspectives on Theory and Research from Latin America |date=3 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-05370-5 |language=en |chapter=Eventful temporality and the unintended outcomes of Mexico's earthquake victims movement}}</ref>{{rp|pages=149–150}} The city has a Statute of Government, and as of its ratification on 31 January 2017, a [[:es:Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México|constitution]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004223/http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219175548/http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |date=30 January 2019}}</ref> similar to the states of the Union. As part of the recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the [[List of heads of government of Mexico City|head of government]] and approved by the [[Congress of Mexico City|Legislative Assembly]]. Nonetheless, it is the [[Congress of Mexico|Congress of the Union]] that sets the ceiling to internal and external [[government debt|public debt]] issued by the city government.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |title = Codigo Financiero Del Distrito Federal* |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808005758/http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |archive-date = 8 August 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City at the end of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country,<ref>{{cite book|title=Mexico City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQieDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133|first=Nicholas|last=Caistor|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London, England|year=2019|isbn=9781789141108|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204608/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQieDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/10080662|title=Mexico Bares Its Liberal Side, and More|work=[[NPR]]|date=8 May 2007|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182209/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/10080662|url-status=live}}</ref> whether with the support of the federal government, as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s, or by laws that were since approved by the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand [[abortion in Mexico]] beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it at the choice of the mother before the 12th week of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html |title = Aprueba ALDF en lo general reforma sobre el aborto |newspaper = [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date = 24 April 2007 |access-date = 25 April 2007 |archive-date = 27 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070427035819/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> In December 2009, the then Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|title=Mexico City legalises same-sex marriage|agency=Associated Press|date=22 December 2009|work=The Guardian|location=Mexico City|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182209/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Boroughs and neighborhoods ===
{{See also|Boroughs of Mexico City|List of neighborhoods in Mexico City|l2=Neighborhoods in Mexico City}}

[[File:Boroughs of Mexican Federal District numbered.svg|thumb|The 16 boroughs of Mexico City]]

After the political reforms in 2016, the city is divided for administrative purposes into 16 boroughs ({{Lang|es|demarcaciones territoriales}}, colloquially ''alcaldías''), formerly called ''delegaciones''. While they are not fully equivalent to municipalities, the boroughs have gained significant autonomy.<ref name="cdmxconst">{{cite web|url=https://data.consejeria.cdmx.gob.mx/images/leyes/estatutos/Constitucion_Politica_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico_3.pdf|title=Constitution of Mexico City|language=es|publisher=Gobierno de la Ciudad de México|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715022650/https://data.consejeria.cdmx.gob.mx/images/leyes/estatutos/Constitucion_Politica_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico_3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Formerly appointed by the Federal District's head of government, local authorities were first elected directly by [[plurality voting system|plurality]] in 2000. From 2016, each borough is headed by a mayor, expanding their local government powers.<ref name="cdmxconst" />

The boroughs of Mexico City with their 2020 populations are:<ref name="census2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9|title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL|language=es|publisher=INEGI|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164521/https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|cellspacing="8"
|-
|style="width:50%;"|
1. [[Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City|Álvaro Obregón]] (pop. 759,137) 
2. [[Azcapotzalco]] (pop. 432,205) 
3. [[Benito Juárez, Mexico City|Benito Juárez]] (pop. 434,153) 
4. [[Coyoacán]] (pop. 614,447) 
5. [[Cuajimalpa]] (pop. 217,686) 
6. [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]] (pop. 545,884) 
7. [[Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City|Gustavo A. Madero]] (pop. 1,173,351) 
8. [[Iztacalco]] (pop. 404,695)
|style="width:33%;"|
9. [[Iztapalapa]] (pop. 1,835,486) 
10. [[Magdalena Contreras|La Magdalena Contreras]] (pop. 247,622) 
11. [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]] (pop. 414,470) 
12. [[Milpa Alta]] (pop. 152,685) 
13. [[Tláhuac]] (pop. 392,313) 
14. [[Tlalpan]] (pop. 699,928) 
15. [[Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City|Venustiano Carranza]] (pop. 443,704) 
16. [[Xochimilco]] (pop. 442,178)
|}

The [[Human Development Index]] report of 2005<ref name="DISTRITO FEDERAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.mx/IMG/pdf/Distrito_Federal.pdf |title=Panorama de la entidad (Panorama of the entity) |language=es |access-date=19 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203130742/http://www.undp.org.mx/IMG/pdf/Distrito_Federal.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2012 }}</ref> shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85), and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). [[Benito Juarez, Mexico City|Benito Juárez]] borough had the highest HDI of the country (0.9510) followed by [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]], which came up fourth nationally with an HDI of (0.9189), and [[Coyoacán]] was fifth nationally, with an HDI of (0.9169). [[Cuajimalpa]] (15th), [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]] (23rd), and [[Azcapotzalco]] (25th) also had very high values of 0.8994, 0.8922, and 0.8915, respectively.<ref name="DISTRITO FEDERAL" />

In contrast, the boroughs of [[Xochimilco]] (172nd), [[Tláhuac]] (177th), and [[Iztapalapa]] (183rd) presented the lowest HDI values of Mexico City, with values of 0.8481, 0.8473, and 0.8464, respectively, which are still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not have a high HDI was that of rural [[Milpa Alta]], which had a "medium" HDI of 0.7984, far below those of all the other boroughs (627th nationally, the rest being in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was 0.9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of 0.9225 (very high), or (by newer methodology) 0.8307, was Mexico's highest.<ref name="DISTRITO FEDERAL" />

=== Law enforcement ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Mexico City}}

[[File:FederalPoliceDF.jpg|upright|thumb|left|[[Federal Police (Mexico)|Federal Police]] headquarters in Mexico City]]

The Secretariat of Public Security of Mexico City (Secretaría de Seguridad Pública de la Ciudad de México – SSP) manages a combined force of over 90,000 officers in Mexico City. The SSP is charged with maintaining [[Public order crime|public order]] and safety in the heart of Mexico City. The historic district is also roamed by tourist police, aiming to orient and serve tourists. These horse-mounted agents dress in traditional uniforms. The investigative Judicial Police of Mexico City (Policía Judicial de la Ciudad de México – PJCDMX) is organized under the Office of the [[Attorney General of Mexico]] City (the Procuraduría General de Justicia de la Ciudad de México). The PGJCDMX maintains 16 precincts (delegaciones) with an estimated 3,500 judicial police, 1,100 investigating agents for prosecuting attorneys (agentes del ministerio público), and nearly 1,000 criminology experts or specialists (peritos).

Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime".<ref>{{cite news|title=Police say Giuliani helps cut Mexico City crime |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040609044928/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2004 |newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune |date=12 May 2004 |access-date=15 September 2009 }}</ref> Under policies enacted by Mayor [[Marcelo Ebrard]] between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 [[security camera]]s around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/security-central-in-mexico-citys-makeover/article2084076 |title = Security central in Mexico City's makeover |work = The Globe and Mail |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-date = 23 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170323030031/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/security-central-in-mexico-citys-makeover/article2084076/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Since 1997 the prison population has increased by more than 500%.<ref name="mueller">{{cite news |url = http://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--mexico-city--punishing-the-informal.html |title = Punishing the informal |work = Digital Development Debats. |access-date = 31 August 2016 |archive-date = 14 September 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160914083812/http://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--mexico-city--punishing-the-informal.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Political scientist Markus-Michael Müller argues that mostly informal street vendors are hit by these measures. He sees punishment "related to the growing politicization of security and crime issues and the resulting criminalization of the people living at the margins of urban society, in particular those who work in the city's informal economy".<ref name="mueller" />

In 2016, the incidence of [[femicide]]s was 3.2 per 100 000 inhabitants, the national average being 4.2.<ref>{{cite news |author=Arturo Páramo |title=Suma la ciudad 39 feminicidios |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/11/16/1128502 |date=16 November 2016 |newspaper=Excélsior |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007031633/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/11/16/1128502 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2015 city government report found that two of three women over the age of 15 in the capital suffered some form of violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mujeres en la capital están luchando contra el acoso desenfrenado |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/05/11/1092037 |date=12 May 2016 |newspaper=Excélsior |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007031636/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/05/11/1092037 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to [[street harassment]], one of the places where women in Mexico City are subjected to violence is on and around public transport. Annually the Metro of Mexico City receives 300 complaints of [[sexual harassment]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Así se vive el acoso en el Metro de la CDMX |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2017/03/09/1151067 |date=9 March 2017 |newspaper=Excélsior |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007031621/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2017/03/09/1151067 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===International relations===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico}}

Mexico City is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name="Acuerdos">{{cite web|title=Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Ciudad de México|url=https://coordinacionpolitica.sre.gob.mx/index.php/entidades/76-distrito-federal|website=sre.gob.mx|publisher=Secretaría de relaciones exteriores|language=es|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409042616/https://coordinacionpolitica.sre.gob.mx/index.php/entidades/76-distrito-federal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco|url=https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php|website=aatccusco.com|publisher=Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco|language=es|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329013108/https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], Peru, 1987
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States, 1991<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico City|url=http://www.chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/mexico-city-mexico/|website=chicagosistercities.com|publisher=Chicago Sister Cities International|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610154307/http://www.chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/mexico-city-mexico/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany, 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaft Mexiko-Stadt |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/politik/senatskanzlei/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/mexiko-stadt/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=berlin.de |date=12 September 2023 |language=de |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092736/https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/politik/senatskanzlei/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/mexiko-stadt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], Cuba, 1997
* {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Quito]], Ecuador, 1999
* {{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Tegucigalpa]], Honduras, 1999
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[San Antonio de los Baños]], Cuba, 1999
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cerro, Havana|Cerro (Havana)]], Cuba, 1999
* {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], Costa Rica, 2000
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, 2006
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Nagoya]], Japan, 2007
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States, 2007
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Cádiz]], Spain, 2009
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], China, 2009
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey, 2010
* {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait, 2011
{{div col end}}

== Economy ==
[[File:Mexico City Reforma Street.jpg|thumb|The [[Paseo de la Reforma]] is a wide avenue designed by [[Ferdinand von Rosenzweig]] in the 1860s and was modeled after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prudentialprivatecapital.com/offices/mexico-city|title=Mexico City CORPORATE FINANCE|website=Prudential Private Capital, [[Prudential Financial]]|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812131211/https://www.prudentialprivatecapital.com/offices/mexico-city|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in [[Latin America]]. The city proper produces 15.8% of the country's [[gross domestic product]].<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |title=Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa. Participación sectorial por entidad federative |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181238/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |archive-date=14 July 2007 }}</ref> In 2002, Mexico City had a [[Human Development Index]] score of 0.915,<ref>{{cite web |title=HDR 2006 | Spanish | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/chapters/spanish/ |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Hdr.undp.org |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142405/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/chapters/spanish/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> identical to that of [[international rankings of South Korea|South Korea]]. In 2007, residents in the top twelve percent of GDP per capita holders in the city had a mean [[disposable and discretionary income|disposable income]] of {{US$|98,517|link=yes}}. The high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants makes the city attractive for companies offering prestige and [[luxury goods]]. According to a 2009 study conducted by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PwC]], Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world and the richest in Latin America.<ref name="ukmediacentre.pwc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |title=Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |author=PricewaterhouseCoopers |publisher=UK Media Centre |date=11 February 2009 |access-date=27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011 }}</ref> In 2009, Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world.<ref name="emporis">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |title=Emporis |access-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317113146/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |archive-date=17 March 2008 }}</ref>

Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of Mexico City in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country.<ref name="INEGI" /> The economic reforms of President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA). This led to decentralization<ref name="furness">{{Cite journal |last = Furness |first = Charlie |date = April 2008 |title = Boomtown |journal = Geographical |volume = 80 |issue = 4 |pages = 36–45 |id = 0016741X }}</ref> and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the [[State of Mexico]], or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city.
[[File:MexicoCityStockExchange01.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[Mexican Stock Exchange]]]]

Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in [[Traditional fixed markets in Mexico|fixed indoor markets]], in [[tianguis|mobile markets (''tianguis'')]], from [[Street vendors in Mexico City|street vendors]], from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, in [[big-box store]]s, and in modern shopping malls. In addition, "[[tianguis]]" or mobile markets set up shop on streets in many neighborhoods, depending on day of week. Sundays see the largest number of these markets.

The city's main source of fresh produce is the [[Central de Abasto]]. This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in [[Iztapalapa]] borough covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks. The wholesale market supplies most of the city's "mercados", supermarkets and restaurants, as well as people who come to buy the produce for themselves. Tons of fresh produce are trucked in from all over Mexico every day. The principal fish market is known as [[La Nueva Viga Market|La Nueva Viga]], in the same complex as the Central de Abastos.<ref name="actecon">{{cite web |url=http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102040000_2005.html |title=Economía reciente, 1990-2005 |publisher=Borough of Iztapapala |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans-title=Economy |accessdate=March 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225432/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102040000_2005.html |archivedate=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> The world-renowned market of [[Tepito]] occupies 25 blocks, and sells a variety of products. A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of [[aguas frescas]] and [[atole]].

Street vendors ply their trade from stalls in the ''tianguis'' as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at ''plazas comerciales'', where vendors of a certain "theme" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk.<ref name="pena">{{cite web |url=http://utminers.utep.edu/spena2/HABITAT%20V23(3)%20INFORMAL%20MARKETS.pdf |title=Informal Markets: Street Vendors in Mexico City |author=Sergio Peña |publisher=Florida State University |year=1999 |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025356/https://utminers.utep.edu/spena2/HABITAT%20V23%283%29%20INFORMAL%20MARKETS.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www3.diputados.gob.mx/camara/content/download/21212/105355/file/ITSDM001%20Comercio%20Ambulante.pdf |publisher = Cámara de Diputados (Mexico), Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública |title = Reporte Temático No. 2: Comercio Ambulante |date = June 2005 |access-date = 9 April 2014 |archive-date = 13 April 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145720/http://www3.diputados.gob.mx/camara/content/download/21212/105355/file/ITSDM001%20Comercio%20Ambulante.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> In the center of the city informal street vendors are increasingly targeted by laws and prosecution.<ref name="mueller" /> The weekly [[San Felipe de Jesús Tianguis]] is reported to be the largest in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maspormas.com/ciudad/tianguis-la-san-felipe-no-podras-recorrerlo-dia/|title=Tianguis de la San Felipe: no podrás recorrerlo en un día|date=23 January 2017|publisher=Máspormás|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821090406/https://www.maspormas.com/ciudad/tianguis-la-san-felipe-no-podras-recorrerlo-dia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Historic Center of Mexico City]] is widely known for specialized, often low-cost retailers. Certain blocks or streets are dedicated to shops selling a certain type of merchandise, with areas dedicated to over 40 categories such as home appliances, lamps and electricals, closets and bathrooms, housewares, wedding dresses, jukeboxes, printing, office furniture and safes, books, photography, jewelry, and opticians.<ref>{{cite journal |journal = Km.cero |url = http://guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/sites/default/files/km40_0.pdf |date = November 2011 |title = Calles con vocación |page = 7 |access-date = 9 April 2014 |archive-date = 22 May 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140522233249/http://guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/sites/default/files/km40_0.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
{{wide image|Vista_panorámica_del_lago_en_el_Parque_La_Mexicana.jpg|700px|[[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] is one of the centers of greatest economic activity in the city.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17104003|title=Santa Fé (México): Megaproyectos para una ciudad dividida|author=Alfonso Valenzuela|date=2007|journal=Cuadernos Geográficos|number=40|pages=53–66|publisher=[[University of Granada]], Spain|language=es|issn=0210-5462|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731090003/https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17104003|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Tourism===
{{See also|Barrios Mágicos of Mexico City}}
[[File:Turibus Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|thumb|upright|The Turibus runs through many of the most important tourist attractions in the city.]]

Mexico City is a destination for many foreign tourists. The [[Historic center of Mexico City]] (''Centro Histórico'') and the "floating gardens" of [[Xochimilco]] in the southern borough have been declared [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]]. Landmarks in the Historic Center include the [[Zócalo|Plaza de la Constitución]] (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] and [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], ancient Aztec temple ruins [[Templo Mayor]] ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).

The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden [[Angel of Independence]] on the wide, elegant avenue [[Paseo de la Reforma]], modeled by the order of the Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian of Mexico]] after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] (seat of government) with the [[Chapultepec Castle|Castle of Chapultepec]], the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the [[Mexican Stock Exchange]] and several [[corporate headquarters]] are located. Another important avenue is the [[Avenida de los Insurgentes]], which extends {{convert|28.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is one of the longest single avenues in the world.

[[Chapultepec]] Park houses the [[Chapultepec Castle]], now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]] (which houses the [[Aztec calendar stone|Aztec Calendar Stone]]).
[[File:Aztec_Stone_of_the_Sun_(2088976462).jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Aztec sun stone]] in the [[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]]]]

Another piece of architecture is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]], a white marble theater/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of [[Porfirio Díaz]] and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the [[Mexican Revolution]] in the 1920s.

The [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas]], in this square are located the [[Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco|College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco]], that is [[List of oldest buildings in the Americas|the first and oldest]] European school of higher learning in the [[Americas]],<ref name="catalog.hathitrust.org">{{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101392426|title=The first college in America: Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco.|location=Washington DC|year=1936|author1=Steck|author2=Francis Borgia|series=Achievement and influence of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927215841/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101392426|url-status=live}}</ref> and the archeological site of the [[Tlatelolco (archaeological site)|city-state of Tlatelolco]], and the shrine and [[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe]] are also important sites. There is a [[double-decker bus]], known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.

In addition, according to the Secretariat of Tourism, the city has about 170 [[museums]]—is among the top ten of cities in the world with highest number of museums<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/cultura/patrimonio/2016/05/17/cdmx-una-de-las-urbes-con-mas-museos-en-el-mundo|title=CDMX, una de las urbes con más museos en el mundo|date=17 May 2016|website=[[El Universal (Mexico City)]]|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016232312/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/cultura/patrimonio/2016/05/17/cdmx-una-de-las-urbes-con-mas-museos-en-el-mundo|url-status=live}}</ref>—over 100 [[art museum|art galleries]], and some 30 [[List of concert halls|concert halls]], all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the [[National Institute of Cardiology]]) have murals painted by [[Diego Rivera]]. He and his wife [[Frida Kahlo]] lived in [[Coyoacán]], where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where [[Leon Trotsky]] was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán. In addition, there are several ''[[hacienda]]s'' that are now restaurants, such as the San Ángel Inn, the Hacienda de Tlalpan, Hacienda de Cortés and the Hacienda de los Morales.

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in Mexico City}}

=== Airports ===
[[File:AICM_AIR_T2.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City International Airport]]]]
[[Mexico City International Airport]] is Mexico City's primary airport ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: MEX), and serves as the hub of [[Aeroméxico]] ([[SkyTeam|Skyteam]]). [[Felipe Ángeles International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: NLU) is Mexico City's secondary airport, and was opened in 2022, rebuilt from the former Santa Lucía Air Force Base. It is located in [[Zumpango]], [[State of Mexico]], {{convert|48.8|km|mi|sigfig=1}} north-northeast of the [[historic center of Mexico City]] by car.<ref>{{cite news |title=¿Quién es Felipe Ángeles y por qué el aeropuerto se llama así? ("Who was Felipe Angeles and why is the airport called that?") |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/quien-es-felipe-angeles-y-por-que-el-aeropuerto-se-llama-asi |publisher=El Universal (Mexico City) |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008005537/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/quien-es-felipe-angeles-y-por-que-el-aeropuerto-se-llama-asi |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sistema de Movilidad Integrada ===
In 2019, the graphic designer [[Lance Wyman]] was engaged to create an integrated map of the multimodal public transportation system; he presented a new logo for the [[Movilidad Integrada|Sistema de Movilidad Integrada]], describing eight distinct modes of transportation. The head of the government, [[Claudia Sheinbaum]], said the branding would be used for a new single payment card to streamline public transportation fare collection.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/presentan-imagen-para-el-sistema-de-movilidad-integrada-de-la-cdmx |title=Presentan imagen para el Sistema de Movilidad Integrada de la CDMX |trans-title=Presenting the symbols for the Integrated Mobility System of Mexico City |language=es |author=Suárez, Gerardo |date=15 April 2019 |work=El Universal |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606204205/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/presentan-imagen-para-el-sistema-de-movilidad-integrada-de-la-cdmx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Metro ===
[[File:FE-10_06.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City Metro]]]]
{{Main|Mexico City Metro}}
Mexico City is served by the [[Mexico City Metro]], a {{convert|225.9|km|0|abbr=on}} [[rapid transit|metro]] system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with [[List of Mexico City metro stations|195 stations]], transporting 4.4 million people every day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP-Statistic%20Brief-Metro-A4-WEB_0.pdf|title=World Metro Figures: Statistics Brief|date=October 2015|publisher=UITP|page=2|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629233425/http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP-Statistic%20Brief-Metro-A4-WEB_0.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Tren Suburbano ===
{{Main|Tren Suburbano}}
A suburban rail system, the [[Tren Suburbano]] serves the metropolitan area, beyond the reach of the [[Mexico City Metro|metro]], with one line serving to municipalities such as [[Tlalnepantla de Baz|Tlalnepantla]] and [[Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico State|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], but with future lines planned to serve e.g. [[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]] and [[Los Reyes Acaquilpan|La Paz]].

Electric transport other than the metro also exists, in the form of several [[Trolleybuses in Mexico City|Mexico City trolleybus]] routes and the [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] line, both of which are operated by [[Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos]]. The central area's last [[Tram|streetcar]] line (tramway, or ''[[:es:Tranvía|tranvía]]'') closed in 1979.

=== Bus ===
{{Main|Mexico City Metrobús|Red de Transporte de Pasajeros}}
[[File:15-07-17-Mexico-D-F-RalfR-WMA_1274.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] rapid transit bus stop station at [[Mina (Mexico City Metrobús)|Mina]]]]
Mexico City has an extensive bus network, consisting of public buses, [[bus rapid transit]], and [[trolleybuses]].

=== Roads ===
Mexico City has a large road network, and relatively high private car usage, estimated at more than 4.5 million in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Cuantos-autos-circulan-en-la-CDMX-diariamente-20160922-0101.html|title=¿Cuántos autos circulan en la CDMX diariamente?|work=[[El Economista (Mexico)|El Economista]]|date=22 September 2016|agency=[[Notimex]]|access-date=6 April 2022|language=es|archive-date=4 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153924/https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Cuantos-autos-circulan-en-la-CDMX-diariamente-20160922-0101.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There is an environmental program, called [[Hoy No Circula]] ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their [[Vehicle registration plate|license plates]], in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite web |title = Actualización Del Programa Hoy No Circula |trans-title=Update of the "Hoy No Circula" Program |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |access-date = 21 September 2013 |publisher = Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, Secretaría Del Medio Ambiente, Dirección General De Gestión Ambiental Del Aire, Dirección De Instrumentación De Políticas |page = 19 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923095052/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |archive-date = 23 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Mexico06.pdf |title = Mexican Emission Standards based on Federal Tier I Light-duty Vehicles up to 6000 lbs. GVWR |work = meca.org |access-date = 6 June 2016 |archive-date = 23 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923072222/http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Mexico06.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Programa de Verificación Vehicular. Segundo semestre de 2013. |trans-title=Vehicle Verification Program. Second semester 2013. |url=http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |publisher=Gobierno del Distrito Federal, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente |language=es |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183101/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

=== Cycling ===
{{Main|Ecobici (Mexico City)}}
[[File:15-07-12-Mexico-D-F-RalfR-N3S_9031.jpg|thumb|right|Bicycles available for rental in [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]]]]

The Mexico City local government oversees the administration of [[Ecobici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]], North America's second-largest [[bicycle sharing system]]. Established to promote sustainable urban transportation, Ecobici facilitates convenient access to bicycles for residents and visitors alike. As of September 2013, the system comprised 276 stations strategically positioned across an expansive area extending from the [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic center]] to [[Polanco]], a prominent district in the city. Within this network, approximately 4,000 bicycles are available for public use, enabling individuals to navigate the metropolitan landscape efficiently and reduce reliance on traditional motorized modes of transportation. Ecobici serves as a model for environmentally conscious urban mobility initiatives, reflecting Mexico City's commitment to fostering sustainable development and enhancing the quality of life for its populace.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = km0 |url = http://www.guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/kmcero/acciones-de-gobierno/nuevas-estaciones-de-ecobici |date = September 2013 |author = Jesús de León Torres |title = Nuevas estaciones de EcoBici |trans-title = New EcoBici stations |language = es |access-date = 20 October 2013 |archive-date = 6 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170806132705/http://www.guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/kmcero/acciones-de-gobierno/nuevas-estaciones-de-ecobici |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fimevic.df.gob.mx/ciclovia/cartel.htm |title = Untitled Document |work = df.gob.mx |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141112160203/http://www.fimevic.df.gob.mx/ciclovia/cartel.htm |archive-date = 12 November 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |title="Ciclovía Reforma", ''Transeunte'' |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000458/http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Art ===
{{Main|Mexican art}}
[[File:Al benemerito Benito Juarez, Ciudad de México MEX.jpg|thumb|The monument "To the Meritorious [[Benito Juárez]]", Mexico City]]

Secular works of art of this period include the [[equestrian statue|equestrian sculpture]] of [[Charles IV of Spain]], locally known as ''El Caballito'' ("The little horse"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of [[Manuel Tolsá]] and it has been placed at the [[Plaza Tolsá]], in front of the [[Palacio de Mineria]] (Mining Palace). Directly in front of this building is the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]] (Munal) (the National Museum of Art).

[[File:ReceptHallMUNAL.JPG|thumb|left|upright|The Receptions Hall at the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]]]]
During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the [[Academy of San Carlos|Academia de San Carlos]] (San Carlos Art Academy), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (the [[National School of Arts (UNAM)|National School of Arts]]) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's [[art school]]s. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos ([[National Museum of San Carlos]]).

One of the students, [[José María Velasco Gómez|José María Velasco]], is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. [[Porfirio Díaz]]'s regime sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. Popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished, e.g. those of [[José Guadalupe Posada]] and [[Manuel Manilla]]. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens.

[[File:Monument to Lázaro Cárdenas (outstretched hand welcoming Spanish immigrants), Parque España, col. Condesa, Condesa, Mexico City.jpg|thumb|The monument to [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] (outstretched hand welcoming Spanish immigrants), [[Parque España (Mexico City)|Parque España]]]]

After the [[Mexican Revolution]], an [[avant-garde]] [[art movement|artistic movement]] originated in Mexico City: [[mural]]ism. Many of the works of muralists [[José Clemente Orozco]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] and [[Diego Rivera]] are displayed in numerous buildings in the city, most notably at the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] and the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]]. [[Frida Kahlo]], wife of Rivera, with a strong nationalist expression, was also one of the most renowned of Mexican painters. Her house has become a museum that displays many of her works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museofridakahlo.org.mx/en/the-blue-house/#back-top|title=The Blue House – Frida Kahlo Museum|website=www.museofridakahlo.org.mx|language=en-US|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102344/http://www.museofridakahlo.org.mx/en/the-blue-house/#back-top|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The former home of Rivera muse [[Dolores Olmedo]] houses the namesake museum. The facility is in Xochimilco borough in southern Mexico City and includes several buildings surrounded by sprawling manicured lawns. It houses a large collection of Rivera and Kahlo paintings and drawings, as well as living ''Xoloizcuintles'' ([[Mexican Hairless Dog]]). It also regularly hosts small but important temporary exhibits of classical and [[modern art]] (e.g. Venetian Masters and Contemporary New York artists).

In the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as [[Leopoldo Méndez]], an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular ([[Popular Graphics Workshop]]), designed to help [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, such as [[Catalonia|Catalan]] painter [[Remedios Varo]] and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. [[José Luis Cuevas]] opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.

=== Museums ===
[[File:Hochob Campeche - Rekonstruktion des Tempels.jpg|thumb|A reconstruction of the entrance to the Hochob temple in the [[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]]]]
[[File:Museo Soumaya Plaza.jpg|thumb|The [[Museo Soumaya]]]]

Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and [[contemporary art]], and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by Mexican painter [[Rufino Tamayo]]. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The [[Museo de Arte Moderno]] is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, [[Gunther Gerzso|Gerzso]], Carrington, Tamayo, and regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the {{interlanguage link|Carrillo Gil Museum|es|Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil}} showcases avant-garde artists, as does the [[Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo]], designed by Mexican architect [[Teodoro González de León]], inaugurated in late 2008.

The [[Museo Soumaya]], named after the wife of Mexican magnate [[Carlos Slim]], has the largest private collection of original [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] sculptures outside of France.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Jo|last1=Tuckman|date=2 March 2011|title=Mexican billionaire's new museum gives The Thinker much to ponder|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/02/carlos-slim-mexico-art-museum|access-date=30 October 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104064301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/02/carlos-slim-mexico-art-museum|url-status=live}}</ref> It also has a large collection of [[Dalí]] sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including [[El Greco]], [[Velázquez]], [[Picasso]] and [[Canaletto]]. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in [[Museo Soumaya#Plaza Loreto|Plaza Loreto]] in southern Mexico City.

The [[Colección Júmex]] is a contemporary art museum located on the sprawling grounds of the [[Jumex]] juice company in the northern industrial suburb of [[San Cristóbal Ecatepec|Ecatepec]]. It has the largest private contemporary art collection in [[Latin America]] and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits. The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the [[Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City|Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso]] in Mexico City's historic downtown district is a 17th-century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhibits of Mexican and international art. The [[Museo Nacional de Arte]] is also located in a former palace in the historic center. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits.

[[Jack Kerouac]], the noted American author, spent extended periods of time in the city, and wrote his 1959 masterpiece volume of poetry ''[[Mexico City Blues]]'' here. Another American author, [[William S. Burroughs]], also lived in [[Colonia Roma]] where he accidentally shot his wife. Most of Mexico City's museums can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday from 10am to 5pm, although some of them have extended schedules, such as the Museum of Anthropology and History, which is open to 7pm. In addition to this, entrance to most museums are free on Sunday. In some cases a modest fee may be charged.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |title = Ciudad de México.- atractivos turísticos |publisher = Mexicocity.com.mx |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225110752/http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |archive-date = 25 February 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The [[Memory and Tolerance Museum]], inaugurated in 2011, showcases historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on [[Tibet]] was inaugurated by the [[Dalai Lama]] in September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Dalai Lama inaugura la exposición: Tíbet. Recuerdos de la patria perdida {{!}} La Crónica de Hoy|url=https://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2011/604782.html|website=www.cronica.com.mx|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308212533/https://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2011/604782.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Music, theater and entertainment ===
{{Further|Music of Mexico|Regional styles of Mexican music}}

[[File:Teatro de la Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Teatro de la Ciudad|City Theatre]], built in 1918]]
Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the [[Mexico City Philharmonic]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021052/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/|url-status=dead|title=Mexico City Philharmonic|archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref> which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the [[National Symphony Orchestra (Mexico)|National Symphony Orchestra]], whose home base is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of the [[Fine art|Fine Arts]]), a masterpiece of [[Art Nouveau|art nouveau]] and art decó styles; the [[Orchestra|Philharmonic Orchestra]] of the National Autonomous University of Mexico ([[OFUNAM]]),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070422104348/http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |url-status=dead |archive-date = 22 April 2007 |title = Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico |publisher = Musicaunam.net |access-date = 17 April 2010 }}</ref> and the [[Minería Symphony Orchestra]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sinfonicademineria.org/ |title = Minería Symphony Orchestra |publisher = Sinfonicademineria.org |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705094712/http://www.sinfonicademineria.org/ |archive-date = 5 July 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> both of which perform at the [[Sala Nezahualcóyotl]], which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the [[Carlos Chávez Youth Symphony]], the [[Cuarteto Latinoamericano]], the [[New World Symphony Orchestra|New World Orchestra]] (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the [[National Polytechnical Symphony]] and the [[Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra]] (Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes).

Mexico City is a leading center of [[popular culture]] and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat [[National Auditorium]] that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading [[performing arts]] ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts [[grand opera]] performances from New York's [[Metropolitan Opera]] on giant, high definition screens. In 2007, the National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media.

Other sites for pop-artist performances include the 3,000-seat [[Teatro Metropolitan]], the 15,000-seat [[Palacio de los Deportes]], and the larger 50,000-seat [[Foro Sol]] Stadium, where popular international artists perform on a regular basis. The [[Cirque du Soleil]] has held several seasons at the [[Carpa Santa Fe]], in the [[Santa Fe (Mexico City)|Santa Fe]] district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the Lunario, Circo Volador and Voilá Acoustique. Recent additions include the 20,000-seat [[Arena Ciudad de México]], the 3,000-seat Pepsi Center World Trade Center, and the 2,500-seat Auditorio Blackberry.

The Centro Nacional de las Artes ([[National Center for the Arts]]) has several venues for music, theater, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the [[University Culture Center]]) (CCU). The CCU also houses the [[National Library of Mexico|National Library]], the interactive [[Universum (UNAM)|Universum, Museo de las Ciencias]],<ref>{{cite web |author = Dgdc-Unam |url = http://www.universum.unam.mx/ |title = Universum, Museo de las Ciencias |publisher = Universum.unam.mx |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-date = 12 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100412062821/http://www.universum.unam.mx/ |url-status = live }}</ref> the Sala Nezahualcóyotl concert hall, several theaters and cinemas, and the new [[Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo|University Museum of Contemporary Art]] (MUAC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220023046/http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86|url-status=dead|title=University Museum of Contemporary Art|archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former [[Foreign minister|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City.

[[File:Biblioteca Vasconcelos, Ciudad de México, México, 2015-07-20, DD 16-18 HDR.JPG|thumb|The [[Biblioteca Vasconcelos]]]]
The [[José Vasconcelos Library]], a national library, is located on the grounds of the former Buenavista railroad station in the northern part of the city. The [[Papalote Museo del Niño]] (Kite Children's Museum), which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of [[Chapultepec]], near the [[Museo Tecnológico]], and [[Aztlán Parque Urbano]], an [[amusement park]]. The theme park [[Six Flags México]] (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the [[Ajusco]] neighborhood, in Tlalpan borough, southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the [[Zócalo]] is transformed into a gigantic [[ice rink|ice skating rink]], which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's [[Red Square]].

The {{ill|Cineteca Nacional|es|Cineteca Nacional}} (Mexican Film Library), near the Coyoacán suburb, shows a variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual [[Muestra Internacional de Cine|International Showcase]], and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and LGBT-themed films. [[Cinépolis]] and [[Cinemex]], the two biggest film [[chain store|business chains]], also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. Mexico City has a number of [[IMAX]] theaters, providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to blockbusters on these large screens.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of Mexico City}}
[[File:Street_tacos_in_Mexico_City_(8495923877).jpg|thumb|[[Street food|Street]] [[tacos]] in Mexico City]]

Once considered plebeian fare, by the 19th century [[taco]]s was a standard of Mexico City's cuisine. As authorities struggled to tax local [[taquerias]], imposing licensing requirements and penalties, they recorded some details of the types of foods being served by these establishments. The most frequent reference was for ''tacos de [[barbacoa]]''. Also mentioned were [[enchiladas]], ''tacos de minero'' and ''[[gorditas]]'', along with oyster shops and fried fish stands. There is evidence of some regional specialties being made available for recent migrants; at least two shops were known to serve ''[[pozole]]'', a type of stew similar to [[hominy]] that is a staple of [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pilcher |first=Jeffrey M. |title=Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food |page=94}}</ref>

Mexico City is known for having some of the freshest fish and seafood in Mexico's interior. [[La Nueva Viga Market]] is the second largest seafood market in the world after the [[Tsukiji fish market]] in Japan.

Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines: restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city, and the city also has several branches of internationally recognized restaurants. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and [[Brasserie Lipp]], Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu, [[Quintonil]], Morimoto; Pámpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera singer [[Plácido Domingo]]. There are branches of [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] restaurant [[Suntory]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] restaurant Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses [[Morton's Restaurant Group|Morton's]] and [[The Palm (restaurant)|The Palm]], and Monte Carlo's BeefBar. Three of [[Lima, Peru|Lima]]'s [[Haute cuisine|Haute]] restaurants, serving [[Peruvian cuisine]], have locations in Mexico City: La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gastón.

For the 2023 list of [[Restaurant (magazine) Top 50|World's 50 Best Restaurants]] as named by the British magazine ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]'', Mexico City ranked 13th best with the Mexican avant-garde restaurant [[Pujol (restaurant)|Pujol]], owned by Mexican chef [[Enrique Olvera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eater.com/worlds-50-best-restaurants-awards/23767356/the-worlds-50-best-restaurants-2023-the-list-so-far|title=The World's 50 Best Restaurants 2023: The Full List of Winners|date=20 June 2023|first=Hillary Dixler|last=Canavan|work=Eater|access-date=17 May 2024|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070901/https://www.eater.com/worlds-50-best-restaurants-awards/23767356/the-worlds-50-best-restaurants-2023-the-list-so-far|url-status=live}}</ref> Also notable is the Basque-Mexican fusion restaurant [[Biko (restaurant)|Biko]], run and co-owned by Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso, which placed outside the list at 59th, but in previous years has ranked within the top 50.<ref name="2014 awards">[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]], [http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners The World's 50 Best Restaurant Awards: 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521055609/https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50 |date=21 May 2021 }}</ref> Other that has been placed on the list in 2019 is the restaurant Sud 777 at 58th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t51-100|title=The World's 50 Best Restaurants 1–50 2019|website=theworlds50best.com|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124036/https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t51-100|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, [[List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Mexico|seven restaurants in the city]] received [[Michelin stars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/mexico-michelin-guide-restaurants-list-2024|title=These Are Mexico's First Michelin-Starred Restaurants, 2024|date=15 May 2024|access-date=18 May 2024|first=Sam|last=Stone|work=[[Bon Appétit]]|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523165131/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/mexico-michelin-guide-restaurants-list-2024|url-status=live}}</ref> At the other end of the scale are working class [[pulque]] bars known as ''pulquerías'', a challenge for tourists to locate and experience.

=== Media ===
[[File:TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg|thumb|The [[Televisa]] headquarters in Mexico City]]

Mexico City is Mexico's most important hub for the printed media and [[publishing|book publishing]] industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published, including ''[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]'', ''[[Excélsior]]'', ''[[Reforma (newspaper)|Reforma]]'' and ''[[La Jornada]]''. Other major papers include ''[[Milenio]]'', ''[[Crónica, Buenos Aires|Crónica]]'', ''[[El Economista (Mexico)|El Economista]]'' and {{lang|es|[[El Financiero]]}}.<ref name="SIC">{{cite web |work=Sistema de Información Cultural |publisher=Gobierno de Mexico |language=es |access-date=14 March 2020 |url=https://sic.gob.mx/?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=9 |title=Publicaciones periódicas en Ciudad de México |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042243/https://sic.gob.mx/?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews |title=Latin American & Mexican Online News |work=Research Guides |publisher=[[University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries]] |location=US |archive-date= 7 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307192643/http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews }}</ref> Leading magazines include {{Lang|es|[[Expansión (Mexico)|Expansión]]}}, ''[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]'', ''[[Poder]]'', as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as ''[[Vanidades]]'', ''[[Quién (magazine)|Quién]]'', ''[[Chilango]]'', ''[[TVNotas|TV Notas]]'', and local editions of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[GQ]]'', and ''[[Architectural Digest]]''.

It is also a leading center of the [[advertising industry]]. Most international ad firms have offices in the city, including Grey, [[J. Walter Thompson|JWT]], [[Leo Burnett]], [[Euro RSCG]], [[BBDO]], Ogilvy, [[Saatchi & Saatchi]], and [[McCann Erickson]]. Many local firms also compete in the sector, including Alazraki, Olabuenaga/Chemistri, Terán, Augusto Elías, and Clemente Cámara, among others. There are 60 [[List of radio stations in Mexico City|radio stations]] operating in the city and many [[local community]] radio transmission networks.

The two largest media companies in the Spanish-speaking world, [[Televisa]] and [[TV Azteca]], are headquartered in Mexico City. [[Televisa]] often presents itself as the largest producer of Spanish-language content.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Concentración y convergencia de medios en América Latina|first1=Martín|last1=Becerra|first2=Guillermo|last2=Mastrini|journal=Communiquer|volume=20|year=2017|issue=20|pages=104–120|doi=10.4000/communiquer.2277|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/76220|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Other [[television channel|local television]] channels include:

[[XHDF-TDT|XHDF]] 1 (Azteca Uno),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aztecauno.com/|title=Azteca Uno – Transmisión EN VIVO|website=aztecauno.com|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403143727/https://www.aztecauno.com/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[XEW-TDT|XEW]] 2 (Televisa W),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisa.com/|title=Home|first=Televisa|last=TIM|website=Televisa|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408091907/https://www.televisa.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[XHCTMX-TDT|XHCTMX]] 3,
[[XHTV-TDT|XHTV]] 4,
[[XHGC-TDT|XHGC]] 5,
[[XHTDMX-TDT|XHTDMX]] 6,
[[XHIMT-TDT|XHIMT]] 7,
[[XEQ-TDT|XEQ]] 9,
[[XEIPN-TDT|XEIPN]] 11,
[[XHUNAM-TDT|XHUNAM]] 20,
[[XHCDM-TDT|XHCDM]] 21,
[[XEIMT-TDT|XEIMT]] 22,
[[XHTRES-TDT|XHTRES]] 28,
[[XHTVM-TDT|XHTVM]] 40 and
[[XHHCU-TDT|XHHCU]] 45.

=== Sports ===
[[File:ACMX16.JPG|thumb|[[Mexico City Arena]]]]

[[Association football]] is Mexico's most popular and most [[Broadcasting of sports events|televised franchised sport]]. Its important venues in Mexico City include the [[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]], home to the [[Mexico national football team]] and giants [[Club América|América]] and [[Cruz Azul]], which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario|Olympic Stadium]] in [[University City of Mexico|Ciudad Universitaria]] is home to the football club giants [[Pumas UNAM|Universidad Nacional]], with a [[seating capacity]] of over 52,000. The [[Estadio Ciudad de los Deportes|Sports City Stadium]], which seats 33,042 fans, is near the [[World Trade Center Mexico City]] in the Nochebuena [[Colonia (Mexico)|neighborhood]], and is home to the historical [[Atlante F.C.|Atlante]].

América, Cruz Azul and Universidad Nacional are based in Mexico City and play in the [[Primera División de México|First Division]]; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants [[Club Deportivo Guadalajara]], of Mexico's traditional "Big Four". The city's three derbies are the "[[Clásico Joven]]", played between América and Cruz Azul, the capital's two most popular and successful teams; the "[[Clásico Capitalino]]", between América and Universidad Nacional, and the "Clásico Metropolitano", between Cruz Azul and Universidad Nacional.

Mexico hosted the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] and [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice. The city will be one of the host cities for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026 |title=FIFA announces hosts cities for FIFA World Cup 2026™ |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228153555/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mexico City is the first Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having held the [[1968 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in 1968, winning bids against [[Buenos Aires]], [[Lyon]] and Detroit. The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 [[Pan American Games]], the latter after Santiago and São Paulo withdrew. The [[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships]] were hosted here in 1974 and 1994. [[Lucha libre]] is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are [[Arena México]] and [[Arena Coliseo]].

[[File:Autódromo_Hermanos_Rodríguez,_June_4,_2018_SkySat_(cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]]]]
The [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]] is the main venue for motorsport, and hosts the Formula 1 [[Mexican Grand Prix]] since its return to the sport in 2015, the event being held in the past from 1962 to 1970, and again from 1986 to 1992. Since 2016, it also hosts the Formula E [[Mexico City ePrix]]. From 1980 to 1981 and again from 2002 to 2007, the circuit hosted the [[Champ Car]] World Series [[Gran Premio de México]]. Beginning in 2005, the [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]] ran the [[Corona México 200|Telcel-Motorola México 200]]. 2005 also marked the first running of the Mexico City 250 by the [[Grand American Road Racing Association|Grand-Am]] [[Rolex Sports Car Series]]. Both races were removed from their series' schedules for 2009.

Baseball is another sport played professionally in the city. Mexico City is home of the [[Diablos Rojos del México|Mexico City Red Devils]] of the [[Mexican League (baseball)|Mexican League]], which is considered a Triple-A league by Major League Baseball. The Devils play their home games at [[Estadio Alfredo Harp Helú]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mexicodesign.com/estadio-diablos-la-integracion-comunitaria/|title=Estadio Diablos: la integración comunitaria|date=5 April 2019|website=México Design|language=es-MX|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408190420/http://www.mexicodesign.com/estadio-diablos-la-integracion-comunitaria/|url-status=live}}</ref> designed by international Mexican-American architect [http://fgp-atelier.com FGP Atelier] Founder [[Francisco Gonzalez Pulido]] in collaboration with local architect Taller ADG. Mexico City has some 10 Little Leagues for young baseball players. In 2005, Mexico City became the first city to host an [[National Football League|NFL]] regular season game outside of the United States, at the [[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]]. The crowd of 103,467 people attending this game was the largest ever for a regular season game in NFL history until 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-regular-season-record-crowd-of-105-121-sees-giants-cowboys-09000d5d812c91b4 |title = NFL regular-season-record crowd of 105,121 sees Giants-Cowboys |website = NFL.com |agency = Associated Press |access-date = 2 January 2015 |archive-date = 8 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170108005049/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d812c91b4/article/nfl-regularseasonrecord-crowd-of-105121-sees-giantscowboys |url-status = live }}</ref>

The city has also hosted several [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] pre-season games and has hosted international basketball's [[FIBA Americas Championship]], along with north-of-the-border Major League Baseball exhibition games at [[Foro Sol]]. In 2017, NBA commissioner [[Adam Silver]] expressed interest in placing an [[NBA G League]] expansion team in Mexico City as early as 2018. This came to fruition on 12 December 2019 when commissioner Silver announced at a press conference in [[Mexico City Arena]] that [[Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional|LNBP]] team, [[Capitanes de la Ciudad de México]] will be joining the G League in the 2020–21 season on a five-year agreement.

Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the [[Palacio de los Deportes]] indoor arena, [[Alberca Olímpica Francisco Márquez|Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool]], the [[Hipódromo de las Américas|Hipódromo de Las Américas]], the [[Agustin Melgar Olympic Velodrome]], and venues for equestrianism and horse racing, ice hockey, [[rugby football|rugby]], American-style football, baseball, and basketball. Prior to the 2025 ban on traditional bullfights enacted by Mexico City's Congress, [[bullfighting]] was held every Sunday during the season at the 50,000-seat [[Plaza de Toros México|Plaza México]], the world's largest bullring. Mexico City's [[golf course]]s have hosted Women's [[LPGA]] action, and two [[World Cup (men's golf)|Men's Golf World Cups]]. Courses throughout the city are available as private as well as public venues.
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = center
| width1 = 200
| width2 = 220
| width3 = 200
| width4 = 180
| image1 = Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_(25513748117).jpg
| image2 = Estadio Olímpico Universitario - 5.jpg
| image3 = Sobrevuelos_CDMX_HJ2A6001_(40386252041).jpg
| image4 = Estadio_Alfredo_Harp_Helú_(2019).jpg
| caption1 = [[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]]
| caption2 = [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario|University Olympic Stadium]]
| caption3 = [[Estadio Ciudad de los Deportes|Sports City Stadium]]
| caption4 = [[Estadio Alfredo Harp Helú|Alfredo Harp Helú Stadium]]
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Mexico|Mesoamerica|Latin America|North America|Geography}}
* [[Cuisine of Mexico City]]
* [[Gentrification of Mexico City]]
* [[Barrios Mágicos of Mexico City]]
* [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
* [[Largest cities in the Americas]]
* [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico]]
* [[Outline of Mexico]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book|first=David |last=Lida |title=First Stop in the New World: Mexico City, the Capital of the 21st Century |location=New York |publisher=Riverhead Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59448-378-3 }}

== External links ==
* {{OSM relation|1376330}}
* [https://mexicocity.cdmx.gob.mx/ Mexico City Government] {{in lang|en}}

{{Mexico City}}
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M. S. Bhaskar

2026-03-26T05:58:50Z

Wazid: minor edit

{{short description|Indian actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. S. Bhaskar
| image = MS Bhaskar at Dharmadurai Success Meet.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bhaskar at [[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|''Dharma Durai'']] Success Meet
| birth_name = Muthupettai Somu Bhaskar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|09|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvarur]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, Dubbing artist
| spouse = Shila
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 1987–present
}}

'''Muthupettai Somu Bhaskar''' (born 13 September 1957) is an Indian actor and dubbing artiste who appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. An theatre artist, debuted in the film ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' (1987),<ref name="hindu1"/><ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Theres-no-spontaneity-in-acting-every-actor-needs-to-do-homework/articleshow/48508566.cms|title=There's no spontaneity in acting; every actor needs to do homework|website=The Times of India|last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref> and did several minor roles in the 1990s and got his major breakthrough in ''[[Engal Anna]]'' (2004).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/23/stories/2004012301530301.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040306071205/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/23/stories/2004012301530301.htm|archive-date=2004-03-06|website=[[The Hindu]]|title="Engal Anna"}}</ref> He is credited as one of the finest character artists in Tamil cinema.

In addition to acting, Bhaskar is an occasional playback singer as well. He is best known for his performances in the series ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' (2000), ''Selvi'' (2005) and ''Arasi'' (2007).

He won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste]] for ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007), the [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for the Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] for ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017), the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Villain]] as well as [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] for his performance in ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/Rajini-Kamal-win-best-actor-awards/article12312687.ece|title = Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 29 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/in-pictures-the-south-indian-international-movie-awards-siima-in-dubai-1.770478|title=In pictures: the South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA) in Dubai|website=The National|date=17 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/awards/vikatan-awards-2024-winners-list/|title = Vikatan Awards 2024 Winners List – Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/01/exclusive-ms-bhaskar-reacts-to-winning-national-award-for-parking|title = EXCLUSIVE: MS Bhaskar reacts to winning a National Award for Parking}}</ref>

==Career==

Bhaskar, who hails from Muthupettai, near [[Pattukkottai]] was born and brought up in [[Nagapattinam]]. He was a part of a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] drama troupe 'Society for New Drama' which performed modern theatrical plays in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="toi"/> To supplement his income, Bhaskar also worked as an LIC agent for a brief period. Bhaskar acted in a number of other troupes including Nungambakkam Boys Kondatum and also worked in [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]. Before acting, he worked in a toothpaste company.<ref name="toi"/>

During this period, Bhaskar began as a dubbing artist especially for dubbing [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films into Tamil where he spoke the comedian's lines. He also dubs English language films into Tamil for [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/m-s-bhaskar|title = Kollywood Movie Actor M S Bhaskar Biography, News, Photos, Videos}}</ref>

When the dramatic society ended in 1992, Bhaskar began working in tele-serials on DD1 and DD2 including ''Nam Kudumbam'' and ''Vizhudugal'', before he played roles in ''Ganga Yamuna Saraswati'' and in 1999 teleserial ''Mayavi Marichan'' which also starred Thadi Balaji in the lead role. He then landed a role in the comedy series ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'', in which he played the role of a and brother-in-law and in ''Senior Junior'', ''Selvi'' and ''Arasi''.

Bhaskar made his film début in 1987, enacting a small role in the film ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]''.<ref name="toi"/><ref name="hindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/13/stories/2009111350241100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203023058/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/13/stories/2009111350241100.htm |archive-date=3 December 2009 |title=Cinema Plus: Talent bides its time |date=13 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> This was followed by several films in the 1990s, in which he appeared in very minor or small roles. He then appeared in supporting roles for the films ''[[Engal Anna]]'' (2004), ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' (2005), ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]'' (2006), ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007), ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007), ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' (2008), ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' (2008), ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008) and ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017). For his role in director [[Radha Mohan]]'s ''Mozhi'', he won him his [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)]]. In the movie ''[[Malaysia to Amnesia]]'' (2021), he collaborated with Radha Mohan for the seventh time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsazi.com/i-learn-acting-from-even-watching-people-in-wine-shops-says-actor-ms-bhaskar/|title = I learn acting from even watching people in wine shops, says actor MS Bhaskar|date = 27 May 2021}}</ref> M. S. Bhaskar, whose outing here proves yet again that he is a multi-purpose actor with an ability to pull off comedy easily.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malaysia-to-amnesia-movie-review-a-dull-comedy-in-which-ms-bhaskar-shines/article34673996.ece|title = 'Malaysia to Amnesia' movie review: A dull comedy in which MS Bhaskar shines|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 29 May 2021|last1 = Ramanujam|first1 = Srinivasa}}</ref> In 2023, Bhaskar delivered a resounding performance in ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=MS Bhaskar Interview: I did not enter industry wanting to be choosy about roles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Dec/13/ms-bhaskar-interview-i-did-not-enter-industry-wanting-to-be-choosy-about-roles-50330.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> He won [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Villain]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikatan Awards 2024 Winners List – Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards |url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/awards/vikatan-awards-2024-winners-list/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |work= The e News Medium}}</ref> Later, Bhaskar received the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]] at the [[National Film Awards]] for this film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kanima choreographer Sheriff meets MS Bhaskar, congratulates him on National Award win |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/30/kanima-choreographer-sheriff-meets-ms-bhaskar-congratulates-him-on-national-award-win |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==
His elder sister Hemamalini is also a dubbing artist.<ref name="toi"/>
His daughter Ishwarya is a dubbing artist in the Tamil film industry for leading actresses. His son Aadithya Bhaskar is also an actor and made his debut portraying younger version of [[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s character in ''[[96 (film)|96]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/msbhaskars-son-aadhitya-to-act-in-vijay-sethupathis-96.html|title=M.S.Bhaskar's son Aadhitya to act in Vijay Sethupathi's 96|date=16 November 2017|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Tamil film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1987 || ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' || Krishnan's college classmate
|
|-
|''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]'' || Villager
|
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Annanukku Jai (1989 film)|Annanukku Jai]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1990 || ''[[Salem Vishnu]]'' || Professor
|
|-
| ''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]'' || Man who doubts his baby
|
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gnana Paravai]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1992 || ''[[Kaaval Geetham]]'' || Purse snatcher ||
|-
|''[[Mudhal Kural]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001 || ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' || Doctor
|
|-
| ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]'' || Traffic policeman
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2002 || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || Shankaralingam
|
|-
| ''[[Thamizhan]]'' || Conductor Ganesan
|
|-
| ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]'' || Meena Kumari's father
|
|-
| ''[[Jjunction]]'' || Sivalingam
|
|-
| ''[[University (film)|University]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mutham]]'' || Maya
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2003 ||''[[Military (film)|Military]]'' || Muthu
|
|-
| ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || Ramya's father
|
|-
| ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Ilasu Pudhusu Ravusu'' || Deepak's father
|
|-
| ''[[Ragasiyamai]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2004 || ''[[Engal Anna]]'' || Mani
|
|-
| ''[[Machi (film)|Machi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' || Annachi
|
|-
| ''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]'' || Vedimuthu
|
|-
| ''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' || Nariyan
|
|-
| ''[[Attahasam]]'' || Sex Doctor
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2005 || ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' || Tharakar
|
|-
| ''[[Sukran]]'' || Comic Inspector
|
|-
| ''[[Amudhey]]'' || Dudu
|
|-
| ''[[Neeye Nijam]]'' || Watchman
|
|-
| ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' || 'Vakkeel' Venky
|
|-
| ''[[Sorry Enaku Kalyanamayidichu]]'' || Azhagusundaram
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2006 || ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu]]'' || Manager
|
|-
| ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'' || P.A. Brahma
|
|-
| ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]'' || Raghu's father
|
|-
|''[[Ilavattam]]'' || Teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]'' || Shanmugam
|
|-
| ''[[Varalaru]]'' || Mental
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2007 || ''[[Veerasamy]]'' || Advocate
|
|-
| ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' || Gnanaprakasam
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)]]
|-
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji: The Boss]]'' || P.S to chief secretary
|
|-
| ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Constable
|
|-
| ''[[Thirutham]]'' || Punniyakodi
|
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' || Coach
|
|-
| ''[[Machakaaran]]'' || Police constable
|
|-
| rowspan="17"| 2008 || ''[[Pazhani (film)|Pazhani]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || Aarumugam
|
|-
| ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' || Moneylender
|
|-
| ''[[Anjathe]]'' || Loganathan
|
|-
| ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Ram Gopal Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' || Kooththa Perumal (Sarukku Maram)
|
|-
| ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || Sottaikaruvaapaya Kutti Madasaamy
|
|-
| ''[[Iyakkam]]'' || Muthukutty
|
|-
| ''[[Azhaipithazh]]'' || Project manager
|
|-
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || Broadway Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Sutta Pazham]]'' || Kumaraswamy
|
|-
| ''[[Kuselan]]'' || Kuppusamy's assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Theeyavan]]'' || Velu
|
|-
| ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' || Kavignar Kaakkaakarayaan
|
|-
| ''[[Panchamirtham]]'' || Thirupathi
|
|-
| rowspan="11"| 2009 || ''Kadhalna Summa Illai'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Innoruvan]]'' || Vaali
|
|-
| ''[[Naalai Namadhe (2009 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' || DGP Pullaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' || Gopal
|
|-
| ''[[Thoranai]]'' || Tamizharasan's assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Manjal Veiyil]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Maasilamani]]'' || 'Coma' Ramaswamy
|
|-
| ''[[Sirithal Rasipen]]'' || Boopathy Pandian
|
|-
| ''[[Eesa]]'' || Duraisamy
|
|-
| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' || Pankajaksha
| Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Suriyan Satta Kalloori]]'' || Saama Iyer
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2010 || ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' || Nakul
|
|-
|''[[Thambikku Indha Ooru]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Veerasekaran]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]'' || Aathrikesa
|
|-
| ''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]'' || Santhanam
|
|-
| ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' || Vengayappan
|
|-
| ''[[Irandu Mugam]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2011 || ''[[Kaavalan]]'' || Sakkaran
|
|-
| ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' || Rev. Fr. Alphonse
| Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Thambikottai]]'' || Valayapatti
|
|-
| ''[[Eththan]]'' || Swami
|
|-
| ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' || Murthy
|
|-
| ''[[Markandeyan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Puli Vesham]]'' || Senthil
|
|-
| ''[[Velayudham]]'' || Vaidehi's father
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2012 || ''Oththa Veedu'' ||
|
|-
| ''Konjum Mainakkale'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thaandavam]]'' || Thambi Mama
|
|-
| ''[[Thiruthani (film)|Thiruthani]]'' || Kannayiram
|
|-
| ''[[Pudhumugangal Thevai]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2013 || ''[[Chandhamama]]'' || Krishnamoorthy
|
|-
| ''[[Karuppampatti]]'' || Don Stanlee
|
|-
| ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' || Gnanodayam
|
|-
| ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]'' || Kootha Perumal
|
|-
| ''[[Thee Kulikkum Pachai Maram]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' || Poochandi
|
|-
| ''[[Ragalaipuram]]'' || Vincent
|
|-
| ''[[Sutta Kadhai]]'' || Ottagam
|
|-
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || Dhillaana Divyanathan
|
|-
| rowspan="13"| 2014 || ''[[Ner Ethir]]'' || Neeraavi
|
|-
| ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || Special appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Solla Aasai]]'' || Anjali's father
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Arima Nambi]]''|| S. I. Arumugam
|
|-
| ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Asha Black|Nee Naan Nizhal]]'' || Thambi
|
|-
| ''[[Aaaah (film)|Aaaah]]'' || Guru
|
|-
| ''[[Mosakutty]]'' || Malayali
|
|-
| ''13 aam Pakkam Paarkka'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Pandipuram]]''|| Pambukutty
|
|-
| ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' || Tanjore Mahadevan
|
|-
| rowspan="17"| 2015 || ''[[Ivanuku Thannila Gandam]]'' || Ponvandu
|
|-
| ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'' || Karthik's uncle
|
|-
| ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' || Chokku Chettiar
|
|-
| ''[[India Pakistan]]'' || Marudhamuthu
|
|-
| ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' || Stephen
|
|-
| ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' || Saaminadhan
|
|-
| ''[[Vindhai]]'' || Tamizh Aayndha Nallon
|
|-
|''[[Tihar (film)|Tihar]]'' || Theeppori Thankappan
|
|-
| ''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]'' || Gunasekharan
|
|-
| ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]'' || Raaman
| Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' || Sulaiman Baai
|
|-
| ''[[Aavi Kumar]]'' || Very Good Sivasu
|
|-
| ''[[Savaale Samaali]]'' || Elango
|
|-
| ''[[Yatchan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Apoorva Mahaan'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Uppu Karuvaadu]]'' || Neithal Jayaraman
|
|-
| ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' || Prakash Kumar's assistant
|
|-
| rowspan="14"| 2016 || ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Kannan's father
|
|-
| ''[[Saagasam]]'' || Sadhanandham
|
|-
| ''[[Nayyapudai]]'' || Satyamurthy
|
|-
| ''[[Natpadhigaram 79]]'' || Maha's father
|
|-
| ''[[Narathan]]'' || Bhaskar
|
|-
| ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' || Master
|
|-
| ''[[Ka Ka Ka Po]]'' || Kimute (Egyptian god)
|
|-
| ''[[Vellikizhamai 13am Thethi]]'' || Saravanan's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' || Paraman
|
|-
| ''Kagitha Kappal'' || Ranagupta
|
|-
| ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' || Don
|
|-
| ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' || Michael Aasirvadham
|
|-
| ''[[Kannula Kaasa Kattappa]]'' || Chinnapaiyan
|
|-
| ''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]'' || Josiyar
|
|-
| rowspan="14"| 2017 || ''[[Yaakkai]]'' || Kathir's father
|
|-
| ''[[Vaigai Express (film)|Vaigai Express]]'' || King Kesavan
|
|-
| ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' || Krishnnamoorthy
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for the Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| ''[[Brindavanam (2017 film)|Brindavanam]]'' || Louis
|
|-
| ''[[7 Naatkal]]'' || Bhaskar
|
|-
| ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]'' || Pandurangan
|
|-
| ''[[Peechankai]]'' || Thamizhmagan
|
|-
| ''[[Sathura Adi 3500]]'' || John Peter
|
|-
| ''Pannam Pathinonnum Seyum'' || Kaalimuthu
|
|-
| ''[[Ippadai Vellum]]'' || Dr. S. Thillairajan
|
|-
| ''[[Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru]]'' || Uthaman
|
|-
| ''[[Indrajith (2017 film)|Indrajith]]'' || Salim
|
|-
| ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[12-12-1950]]'' || Kumudhavalli's father
|
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2018 || ''[[Nimir]]'' || Sadha
|
|-
| ''[[Kinar (film)|Keni]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sometimes (film)|Sometimes]]'' || Raghavan
|
|-
| ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' || Kunjunni
|
|-
| ''[[Kalari (2018 film)|Kalari]]'' || Maari
|
|-
| ''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]'' || Bhai
|
|-
| ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' || Neelakandan
|
|-
| ''[[Pattinapakkam]]'' || Thee Thangavel
|
|-
| ''[[Utharavu Maharaja]]'' || Ravi's father
|
|-
| ''[[Thuppakki Munai]]'' || Uyya
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2019 || ''[[Thirumanam (2019 film)|Thirumanam]]'' || Arunachalam
|
|-
| ''[[Agni Devi]]'' || Manimaran
|
|-
| ''[[Kuppathu Raja (2019 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]'' || Oor Niyayam
|
|-
| ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' || Venkatraman
|
|-
| ''[[A1 (2019 film)|A1]]'' || Saravanan's father
|
|-
| ''[[Kazhugu 2]]'' || Maari
|
|-
| ''[[Bakrid (film)|Bakrid]]'' || Veterinarian
| Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020 || ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' || Anu's father
|
|-
| ''Kutty Devathai'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' || Grandfather ||
|-
| rowspan="11"|2021 || ''[[Maara]]'' || Usmaan Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Da Mappilei]]'' || Councillor Puniyakotti ||
|-
| ''[[Malaysia to Amnesia]]'' || Mannargudi Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Iruvar Ullam (2021 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' || Karthik's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Friendship (2021 film)|Friendship]]'' || Advocate Chanakyan ||
|-
| ''[[Pei Mama]]'' || Sabapathy ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' || Advocate Sankaran ||
|-
| ''[[Sabhaapathy]]'' || Ganapathy ||
|-
| ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' || Captain Kandhasamy / Vazhukkai Kandhasamy (VKS) ||
|-
| ''Madurai Manikuravaran'' ||Mani's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022 || ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' || Karuppaiya ||
|-
| ''[[Taanakkaran]]'' || Sellakkanu ||
|-
|''[[Battery (film)|Battery]]'' || Pugazh's Grandfather ||
|-
| ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham|Kanam]]'' || Cab driver ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2023 || ''[[Kodai (film)|Kodai]]'' || Gnanam ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttram Purinthal]]'' || Jeeva's uncle ||
|-
|''[[Erumbu]]'' || Arumugam ||
|-
| ''Lockdown Diarie'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Red Sandalwood (film)|Red Sandalwood]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
|''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]'' || Ilamparuthi || [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Villain]] [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| ''Paatti Sollai Thattathe'' || Sakthi's father ||
|-
|''[[Mathimaran]]'' || Sundaram ||
|-
| rowspan="15" |2024|| ''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]'' || Munusamy ||
|-
| ''[[Veppam Kulir Mazhai]]'' || Thiri Ayya ||
|-
|''[[Boomer Uncle]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
|''[[Double Tuckerr]]'' || Brammanantham ||
|-
|''[[Oru Thavaru Seidhal]]'' || Parameshwaran ||
|-
|''[[Oru Nodi]]'' || Sekaran ||
|-
|''[[Akkaran]]'' || Veerapaandi ||
|-
|''[[Saamaniyan]]'' || Mookaiah ||
|-
|''[[Boat (2024 film)|Boat]]'' || Muthiah ||
|-
| ''[[Raghu Thatha]]'' || Raghothaman ||
|-
| ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]'' || Dr. Phoenix Pushparaja ||
|-
| ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' || Jallikattu commentator || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' || Commissioner Kodangi I.P.S ||
|-
|''[[Emakku Thozhil Romance]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
|''[[Soodhu Kavvum 2]]'' || Gnanodayam ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025 || ''[[Dinasari]]'' || Pazhaniyappan ||
|-
| ''[[Sabdham]]'' || Casket Maker ||
|-
|''[[Tourist Family]]'' || Richard ||
|-
|''[[Paramasivan Fathima]]'' || Church Father Oswald ||
|-
|''Desiya Thalaivar'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026 || ''[[Hot Spot 2 Much]]'' || || Anthology film; Segment: "Dear Fan"
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Reset Repeat]]'' || Paal Manickam || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=6 March 2026 |title=Kadhal Reset Repeat Movie Review: Audaciously flippant writing overpowers everything else |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/kadhal-reset-repeat-movie-review-audaciously-flippant-writing-overpowers-everything-else |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260307010313/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/kadhal-reset-repeat-movie-review-audaciously-flippant-writing-overpowers-everything-else |archive-date=7 March 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of other language film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Eenadu]]'' || Complainant|| rowspan="3"|Telugu
| rowspan="3"|Bilingual films
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Gaganam]]'' || Rev. Fr. Alphonse
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]'' || Rama Rao
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' || Mothalali
| Malayalam ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]'' || Manoj's grandfather
| Telugu ||
|-
|}

===Television===
* 1991 ''Nam Kudumbam''
* 1991 ''Vizhudugal''
* 1992 ''Mayavi Marichan''
* 1996 ''Kaiyalavu Manasu''
* 1997 ''Premi''
* 1990s ''Senior Junior''
* 2000-2001 ''Anandha Bhavan'' as Narasimhan
* 2001-2002 ''Vazhndu Kattukiren'' as Lalaji Seth
* 2000 ''[[Ganga Yamuna Saraswati]]''
* 2000-2006 ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' as Pattabi
* 2000-2001 ''Vaazhkai'' as Zinda
* 2001-2003 ''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]'' as Mouli
* 2004 ''Enakkul Oruthi''
* 2005-2006 ''Selvi'' as Aandavar Lingam
* 2007 ''Arasi'' as Aandavar Lingam

; Web series
* 2018 ''[[America Mappillai]]'' (cameo)

===Dubbing artist===
;Partial Filmography
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Actor !! Character !! Notes
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Sattam Oru Iruttarai]]''
|| || 3rd Villain ||
|-
|1990 ||''[[Bobbili Raja|Vaaliban]]'' || [[Brahmanandam]] || || Tamil dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="5" |1991 ||''Seetha Geetha'' || || Vijayakumar's PA ||
|-
|''[[Uruvam]]''|| Veerapandiyan || ||
|-
|''[[Gnana Paravai]]'' ||[[Raghuram]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Aditya 369|Apoorva Shakthi 369]]'' || [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Brahmanandam]] || || rowspan="3" | Tamil dubbed versions
|-
| ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' || rowspan="2" | Brahmanandam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992 ||''[[Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi|Pokkiri Ponnu]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Mouna Mozhi]]'' || || Chandru's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993||''[[Allari Alludu|Galatta Mappillai]]'' || Brahmanandam || || rowspan="20" | Tamil dubbed versions
|-
| ''[[Aacharyan|Mayandi IPS]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] ||
|-
|''[[Mechanic Alludu|Mechanic Mappillai]]'' ||Brahmanandam||
|-
|''[[Gandharvam|Aranmanai Kadhali]]'' || Jagathy Sreekumar ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1994 ||''Chinna Durai Periya Durai'' || [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] ||
|-
|''[[Gangmaster (film)|Manidha Manidha]]'' || rowspan="2" |Brahmanandam ||
|-
| ''Mr Maharani'' ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!|Anbalayam]]'' || [[Ajit Vachani]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'' || [[Morgan Freeman]] || Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding
|-
|''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' || ||Constable Babu and election commissioner
|-
| rowspan="8" |1995||''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' ||[[Martin Ferrero]] ||Donald Gennaro
|-
| ''[[Bad Boys (1995 film)|Bad Boys]]'' || [[Martin Lawrence]] || Detective Sergeant Marcus Burnett
|-
| ''[[Sisindri|Chutti Kuzhandai]]'' || Brahmanandam ||
|-
| ''Jiththan'' || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] ||
|-
| ''[[Alluda Majaka|Rowdy Boss]]'' || Brahmanandam ||
|-
|''[[Saadaram|Mr. Deva]]'' || [[Ravi Vallathol]] ||
|-
|''[[Criminal (1995 film)|Ellame En Kaadhali]]'' || Brahmanandam ||
|-
|''[[Maanthrikam|Raanuvam]]'' || [[Jagadish]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1996 ||''[[Indraprastham (film)|Delhi Durbar]]'' || [[M.G. Soman|M. G. Soman]]||
|-
|''[[Dharma Chakram|Nakkeeran]]'' || [[AVS (actor)|A. V. S.]] ||
|-
|''[[Tamizh Selvan]]'' || ||Chief Minister's P.A. ||
|-
| ''[[Merupu (1996 film)|Miss Madras]]'' || Brahmanandam || || rowspan="7" | Tamil dubbed versions
|-
|1997 ||''[[Lelam|Yelam]]'' || [[Maniyan Pilla Raju]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1998 || ''[[Kaikudunna Nilavu|Nilave Unakkaga]]'' || [[Kalabhavan Mani]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]'' || rowspan="4" | Brahmanandam ||
|-
|''[[Auto Driver|Autokaaran]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bavagaru Bagunnara|Muradan]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1999 || ''[[Raja Kumarudu|Kaadhal Vennila]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Mannavaru Chinnavaru]]'' || || Shivaji Ganesan's PA || Tamil partially reshot version
|-
|''Kaaki Sattaiya Karuppu Sattaiya'' || [[Sundar Raj]] || || rowspan="3" | Tamil dubbed versions
|-
|''No. 1 Police'' || [[M. S. Narayana]] ||
|-
|''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]''||Brahmanandam||
|-
|''[[Kudumba Sangili]]''|| ||DSP
|
|-
| ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' || Nair Raman || Abitha's father ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2001|| ''[[Nandhaa]]'' || || Saravanan ||
|-
|''[[Aandan Adimai]]'' || ||Sathyaraj's father ||
|-
|''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' ||[[N. F. Varghese]]||Periya Thamburan Vasudevan ||
|-
| ''[[Prematho Raa|Kadhal Galatta]]'' || Brahmanandam || Hotel Server || Tamil dubbed version
|-
|''[[Priyamaina Neeku|Kaadhal Sugamanadhu]]''|| Venu Madhav || || Tamil partially reshot version
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002|| ''[[Spider-Man (2002 film)|Spider-Man]]'' || [[J.K. Simmons]] || J. Jonah Jameson || Tamil dubbed version
|-
| ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' || Duraipandiyan || Mahalakshmi's father|| <ref>{{Cite Instagram |author=Cinema Express |author-link=The New Indian Express |user=xpresscinema|postid=DUuqSJjAjsV|date=14 February 2025|title=சுமாரான நடிப்புக்கு உயிர் கொடுத்தது Ms Bhaskar 😍- Ameer Opens up {{!}} #MounamPesiyadheReRelease Director : #AmeerSultan Anchor : @gowtham_babu_k @actorsuriya {{!}} @trishakrishnan {{!}} @laila_laughs {{!}} @nandaa_actor #mounampesiyadhe {{!}} #ameer {{!}} #suriya {{!}} #trisha {{!}} #laila {{!}} #mounampesiyatheyfromtoday {{!}} #directorameer {{!}} #ameerinterview {{!}} #cinemaexpress |script-title= |trans-title=For an average character, Ms Bhaskar breathes life 😍- Ameer Opens up {{!}} #MounamPesiyadheReRelease Director : #AmeerSultan Anchor : @gowtham_babu_k @actorsuriya {{!}} @trishakrishnan {{!}} @laila_laughs {{!}} @nandaa_actor #mounampesiyadhe {{!}} #ameer {{!}} #suriya {{!}} #trisha {{!}} #laila {{!}} #mounampesiyatheyfromtoday {{!}} #directorameer {{!}} #ameerinterview {{!}} #cinemaexpress|language= ta|location= |access-date=19 February 2026 |link= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam|Gounder Veettu Mappillai]]''||Jagathy Sreekumar|| || Tamil dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003||''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' ||S. V. Thangaraj ||Apartment president ||
|-
|''[[War and Love (2003 film)|Kalam]]'' ||[[Kalabhavan Mani]] || || rowspan="3" | Tamil dubbed versions
|-
| ''[[Bad Boys II]]'' || [[Martin Lawrence]] || Detective Sergeant Marcus Burnett
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004|| ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' || [[J.K. Simmons]] || J. Jonah Jameson
|-
|''[[Kamaraj (film)|Kamaraj]]''||Richard Madhuram ||[[Kamaraj]] ||
|-
|2005 ||''[[Unleashed (2005 film)|Unleashed]]'' || [[Bob Hoskins]] || Bart || rowspan="2" | Tamil dubbed versions
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007|| ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' || J.K. Simmons || J. Jonah Jameson
|-
| ''[[Inimey Nangathan]]'' || || Vichu ||
|-
|2008|| ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || Brahmanandam || Car passenger ||
|-
|2010||''[[Eesan]]''||[[Blessy]]||Karuppasamy ||
|-
|2011|| ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' || rowspan="2" | Brahmanandam || || rowspan="2" | Tamil dubbed versions
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 || ''[[Racha (film)|Ragalai]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yaarukku Theriyum]]'' || [[Achyuth Kumar]] || ||
|-
|2013||''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''||[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] ||Valli's father ||
|-
|2014||''[[Lingaa]]''|| rowspan="3" | Brahmanandam || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015|| ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Inji Iduppazhagi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' ||[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Oru Yatramozhi|Payanathin Mozhi]]'' || [[Nedumudi Venu]] || || Tamil dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019||''[[Rocky: The Revenge]]'' || Brahmanandam || ||
|-
|''[[Lisaa]]'' || Brahmanandam || ||
|-
|''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || || Various characters ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020|| ''[[Dagaalty]]'' || Brahmanandam || ||
|-
| ''[[Nishabdham|Silence]]'' || || Kalyana Sundaram ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022||''[[Ante Sundaraniki|Adade Sundara]]''||Naresh|| || Tamil dubbed version
|-
|''[[Dejavu (2022 film)|Dejavu]]''
|[[Achyuth Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
| [[Ananth Babu]]
| || rowspan="2" | Tamil dubbed versions
|-
|2023
|''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]''
|[[Brahmanandam]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
|
|}
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Actor !! Character
|-
|1998||''[[Marmadesam#Sorna Regai|Marmadesam - Sorna Regai]]'' ||[[R. Sundaramoorthy]] ||Theatre owner
|-
|1999|| ''Micro Thodargal-Plastic Vizhuthugal'' ||[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] ||
|-
|2001||''Balachander-in Chinnathirai - Ilakkanam Marumo'' || ||Nirosha's boss and Prathap pothan's car driver
|-
|2001|| ''Kaveri'' || ||Kaveri's father
|}
;As narrator
*''[[Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu]]'' (2005)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{IMDb name|id=2132667|name=M. S. Bhaskar}}

{{Authority control}}
{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskar, M. S.}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]

Supreme Court of India

2026-03-25T17:39:48Z

Wazid: fixed issues

{{Short description|Highest court of jurisdiction in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Supreme Court of India
| native_name =
| image = File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg 
| imagesize = 125px
| caption = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India
| image2 = File:Supreme Court of India - 200705 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = Supreme Court building
| established = {{start date and age|1937|10|1|df=yes}}
| jurisdiction = India
| location = Tilak Marg, [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inlinemtitle}}
| type = [[Three Judges Cases|Collegium of the Supreme Court of India]]
| authority = Article 124 of the [[Constitution of India]]
| appealsfrom = [[High courts of India]]
| terms = Mandatory retirement at 65 years of age
| positions = [[List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India|34]] (incl. chief justice)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Justice & Judges |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025230422/https://sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges |archive-date=25 October 2019 |url-status=}}</ref>
| language = [[Indian English|English]], [[Hindi]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.sci.gov.in}}
| motto = ''यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः {[[Yato Dharmastato Jayah|Yatō Dharmastatō Jayaḥ]]}'' Where there is Dharma, there will be victory.
| chiefjudgetitle = [[Chief Justice of India]]
| chiefjudgename = [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
| termstart = 24 November 2025
| termend = 9 February 2027
}}
{{Courts of India}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''Supreme Court of India''' is the supreme [[judiciary of India|judicial authority]] and the [[supreme court|highest court]] in India. It is the highest [[appellate court]] for all [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] and [[Criminal law|criminal]] cases in India. The court is led by the [[Chief Justice of India]] and has a maximum sanctioned strength of 33 judges excluding the chief justice. It was established on 28 January 1950, two days after India became a republic, and replaced the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] as the highest court of appeal. It has operated from the Supreme Court building in [[New Delhi]] since 1958. With expansive authority to initiate actions and wield appellate jurisdiction over all courts and the ability to invalidate amendments to the constitution, the Supreme Court of India is widely acknowledged as one of the most powerful supreme courts in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zwart |first=Tom |year=2003 |title=Review of Judicial Activism in India: Transgressing Borders and Enforcing Rights |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1410775 |journal=Journal of Law and Society |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=332–337 |jstor=1410775 |issn=0263-323X |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215121915/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1410775 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Aparna |title=The Supreme Court of India: An Empirical Overview of the Institution |year=2019 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/qualified-hope/supreme-court-of-india/5631C3B57D9C3FDE75E5A91D516D5F40 |chapter=A Qualified Hope: The Indian Supreme Court and Progressive Social Change |pages=43–76 |editor-last=Rosenberg |editor-first=Gerald N. |access-date=10 March 2023 |series=Comparative Constitutional Law and Policy |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-47450-4 |last2=Hubbard |first2=William H. J. |last3=Kalantry |first3=Sital |editor2-last=Bail |editor2-first=Shishir |editor3-last=Krishnaswamy |editor3-first=Sudhir |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928183140/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/qualified-hope/supreme-court-of-india/5631C3B57D9C3FDE75E5A91D516D5F40 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Established under the [[Constitution of India]], the Supreme Court has extensive powers in the form of [[original jurisdiction|original]], [[appellate jurisdiction|appellate]] and [[Advisory opinion|advisory]] [[jurisdiction]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rule of law index 2016 |url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/# |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071718/http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/ |archive-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> As the apex [[constitutional court]], it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the [[List of High Courts of India|High Courts of various states]] and tribunals. As an advisory court, it hears matters which are referred by the [[President of India#Judicial powers|president of India]]. It also has the power of [[Judicial review in India|judicial review]], in which the court invalidates both ordinary laws as well as [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|constitutional amendments]] as per the [[basic structure doctrine]] that it developed in the 1960s and 1970s.

As mandated by the constitution, the Supreme Court is required to safeguard the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] of citizens and to settle legal disputes among the [[Government of India|central government]] and various state governments. Its decisions are binding on other Indian courts as well as the union and state governments.<ref name="History PDF">{{cite web |title=History of Supreme Court of India |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=30 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222100038/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> As per the [[Wikisource: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 142]] of the constitution, the court has the inherent jurisdiction to pass any order deemed necessary in the interest of ''complete justice'' which becomes binding on the president to enforce.<ref name="Consti">{{cite web |title=Constitution of India |work=Legislative Department |url=https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223032122/https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1861, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]] enacted the [[Indian High Courts Act 1861|Indian High Courts Act]] and the [[Indian Councils Act 1861|Indian Councils Act]], which abolished the existing Supreme Courts in [[Calcutta]], [[Madras]], and [[Bombay]] and the [[Sadr Diwani Adalat]]s, and gave power to the [[English crown]] to establish High Courts in India. Three charter High Courts were established in the three cities which earlier had Supreme Courts, by the [[letters patent]] granted by the English crown on 26 June 1862.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/OriginAndGrowthOfHighCourtSDayal.doc%23:~:text%3DIn%2520the%2520year%25201861%2520the,in%2520the%2520three%2520Presidency%2520towns.&ved=2ahUKEwjGn_ih-b6RAxWr3TgGHaPaII0Q-NANegQIEBBB&usg=AOvVaw3RExUEZjb8bcAMhzO8uzBf|title=Origin and growth of High Courts|work=[[Allahabad High Court]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> These High Courts were the highest courts for all cases in the respective regions under their jurisdiction until the creation of the [[Federal Court of India]] under the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. The Federal Court had the jurisdiction to hear appeals against judgement of the high courts, and solve disputes between the various provinces of the [[British Raj]] and later between the federal states and provinces after the Indian independence in August 1947.<ref name="History PDF" />

The Supreme Court of India came into existence on 26 January 1950 after the adoption of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=History of the Supreme Court of India |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/history |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102084959/https://main.sci.gov.in/history |url-status=live}}</ref> The first [[chief justice of India]] was [[H. J. Kania]].<ref name="History PDF" /> It replaced the Federal Court and the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. The first proceedings and inauguration, took place at 9:45 am on 28 January 1950, when the judges took their seats, and the date is thus regarded as the official date of establishment of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://delhibarcouncil.com/resources-for-lawyers/delhi-courts/supreme-court/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191100/http://delhibarcouncil.com/resources-for-lawyers/delhi-courts/supreme-court/ |url-status=dead |title=Supreme Court |work=Bar Council of Delhi |archive-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>

The Supreme Court initially had its seat at the [[Chamber of Princes]] in the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] where the Federal Court sat from 1937 to 1950. In 1958, the Supreme Court moved to its present premises. Originally, the constitution envisaged a Supreme Court with a chief justice and seven judges, and granted the power to increase the capacity to the [[Parliament of India]]. In its formative years, the Supreme Court met from 10 am to 12 pm in the morning and then from 2 pm to 4 pm in the afternoon for 28 days per month.<ref name="history" />

== Jurisdiction and powers ==
The Supreme Court of India was constituted as per Chapter IV of Part V of the Constitution of India titled "The Union Judiciary". Under the chapter, the Supreme Court is granted required jurisdiction and powers. It is the foremost [[appellate court]] in India, and the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts in the country.<ref name="Consti" />

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court as per the Constitution of India
|-
!Article
!Description
|-
|Article 124
|Constitution and establishment of the Supreme Court
|-
|Article 129
|Declaration of Supreme Court as the Court of Record
|-
|Article 131
|Authorisation of the [[original jurisdiction]] of the Supreme Court
|-
|Articles 132, 133 and 134
|Authorisation of the Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
|-
|Article 135
|Power of the Federal Court granted to the Supreme Court
|-
|Article 136
|Special leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court
|-
|Article 137
|Review power of the Supreme Court
|-
|Article 138
|Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
|-
|Article 139
|Powers of the Supreme Court to issue certain writs
|-
|Article 140
|Ancillary powers to the Supreme Court
|-
|Article 141
|Law making power of the Supreme Court
|}

Article 145 of the constitution grants the Supreme Court the authority to create its own rules, subject to presidential approval, to govern the practice and procedures of the court. These rules have been revised and published three times, in 1950, 1966, and 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court rules,1966 |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/scrules1966.pdf |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816090224/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/scrules1966.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Review petition ===
{{see|Review petition}}

Article 137 of the constitution grants the Supreme Court the authority to reevaluate its own decisions. The Supreme Court can review any judgment or order it has previously pronounced. This power is subject to any laws created by the parliament and other rules established under Article 145. However, no application for review is to be entertained in a civil proceeding except on certain grounds as per the [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|Code of Civil Procedure]]. Additionally, the Supreme Court holds the ability to invalidate parliamentary and governmental decisions if they violate fundamental features. Additionally, it can overturn the impeachment process of the president and the judges, as decided by the parliament, based on constitutional validity or fundamental features.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Rishad Ahmed |title=Missing the Wood for the Trees: The Unseen Crisis in the Supreme Court |journal=NUJS Law Review |volume=2012 |issue=3/4 |page=367 |url=http://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/04_rishad_ahmed.pdf#page=17 |access-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081111/http://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/04_rishad_ahmed.pdf#page=17 |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Powers to punish for contempt ===
Under Articles 129 and 142 of the constitution, the Supreme Court has been vested with power to punish anyone for [[Contempt of court|contempt]] of any court in India including itself. In May 2006, it directed a sitting minister in the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra government]] to serve a one month jail term for contempt of court.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/maha-minister-gets-jail-for-contempt/10038-4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115231830/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/maha-minister-gets-jail-for-contempt/10038-4.html |url-status=dead |title=Maha minister gets jailed for contempt of court |archive-date=15 November 2006 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/11/stories/2006051116320100.htm |title=Maharashtra Minister gets one-month jail term |date=11 May 2006 |access-date=30 November 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021501/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/11/stories/2006051116320100.htm |archive-date=12 September 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maha-minister-gets-jail-for-contempt/10038-4.html |title=Maha minister gets jail for contempt |work=[[News 18]] |date=11 May 2006 |access-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812003309/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maha-minister-gets-jail-for-contempt/10038-4.html |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref>

== Court building ==
[[File:Supreme Court of India - Central Wing.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Central Wing of the court]]

The court building is shaped to symbolise the [[Scales of justice (symbol)|scales of justice]] with a central wing flanked by two wings on either side. These two wings act as the two limbs of the balance and end with two semi-circular hooks that represent the pans of the balance, and the centres of the two semi-circular pans connect to a centrally placed statue of "Mother and Child" in the garden.<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" />

[[File:Building of The Supreme Court of India.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Side view of the Supreme Court building]]

The central wing consists of the chief justice's court, the largest of the courtrooms, flanked on by two court halls on either side.<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675">{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Shailesh |year=2017 |title=Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11196-017-9513-1 |journal=International Journal for the Semiotics of Law – Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=637–675 |doi=10.1007/s11196-017-9513-1 |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427001515/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11196-017-9513-1 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has a {{cvt|27.6|m}} high dome and a spacious colonnaded verandah. The right wing of the building houses the [[Bar (law)|Bar]], the offices of the [[Attorney General of India|attorney general]] and other law officers, and the library of the court. The left wing houses the offices of the court. There are 15 courtrooms located in the various parts of the building.<ref name="History PDF" /><ref name=history />

The foundation stone of the building was laid on 29 October 1954 by [[Rajendra Prasad]], the first [[President of India]]. The main block of the building was built on a triangular plot of land measuring {{cvt|17|acre}}. It is designed in [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-British architecture]] by [[Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar]], the first Indian to head the [[Central Public Works Department]]. The design of scales of justice was to conform to this triangular site and according to Prasad was the conception of justice for Indians.<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" /> The court moved into the building in 1958. In 1979, two wings were added to the complex, and they were further extended in 1994.<ref name="history" />

The court premises also hosts [[legal aid]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court Middle Income Group Legal Aid Society |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/mig.htm |access-date=1 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205125716/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/mig.htm |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Types Of Legal Services Provided |url=http://nalsa.gov.in/legalservices.html |work=National Legal Services Authority |access-date=1 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214041428/http://nalsa.gov.in/legalservices.html |archive-date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court Legal Services Committee |url=http://www.sclsc.nic.in/faq.htm |access-date=1 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111071123/http://sclsc.nic.in/faq.htm |archive-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> Supreme Court museum, court-fee vendors, and other services such as medical and emergency services, rail reservation counters, canteen, post office and banks.<ref name="facilities">{{cite web |title=Facilities at Supreme Court of India |url=http://sci.nic.in/registry_facilities.pdf |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=14 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514184826/http://sci.nic.in/registry_facilities.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

=== Mother and Child sculpture ===
[[File:Inside the Supreme Court of India. 16.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Mother and Child sculpture]]

On 20 February 1978, a {{cvt|210|cm}} high bronze sculpture of "Mother and Child" was installed in the lawn of the court building. It was designed by [[Chintamoni Kar]], who described the statue as "[[Bharat Mata|Mother India]] sheltering young republic represented by the symbol of a child upholding the law of the country shown in the form of an open book, with the symbol of the balance representing law and justice". The official court account states that it represents a "dispensation of equal justice to all".<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" /> The sculpture is located at the center of the park on the lawn of the court besides the statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], which is in front of the staircase of the central wing in the front lawn.<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" />

When the statue was installed in 1978, there was protests by a section of advocates of the court demanding its removal.<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" /> A memorandum was submitted to the then law minister [[Shanti Bhushan]], which stated that "the statue is supposedly a symbol and inspiration for the highest institution of justice, the Supreme Court….The child is nondescript, but the mother's resemblance to Mrs. [[Indira Gandhi]] is discernible even to the ordinary eye not trained for appreciating the nuances of sculpture".<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" /> As the statue was put up the post-[[The Emergency (India)|emergency]] period, they contended that it is symbolic of perversity and is based on the theme of the mother-and-son cult built up during the period.<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" /> Other statements from advocates included, "It's like Indira mothering the judges and telling them you practice justice like I tell you to", and "symbolizing justice is terribly conservative as justice is constantly changing".<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" /> Later on, as it was clarified that the model was made in the year 1969, the advocates submitted an apology and withdrew the protests.<ref name="Kumar 2017 637–675" />

=== Nyay Devi statue ===
[[File:Nyay Devi India.png|thumb|upright=0.4|''Nyay Devi'' statue]]

[[Lady Justice|Goddess of Justice]] is a symbolic statue of justice installed in the library of the judges in the court building It was installed on 16 October 2024.<ref name="Times2410">{{cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=Law is not 'blind': Lady Justice statue no longer unseeing, sword gone too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/major-transformation-of-lady-justice-statue-at-indias-supreme-court/articleshow/114325214.cms |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Jansatta2410">{{cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=सुप्रीम कोर्ट में न्याय की देवी की आंखों से खुली पट्टी, अब एक हाथ में संविधान तो दूसरे में तराजू, CJI चंद्रचूड़ के ऑर्डर से बनी | trans-title=New lady of justice statue at Supreme Court: CJI Chandrachud |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/new-lady-of-justice-statue-at-supreme-court-holding-constitution-cji-dy-chandrachud/3633496/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Jagran2410">{{cite web |title=अब कानून 'अंधा' नहीं... न्याय की देवी की आंखों से हटी पट्टी, हाथ में तलवार की जगह संविधान; तिलक मार्ग पर लगी जस्टिस क्लॉक |trans-title=Goddess of justice new statue in supreme court with law is not blind message |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-goddess-of-justice-new-statue-in-supreme-court-with-law-is-not-blind-message-23816888.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref>

After the new criminal justice laws (the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita|BNS]], [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita|BNSS]] and [[Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam|BSA]]) were introduced in 2023, the Indianised version of the goddess of justice was commissioned and then inaugurated by then chief justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]]. The statue is seen as a step towards decolonisation of justice system in India and the symbolism attached to it. The prominent and distinguishing features being the removal of the blindfolds depicted conventionally in the western depiction of [[Lady Justice|Justicia]], along with the addition of Indian attire and jewelry. She wears a ''[[sari]]'' having a crown on her head as well as a ''[[Bindi (decoration)|Bindi]]'' on her forehead and Indian jewelries on her ears and neck.<ref name="Jansatta2410" /> In the right hand of the statue, she holds the scales of justice, symbolising the equality in society during the process of justice. In her left hand, there is a book which symbolizes the [[Constitution of India]], and symbolises that the process of justice would be according to the constitution.<ref name="Times2410" /><ref name="Jansatta2410" /><ref name="Jagran2410" />

== Insignia ==
=== Seal ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg
| caption1 = Emblem of the Supreme Court<ref>{{cite web |title=SCI logo |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/sci/ |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
| image2 = Flag of the Supreme Court of India.webp
| caption2 = Flag of the Supreme Court with a new emblem, used briefly in 2024
|}}
The court's seal consists of a [[Dharma chakra|wheel]] with 32 spokes atop an adaptation from the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka|Sarnath Lion capital of Ashoka]]. The inscription "[[Yato Dharma Tato Jaya|यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]" ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ}}) in [[Sanskrit]], meaning "whence justice (dharma), thence victory", is embellished below the same. The wheel symbolises righteousness, encompassing truth, goodness and [[Equity (legal concept)|equity]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Supreme Court of India |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222100038/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=Supreme Court of India |quote=page 7: "Dharma Chakra logo of the Supreme Court: Its design is reproduced from the wheel that appears on "the abacus of the Sarnath Lion capital of Ashoka with 32 spokes". The inscription in Sanskrit ''yatodharmastato jaya'' means – "Truth alone I uphold". It is also referred to - as the wheel of righteousness, encompassing truth, goodness and equity."}}</ref>

=== Flag ===
On 1 September 2024, the Supreme Court unveiled a flag for the court's use, combining elements of the seal and the court's architecture. The deep blue colored flag depicts the [[Ashoka Chakra]] set above the rotunda of the Court, on a book depicting the constitution. It was unveiled by president [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 1 September 2024, commemorating the 75th anniversary of court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waving flag |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/waving-flag/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Supreme Court Observer }}</ref> The flag and insignia were designed by the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2024 |title=What the new flag and insignia of the Supreme Court of India represent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/what-the-new-flag-and-insignia-of-the-supreme-court-of-india-represent/articleshow/113001813.cms |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, when [[B. R. Gavai]] took over as the chief justice, the court reverted to its original logo based on the Sarnath lion pillar in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=The story behind the Supreme Court's logo change |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/the-story-behind-the-supreme-courts-logo-change/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref>

== Composition ==
The Supreme Court consists of the judges appointed to the court and the associated officers.

=== Judges ===
{{see|List of chief justices of India|List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India|List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India}}
When adopted in 1950, the constitution provided for a Supreme Court with eight judges including a chief justice, who headed the court. In the early years, a [[En banc|full bench]] of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented before them. As the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, the parliament enacted laws to increase the number of judges from the original eight in 1950 to 11 in 1956, 14 in 1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986, 31 in 2009, to 34 in 2019. As the number of the judges increased, they sat in smaller [[division bench]]es of two or three judges for normal cases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Rishad Ahmed |title=Missing the Wood for the Trees: The Unseen Crisis in the Supreme Court |journal=NUJS Law Review |date=July–September 2012 |volume=5 |issue=3/4 |page=358 |url=http://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/04_rishad_ahmed.pdf#page=8 |access-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081111/http://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/04_rishad_ahmed.pdf#page=8 |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> A larger bench of five or more, referred to as a [[Constitution bench (India)|constitution bench]], is consituted when required to settle fundamental questions of law. A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench, should the need arise.<ref name="Supreme Court of India — History">{{cite web |title=Supreme Court of India: History |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/history.htm |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=21 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527162408/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=27 May 2012}}</ref> The largest-ever bench was constituted in 1973 in the case of ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'', where a bench of 13 judges was set up to decide whether parliament had the unfettered right to amend the constitution.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 April 1973 |title=His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru v. State of Kerala |url=https://digiscr.sci.gov.in/admin/judgement_file/judgement_pdf/1973/Supp.%20(1)/Part%20I/S_1973_1-1002_1702634535.pdf |work= Supreme Court of India |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keane |first1=Debasish Roy Chowdhury & John |title=From checks and balances to compliance: How the judiciary has responded to government pressure |url=https://scroll.in/article/1013211/from-checks-and-balances-to-compliance-how-the-judiciary-has-responded-to-government-pressure |work=Scroll.in |date=21 December 2021}}</ref>

;Eligibility
As defined in the Article 124 of the Indian constitution, a [[Indian nationality law|citizen of India]] not exceeding 65 years age who has been:
* a judge of one high court or more (continuously), for at least five years,
* an advocate there, for at least ten years,
* a distinguished [[jurist]], in the opinion of the president,
is eligible to be recommended for appointment, as a judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="Section 124, Constitution of India">{{cite web |title=Section 124, Constitution of India |url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314031734/http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2007 |publisher=VakilNo1 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref>

;Appointments
A judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the president on the recommendation of the collegium – a closed group composed of the chief justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee.<ref>{{cite book |title=Supreme but not infallible: Essays in honour of the Supreme Court of India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-567226-8 |editor=Kirpal |editor-first=Bhupinder N. |edition=6th impr. |location=New Delhi |pages=97–106 |oclc=882928525}}</ref> Earlier, judges used to be appointed by the president on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|union cabinet]]. The collegium system was evolved by the Supreme Court on the basis of the [[Three Judges Cases]] (1981, 1993, and 1998), the executive cannot directly suggest any names to the president, and the president ultimately decides on appointing the judges only from a list of names recommended only by the collegium. However, as held in the judgments, the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Venu |first1=M.K. |title=Government may drop gag clause, wants judges to show restraint |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/government-may-drop-gag-clause-wants-judges-to-show-restraint/article4883161.ece |access-date=5 November 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106074107/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/government-may-drop-gag-clause-wants-judges-to-show-restraint/article4883161.ece |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hegde">{{cite web|last=Hegde |first=Sanjay |title=Judging the Judge-Maker |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/njac-judging-the-judgemaker/article7777564.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106074107/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/njac-judging-the-judgemaker/article7777564.ece |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The collegium system has come under criticism from certain quarters over the years.<ref name="Hegde" /> The consensus within the collegium is at times achieved through trade-offs, resulting in unreliable appointments with consequences for litigants. [[Sycophancy]] and [[lobbying]] within the system is prevalent, and judge [[Jasti Chelameswar]] claimed that in one case, "a judge was blocked from elevation from the [[Madras High Court]] in 2009, in what 'appeared to have been a joint venture in the subversion of the law governing the collegium system by both the executive and the judiciary.'"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/law/what-judiciary-done-itself |title=What the Indian judiciary has done to itself |last=Dev |first=Atul |work=The Caravan |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716201734/https://caravanmagazine.in/law/what-judiciary-done-itself |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, the Indian parliament passed a law to replace the collegium with a [[National Judicial Appointments Commission]]. However, the law was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, as the new system would undermine the independence of the judiciary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sc-exposes-tyranny-of-the-elected/295674 |title=SC Exposes 'Tyranny Of The Elected' |last=Sengupta |first=Uttam |date=21 October 2015 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917213615/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sc-exposes-tyranny-of-the-elected/295674 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Restoring the old system of the collegium, the court invited suggestions, from the executive and the general public, on recommendations to improve the collegium system, broadly along the lines of{{Snd}}setting up an eligibility criteria for appointments, a permanent secretariat to help the collegium sift through material on potential candidates, infusing more transparency into the selection process, grievance redressal and any other suggestion not in these four categories, like transfer of judges.<ref>{{cite web |last1=WP(C) No. 13/2015 |title=Report filed by Ms. Pinky Anand ASG and Arvind P. Datar on Representation/Suggestions for Improving the Collegium |url=http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/userfiles/SUGGESTIONS.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6cpVbj1LA?url=http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/userfiles/SUGGESTIONS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2015 |publisher=Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt. of India |access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> This resulted in the court asking the government and the collegium to finalize the memorandum of procedure incorporating the above.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2015-12-16_1450258558.pdf |title=Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association & Anr. v/s Union of India |date=16 December 2015 |website=Supreme Court of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305015323/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2015-12-16_1450258558.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>

In 2009, a challenge arose in the Supreme Court regarding the recommendation for the appointment of a [[high court judge]] made by the collegium of that specific court. The court asserted that the eligibility to become a judge was a factual matter, open to questioning by any individual. On the contrary, the determination of who should become a judge was deemed a matter of opinion and was beyond questioning. The court emphasised that, as long as a thorough consultation occurred within the collegium to form this opinion, the content or material considered in shaping the opinion was not subject to scrutiny in a court of law.<ref>{{cite journal |date=6 July 2009 |title=Mahesh Chandra Gupta v. Union of India & Ors. |url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=34990#page=18 |journal=Supreme Court of India |volume=2009 (8) SCC 273 |page=18/59 |last1=Transferred Case(C) No. 6 of 2009 |access-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151733/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=34990#page=18 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Tenure and emoluments
Judges of the Supreme Court conclude their service mandatorily upon reaching the age of 65. There have been proposals advocating for the implementation of a predetermined tenure for judges, including the chief justice.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chhibber |first=Maneesh |title=CJIs must have fixed tenures: Sathasivam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/cjis-must-have-fixed-tenures-sathasivam/ |access-date=26 April 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=25 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426054956/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/cjis-must-have-fixed-tenures-sathasivam/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> As per the Article 125 of the constitution, the Indian parliament is responsible for determining the salary, and other emolutments of the judges. However, the parliament is not allowed alter any of these privileges rights to the judge's disadvantage after their appointment.<ref>[[s:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 125 %7BSalaries, etc., of Judges%7D]]</ref> A judge of the Supreme Court draws a basic salary of {{INRConvert|250|k}} per month, equivalent to the [[Cabinet Secretary of India|cabinet secretary]]– the most-senior [[civil servant]] of the Indian government, and the chief justice earns basic salary of {{INRConvert|280|k}} per month.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salaries of SC, HC judges to increase three-fold |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Salaries-of-SC-HC-judges-to-increase-three-fold-/articleshow/4183674.cms |access-date=9 June 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507170643/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Salaries-of-SC-HC-judges-to-increase-three-fold-/articleshow/4183674.cms |archive-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

;Oath or affirmation
Per Article 124 and [[Third Schedule]] of the constitution, the chief justice (or a judge) of the Supreme Court is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the president an oath or affirmation:

{{Blockquote|That I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws.}}

;Removal
As per [[Wikisource: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 124(4)]] of the constitution, the president can remove a judge on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity when parliament approves with a majority of the total membership of each house in favor of impeachment and not less than two thirds of the members of each house present. For initiating [[impeachment]] proceedings against a judge, at least 50 members of [[Rajya Sabha]] or 100 members of [[Lok Sabha]] shall issue the notice as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act of 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thenewsinformer.com/national-news/supreme-courtsc-stcentral-gormentsc-st-actcentral-government/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127000528/http://thenewsinformer.com/national-news/supreme-courtsc-stcentral-gormentsc-st-actcentral-government/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2019 |title=The Supreme Court refuses to ban the SC-ST act}}</ref> Post the notice, a judicial committee would be formed to frame charges against the judge, to conduct a fair trial and to submit a report to parliament. When the judicial committee report finds the judge guilty of misbehavior or incapacity, further removal proceedings would be taken up by the parliament if the judge is not resigning himself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Motion for removal of Mr. Justice Soumitra Sen, Judge, Calcutta High Court |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Soumitra_Sen_Judge.pdf#page=409 |work=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi, October 2011 |pages=414–419 |access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826131307/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Soumitra_Sen_Judge.pdf#page=409 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhushan |first1=Prashant |title=A historic non-impeachment |url=http://bharatiyas.in/cjarold/files/cover_story_ramaswami.pdf |work=Frontline |date=4 June 1993 |access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209164542/http://bharatiyas.in/cjarold/files/cover_story_ramaswami.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Talks revived to consider impeachment of CJI |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 March 2018 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/talks-revived-to-consider-impeachment-of-cji/article23367815.ece |access-date=31 March 2018 |last1=Phukan |first1=Sandeep |last2=Nair |first2=Sobhana K. |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040436/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/talks-revived-to-consider-impeachment-of-cji/article23367815.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The judge upon proven guilty is also liable for punishment per applicable laws or for contempt of the constitution by breaching the oath under the [[Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Act of 1971 |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf |access-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123231821/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>

;Post-retirement
A person who has retired as a judge of the Supreme Court is debarred from practicing in any court of law or before any other authority in India. However, the Supreme Court and High Court judges can be appointed to tribunals and commissions, after their retirement. The appointment of judges to such posts after their retirement has drawn criticism from legal figures including former law minister [[Arun Jaitley]] as it puts into question the judicial independence and imparitiality of the judges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/post-retirement-prospects-for-constitutional-court-judges-tear-the-fabric-of-judicial-independence-7281471.html |title=Post-retirement prospects for constitutional court judges tear the fabric of judicial independence |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905130533/https://www.firstpost.com/india/post-retirement-prospects-for-constitutional-court-judges-tear-the-fabric-of-judicial-independence-7281471.html |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/judges-verdicts-are-influenced-by-post-retirement-jobs-arun-jaitley-500640 |title=Judges' verdicts are influenced by post-retirement jobs: Arun Jaitley |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923051233/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/judges-verdicts-are-influenced-by-post-retirement-jobs-arun-jaitley-500640 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

;Demographics
{{Blockquote
|quote = ''I am proud to be an Indian. India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a population of 1,67,000, like myself, can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India. These things do not happen in our neighbouring countries.''
|sign=[[S. H. Kapadia]], former [[Chief Justice of India]] |source = <ref name="Minorities">{{cite web|title=Minorities can rise to top jobs only in India: Chief Justice of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Minorities-can-rise-to-top-jobs-only-in-India-Chief-Justice-of-India/articleshow/15510683.cms |access-date=16 August 2012 |date=16 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817083144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-16/india/33232149_1_justice-kapadia-chief-justice-minority-communities |archive-date=17 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Accountability law must not encroach on judicial independence, cautions CJI">{{cite web |title=Accountability law must not encroach on judicial independence, cautions CJI |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/accountability-law-must-not-encroach-on-judicial-independence-cautions-cji/988900/ |access-date=16 August 2012 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317084603/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/accountability-law-must-not-encroach-on-judicial-independence-cautions-cji/988900/ |archive-date=17 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

In practice, the judges of the Supreme Court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the High Courts. Only nine judges–[[Sarv Mittra Sikri]], [[Subimal Chandra Roy]], [[Kuldip Singh (judge)|Kuldip Singh]], [[Santosh Hegde]], [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]], [[Uday U. Lalit]], [[L. Nageswara Rao]], [[Indu Malhotra]], [[P. S. Narasimha]] and [[K. V. Viswanathan]]—have been appointed to the Supreme Court directly from the bar.<ref name=age-factor>{{cite web |last=Chandrachud |first=Abhinav |title=The age factor |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2821/stories/20111021282104900.htm |work=Frontline |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426193740/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2821/stories/20111021282104900.htm |archive-date=26 April 2014 |year=2011}}</ref><ref name="5th Advo">{{cite news |title=Justices Arun Mishra, Adarsh Goel and lawyer Rohinton Nariman appointed Supreme Court judges |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-26/news/50884910_1_rohinton-nariman-supreme-court-apex-court |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903181021/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-26/news/50884910_1_rohinton-nariman-supreme-court-apex-court |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Fathima Beevi]] was the first female judge of the Supreme Court, and was sworn into office in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court of India — Former Judges |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mfbeevi.htm |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=30 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205061057/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mfbeevi.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-trial-court-to-sc-woman-judge-may-go-all-the-way/article1-1239424.aspx |title=From trial court to Supreme Court, woman judge may go all the way |date=11 July 2014 |author=Bhadra Sinha |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817191223/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-trial-court-to-sc-woman-judge-may-go-all-the-way/article1-1239424.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice-Banumathi-becomes-1st-woman-SC-judge-from-TN/articleshow/40221484.cms |title=Justice Banumathi becomes 1st woman SC judge from TN |date=14 August 2014 |author=A Subramani |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013080116/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice-Banumathi-becomes-1st-woman-SC-judge-from-TN/articleshow/40221484.cms |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1968, [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] became the first [[Muslim]] to become the chief justice. In 2007, [[K. G. Balakrishnan]] became the first judge and chief justice from the [[Dalit]] community. In 2010, [[S. H. Kapadia]], from the [[Parsi]] community, became the chief justice. In 2017, [[Jagdish Singh Khehar]] became the first [[Sikh]] to become the chief justice.<ref name="Minorities" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice-S-H-Kapadia-sworn-in-as-new-Chief-Justice-of-India/articleshow/5920199.cms |title=Justice S H Kapadia sworn in as new Chief Justice of India |date=12 May 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526140733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-12/india/28294862_1_justice-kapadia-strict-judicial-discipline-ninth-schedule |archive-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Registry ===
The registry of the Supreme Court is headed by the secretary-general, who is assisted by ten registrars, and several additional and deputy registrars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/registry-officers/ |title=Registry Officers |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105025851/https://main.sci.gov.in/registry-officers |url-status=live}}</ref> The Article 146 of the constitution details the appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court registry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of Supreme Court |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/constitution.htm |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=31 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330233810/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/constitution.htm |archive-date=30 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=OC-registry>{{cite web |title=Organisational Chart of the Registry of the Supreme Court of India |url=http://sci.nic.in/registry/org_chart.pdf |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=26 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531212401/http://sci.nic.in/registry/org_chart.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>

=== Bar ===
{{see|Advocates-on-Record}}
The Supreme Court rules established in 2013 entitle only those [[advocates]] who are registered with the Supreme Court, known as [[Advocate-on-Record|advocates-on-record]] to appear, act and plead for a party in the court. Those advocates who are designated as [[senior counsel]] by the Supreme Court or any of the High Courts can appear for the clients along with an advocate-on-record. Any other advocate can appear for a party along with or under instructions from an advocate-on-record.<ref name="SCRules">{{cite web |url=http://sci.nic.in/Supreme%20Court%20Rules,%202013.pdf |title=Supreme Court Rules, 2013 |date=27 May 2014 |work=Supreme Court of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722120505/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/Supreme%20Court%20Rules%2C%202013.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

== Judicial independence ==
The constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court judges in various ways. Per [[Wikisource: Constitution of India/Part IV|Article 50]] of [[Directive Principles|directive principles of state policy]], the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive. Independence of the judiciary, the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the [[Basic structure doctrine|basic structure of the Constitution]]. The Court has, over the years, developed a reputation for independence from the executive, a principle now entrenched in the Constitution's basic structure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Srikrishna |first=B. N. |chapter=Judicial Independence |date=2017 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution |pages=349–366 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0020 |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0020 |isbn=978-0-19-870489-8 }}</ref>

One of the main purposes of the Supreme Court is to decide constitutional issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livelaw.in/dr-ambedkar-wouldnt-imagined-sc-hearing-bail-pleas-intended-decide-constitutional-matters-justice-chelameswar/ |title=Dr Ambedkar Wouldn't Have Imagined SC Hearing Bail Pleas, It Was Intended To Decide Only Constitutional Matters: Justice Chelameswar |date=10 April 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413030531/http://www.livelaw.in/dr-ambedkar-wouldnt-imagined-sc-hearing-bail-pleas-intended-decide-constitutional-matters-justice-chelameswar/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Supreme Court and High Courts are empowered to frame ''[[Sua sponte|suo moto]]'' cases without receiving formal petitions/complaints on any suspected injustice, including actions/acts indulging in contempt of court and contempt of the constitution by the executive, legislators, citizens, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/calcutta-high-court-judge-cs-karnan-cji-js-khehar-supreme-court-suo-moto-order-971226-2017-04-13 |title=Justice CS Karnan issues suo-moto order against CJI, 6 other Supreme Court judges; orders them to appear before his 'Rosedale Residential Court' |last=Kundu |first=Indrajit |date=13 April 2017 |work=[[India Today]] |location=Kolkata |issn=0254-8399 |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325231956/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/calcutta-high-court-judge-cs-karnan-cji-js-khehar-supreme-court-suo-moto-order-971226-2017-04-13 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the duty of the judiciary to frame ''suo moto'' cases or to probe cases/petitions at the earliest against the executive or legislature when laws are implemented which violate the basic foundation and structure of the constitution as stated in Article 38 (1) of the [[Directive Principles in India|Directive Principles]]. As stated, "the state/judiciary shall strive to promote the [[Welfare state|welfare of the people]] by securing a social order in which [[Social justice|social]], [[welfare economics|economic]] and political justice is animated/informed in all institutions of life."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/682692/ |title=Constituent Assembly of India |date=19 November 1948 |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811155819/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/682692/ |archive-date=11 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[B. R. Ambedkar]] said the below statement during the debate on the [[s:Constitution of India/Part IV|Article 38 (1)]] in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]].

{{Blockquote|text=''... The word 'strive' which occurs in the Draft Constitution, in judgement, is very important. We have used it because our intention is even when there are circumstances which prevent the Government, or which stand in the way of the Government giving effect to these Directive Principles, they shall, even under hard and unpropitious circumstances, always strive in the fulfilment of these Directives. That is why we have used the word 'strive'. Otherwise, it would be open for any Government to say that the circumstances are so bad, that the finances are so inadequate that we cannot even make an effort in the direction in which the Constitution asks us to go.''}}

== Operations ==
The Supreme Court works from 10:30{{nbsp}}am to 4{{nbsp}}pm, and is closed for two weeks each during the summer and the winter. In an interview in June 2018, judge Chelameswar revealed that most Supreme Court judges worked around 14 hours per day, and continue to work for an average of seven hours per day even during vacations. He further said that the [[Supreme Court of United States|Supreme Court of the United States]] delivers judgement on around 120 cases in a year, while each judge in the Supreme Court of India delivers judgements on 1,000{{endash}}1,500 cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dont regret going to public, that is why: Interview with Justice Chelameswar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-his-last-day-at-supreme-court-justice-jasti-chelameswar-speaks-to-ndtv-full-transcript-1871856 |access-date=8 November 2018 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184414/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-his-last-day-at-supreme-court-justice-jasti-chelameswar-speaks-to-ndtv-full-transcript-1871856 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As laid down on 5 February 2018, the Supreme Court adopted a roster system for assigning cases to judges. According to this arrangement, the chief justice is designated to preside over all [[Special Leave Petitions in India|special leave petitions]] and cases concerning public interest, social justice, elections, arbitration, criminal matters, and more. Other members of the collegium or senior judges are tasked with hearing cases related to [[Labor dispute|labour disputes]], taxation, compensation, consumer protection, maritime law, mortgage, personal law, [[family law]], [[land acquisition]], service, [[Company law|company matters]], and other relevant areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=After Rift, Chief Justice Dipak Misra Makes Public Supreme Court Judges' Roster |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chief-justice-dipak-misra-makes-public-supreme-court-judges-roster-1807352 |access-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201120633/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chief-justice-dipak-misra-makes-public-supreme-court-judges-roster-1807352 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reporting ==
[[Supreme Court Reports (India)|Supreme Court Reports]] is the official journal that reports the decisions of the Supreme Court. It is published under the authority of the Supreme Court by the controller of publications of the Indian government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court Reports |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/scr.htm |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=30 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423215839/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/scr.htm |archive-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> In addition, there are other private journals that report Supreme Court cases. In 2023, the court adopted a [[neutral citation]] system for identifying and citing cases in a uniform fashion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Padmakshi |date=6 July 2023 |title=Supreme Court Launches 'Neutral Citation System' In Phased Manner |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-launches-neutral-citation-system-in-phased-manner-232081 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> The citation is formatted as <YEAR><COURT><SERIAL>, 2023INSC1 for example, referring to judgement 1 of 2023 by the Indian Supreme Court (INSC).<ref>{{cite web |last=Priyanka |date=4 August 2025 |title=Ending Citation Chaos: Neutral Citation simplifies Legal Referencing in Indian Courts |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/ending-citation-chaos-neutral-citation-simplifies-legal-referencing-in-indian-courts |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news}}</ref>

== Landmark judgments ==
{{see|List of landmark court decisions in India}}

=== Fundamental rights ===
The parliament passed the [[First Amendment of the Constitution of India|first amendment]] to the constitution in 1951, and the [[Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|fourth amendment]] in 1955, which gave it authority to redistribute land owned by [[zamindar]]s. In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Golaknath v. State of Punjab]]'' that the parliament did not have the power to abrogate the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] including the provisions on private property.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golaknath vs. State of Punjab |url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=2449 |publisher=Official Supreme Court Judis site |access-date=9 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025085421/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=2449 |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> In 1971, the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|25th amendment to the constitution]] curtailed the right of a citizen to property as a fundamental right and permitted the acquisition of private property by the government for public use, on the payment of compensation which would be determined by the parliament and not the courts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Subverting the Constitution|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=37–41;183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xzx0miLvzfsC|author=G. G. Mirchandani|isbn=978-8-170-17057-0|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref>

In the ''Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala'' case in 1973, popularly known as fundamental rights case, a 13-judge bench of the Supreme Court, in a 7-6 decision, asserted its right to strike down amendments to the constitution that were in violation of the fundamental architecture of the constitution and formed a [[Basic structure doctrine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/|title=Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr|date=24 April 1973|work=Supreme Court of India|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> The decision later led to the government enacting the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd amendment]] of the constitution, which sought to curtail the powers of the Supreme Court and judge [[Ajit Nath Ray|A. N. Ray]], who was among the dissenters, being favored for the post of the chief justice, superseding three senior judges–[[Jaishanker Manilal Shelat|J. M. Shelat]], A. N. Grover and [[K. S. Hegde]], who were among those who wrote the favorable judgement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexsite.com/services/network/scba/history.shtml|title=Long March Supreme Court Bar Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004035407/http://www.lexsite.com/services/network/scba/history.shtml |archive-date=4 October 2009|work=Lexite }}</ref> The Supreme Court later rejected the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine, created in the fundamental rights case, in the ''[[Minerva Mills v. Union of India]]'' case in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judgement Copy, Minerva Mills v. Union of India|url=https://article51a.in/wp-content/uploads/Minerva-Mills-Vs-Union-of-India.pdf|work=Supreme Court of India|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Personal-law-should-be-subject-to-fundamental-rights-Jaitley/articleshow/49965830.cms |title=Personal law should be subject to fundamental rights: Jaitley |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 November 2015 |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106074107/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Personal-law-should-be-subject-to-fundamental-rights-Jaitley/articleshow/49965830.cms |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the ''[[Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India]]'' case, the Supreme Court significantly expanded the interpretation of [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21]] of the constitution. The Court overruled its verdict on the ''[[A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras]]'' case, which had held that fundamental rights were exclusive and independent of each other. Instead, the Court established that Articles 14, 19, and 21 were interlinked, forming what is known as the 'golden triangle' of the constitution.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Mahendra Pal |title=V. N. Shukla's Constitution of India |year=2019 |publisher=Eastern Book Company |isbn=978-9-388-82221-3 |edition=13th |page=222}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1766147/|title=Maneka Gandhi vs Union Of India|date=25 January 1978|work=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> In the ''I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu'' case in January 2007, a bench of nine judges gave a unanimous verdict reaffirming the basic structure doctrine, and held that a constitutional amendment which entails violation of any fundamental rights which the court regards as forming part of the doctrine can be struck down depending upon its impact and consequences. It further asserted the power of the Supreme Court to review amendments that are included in the Ninth schedule of the constitution to escape judicial scrutiny, if it is found to violate the basic doctrine established in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lawctopus.com/clatalogue/ailet-pg/ir-coelho-v-state-of-tamil-nadu/|title=I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu|work=Law Octopus|date=8 April 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== The Emergency ===
The independence of the judiciary was severely curtailed during the Emergency period (1975-77) imposed by [[Indira Gandhi]]. The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under preventive detention laws passed by the parliament.<ref name=iyer>{{cite web |title=Emergency — Darkest hour in India's judicial history |author=V R Krishna Iyer |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/20000627/ina27053.html |date=27 June 2000 |access-date=16 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823190651/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/20000627/ina27053.html |archive-date=23 August 2007 }}</ref> In the case of ''[[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla|Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla]]'', popularly known as the ''Habeas Corpus case'', a bench of five judges of the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the state's right to unrestricted powers of detention during the emergency. Judges [[A.N. Ray]], [[P. N. Bhagwati]], [[Y. V. Chandrachud]], and [[Mirza Hameedullah Beg|M.H. Beg]], stated in the majority decision:<ref name="PUCL">{{cite web |title=A.D.M. Jabalpur vs Shukla: When the Supreme Court struck down the Habeas Corpus |author=Jos. Peter D 'Souza |work=PUCL |url=http://www.pucl.org/reports/National/2001/habeascorpus.htm |date=June 2001 |access-date=16 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526191030/http://www.pucl.org/reports/National/2001/habeascorpus.htm |archive-date=26 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
:(under the [[The Emergency (India)|declaration of emergency]]) no person has any locus to move any writ petition under Art. 226 before a High Court for [[habeas corpus]] or any other writ or order or direction to challenge the legality of an order of detention.
The only dissenting opinion was from [[H. R. Khanna]], who stated:
:detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty... A dissent is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day, when a later decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting judge believes the court to have been betrayed.<ref name="PUCL"/>

In January 1977, Khanna was superseded for the position of the chief justice despite being the most senior judge at the time as the government broke the convention of appointing the senior most judge to the position of chief justice of India for the second time after the earlier instance in 1973. Khanna is said to have remarked earlier that the judgment in the Habeas Corpus case was likely to cost him the position.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cry Freedom |author=Anil B. Divan |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/full_story.php?content_id=42937 |date=15 March 2004 |access-date=16 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824055555/http://www.indianexpress.com/full_story.php?content_id=42937 |archive-date=24 August 2005 |url-status=live |author-link=Anil B. Divan}}</ref>

During the emergency, the government passed the [[Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|39th amendment]] to the constitution, which sought to limit judicial review for the election of the prime minister and only a body constituted by the parliament could review this election.<ref>{{cite book |title=India after Gandhi: The history of the world's largest democracy |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300 |url-access=limited |author=Ramachandra Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |publisher=Macmillan/Picador, 2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300/page/n275 500] |isbn=978-0-330-50554-3}}</ref> Subsequently, the parliament, with most opposition members in jail during the emergency, passed the 42nd amendment which prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification.<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=2643867| last1=Hart| first1=Henry C.| title=The Indian Constitution: Political Development and Decay| journal=Asian Survey| year=1980| volume=20| issue=4| pages=428–451| doi=10.2307/2643867}}</ref> After the emergency, subsequent amendments made it difficult to declare and sustain an emergency, and reinstated much of the power to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court later rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review and the basic structure doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judgement Copy|url=https://article51a.in/wp-content/uploads/Minerva-Mills-Vs-Union-of-India.pdf|work=Article 51A|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The Supreme Court's creative and expansive interpretations of [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21]] (life and personal liberty) of the constitution, after the emergency period, gave rise to a new [[jurisprudence]] of [[public interest litigation]]s that has promoted economic and social rights.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shelton |first1=Dinah |last2=Kiss |first2=Alexandre |title=Judicial handbook on Environmental Law |date=2005 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |isbn=92-807-2555-6 |page=8 |url=http://www.unep.org/delc/Portals/119/publications/Judicial-Handbook-Environmenal-Law.pdf#page=32 |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511022001/http://www.unep.org/delc/Portals/119/publications/Judicial-Handbook-Environmenal-Law.pdf#page=32 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Reservation ===
{{see|Reservation in India}}

Reservation for socially and educationally backward classes in educational institutions and government jobs were introduced in various stages since the Indian independence as per articles 15 and 46 of the constitution.<ref>{{cite constitution |article=[[:s:Constitution of India/Part III|15]]|section=4 |country=India |ratified=1950 }}</ref><ref>{{cite constitution |article=46 |section=0 |country=India |language=en |ratified=1950 |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(7).pdf|access-date=1 June 2013 }}</ref> Significant changes happened with the implementation of [[Mandal Commission]] recommendations in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|title=Who are the OBCs?|access-date=19 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html |archive-date=27 June 2006 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Amit |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ramaiah |first=A. |date=6 June 1992 |url=http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf |title=Identifying Other Backward Classes |pages=1203–1207 |work=Economic and Political Weekly |access-date=27 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230030051/http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Implementation of Recommendations of Mandal Commission |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses4/0507089201.htm |work=Parliament of India |access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> In the ''[[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]]'' case in 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that reservations in job promotions are "unconstitutional" or not in accordance with the political constitution but allowed its continuation for five years. It also stipulated that reservations could not exceed 50 percent, anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by the Constitution.<ref name="Sawhney">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1363234/ |title=Indra Sawhney Etc. vs Union of India And Others, Etc. on 16 November, 1992 |work=Indian Kanoon|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjps-obc-pitch-how-stronger-new-backward-classes-panel-will-function-4617203/|title=BJP's OBC pitch: How stronger new backward classes panel will function|date=18 April 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 1995, the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|77th amendment]] to the constitution was made before the five-year period expired to continue with caste based reservations in jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend77.htm |title=Seventy Seventh Amendment |work=Indiacode |access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref> In the ''[[Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India]]'' case in 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the introduction of reservations in central educational institutions, subject to the "[[creamy layer]]" criteria.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2008 |title=2008 ALL SCR 412 – Supreme Court Landmark Judgment [ Constitution of India, Article 245, Article 13, Article 372 ] |url=https://nearlaw.com/PDF/SC/2008/2008_all_scr_412.html |journal=Indian Journal of Supreme Court Reports |volume=1 |pages=412 |via=RNI Approved Legal Reporter |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195104/https://nearlaw.com/PDF/SC/2008/2008_all_scr_412.html |archive-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Over the years, the Supreme Court has often stuck down attempts by various states to introduce additional reservations or create sub-quotas based on casts or religion.
<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3523008.ece?homepage=true |title=Supreme Court upholds AP court order quashing minority sub-quota |date=13 June 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616013104/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3523008.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Supreme-Court-upholds-High-courts-decision-to-quash-quota-in-promotion/articleshow/12903017.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200921/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-28/lucknow/31451487_1_consequential-seniority-due-promotions-reservation |archive-date=10 May 2013 |title=Supreme Court upholds High court's decision to quash quota in promotion |date=28 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Supreme Court throws out Maratha quota law, cites 50% reservation cap |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-quashes-maharashtra-law-granting-reservation-to-maratha-community-7302656/ |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, there have been exceptions, such as in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], where the Court has allowed caste-based reservation up to 69 percent as 89% of the population were eligible for reservations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dharmadhikari |first=Sanyukta |date=29 March 2021 |title=How Tamil Nadu's reservation stands at 69% despite the 50% quota cap |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116 |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=3 April 2024 |title=89% of Tamil Nadu's population already eligible for reservation, State tells Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/89-of-tamil-nadus-population-already-eligible-for-reservation-state-govt-tells-madras-high-court/article68024416.ece |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 7 November 2022,the Supreme Court by a 3:2 verdict in the ''Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India'' case, upheld the validity of the 103rd constitutional amendment carried out to provide ten percent reservation for the economically weaker sections from unreserved classes for admission in educational institutions and government jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/quotas-poor-forward-castes-supreme-court-rule-8254179/|title=Quotas for poor among 'forward castes' upheld: Here's the case and what the SC has ruled|date=7 November 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref> It held that the 50% cap on quota is not inviolable and affirmative action on economic basis may go a long way in eradicating caste-based reservation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-ews-quota-in-3-2-split-verdict-cji-in-minority/articleshow/95365168.cms|title=Supreme Court upholds EWS quota in 3-2 split verdict, CJI in minority|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/reservation-policy-cannot-stay-for-indefinite-period-says-supreme-court/article66108033.ece?homepage=true|title=Reservation policy cannot stay for indefinite period, says Supreme Court|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2022 }}</ref> On 1 August 2024, the Supreme Court ruled 6:1 in favor of permitting states to create sub-quotas for based on caste within their reservation schemes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Validity of Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/punjab-davinder-singh-validity-of-sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-case-background/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=Supreme Court Observer }}</ref>

=== Elections ===
In the 1980s, [[Electronic Voting Machines]] (EVM) were developed for voting in the Indian elections and was introduced in a phased manner by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/from-paper-ballots-to-switch-to-evm-and-the-introduction-of-nota-in-elections-learn-all-voting-system-in-classeswithnews18-6395737.html|title=From Paper Ballots Then to EVMs & NOTA Now|work=[[News18]]|date=21 November 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043456/https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/from-paper-ballots-to-switch-to-evm-and-the-introduction-of-nota-in-elections-learn-all-voting-system-in-classeswithnews18-6395737.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The EVMs were first trialed in May 1982 in the by-election to [[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]] assembly constituency in [[Kerala]] in a limited number of polling stations.<ref name="Shukla">{{cite book|first=Alok|last=Shukla|title=EVM Electronic Voting Machines|year=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gs91DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70|publisher=Leadstart|isbn=978-9-35201-122-3|pages=70–73|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043520/https://books.google.com/books?id=gs91DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/history-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india/article68015562.ece|title=A brief history of EVMs in India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408072413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/history-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india/article68015562.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In a ruling on a case filed against the usage of EVMs in the by-election, the Supreme Court ruled that the [[Representation of People Act, 1951]] and the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 specified the usage of [[paper ballot]] and forbade the use of any new methods including electronic voting. It further stated the manner in which the orders were issued for the use of EVMs was unconstitutional and the usage of any alternate means would require to be specified under the law.<ref name="Shukla"/> An amendment to the Representation of the People Act, 1951 which allowed the usage of EVMs, came into force in March 1989.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/uploads/monthly_2022_11/10386732_LegalHistoryofEVMsandVVPATs_pdf.a942a6ed2e36892f92adecb5e88f6d3d|title=Legal history of EVMs|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|date=November 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

After a consultation with the political parties, the Election Commission studied the feasibility of a [[voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) in EVMs as a measure of transparency,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/evm-vvpat-case-supreme-court-lok-sabha-elections-13763213.html|title=EVM-VVPAT case: Why were VVPATs introduced? What is the controversy?|date=24 April 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|work=[[First Post]]|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603163708/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/evm-vvpat-case-supreme-court-lok-sabha-elections-13763213.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and trialed it in some elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=New voting machines found perfect: Election Commission|url=http://www.kolkatanews.net/story/817207|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413205244/http://www.kolkatanews.net/story/817207|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2013|access-date=28 July 2012|work=Kolkata News|date=28 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Voting Machines Found Perfect: EC|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=109901|access-date=28 July 2012|work=[[Daijiworld Media]]|date=28 July 2011|archive-date=6 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106133222/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=109901|url-status=live}}</ref> A public-interest litigation was filed in the Supreme Court in 2011 for directing the Election Commission to modify the EVMs to give a slip printed with the symbol of the party in whose favor the voter cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%2031211p.txt|title=SC order on EVM|work=Supreme Court of India|date=25 July 2011|access-date=15 February 2012|archive-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220032341/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%2031211p.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2611/at092|title=SC seeks EC reply on EVM modification|date=25 July 2011|work=[[The Assam Tribune]]|access-date=15 February 2012|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219142425/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2611/at092|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/do-evms-need-modification-sc-asks-ec-to-decide-in-3-weeks/822122/0|title=Do EVMs need modification? SC asks EC to decide in 3 weeks|date=25 July 2011|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> On 8 October 2013, the Supreme Court directed the Election Commission to introduce VVPATs along with EVMs in a phased manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=40874|title=Civil Appeal No.9093 of 2013|work=Supreme Court of India|access-date=10 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502062650/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=40874|archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court asks Election Commission to introduce paper trail in EVMs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/supreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms-213615-2013-10-07|work=[[India Today]]|date=8 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms/article5213604.ece|title=Elections 2014: SC directive to EC for paper trail in EVMs|date=8 October 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530081148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms/article5213604.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, it further directed that two percent of the VVPATs shall be verified to ensure the reliability before the final results were certified.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html|title=EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting|date=10 March 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174127/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms|title=EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls|date=23 May 2019|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616143716/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Various opposition parties alleged faulty EVMs and the raised the possibility of tampering of the machines.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swamy for expert panel on secure EVMs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article106271.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203213930/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article106271.ece|archive-date=3 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/electronic-voting-machine-stolen-this-man-blamed-428563|title=Electronic voting machine stolen, this man blamed|date=23 August 2010|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804144918/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/electronic-voting-machine-stolen-this-man-blamed-428563|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been multiple cases against the usage of EVMs in which the Supreme Court had ruled in the favor of the Election Commission and has declared that the use of EVMs is constitutionally valid.<ref name="Shukla" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Nandan Nilekani|title=Imagining India: Ideas for the New Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTAOHFrwRNsC&pg=PA115|year=2012|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-341799-6|pages=115–117|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521152907/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTAOHFrwRNsC&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a writ petition filed in 2001 by the Association of Democratic reforms, the Supreme Court ordered the mandatory disclosure of criminal records, assets, and education by election candidates, by the Election Commission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Writ petition in the issue of black money |url=https://www.right2info.org/resources/publications/case-pdfs/india_union-of-india-uoi-v.-respondent-association-for-democratic-reforms-and-another-with-peoples-union-for-civil-liberties-pucl-and-another-v.-union-of-india-uoi-and-another |work=Supreme court of India |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314050919/http://www.right2info.org/resources/publications/case-pdfs/india_union-of-india-uoi-v.-respondent-association-for-democratic-reforms-and-another-with-peoples-union-for-civil-liberties-pucl-and-another-v.-union-of-india-uoi-and-another |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a related case, a three judge bench presided by the then chief justice [[Altamas Kabir]] issued notice to the Union government and the Election Commission on a public-interest litigation filed by a group of [[Non resident Indian]]s for the possibility of providing online or postal ballot for Indian citizens living abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/314238/sc-notice-centre-ec-online.html |title=SC notice to Centre, EC on online voting for NRIs |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181717/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/314238/sc-notice-centre-ec-online.html |archive-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%208013p.txt |title=Nagendar Chindam vs Union of India |work=Supreme Court of India |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416184021/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%208013p.txt |archive-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, the Supreme Court struck down an [[Electoral bonds]] scheme that allowed individuals and companies to anonymously donate to political parties, stating it was a violation of a voter's right to information about political funding. It also pointed out that it would lead to specific arrangements between corporations and politicians. The [[State Bank of India]] and the Election Commission were directed to publish all donor data available, including the names and the amount of donors they had collected.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Gauri |date=15 February 2024 |title=Electoral Bonds Constitution Bench: Judgement Summary |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/electoral-bonds-constitution-bench-judgement-summary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215154720/https://www.scobserver.in/reports/electoral-bonds-constitution-bench-judgement-summary/ |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=Supreme Court Observer }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's Supreme Court scraps electoral bonds, calls them 'unconstitutional' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/15/indias-supreme-court-scraps-electoral-bonds-calls-it-unconstitutional |access-date=15 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429025154/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/15/indias-supreme-court-scraps-electoral-bonds-calls-it-unconstitutional |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 February 2024 |title=Why did the Supreme Court strike down the electoral bonds scheme? Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-did-the-supreme-court-strike-down-the-electoral-bonds-scheme-explained/article67848657.ece |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428203708/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-did-the-supreme-court-strike-down-the-electoral-bonds-scheme-explained/article67848657.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== LGBT rights ===
In April 2014, in the ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'' case, judge [[K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan]] recognised transgender to be the '[[third gender]]' officially as per Indian law.<ref>{{cite news |title=India recognises transgender people as third gender |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/15/india-recognises-transgender-people-third-gender |access-date=15 April 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415221112/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/15/india-recognises-transgender-people-third-gender |archive-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McCoy |first=Terrence |title=India now recognizes transgender citizens as 'third gender' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/15/india-now-recognizes-transgender-citizens-as-third-gender/?tid=hp_mm |access-date=15 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415141006/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/15/india-now-recognizes-transgender-citizens-as-third-gender/?tid=hp_mm |archive-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the ruling, the judge highlighted the ridicule and trauma faced by the community, and it is a moral responsibility of the society to embrace them.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=National Legal Services Authority ... Petitioner Versus Union of India and others ... Respondents |court=Supreme Court of India |date=15 April 2014 |url=http://pastebin.com/9a5g8Qmr |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183032/http://pastebin.com/9a5g8Qmr |url-status=live}}</ref> He also said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law, enabling them to access jobs, healthcare and education.<ref>{{cite news |title=India court recognises transgender people as third gender |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-27031180 |access-date=15 April 2014 |newspaper=BBC News |date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415130906/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-27031180 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> This resulted in [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]], and [[Eunuch|eunuchs]], apart from [[Gender binary|binary gender]], being treated as the third gender, and also affirmed the individual right for self-identification of gender.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-recognizes-transgenders-as-third-gender/articleshow/33767900.cms |access-date=15 April 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-recognizes-transgenders-as-third-gender/articleshow/33767900.cms |archive-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 September 2018, a five-member constitutional bench decriminalised [[homosexuality]] by partially striking down [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] in the ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'' case. The bench led by chief justice [[Dipak Misra]] unanimously declared that criminalisation of private consensual sex between adult persons of the [[same sex]] as unconstitutional. The court, however, held that the section 377 would still apply to [[bestiality]], sex with [[Minor child|minors]] and non consensual sexual acts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/sc-decriminalises-homosexuality/article24887363.ece |title=Supreme Court decriminalises homosexuality |date=7 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 June 2019 |first=Krishnadas |last=Rajagopal |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730035426/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/sc-decriminalises-homosexuality/article24887363.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other cases ===
==== 2G spectrum case ====
{{see|2G spectrum case}}

The 2G spectrum case involved politicians and officials of the telecom ministry including then telecom minister [[A. Raja]], who were accused of allotting 122 [[spectrum license]]s in 2008 on conditions that provided an advantage to specific telecom operators that resulted in the loss of {{INRconvert|1760|b}} in government revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=2G Scam Explained|url=https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/2g-scam-explained.html|access-date=18 September 2021|work=[[News18]]}}</ref> On 2 February 2012, the Supreme Court declared the allotment of spectrum as unconstitutional and arbitrary and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-scraps-122-licences-granted-under-Rajas-tenure-trial-court-to-decide-on-Chidambarams-role/articleshow/11725097.cms|title=2G scam: SC scraps 122 licences granted under Raja's tenure, trial court to decide on Chidambaram's role|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 February 2012|access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>

==== Right to Information ====
{{see|Right to Information Act}}

The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 is an act of the parliament which set the rules and procedures regarding citizens' right to access information. In 2010, the Supreme Court filed an appeal before itself challenging the judgement of the [[Delhi High Court]] which held that the office of the chief justice of India came under the ambit of the RTI act and was liable to reveal information under it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court challenges verdict bringing CJI under RTI |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 March 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-challenges-verdict-bringing-CJI-under-RTI/article16548421.ece |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811231132/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-challenges-verdict-bringing-CJI-under-RTI/article16548421.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 November 2019, in a majority judgement of the Supreme Court, the office of the chief justice and governors of the states were brought under the purview of the act.<ref>{{cite news |title=CJI, governors should come under RTI: SC |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 July 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-for-bringing-office-of-cji-within-rti-ambit/articleshow/59481996.cms |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801022155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-for-bringing-office-of-cji-within-rti-ambit/articleshow/59481996.cms |archive-date=1 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Democratize the position of CJI and High Court Chief Justices', says Justice AP Shah |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 March 2018 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/democratize-the-position-of-cji-and-high-court-chief-justices-justice-ap-shah/article23039259.ece |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313050001/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/democratize-the-position-of-cji-and-high-court-chief-justices-justice-ap-shah/article23039259.ece |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Black money ====
{{see|Indian black money}}
In 2009, a writ petition was filed before the Supreme Court seeking its directions to help bring back the [[black money]] stashed abroad by Indians.<ref>{{cite web |title=SC ordering formation of SIT – 4 July 2011 |url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/17620093472011p.txt |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=15 September 2013 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209120331/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/17620093472011p.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> When the government refused to disclose details of about Indians holding accounts in an overseas bank in 2011, a two judge bench of the Supreme Court ordered the disclosure of the same and the formation of a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special investigation team]] to probe the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dont-let-Hasan-Ali-leave-country-SC/articleshow/7472495.cms |title=Don't let Hasan Ali leave country: SC |date=11 February 2011 |access-date=9 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531074303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/india/28541511_1_names-of-foreign-bank-lgt-bank-black-money |archive-date=31 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/news/28425995_1_black-money-liechtenstein-s-lgt-bank-accounts-in-tax-havens |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Pranab Mukherjee refuses to spill names of LGT Bank account-holders |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=9 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313192016/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/news/28425995_1_black-money-liechtenstein-s-lgt-bank-accounts-in-tax-havens |archive-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/12/09011809/Supreme-Court-the-balancing-a.html |title=Supreme Court: the balancing act |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413085005/http://www.livemint.com/2011/12/09011809/Supreme-Court-the-balancing-a.html? |url-status=live}}</ref> Later in 2014, the central government disclosed the names of the people in separate affidavits to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Govt discloses names of 26 Liechtenstein Bank Account Holders |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/govt-discloses-names-of-26-liechtenstein-bank-account-holders/ |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=Bihar Prabha |access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dabur's Pradip Burman among 3 named for holding black money accounts abroad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-names-3-black-money-account-holders-in-affidavit-to-SC/articleshow/44945687.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref>

==== Administrative reforms ====
In 2013, in the ''[[T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India]]'' case, a division bench of the Supreme Court ruled that officers of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and other [[All India Services]], and other civil servants were not required to follow oral instructions, as they "undermine credibility".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/oral-instructions-undermine-accountability-supreme-court/article5302069.ece |title=Oral instructions undermine accountability: Supreme Court |last=Venkatesan |first=J. |date=1 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 February 2018 |location=New Delhi |issn=0971-751X |oclc=13119119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428095022/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/oral-instructions-undermine-accountability-supreme-court/article5302069.ece |archive-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131101/jsp/frontpage/story_17519176.jsp |title=Chance to say 'No, minister' |last=Balaji |first=R. |date=31 October 2013 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=21 February 2018 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271717941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221101158/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131101/jsp/frontpage/story_17519176.jsp |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ias-officers-will-no-more-act-on-oral-orders-supreme-court_887175.html |title=IAS officers will no more act on oral orders: Supreme Court |last=Nagpal |first=Deepak |date=31 October 2013 |work=[[Zee News]] |access-date=21 February 2018 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221101141/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ias-officers-will-no-more-act-on-oral-orders-supreme-court_887175.html |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The judgement also recommended several reforms to the appointment, transfer, and promotions of civil service personnel. A Civil Services Board, headed by the [[Cabinet Secretary of India|cabinet secretary]] at national level, and [[Chief Secretary (India)|chief secretary]] at state level, was to be set up to recommend transfer/postings all Group A officers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-reform-sc-orders-fixed-tenure-for-bureaucrats/article5299939.ece |title=In major reform, SC orders fixed tenure for bureaucrats |last=Venkatesan |first=J. |date=31 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 February 2018 |location=New Delhi |issn=0971-751X |oclc=13119119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020205043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-reform-sc-orders-fixed-tenure-for-bureaucrats/article5299939.ece |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-year-fixed-postings-for-IAS-IPS-and-forest-service/articleshow/29623556.cms |title=2-year fixed postings for IAS, IPS and forest service |last=Jain |first=Bharti |date=31 January 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi |oclc=23379369 |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033320/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-year-fixed-postings-for-IAS-IPS-and-forest-service/articleshow/29623556.cms |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/centre-notifies-2-yr-tenure-for-ias-ips-forest-service-officers/ |title=Centre notifies 2-yr tenure for IAS, IPS, Forest Service officers |last=Chhibber |first=Maneesh |date=31 January 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |oclc=70274541 |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903033447/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/centre-notifies-2-yr-tenure-for-ias-ips-forest-service-officers/ |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Transfers of Group B officers were to be done by the respective heads of departments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/jonew/judis/40943.pdf |title=T.S.R. Subramanian & Ors. … Petitioners Versus Union of India & Ors.|last=Panicker Radhakrishnan |first=K. S. |author-link=K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan |date=31 October 2018 |website=Supreme Court of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221110743/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/jonew/judis/40943.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-civil-servants-cannot-function-on-the-basis-of-verbal-or-oral-instructions/288426 |title='The Civil Servants Cannot Function On The Basis Of Verbal Or Oral Instructions. |date=1 November 2018 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100246/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-civil-servants-cannot-function-on-the-basis-of-verbal-or-oral-instructions/288426 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It further ordered that there was to be no interference of any ministers in the transfers/postings of civil servants.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sc-seeks-to-protect-civil-servants-from-their-political-bosses-113110100038_1.html |title=SC seeks to protect civil servants from their political bosses |date=1 November 2013 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=21 February 2018 |agency=B. S. Reporter |location=New Delhi |oclc=496280002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100449/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sc-seeks-to-protect-civil-servants-from-their-political-bosses-113110100038_1.html |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-year-end-special-10-landmark-judgments-of-2013/20131220.htm#11 |title=Year-end Special: 10 landmark judgments of 2013 |date=20 December 2013 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100748/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-year-end-special-10-landmark-judgments-of-2013/20131220.htm#11 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Right to privacy ====
{{see|Right to Privacy verdict}}

In the ''[[Puttaswamy v. Union of India]]'' case in 2017, the Supreme Court upheld that the right to privacy is protected as a fundamental right under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the constitution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhandari |first1=Vrinda |last2=Kak |first2=Amba |last3=Parsheera |first3=Smriti |last4=Rahman |first4=Faiza |title=An Analysis of Puttaswamy: The Supreme Court's Privacy Verdict |url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/11/An-Analysis-of-Puttaswamy-Supreme-Court-s-Privacy-Verdict-003-11-2017-0004.html |journal=IndraStra Global |volume=003 |pages=004 |issn=2381-3652 |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221005609/https://www.indrastra.com/2017/11/An-Analysis-of-Puttaswamy-Supreme-Court-s-Privacy-Verdict-003-11-2017-0004.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It clarified that the rights could be infringed upon only when there was a compelling state interest for doing so, and overruled three previous judgements of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 August 2017 |title=Supreme Court rights old judicial wrongs in landmark Right to Privacy verdict, shows State its rightful place |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/supreme-court-rights-old-judicial-wrongs-in-landmark-right-to-privacy-verdict-shows-state-its-rightful-place-3984011.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |work=Firstpost |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206222233/https://www.firstpost.com/india/supreme-court-rights-old-judicial-wrongs-in-landmark-right-to-privacy-verdict-shows-state-its-rightful-place-3984011.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Ayodhya dispute ====
{{Main|2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute}}

The [[Ayodhya dispute]] is centered around a plot of land in the city of [[Ayodhya]] in Uttar Pradesh, which had been a contentious issue between the Hindus and the Muslims since the 18th century. The Supreme Court has heard several litigations since the first case was filed before it in 1961. On 9 November 2019, a bench of the Supreme Court, led by chief justice [[Ranjan Gogoi]], declared that the disputed land will be given to Hindus for the construction of the [[Ram Temple, Ayodhya|temple]], and the Muslim community shall be given an alternative piece of land for the construction of a mosque.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html |title=Entire Disputed Land Goes to Hindus for Ram Mandir, Muslims to Get 5 Acres of Alternate Land |date=9 November 2019 |work=[[News18]] |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109055244/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html |archive-date=9 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece |title=Supreme Court hearing ends in Ayodhya dispute; orders reserved |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[Business Line]] |date=16 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023101322/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704 |title=Ayodhya Verdict Live Updates: Disputed Land To Be Given For Temple Construction, Muslims To Get 5-Acre Plot In Ayodhya, Says Top Court |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109060357/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Assessment ==
=== Corruption ===
In 2008, the Supreme Court was embroiled in several allegations including that of [[corruption]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802122841/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=3a1e5636-0e74-45da-a271-326c51d2fb23&&Headline=Ex-chief+justice+under+corruption+panel+scanner |title=Ex-chief justice under corruption panel scanner |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=3a1e5636-0e74-45da-a271-326c51d2fb23&&Headline=Ex-chief+justice+under+corruption+panel+scanner |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2008 |archive-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> These included expensive private holidays for judges at government expenses,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/judges-junk-rules-for-junkets-with-wives/65630-3.html?xml |title=Are judges holidaying at public expense?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019182030/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/judges-junk-rules-for-junkets-with-wives/65630-3.html |archive-date=19 October 2013|date=May 2008|work=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref> refusal to divulge details of judges' assets to the public,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/judges-asset-declaration-before-cji-not.../381980/|title= Judges' asset declaration before CJI not for public eye: SC to CIC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021111608/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/judges-asset-declaration-before-cji-not.../381980/ |archive-date=21 October 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 November 2008}}</ref> secrecy in the appointments of judges,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990331/iex31074.html|title=The case of judicial injustice|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 March 1999|access-date=1 June 2002}}</ref> and the refusal to make information public under the [[Right to Information Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/RTI-Act-does-not-apply-to-my-office-CJI/articleshow/2964678.cms |title=RTI Act does not apply to my office: CJI |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> The chief justice K. G. Balakrishnan invited a lot of criticism for his comments on his post not being that of a public servant, but that of a constitutional authority,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Is-the-CJI-a-public-servant/articleshow/2969521.cms |title=Is the CJI a public servant? |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 April 2008 |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> which he recanted it later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/I-am-a-public-servant-CJI/articleshow/3013416.cms |title=I am a public servant: CJI |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 May 2008 |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> The judiciary came under criticism from president [[Pratibha Patil]] for its failure in handling its duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delayed-justice-leading-to-lynch-mobs-Pratibha/articleshow/2808523.cms|title=Delayed justice leading to lynching mobs: Pratibha|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 February 2008|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> Then prime minsiter [[Manmohan Singh]] stated that corruption is one of the major challenges facing the judiciary, and suggested that there is an urgent need to eradicate this menace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/manmohan-singh-calls-for-check-on-corruption-in-the-judiciary_10039700.html|title= Manmohan Singh calls for check on corruption in judiciary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820162458/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/manmohan-singh-calls-for-check-on-corruption-in-the-judiciary_10039700.html |archive-date=20 August 2018 |work=Thaindian News |date=19 April 2008}}</ref>

The judges Inquiry (Amendment) Bill was introduced in October 2008 for setting up of the National Judicial Council, headed by the chief justice, to probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and Supreme Court judges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=473145&sid=NAT |title=Pass Judges (Inquiry) Bill in next session, panel tells Govt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215174921/http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=473145&sid=NAT |archive-date=15 December 2020 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=30 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/Bill-for-probe-panel-against-errant-judges-cleared/ |title=Bill for probe panel against errant judges cleared |work=iGovernment |date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163011/http://www.igovernment.in/site/Bill-for-probe-panel-against-errant-judges-cleared/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

=== Pending cases ===
{{see|Pendency of court cases in India}}

As per the Supreme Court newsletter, there were 58,519 cases pending in the Supreme Court, out of which 37,385 were pending for more than a year, at the end of 2011. Excluding connected cases, there were 33,892 pending cases before the court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court Quarterly Newsletter — Oct — Dec 2011 |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/courtnews/2011_issue_4.pdf |work=Supreme Court of India |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219212236/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/courtnews/2011_issue_4.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref> The number of pending cases slightly dropped to 55,259 by 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of pending matters in Supreme Court as on 1st April 2014 |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/statistics |access-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125080921/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/statistics |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live |work=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> In May 2014, chief justice [[R.M. Lodha]], proposed to make the [[Judiciary of India|Indian judiciary]] work throughout the year (instead of the present system of vacations) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts. As per the proposal, the working days and hours would remain the same, and different judges would be going on vacation during different periods of the year per their choice. However, the [[Bar Council of India]] rejected this proposal because it would have inconvenienced the advocates who would have to work throughout the year and possibly with different judges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposal to make judiciary work throughout the year |url=http://www.tilakmarg.com/2014/06/proposal-to-make-judiciary-work.html |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203911/http://www.tilakmarg.com/2014/06/proposal-to-make-judiciary-work.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live |work=Tilak marg}}</ref> The [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|Code of Civil Procedure]] have been diluted by Supreme Court judgements over time to give the courts right to endlessly adjourn the cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=What causes judicial delay? Judgments diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 August 2016 |url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/what-causes-judicial-delay-judgments-diluting-timeframes-in-code-of-civil-procedure-worsen-the-problem-of-adjournments/ |access-date=5 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904045743/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/what-causes-judicial-delay-judgments-diluting-timeframes-in-code-of-civil-procedure-worsen-the-problem-of-adjournments/ |archive-date=4 September 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Ranjan |first1=Brajesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Don't need 70,000 judges. Just fill vacancies to cut backlog |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/dont-need-70000-judges-just-fill-vacancies-to-cut-backlog/ |author=Shailesh Gandhi, Ex Central Information Commissioner |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711034158/https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/dont-need-70000-judges-just-fill-vacancies-to-cut-backlog/ |archive-date=11 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> As per the [[International Bar Association]], this resulted in a serious crisis to access to speedy justice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to justice: Indian Supreme Court's backlog is 'serious issue' |url=https://www.ibanet.org/Access-to%20justice-Indian-Supreme-Courts-backlog-is-serious-issue |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[International Bar Association]]}}</ref>

=== External interference and selection of cases ===
The Supreme Court has been accused of choosing and prioritising cases selectively. For example, the trial to examine the validity of the ninety-ninth [[constitutional amendment]], dated 31 December 2014, to form the National Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of appointing the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, was conducted on utmost priority and the Supreme Court delivered its judgement on 16 October 2015, quashing the constitutional amendment as [[unconstitutional]] and [[ultra vires]], stating that the said amendment interferes with the independence of the judiciary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-verdict-on-njac-and-collegium-system/article7769266.ece?homepage=true |title=SC declares NJAC unconstitutional, upholds Collegium |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 October 2015 |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102918/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-verdict-on-njac-and-collegium-system/article7769266.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live}}</ref>

The pending cases have included cases such as the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]], which was enacted by the parliament and later challenged as against the stipulated procedure and [[Basic structure doctrine|basic structure of the constitution]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-admits-petition-against-formation-of-telangana/article5940913.ece |title=Supreme Court admits petition against formation Telangana |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703232407/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-admits-petition-against-formation-of-telangana/article5940913.ece |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=live |last1=Venkatesan |first1=J.}}</ref> Under [[checks and balances]] as provided in the constitution, it is the duty of the judiciary to establish the [[rule of law]] at the earliest by rectifying any misuse of the constitution by the parliament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rule of law: Justice in the dock |date=10 March 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rule-of-law-justice-in-the-dock-1186254-2018-03-10 |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310182230/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rule-of-law-justice-in-the-dock-1186254-2018-03-10 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |url-status=live |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, the case was pending to be taken up for more than six years, with judge Chelameswar making reference to government interference on the same.<ref>{{cite web |title=Govt meddling in Supreme Court: Justice Chelameswar says CJI Dipak Misra has to take it forward |date=31 March 2018 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-meddling-in-sc-justice-chelameswar-says-cji-dipak-misra-has-to-take-it-forward-5117863/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331023441/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-meddling-in-sc-justice-chelameswar-says-cji-dipak-misra-has-to-take-it-forward-5117863/ |archive-date=31 March 2018 |url-status=live |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> While the original case was pending, the Supreme Court delivered judgements to dispose of petitions related to the apportionment of assets between the newly formed states of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/A%20ststute%20is%20best%20interpreted%20when%20we%20know%20why%20it%20was%20enacted.%20With%20this%20knowledge,%20the%20ststute%20must%20be%20read,%20first%20as%20a%20whole%20and%20then%20section%20by%20section,%20clause%20by%20clause,%20phrase%20by%20phrase%20and%20word%20by%20word..pdf |date=March 2016 |title=Assets division between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh of Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh State Education Council of Higher Education |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124010819/http://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/A%20ststute%20is%20best%20interpreted%20when%20we%20know%20why%20it%20was%20enacted.%20With%20this%20knowledge,%20the%20ststute%20must%20be%20read,%20first%20as%20a%20whole%20and%20then%20section%20by%20section,%20clause%20by%20clause,%20phrase%20by%20phrase%20and%20word%20by%20word..pdf |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> water sharing between the states,<ref>{{cite news |title=Issue of Telangana's share in Krishna water may be referred to Tribunal: Centre to Supreme Court |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/issue-of-telanganas-share-in-krishna-water-may-be-referred-to-tribunal-centre-to-supreme-court/articleshow/50094386.cms |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127085314/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/issue-of-telanganas-share-in-krishna-water-may-be-referred-to-tribunal-centre-to-supreme-court/articleshow/50094386.cms |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and other cases related to it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad High Court bifurcation: Centre approves judges' proposal |date=26 October 2017 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/oct/26/hyderabad-high-court-bifurcation-centre-approves-judges-proposal-1683366.html |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230065528/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/oct/26/hyderabad-high-court-bifurcation-centre-approves-judges-proposal-1683366.html |archive-date=30 December 2017 |url-status=live |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Four judges vs. the chief justice ===
{{Main|2018 Supreme Court of India crisis}}

On 12 January 2018, four senior judges of the Supreme Court– Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi, [[Madan Lokur]] and [[Kurian Joseph]] addressed a press conference criticizing the chief justice [[Dipak Misra]]'s style of administration and the manner in which he allocated cases among judges of the Supreme Court. However, people close to Misra denied the allegations that the allocation of cases was unfair.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagriya |first1=Ashok |last2=Sinha |first2=Bhadra |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-senior-supreme-court-judges-speak-out-against-cji-dipak-misra-say-need-to-preserve-institution-for-survival-of-democracy/story-UqaLGhs4iCbyk4zckVmMbM.html |title=Turmoil in Supreme Court as four judges speak out against Chief Justice Dipak Misra |date=12 January 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=13 January 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112173338/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-senior-supreme-court-judges-speak-out-against-cji-dipak-misra-say-need-to-preserve-institution-for-survival-of-democracy/story-UqaLGhs4iCbyk4zckVmMbM.html |archive-date=12 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 April 2018, seven opposition parties submitted a petition seeking the impeachment of Misra to the [[Vice President of India|vice president]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]], with signatures from 71 parliamentarians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/opposition-parties-submit-petition-to-rajya-sabha-chairman-for-chief-justices-impeachment-1840245 |title=Chief Justice Dipak Misra Faces Impeachment Motion, 71 Have Signed: 10 Facts |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420152255/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/opposition-parties-submit-petition-to-rajya-sabha-chairman-for-chief-justices-impeachment-1840245 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 April 2018, the petition was rejected by Naidu, primarily on the basis that the complaints were about administration and not misbehaviour, and that thus impeachment would seriously interfere with the constitutionally protected [[independence of the judiciary]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phukan |first=Sandeep |date=23 April 2018 |title=Venkaiah Naidu rejects impeachment motion against CJI |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/venkaiah-naidu-rejects-impeachment-motion-against-cji/article23643125.ece |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215174843/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/venkaiah-naidu-rejects-impeachment-motion-against-cji/article23643125.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Decision to reject impeachment motion against CJI was not hasty: Venkaiah Naidu |date=23 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/decision-to-reject-impeachment-motion-against-cji-was-not-hasty-venkaiah-naidu/articleshow/63895986.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425002616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/decision-to-reject-impeachment-motion-against-cji-was-not-hasty-venkaiah-naidu/articleshow/63895986.cms |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=10 reasons why Venkaiah Naidu rejected the impeachment notice against CJI Dipak Misra |date=23 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-reasons-why-venkaiah-naidu-rejected-the-impeachment-notice-against-cji-dipak-misra/articleshow/63881915.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423214619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-reasons-why-venkaiah-naidu-rejected-the-impeachment-notice-against-cji-dipak-misra/articleshow/63881915.cms |archive-date=23 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Allegations of harrasement ===
On 18 April 2019, an unnamed woman employee of the Supreme Court filed an affidavit stating that chief justice Ranjan Gogoi had [[Sexual harassment|sexually harassed]] her on 10–11 October 2018 by pressing his body against hers against her will. An in-house committee of the Supreme Court cleared Gogoi of the charges, although the report of the committee was not provided to the complainant.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48177737 |title=Indian Chief Justice Cleared of Sexual Harassment |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 May 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820162954/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48177737 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> There was a protest by a section of lawyers against the manner in which the woman's complaint was dealt with by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/women-lawyers-activists-protest-against-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi/videoshow/69214922.cms |title=Lawyers, Activists Protest against Clean Chit to CJI Ranjan Gogoi |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=7 May 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023001500/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/women-lawyers-activists-protest-against-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi/videoshow/69214922.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, a petition was filed before the [[National Human Rights Commission]] to obtain the report of the in-house committee.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/complaint-in-nhrc-seeks-sexual-harassment-report-which-gave-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi-1536015-2019-05-27 |title=Complaint in NHRC Seeking Sexual Harassment Report on CJI Ranjan Gogoi |work=[[India Today]] |date=27 May 2019 |language=en |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530101346/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/complaint-in-nhrc-seeks-sexual-harassment-report-which-gave-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi-1536015-2019-05-27 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The woman complainant later stated that she and her family were systematically victimised as they were all dismissed from service following her protest against Gogoi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cji-ranjan-gogoi-clean-chit-sexual-harassment-case-my-worst-fears-came-true-1518609-2019-05-06 |title=Dejected and Terrified – Woman Complainant against CJI Ranjan Gogoi |work=[[India Today]] |date=6 May 2019 |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108005525/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cji-ranjan-gogoi-clean-chit-sexual-harassment-case-my-worst-fears-came-true-1518609-2019-05-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Law}}
* [[Attorney General of India]]
* [[Solicitor General of India]]
* [[Constitutional body (India)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625110033/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/scr.htm Supreme Court reports]
* [https://legaldata.in/court/judgements/supreme-court-of-india Supreme Court judgments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101112032/https://legaldata.in/court/judgements/supreme-court-of-india |date=1 November 2022 }}
* [https://www.api.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges Chief Justice & Judges]
* [https://www.leadindia.law/blog/role-and-powers-of-the-supreme-court-in-the-indian-constitution-a-complete-guide/ Role And powers of the Supreme Court in the Indian Constitution]

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[[Category:Supreme Court of India| ]]
[[Category:National supreme courts|India]]
[[Category:Constitutional courts|India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]

Sayeedullah Nongrum

2026-03-23T07:09:28Z

Wazid:

{{Short description|Meghalaya politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sayeedullah Nongrum
| native_name =
| office1 = Member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]]
| term_start1 = 2003
| term_end1 = 2013
| predecessor1 = [[Kapin Ch. Boro]]
| successor1 = [[Ashahel D. Shira]]
| term_start2 = 1993
| term_end2 = 1998
| predecessor2 = [[Miriam D. Shira]]
| successor2 = [[Kapin Ch. Boro]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|11|25}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| relatives =
| image =
| caption =
}}
'''Sayeedullah Nongrum''' is an Indian politician and philanthropist. He was a three-time MLA for [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]] constituency at the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="rajabala-results" />

==Early life and education==
Khan was born on 25 November 1945 to a [[Sunni Muslim]] [[Khasi people|Khasi]] family in [[Meghalaya]]. His father was S.K. Abdullah. He began his studies in [[Shillong]], completing his [[matriculation]] from the city's Islamia High School in 1960. He graduated from [[Gauhati University]] in 1964, and completed a [[Master of Arts]] degree in [[Urdu]] in 1969.<ref name="myneta-2019" />

==Career==
===Professional and educational work===
Nongrum began his working life in 1967 as a time scale clerk in the Department of Telecommunications. He later served as a Public Relations Officer before retiring in 1992 to focus on social and political work.<ref name="iml" />

He played a key role in Muslim educational and institutional development in Meghalaya. He served as president of the Shillong Muslim Panchayat and as secretary of the [[Central Waqf Council#State Waqf Boards|Meghalaya Board of Wakf]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=The Milli Gazette, OPI, Pharos Media |title=In the service of Meghalaya Muslims |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Mar04-Print-Edition/0103200465.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040703095224/https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Mar04-Print-Edition/0103200465.htm |archive-date=2004-07-03 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.milligazette.com}}</ref>

Nongrum helped found several educational institutions including Qazi & Jaman College in Bhaitbari (1990), Jinjiram College in Rajabala (2000) and was the founding vice-president of the governing body of Umshyrpi College in Shillong.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Shillong Muslim Union |url=https://www.umshyrpicollege.com/history-of-shillong-muslim-union |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809092615/https://www.umshyrpicollege.com/history-of-shillong-muslim-union |archive-date=2025-08-09 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.umshyrpicollege.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Political career===
Nongrum entered electoral politics in the [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], winning the [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]] seat as an independent candidate.<ref name="iml" />

Despite contesting against candidates from established parties, he defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Biren Hajong]] in the election.<ref name="iml">{{Cite web |title=406. Sayeed Ullah Nongrum |url=https://indianmuslimlegends.blogspot.com/2012/11/406-sayeed-ullah-nongrum.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107234124/https://indianmuslimlegends.blogspot.com/2012/11/406-sayeed-ullah-nongrum.html |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=indianmuslimlegends.blogspot.com}}</ref>

He was defeated in the [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] by [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Kapin Ch. Boro]]. He returned to the Assembly in the [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], defeating [[Clement Marak]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party, Meghalaya|Nationalist Congress Party]], and retained the seat in the [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] as a Congress candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-03-07 |title=Sayeedullah Nongrum (Congress) wins in Rajabala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sayeedullah-nongrum-congress-wins-in-rajabala/articleshow/2845247.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He was defeated in the [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="rajabala-results">{{Cite web |title=Rajabala Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajabala-meghalaya-assembly-constituency |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250809090002/https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajabala-meghalaya-assembly-constituency |archive-date=9 August 2025 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

At the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], Nongrum contested from the [[Tikrikilla Assembly constituency|Tikrikilla]] constituency as an independent candidate but was unsuccessful. A by-election was held in April 2019 for the [[Selsella Assembly constituency|Selsella]] constituency, in which Nongrum contested as a [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] candidate but did not win the election.<ref name="myneta-2019">{{Cite web |title=Sayeedullah Nongrum (United Democratic Party): Constituency – Selsella (By-election 2019) |url=https://myneta.info/meghalaya2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6158 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250809090411/https://myneta.info/meghalaya2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6158 |archive-date=9 August 2025 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

He has also held administrative positions, including Chairman of the [[Meghalaya Industrial Development Corporation]] and Chairman of the Meghalaya Land Revenue Review Committee and has also acted as co-ordinator of the Assam–Meghalaya Boundary Settlement Committee. In May 2009, he was appointed Political Secretary to the Chief Minister of Meghalaya with Cabinet rank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Secretary appointment notification |url=https://megpns.gov.in/gazette/2009/05/25-05-09-X.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112134852/https://megpns.gov.in/gazette/2009/05/25-05-09-X.pdf |archive-date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=megpns.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Sayeedullah Nongrum, MLA, Political Secretary to the Chief Minister will be entitled to the perks and facilities under category the ' A +', dated 11th May 2011 |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/notifications/content/14922 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418125104/https://meghalaya.gov.in/notifications/content/14922 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=meghalaya.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Community leadership and interfaith work===
Since 1982, Nongrum has served as General Secretary of the [[Shillong Muslim Union]] (SMU).<ref name=":1" /> Under his leadership, the SMU helped develop the [[Madina Mosque, Shillong|Madina Masjid in Shillong]], described as a [[glass]] mosque with educational and welfare facilities.<ref name="iml" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-15 |title=India's first glass mosque in Shillong |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nongrum is also a founder member of the Shillong All Faith Forum, which promotes communal harmony and cooperation among religious communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syedullah Nongrum: Khasi Muslim leader works for unity of people in Meghalaya |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/personality-news/syedullah-nongrum-khasi-muslim-leader-works-for-unity-of-people-in-meghalaya-34810.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226062809/https://www.awazthevoice.in/personality-news/syedullah-nongrum-khasi-muslim-leader-works-for-unity-of-people-in-meghalaya-34810.html |archive-date=2025-02-26 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nongrum is married to Fatima Beum Dkhar (formerly Florabell Dkhar) and they have two sons and two daughters. He is also a polyglot; fluent in [[Khasi language|Khasi]], English, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Farsi|Persian]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref name="myneta-2019" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sayeedullah Nongrum - The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/sayeedullah-nongrum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809092240/https://theshillongtimes.com/sayeedullah-nongrum/ |archive-date=2025-08-09 |access-date=2025-08-09 |work=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Notifications {{!}} Meghalaya Government Portal |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/notifications/content/14922 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418125104/https://meghalaya.gov.in/notifications/content/14922 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=meghalaya.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415000000*/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/affidavits/47-rajabala/sayeedullah-nongrum.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayeedullah Nongrum in Meghalaya Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/sayeedullah-nongrum-mahendraganj-candidate-s15a054c003/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2023-10-07 |title=NE's Islamic NGOs, intellectuals form new forum to fight for Muslims rights, rituals and Sharia |url=https://hubnetwork.in/nes-islamic-ngos-intellectuals-form-new-forum-to-fight-for-muslims-rights-rituals-and-sharia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212044441/https://hubnetwork.in/nes-islamic-ngos-intellectuals-form-new-forum-to-fight-for-muslims-rights-rituals-and-sharia/ |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-07 |title=Boost to Cong, ex-MLA Sayeedulah makes comeback |url=https://highlandpost.com/boost-to-cong-ex-mla-sayeedulah-makes-comeback/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007184931/https://highlandpost.com/boost-to-cong-ex-mla-sayeedulah-makes-comeback/ |archive-date=2021-10-07 |access-date=2025-08-09 |work=Highland Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Umshyrpi College |url=https://www.umshyrpicollege.com/history-of-shillong-muslim-union |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809092615/https://www.umshyrpicollege.com/history-of-shillong-muslim-union |archive-date=2025-08-09 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=www.umshyrpicollege.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Former minister Sayeedullah rejoins Congress - The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/10/08/former-minister-sayeedullah-rejoins-congress/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=theshillongtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Cite web |title=Indian Muslim Legends: 406. Sayeed Ullah Nongrum |url=http://indianmuslimlegends.blogspot.com/2012/11/406-sayeed-ullah-nongrum.html |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Indian Muslim Legends}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIYu1np2JPQ |title=How Meghalaya tribal leader Syedullah Nongrum is changing lives |date=2025-06-10 |last=Awaz The Voice English |access-date=2025-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001194833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=YIYu1np2JPQ |archive-date=2025-10-01 |via=YouTube}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nongrum, Sayeedullah}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:People from West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim politicians]]
[[Category:Khasi people]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Muslims from Meghalaya]]

Kilakarai

2026-03-22T01:52:20Z

Wazid: added references

{{Short description|Municipality in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kilakarai
| settlement_type = Municipality
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.23135|N|78.7844|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of Taluka of India|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kilakarai Taluka|Kilakarai]]
| named_for =
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Municipality of kilakarai
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name1 = V. S. Hameed Sultan<ref>{{cite web
|title=Vice‑Chairman – Keelakarai Municipality
|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/keelakarai/vice‑chairman/
|publisher=Directorate of Municipal Administration, Tamil Nadu
|accessdate=2025-08-16
}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2026|fix-attempted=yes |url=}}

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 7.5
| area_rank = 5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 17
| population_total = ~60,000
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 2
| population_demonym = Kilakaraian
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 623 517
| area_code = 91 4567
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN 65
| blank1_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Chennai]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|558|km|mi}} S
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|BSh]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Bengaluru]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|539|km|mi}} S
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Madurai]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|132|km|mi}} E
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Ramanathapuram]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|18|km|mi}} S
| blank5_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Coimbatore]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{convert|365|km|mi}} W
| blank6_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Tuticorin]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{convert|121|km|mi}} N
| blank7_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| blank7_info_sec1 = {{convert|229|km|mi}} S
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|909|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|31|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|24|°C|°F}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Kilakarai''' (alternatively spelled '''Kilakkarai''' or '''Keelakarai''') is a [[municipality]] in [[Ramanathapuram district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. As of 2021, the town has a population of approximately 60,000. Known for its rapid development, Kilakarai is one of the fastest-growing talukas in the Ramanathapuram district. The town is also home to a number of prestigious businessmen and entrepreneurs who have made their mark globally.

== History ==
Kilakarai is an eastern coastal town and a port, located in southern Tamil Nadu. It was a flourishing seaport and a gateway to places as far as [[Madurai]] until the early 20th century. The famous pearl belt known as the [[Gulf of Mannar]] in the Bay of Bengal is dotted with small islands Appa Tivu, [[Nalla Tanni Tivu|Nallathanni Theevu]], Shuli Tivu, Uppu Tanni Tivu, Talari Tivu and Musal Tivu. The coastal line of Kilakarai is formed by a series of small bays and coral reefs sheltering the town from the ocean. It was also called as "Quilicare",<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edzW9fuOF-cC&q=quilicare&pg=PA120 |title = The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants|isbn = 9788120604513|last1 = Barbosa|first1 = Duarte|last2 = Dames|first2 = Mansel Longworth|year = 1989}}</ref> kirkari, Sembi Nadu, Korkai, Powthira Manicka Pattinam,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=20958 |title = செம்பி நாட்டுக்கதைகள்…… {{!}} திண்ணை}}</ref> "Kelikkarai", "Ninathaan mudithaan pattinam", "Seppi Nadu", "lebbat pattan" (pattan mentioned in voyages of [[Ibn Battuta]] & map displayed in [[Ibn Battuta Mall]]). A strong cultural connection exists between Kayalpatnam, Adirampattinam and Kilakarai.

The prime occupations of the people were pearl, conch, sea trade and transport.<ref name="Kunz Stevenson 2013 p. 113">{{cite book | last1=Kunz | first1=G.F. | last2=Stevenson | first2=C.H. | title=The Book of the Pearl: Its History, Art, Science and Industry | publisher=Dover Publications | series=Dover Jewelry and Metalwork | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-486-14274-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfG7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 | access-date=14 May 2019 | page=113}}</ref> The mid-20th century saw a decline in the occupations of the people of Kilakarai, with the advent of surface transport the merchant shipping fleets declined and Kilakarai aka Killikare<ref>{{cite web |author=mohammad suhaib, on 17 August 2012, said |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/57491312 |title=Photo of Kilakarai in an ancient map |publisher=Panoramio |date=17 August 2012 |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118182215/https://www.panoramio.com/photo/57491312 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ceased to be a harbour and port. The cultured pearl industry and dragnet fishing that destroyed the coral reefs choked the once robust pearl trade, or Muthu Salabam.

Kilakarai's pearls, conch (sangu) and coral (pavazham) industries played a vital role in the local economy. However, these industries declined due to environmental regulations and conservation laws. The Indian [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]] classified corals and certain conch species under protected categories, prohibiting their extraction and trade. Additionally, the establishment of the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and stringent Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules further restricted traditional harvesting practices, impacting the livelihoods of pearl divers, fishermen and traders in the region.

Kilakarai is renowned for its communal harmony. The majority of the population here is Muslim with people of other faith Hindu, Christians living together. The communal harmony that always existed is best exemplified by the famous Rameswaram [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdHwx35tUnU Kilakarai Jumma Pallivasal] ([[Vallal Seethakathi]] is interred here) at Kilakarai, while the architecture is the same the workforce was provided by the erstwhile ruler [[Sethupathi]] of [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]] and most of the materials for both the edifice were supplied by the Kilakarai merchant navies. The town is reminiscent of Spanish Moorish architecture and is located about 60 km south west of the temple town of Rameswaram.

It has the oldest mosque in India known as the [[Meen Kada Palli|Palaiya Kuthba Palli]]. It has a unique pre-Islamic heritage of more than 1300 years.

The migration of the people after the decline of the marine trade and industry resulted in people exploring the other parts of the globe. Kilakarai has a large expatriate population and a high literacy rate. This has enabled the people of Kilakarai to span the globe and become active merchants in the Middle and Far East, US and European markets.

The 1970s decline of marine trade resulted in people migrating to other countries for business and jobs. Now as per the law of nature the reverse migration is all set to happen. Post-Covid, pandemic and Lockdowns job losses have become the order of the day and disruptions are all set to happen. The Gulf mission to minimise the Indian immigrants, improved and fast-developing job and business opportunities in Tamil Nadu, the native bonding, self-content nature etc. have made many people come back home for good.

Kilakarai has long been a destination of cultural, historical, and spiritual significance. It was constituted as a panchayat in the year 1885. As per G.O. No. 1157LN, date: 3 December 1885. It has since been upgraded as a Special Town Panchayat as per Director of Town Panchayat, Madras as per G.O. No. 1481/82/J5, Dated on 25 January 1982 and then upgraded as per G.O. No. 300 and 301 Dated on 24 August 2004 as a Third Grade Municipality.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The Muslim community of Kilakarai is philanthropic in nature, providing continuous assistance to the downtrodden sections of society. There are more than 20 schools and colleges in this town, where education was provided irrespective of Caste, creed or religion by the community. Literacy rates in Kilakarai is much higher than the national and even State averages.

Hameedia High School founded in 1940s beside the old Arabic Madrasa Aroosiya Thaika, was a catalyst to more graduates from Kilakarai. With the arrival of [[Mohamed Sathak Engineering College]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: Mohamed Sathak Engineering College :: |url=http://www.sathaktrust.com/kilakariengineering/home.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811112551/http://www.sathaktrust.com/kilakariengineering/home.htm |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> and then the Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women<ref>{{cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College For Women |url=http://www.thassim.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924193041/http://www.thassim.in/ |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=6 June 2013 |publisher=Thassim.in}}</ref> the number of graduates from this traditional town has seen a steady rise.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslims]] | green|79.92}}{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindus]]|Orange|17.60}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]] | purple|1.16}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]] | yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]] | Blue|0.00}}{{bar percent|Not stated|grey|1.31}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Keelakarai had a population of 38,355 with a sex-ratio of 948 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144743/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 4,391 were under the age of six, constituting 2,204 males and 2,187 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 2.83% and .% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 82.63%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard" /> The town had a total of : 7448 households. There were a total of 12,033 workers, comprising 29 cultivators, 47 main agricultural labourers, 165 in house hold industries, 10,765 other workers, 1,027 marginal workers, 15 marginal cultivators, 18 marginal agricultural labourers, 38 marginal workers in household industries and 956 other marginal workers.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Keelakarai |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=700521 |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150257/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=700521 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
As per the religious census of 2011, Keelakarai had 79.92% [[Muslims]], 17.6% [[Hindus]], 1.16% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]], 0.01% [[Jainism|Jains]], and 1.31% following other religions.<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web |title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |format=XLS |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Kilakarai
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}

== Educational institutions ==
=== Schools ===
* [[Hairathul Jalaliah Higher Secondary School – East street]]
* [[Magdoomiah High School – OJM Street]]
* [[Kannadi Vappa International School – Kanjirangudi]]
* [[Hameediah Matriculation Higher Secondary School – West Street]]
* [[Islamiah Matriculation Higher secondary school – South Street]]
* [[Islamiah High School – South Street]]
* [[Mohaideeniah Matriculation Higher secondary school – North street]]
* [[Sathakathun Jariyah Middle School – Middle Street]]
* [[Hameediyah Boys Higher Secondary School – Mulluvadi]]
* [[Hameediyah Girls Higher Secondary School – West Street]]
* [[Hameediah Primary School – West Street]] . founded in 1870
* [[Nooraniah Matriculation School – New Street]]
* [[Dheeniyah Matriculation Higher Secondary School – East Street]]
* [[Pearl Matriculation School – Kilakarai]]
* [[Al Bayyinah Matriculation School – East Street]]
* [[P.s.Subramanian Jayalakshmi Nadar Matriculation School - Kilakarai]]

=== Colleges ===
* [[Mohamed Sathak Engineering College]]
* Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women<ref>{{cite web |title=Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women |url=https://thassim.ac.in/ |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>
* Syed Hameedha Arts and Science College
* [[Mohamed Sathak Polytechnic College]]
* [[Mohamed Sathak I.T.I (Industrial Training Institute)]]
* [[Arusiyyah Madrasah|Arusiyyah Arabic College]]
* [[Syed Hameedha Arabic College]]
* [[Bukhari Aalim Arabic College]]

== Photo gallery ==
<gallery>
File:KILAKARAI BEACH.jpg|alt=KILAKARAI KADAL|KILAKARAI STONE BEACH
File:I LOVE KILAKARAI.jpg|alt=KILAKARAI TEA SPOT|I LOVE KILAKARAI
File:KILAKARAI STREET VIEW.jpg|alt=MOTTA MADI|KILAKARAI STREET VIEW
File:KILAKARAI PALLIVASAL.jpg|alt=KILAKARAI PALLIVASAL|KILAKARAI MOSQUE
File:KILAKARAI L PAALAM.jpg|alt=KILAKARAI PERNAL MANALMEDU|EID CELEBRATION AT KILAKARAI
KILAKARAI OLD BRIDGE.jpg|alt=KILAKARAI OLD PALAM|KILAKARAI OLD BRIDGE
KILAKARAI LIGHTHOUSE.jpg|KILAKARAI LIGHTHOUSE
Interior of Odakarai palli.jpg|Interior of Odakarai Palli (masjid)
ConservationOttakaraMasjid.jpg|Odakarai Palli (masjid) under conservation
Masjid ul Jamiah.png|Masjid ul Jamiah
JamiahMasjid2.jpg|Masjid ul Jamiah (3rd oldest masjid of Kilakarai)
KilakaraiJummaMasjid.jpg|Masjid ul Jamiah
Jamaiah Masjid Corridor.jpg|Corridor in Masjid ul Jamiah
JummaMasjid02.jpg|Interior of Masjid ul Jamiah
Palaiya Jumma Palli.jpg|Interior of [[Meen Kada Palli|Palaiya Jumma Palli]] or [[Meen Kada Palli|The Old Jumma Masjid of Kilakarai]], the oldest masjid of India
AMABSMasjid.jpg|Amir ul Muminin Abu Baker Siddiq Palli (masjid)
Kilakarai Arabic tombstone.jpg|Tombstone with Arabic & Tamil ([[Arwi]]) inscription (at [[Meen Kada Palli|The Old Jumma Masjid of Kilakarai]])
Masjid200.jpg|Kulangarai Appa Palli (masjid), East Street, Kilakkarai
Interior of Kulangarai Appa Palli.jpg|Interior of Kulangarai Appa Palli (masjid), East Street, Kilakarai
TypicalStreet01.jpg|Typical street
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite web |url=http://onlypunjab.com/fullstory2k5-insight-news-status-2-newsID-30739.html |title=Tamil Nadu's Kilakarai – the birth place of world famous Indian conches |publisher=onlypunjab.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523170709/http://onlypunjab.com/fullstory2k5-insight-news-status-2-newsID-30739.html |archive-date=23 May 2007}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/07/stories/2005080707620100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050809001555/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/07/stories/2005080707620100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=An oasis in a desert A district bridging the gulf |date=7 August 2005 }}

{{Commons category|Kilakarai}}
{{Ramanathapuram district}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ramanathapuram district]]

Pakhori Gabharu

2026-03-18T04:53:03Z

Wazid:

{{Short description|Queen of Sutamla Jayadhwaj Singha}}
{{No footnotes|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Pakhari Gabharu
| image =
| caption =
| spouse = [[Jayadhwaj Singha]] [[Chakradhwaj Singha]]
| issue = [[Ramani Gabharu]] Sem Gabharu
| house = [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom]]
| father = [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]]
| mother = ?
| birth_name = Pakhari Gabharu
| birth_date = ?
| birth_place = [[Ahom kingdom]]
| death_date = {{circa}} 1674
| death_place = ?
| burial_place =
| full name = Pakhari Gabharu
}}

'''Pakhari Gabharu''' was the daughter of legendary Ahom General [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]] and the queen of Ahom king [[Jayadhwaj Singha]]. Her daughter [[Ramani Gabharu]] was sent to the [[Mughal Empire]] as part of the [[Treaty of Ghilajharighat]] at the age of seven and was renamed [[Rahmat Banu Begum]] after married by [[Muhammad Azam Shah]]. She was the sister of famous Ahom general [[Lachit Borphukan]] and [[Laluksola Borphukan]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Barbaruah |first=Hiteswar |title=Ahomor Din |language=as |year=1981 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bhuyan |editor-first=S K |title=Tunkhungia Buranji |edition=2 |year=1968 |publisher=Lawyers Book Stall |location=Guwahati }}
* {{Citation |last=Gait
|first=Edward A
|year=1926
|title=A History of Assam
|edition=2
|publisher=Thacker Spink and Co
|place=Calcutta
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511539
|via=Internet Archive
}}
* {{cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Padmeswar |title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Publications, Gauhati University |location=Guwahati }}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gabharu, Pakhori}}

[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:1670s deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]

{{India-noble-stub}}

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Jagathy Sreekumar

2026-03-16T21:57:35Z

Wazid: refined section after review and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1951)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}{{family name hatnote|Jagathy|Sreekumar|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagathy Sreekumar
| nickname = Ambili
| image = Jagathy Sreekumar 2008.jpg
| birth_name = Sreekumar Achary
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|01|05}}
| birth_place = [[Jagathy]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India<ref name="facebook1">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/JagathySreekumarEntertainmentsOfficial/ |title=Jagathy Sreekumar - Official |publisher=Facebook |access-date=2017-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802211457/https://www.facebook.com/JagathySreekumarEntertainmentsOfficial/ |archive-date=2 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|[[Film director|director]]}}
| parents = {{unbulleted list|[[Jagathy N. K. Achary]]|Prasanna}}
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Marriage|[[Mallika Sukumaran]]|1974|1976|reason=divorced}}|{{Marriage|Shoba|1979}}|Kala Sreekumar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/44220 |title= |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203074104/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/44220 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| years_active = 1974– present
| children = 3<ref name="mangalam.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/41653 |title= |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203075648/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/41653 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}

'''Sreekumar Achary''' (born 5 January 1951), better known by his [[stage name]] '''Jagathy Sreekumar''' or simply '''Jagathy''', is an Indian actor, [[film director|director]] and [[playback singer]],<ref name="facebook1"/> who has appeared in over 1500 [[Malayalam film]]s in a career spanning almost four decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listmovies.php?tot=879&a=56&p=1|title=List of Malayalam Movies acted by Jagathy Sreekumar|website=malayalachalachithram.com|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122043940/https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listmovies.php?tot=879&a=56&p=1|archive-date=22 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/06/10/stories/2005061002980100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811061752/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/06/10/stories/2005061002980100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2010-08-11|title=The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram : Jagathy on Jagathy Sreekumar|date=2010-08-11|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> Widely regarded as one of the greatest actors in the history of Malayalam cinema,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Best Comedians of Mollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/best-comedians-of-mollywood/photostory/49746853.cms|access-date=2021-03-03|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=5 Jagathy Sreekumar comedy roles we can't get enough of|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/5-jagathy-sreekumar-comedy-roles-we-cant-get-enough-of/articleshow/80119815.cms|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=Jagathy Sreekumar, the King of Comedy: 5 scenes we still remember|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jagathy-sreekumar-king-comedy-5-scenes-we-still-remember-140899|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> he is also known for his highly nuanced character roles. He is the son of acclaimed dramaturge and writer, [[Jagathy N. K. Achary]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/king-of-comedy-jagathy-sreekumar-celebrates-his-birthday/articleshow/62382636.cms|title=King of comedy, Jagathy Sreekumar celebrates his birthday|work=The Times of India|date=5 January 2018|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011150409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/king-of-comedy-jagathy-sreekumar-celebrates-his-birthday/articleshow/62382636.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jagathy Sreekumar won five [[Kerala State Film Award]]s among numerous other awards for his roles in various films. He has also directed two films and written screenplays for two more. His stage name is derived from the neighborhood of [[Jagathy]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] from where he hails. He is an outspoken orator holding strong views, quite unlike his onscreen image and his speeches are still popular.

As the result of a vehicle accident in March 2012, Jagathy was hospitalized for over a year and has still not completely recovered from the injuries sustained. His film career has been on hold since the accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam actor Jagathy Sreekumar injured in accident|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayalam-actor-jagathy-sreekumar-injured-in-accident/article2980947.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 July 2014|date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015706/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayalam-actor-jagathy-sreekumar-injured-in-accident/article2980947.ece|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2022, Jagathy returned to the big screen with the ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' directed by K. Madhu. In the film, he did not have any dialogues and reprised the memorable character CBI Vikram, which he played in the previous films of the [[CBI (film series)|''CBI'' series]].

== Early life and education ==

Jagathy Sreekumar is the eldest son of Malayalam dramatist and writer [[Jagathy N. K. Achary]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/06/10/stories/2005061002980100.htm |title=Jagathy on Jagathy Sreekumar |access-date=2007-01-26 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811061752/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/06/10/stories/2005061002980100.htm |archive-date=11 August 2010 }}. The Hindu. 10 June 2005</ref> He studied at the [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School|Government Model Boys School, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=archive |first1=From our online |title=Model School alumni meet on Sunday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/May/29/model-school-alumni-meet-on-sunday-53043.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref> He then completed his [[B.Sc.]] degree in Botany from [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Jagathy Sreekumar: Lesser known facts about the actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-jagathy-sreekumar-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actor/articleshow/80109054.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 January 2021}}</ref> where eminent personalities like [[K. Jayakumar]] and [[Ravi Vallathol]] were his classmates. After college, he briefly worked as a medical representative before later becoming an actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=19&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=|title=Cinidiary – A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519075146/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=19&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Acting career==

Jagathy was a [[fifth grade]] [[student]] at Model School in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] when he got the opportunity to act in a school play for the first time. The play he acted was "Onamundum Odakkuzhalum" by Sreemandiram K.P. He continued to act in plays written by his father NK Achary for Kalanilayam, in big and small roles. During this time he joined [[Mar Ivanios College]], Thiruvananthapuram.

Jagathy made his debut in Malayalam cinema in 1974 by playing a small role in [[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]. He got a breakthrough in his career with his second film [[Chattambi Kalyani]] (1975) where he played the role of ''Pappu''.<ref name="Asianet on Record 31 July Part 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqJtZEpEh54|title=Chat Show, Jagathy Sreekumar -On Record 31 July Part 1|last=asianetnews|date=31 July 2011|via=YouTube|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209170738/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqJtZEpEh54|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, he went on to play comedy roles in numerous movies. Jagathy started to become an integral part of Malayalam cinema during the early 1980s. He was a constant fixture in [[Priyadarshan]] films with [[Mohanlal]] coming in the lead role in many of them. Jagathy-Mohanlal combo also resulted in some of the hit movies during the 1980s such as [[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]], [[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]], [[Aram + Aram = Kinnaram]], [[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]], [[Hello My Dear Wrong Number]], [[Thalavattam]], [[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]] and [[Ninnistham Ennishtam]]. Jagathy was praised for his performance as ''Kavala'' in the sentimental drama film [[Moonnam Pakkam]] (1988). The same year he played ''Vikram'' in [[Mammootty]] starrer [[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu|Oru C.B.I Diary Kurippu]] and reprised the character in the next four sequels of the [[CBI (film series)|CBI Series]] released in 1989, 2004, 2005 and 2022 respectively.

In 1991,Jagathy won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Kerala State Film Award For Second Best Actor]] for his performance in the [[cult movie|cult classic]] comedy movie [[Kilukkam]] and [[Apoorvam Chilar]]. He played ''Nischal'', a comic character in Kilukkam whereas in Apoorvam Chilar, he played a character role. Jagathy played the role of a patient escaped from mental hospital with his group of friends in [[Mookilla Rajyathu]] (1991).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=Jagathy Sreekumar, the King of Comedy: 5 scenes we still remember|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jagathy-sreekumar-king-comedy-5-scenes-we-still-remember-140899|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> This movie later developed a cult following. One of the best characters played by Jagathy is ''Arasumootil Appukuttan'' in [[Yoddha (1992 film)|Yoddha]] (1992). Yoddha is considered one of the best comedy films in Malayalam where Jagathy played an integral part in it. Jagathy was praised for his performance as ''Jayakrishnan'' in [[Meleparambil Anveedu|Melepparambil Aanveedu]] (1993). His lead role in [[Kabooliwala]] (1994) alongside [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] was acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-01-05|title=Jagathy Sreekumar turns 70|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jagathy-sreekumar-turns-70/article33502372.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The duo played the characters called ''Kannas'' and ''Kadalas'' in the movie respectively. The same year he played another memorable role in [[Minnaram]]. ''Vattoli Porinju'' is a popular character from the movie [[Olympiyan Anthony Adam|Olympian Anthony Adam]] (1999).

Other notable movies in the 1990s include [[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]], [[Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum]] (1990), [[Kottayam Kunjachan]], [[Koodikazhcha|Koodikazhca]], [[Kadinjool Kalyanam]], [[Georgootty C/O Georgootty|Georgekutty C/O Georgekutty]] (1991), [[Ezhara Ponnana]] (1992), [[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]], ''Vadhu Doctoranu'', [[Pingami]], [[Malappuram Haji Mahanaya Joji]], [[Kinnaripuzhayoram]], [[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.|CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed]] (1994), [[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]], [[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]], ''Puthukottyile Puthu Manavalan'', [[Kusruthikaatu]] (1995), [[Kalyana Sougandhikam (1996 film)|Kalyana Sowgandhikam]], [[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]] (1996), [[Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum]], [[Kilukil Pambaram]], [[Junior Mandrake]] (1997), [[Meenathil Thalikettu]], [[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]], [[Mangalya Pallakku]], [[Mayilpeelikkavu]], ''Grama Panchayath'', [[Aalibabayum Aarara Kallanmarum|Alibabayum Arara Kallanmarum]], [[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]] (1998), [[Udayapuram Sulthan]], [[Vazhunnor]], [[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]], ''[[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' and [[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]] (1999).<ref>[http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/0601/05/1060105004_2.htm Weblokam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116071806/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/0601/05/1060105004_2.htm|date=16 November 2007}}. www.weblokam.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.[Dead link?]</ref>

Jagathy reunited with Priyadarshan with [[Kakkakuyil|Kakkakkuyil]] (2001), which was a commercial success. Jagathy's role as ''Krishnavilasom Bhageeratan Pilla'' aka ''Pillechan'' in the comedy drama [[Meesa Madhavan]] (2002) is often considered one of his career best. This character as well as the movie itself eventually developed a [[cult]] following.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Meesha Madhavan {{!}} ചേക്കിലെ മാധവന്റെയും പട്ടാളം പുരുഷുവിന്റെയും വീടുകൾ കണ്ടിട്ടുണ്ടോ? വീഡിയോ ഇതാ|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/take-a-look-at-the-shooting-locations-in-meesha-madhavan-movie-mm-341013.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref> Jagathy won his second Kerala State Film Award for his performance in Meesa Madhavan and for doing a character role in [[Nizhalkuthu]]. The same year he played another memorable comedy character ''Kumbidi'' in [[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-25|title=Top five characters of Jagathy Sreekumar that we can't forget!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/top-five-characters-of-jagathy-sreekumar-that-we-cant-forget/photostory/68150423.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Some of his memorable roles in 2003 were in movies such as [[Mr. Brahmachari]], [[Thilakkam]], [[Kilichundan Mampazham]], [[Sadanandante Samayam]], [[Vellithira (2003 film)|Vellithira]], [[Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam]], [[C.I.D. Moosa]], [[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]], [[Balettan]], ''[[Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu]]'', [[Pulival Kalyanam]] and [[Pattanathil Sundaran]]. Jagathy's next film directed by Priyadarshan after Kilichundan Mambazham, was [[Vettam]] (2004), where he played a comic serial killer called ''Basha''. Another popular comic character of Jagathy is ''Pachalam Bhasi'' in [[Udayananu Tharam]] (2005).<ref>{{Cite news|title=20 Best Malayalam film performances of the past two decades|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/20-best-malayalam-film-performances-of-the-past-two-decades/articleshow/80131679.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2006, Jagathy reprised his role as Nischal in [[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]], the sequel of ''Kilukkam''. However the movie was a commercial failure and received negative reviews. Jagathy's role as a fake human god known as ''Himavalswami'' in [[Makante Achan]] (2009) was acclaimed.

Jagathy's other successful comedy movies in the 2000s include [[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]] (2004), [[Naran (film)|Naran]], [[Kochi Rajavu]] (2005), [[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]] (2006), [[Speed Track|The Speed Track]], [[Chotta Mumbai|Chota Mumbai]], [[Hallo (film)|Hallo]], [[Rock n' Roll (2007 film)|Rock n' Roll]] (2007), [[Crazy Gopalan]], [[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]] (2008), [[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]] and [[Evidam Swargamanu]] (2009).

Jagathy's role as ''Member Ramanan'' in [[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]] (2010) was appreciated and the movie was a box office success. His other notable movies in 2010 and 2011 are [[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]] and [[Pranchiyettan & the Saint|Pranchiyettan and the Saint]]. The last film he completed before he met with a road accident in 2012 was [[Parudeesa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='We are going back to theocracy'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/oct/28/we-are-going-back-to-theocracy-419569.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 October 2012 }}</ref>

Jagathy has also played memorable character roles in numerous movies. Most of them have a comic shade while others are purely character roles. He played a complex character called ''Unnithan Aashan'' in [[Vaasthavam]] (2006). He won the [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention]] in 2007 for his performance in [[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]] and [[Veeralipattu (2007 film)|Veeralipattu]]. Jagathy played the lead role in [[Raamanam]] (2009) which earned him that years [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Kerala State Film Special Jury Award]]. Jagathy's other notable character roles are seen in movies such as [[Vesham]] (2004), [[Thanmathra]] (2005), [[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]], [[Palunku]] (2006), ''Manchadikkuru'' (2008), [[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]] (2009), [[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]] (2011) [[Kerala Cafe]] (2009) [[Manikyakkallu|Manikiakkallu]] (2011) [[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]] (2011) [[Janapriyan]] (2011) and [[Bombay March 12|1993 Bombay, March 12]] (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-20|title=5 Malayalam comedians who left the movie buff spellbound, while playing serious characters!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/5-malayalam-comedians-who-left-the-movie-buff-spellbound-while-playing-serious-characters/photostory/83686284.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Besides portraying comedic characters and comic roles, Jagathy has played characters with negative shades, including his roles as ''Chenicheri Kurup'' in [[Urumi (film)|Urumi]] (2011) and the Home Minister in [[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]] (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-28|title=Comedians Turned Villains In Malayalam Cinema - Filmibeat|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/when-comedians-turned-villains-in-malayalam-cinema-224407.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Arabikkatha]] (2007) and [[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]] (2008) are also movies with Jagathy in negative roles.

He made his comeback after his road accident, in the movie [[CBI 5: The Brain]] released in 2022, which was the fifth part of the [[Mammootty]] starrer [[CBI (film series)|CBI Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=CBI 5 The Brain Trailer: Mammootty Makes An Impressive Return as Sethurama Iyer, Jagathy Sreekumar Makes A Comeback in This Investigative Thriller (Watch Video) {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/cbi-5-the-brain-trailer-mammootty-makes-an-impressive-return-as-sethurama-iyer-jagathy-sreekumar-makes-a-comeback-in-this-investigative-thriller-watch-video-3621990.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Jagathy married [[Mallika Sukumaran|Mallika]] in 1974 and divorced in 1976. He married Shoba in 1980. They have a son, Rajkumar, and a daughter, Parvathy.<ref name="mangalam.com" /> Just days before the March 2012 road accident, Jagathy had publicly revealed that he had a daughter, Sreelakshmi Sreekumar, with actress Kala, also said to be his third wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-more-happy-occasion-jagathis-return-reduced-public-fight-between-daughters-31688|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-02-28|title=No more a happy occasion: Jagathi's return reduced to public fight between daughters|date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191915/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-more-happy-occasion-jagathis-return-reduced-public-fight-between-daughters-31688|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accident==

On 10 March 2012, he was seriously injured in a road accident at Panambra near the [[University of Calicut|Calicut University]] at [[Tenhipalam]] in [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="hindu_mar10">{{cite news|title=Malayalam actor Jagathy Sreekumar injured in accident|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2980947.ece?homepage=true|access-date=10 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313013320/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2980947.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=13 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> He was immediately rushed to [https://www.asterhospitals.in/hospitals/aster-mims-calicut MIMS] in [[Kozhikode]], where he remained for one month. Later, he was taken to [[Christian Medical College Vellore|Christian Medical College, Vellore]] for advanced treatment. He underwent multiple surgical procedures. He remained in hospital for twelve months, appearing in public for the first time in March 2013, unable to speak.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/jagathy-stoic-and-silent/article4475603.ece Jagathy stoic and silent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501042825/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/jagathy-stoic-and-silent/article4475603.ece |date=1 May 2013 }} - The Hindu, 4 March 2013</ref> In 2014, he was again taken to [[Vellore]] for further check-ups and returned to his home later. Recently he appeared in a private channel during [[Onam]] with [[Nedumudi Venu]] in which he sang old songs.

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award !! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Kerala State Film Award]]||1991||Second Best Actor|| ''[[Apoorvam Chilar]]'' ''[[Kilukkam]]''|| rowspan=12 {{won}}
|-
|2002||Second Best Actor||''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]''
|-
|2007||Special Mention||''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]'' ''[[Veeralipattu (2007 film)|Veeralipattu]]''
|-
|2009||Special Jury Award||''[[Raamanam]]''
|-

|rowspan=2|[[Kerala Film Critics Award]]||1991||Special Award ||''[[Kilukkam]]'' ''[[Mukha Chithram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vm80upPK61w&t=29s |title=Film Critics Award 1991 |via=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2007||Second Best Actor||''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' ''[[Palunku]]'' ''[[Vaasthavam]]''<ref>[http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IE420070129085752&Title=Startrek&rLink=0 The New Indian Express | India News Online | Latest Indian Movies, Gallery | Business & Finance News | Sports, Cricket News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005127/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IE420070129085752&Title=Startrek&rLink=0 |date=27 September 2007 }}. Newindpress.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
||2002||Best Supporting Actor|| ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]''
|-
|2004||Lifetime Achievement Award||
|-
|2007||Best Supporting Actor||''[[Rock n' Roll (2007 film)|Rock n' Roll]]'' ''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]''
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]||2007|| Best Supporting Actor (Malayalam)||[[Vasthavam]]
|-
|[[Jaihind TV|Jaihind]] TV Awards || 2011||''Abhinaya Samrat'' Award ||
|-
|[[Asianet Comedy Awards]]||2015||Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/11/winners-asianet-comedy-awards-2015.html|title=Winners of First Asianet Comedy Awards 2015 :Complete List & Telecast time|last=Vinodadarshan|access-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219112138/http://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/11/winners-asianet-comedy-awards-2015.html|archive-date=19 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>||
|-
|[[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]
|2024
|Ultimate Entertainer Award
|
|{{won}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |language=en}}</ref>
|}

; Other awards
* 2003 – [[Bahadoor]] Award for his contributions to Malayalam cinema<ref>[https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/051903jagathy.html Actor Jagathy Sreekumar selected for Bahadur Award – Oneindia Malayalam] . Thatsmalayalam.oneindia.in. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.</ref>
* 2005 – [[Prem Nazir]] Award for his contributions to Malayalam cinema spanning three decades<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071128145135/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/03/08/stories/2005030809740400.htm The Hindu : Kerala News : Prem Nazir award for Jagathy]}}. The Hindu. (8 March 2005). Retrieved on 2011-12-04.</ref>
* 2005 – [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] Memorial Award<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071127012514/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/01/19/stories/2005011911770300.htm The Hindu : Kerala / Kollam News : Sathyan Memorial Award for Jagathy]}}. The Hindu (19 January 2005). Retrieved on 2011-12-04.</ref>
*2009 – Utsav Film Awards Lifetime Achievement Award for overall contribution to [[Malayalam cinema]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/mammootty-actor-decade-240809.html|title=Mammootty: Actor of the decade|date=24 August 2009|work=OneIndia Entertainment|access-date=1 October 2011|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011150408/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/mammootty-actor-decade-240809.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2011 – The Kochi Times Film Award - Best Actor in a Negative Role in ''[[Urumi]]''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/The-Kochi-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14341029.cms | title=The Kochi Times Film Awards 2011 | date=23 June 2012 | access-date=3 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-23/news-and-interviews/32369964_1_video-mohanlal-kavya-madhavan | archive-date=4 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2012 – Thikkurussy Award for Most Popular Actor<ref>{{cite news|author=Press Trust of India|title='Aadminte Makan Abu chosen best film by Thikkurissy foundation|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/aadminte-makan-abu-chosen-best-film-by-thikkurissy-foundation/947678.html|access-date=8 January 2012|publisher=[[IBN Live]]|date=7 January 2012|author-link=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053141/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/aadminte-makan-abu-chosen-best-film-by-thikkurissy-foundation/947678.html|archive-date=19 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=July 2021}}
=== 1950s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Achanum Makanum]]'' || Vikraman || Child Artist
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]'' || Tourist || Debut film
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1975 || ''[[Chattambi Kalyani]]'' || Pappu ||
|-
| ''[[Mohiniyaattam (film)|Mohiniyaattam]]'' || Ranjini's lover ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Darling]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1977 || ''[[Sreedevi (film)|Sreedevi]]'' || Phalgunan ||
|-
| '' [[Poojakkedukkatha Pookkal]]'' || Chacko Mundurkonam ||
|-
| ''[[Santha Oru Devatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadhya Paadam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1978 || ''[[Kalpavriksham]]'' || Saimon ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathirunna Nimisham]]'' || V. N. Kumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Madalasa]]'' || Nandagopal ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Ramu]]'' || Conductor ||
|-
| ''[[Etho Oru Swapnam]]'' || Engineer Janardhanan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Mattoru Karnan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ashtamudikkaayal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1979 || ''[[Ulkadal]]'' || Jayashankar ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Velicham]]'' || Parippuvada Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Enikku Njaan Swantham]]'' || Kili Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Prabhatha Sandhya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Koumara Praayam]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Avano Atho Avalo]]'' || Velappan ||
|-
| ''[[Venalil Oru Mazha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neeyo Njaano]]'' || Kaalan Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhukan]]'' || Amruthlal ||
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1980 || ''[[Swathu]]'' || Vikraman Raja ||
|-
| ''Air Hostess'' || C I Damodharankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Agnikshetram]]'' || Thoma ||
|-
| ''Chandrahasam'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Sakthi (1980 film)|Sakthi]]'' || Thilakan ||
|-
| ''[[Manushya Mrugam (1980 film)|Manushya Mrugam]]'' || Anandan ||
|-
| ''[[Lava (1980 film)|Lava]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Kari Puranda Jeevithangal]]'' || Kunjappan ||
|-
| ''[[Paalattu Kunjikannan]]'' || Soldier ||
|-
| ''[[Ambalavilakku]]'' || Vasutty ||
|-
| ''[[Idimuzhakkam]]'' || Rajan Unnithan/Thyagacharya ||
|-
| ''[[Aniyatha Valakkal]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
| ''[[Ithile Vannavar]]'' || Sankarankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Pappu (film)|Pappu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1981 || ''[[Kadathu]]'' || Meesha Vasu Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Thakilu Kottampuram]]'' || Shishupalan ||
|-
| ''[[Karimpoocha]]'' || Pappu ||
|-
| ''[[Sanchari]]'' || Mani ||
|-
| ''[[Kattukallan]]'' || Mallan ||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Ninakku Vendi]]'' || Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Sphodanam]]'' || Kuttan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Munnettam]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Yudham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Sangharsham'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Oothikachiya Ponnu]]'' || Vaasu ||
|-
| ''[[Ammakkorumma]]'' || IPS officer Bhadran ||
|-
| rowspan=20 | 1982 || ''[[Yavanika]]'' || Varunan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaalam (1982 film)|Kaalam]]'' || Gopalan ||
|-
| ''[[Ethiralikal]]'' || Tube ||
|-
| ''[[Irattimadhuram]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaattile Paattu]]'' || Bombay Dharam ||
|-
| ''[[Olangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukkante Kalyanam]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Kelkatha Shabdam]]'' || Kora ||
|-
| ''[[Ithu Njangalude Katha]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Chilanthivala]]'' || Sayippu ||
|-
| ''[[Karthavyam (1982 film)|Karthavyam]]'' || Mohan Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Ekananu]]'' || Sreekumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Olangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Marupacha]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Raktha Sakshi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Maattuvin Chattangale'' || Constable Rajappan ||
|-
| ''Snehapoorvam Meera'' || Karunan ||
|-
| ''[[Aranjaanam]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Chillu]]'' || James ||
|-
| ''Balloon'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=21 | 1983 || ''[[Nizhal Moodiya Nirangal]]'' || Nanappan ||
|-
| ''[[Mazhanilavu]]'' || Pushpangathan ||
|-
| ''[[Eettappuli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ankam]]'' || Ponnan ||
|-
| ''[[Rathilayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mandanmmar Londanil]]'' || Rasheed ||
|-
| ''[[Oomai Kuyil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathirunna Divasam]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Thimingalam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aadhipathyam'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Kayam (1982 film)|Kayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rachana (film)|Rachana]]'' || Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Prathigna]]'' || Anthappan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Mukham Pala Mukham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aana'' || Moidu ||
|-
| ''[[Himavahini]]'' || Hamsa ||
|-
| ''[[Changatham]]'' || Sulfikar ||
|-
| ''[[Attakkalasam]]'' || Josekutty ||
|-
| ''[[Asthram (1983 film)|Asthram]]'' || Philip ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Rathri]]'' || Sundaresan ||
|-
| ''[[Manassoru Mahaasamudram]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| rowspan=19 | 1984 || ''[[Bullet (1984 film)|Bullet]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirakal]]'' || Varkey ||
|-
| ''[[Panchavadi Palam]]'' || Abel ||
|-
| ''[[Kodathi]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Shree Krishnaparanthu]]'' || Gopalan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sumangaliyude Katha]]'' || Sunil Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Vanitha Police]]'' || Sivan Pillai ||
|-
| ''Oru Nimisham Tharoo'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chakkarayumma]]'' || Rahman ||
|-
| ''[[Shabadham]]'' || Phalgunan ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarangalil]]'' || Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Swanthamevide Bandhamevide]]'' || Gopan ||
|-
| ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]'' || Chellappan ||
|-
| ''[[Parannu Parannu Parannu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manasariyathe]]'' || Ambilykuttan ||
|-
| ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliyil Alpam Karyam]]'' || Vasunni ||
|-
| ''[[Ivide Ingane]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Itha Innu Muthal]]'' || 'Kundar' Kuttappan ||
|-
| rowspan=22 | 1985 || ''[[Nerariyum Nerathu]]'' || Kuttappan Bhagavathar ||
|-
| ''[[Onningu Vannengil]]'' || Esthappan ||
|-
| ''[[Black Mail (1985 film)|Black Mail]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mulamoottil Adima]]'' || Lawrence Michael ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sandesham Koodi]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| ''[[Sammelanam]]'' || Thankappan ||
|-
| ''Mukhyamanthri'' || Kozhivila ||
|-
| ''[[Puzhayozhugum Vazhi]]'' || Sukumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Revenge (1985 film)|Revenge]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Chorakku Chora]]'' || Kunjappan ||
|-
| ''[[Vellarikka Pattanam]]'' || Porinju ||
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'' || Albert ||
|-
| ''[[Mutharamkunnu P.O.]]'' || M. K. Nakulan ||
|-
| ''[[Koodum Thedi]]'' || Laser ||
|-
| ''[[Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki]]'' || Warriyer ||
|-
| ''[[Pathamudayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ithu Nalla Thamasa]]'' || Basheer Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]]'' || O. P. Olassa ||
|-
| ''Azhiyatha Bandhangal'' || Sugunachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Aram + Aram = Kinnaram]]'' || Manoharan ||
|-
| ''[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu]]'' || Laser ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam]]'' || Nanukuttan Pillai ||
|-
| rowspan=23 | 1986 || ''[[Vivahitare Itihile]]'' || Jerry ||
|-
| ''[[Karinagam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalavattam]]'' || Narayan ||
|-
| ''[[Annoru Ravil]]'' || Vicky ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnistham Ennishtam]]'' || Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Kochu Themmadi]]'' || Balan Mesthiri ||
|-
| ''[[Niramulla Raavukal]]'' || Ravunni ||
|-
| ''[[Sughamodevi]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[Revathikkoru Pavakkutty]]'' || Kalyan Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Iniyum Kurukshethram]]'' || Neeretupuram Narayanankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Hello My Dear: Wrong Number]]'' || Cop ||
|-
| ''Ente Sonia'' || Veeran ||
|-
| ''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]'' || Padmanabhan Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Kulambadikal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ambadi Thannilorunni]]'' || Suni Mon ||
|-
| ''[[Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil]]'' || Bhasi ||
|-
| ''[[Katturumbinum Kathukuthu]]'' || Settu ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Shabdam]]'' || Kalavattom Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Adiverukal]]'' || Koshi ||
|-
| ''[[Manasiloru Manimuthu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dheem Tharikida Thom]]'' || Shankaran Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]]'' || Sardar Krishna Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]]'' || Watch Paramu ||
|-
| rowspan=16 | 1987 || ''Yagagni'' || Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Ayitham]]'' || N S Thovala ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhakku Pinnil]]'' || Vishambharan ||
|-
| ''[[Neeyallengil Njan]]'' || Ramankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Penn Simham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhiyorakkazhchakal]]'' || Music teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Thoovanathumbikal|Thoovana Thumbigal]]'' || Ravunni Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Sarvakalasala]]'' || Fr. Kuttanadan ||
|-
| ''[[Naradhan Keralathil]]'' || Mathan ||
|-
| ''Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham'' || Shivasankara Varma ||
|-
| ''[[January Oru Orma]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Jaalakam]]'' || Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]'' || Chanakyan ||
|-
| ''[[Boomiyile Rajakkanmar]]'' || Aromalunni ||
|-
| ''[[Nombarathi Poovu]]'' || Sebastian ||
|-
| ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || Mukundan ||
|-
| rowspan=16 | 1988 || ''[[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]'' || Jayakumar ||
|-
| ''Simon Peter Ninakku Vendi'' || Lazer ||
|-
| ''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]'' || Velichappadu ||
|-
| ''[[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]'' || Kavala ||
|-
| ''[[Loose Loose Arappiri Loose]]'' || Jagathi ||
|-
| ''[[Dhwani]]'' || Manikanta Pillai ||
|-
| ''Mrithyunjayam'' || Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Kadha]]'' || Chellayyan ||
|-
| ''[[Vicharana]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
| ''Alila Kuruvikal'' || ||
|-
| ''Inquilabinte Puthri'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]'' || Tamil Postman ||
|-
| ''Rahasyam Parama Rahasyam'' || Nanappan ||
|-
| ''[[August 1 (film)|August 1]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| rowspan=25 | 1989 || ''[[Avanikunnile Kinnari Pookkal]]'' || Stephen Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Varnam]]'' || Venkidy ||
|-
| ''[[Ulsavapittennu]]'' || Madhavan Kutty ||
|-
| ''[[Season (film)|Season]]'' || Sathyan ||
|-
| ''[[Pradeshika Varthakal]]'' || Thankachen ||
|-
| ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' || Keeleri Padmanabhan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam]]'' || Stephan ||
|-
| ''[[Kalpana House]]'' || Louis ||
|-
| ''[[News (film)|News]]'' || Karam ||
|-
| ''[[Aksharathettu (film)|Aksharathettu]]'' || Gowthaman ||
|-
| ''[[Naaduvazhikal]]'' || Bawa ||
|-
| ''Muthu Kudayum Choodi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaalal Pada]]'' || Sundaresan Naicker ||
|-
| ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Ramankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Charithram]]'' || Shivan Kutty ||
|-
| ''Ashokante Aswathikuttikku'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Crime Branch (film)|Crime Branch]]'' || Alex ||
|-
| ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Ramanan ||
|-
| ''[[Jaathakam]]'' || Narayana Panikkar ||
|-
| ''[[Innale]]'' || Azhagappan ||
|-
| ''[[Devadas (1989 film)|Devadas]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''Annakutty Kodambakkam Vilikkunnu'' || Manavendran/Kuttachan ||
|-
| ''[[Chakkikotha Chankaran]]'' || Ouseppu ||
|-
| ''[[Adikkurippu]]'' || Basheer ||
|-
| ''[[Jagratha]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
|}

=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1990 || ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]'' || Karkodakan ||
|-
| ''[[Randam Varavu]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Rajavazhcha]]'' || Mathai ||
|-
| ''[[Orukkam]]'' || Anthrappayi ||
|-
| ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' || Abu Hassan ||
|-
| ''[[Minda Poochakku Kalyanam]]'' || Sahadevan ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]'' || Fr. Paviyanos Vanolikkara ||
|-
| ''[[No. 20 Madras Mail]]'' || Chokkalingam ||
|-
| ''[[Marupuram]]'' || Chakkunni ||
|-
| ''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]'' || Nanappan ||
|-
| ''[[Arhatha]]'' || Unni Unnithan ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Sangamam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aanaval Mothiram]]'' || Chellappan ||
|-
| ''[[Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum]]'' || Sugunan ||
|-
| ''Superstar'' || Vishalakshan ||
|-
| ''[[Kottayam Kunjachan]]'' || Konayil Kochappi ||
|-
| ''[[Anantha Vruthantham]]'' || Jathak Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Oliyampukal]]'' || P. P. Vakkachan ||
|-
| rowspan=20 | 1991 || ''[[Ulladakkam]]'' || Mental patient ||
|-
| ''[[Souhrudam]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
| ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' || Cherukunnathu Bhaskara Pillai ||
|-
| ''Agni Nilavu'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Chakravarthy (1991 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[May Dinam]]'' || Damodharan ||
|-
| ''[[Thudar Katha]]'' || Nadanam Nanu ||
|-
| ''[[Nettippattam]]'' || Ummini ||
|-
| ''[[Mukha Chithram]]'' || Govinda Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Mookkilyarajyathu]]'' || Krishnankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]]'' || Vaidi ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttapathram]]'' || Vishwan ||
|-
| ''[[Koodikazhca]]'' || Mathew Pulikkadan ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukkampetti]]'' || Mukundan ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukkam]]'' || Nischal ||
|-
| ''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]'' || Sivaraman ||
|-
| ''[[Georgekutty C/O Georgekutty]]'' || Chandy ||
|-
| ''[[Ganamela]]'' || Ganapathi ||
|-
| ''Chanchattam'' || Roopesh Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorvam Chilar]]'' || Sankara Warrier ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1992 || ''[[Yodha (1992 film)|Yodha]]'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Soorya Manasam]]'' || Mooppan ||
|-
| ''[[Aparatha]]'' || Minnal Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Aardram]]'' || Vettichara Dimon ||
|-
| ''[[Utsavamelam]]'' || Thankappan ||
|-
| ''Rathachakram'' || Bhanuvikrama Shetty ||
|-
| ''[[Ootty Pattanam]]'' || Basheer ||
|-
| ''Nakshthrakoodaram'' || Bhaskara Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Naadody]]'' || Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjikuruvi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maanyanmar]]'' || Kottayam Kochunni ||
|-
| ''[[Kunukkitta Kozhi]]'' || Gurukkal Ammavan ||
|-
| ''Kaazhchakkppuram'' || Koprapurakkal Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhara Ponnana]]'' || Achu ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Ponnu Thampuran]]'' || Prafulla Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Ellarum Chollanu]]'' || Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Champakulam Thachan]]'' || Rajappan ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalathe Addeham]]'' || Chandykunju ||
|-
| rowspan=21 | 1993 || ''Thalamura'' || ||
|-
| ''Porutham'' || Unnithan ||
|-
| ''[[Gandharvam]]'' || Mesthri ||
|-
| ''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]'' || Salim ||
|-
| ''[[Mithunam (1993 film)|Mithunam]]'' || Suguthan ||
|-
| ''[[Kavadiyattam]]'' || Velappan ||
|-
| ''Ithu Manjukaalam'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Aacharyan]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Kalippattam]]'' || Thakaraparambil Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Kabooliwala]]'' || Kadalas ||
|-
| ''Journalist'' || R. J. Kizhakkedam ||
|-
| ''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]'' || Vazhuthala Sasi ||
|-
| ''[[Ekalavyan]]'' || Achuthan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Customs Diary]]'' || Aravindakshan ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyavan]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
| ''[[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal]]'' || Sakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Ammayane Sathyam]]'' || Pisharadi ||
|-
| ''[[Akashadoothu]]'' || Gevarghese Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Aayirappara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomi Geetham]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Ganesh Iyyer ||
|-
| ''[[O' Faby]]'' || Rappai ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1994 || ''[[Minnaram]]'' || Unnunni ||
|-
| ''Vadhu Doctoranu'' || Kunjan Marar ||
|-
| ''Sudha Mathalam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pingami]]'' || Kutti Hassan ||
|-
| ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]'' || Ikru – Sathyasheelan ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhani (1994 film)|Rajadhani]]'' || Nadarajan ||
|-
| ''[[Chukkan]]'' || Sreeraman ||
|-
| ''[[Gandeevam]]'' || Pothuval ||
|-
| ''[[Pakshe]]'' || Vikraman's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Manathe Kottaram]]'' || Abraham John ||
|-
| ''[[Malappuram Haji Mahanaya Joji]]'' || Drill Master Aliyar ||
|-
| ''[[Kinnaripuzhayoram]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Vardhakya Puranam]]'' || Ommanakuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Santhanagopalam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.]]'' || Ommen Koshy ||
|-
| ''[[Chukkan]]'' || Sreeraman ||
|-
| ''Cabinet'' || Colonel Varma ||
|-
| ''Vishnu'' || Jameskutty ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1995 || ''[[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]]'' || Rudran Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Tom & Jerry (1995 film)|Tom & Jerry]]'' || Mukundan ||
|-
| ''Boxer'' || Pachalam Sundaran ||
|-
| ''[[Sargavasantham]]'' || Kunjunni ||
|-
| ''Thovalapookkal'' || ||
|-
| ''Puthukottyile Puthu Manavalan'' || Madassery Kochu Thampi ||
|-
| ''Punnaram'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''Peterscott'' ||peter ||
|-
| ''Pai Brothers'' || Ananda Pai ||
|-
| ''Manikya Chempazhukka'' || L. Lalichan Peruvazhiyil ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta]]'' || Shivankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Kusruthikaatu]]'' || Madhavan Kutty ||
|-
| ''[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana]]'' || Venugopal/Manikantan ||
|-
| ''[[Aksharam]]'' || Tharakan ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' || Sreedharan Unnithan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]'' || Mani Kunju ||
|-
| ''[[Avittam Thirunaal Aarogya Sriman]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1996 || ''[[Mayooranritham]]'' || Sarangathan Pilla \\
|-
| ''[[Vanarasena]]'' || Pankajakshan ||
|-
| ''[[Kudumbakodathi]]'' || Paramanandan Nair ||
|-
| ''Madamma'' || Janmi ||
|-
| ''[[Lalanam]]'' || Karuparambil Sunny ||
|-
| ''Kireedamillatha Rajakkanmar'' || Pushpull Rakhavan ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Sougandhikam (1996 film)|Kalyana Sowgandhikam]]'' || Mambally Vasudevan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]]'' || Karunakaran ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1997 || ''[[Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum]]'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Ullasapoongattu]]'' || Vasuvannan ||
|-
| ''Suvarna Simhaasanam'' || Das G. Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Newspaper Boy (1997 film)|Newspaper Boy]]'' || K.K. Ponnappan ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Varuvolam]]'' || Manoharan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Manasam]]'' || Kichamani ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukil Pambaram]]'' || Urumis ||
|-
| ''Kalyanappittannu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Kacheri]]'' || Ambadi Balaraman Nair ||
|-
| ''Siamese Irattagal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' || Driver Omanakuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Hitler Brothers]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Manmathan ||
|-
| ''[[The Good Boys]]'' || Vikraman Nair ||
|-
| ''Ekkareyanente Manasam'' || Radhakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Adukkala Rahasyam Angaadi Paattu]]'' || Kaimal ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 1998 || ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' || Kaimal Mash ||
|-
| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || Earali Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]]'' || Madhavan ||
|-
| ''Mayajalam'' || Ramesh Nambyar ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalya Pallakku]]'' || Sankara Warrier ||
|-
| ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]'' || Pappan ||
|-
| ''Magician Mahendralal from Delhi'' || Scaria, Magician Mahendralal ||
|-
| ''[[Gramapanchayath (film)|Gramapanchayath]]'' || R. A. Jappan ||
|-
| ''[[Elavamkodu Desam]]'' || Kurungodan ||
|-
| ''[[Vismayam (1998 film)|Vismayam]]'' || SI Muhammed ||
|-
| ''[[Anuragakottaram]]'' || Sobharaj ||
|-
| ''[[Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham]]'' || Samaran ||
|-
| ''[[Alibabayum Arara Kallanmarum]]'' || Thanku ||
|-
| rowspan=21 | 1999 || ''[[Vazhunnor]]'' || 'Meen' Mathachan ||
|-
| ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' || Parasu Nampoothiri ||
|-
| ''[[Captain (1999 film)|Captain]]'' || Ananthan Nambiar ||
|-
| ''Jananayakan'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
| ''[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]]'' || Col. R. K. Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Swastham Grihabharanam]]'' || Pachu ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Poojari]]'' || Pattabhi ||
|-
| ''[[Pranaya Nilavu]]'' || Kunjahammad ||
|-
| ''[[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' || Aadhi Thamburan ||
|-
| ''Panchapandavar'' || Kunjunni ||
|-
| ''Parassala Pachan Payyannur Paramu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Olympian Anthony Adam]]'' || Vattoli Porinchu ||
|-
| ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'' || Salperu Sadanandan ||
|-
| ''[[Independence (1999 film)|Independence]]'' || Manmadhan Potti SI ||
|-
| ''[[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]]'' || Chackachamparambil Lasar ||
|-
| ''[[Deepasthambham Mahascharyam]]'' || Nalpamaram Nambeeshan ||
|-
| ''[[Charlie Chaplin (1999 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || Chaplin ||
|-
| ''[[Chandamama (1999 film)|Chandamama]]'' || Eappachan ||
|-
| ''[[Bharya Veettil Paramasukham]]'' || Sadhashivan ||
|-
| ''[[American Ammayi]]'' || C. M. Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' || Muthippura Varkey ||
|-
|}

=== 2000s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=18 | 2000 || ''[[Varnakkazhchakal]]'' || Kaimal ||
|-
| ''Neela Thatakathile Nizhal Pakshikal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| ''[[Pilots (film)|Pilots]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narashimham]]'' || Poovalli Chandrabhanu ||
|-
| ''Mera Naam Joker'' || Parijakshan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Nadan Pennum Natupramaniyum]]'' || Unni Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Butler]]'' || Achayan ||
|-
| ''[[Vinayapoorvam Vidhyaadharan]]'' || Vidhyadharan Nair ||
|-
| ''Anamuttathe Angalamar'' || Ramakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]]'' || Srinivas ||
|-
| ''[[Mazha]]'' || Shastrikal ||
|-
| ''[[Manassil Oru Manjuthulli]]'' || Parasahayam Adiyodi/Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Dreams (2000 film)|Dreams]]'' || Dr. Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[Devadoothan]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' || Appachan ||
|-
| ''[[Daivathinte Makan]]'' || Thalassery Kunjambu ||
|-
| ''High Range'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2001 || ''[[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Easwara Subramoni Iyer ||
|-
| ''[[Saivar Thirumeni]]'' || Kunjoottan ||
|-
| ''[[Akashathile Paravakal]]'' || Dasan ||
|-
| ''[[Onnaman]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Dhosth (2001 Malayalam film)|Dosth]]'' || Ettuveettil Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Kakkakuyil]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Nambishan ||
|-
| ''Suryachakram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raavanaprabhu]]'' || Sakthivel Gounder ||
|-
| ''[[Bharthavudyogam]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
| ''[[Nariman (film)|Nariman]]'' || Kochu Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Achaneyanenikkishtam]]'' || Nalinakshan ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 2002 || ''[[Thilakkam]]'' || Fr. Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Thandavam]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
| ''Savithriyute Aranjanam'' || Achu Maash ||
|-
| ''[[Malayalimamanu Vanakkam]]'' || Kesunni ||
|-
| ''[[Kuberan]]'' || S. I. Thimmayya ||
|-
| ''Kasillatheyum Jeevikkam'' || ||
|-
| ''Kanmashi'' || Bhaskara Menon ||
|-
| ''Kakke Kakke Koodevide'' || Pappachan ||
|-
| ''[[Jagathy Jagadeesh in Town]]'' || Jagadeendran/Balakrishnan ||
|-
| ''Ente Hridhayathinte Utama'' || ||
|-
| ''Chirikkudukka'' || Broker Nanukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Chathurangam (2002 film)|Chathurangam]]'' || Kochausepp ||
|-
| ''[[Bamboo Boys]]'' || Varkey ||
|-
| ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' || Bhageerathan Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' || Maharajah's officer ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshathrakkannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari]]'' || Chanthutty ||
|-
| ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'' || Kumbidi ||
|-
| rowspan=22 | 2003 || ''[[Mazhanoolkkanavu]]'' || Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Vasanthamalika]]'' || Bodheswaran ||
|-
| ''[[Thillana Thillana]]'' || Ujjwal ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]'' || V. V. T. ||
|-
| ''Shikari Bolona'' || P P Gold Gopalan ||
|-
| ''[[Thilakkam]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' || Irunthalakadan Nampoothiri ||
|-
| ''Kalavarkey'' || Kalavarkey ||
|-
| ''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]'' || Krishnanunni ||
|-
| ''[[Vellithira (2003 film)|Vellithira]]'' || Erumathadam Jose ||
|-
| ''[[Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam]]'' || Sivankutty ||
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' || S. I. Peethambaran ||
|-
| Sathya Sai Baba || Sathya Sai Baba ||
|-
| ''[[Balettan]]'' || K. K. Pisharadi ||
|-
| ''[[Pattalam (Malayalam film)|Pattalam]]'' || Kumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Melvilasam Sariyanu]]'' || Cheppankudi Gajaraja Bhagavathar ||
|-
| ''[[Mizhi Randilum]]'' || Thechikkattu Achuthankutti ||
|-
| ''[[Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' || Arnose ||
|-
| ''Valathottu Thirinjal Nalamathe Veedu'' || Setup Ramakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' || Paramanandan ||
|-
| ''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]'' || Kattuvalli Krishnan ||
|-
| rowspan=24 | 2004 || ''Thalamelam'' || Dr. Gouri Shankar ||
|-
| ''Kottaram Vaidyan'' || Appannan ||
|-
| ''[[Agninakshathram (2004 film)|Agninakshathram]]'' || Jayanthan ||
|-
| ''[[Vamanapuram Bus Route]]'' || Gopalan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
| ''[[Symphony (film)|Symphony]]'' || Dominic ||
|-
| ''[[C. I. Mahadevan 5 Adi 4 Inchu]]'' || Salgunan ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]'' || Madhavan ||
|-
| ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]'' || Pooradam Thirunal Valiya Koyi Thampuran ||
|-
| ''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]]'' || Pushkaran ||
|-
| ''[[Thekkekkara Superfast]]'' || Ahammad Kutty ||
|-
| ''[[Jalolsavam]]'' || Ponnappan ||
|-
| ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || Manthravadi ||
|-
| ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' || Kariyachan ||
|-
| ''[[Mayilattam (film)|Mayilattam]]'' || Dasan ||
|-
| ''[[Wanted (2004 film)|Wanted]]'' || Supru Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[Aparichithan]]'' || Anamala Jolly ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Snehatheerathu]]'' || Parasheri ||
|-
| ''Govindankutty Thirakkilaanu'' || Marthandan Vakkeel ||
|-
| ''[[Vettam]]'' || Paasha ||
|-
| ''Thudakkam'' || Ittoop ||
|-
| ''[[Rasikan]]'' || Thomachan ||
|-
| ''[[Vesham]]'' || Ganapathi Swamy ||
|-
| ''[[Amrutham (film)|Amrutham]]'' || Chandy ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2005 || ''[[Udayananu Tharam]]'' || Pachalam Bhasi ||
|-
| ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu]]'' || Madhavan, Maharaja ||
|-
| ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]'' || Sreemoolam Thirunal Easwaravarma Valiyakoyil Thampuran ||
|-
| ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2005 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' || Fr. Ambatt ||
|-
| ''[[Krithyam]]'' || Solomon Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Udayon]]'' || Shavappetty Thoma ||
|-
| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || Member Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
| ''Isra'' || Thevar ||
|-
| ''[[Maanikyan]]'' || Sankaran ||
|-
| ''[[Mayookham]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Thanmathra]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| rowspan=21 | 2006 || ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]'' || Nischal ||
|-
| ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' || Vettivel Sundara Pandyan ||
|-
| ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppu Gulan]]'' || Swami ||
|-
| ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| ''Kalabham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nottam]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| ''Arunam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ravanan (2006 film)|Raavanan]]'' || SI Sundaran ||
|-
| ''Highway Police'' || S.I. Swami ||
|-
| ''Mauryan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chacko Randaaman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pakal (film)|Pakal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aanachandam]]'' || Inspector Minnal Babu Shahith ||
|-
| ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' || Estappanachan ||
|-
| ''[[Mahasamudram]]'' || Fr. Michael ||
|-
| ''[[Vasthavam]]'' || Unnithan Aasan ||
|-
| ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' || Wariarettan ||
|-
| ''[[Yes Your Honour]]'' || Sakshi Mani ||
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]'' || Ramanan ||
|-
| ''[[Palunku]]'' || Soman Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Aadum Koothu]]'' || Dr. John Santhosham Vedhamuthu || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan=25 | 2007 || ''[[Anchil Oral Arjunan]]'' || Paul ||
|-
| ''Changathipoocha'' || Raman Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Detective (2007 film)|Detective]]'' || Detective Chandrachoodan ||
|-
| ''[[Sketch (2007 film)|Sketch]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Partha Saradhi Iyer ||
|-
| ''[[The Speed Track]]'' || K. T. Kunjavara ||
|-
| ''[[Chota Mumbai]]'' || 'Padakkam' Basheer ||
|-
| ''[[Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal]]'' || Samuel ||
|-
| ''[[Rakshakan]]'' || SI Karvanan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaakki]]'' || Karunakara Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Bharathan Effect]]'' || Kariyachan ||
|-
| ''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]'' || Chandykunju ||
|-
| ''[[Arabikatha]]'' || K. K. Kunjunni ||
|-
| ''Anchil Oral Arjunan'' || Paul ||
|-
| ''[[Sketch (2007 film)|Sketch]]'' || Parthasaradhi ||
|-
| ''[[Ayur Rekha]]'' || Thankappan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Suhruthu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Heart Beats (film)|Heart Beats]]'' || Principal Dr. Jacob Isaac ||
|-
| ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]'' || Abdul Rahman ||
|-
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || Oommachan ||
|-
| ''[[Rock & Roll (film)|Rock & Roll]]'' || Khader ||
|-
| ''Janmam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]'' || Government Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)|Kangaroo]]'' || Mathew Abraham ||
|-
| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' || "Idea" Sasi ||
|-
| rowspan=23 | 2008 || ''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]'' || Kausthubhan ||
|-
| ''[[Kovalam]]'' || Peter ||
|-
| ''[[Aayudham (2008 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Contractor Hussein Haji ||
|-
| ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2008 film)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swarnam]]'' || Kunjambu ||
|-
| ''Omkaram'' || ||
|-
| ''Jubilee'' || Esho ||
|-
| ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' || Uthaman ||
|-
| ''[[SMS (2008 film)|SMS]]'' || Swami ||
|-
| ''[[Aandavan (2008 film)|Aandavan]]'' || K. Parasmeswara Panicker ||
|-
| ''[[Pakal Nakshatrangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Apoorva'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]'' || Keshava Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Magic Lamp (film)|Magic Lamp]]'' || Lalan ||
|-
| ''[[Bullet (2008 film)|Bullet]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Crazy Gopalan]]'' || Lavang Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Lollipop (2008 film)|Lollipop]]'' || Novelist Karunan || Cameo
|-
| ''Samayam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]'' || Bava Haji ||
|-
| ''[[Madampi]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || Hemanth Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Sankarettan ||
|-

| rowspan=27 | 2009 ||''[[Makante Achan]]'' || Himaval Chithanya Swami ||
|-
| ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Kandan Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' || Ashok Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Swantham Lekhakan]]'' || Govindan ||
|-
| ''Patham Adhyayam'' || Adithya Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Chemistry (2009 film)|Chemistry]]'' || Sambashivan ||
|-
| ''Bharya Swatham Suruthu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raamanam]]'' || Pookkoya Thangal ||
|-
|-
| ''[[My Big Father]]'' || Valanjambalam Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || JK || Segment: Happy Journey
|-
| ''[[Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kappal Muthalaali]]'' || Dubai Chandi ||
|-
| ''[[Shudharil Shudhan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paribhavam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vellathooval]]'' || Fr. Puthusheri ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Black and White Kudumbam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Banaras (2009 film)|Banaras]]'' || Kanaran ||
|-
| ''[[I. G. – Inspector General]]'' || SI Damodaran Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Dr. Patient]]'' || Poduval ||
|-
| ''Sanmanasullavan Appukuttan'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Black Dalia]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Thirunakkara Perumal'' || Keshavan ||
|-
| ''[[Kancheepurathe Kalyanam]]'' || Sreeramalingam Mudaliar ||
|-
| ''[[Calendar (2009 film)|Calendar]]'' || K. K. Manjooran ||
|-
| ''[[Angel John]]'' || Khader Moosa ||
|-
| ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' || Bhuvanendran ||
|-
|}

=== 2010s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=36 | 2010 || ''[[Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum]]'' || Vattukuzhi Velayudhan ||
|-
| ''[[Thanthonni]]'' || Dr. Thomas Vaidyan ||
|-
| ''[[Kadaksham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ammanilavu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Senior Mandrake]]'' || Omanakuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Sahasram (film)|Sahasram]]'' || Production controller Raghupathy ||
|-
| ''Khilafath'' || ||
|-
| ''Inganeyum Oral'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Fiddle (film)|Fiddle]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Valiyangadi (film)|Valiyangadi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Brahmasthram'' || Ponnappan ||
|-
| ''[[Annarakkannanum Thannalayathu]]'' || S. Gunasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Chaverpada]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[9 KK Road]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]]'' || Keshavan Nambiar ||
|-
| ''[[Thaskara Lahala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]]'' || Avaru Musaliar ||
|-
| ''[[Canvas (2010 film)|Canvas]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raama Raavanan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pathinonnil Vyazham]]'' || Nakulan ||
|-
| ''[[Nayakan (2010 film)|Nayakan]]'' || Nambeeshan ||
|-
| ''[[T. D. Dasan Std. VI B]]'' || Menon ||
|-
| ''[[24 Hrs (film)|24 Hours]]'' || Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' || Member Ramanan ||
|-
| ''[[April Fool (2010 film)|April Fool]]'' || Sathyakaman ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorvaragam]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Bernard ||
|-
| ''[[Aathmakatha]]'' || Fr. Punnoos ||
|-
| ''[[Shikkar]]'' || Mathayichan ||
|-
| ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' || Kundukuzhy Achan ||
|-
| ''[[Sadgamaya]]'' || Unni Nedungadi ||
|-
| ''[[Avan (2010 film)|Avan]]'' || CI Samkutty ||
|-
| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' || Pandit Deenadayal ||
|-
| ''[[Chekavar (film)|Chekavar]]'' || Nari Bahuleyan ||
|-
| ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || Advocate Uthaman ||
|-
| rowspan=46 | 2011 || ''[[Ninnishtam Ennishtam 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sankaranum Mohananum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Three Kings (2011 film)|Three Kings]]'' || Dinakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Venicile Vyapari]]'' || "Kaladi" Govindan ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay Mittayi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanakompathu]]'' || E.C. Narayanankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Innanu Aa Kalyanam]]'' || Sundaresan ||
|-
| ''[[Athe Mazha Athe Veyil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naayika]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Makeup Man]]'' || Vareeth Mappila ||
|-
| ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || Sarkar Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]'' || Dr. Ibrahim Mooppan ||
|-
| ''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]'' || Chenichery Kurup/Kerala Minister||
|-
| ''[[Kudumbasree Travels]]'' || Kunjambu ||
|-
| ''[[Mohabbath (2011 film)|Mohabbath]]'' || Beerankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Payyans]]'' || Seema's father || Photo presence
|-
| ''[[Lucky Jokers]]'' || Krishanvarma Thampuran ||
|-
| ''[[Killadi Raman]]'' || Kuriakose ||
|-
| ''[[Manikyakkallu]]'' || Karunakaran Karikalkuzhi ||
|-
| ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]'' || Labham Lambodaran ||
|-
| ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || Kochu Thoma ||
|-
| ''[[Janapriyan]]'' || Achayan ||
|-
| ''[[China Town (2011 film)|China Town]]'' || Jaggu Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' || Adiyodi ||
|-
| ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Maharaja Talkies]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action]]'' || Kunjeesho ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay March 12]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]'' || Astrologer Devaram ||
|-
| ''[[Note Out]]'' || S. I. Eerally ||
|-
| ''[[The Metro (film)|The Metro]]'' || Achayan ||
|-
| ''Oru Nunakkadha'' || Inspector Thampi ||
|-
| ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || Vasudevan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' || Golden Pappan ||
|-
| ''[[Pachuvum Kovalanum]]'' || Producer Esthappan ||
|-
| ''[[Race (2011 film)|Race]]'' || Eldo ||
|-
| ''[[Priyappetta Nattukare]]'' || Gandhi Kittan ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkar Colony]]'' || Puthan Purayil Padmanabha Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Kalabha Mazha]]'' || Vilwadiri Iyyer ||
|-
| ''[[Veeraputhran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Happy Durbar'' || S.I. Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Manushyamrugam]]'' || Fr. Isaac Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Makaramanju]]'' || Govardhandas Makhanji ||
|-
| ''Track'' || ||
|-
| ''Kunjettan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=25 | 2012 || ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar|Padmashree Bharath Dr.Saroj Kumar]]'' || Pachalam Bhasi ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kudumba Chithram]]'' || Gajendra Kurup ||
|-
| ''Kanneerinu Madhuram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Grihanathan]]'' || Reghuettan ||
|-
| ''[[Casanovva]]'' || Luka ||
|-
| ''[[Njanum Ente Familiyum]]'' || Dr. Easwarmoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Father's Day (2012 film)|Father's Day]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || Isaac's grandfather ||
|-
| ''[[Orange (2012 film)|Orange]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vaidooryam'' || Bhargavan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Kunnanthanam Devassy ||
|-
| ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]'' || Circle Inspector Rashid ||
|-
| ''[[Manjadikuru]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' || Thiruvambadi Mathan Tharakan ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Megharoopan]]'' || Appu Marar ||
|-
| ''Pulival Pattanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ezham Suryan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Nadabrahmam'' || ||
|-
| ''Red Alert'' || ||
|-
| ''[[No. 66 Madhura Bus]]'' || Bus Conductor Mathaikutty ||
|-
| ''[[Parudeesa]]'' || Authachan ||
|-
| ''Aakasmikam'' || ||
|-
| ''Ardhanareeswaran'' || || Unreleased movie
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''Yathra Thudarunnu'' || ||
|-
| ''Players'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cowboy (2013 film)|Cowboy]]'' || Ambili ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Malayalakkar Residency'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''Daivathinte Kayyoppu'' || ||
|-
| ''Mathruvandanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]]'' || Ravi Pillai ||
|-
| ''3 Wicketinu 365 runs'' || CI Mansingh/Marthandan/Bhairavan/Fr. Thankachan/Padmadalakshan ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Ente Cinema – The Movie Festival'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''100 Years of Chrysostom'' || ||
|-
|}

=== 2020s ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref.
|-
| 2020 || ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' || Vikram, CBI officer ||
|-

|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Vala}} || Professor Ambili / Uncle LUNA.R ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Express |date=2025-01-07 |title=Jagathy Sreekumar joins the upcoming zombie film 'Vala' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/07/jagathy-sreekumar-joins-the-upcoming-zombie-film-vala |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As a playback singer===
* ''[[Chakkarayumma]]'' (1984) .... "Naalukaashum kayyil vechu"
* ''[[Ulsavamelam]]'' (1992) .... "Raamaa Sreeraama" (solo)
* ''[[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal|Bandhukkal Shathrukkal]]'' (1993) .... "Veshangal" (solo)
* ''[[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan|Kottaaram Veettile Apputtan]]'' (1998) .... "Ambottee"
* ''Hai'' (2005) .... "Vallee Vallee"
* ''[[Moz & Cat]]'' (2009) .... "Innu Kondu Theerum"

===As director===
* ''[[Kalyana Unnikal]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Annakutty Kodambakkam Vilikkunnu]]'' (1989)

===As writer===
* ''Champion Thomas'' (1990) (story)
* ''[[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]'' (1988) (story)

===Dialogue, screenplay===
* ''Champion Thomas'' (1990)

==Television==
===As actor===
* ''Crime Branch'' ([[Kairali TV]])
* ''Hukka Huwwa Meckado'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* ''Ellam Mayajalam'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* ''Sree Mahabhagavatham'' ([[Asianet Communications|Asianet]])
* ''Kodachakram'' (Telefilm) ([[Asianet Communications|Asianet]])
*''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* ''Devimahatymyam'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Smarakasilakal'' ([[Doordarshan]])

===As producer===
* ''Hukka Huwwa Meckado'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* ''Ellam Mayajalam'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|author=Suku Palkulangara|title=ജഗതി: ചിരിയുടെ നിത്യവസന്തം [Jagathy: Chiriyude Nithyavasantham]|language=ml|location=[[Kerala]]|publisher=Sign Books|year=2013|isbn=978-81-926086-1-7|url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=9150|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821060605/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=9150|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://facebook.com/JagathySreekumarEntertainmentsOfficial/
* {{IMDb name|0415549|name=Jagathi Sreekumar}}
* [http://malayalasangeetham.info/php/displayActorProfile.php?a=Jagathy%20Sreekumar Jagathy Sreekumar at MSI]
{{Commons category|Jagathy Sreekumar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreekumar, Jagathy}}
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Sheikh Tonmoy

2026-03-14T00:09:48Z

Wazid: quick update

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheikh Tonmoy
| native_name = শেখ তন্ময়
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Sheikh Tonmoy.jpg
| caption = Tonmoy in 2019
| constituency_MP = [[Bagerhat-2]]
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 3 January 2019
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Mir Showkat Ali Badsha]]
| successor = [[Shaikh Monzurul Haque Rahad]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|06|29}}<ref name="dt23Dec2018" />
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| father = [[Sheikh Helal Uddin]]
| mother = Rupa Chowdhury
| relatives = ''see [[Tungipara Sheikh family]]''
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
}}

'''Sheikh Sharhan Naser Tonmoy'''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> best known as '''Sheikh Tonmoy''' is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and a former member of [[Jatiya Sangsad]] representing the [[Bagerhat-2]] constituency.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ind4Jan2019" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Vibrating digital medium |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/359180/2018/12/24/Vibrating-digital-medium |work=Daily Sun |language=en |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> He is a [[grand-nephew]] of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], nephew of [[Sheikh Hasina]], and second-cousin of [[Sajeeb Wazed]], [[Saima Wazed]] & [[Tulip Siddiq]]. He has been missing along with all of his family members since the fall of his aunt [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s government on 5 August 2024.

==Early life==
Tonmoy's father is [[Sheikh Helal Uddin]], member of parliament for [[Bagerhat-1]] and cousin of Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]].<ref name=":1" /> He completed his higher studies in London, United Kingdom.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |script-title=bn:রাজনীতির ময়দানে কে এই হ্যান্ডসাম যুবা? বাংলার মেয়েরা ক্রাশে হাবুডুবু!! |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/bangladesh-news/who-is-sheikh-sharhan-nasser-tanmoy-in-mujibur-rahmans-family/articleshow/62510667.cms |work=Eisamay |publisher=India Times |date=15 January 2018 |language=bn |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=New face of Sheikh Family in politics |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/politics/article/66263/New-face-of-Sheikh-Family-in-politics |work=banglanews24.com |date=14 January 2018 |language=en |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="ind4Jan2019">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/181763 |title=Now time to start serving people: Sheikh Tonmoy |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=4 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sheikh Tonmoy's video message to youngsters |url=https://www.rtvonline.com/english/bangladesh/2600/Sheikh-Tonmoys-video-message-to-youngsters |work=RTV Online |language=en |access-date=2020-11-10}}</ref><ref name="dt23Dec2018">{{cite news |title=Sheikh Tonmoy: If elected, I will not take any state benefits |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/12/23/tonmoy-if-elected-i-will-not-take-any-state-benefits |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=23 December 2018 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tonmoy was elected to Parliament on 30 December 2018 from Bagerhat-2 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Young, celebs shine in polls |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2519760&date=2019-01-02 |work=News Today |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-date=2019-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104124455/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2519760&date=2019-01-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tonmoy started his career journey with a job at a company in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Now time to start serving people: Sheikh Tonmoy |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/special/now-time-to-start-serving-people-sheikh-tonmoy/9834 |access-date=2023-01-31 |work=UNB}}</ref> Although he was born into a political family and did not become politically active until 2017, he joined the Bangladesh Awami League as a member from Bagerhat Municipal Branch, marking his formal entry into politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-22 |title=Sheikh Tonmoy Bio Career & Net Worth {{!}} Famous Born |url=https://famousborn.com/sheikh-tonmoy/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Now time to start serving people: Sheikh Tonmoy |url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/181763 |access-date=2023-01-31 |work=The Independent}}</ref>

Tonmoy's term as Member of Parliament ended on 6 August 2024 following the fall of his aunt Sheikh Hasina's government. He was succeeded by [[Shaikh Monzurul Haque Rahad]] of the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] in the 2026 general election. This marked the end of Tonmoy's parliamentary career, though he continues to be involved in local and family political activities.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tonmoy, Sheikh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:People from Bagerhat]]
[[Category:Tungipara Sheikh family]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna Division]]

{{Khulna-AL-politician-stub}}

Trisha Krishnan

2026-03-10T12:49:33Z

Wazid: cleanup

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1983)}}
{{Other uses|Trisha (disambiguation){{!}}Trisha}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Tamil name|Krishnan|Trisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Trisha Krishnan at PS1 pre release event (3) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Trisha in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|05|04}}
| alma mater = [[Ethiraj College for Women]] ([[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]])
| birth_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India
| nationality =
| occupation = Actress
| works = [[Trisha Krishnan filmography|Full list]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Trisha Krishnan|Full list]]
| honours = {{plainlist|[[Kalaimaamani]] (2006)
}}
| yearsactive = 1999–present
}}

'''Trisha Krishnan''' (born 4 May 1983) is an Indian actress known for her work primarily in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] cinema. One of the highest-paid actresses in India, she has sustained a successful career as a leading actress for over two decades in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Trisha, 20 years of being a leading actor in the industry |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/happy-birthday-trisha-6-powerful-and-evergreen-performances-of-the-actor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421212143/https://jfwonline.com/article/happy-birthday-trisha-6-powerful-and-evergreen-performances-of-the-actor/ |archive-date=21 April 2025 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=JFW |language=en}}</ref> Trisha gained prominence after winning the 1999 [[Miss Chennai]] pageant, which marked her entry into cinema. Often referred to as the "Queen of South India",<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2024 |title=Trisha Krishnan the "Queen of South India" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-trisha-krishnan-the-star-who-has-maintained-the-title-of-south-queen/photostory/109829816.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610123000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-trisha-krishnan-the-star-who-has-maintained-the-title-of-south-queen/photostory/109829816.cms |archive-date=10 June 2025 |access-date=5 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> she has received numerous [[List of awards and nominations received by Trisha Krishnan|accolades]], including five [[Filmfare Awards South]], a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] and a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=List of Filmfare awards received by Trisha Krishnan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Trisha-Krishnan/awards |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

After debuting with a minor supporting role in the Tamil romantic drama ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' (1999), Trisha had her first lead role in the film ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' (2002). She rose to fame starring in commercially and critically successful films ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003), ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004), ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005), and ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006) in [[Tamil cinema]], and ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' (2004), ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005), ''[[Athadu]]'' (2005), ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule|Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule]]'' (2007), and ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' (2008), in [[Telugu cinema]], winning three [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Awards for Best Actress –Telugu]], and a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award for Best actress –Telugu]].<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2005 |title=Filmfare awards for 2004 Telugu cinema |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050805080646/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm |archive-date=5 August 2005 |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="idlebrain.com" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards for 2007 Telugu Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/telugu/2008/102 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/telugu/2008/102 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

Trisha made her [[Hindi cinema]] debut by starring in the film ''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (2010), her [[Kannada cinema]] debut with the film ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]'' (2014), and her [[Malayalam cinema]] debut with the film ''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Express |date=4 July 2017 |title=Trisha's Hey Jude starts rolling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/Jul/04/trishas-hey-jude-starts-rolling-914.html |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2014 |title=Audio of Power to be released on June 28 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/audio-of-power-to-be-released-on-june-28/articleshow/37117834.cms |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=No dancing around trees in Khatta Meetha: Trisha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-dancing-around-trees-in-khatta-meetha-trisha/story-0xHfFa7K9MCgautZ84uhmI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013124504/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-dancing-around-trees-in-khatta-meetha-trisha/story-0xHfFa7K9MCgautZ84uhmI.html |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Her performances in the comedy drama ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' (2008), the romantic drama ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010), the action thrillers ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015), and ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' (2015), the political thriller ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' (2016), the romantic drama ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' (2018), the historical dramas ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022), and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023) and the crime thriller series ''[[Brinda (TV series)|Brinda]]'' (2024)'','' received critical acclaim.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=29 July 2024 |title=Director Surya Vangala on Telugu web series 'Brinda': Trisha brought in fine nuances, made it look effortless |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-surya-vangala-on-brinda-trisha-brought-in-fine-nuances-made-it-look-effortless/article68448585.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-surya-vangala-on-brinda-trisha-brought-in-fine-nuances-made-it-look-effortless/article68448585.ece |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Her performances in [[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|''Abhiyum Naanum'']], ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]],'' and ''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]'' earned her the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]], [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress –Tamil]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress –Tamil]] respectively.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 64th Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=filmfare |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=filmfare |language=en}}</ref> Her highest-grossing release to date is the action thriller film ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023).

==Early life==
Trisha Krishnan was born on 4 May 1983<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborthy |first1=Antara |date=4 May 2019 |title=Happy birthday Trisha: What makes Kollywood's Janu stand out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/happy-birthday-trisha-what-makes-kollywoods-janu-stand-out-5709892/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> to Krishnan and Uma<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trisha Krishnan's father Krishnan passes away |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/trisha-krishnans-father-krishnan-passes-away-517489.html |work=News18 |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615163424/https://www.news18.com/news/india/trisha-krishnans-father-krishnan-passes-away-517489.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2023|author= |title=Can You Identify This Famous Actress Who Was Crowned Miss Chennai In 2000? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/can-you-identify-this-famous-actress-who-was-crowned-miss-chennai-in-2000-8045389.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=News18 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615163532/https://www.news18.com/movies/can-you-identify-this-famous-actress-who-was-crowned-miss-chennai-in-2000-8045389.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu into a Tamil [[Palakkad Iyer]] family.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Trisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Happy-Birthday-Trisha/articleshow/12991372.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916235139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Happy-Birthday-Trisha/articleshow/12991372.cms |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=20 February 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2008 |title=Transcript of the chat with Trisha |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14187784 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311014528/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14187784 |archive-date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2 September 2019 |work=Sify |quote=I'm a Palaghat Iyer...Trisha Krishnan}}</ref><ref name="trishamadras">{{Cite news |last=Subramaniam |first=Archana |date=17 August 2011 |title=My heart belongs here… |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/nxg/article2365224.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610141939/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/my-heart-belongs-here/article2365224.ece |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=1 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She completed her schooling from Sacred Heart Matriculation School in Church Park, Chennai,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Actress Trisha Krishnan Impressive Education Qualification |url=https://www.india.com/webstories/entertainment/actress-trisha-krishnan-impressive-education-qualification-6903043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.india.com/webstories/entertainment/actress-trisha-krishnan-impressive-education-qualification-6903043/ |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=India.com}}</ref> and later pursued a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA) course at [[Ethiraj College for Women]], Chennai.<ref name=":0" /> She ventured into modelling and appeared in several print and television commercials.<ref name="trishaearlylife" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhagat |first=Shama |date=25 June 2010 |title=Trisha set for first B'wood take |url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/trisha-set-first-b%E2%80%99wood-take-103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406122827/http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/trisha-set-first-b%E2%80%99wood-take-103 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=27 September 2011 |work=[[The Asian Age]]}}</ref> In 1999, she won the "Miss Salem" beauty pageant, and later the same year, the [[Miss Chennai]] contest. She also won the [[Femina Miss India|Miss India 2001]] pageant's "Beautiful Smile" award.<ref name="trishaearlylife">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=3 June 2002 |title=An offer she couldn't refuse |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/06/03/stories/2002060301030200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110025622/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/06/03/stories/2002060301030200.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |access-date=27 September 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Arvind |date=18 June 2007 |title=Trisha gulps, gears up for new ad |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/trisha-gulps-gears-up-to-woo-the-nation/31550-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171507/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/trisha-gulps-gears-up-to-woo-the-nation/31550-8.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=19 February 2011 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |date=30 September 2020 |title=Trisha Krishnan's Throwback To The Day That "Changed" Her Life 21 Years Ago |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/trisha-krishnans-throwback-to-the-day-that-changed-her-life-21-years-ago-2303521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/trisha-krishnans-throwback-to-the-day-that-changed-her-life-21-years-ago-2303521 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

Trisha had aspired to become a [[criminal psychologist]] initially, and resisted the thought of pursuing acting, as she wanted to complete her studies first. In 2000, she appeared in [[Falguni Pathak]]'s music video ''Meri Chunar Udd Udd Jaye'' alongside [[Ayesha Takia]]. She was later approached for an acting role in the Tamil film ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' (2003) by Indian film director [[Priyadarshan]], which marked the beginning of her professional career as an actress.<ref name="trishaearlylife" /> She had a tight shooting schedule while in college, making it difficult for her to continue her education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2003 |title=Screen vs. studies |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/06/stories/2003100600020100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117103704/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/06/stories/2003100600020100.htm |archive-date=17 November 2003 |access-date=27 September 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She compensated for this by attending summer classes.<ref name="trishaearlylife" />

==Film career==
=== 1999–2003: Early career and success ===
Soon after her pageant success, Trisha began her acting career in a minor supporting role as [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]'s friend in the romantic drama ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' (1999).{{sfn|Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha|2010|loc=slide 3}} The first film she accepted was the [[Priyadarshan]] directed ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'', with the promotional posters for the film, also creating an offer to star in the [[A. R. Rahman]] musical hit, ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' (2003).<ref name="lesalesa">{{Cite web |last=Prasad, Ayyappa |year=2002 |title=Kanmani Nee Vara Kathuirukrean |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020405/rtam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415011622/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020405/rtam.html |archive-date=15 April 2008 |access-date=5 April 2002}}</ref> However, both the projects' releases were severely delayed, and her first release was [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]'s ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' (2002) opposite [[Suriya]], the film became a moderate success at the box office and managed to gain credentials for Trisha, with critics claiming that she was "undoubtedly a refreshing new find, with sparkling eyes and appealing demeanour", also going onto praise the dubbing artiste, Savitha Reddy, who has since regularly dubbed for Trisha.<ref name="mpreview">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan, Malathi |date=27 December 2002 |title=Mounam Pesiyadhae |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/27/stories/2002122701430200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030912073458/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/27/stories/2002122701430200.htm |archive-date=12 September 2003 |access-date=27 December 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''[[Manasellam]]'' (2003), her second project, saw her play a cancer patient, but the film went unnoticed upon its March release.<ref name="mreview">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan, Malathi |date=4 April 2003 |title=Manasellam |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/04/stories/2003040400950200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040422111753/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/04/stories/2003040400950200.htm |archive-date=22 April 2004 |access-date=4 April 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Her subsequent release was the [[Hari (director)|Hari]]-directed action film, ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003) with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]. She played a soft-spoken college-going [[Brahmin]] girl and received positive reviews for her performance, with ''Sify''{{'}}s reviewer citing that she was "appealingly sensual" and looked "glamorous",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Saamy |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saamy-review-tamil-13049384.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007035217/http://www.sify.com/movies/saamy-review-tamil-13049384.html |archive-date=7 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and another critic writing that she looked "very pretty" and suited the role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saamy – Tamil Movie Review |url=http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=391&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422135612/http://thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=391&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Thiraipadam.com}}</ref> The [[Masala film|masala flick]] became the biggest blockbuster of the year,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2007 |title=Welcome to |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13345685&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411235948/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13345685&cid=2408 |archive-date=11 April 2005 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and landed Trisha new offers, including several high-budget productions. ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'', which was supposed to be her debut, released later the same month in May 2003.<ref name="Lesa Lesa">{{Cite news |date=23 May 2003 |title=Lesa Lesa |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730120131/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320201.htm |archive-date=30 July 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The romantic musical, based on the 1998 Malayalam film ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2003 |title=Priyadarshan's films banned |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/07south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417163754/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/07south.htm |archive-date=17 April 2012 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> fetched generally positive reviews.<ref name="Lesa Lesa" /> After ''Lesa Lesa'', she appeared in ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' (2003). Her last release of the year was ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 September 2003 |title=Alai |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601340202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205215224/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601340202.htm |archive-date=5 December 2003 |access-date=10 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201450301.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230195832/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201450301.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2003 |title=Enakku 20 Unakku 18 |date=12 December 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref>

===2004–2008: Stardom in Telugu and Tamil cinema===
In 2004, she debuted in [[Telugu cinema]] with [[M. S. Raju]]-produced romantic action film ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'', which turned her into an overnight sensation. Critics lauded her performance as Sailaja, a middle-class girl who becomes a film star on her father's insistence; Jeevi from ''Idlebrain'' stated that she was "beautiful" and a "big plus to the film", labelling her performance as "natural",<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2004 |title=Telugu cinema Review – Varsham – Prabhas, Trisha – MS Raju |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-varsham.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112005621/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-varsham.html |archive-date=12 November 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> while ''Sify'' noted that she had "transformed herself into a fine actress with immense screen presence".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Varsham |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/varsham-review-telugu-13365103.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810173829/http://www.sify.com/movies/varsham-review-telugu-13365103.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was a major commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days and becoming one of the highest-grossing films of the year, and was declared a "sensational hit".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2004 |title=Telugu Cinema – function – silver jubilee function – Varsham – Prabhas, Trisha |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/175days-varsham.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053043/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/175days-varsham.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2004 |title=List of Telugu films released in year 2004 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-movielist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127233735/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-movielist.html |archive-date=27 January 2007 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> For her role in ''Varsham'', Trisha won her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Awards for Best Actress – Telugu]] award,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2005 |title=Filmfare awards for South India – Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam & Kannada – Telugu Cinema |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222420/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> as well as the [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Santosham Award]] for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Telugu Cinema function – Santosham Film Awards 2004 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320121508/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2005.html |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

Later in 2004, she acted as the female lead opposite [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the action comedy film ''[[Ghilli]]''. She played the character of Dhanalakshmi, a helpless girl who is protected from a thug by a Kabaddi player.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2004 |title=Don't miss 'Gilli'. You will enjoy it! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/23gilli.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425021250/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/23gilli.htm |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Trisha's portrayal of Dhanalakshmi is considered one of her memorable performances and a standout role in her career,<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Five Unforgettable Performance of Trisha |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/5-times-trisha-gave-us-an-unforgettable-performance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://jfwonline.com/article/5-times-trisha-gave-us-an-unforgettable-performance/ |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=JFW |language=en}}</ref> and the film eventually emerged as the highest-grossing Tamil film of the year, celebrating a 175-day run,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2007 |title=Welcome to |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13552110&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920161701/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13552110&cid=2408 |archive-date=20 September 2004 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and was Trisha's biggest commercial success at the time. She next appeared in a small role in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004), starring as part of an [[ensemble cast]] that included [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] and Suriya, despite favourable reviews, the film had an average box office performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2017 |title=Aayutha Ezhuthu |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=moviereview.php%3Fmovid%3D323 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030130714/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=moviereview.php%3Fmovid%3D323 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=[[Ayngaran International]]}}</ref>

In the following two years, Trisha had 12 releases overall, where she featured as the female lead. She starred as the leading actress in two action commercial flicks ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005), directed by [[Perarasu]] and [[Hari (director)|Hari]] respectively. Of these, ''Thirupaachi'' became a major commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2005 |title=Tamil cinema's new high |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001140100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920214456/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001140100.htm |archive-date=20 September 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In her second Telugu project, the romantic drama ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005), she starred alongside [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]. The film, being [[Prabhu Deva]]'s [[directorial debut]], opened to rave reviews, with Trisha receiving praise for her portrayal as the village girl Siri. This performance earned her several Best Actress awards, including her second consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Awards for Best Actress – Telugu]] and her first [[Nandi Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="idlebrain.com">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2006 |title=Filmfare South awards for 2005 – Telugu cinema |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2006.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702084622/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2006.html |archive-date=2 July 2015 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2006 |title=Telugu Cinema – Nandi award winners list 2005 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109223120/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2005.html |archive-date=9 November 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> ''Idlebrain'' noted that she was "just great. Her tender looks, appearance and Telugu traditional costumes make her a treat to watch", further labelling her expressions and "naughty antics" as excellent,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2005 |title=Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana – Telugu cinema Review – Siddardha, Trisha, Srihari |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nuvvostanante.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144618/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nuvvostanante.html |archive-date=11 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> while ''Sify'' wrote of Trisha that she was "amazing as Siri [...] It is her career-best performance and she has excelled throughout."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nuvvostanante-nenoddantana-review-telugu-13650824.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930162154/http://www.sify.com/movies/nuvvostanante-nenoddantana-review-telugu-13650824.html |archive-date=30 September 2013 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film eventually won eight [[Filmfare Awards South]], the most ever by any Telugu film,<ref name="idlebrain.com" /> while also emerging as a major commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2005 |title=Cycle Stand – Telugu Cinema Trade Story |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/story-nuvvostanante.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214231223/http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/story-nuvvostanante.html |archive-date=14 February 2012 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2005 year top 10 – Telugu cinema – hit films |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2005yeartop10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011101216/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2005yeartop10.html |archive-date=11 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

Continuing her string of releases in 2005, she then starred alongside [[Mahesh Babu]] in the action thriller ''[[Athadu]]'', which proved to be a critical and commercial success, and her performance as Poori earned her third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu. Trisha later went on to reprise the role in its Tamil remake, ''Nandhu'', as well. Her subsequent releases, [[N. Lingusamy|N Lingusamy]]'s political action film ''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]'' (2005) starred opposite [[Ajith Kumar]] was commercially unsuccessful and ''[[Aathi]]'' (2006), strarred opposite Vijay was an average grosser.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070606154347/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/10/stories/2005121019550200.htm Andhra Pradesh] (10 December 2005). ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 5 April 2008.</ref><ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2006 |title=Chennai Box-Office (Jan14-16) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-box-office-jan14-16-news-tamil-kkfvvkhfidesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510154603/https://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-box-office-jan14-16-news-tamil-kkfvvkhfidesi.html |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Her next role in ''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]'' (2006), she played the role of Pournami, a young woman destined to perform a sacred dance ritual was directed by Prabhu Deva, saw her third-consecutive starring role in an M. S. Raju production. Trisha was featured in the titular role alongside an ensemble cast.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=4 May 2020 |title=From Varsham to Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule, Five Best roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-trisha-krishnan-from-varsham-to-aadavari-matalaku-arthale-verule-5-best-roles-of-the-pretty-actress/photostory/75529664.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511070850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-trisha-krishnan-from-varsham-to-aadavari-matalaku-arthale-verule-5-best-roles-of-the-pretty-actress/photostory/75529664.cms |archive-date=11 May 2020 |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> She had previously earned Raju's praise after her work in the successful ''Varsham'' and ''Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana'', with him stating that she was "one of the most talented and beautiful actresses I have ever worked with", going on to draw comparisons to the works of [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Nargis]] and [[Sophia Loren]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MS Raju – Telugu Cinema interview – Producer |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/msraju.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111212938/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/msraju.html |archive-date=11 November 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

Her sole Tamil release of 2006, ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'', was a remake of ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''. This film, where she acted opposite [[Jayam Ravi]], did well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2006 |title=Success begins at home – MADS |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/success-begins-at-home/article3230588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128072513/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/success-begins-at-home/article3230588.ece |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=28 December 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She also starred in the Telugu film ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' (2006) with [[Chiranjeevi]], directed by [[AR Murugadoss|A.R. Murugadoss]] achieved significant success following which her Telugu film ''[[Sainikudu]]'' (2006) with [[Mahesh Babu]] was released.

Her next release was ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule]]'' (2007), in which she played the female lead opposite [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], portraying a team leader in a software firm.<ref name=":10" /> The film, [[Selvaraghavan]]'s first Telugu venture, received positive reviews and became a critical and commercial success. Trisha received her third [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for her performance in this film.<ref name=":6" /> She next starred in ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007) alongside Ajith Kumar.

Her first 2008 release, Telugu film ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' with [[Ravi Teja]] became a blockbuster. Tamil film, ''[[Bheema]]'' did not do well became average grosser at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2008 |title=Bheema collection Vikram Trisha Lingusamy A M Ratham |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-08-04/25-01-08-bheema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-08-04/25-01-08-bheema.html |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=behindwoods}}</ref> whereas ''[[Kuruvi]]'' was a sleeper hit after completion of 150 day theatrical run at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2010 |title=Vijay's 'Kavalkaran' rolling fast on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/apr/23/vijays-kavalkaran-rolling-fast-on-floors-149668.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101165514/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/apr/23/vijays-kavalkaran-rolling-fast-on-floors-149668.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=7 May 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Her following 2008 release ''[[Bujjigadu]]'', directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]] and starring her alongside [[Prabhas]], had a decent run.

Trisha received praise for her performance in her next release, Radhamohan's ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' (2008). She played the role of Abhi, an independent young woman who has a close-knit bond with her father. The story revolves around a father-daughter relationship. Trisha's performance was widely praised for its subtlety and emotional depth,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=15 May 2020 |title='Abhiyum Naanum': Revisiting Trisha-Prakash Raj's rare film on dad-daughter dynamic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/abhiyum-naanum-revisiting-trisha-prakash-rajs-rare-film-dad-daughter-dynamic-watchwithtnm-124629 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/abhiyum-naanum-revisiting-trisha-prakash-rajs-rare-film-dad-daughter-dynamic-watchwithtnm-124629 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> and earned her the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] and a Filmfare nomination for Best Actress.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Tamil Nadu State government awards for 2007 and 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |access-date=2 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 }}</ref> Following this, she starred in the Telugu film ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' (2008) opposite [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], which emerged as a blockbuster at the box office. She received nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu and Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil for her performances in ''Krishna'' and ''Abhiyum Naanum'' respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2009 |title=56th Filmfare Awards 2008 - South |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/56th-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South/articleshow/4804867.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/56th-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South/articleshow/4804867.cms |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2009 |title=56th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |url=http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/Filmfare_awards.htm |access-date=2 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731062736/http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/Filmfare_awards.htm |archive-date=31 July 2009 }}</ref>

===2009–2017: Further success===
[[File:Trisha Krishnan 2010 - still 111343 crop.jpg|left|thumb|Trisha in 2010]]
Her 2009 films ''[[Sarvam]]'' with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and ''[[Sankham]]'' opposite [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] did not do well and became just average grossers. Trisha had a major role, starring as a [[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Syrian Christian]] [[Malayali]] girl Jessie, in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s 2010 Tamil romantic drama ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'', which was a major commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2010 |title=Trisha loves Pattinson |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Trisha-loves-Pattinson/articleshow/6247850.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425090242/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-03/news-interviews/28304124_1_trisha-tweets-robert-pattinson |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=30 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2010 |title=100 Days of Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/100-days-of-vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-news-tamil-kkfq2qjaige.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512002958/http://www.sify.com/movies/100-days-of-vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-news-tamil-kkfq2qjaige.html |archive-date=12 May 2013 |access-date=30 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film centres around the complicated relationship between a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] Malayali girl and a [[Tamils|Tamil Hindu]] assistant director, who falls in love with her, only to be met by her indifference and reluctance as they belong to different religions and her strict conservative family will never consent to their marriage.<ref name="manorama">{{Cite web |title=Marunadan Cinemayile Malayali |url=http://epaper.manoramaonline.com/edaily/FlashClient/Show_Story_IPad.aspx?storySrc=aHR0cDovL2VwYXBlci5tYW5vcmFtYW9ubGluZS5jb20vTU1EYWlseS9Lb2NoaS8yMDE0LzExLzAxL0YvTU1EYWlseV9Lb2NoaV8yMDE0XzExXzAxX0ZfTVRfMDI2X1BSLmpwZw==&uname=&ipad=N |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104144501/http://epaper.manoramaonline.com/edaily/FlashClient/Show_Story_IPad.aspx?storySrc=aHR0cDovL2VwYXBlci5tYW5vcmFtYW9ubGluZS5jb20vTU1EYWlseS9Lb2NoaS8yMDE0LzExLzAxL0YvTU1EYWlseV9Lb2NoaV8yMDE0XzExXzAxX0ZfTVRfMDI2X1BSLmpwZw==&uname=&ipad=N |archive-date=4 November 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014 |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama|Metro Manorama Kochi]]}}</ref> Her performance was acclaimed by critics,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Sathish |date=28 December 2010 |title=2010: A Year of Hits and Misses for Tamil Film Industry |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?706592 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714043252/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?706592 |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=30 September 2011 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> earning her the [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine]], in addition to her second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2011 |title=Legends steal the show at Close Up Vijay Awards |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062660100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053628/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062660100200.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=30 September 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' commented, "Trisha is a revelation. Shorn of her ''filmi'' make-up, she dazzles in Nalini Sriram's simple costumes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=26 February 2010 |title=''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'' is a must watch |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/26/review-vinnaithaandi-varuvaayaa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205212410/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/26/review-vinnaithaandi-varuvaayaa.htm |archive-date=5 February 2011 |access-date=30 September 2011 |website=Rediff Movies |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> ''Sify'' remarked, "Trisha looks good and delivers her career-best performance in a knock-out role."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-review-review-tamil-14933091.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602081807/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-review-review-tamil-14933091.html |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=30 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]'' was her sole Telugu release in 2010. In the same year, she starred in ''[[Manmadhan Ambu]]'' with [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[R. Madhavan]].

She made her debut in [[Hindi cinema]] with [[Priyadarshan]]'s political comedy film ''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (2010). Trisha portrayed a strong municipal commissioner who assists the protagonist, played by [[Akshay Kumar]] in his endeavours. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from critics and Box Office India declared it an average performer at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116002252/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA%3D%3D |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

Trisha was part of two commercially successful ventures in 2011, ''[[Theenmaar]]'' the female lead opposite [[Pawan Kalyan]] in Telugu and [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s ''[[Mankatha]]'' in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=3 September 2011 |title=Arts / Cinema : A gutsy game! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2420824.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123015512/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2420824.ece |archive-date=23 November 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=India}}</ref> The latter was the highest-grossing Tamil film of the year.<ref name="sify1">{{Cite web |title=Mankatha takes best opening of 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-takes-best-opening-of-2011-news-tamil-ljbmvmccafa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009130200/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-takes-best-opening-of-2011-news-tamil-ljbmvmccafa.html |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="sify2">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2011 |title=Chennai Box-Office – Special Festival weekend (August 31 to September 4, 2011) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14978423&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906124227/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14978423&cid=13525926 |archive-date=6 September 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2012, she had two Telugu releases ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'', a remake of the same-titled Malayalam film, where she was paired with [[Daggubati Venkatesh]] for the third time,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |date=17 March 2011 |title=Trisha's encounter with tiger! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-17/news-interviews/28699123_1_trisha-elusive-tiger-mankatha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501143329/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-17/news-interviews/28699123_1_trisha-elusive-tiger-mankatha |archive-date=1 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India}}</ref> and ''[[Dammu]]'' opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]
[[File:Trisha at Celebrity Cricket League, 2014.jpg|thumb|Trisha in 2014]]
This was followed by two Tamil releases in 2013 ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'' opposite [[Vishal Krishna|Vishal]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2011 |title=Look who'll romance actress Trisha next |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_look-wholl-romance-actress-trisha-next_1594133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013155135/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_look-wholl-romance-actress-trisha-next_1594133 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref> Trisha played as a bold and resourceful woman balancing vulnerability and resilience while playing an essential role in the action and suspense of the film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=20 January 2013 |title='Samar' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Jan/20/samar-tamil-444733.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Jan/20/samar-tamil-444733.html |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and the comedy-drama ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' alongside [[Jiiva]]. Her performance in the latter film earned Trisha her third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil.

She signed on two "women-centric" bilingual projects featuring female lead casts, titled ''Rambha Urvasi Menaka''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trisha's next will be RUM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Trishas-next-will-be-RUM/articleshow/17719092.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502113810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-22/news-interviews/35968876_1_trisha-varsham-and-nuvvostanante-nenoddantana-film |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=22 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ''Kannaale Kannan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=4 May 2013 |title=Etc: Natural bonding |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etc-natural-bonding/article4683474.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508153702/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etc-natural-bonding/article4683474.ece |archive-date=8 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trisha signs her next in K-town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Trisha-signs-her-next-in-K-town/articleshow/19672710.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425092142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-22/news-interviews/38735282_1_trisha-film-director-samuthirakani |archive-date=25 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Although both films were commenced, they were stalled in 2013.

She debuted in [[Kannada]] cinema with the action comedy film ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]'' in 2014 opposite [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2014 |title=Actress Trisha's Kannada debut is a big hit |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/entertainment-sandalwood/article/actress-trisha%E2%80%99s-kannada-debut-big-hit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170424045851/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/entertainment-sandalwood/article/actress-trisha%E2%80%99s-kannada-debut-big-hit |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=18 September 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trisha to star in Kannada remake of Dookudu |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-11/news-interviews/45077837_1_kannada-film-industry-trisha-krishnan-telugu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215022454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-11/news-interviews/45077837_1_kannada-film-industry-trisha-krishnan-telugu |archive-date=15 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Trisha's releases in 2015 included ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' opposite [[Ajith Kumar]], directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], she played the role of a bharatanatyam dance teacher and a single mother, raising her young daughter.<ref name=":9" /> Her performance was well received by the audience and the film was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yennai Arindhal on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/yennai-arindhaal/reviews/users/r2ij |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.moviebuff.com/yennai-arindhaal/reviews/users/r2ij |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Moviebuff}}</ref> Her Telugu film ''[[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]'' was released opposite [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and ''[[Bhooloham]]'' with [[Jayam Ravi]] in Tamil.

In the action thriller film ''[[Thoongaa Vanam|Thoonga Vanam]]'' (2015) she played the role of an [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB (Narcotics Control Bureau)]] agent, opposite [[Kamal Haasan]].

She also acted in the comedy horror film ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' (2016) was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 10 February 2018|title=Aranmanai 2 : Sundar C |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/09/aranmanai-2-made-more-money-than-the-original-sundar-c-1770944.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108154014/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/09/aranmanai-2-made-more-money-than-the-original-sundar-c-1770944.html |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, she starred in the political drama ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' portrayed ruthless politician with negative shades who is both love interest and political rival opposite [[Dhanush]], which proved to be a critical and commercial success, earning her the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil]], in addition to her fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil.<ref name=":7" />

=== 2018–present: Critical acclaim and continued career ===
In 2018, she acted in the [[Malayalam]] romantic comedy film ''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]'' with [[Nivin Pauly]] making her Malayalam debut. She played a character portrayed as a singer also a victim of [[bipolar disorder]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=Crystal is dysfunctional but with a beautiful heart: Trisha Krishnan on her character in Hey Jude |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/trisha-hey-jude-5049234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/trisha-hey-jude-5049234/ |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2017 |title=Trisha gets a surprise at Goa while shooting for Nivin Pauly's Hey Jude |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trisha-gets-a-surprise-at-goa-while-shooting-for-nivin-paulys-hey-jude/articleshow/60464744.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610142045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trisha-gets-a-surprise-at-goa-while-shooting-for-nivin-paulys-hey-jude/articleshow/60464744.cms |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=10 January 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Following this, she played a leading role in the Tamil romantic drama ''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]'' opposite [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and received widespread critical acclaim. Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' hailed her performance as her career-best.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=K |first=Janani |date=3 October 2018 |title=96 Movie Review: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha shine in poignant love story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-director-prem-kumar-1354867-2018-10-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103212716/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-director-prem-kumar-1354867-2018-10-03 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=10 January 2020 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> She won her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=66th Yamaha Fascino Filmfare Awards South 2019: Dhanush & Vijay Sethupathi win Best Actor In A Leading Role (Male) Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/66th-yamaha-fascino-filmfare-south-awards-2019-dhanush-vijay-sethupathi-win-best-actor-in-a-leading-role-male-award/articleshow/72920703.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191222100319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/66th-yamaha-fascino-filmfare-south-awards-2019-trisha-wins-the-best-actor-in-a-leading-role-female-award/articleshow/72920699.cms |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> and other Best Actress awards at the [[SIIMA Awards]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA AWARDS | | |url=http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604230740/http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=siima.in}}</ref> the [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=..::: Edison Awards :::.. |url=http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219080202/http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=edisonawards.in}}</ref> the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2019 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' bags Best Film award at Norway Tamil Film Festival |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416194435/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> and the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 – திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502063612/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=vikatan.com}}</ref>

She then starred in a brief role in ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019), alongside superstar [[Rajinikanth]].<ref name="Film">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2018 |title=Trisha on working with Rajinikanth in Petta: I am a fan first, then a co-star |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/trisha-rajinikanth-petta-fan-first-then-co-star-5379932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017165438/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/trisha-rajinikanth-petta-fan-first-then-co-star-5379932/ |archive-date=17 October 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisha's Bhogi is a filled entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Trishas-Bhogi-is-a-filled-entertainer/articleshow/46393603.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Trishas-Bhogi-is-a-filled-entertainer/articleshow/46393603.cms |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2020, she reprised her role as Jessie from ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' in the short film ''[[Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn]]'' (2020) presenting fresh narrative for the character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Deconstructing Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn: Gautham calling Gautham |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/review-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-simbu-trisha-gautham-menon-6421484/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/review-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-simbu-trisha-gautham-menon-6421484/ |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Tisha Krishnan at PS1 pre release event (4).jpg|thumb|328x328px|Trisha in 2022]]
This was followed by her 60th film appearance with a starring role in ''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]'' (2021) a political thriller where Trisha played a key character, and her performance was praised for its intensity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suryawanshi |first=Sudhir |date=15 April 2021 |title='Paramadham Vilayattu' review: Hilariously strange events happen in this rudderless dud |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Apr/15/paramadham-vilayattu-reviewhilariously-strange-events-happen-in-this-rudderless-dud-2290036.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Apr/15/paramadham-vilayattu-reviewhilariously-strange-events-happen-in-this-rudderless-dud-2290036.html |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

She was next seen in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s historical drama ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022)'','' in the role of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] princess, [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai]], her performance received critical acclaim and she was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan I box office day 1 collection: Mani Ratnam film earns ₹40 cr, becomes best opening Tamil movie of 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-bo-film-earns-40-crore-is-best-opening-tamil-movie-of-2022-101664592920462.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001064745/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-bo-film-earns-40-crore-is-best-opening-tamil-movie-of-2022-101664592920462.html |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=The film has opened to critical acclaim with special praise for Mani Ratnam's direction, Aishwarya Rai's performance, and AR Rahman's musical score.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan I box office collection Day 1: Mani Ratnam's film delivers third-best opening in Tamil Nadu; outperforms RRR and Vikram, breaks records overseas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-box-office-collection-day-1-mani-ratnam-third-best-opening-in-tamil-nadu-breaks-record-overseas-8183802/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052535/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-box-office-collection-day-1-mani-ratnam-third-best-opening-in-tamil-nadu-breaks-record-overseas-8183802/ |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=Ponniyin Selvan: I has impressed film critics.}}</ref><ref name="trisha">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Living The Dream: Trisha Confirms That She Is Now A Part Of Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan! |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/living-the-dream-trisha-confirms-that-she-is-now-a-part-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630173536/https://jfwonline.com/article/living-the-dream-trisha-confirms-that-she-is-now-a-part-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/ |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=JFW Online}}</ref> Her next appearance was in Tamil action thriller movie ''[[Raangi]]'' (2022) a journalist who becomes entangled with a terrorist organisation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raangi Movie Review : Raangi is unexpectedly great and it's a perfect action thriller for the weekend. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raangi/movie-review/96614370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raangi/movie-review/96614370.cms |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

Her first release of 2023 was the sequel ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'', where she reprised her role as [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai]], and she was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil. That year, she also starred in the film [[The Road (2023 film)|''The Road'']] (2023), and the highly anticipated film [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] (2023), which become one of the highest-grossing South Indian films of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |title='Leo' final box office collection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/leo-final-box-office-collection-vijays-film-ends-the-theatrical-run-on-a-high-note/articleshow/106129607.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/leo-final-box-office-collection-vijays-film-ends-the-theatrical-run-on-a-high-note/articleshow/106129607.cms |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

In 2024, ''[[Ghilli]]'' was re-released for its 20th anniversary and went on to become one of the highest-grossing Indian film re-releases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Rohan |date=10 May 2024 |title=Ghilli Rerelease Box Office Collection |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ghilli-rerelease-box-office-collection-085027997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ghilli-rerelease-box-office-collection-085027997.html |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment}}</ref> In August, her web series ''[[Brinda (TV series)|Brinda]]'' premiered on [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]], where she excelled in her role as a police officer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2024 |title=Trisha Krishnan brings depth and nuance to her first OTT role on Brinda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/trisha-krishnan-brings-depth-and-nuance-to-her-first-ott-role-on-brinda/articleshow/112350973.cms |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2 August 2024 |title='Brinda' web series review: Trisha, Ravindra Vijay sparkle in this brooding, taut crime drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brinda-web-series-review-trisha-ravindra-vijay-sparkle-in-this-brooding-taut-crime-drama/article68472106.ece |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=}}</ref> She also made a special appearance in the film ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'', captivating audiences with her performance in the dance number "Matta".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=7 September 2024 |title=Watch: Vijay And Trisha Recreate The Iconic Ghilli Step In Matta Song From GOAT |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/the-makers-of-goat-release-matta-promo-song-featuring-trisha-and-vijay-article-113153749 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/the-makers-of-goat-release-matta-promo-song-featuring-trisha-and-vijay-article-113153749 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=Times Now}}</ref>

In her first film of 2025, the action thriller film [[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]], she played a news presenter and murder witness who suffered from [[Prosopagnosia|face-blindness]] after a traumatic event alongside [[Tovino Thomas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Identity' filled thriller that will keep you hooked Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/01/02/identity-movie-review-tovino-thomas-trisha-krishnan-vinay-rai-thriller.html |access-date=23 January 2025 |website='Identity': Tovino Thomas leads a twist-filled thriller that will keep you hooked {{!}} Movie Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2 January 2025 |title=Identity movie review: Trisha Krishnan-Tovino Thomas- investigative thriller gets lost in a convoluted plotline |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/identity-movie-review-tovino-thomas-trisha-krishnan-investigative-thriller-gets-lost-in-a-convoluted-plotline/article69053662.ece |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref> Trisha then reunited with Ajith Kumar for two films, ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]'' and ''[[Good Bad Ugly]], s''he played a character in ''Vidaamuyarchi'', where the central theme is marriage, highlighting love, commitment, and the challenges the couple faces together.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=6 February 2025 |title='Vidaamuyarchi' movie review: An earnest Ajith Kumar shines in this generic yet genre-centric actioner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vidaamuyarchi-review-ajith-kumar-trisha-arjun-magizh-thirumeni/article69188010.ece |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref> Her next appearance was in the action comedy film ''Good Bad Ugly''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Srinjoy |date=20 March 2025 |title=Ajith Kumar and Trisha Krishnan rekindle 'Sawadeeka' magic in unseen pictures from the sets of Good Bad Ugly |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ajith-kumar-and-trisha-krishnan-rekindle-sawadeeka-magic-in-unseen-pictures-from-the-sets-of-good-bad-ugly-1378304 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> In her fourth film of the year, anticipated gangster drama ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'' (2025), she portrayed the character Indhrani, critics highlighted her character was underwritten and had a limited narrative significance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Trisha to collaborate with Mani Ratnam and Kamal Haasan in KH234 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/06/trisha-to-collaborate-with-mani-ratnam-and-kamal-haasan-in-kh234-49302.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605123456/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/06/trisha-to-collaborate-with-mani-ratnam-and-kamal-haasan-in-kh234-49302.html |archive-date=5 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2025 |title=Thug Life review |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/thug-life-review-kamal-haasan-silambarasan-mani-ratnam-haphazard-screenplay-hollow-2736118-2025-06-05 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Thug Life box office collection day 7: Mani Ratnam delivers his first flop in 10 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thug-life-box-office-collection-day-7-mani-ratnam-delivers-his-first-flop-in-10-years-with-kamal-haasan-starrer-10061826/ |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Trisha resides in [[Chennai]]<ref name=trishamadras/> with her mother and grandmother.<ref name="biodata">{{Cite web |title=About Me |url=http://www.trisha-krishnan.com/about-trisha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202101551/http://www.trisha-krishnan.com/about-trisha.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=30 January 2011 |publisher=Trisha Krishnan (Official Website)}}</ref> Trisha's father died in October 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trisha's dad Krishnan passes away |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-s-dad-krishnan-passes-away-news-tamil-mktjvligiegsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706112711/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-s-dad-krishnan-passes-away-news-tamil-mktjvligiegsi.html |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017 |work=Sify |language=en}}</ref> She can speak Tamil, English, Hindi and French.<ref name="biodata" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2010 |title=My Hindi is very good: Trisha Krishnan |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100144627&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714163003/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100144627&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=19 February 2011 |publisher=NDTV Movies |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> She follows a vegetarian diet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2013 |title=A big no to animal cruelty: Trisha Krishnan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-big-no-to-animal-cruelty-trisha-krishnan-589405.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113111340/https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-big-no-to-animal-cruelty-trisha-krishnan-589405.html |archive-date=13 January 2022 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Her mother, Uma Krishnan, accompanies Trisha on film shoots, events, and functions, and they have appeared together in a [[commercial advertisement]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramaniam |first=Anupama |date=22 August 2011 |title=Trisha and mum in an advertisement |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/trisha-and-mum-advertisement-496 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117234637/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/trisha-and-mum-advertisement-496 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |access-date=1 October 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Uma had been offered various roles by several Tamil film makers and actors including [[Kamal Haasan]], but turned them down as she wanted to concentrate on Trisha's career.

About her relationship with her mother, Trisha remarked: "She has been the pillar of my strength and has stood by me like a rock through thick and thin. Everyone in the industry and my friends know how close I'm to my mom."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=26 September 2010 |title=Uma Krishnan- Trisha's special bond |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Uma-Krishnan-Trishas-special-bond/articleshow/6626427.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502022917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-26/news-interviews/28227972_1_mom-mother-and-daughter-smear-campaign |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=19 February 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India}}</ref>

In 2015, she was engaged to entrepreneur Varun Manian but the engagement was called off.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trisha Krishnan remains single at 42. A look at her broken engagement and rumoured romance with Rana Daggubati |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/trisha-krishnan-remains-single-at-42-a-look-at-her-broken-engagement-and-rumoured-romance-with-rana-daggubati/articleshow/121266745.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |date=19 May 2025 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> She was in a relationship with [[Rana Daggubati]] during the late 2010s after being friends for a decade.<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Rana Daggubati admitted to breaking up with Trisha Krishnan: 'She has been my friend for a decade, but...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/when-rana-daggubati-admitted-to-breaking-up-with-trisha-krishnan-she-has-been-my-friend-for-a-decade-but-/articleshow/117244429.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=19 January 2025 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> They remained civil and mutual friends.

==Other work and media image==
Trisha is considered among the most popular actors of [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] cinema.<ref name="Times Of India">{{Cite news |date=4 May 2021 |title=Happy Birthday Trisha: Five reasons why the beautiful actress is celebrated as Queen of South India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-trisha-five-reasons-why-the-beautiful-actress-is-celebrated-as-queen-of-south-india/etphotostory/82371251.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424052205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-trisha-five-reasons-why-the-beautiful-actress-is-celebrated-as-queen-of-south-india/etphotostory/82371251.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=21 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="TopTrisha">{{Cite news |title=Jyothika-Trisha-Nayanthara-Samantha: Top heroines of Tamil cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/nayanthara-to-samantha-top-heroines-of-tamil-cinema/jyothika/photostory/62837354.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818011654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/jyothika/photostory/62837354.cms |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=21 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She is one of the highest paid actresses in South Indian cinema, according to various media reports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=27 March 2024 |title=Top South Indian Actress At Rs 12 Cr Per film |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/gossip/top-south-indian-actress-at-rs-12-cr-per-film-136720 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/gossip/top-south-indian-actress-at-rs-12-cr-per-film-136720 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=greatandhra |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=4 May 2024 |title=Is Trisha Krishnan Charging Rs 12 Crore for Her Role in Chiranjeevi's 'Viswambhara'? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/is-trisha-krishnan-charging-rs-12-crore-for-her-role-in-chiranjeevis-viswambhara-876509 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/is-trisha-krishnan-charging-rs-12-crore-for-her-role-in-chiranjeevis-viswambhara-876509 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=The hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2023 |title='KH 234': Trisha to become the first South Indian actress to get a double-digit salary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kh-234-trisha-to-become-the-first-south-indian-actress-to-get-a-double-digit-salary/articleshow/103691916.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kh-234-trisha-to-become-the-first-south-indian-actress-to-get-a-double-digit-salary/articleshow/103691916.cms |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=18 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> Trisha received the [[Kalaimamani]] award, for her "Contribution to Tamil Cinema", in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisha receives the Kalaimamani award from the Tamil Nadu Governor |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=14033421 |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[File:Trisha at World Children's Day Press Meet.png|thumb|Trisha at [[UNICEF]] [[Children's Day|World Children's Day]] Press Meet]]
An ardent animal lover, Trisha has been the [[Goodwill Ambassador]] of [[PETA]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2011 |title=Trisha saves a puppy |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/trisha-saves-puppy-580 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809123044/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/trisha-saves-puppy-580 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |access-date=30 September 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In 2010, Trisha collaborated with [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) in issuing a public appeal to domesticate stray dogs rather than craving for pedigreed foreign breeds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2010 |title=Tamil actress Trisha makes appeal to look after stray dogs |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_tamil-actress-trisha-makes-appeal-to-look-after-stray-dogs_1395195 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027103205/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_tamil-actress-trisha-makes-appeal-to-look-after-stray-dogs_1395195 |archive-date=27 October 2010 |access-date=24 December 2010 |work=Daily News and Analysis (DNA)}}</ref> She was also the Goodwill Ambassador for the "Angel for Animals" campaign organised by PETA in 2010, encouraging people to adopt homeless dogs. PETA praised Trisha for her work, and sent her an appreciation letter highlighting her animal rescue work and efforts to encourage people to adopt Indian community dogs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2011 |title=PETA praises Trisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/PETA-praises-Trisha/articleshow/7502686.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425062414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-15/news-interviews/28544509_1_peta-trisha-desi-girl |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=18 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2017, Trisha was the first actor from South India to be conferred with the [[UNICEF]] celebrity advocate status. Subsequently, she will voice the rights of children including adolescents and young people.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil actor Trisha Krishnan conferred with UNICEF celebrity advocate status |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tamil-actor-trisha-krishnan-conferred-with-unicef-celebrity-advocate-status-4220511.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226054334/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tamil-actor-trisha-krishnan-conferred-with-unicef-celebrity-advocate-status-4220511.html |archive-date=26 December 2017 |access-date=21 November 2018 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2017 |title=Actor Trisha Krishnan gets UNICEF celebrity advocate status |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/actor-trisha-krishnan-gets-unicef-celebrity-advocate-status-1502531749.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/actor-trisha-krishnan-gets-unicef-celebrity-advocate-status-1502531749.html |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=The Statesman |agency=PTI}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted Trisha to be "a top actor" in the South Indian film industry.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title=The 10 films that made Trisha a influential female actor in South India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/as-trisha-truns-38-here-are-10-films-that-made-her-a-influential-female-actor-in-south-india-7301435/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118024209/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/as-trisha-truns-38-here-are-10-films-that-made-her-a-influential-female-actor-in-south-india-7301435/lite/ |archive-date=18 January 2022 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' termed her the "biggest sensation" in South India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Trisha Krishnan! |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/16slide1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830131700/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/16slide1.htm |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=Rediff.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' noted, "Trisha has remained popular with audiences by regularly playing endearing characters and appearing in blockbuster films." They further praised her "longevity" in the industry.<ref name="must">{{Cite magazine |date=4 May 2023 |title=Birthday Special: Must-watch films of Trisha Krishnan |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/birthday-special-must-watch-films-of-trisha-krishnan-58255.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711062707/https://www.filmfare.com/photos/birthday-special-must-watch-films-of-trisha-krishnan-58255.html |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=15 June 2024 |magazine=Filmfare}}</ref> Gautam Sunder noted her "ubiquitous popularity", saying: "She has sustained two decades in films as a leading actor with proven mettle and box-office success."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautam Sunder |date=22 September 2022 |title=20 years of Trisha: How life comes full circle with Kundavai and Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-years-of-trisha-how-life-comes-full-circle-with-kundavai-and-ponniyin-selvan/article65918536.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610142045/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-years-of-trisha-how-life-comes-full-circle-with-kundavai-and-ponniyin-selvan/article65918536.ece/amp/ |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Aditya Shrikrishna of ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' termed Trisha the "legacy maker" and noted, "Trisha has made her a popular choice for author-backed roles."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya Shrikrishna |date=17 October 2019 |title=12 dynamic artists who are revolutionising the Tamil film industry |url=https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/12-dynamic-artists-tamil-film-industry-anirudh-ravichander-dhanush-chinmayi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610142041/https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/12-dynamic-artists-tamil-film-industry-anirudh-ravichander-dhanush-chinmayi/ |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=Verve}}</ref> Trisha continues to be active in the film industry, and her enduring appeal and versatility have solidified her status as a significant figure in Indian cinema.

Trisha replaced [[Rani Mukerji]] as the brand ambassador of [[Fanta|Fanta India]]. She was the brand ambassador of Scooty Pep+, for which she has replaced [[Preity Zinta]]. She was also the brand ambassador for Vivel Di Wills, a product by [[ITC Limited]]. In 2011, she replaced [[Asin]] in the Fairever fairness cream commercial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisha takes Asin's Ad |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-takes-asin-s-ad-news-tamil-ldppmcedgbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318055112/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-takes-asin-s-ad-news-tamil-ldppmcedgbf.html |archive-date=18 March 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Trisha is also a prominent celebrity endorser for other brands and products including [[Joy Alukkas]], [[Ranbaxy Laboratories|Volini]], and Urbanrise.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranbaxy signs Sonali Bendre, Trisha Krishnan to endorse Volini |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/ranbaxy-signs-sonali-bendre-trisha-krishnan-to-endorse-volini/articleshow/14745953.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830131744/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/ranbaxy-signs-sonali-bendre-trisha-krishnan-to-endorse-volini/articleshow/14745953.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Real Estate Developer Urbanrise ropes in Actor Trisha Krishnan as its Brand Ambassador |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/real-estate-developer-urbanrise-ropes-in-actor-trisha-krishnan-as-its-brand-ambassador-123011900412_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711053108/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/real-estate-developer-urbanrise-ropes-in-actor-trisha-krishnan-as-its-brand-ambassador-123011900412_1.html |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Trisha Krishnan filmography}}

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Trisha Krishnan}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-s-journey-from-miss-madras-to-khatta-meetha-imagegallery-bollywood-khtt0zcidfjsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002159/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-s-journey-from-miss-madras-to-khatta-meetha-imagegallery-bollywood-khtt0zcidfjsi.html |archive-date=15 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |ref={{harvid|Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha|2010}}}} [https://archive.org/details/TrishasJourneyFromMissMadrasToKhattaMeetha Alt URL]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{xsn}}
* {{IMDb name|1375534|Trisha Krishnan}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|trisha-krishnan|Trisha Krishnan}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|trisha_krishnan|Trisha Krishnan}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}{{FilmfareTamilBestActress}}
{{FilmfareTeluguBestActress}}{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil}}{{CineMAA Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Trisha}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Ethiraj College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:CineMAA Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Kanwari

2026-03-08T09:23:59Z

Wazid:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanwari
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| mapsize1 =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana
| pushpin_mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map_caption = Kanwari in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|58|30|N|75|49|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]]
| named_for = Bua Kanwari (Virgin Goddess)
| government_type = [[Local government]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Kartar Singh Sheoran
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 215
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 5,733
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Hindi
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 125037<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/pincode/haryana/hisar.htm |title=Pin codes of Hisar district, Hisar pincodes, Haryana zip code |publisher=Whereincity.com |access-date=2010-09-22}}</ref>
| registration_plate = HR
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| official_name = Kanwari
}}'''Kanwari''', also spelled '''Kunwari''', or '''Kwari''', is a village of 7,000 population, in [[Hansi|Hansi-I]] [[Tehsil]],<ref name=NICH1>[http://hisar.gov.in/hisar_map/tehsil_hisar.html Hansi tehsil]</ref> [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]-1 [[Block (district subdivision)|Rural Development Block]],<ref name=NICH2>{{Cite web |url=http://hisar.gov.in/hisar_map/block.html |title=Hisar-1 Rural Development Block |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301081840/http://www.hisar.gov.in/hisar_map/block.html |archive-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Hansi Assembly constituency]]<ref name=NICH3>{{Cite web |url=http://hisar.gov.in/hisar_map/ac_hisar.html |title=Hansi Assembly Constituency |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609012614/http://hisar.gov.in/hisar_map/ac_hisar.html |archive-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Hisar Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name=NICH4>{{Cite web |url=http://hisar.gov.in/hisar_map/pc_hisar.html |title=Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301082023/http://www.hisar.gov.in/hisar_map/pc_hisar.html |archive-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> of [[Hisar District]] of [[Hisar division|Hisar Division]] in the [[Haryana]] state of [[India]].<ref name="Offerings"/> It is part of the ''saat bas'' [[Lambardar#History|bhaichara]] grouping of 7 villages. The village has 4 ''[[Khadir and Bangar#Related terms|panna]]/patti'' (subdivisions), named as ''Nangalia Panna (dominated by Garhwal gotra)'', ''upparla Panna (dominated by Duhan gotra)'', ''parla Panna (dominated by Sheoran gotra)'', etc. with a total revenue land area of 43903 [[Measurement of land in Punjab#Current standard measurement of farm land|kanal]] or 5487 [[acre]] as per [[HALRIS]] records.

It is situated {{convert|260|km}} from the state capital [[Chandigarh]], {{convert|166|km}} from the national capital [[Delhi]], {{convert|24|km}} from the district headquarter [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], {{convert|42|km}} from [[Bhiwani]] and {{convert|12|km}} from the [[Tosham Hill range]] beginning at Khanak.

==History==

In the Kanwari archaeological mound, [[Painted Gray Ware]] (PGW) and later historic artifacts were found.<ref>Silak Ram 1972. Archaeology of Rohtak and Hisar Districts (Haryana). Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.</ref> The PGW Culture corresponds to the middle and late [[Vedic period]], i.e., the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]-[[Panchala]] kingdom, the first large state in the Indian subcontinent after the decline of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>Geoffrey Samuel, (2010) ''The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–51.</ref><ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, 97–265.</ref>

[[Archaeological Survey of India]]'s explorations, as reported in the ''"Indian Archaeological Review 1978-79"'' (page 8), found [[Middle kingdoms of India|early historical]] and late medieval artifacts at Kanwari. Late medieval artifacts included 9th and 10th century temple [of [[Kaumari]] in [[Nagara architecture]] from the times of [[Tomara dynasty]] rule who were vassals of [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]]s until 10th century].<ref name="kanwar1">1980, [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201978-79%20A%20Review.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329132018/http://www.asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201978-79%20A%20Review.pdf |date=29 March 2018 }}, Indian Archaeology 1978-79 a review, [[Archaeological Survey of India]], page 8.</ref> The earliest extant historical reference to the Tomaras rule in Haryana occurs in the [[Pehowa]] inscription issued during the reign of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king [[Mahendrapala I]] (r. c. 885-910 CE).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=339}}{{Broken footnote|date=February 2020}} Inscription states that Jaula of the Tomara family became prosperous by serving an unnamed king; and his descendants were Vajrata, Jajjuka and Gogga; Gogga was a vassal of Mahendrapala I; Gogga and his step-brothers Purna-raja and Deva-raja constructed three [[Vishnu]] temples at [[Pehowa|Prithudaka]] (Pehowa) on the banks of the [[Sarasvati River]] ([[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar River]]).{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|pp=116-117}}{{Broken footnote|date=February 2020}} [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|F. Kielhorn]] suggested that this Tomara family actually resided in Delhi: they may have visited Pehowa on pilgrimage, and built a temple there.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=117}}{{Broken footnote|date=February 2020}}

In 2022, while ploughing his sandy field with the tractor, on Kanwari-[[Badya Jattan]] Road on the western side of Kanwari, a farmer found a 70-80 kg heavy 2ft x 2 ft buff sandstone ancient statue of [[Vishnu]] accompanied by depiction of 14 other [[Hindu deities]] around it, including [[Shiva]] and [[Ganesha]], in the same style as 9th-13th century [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]]. Slim and small ancient bricks were also found. An in-situ temple has been built. In 1986 also a buried ancient statue was accidentally discovered in the village and in-situ Chuganwali Mata temple was built for it too on the west of village.<ref name=vishn1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-farmer-found-a-grand-idol-of-lord-vishnu-buried-in-field-in-village-kawanri-of-hisar-district-jagran-special-22826050.html हिसार के गांव कंवारी में खेत में दबी मिली भगवान विष्‍णु की भव्‍य मूर्ति, किसान बोला- बनेगा मंदिर], jagran.com, 22 June 2022.</ref> A well preserved ancient buff sandstone panel showing [[Revanta]], youngest son of the sun-god [[Surya]] and his wife [[Saranyu]], is now fixed in the wall of the Brāhmaņa dharmaśālā in the middle of the village of Kanwari.<ref>Devendra Handa, 2006, Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and Style, Page 218.</ref>

The medieval temple of [[Punjabi folk religion#Jathera.E2.80.94ancestral shrines|dhok of village ancestor deity]] at Kanwari explored by [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] in 1978-79 is called the ''[[Bua Kanwari]] Dham'' , where newlyweds go for blessings before entering the village. '''Dhok''' is also called Bhaiyan and Jathera. Dhok ([[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]: धोक ''worship'') comes from the word दहक, which means ''the sacred fire''. '''Bhaiyan''' ([[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]: भईयाँ) from भूमिया means ''from the earth''. '''Jathera''' means ''the elder or ancestor''. A modern temple has been built on top of the earlier temple and medieval sculptures have been preserved in the temple complex. People of several nearby village, including Kanwari, [[Sultanpur, Hansi|Sultanpur]], [[Muzadpur]], [[Nalwa]], [[Umra, Hansi|Umra]], [[Ratera, Bhiwani|Ratera]], and few other villages also consider Bua Kanwari as their [[Kuladevata|kuldevi]], ie. ancestral tutelary deity.<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/hisar/news/many-villagers-consider-bua-kanwari-devi-as-their-kuldevi-133791506.html बुआ कंवारी देवी को कई गांव के लोग मानते हैं कुलदेवी], bhaskar.com, Oct 2024.</ref>

The village was established by the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] ancestors with likely connections with [[Katyuri kings|tomar kingdom]] of Garhwal Kingdom. The foundation temple put by Garhwal kingdom was name'' Dada kheda ''is of [[Garhwali people|Garhwal Gotra]].
Kanwari also has an old ''Baba Shri Giri'' [[Shiva]] temple with a [[Akhara#Shashtra Monastic Akhara|monastic akhara]] for the [[sadhu]]s (Hindu mystics).

A Gurjara‐Pratihara period 13x10x8.5 cm buff-colored statute of standing [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] in [[kayotsarga]] yoga pose in a pillared niche, with [[makara]][[wikt:mukha|mukha]] on its right side, was found. This is a fragment of a big sculpture, which was likely destroyed by islamic invaders.<ref name=jain1>2003 Early Medieval Art of Haryana, Delhi, Koshal Book Depot, pp 133; Pl. LXXII, Fig 189.</ref>

After [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]] in 1947, Kanwari became part of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. Once [[Haryana]] was formed as a separate state in 1966, Kanwari became part of the [[Hisar district]].

==Demographics==

As per June 2025 [[by-election]] for the sarpanch, Kanwari had 4,116 voters.<ref><[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/by-election-for-the-post-of-sarpanch-will-be-held-today-in-kanwari-ugalan-and-thurana-hisar-news-c-21-hsr1005-647158-2025-06-15 Hisar News: कंवारी, उगालन व थुराना में आज होगा सरपंच पद के लिए उप चुनाव], Amar Ujala, 15 Jun 2025.</ref>

As per [[2011 census of India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ddws.gov.in/ddwsimis/RuralWaterSupply/Reports/ReportYSRHabitationDistrict.aspx?districtId=0154&districtname=HISAR |title=ReportYSRHabitationDistrict |publisher=Ddws.gov.in |access-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170712/http://ddws.gov.in/ddwsimis/RuralWaterSupply/Reports/ReportYSRHabitationDistrict.aspx?districtId=0154&districtname=HISAR |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kanwari had 1,147 households with a population of 5,733 (12% increment since last census), including 1,196 Scheduled Caste inhabitants.

As per [[2001 census of India]], Kanwari had 896 households with a population of 5,119, including 2,712 males, 2,407 females, and 835 children below the age of 6. The number of literate were 2,655, including 1,739 male and 916 female. The working population was 2,581.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voiceofbharat.org/hisar/view_results_detail.asp?ID=328&mVarTable=%5bSheet1%5d|title=Sheet 1|work=voiceofbharat.org}}</ref>

==Transportation==

===Road===
Kanwari is well-connected by the [[Road surface|Matelled]] [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]] (paved bitumen) road; five different roads converge at Kanwari. Places in clock-wise direction from Kanwari are:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hsamb.gov.in/Haryana%20Road%20Network.pdf |title=Haryana Road Network |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701223139/http://hsamb.gov.in/Haryana%20Road%20Network.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> To '''North''' is [[Hisar (city)]] 24 km on Hisar-Tosham-Bhiwani ''MDR 108'' (Major District Road 108). To '''North-East''' is [[Hansi]] 43 km via Umra link road number 1409. To '''East''' is [[Muzadpur]] 2 km via link road. To '''South''' are [[Balawas]] 2 km and [[Nalwa]] 4 km; further South-West continuing on the same Hisar-Tosham-Bhiwani ''MDR 108'' (Major District Road 108) are [[Tosham]] 16 km and [[Bhiwani]] 40 km. To '''West''' is [[Badya Jattan]] 4 km via a link road, that also leads to Hisar via [[Mangali]] 15 km and [[Kaimri, Hisar|Kaimri]] 22 km.

===Train connectivity===
Kanwari does not have a rail station. Nearest major train stations accessible by road are {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} at [[Hansi]] and 45 km at [[Bhiwani]] city.

===Airport connectivity===
[[Hisar Airport]], the nearest functional airport and flying training club is {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. Currently, there are no commercial domestic or international flights from this airport. Nearest domestic and international airports are {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] at [[Delhi]] and {{convert|260|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Chandigarh International Airport]].

==Administration==

===Geographical and electoral administration===
Kanwari is under [[Hansi]] land and revenue [[Tehsil]],<ref name="NICH1"/> [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]-1 Rural Development Block,<ref name="NICH2"/> [[Hansi Assembly constituency]]<ref name="NICH3"/> and [[Hisar Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="NICH4"/> of the [[Hisar District]] of [[Hisar division|Hisar Division]] in the [[Haryana]] state of [[India]].<ref name="Offerings"/>

===Panchayat and local governance===
Kanwari is an administrative unit and has a democratically elected [[panchayat samiti]] (village council). Kanwari is under [[Panchayati raj (India)#District level panchayat|Hisar Zilla Panchayat parisad]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)#Block level panchayat or Panchayat Samiti|Hisar block panchayat smiti]], and has its own unreserved [[Gram Panchayat]] under Gram Panchayat code 25444<ref name="Offerings">{{cite web|url=http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=487&parenttype=B&ptype=V&button1=Submit|title=Kanwari Summary|work=offerings.nic.in}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and census village code 00412900.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=25444&rlbtype=V|title=Kanwari GP map|work=offerings.nic.in|access-date=5 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193658/http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=25444&rlbtype=V|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mr. Bhoop Singh s/o Ganeshi Ram of was elected as [[Sarpanch]] during the [[Gram panchayat]] elections held in February 2016.<ref name=har-elect2016>{{Cite web |url=http://secharyana.gov.in/html/PRI%20RESULT%202016%20PDF/hisar%20E.pdf |title=Hisar district panchayat elected candidates results - Kanwari, Page 46, Published: Feb 2016 |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625045138/http://secharyana.gov.in/html/PRI%20RESULT%202016%20PDF/hisar%20E.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Haryana Government has appointed Mr. Pravesh s/o Dharam Vir<ref>[http://hisar.gov.in/CSC/pdf/CSC%20VLE%203rd%20Phase%20result.pdf Hisar District CSC]</ref> to run Customer Service Center (CSC) to deliver ''e-Seva'' government e-services including ''G2C Services'' such as Birth certificate, death certificate, Nakal of Jamabandi, Caste certificate, etc. and ''B2C Services'' such as payment of mobile phone bills and top-ups, PAN card, Voter card for delivery through the CSCs.<ref>[http://hartron.org.in/index.php/e-gov/core-projects/csc-haryana-e-seva-scheme Hartron: CSC Haryana e-Seva scheme]</ref>

Water for drinking and irrigation is sourced from [[Himalaya]] via [[Western Yaumna Canal#Sunder Branch|Sunder Branch]] of [[Yamuna#Hansi Branch|Hansi]]-[[Yamuna#Butana Branch|Butana branch]] of [[Western Yaumna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]] of [[Yamuna river]].<ref name="WYC">{{Cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Western_Yamuna_Canal_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI01653 |title=Western yaumna Canal Project |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165614/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Western_Yamuna_Canal_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI01653 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="PC">{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wjc/wjc_ch1.pdf |title=Planning Commission of India: Western Yaumna Canal |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211023411/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wjc/wjc_ch1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Electricity is distributed by the [[Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam]].<ref>[http://dhbvn.org.in/web/portal/home Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (DHBVN) official website]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Village divisions==
The village is subdivided into various 'Panna' or subsectors, such as 'Parla Panna' (the upper sub-sector) or Sheoran Panna (the sub-sector of the [[Sheoran]] [[gotra]]) (clan) of the [[Hindu]] [[Jat people|Jat]], 'Nichla Panna' or Garhwal Panna (the sub sector of [[Garhwal (gotra)|Garhwal]]) where majority of the residents are Hindu Jat people of Duhan gotra and 'Bahrla Panna' (the outer subsector), each having their own community center called paras or [[Chaupal (public space)|chaupal]].

===Revenue, Agriculture, Health and Other Services===
There is a [[Patwari]] (Government Land Records Officer), an [[Agricultural extension|Agriculture Development Officer (ADO)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hisar.nic.in/Agriculture.htm |title=Source: O/o Agriculture, Hisar |publisher=Hisar.nic.in |access-date=2010-09-22 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a [[Health extension officer|Rural Health Officer (RHO)]], and an [[Anganwadi]] (Community Childcare) worker based at Kanwari.

There is ''Kanwari Yuva Mandal'' (Kanwari Youth club) established in 1990 by the youths of the village to spread the social awareness among the villagers about the importance of education, their rights and creation of attitude for a positive change. Currently, Baljeet Jangra is the Pardhan (Chairman) and Sudarshan Sheoran is the Cashier for the same. It received an award for the Best Yuva Mandal in the Hissar district.

===Jan Sahayak e-Governance Services===
[[Government of Haryana]] services are accessible via their [http://haryana.gov.in/ Official website].

[[Government of India]] e-governance services can be availed online at their [https://web.archive.org/web/20140812213640/http://jansahayak.gov.in/ website] for various govt departments including land & revenue (land rights and ownership records), transport (driving license and vehicle registration), health (birth and death certificates), public health (water and sewage connection), food (ration cards), Power (electricity connection) and HUDA or Municipal Committee/council (house tax and building plans), etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jansahayak.gov.in/ |title=Welcome to Jansahayak |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812213640/http://jansahayak.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Education==

Kanwari has a two government schools, a private government approved teachers training college and few more private schools.
* [[Govt. Girls School, Kanwari|Government Girl's High school]] (former co-ed Govt school)
* [[Govt. School, Kanwari|Government Senior Secondary Government school]] for Boys
* There are 2 private schools in the village, e.g. J.D. Senior Secondary School.
* RDS College of Education<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rdscoekanwari.com/ |title=R.D.S. College of Education, Vill. Kanwari, Hisar(Haryana) |publisher=Rdscoekanwari.com |access-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101439/http://rdscoekanwari.com/ |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> that imparts [[Bachelor of Education| Bachelor of Education (B.Ed)]] degrees
* There is a Government Degree college at [[Nalwa]] (6 km or 4mile from Kanwari)
* There are many more [[List of schools in Hisar|schools]] institutes and [[List of universities and colleges in Hisar|3 universities]] at [[Hisar (city)]] (24 km or 17 miles from Kanwari).

==Climate==

Kanwari is a semi-arid region and agriculture is supported mainly by canals and ground water irrigation. Kanwari lies {{convert|2|km}} away from the northeast edge ([[bagar tract]]) of the [[Thar Desert]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Hisar district Haryana | url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Haryana/Hissar.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511070716/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Haryana/Hissar.pdf | archive-date=2012-05-11}}</ref> Hot winds, locally known as 'Loo', are strong and frequent from May to July. Intermittent dust storms are common. In the winter some rain is received due to western disturbances.

The [[Yamuna#Sunder Branch|Sunder Branch]] of [[Yamuna#Western Yamuna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]] (originating from [[Yamuna]] river) passes through the agricultural fields of Kanwari on the eastern side between Kanwari and [[Muzadpur]] villages, and goes towards [[Balawas]] village.

Kanwari has a continental climate, with very hot summers and relatively cool winters. Summer starts in April and lasts till the middle of October. May is the hottest month, with the maximum day temperatures in the {{convert|48|C}} range. Hisar experiences a weak monsoon, from late June to September, with about {{convert|15|in}} of rain. Winter starts in November and is mild and sunny, although temperatures may reach freezing on some nights.
{{Hisar weatherbox}}

Main ecological issues are [[desertification]], [[deforestation]], [[Structural encroachment|encroachment]] and [[land grabbing]] of common Panchayat forest and grazing land called "bani".

==Fauna==
Animals and bird of various species are found including [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]], large Indian [[parakeet]], [[parrot]], [[crow]], [[rat]], [[rabbit]], [[nilgai]] (state animal of Haryana), pied crested [[cuckoo]], [[koel]], [[pheasant]], [[kingfisher]], [[bulbul]] and [[Oriental magpie-robin|Indian magpie robin]].

The national bird of India, the common [[peafowl]] (mor) is quite common and is seen in the fields and common village land.<ref name="revenueharyana1">{{cite web|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|title=Gazetteer India Hisar|work=revenueharyana.gov.in|access-date=17 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Reptiles===
Snakes: The poisonous snakes like [[common krait]], [[Daboia|Russel’s viper]], [[Echis carinatus|phoorsa]] and other snakes like [[Leptotyphlops humilis|blind snake]], [[Erycinae|John’s sand boa]], [[Lycodon aulicus|wolf snake]], [[rat snake]] and [[Erycinae|sand snake]] are found around the village.<ref name="revenueharyana1"/>

===Lizards===
The common lizards can be seen in the houses. [[Oriental garden lizard|Kirla or girgit]] is found in the hedges and attracts the attention by changing its colours. [[Saara hardwickii|Sanda]] is found in sandy areas.<ref name="revenueharyana1"/>

===Amphibians===
Two species of tortoises found are [[black pond turtle]] and [[Kachuga dhongoka|three-striped pond turtle]] in around village and the common frogs found in the village are [[Hoplobatrachus tigerinus|Indian bull frog]], [[cricket frog|Indian cricket frog]], [[Indian burrowing frog]] and [[common toad]].<ref name="revenueharyana1"/>

In May 2007, Kanwari villagers stopped a transport truck full of cattle, rescued the cattle (which were on their way to the slaughterhouse), and set the truck on fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=705120650&cat=&n_date=20070512 |title=Villagers block traffic after torching truck carrying cows — News — Webindia123.com |publisher=News.webindia123.com |date=2007-05-12 |access-date=2010-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/12/villagers-block-traffic-after-torching-truck-carrying-cows-1178978812.html |title=Villagers block traffic after torching truck carrying cows — Oneindia News |publisher=Oneindia |date=2007-05-12 |access-date=2010-09-22 }}</ref> The slaughter of cows is not permitted in the Hindu religion, as the cow is sacred and worshiped by the Hindus as mother (giver of life-nurturing milk).

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Bidhwan]]
* [[Badya Jattan]]
* [[Badyan Brahmnan]]
* [[Balawas]]
* [[Barwas]]
* [[Pabra, Haryana|Pabra]]
* [[Norangpura]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=History and Historians in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v76i0eF9tQC&pg=PA117 |year=1984 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-391-03250-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980}}
{{refend}}

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Kanwari
|North = [[Dhamana, Hisar|Dhamana(3.4 km)]], [[Gunjar|Gunjar (6 km)]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar (20 km)]], [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa (133 km)]], [[Moga, Punjab|Moga (236 km)]], [[Amritsar|Amritsar (336 km)]]
|Northeast = [[Umra|Umra (10 km)]], [[Hansi|Hansi (20 km)]], [[Jind|Jind (65 km)]], [[Kurukshetra|Kurukshetra (165 km)]], [[Chandigarh|Chandigarh (242 km)]], [[Shimla|Shimla (334 km)]]
|East = [[Muzadpur|Muzadpur (5 km)]], [[Bawani Khera|Bawani Khera (25 km)]], [[Meham|Meham (53 km)]], [[Rohtak|Rohtak (86 km)]], [[Delhi|Delhi (155 km)]]
|Southeast = [[Tosham|Tosham (16 km)]], [[Bhiwani|Bhiwani (40 km)]], [[Charkhi Dadri|Charkhi Dadri (66 km)]], [[Gurugram|Gurugram (140 km)]]
|South = [[Balawas|Balawas (2 km)]], [[Jui Khurd|Jui Khurd (45 km)]], [[Satnali|Satnali (75 km)]], [[Mahendragarh|Mahendragarh (100 km)]], [[Narnaul|Narnaul (121 km)]]
|Southwest = [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan|Rajgarh (65 km)]], [[Jhunjhunu|Jhunjhunu (120 km)]], [[Sikar|Sikar (185 km)]], [[Jaipur|Jaipur (260 km)]]
|West = [[Badya Jattan|Badya Jattan (8 km)]], [[Sahwa, Rajasthan|Sahwa (111 km)]], [[Mahajan Firing Range |Mahajan Firing Range (225 km)]]
|Northwest = [[Sirsa|Sirsa (144 km)]], [[Hanumangarh|Hanumangarh (184 km)]], [[Sri Ganganagar|Sri Ganganagar (244 km)]],
}}
{{Kanwari}}
{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Hydrography of Haryana}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]

Oonjaal

2026-03-03T21:09:57Z

Wazid: update

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oonjaal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = A. Raghunath
| writer = [[Sherif]]
| screenplay = Sherif
| starring = [[Sridevi]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Sankaradi]] [[Bahadoor]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]] '''Lyrics:''' [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| cinematography = Vipin Das
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Sanjay
| distributor = Sanjay
| released = {{Film date|1977|12|9|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Oonjaal''''' is a 1977 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[I. V. Sasi]] and produced by A. Raghunath. The film stars [[Sridevi]], [[Ranichandra]], [[M. G. Soman]], and [[K. P. Ummer]] in the lead roles. The film's musical score was composed by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=787|title=Oonjaal|access-date=2014-10-02|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4065|title=Oonjaal|access-date=2014-10-02|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084240/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4065|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/oonjal-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094843/http://spicyonion.com/title/oonjal-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Oonjaal|access-date=2014-10-02|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sridevi]]
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[Karan (actor)|Master Raghu]]
*[[Rani Chandra]]
*[[Reena (actress)|Reena]]
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aaravalli Thaazhvara" || [[P. Jayachandran]], P. Madhuri, Chorus || [[Bichu Thirumala]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Oonjaal" || [[P. Susheela]], P. Madhuri, Chorus || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 3 || "Sreeraamachandranteyarikil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 4 || "Vembanaattu Kaayalil" || P. Madhuri || Bichu Thirumala ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0278604}}
* {{YouTube|id=5afDhaoWzxk|title=Oonjaal}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Aronj

2026-03-03T03:16:33Z

Wazid: started new article and citations

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aronj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.10828|N|78.54901|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shikohabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.877
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5066
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aronj''' ({{IAST|Āroñj}}) is a village in [[Shikohabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 5,066, in 815 households.

== Archaeology ==
During an exploration of what was then [[Mainpuri district]] in the late 1970s, the archaeologist L. M. Wahal discovered an archaeological site at Aronj where there were artifacts attributed to the [[Painted Grey Ware culture|Painted Grey Ware]] ({{circa}} 1200-600 BCE) and [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] ({{circa}} 700-200 BCE) cultures.<ref name="Indian Archaeology 1977-78">{{cite book |editor1-last=Thapar |editor1-first=B. K. |editor1-link=B. K. Thapar |title=Indian Archaeology 1977-78 -- A Review |date=1980 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Archaeology/2WtDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|58}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Aronj had a population of 5,066, in 245 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|204}} This population was 54.8% male (2,775) and 45.2% female (2,291). The 0–6 age group numbered 784 (435 male and 349 female), making up 15.5% of the total population. 730 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 14.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|164-5}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Aronj as having a population of 2,560 people, in 422 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|66-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Aronj as comprising 6 hamlets, with a total population of 1,665 people (875 male and 790 female), in 319 households and 239 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,699 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xxxii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Aronj had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there was at least one public toilet. The village had a sub post office and a public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|204-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Vanaraja Chavda

2026-03-02T18:31:31Z

Wazid: added a data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Short description|King of Chavda dynasty}}{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Anahilawada
| dynasty = [[Chavda dynasty]]
| reign = {{circa|746|780 CE}}
| image = File:Vanarāja Cāvaḍā and his wives at Pañcāsara Pārśvanātha Patan.jpg
| alt = Vanaraja image
| caption = A 14th century idol of Vanarāja Cāvaḍā with his queens at [[Panchasara Parshvanath Temple|Pañcāsara Pārśavātha (new) Temple]], Patan ([[Gujarat]])
| successor = Yogaraja
| father = Jayaśekhara
| mother = Rupasundari
}}
'''Vanaraja''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Vanarāja Cāvaḍā) was the most prominent king of the [[Chavda dynasty]] who ruled [[Gujarat]] from c. 746 CE to c. 780 CE.<ref>{{cite book| title =History of mediaeval Hindu India, Volume 1 | author =Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya| publisher =Cosmo Publications| year =1979 | page =355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXpDAAAAYAAJ }}</ref>{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=37}}

==Life==
===Early life===
Kṛishṇabhaṭṭa’s (also known as Kṛṣṇakavi) ''Ratnamālā'' ({{circa|1230 CE}}) says that in 695/696 CE ([[Samvat]] 752) Jayaśekhara, the Cāvaḍā king of [[Panchasar|Pañcāsara]], a village (in modern-day [[Patan district]], Gujarat), was attacked by the Chaulukya king Bhūvaḍa of Kalyāna-kaṭaka in Kanyākubja (probably [[Kanauj]]) and slain by Bhūvaḍa in battle. Before his death Jayaśekhara, he sent his pregnant wife Rūpasundarī to the forest in charge of her brother Surapāla, one of his chief warriors who now turned to banditry. After Jayaśekhara’s death on the battlefield, Rūpasundarī gave birth to a son named Vanarāja. This tradition is of dubious validity, as there is no city called Kalyāna-kaṭaka near Kanauj, and the [[Chalukya dynasty|Cālukya]] capital of Kalyāṇa in the Deccan was only founded in the 11th century, about 250 years after the events are stated to have taken place. Additionally, there is no known king named Bhūvaḍa, although some scholars guess that it may refer to the Cālukya king Vijayāditya, who was also known as Bhuvanāśraya.<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part I.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=149–156|chapter=I. THE CHÁVAḌÁS (A.D. 720–956)}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>{{sfnm|Cort|2001|1p=35|Choudhary|1963|2pp=203–204}}

[[Merutunga|Merutuṇga]], the author of the ''[[Prabandha-Chintamani|Prabandhachintāmaṇi]]'', tells a story that Rupasundarī was living in Pañcāsara and had placed her infant son in a hammock on a tree, when a [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]] monk named Śīlaguṇasūri who was passing by noticed that the tree's shade was not bending, which he believed was a sign of the boy's role to be a propagator of Jainism. The story adds that a nun named Vīramatī brought up the boy whom the monks called Vanarája, literally "the forest king". When eight years old, the monk told Vanarāja to protect his place of worship from rats. The boy’s skill in shooting rats and his horoscope convinced the monk he was not fit to be a monk but was worthy of a kingdom. He therefore returned the boy to his mother. These details seem invented by the Jain writers themselves. No mention of any such story occurs in the ''Ratnamálá''.{{efn-ua|In the ''Satyapurakalpa'' of his ''Tírthákalpa'', Jinaprabhasúri tells an almost identical story of another king.}}<ref name="GBP"/>{{sfnm|Cort|2001|1p=35|Choudhary|1963|2pp=202–203}}

[[File:Śīlaguṇasūri idol at Pañcāsara Pārśvanātha temple.jpg|thumb|Śīlaguṇasūri's idol at Pañcāsara Pārśvanātha Jaina (new) Temple, Patan.]]

In the ''[[Puratana Prabandha Sangraha|Purātana-prabandha-saṅgraha]]'', in Ambāsana village, two Cāpotkaṭa brothers, Canda and Cāmuṇḍa, are foretold by an astrologer that Cāmuṇḍa's unborn son would kill Canda. Cāmuṇḍa's unnamed wife is cast out and she moves to Pañcāsara, where she gives birth to Vanarāja and places him in a hammock on a tree, when Śīlaguṇasūri who was passing by noticed that the tree's shade was not bending, and then proceeds to take them both to live in a temple.{{Sfn|Choudhary|1963|pp=202–203}}

According to the ''Dharmāraṇya-māḥātmya'', Gujarat was conquered by [[Āma]], king of [[Kanauj]], who then gave it away as dowry to his son-in-law Dhruvapaṭa of [[Valabhi]]. Due to this, the [[Brahmin|Brāhmanas]] fled to Jayaśekhara of Pañcāsara. Dhruvapaṭa thus invited Āma to attack Jayaśekhara, who then dies on the battlefield. His wife, Akṣaṭa, is given refuge in a forest by Brāhmanas, who then foresees a royal future for her son.{{Sfn|Choudhary|1963|pp=202–203}}

In the forests where Vanarája passed his youth lived his maternal uncle Surapála, one of Jayaśekhara’s generals, who, after his sovereign’s defeat and death, had become an outlaw. Vanarája grew up under Surapála’s charge. The ''Prabandhachintámaṇi'' records the following story of the origin of Vanarája’s wealth. A Kanyákubja king married Maháṇaká, the daughter of a Gujarát king. To receive the proceeds of the marriage cess which the Gujarát king had levied from his subjects, a deputation or ''panchkúla'' came from Kanyákubja to Gujarát. The deputation made Vanarája their leader or ''sellabhrit'' to realize the proceeds of the cess. In six months Vanarája collected 24 ''lákhs'' of ''Páruttha drammas''{{efn-ua|This name often recurs in Jain works. These would seem to be [[Kshatrapa]] coins as Gadhaiya coins are simply called drammas.}} and 4000 horse, which the deputation took and started for Kanyákubja. Vanarája waylaid and killed them, secured the money and horses, and remained in hiding for a year. With the wealth thus acquired Vanarája enrolled an army and established his power assuming the title of king.<ref name="GBP"/>

===Accession to Aṇahilaváḍa===
Aṇahilaváḍa (or Aṇahilapura, now [[Patan, Gujarat]]) was founded in 746 or 765 CE. The story of the choice of the site is the usual story of a hunted hare turning on the hounds showing the place to be the special nurse of strength and courage. Vanarája is said to have asked a Bharváḍ or Shepherd named Aṇahila son of Śákhadá to show him the best site. Aṇahila agreed on condition that the city should be called by his name. Aṇahila accordingly showed Vanarája the place where a hare had attacked and chased a dog. The city may have been called after some local chief since it was popularly known as Aṇahilaváḍa (Sanskrit:Aṇahilaváta) that is "the place of Aṇahila".<ref name="GBP"/>

In the ''Prabandhachintámaṇi'', Merutuṇga gives 746 CE (S. 802) as the date of the accession of Vanarája, while in his ''Vicháraśreṇi'' the same author gives 765 CE (S. 821 Vaisakha Śukla 2) as the date of the foundation of the city. The discrepancy may be explained by taking 746 CE (S. 802) to refer to the date of Vanarája’s getting money enough to fix the site of his capital, and 765 CE (S. 821) to refer to the date of his accession in the completed Aṇahilaváḍa. According to local tradition, an image of [[Ganpati]] in the city also have an inscription dated S. 802 but it seems late installation.<ref name="GBP"/>{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=35}}

''Vicháraśreṇi'' gives 765 (S. 821) seems the more probable date for the accession to the throne as the ''Prabandhachintámaṇi'' says that Vanarája accessed to throne at Aṇahilapura when he was about fifty.{{efn-ua|The text is “Pañcháśatavarshadesyaḥ.”}} This accords with the date fixed on other grounds. Placing Vanarája’s birth at about 720 CE would make him 44 in 765 CE (S. 821) corresponding to date mentioned in the ''Vicháraśreṇi''. Merutuṇga in both his works gives the length of Vanarája’s life at 109 and of his reign at sixty years. The figure 60 seems to mark the length of his life and not of his reign. So long a reign as sixty years is barely possible for a sovereign who succeeded late in life, and the 109 years of his life can hardly be correct. Taking Vanarája’s age at 45 when he was installed in 765 CE (S. 821) and allowing fifteen years more to complete the sixty years, he probably died circa 780 (S. 836), the closing year of his reign. Vanraja was succeeded by his son, Yogaraja.<ref name="GBP"/>

[[File:Vanraj Chavda Gujarat Ruler.jpg|thumb|Vanaraja Chavada, a woodcut by [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes]] in ''Râs Mâlâ'' (1856) based on a statue at [[Sidhpur]].]]

The ''Prabandhacintāmaṇi'' narrates how Vanarāja lived the first half of his life as a vagabound who robbed and plundered throughout the region, but yet was able to gain the support of rich and powerful merchants for his future reign. His [[Tilaka]] ceremony was performed by a woman named Śrīdevī of Kākara village (probably [[Kankrej]]) whom in fulfillment of an early promise Vanarāja had taken to be his sister. The story regarding the promise is that once when Vanarāja had gone with his uncle on a thieving expedition to Kākara village and had broken into the house of a merchant he by mistake dipped his hand into a pot of curds. As to touch curds is the same as to dine at a house as a guest, Vanarāja left the house without taking anything from it. Hearing what had happened the merchant’s sister invited Vanarāja as a brother to dinner and gave him clothes. In return Vanarāja promised that she would place the tilaka on his head at his coronation. Vanarája chose as chief minister a merchant named Jāmba (also known as Jamba). The story is that three of Vanarāja's bandit followers came across a merchant Jāmba who had five arrows. Seeing only three enemies, Jāmba broke and threw away two of the arrows, shouting ‘One for each of you.’ The bandits being impressed with Jāmba's warrior skill took him to Vanarāja, who promised to make him his chief minister at his coronation. From the absence of any reference to him in these and similar tales it is probable that his uncle Surapála died before the installing of Vanarája.<ref name="GBP"/>{{Sfn|Choudhary|1963|p=209}}{{Sfn|Tawney|1901|pp=17–18}} According to the ''Nemināha-cariu'' by Haribhadrasūri, after the coronation of Vanarāja, he asked an elderly Jain merchant-prince of the Prāgvāṭa lineage from [[Gambhu|Gambhūya]] village (although originally from [[Bhinmal|Śrīmālā]]) named Ṭhakkura Ninnaya to live in Aṇahilapāṭaka as a minister in Vanarāja's court, and Ninnaya's son Lahara became a general (''daṇḍapati''). Lahara captured elephants from the Vindhyas for Vanarāja and was thus granted the village of Sandāthala, where Lahara erected a statue of the goddess Vindhyavāsinī.{{Sfn|Choudhary|1963|pp=201–202}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Sulagna |date=2017 |title=Three Merchants of Thirteenth Century in Gujarat: Beyond Business |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906095 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=78 |pages=275–281 |jstor=26906095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosal |first=S. N. |date=1956 |title=Dr. H. Jacobi's Introduction to the Sanatkumāracaritam (Translated from Original German) |journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute |volume=6 |pages=7}}</ref>

The ''[[Kuvalayamālā]]'' mentions a legend about Vanaraja that he was assisted by a Jain monk in acquiring his kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.001.0001/acprof-9780198060192-chapter-2|chapter=The Regions of Gujarat, c. 100–1200|last=Sheikh|first=Samira|title=Forging a Region |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780198060192|page=54|language=en|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.003.0002}}</ref>

He also credited with the foundation of [[Champaner]], in honour one of his generals, Champa.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==Religion==
[[File:Ruins of Punvareshwar Mahadev temple at Manjal, Kutch, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Shiva temple at Puaranogadh at [[Manjal]] in Kutch]]
Vanaraja Chavda is not portrayed as a [[Jainism|Jain]] by birth, yet he is shown participating in distinctly Jain rituals of kingship by Jain authors.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=87}}

===Temples===
[[Merutunga|Merutuṅga]]'s ''Prabandhacintāmaṇi'' states that at the suggestion of Śīlaguṇasūri, Vanarāja built the Pañcāsara [[chaitya]] (temple), which contained an idol of [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha|Pārśvanātha]] with a statue of Vanarāja as a worshipper. The figure of Vanarája is still shown at [[Sidhpur]] and a woodcut of it is given by [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes]] in his Rás Málá (1856). He also erected a temple to Kaṇṭeśvarī near his palace. Neither of these temples survived till modern-day.<ref name="GBP" /><ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal |last=Dhaky |first=Madhusudan A. |author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky |year=1961 |editor-last=Deva |editor-first=Krishna |title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat |url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/44 |journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad |publication-place=[[Bhopal]] |volume=3 |pages=3–6, 10–12, 70}}</ref>

[[Haribhadra]]sūri's ''Nemināha-cariu'' states that the minister Ninnaya built a temple of Ṛṣabha at Aṇahillapāṭaka, and his son, the general Lahara built a temple to Vindhyavāsinī at Sandāthala.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=64}}

==In popular culture==
''Vanraj Chavdo'' (1881), a Gujarati novel written by [[Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth]], is based on the life of Vanraja Chavda.<ref name=jani>{{cite thesis |last=Jani|first=Darsha |title=A comparative study of the major historical novels of Sir Walter Scott and Shri Kanaiyalal Munshi |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/31448|date=2013|type=PhD|chapter=Chapter 2|pages=58|hdl=10603/31448 }}</ref> Indian films on the king include: ''Vanraj Chavdo'' (1923) by [[Shree Nath Patankar]], ''Vanraj'' (1930) by [[Nanubhai Vakil]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6 }}</ref>

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist-ua}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |editor-last=Cort |editor-first=John E. |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2001 |isbn=0-19-513234-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. | author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url={{Google books|nII8DwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2010 |isbn=9780195385021 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Gulab Chandra |title=Political History of Northern India: from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) |publisher=Sohanlal Jaidharma Pracharak Samiti |year=1963}}
* {{cite book |author=Merutunga Ācārya |others=Translated by Charles Henry Tawney |date=1901 |title=The Prabandhacintāmaṇi or Wishing-Stone of Narratives |publisher=The Asiatic Society of Bengal |ref={{sfnref|Tawney|1901}} }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chavda, Vanraj}}
[[Category:Monarchs of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Patan district]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]

Jasleen Dhamija

2026-02-27T16:27:20Z

Wazid: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian art historian (1933–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
'''Jasleen Dhamija''' (1933 – 4 March 2023) was an Indian textile art historian, crafts expert and [[United Nations]] worker.<ref name=today>{{cite web | title = Jasleen Dhamija looks beyond embroidery at the people responsible for it |work=India Today| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20011029-jasleen-dhamija-looks-beyond-embroidery-at-the-people-responsible-for-it-774533-2001-10-28 |author=Labonita Ghosh|date=29 October 2001|access-date = 2014-10-09 }}</ref> Based in Delhi, she was best known for her pioneering research on the [[handloom]] and handicraft industry, especially history of textiles and costumes.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | title = Drapes and divinity - The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/jasleen-dhamija-editor-of-sacred-textiles-of-india/article6241449.ece |author=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty| website = [[The Hindu]] |date=23 July 2014| accessdate = 2014-10-09 }}</ref><ref name=su/> She was professor of living cultural traditions at the [[University of Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web | title = The interpretation of yarns |work=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20090126-the-interpretation-of-yarns-738770-2009-01-15 |author=Damayanti Datta|date=16 January 2009 | access-date = 2014-10-09 }}</ref> Over the years, during her career as a textile revivalist and scholar, she authored several books on textiles, including ''Sacred Textiles of India'' (2014).<ref name=hindu/><ref>{{cite web | title = Weaving holy traditions |work=MiD DAY| url = http://www.mid-day.com/articles/weaving-holy-traditions/15569199 |author=Dhara Vora |date=1 Sep 2014| accessdate = 2014-10-09 }}</ref>

==Background==
Dhamija was born in 1933,<ref name=ht/> and grew up in [[Abbottabad]], in the [[North Western Frontier Province]], before her family migrated to Delhi in 1940, where they lived in Khyber Pass locality of [[Civil Lines, Delhi]]. She graduated from [[Miranda House]], [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]].<ref name=ht>{{cite web | title = India in the 1940s: The way we were|work= Hindustan Times | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/india-in-the-1940s-the-way-we-were/article1-1106116.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130811091838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/India-in-the-1940s-The-way-we-were/Article1-1106116.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 August 2013 |date=10 August 2013| accessdate = 2014-10-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Of people and places: Jasleen Dhamija | url = http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/515/515%20jasleen%20dhamija.htm |work=Indian-seminar|date=2002| accessdate = 2014-10-09 }}</ref>

Dhamija died on 4 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Remembering Jasleen Dhamija, India's custodian of crafts (1933–2023) |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/jasleen-dhamija-india-custodian-of-crafts-1933-2023-8499015/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Dhamija started her career in 1954, with culture and craft revivalist [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] in the [[Government of India]], and started working on craft revival, community development and women's employment.<ref>{{cite web | title = South has preserved crafts successfully so far |work= The New Indian Express | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1324776.ece| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141026150303/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1324776.ece| url-status = dead| archive-date = 26 October 2014|author=Janani Sampath|date=3 November 2012| accessdate = 2014-10-09 }}</ref><ref name=craft>{{cite web| title = Dhamija, Jasleen| work = craftrevival.org| url = http://www.craftrevival.org/voiceDetails.asp?Code=258| accessdate = 2014-10-09| archive-date = 14 February 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140214084016/http://craftrevival.org/voiceDetails.asp?Code=258| url-status = dead}}</ref> In the 1960s, she worked with the Handicrafts Board of India, next she started working with artisans directly in rural area, this in time lead to her work with the UN developing self-help programmes for women in war-torn Balkan countries.<ref name=today/>

Over the years, she curated several textile and crafts exhibitions.<ref name=craft/> Besides several books, on crafts and textile, she also wrote two cookbooks, including ''Joy of Vegetarian Cooking'' (2000). In 2007, she published a biography of Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay and her role in the revival of the arts and crafts in modern India.<ref>{{cite web | title =Paperback Pickings|work= The Telegraph - Calcutta| url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070316/asp/opinion/story_7520545.asp | archive-url =https://archive.today/20141009121420/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070316/asp/opinion/story_7520545.asp | url-status =dead | archive-date =9 October 2014 |date=16 March 2007| accessdate = 2014-10-09 }}</ref>

She was part of the faculty at the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], New Delhi, where she taught History of Indian Textiles and costumes.<ref name=su>{{cite web|title=Jasleen Dhamija|url=http://www.sutratextilestudies.com/Jasleen%20Dhamija.pdf|work=Sutra Textile Studies|accessdate=2014-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014153634/http://www.sutratextilestudies.com/Jasleen%20Dhamija.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Works==
* {{cite book|author1=P.N. Mago|author2=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Himachal Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0svSQAACAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Tata Press}}
* {{cite book|author1=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Role of Institutional Support on the Rural Non-farm Sector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RU1HQAACAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Employment and Rural Development Division, World Bank}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Living Tradition of Iran's Crafts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fs4JAQAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Vikas|isbn=978-0-7069-0728-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=Jasleen Dhamija|author2=Carnegie Corporation of New York|author3=Ford Foundation |title=Women and handicrafts: myth and reality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIgwAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=SEEDS}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Income-generating Activities for Rural Women in Developing Countries : an Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDGMHAAACAAJ|year=1983|publisher=International Labour Office}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Crafts of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DDaAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Mapin|isbn=9780295962481}}
* {{cite book|author1=Jasleen Dhamija|author2=Jyotindra Jain|title=Handwoven fabrics of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2VQAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Mapin Pub.|isbn=9780944142264}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Indian Folk Arts and Crafts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5Q4ngEACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=National Book Trust}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=The Woven Silks of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmNQAAAAMAAJ|date= 1995|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-28-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=The Joy of Vegetarian Cooking|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcrAAAAYAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-028749-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Woven magic: the affinity between Indian and Indonesian textiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIfWAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Dian Rakyat|isbn=9789795235675}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Cooking for All Seasons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP3aAAAACAAJ|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-302809-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Handicrafts of India: Our Cultural Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoZjAAAACAAJ|date=2003|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-3974-8}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnyGckk3RiwC&pg=PA237 |title=Asian embroidery |author=Jasleen Dhamija
|publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2004 |isbn=81-7017-450-3 }}
* {{cite book|author1=Jasleen Dhamija |title=Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVRuAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-4882-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=Joanne B. Eicher|authorlink1=Joanne Eicher|author2=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Berg Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion: South Asia and Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4KBkQEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-84788-393-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasleen Dhamija|title=Sacred Textiles of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0HongEACAAJ|date= 2014|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-93-83243-01-3}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhamija, Jasleen}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:People from Abbottabad]]
[[Category:Cultural historians]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian art writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Textile historians]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]

Horsing Kholar

2026-02-18T20:05:29Z

Wazid: made initial details added tags...

{{Short description|Indian writer and social worker (born 1966)}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Horsing Kholar
| image = Horsing Kholar.jpg
| occupation = PWD Employee
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|03|27|df=y}}
| notable_works = Adla re Thendone Sadra-2013
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Award, 2021
| language = Tiwa
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Tiwa Literature
}}

'''Horsing Kholar''' (born 27 March 1966) is a [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa-language]] writer and social worker from [[West Karbi Anglong district]], Assam, India. He serves as the president of the Central Committee of Tiwa Mathonlai Tokhra (Tiwa Sahitya Sabha).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://pmis.nerie.nic.in/publicreport.htm?phaseid=163&_csrf=ed90bdc2-0f8b-4593-bb73-8d8e84d266e4 | title=Workshop on Research- Cum Documentation of Languages NE region for promotion of Multilingualism - Online Mode | website=pmis.nerie.nic.in}}</ref> He has a keen interest in writing and collecting books. He is proficient in Karbi, English, and Assamese.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Karbi Anglong {{!}} Tiwa academician receives Sahitya Academy Award |url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/karbi-anglong-tiwa-academician-receives-sahitya-academy-award/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=KRC TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CLA Collection |url=https://cla.berkeley.edu/collection/?collid=11119=Tiwa%20(Tibeto-Burman)%20Fieldwork%20Collection |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=California Language Archive |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jose, U.V., Horsing Kholar et al. 2014. Tiwa-English Dictionary: with English-Tiwa Index |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294107874 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313172226/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294107874_Jose_UV_Horsing_Kholar_et_al_2014_Tiwa-English_Dictionary_with_English-Tiwa_Index |archive-date=2023-03-13 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Tiwa grammar book released in Amri |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/a-tiwa-grammar-book-released-in-amri |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Kholar was born on 27 March 1966 in Ulukunchi, West Karbi Anglong, Assam, India. He is the eldest son of Sri Listor Kholar and Smt Sonbari Amsi. In 1977, his paternal uncle's wife died without any children. As a result, in March 1977, he moved from Ulukunchi to [[Shikdamakha]] village to take care of his uncle and manage his household. He has five children: Anil Kholar (son), Onita Kholar (daughter), Olindro Kholar (son), Mary Ferlinda Kholar (daughter), and Jefferson Kholar (son). He studied in Assamese medium up to Class 1 at Ulukunchi L.P. School. In 1978, he was admitted to St. Anthony's High School, Umswai, an English medium school now known as Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Umswai. In 1988, he passed the HSLC examination and subsequently enrolled in Class XI at Ri Bhoi College, Nongpoh, Meghalaya, with the help of Fr. Abraham Kannattu, SDB. Unfortunately, due to illness and financial difficulties, he was unable to appear for the Class XII examination, which forced him to discontinue his education.

==Career==

He taught at Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Umswai, for ten years. On 11 November 1995, he joined the Public Works Department (PWD), Roads Division, Umpanai Subdivision, Umpanai, West Karbi Anglong. On 8 May 2013, he was honoured as a poet by the Tiwa Autonomous Council, Morigaon. In 2021, he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Bhasha Samman for his contribution to the enrichment of the Tiwa language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Dr Virginia Dawson's 'Introduction To Tiwa Grammar' Released |work=The Hills Times |url=https://thehillstimes.in/assam/dr-virginia-dawsons-introduction-to-tiwa-grammar-released |access-date=2025-05-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=List of Bhasha Samman Awardees | url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/Bhasha-Samman_Suchi.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824235210/https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/Bhasha-Samman_Suchi.pdf | archive-date=2022-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Bhashasamman_20-9-2021_(English).pdf | title=Sahitya Akademi Bhasha Samman | website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref>

==Works==

He began writing articles for souvenirs published by Tiwa organizations since he was in Class X. So far, eight of his books have been published—six by Tiwa Mathonlai Tokhra (TMT), one self-published, and one by Don Bosco Publications. His published works include:

# ''Tama Shupane Sunjuli'' (Tiwa Musical Instruments), 2004 – published by TMT
# ''Plangsi'' (Poems), 2006 – published by TMT
# ''Sigarune Sunjuli'' (Tiwa Hunting Instruments), 2006 – published by TMT
# ''Sanggu'' (Marriage Rites and Rituals), 2012 – self-published
# ''Adla re Thendone Sadra'' (Comedy Stories), 2013 – published by TMT
# ''Kharai Muthungraw'' (Basic Information about Birds), 2014 – published by Don Bosco Publications
# ''Chongmai'' (Riddles), 2016 – published by TMT
# ''Panat Shala'' (Basic Moral Characters), 2021 – published by TMT

He has also contributed to the compilation of the following dictionaries:

a) ''[[Tiwa-English Dictionary|Bilingual Dictionary (Tiwa–English)]]'' by Dr. U. V. Jose – published in 2014<ref name=":1" />

b) ''Trilingual Dictionary (Tiwa–Assamese–English)'' by ABILAC, North Guwahati, Assam – yet to be published<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bhasha Sanchika :: Browsing by Author "Aleendra Brahma" |url=https://sanchika.ciil.org/browse/author?value=Aleendra%20Brahma |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=sanchika.ciil.org}}</ref>

c) ''11-lingual Dictionary'' (Boro, Deori, Dimasa, Garo/A’chik, Karbi, Mising, Rabha, Tiwa, Assamese, English, and Hindi) by ITSSA – yet to be published<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhasha Sanchika :: Browsing Catalogue by Language "Assamese" |url=https://sanchika.ciil.org/browse/language?scope=69e5fc38-e750-4edf-b2cf-e35e5ebfc50a&value=Assamese |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=sanchika.ciil.org}}</ref>

d) ''Textbooks (RL)'' for Classes II, III, and IV of Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Umswai – co-authored with Mr. Fabian Malang, published in 2008

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:People from West Karbi Anglong district]]

Shubha Khote

2026-02-12T02:42:50Z

Wazid: added a stub!

{{Short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Shubha Khote image.jpg
| caption = Khote at [[ITA Award]]s 2010
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1937|08|30}}
| birth_place =[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| known_for =Film & Theatre
| spouse= {{marriage|D.M. Balsavar|1960|2024|end=died}}
| children = 2 (including [[Bhavana Balsavar]])
| family = [[Durga Khote]] (aunt) [[Viju Khote]] (brother)
}}

'''Shubha Balsavar''' (''[[Birth name|née]]'' '''Khote''') is an Indian film and television actress who has worked in several [[Hindi]]-language and a few [[Marathi language|Marathi]]- [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]- films. She is also a former women's national champion in [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] and [[cycling]].

==Early life and education==
Shubha Khote was born into a Marathi-Konkani family, the daughter of noted Marathi theatre personality Nandu Khote by his wife, a [[Konkani people|Konkani]] lady from [[Mangalore]] in [[Karnataka]]. The actor [[Viju Khote]] was her younger brother.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{Cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/4551-9.html |title=Rakhi Special: Bollywood's best brother-sister duo |date=4 August 2011 |work=[[IBN Live]] |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144341/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/4551-9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Actress [[Durga Khote]] was the wife of Shubha's father's brother. Shubha's maternal uncle, Nayampalli, was also an actor.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Shubha Khote studied at [[St. Teresa's High School, Charni Road]] and St.Columba school (Gamdevi). As a girl, she excelled at swimming and cycling, and in an era when very few women even ventured into such sports, she was women's national champion in swimming and cycling for three successive years, 1952–55. After completing school, she graduated in English Literature from [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Shubha is married to D. M. Balsavar, who was (like Shubha's mother) from [[Mangalore]]. He was the Vice President of Marketing in Nocil, a major Indian corporate.<ref name=FilmfareKhote>{{Cite web |title=I never believed I was pretty - Shubha Khote |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/i-never-believed-i-was-pretty-shubha-khote-33134.html |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810221741/https://www.filmfare.com/features/i-never-believed-i-was-pretty-shubha-khote-33134.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He appeared in a cameo in the Marathi movie ''Chimukla Pahuna'' (1968), which she produced and directed.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} Their daughter, [[Bhavana Balsavar]] is also a TV actress.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=29 March 2024 |title=Veteran actress Shubha Khote mourns the demise of her husband Dinesh Balsawar, writes 'For 60 years we said to each other grow old with me' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/veteran-actress-shubha-khote-mourns-the-demise-of-her-husband-dinesh-balsawar-writes-for-60-years-we-said-to-each-other-grow-old-with-me/articleshow/108878911.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 March 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Bhavana Balsaver,Shobha Khote at The Aap Ki Awaz Award 2012 (4).jpg|thumb|240px|Shubha with her daughter [[Bhavana Balsavar]]]]
[[File:Shubha Khote and Viju Khote.jpg|thumb|Shubha Khote with her younger brother [[Viju Khote]]]]

She made her stage debut as child actor at age 4,<ref name=exp200/> and her film debut in ''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]'' (1955) as Putli. Her good cycling made her widely known, and led to Seema's team casting her. Since then, she has starred in a large number of Hindi and Marathi movies, stage shows, and TV serials. She mostly starred opposite [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] and the pair became hit in ''Sasural'', ''Bharosa'', ''Ziddi'', ''Chhoti Behan'', ''Sanjh Aur Savera'', ''Love in Tokyo'', ''Grahasthi'', ''Humrahi'' and ''Beti Bete''. She also played negative roles in ''Paying Guest'' and ''Ek Duuje Ke Liye''. In 1962, she received two nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]'' and ''[[Sasural (1961 film)|Sasural]]'', though she lost the award to [[Nirupa Roy]].

She has directed comedy plays such as ''Hera Pheri'', ''Hum Dono'', ''Bachelor's Wife'' and ''Let's Do it'' (2000).<ref name=exp200>{{cite news |title=Inside Out |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000330/ien30059.html |work=The Indian Express |date=30 March 2000 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025180640/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000330/ien30059.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=For theatre buffs |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/15/stories/2002041500140300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530121957/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/15/stories/2002041500140300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2004 |date=15 April 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> Her home production ''Bachelor's Wives'' (adapted from the Marathi play ''Gholat Ghol'') had more than 40 performances in Mumbai and Aurangabad. Her TV show ''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]'' (based on the ''Mind Your Language series'') was a major hit.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/oct/04sho.htm Pretty Funny!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314101330/http://www.rediff.com/movies/oct/04sho.htm |date=14 March 2011 }} by V Gangadhar. Rediff.com, 5 October 1997.</ref> She has also worked in the Marathi teleserial ''[[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]]'' on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shubha Khote to make a comeback with Lage Raho Chachu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shubha-Khote-to-make-a-comeback-with-Lage-Raho-Chachu/articleshow/46563731.cms |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=The Times of India |date=10 April 2015 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222040002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shubha-Khote-to-make-a-comeback-with-Lage-Raho-Chachu/articleshow/46563731.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==
===Films===
* ''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Paying Guest]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Dekh Kabira Roya (1957 film)|Dekh Kabira Roya]]'' (1957)
* ''Mujrim (1958)''
* ''Didi'' (1959)
* ''[[Chhoti Bahen]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Barkha (film)|Barkha]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Sasural (1961 film)|Sasural]]'' (1961)
* ''Hamrahi'' (1963)
* ''[[Grahasti (film)|Grahasti]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Dil Ek Mandir]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Ziddi (1964 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Phoolon Ki Sej]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Akashdeep]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Love in Tokyo]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Tumse Achha Kaun Hai (1969 film)|Tumse Achha Kaun Hai]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Gol Maal]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Badalte Rishtey]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Suraag (1982 film)|Suraag]]'' (1982)
*''Ek Din Bahu Ka'' (1983)
*''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]''
*''[[Main Awara Hoon]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'' (1983)
*''[[Mera Faisla]]'' (1984)
*''[[Gangvaa]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Hum Dono (1985 film)|Hum Dono]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Haqeeqat (1985 film)|Haqeeqat]]''
* ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]'' (1985)
*''[[Mazloom]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'' (1986)
* '' [[Hifazat (1987 film)|Hifazat]]'' (1987)
* ''Maza Pati Karodpati'' (1988)
* ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Billoo Badshah]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Jawani Zindabad]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Sher Dil (Indian film)|Sher Dil]]'' (1990)
*''[[Pyar Hua Chori Chori]]'' (1990)
*''[[Begunaah]]'' (1991)
*''[[Karz Chukana Hai]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Ek Ladka Ek Ladki]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Parda Hai Parda (film)|Parda Hai Parda]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Junoon (1992 film)|Junoon]]'' (1992)<ref name=ITKhote>{{cite magazine |last=Jain |first=Madhu |date=31 August 1992 |title=Crooks turn comic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19920831-baddies-become-buffoons-as-audiences-overdose-on-violence-in-hindi-films-766754-2013-01-02 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=17 March 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]'' (1993)<ref name=ITKhote/>
* ''[[Saajan Ka Ghar]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Sangdil Sanam]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Koyla]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Sirf Tum]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Shararat (2002 film)|Shararat]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Bucket List (2018 film)|Bucket List]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=25 May 2018 |title=Bucket List review: Madhuri Dixit's journey of self-discovery is hardly compelling |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bucket-list-review-madhuri-dixit-s-journey-of-self-discovery-is-hardly-compelling-1241535-2018-05-25 |website=India Today |access-date=16 March 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Double XL]]'' (2022)

===Television===
* ''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]'' (1993–1998)
* ''[[Ek Raja Ek Rani]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Andaaz]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Dam Dama Dam]]'' (1998–1999)
* ''[[Jugni Chali Jalandhar]]'' (2008–2010)
* ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]]'' (2013, Marathi-language)
* ''[[Mangalam Dangalam]]'' (2018–2019)
* ''[[Spy Bahu]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Thipkyanchi Rangoli]]'' (2022, Marathi-language)

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |1962
| rowspan="2" | [[9th Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref name=FilmfareKhote/>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Sasural (1961 film)|Sasural]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |2025
| [[Pune International Film Festival|23rd Pune International Film Festival]]
| [[Pune International Film Festival#PIFF Distinguished Award|PIFF Distinguished Award]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=5 February 2025 |title=PIFF to honour Shubha Khote, Anupam Kher, Kavita Krishnamurthy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/piff-to-honour-shubha-khote-anupam-kher-kavita-krishnamurthy-101738695511445.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=16 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|shobha-khote|Shobha Khote}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khote, Shubha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1937 births]]

Robert Scheuermeier

2026-02-10T03:06:24Z

Wazid: Creating New Stub

{{Short description|Swiss Christian minister (1927–2021)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox clergy
| child =
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend
| name = Robert Scheuermeier, [[Protestant Church of Switzerland|SRC]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Doctor of Divinity|D.D.]] ''[[honoris causa]]'' ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]) {{small|(2013)}}
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| citizenship = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
{{Birth date|1927|07|31|df=y}}<ref name="Archives">''The Scheuermeier Collection'' held at the Library in Karnatataka Theological College, Mangalore. ''Swiss missionary to be honoured on Sep 15'', Times of India, Mangalore, September 14, 2013. ''...On this occasion, Scheuermeier will hand over a personal collection of historical documents and manuscripts to the KTC archives...''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Swiss-missionary-to-be-honoured-on-Sep-15/articleshow/22566418.cms?]</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bern]], Switzerland
| burial_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|01|25|1927|07|31|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_cause = 
| other_names =
| years_active =
| occupation = Priest
| education =
| alma_mater =
*[[University of Bern]], [[Bern]] (Switzerland) {{small|(1947–1949; 1950–1952)}}<ref name="Archives"/>
*The Faculty of Theology of [[Montpellier]] ([[France]]) {{small|(1946–1947)}}<ref name="Archives"/>
*[[University of Basel]], [[Basel]] (Switzerland) {{small|(1949–1950)}}<ref name="Archives"/>
| known_for =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| parents = Dr. Nellie Scheuermeier-Nicolet (Mother) and Dr. [[:als:Paul Scheuermeier]] (Father)
| children =
| relatives =
| website = 
| footnotes =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| nocat_wdimage =
| religion = Christianity
| church = Swiss Reformed Church (SRC)
| ordained =1952,<ref name="Archives"/> [[Swiss Reformed Church]] of the [[canton of Bern]], Switzerland
| laicised =
| writings = {{cite book |last=Scheuermeier|first=Robert |date=2009|editor-last=Shiri |editor-first=Godwin |title=Wholeness in Christ: The Legacy of the Basel Mission in India|publisher=KATHRI, Mangalore|pages=312 ''ff''|chapter=The Concept of Partnership: Its Prospects and Problems|isbn=}}
| congregations =
*[[Utzenstorf]] {{small|(1952-54<ref name="Archives"/>)}},
*[[Reichenbach im Kandertal]] {{small|(1954-56<ref name="Archives"/>)}},
*[[Kirchberg, Bern]] {{small|(1967-81<ref name="Archives"/>)}}
| offices_held =
*Principal<ref name="Corinna"/>
**Basel Mission Theological Seminary, [[Mangalore]] {{small|(1960-1965)}}
**[[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]]{{small|(1965-67)}}
*Asia Secretary,<ref name="Corinna"/> EMS, [[Stuttgart]] {{small|(1982-1992)}}
| title = The Reverend
| module =
}}
'''Robert Scheuermeier''' (31 July 1927 – 25 January 2021) was a Swiss Christian minister and academic administrator. He was the first Principal of the [[Karnataka Theological College]],<ref name="Corinna"/> [[Mangalore]], a Seminary affiliated to the country's first University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], [[Serampore]].

==Ecclesiastical ministry==

===Switzerland===
Scheuermeier was ordained in 1952 by the [[Swiss Reformed Church]] of the [[canton of Bern]], [[Switzerland]] and held ministerial roles at the Churches in [[Utzenstorf]] from 1952 to 1954<ref name="Archives"/> and at [[Reichenbach im Kandertal]] from 1954 to 1956. After a decade of overseas work in India from 1957 to 1967, Scheuermeier resumed the role of a [[Minister (Christianity)|Minister]], this time at [[Kirchberg, Bern]] from 1967 till 1981.

===India===
Scheuermeier came to India in 1957<ref name="Archives"/> and undertook language studies in [[Kannada]] for a year and began to teach at the Basel Mission Theological Seminary (BEMTS) at Mangalore. In 1960, when [[S. J. Samartha]], the Seminary Principal moved to the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] to teach Religions,<ref name="Schwarz">Hans Schwarz, ''Theology in a Global Context: The Last Two Hundred Years'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, 2005, p.524.[https://books.google.com/books?id=gtkvQxB-6lsC&dq=basel+evangelical+mission+theological+seminary&pg=PA524]</ref> the Seminary Council appointed Scheuermeier as the Seminary Principal.

By this time, ecumenical conversations were taking place to merge the [[Basel Mission]] with the [[Church of South India]].<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999, pp.41–44. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref> As a prelude to it, the two vernacular medium ([[Kannada]]) Protestant regional seminaries in [[Karnataka]] affiliated to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], namely,
* the Basel Mission Theological Seminary, [[Mangalore]] formed in 1847<ref name="Minerva">[[Werner Schuder]], Karl Ignaz Trübner, ''Minerva'', Volume 35, Issue 2, 1969, p.1554. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWK3AAAAIAAJ&q=Basel+Evangelical+Mission+Theological+Seminary+robert+scheuermeier]</ref> ''(managed by the [[Basel Mission]])'' and
* the Union Kanarese Seminary, [[Tumkur]] formed in 1915<ref name="Minerva"/> ''(managed by the [[Church of South India]])'',
were merged in 1965 resulting <ref name="Schwarz"/> in the formation of the [[Karnataka Theological College]] in the premises of the erstwhile Basel Mission Theological Seminary in [[Mangalore]]. Scheuermeier was appointed as the first principal of the new entity, a post which he held for two years until 1967, when he left<ref name="Archives"/> India for good making the College Council to appoint the Old Testament Scholar [[C. D. Jathanna]], who had by that time returned<ref name="Sadananda">C. L. Furtado, ''Foreword'' in John S. Sadananda (Edited), ''Vision and Reality: Essays in honour of C. D. Jathanna'', KTCRI, Mangalore, 1989, p.xi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d1bjAAAAMAAJ]</ref> from the [[University of Hamburg]], [[Germany]] where he was pursuing doctoral studies.

===Germany===
While Scheuermeier was ministering at [[Kirchberg, Bern]], he was appointed as India Secretary in 1982<ref name="Archives"/> at the [[Stuttgart]]-based Association of Churches and Missions in South Western Germany/Mission in Solidarity and entrusted with the task of building up theological education of the partner Church in India, the [[Church of South India]] and made efforts to forge greater ties for building up ecclesiastical cooperation among the [[Dioceses]] within the [[Church of South India]] and the Association of Churches and Missions in South Western Germany. The continued representation of the EMS in the [[Church of South India]] synods<ref>[http://www.csisynod.com/csiems.php ''CSI EMS Liaison Office'' in Church of South India Web Site]</ref> as well as in the Society<ref>''Handbook 2006-2007'', United Theological College, Bangalore, 2006, p.3.</ref> of the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] attests to this fact. When Scheuermeier retired from the EMS, Stuttgart on attaining superannuation, he pitched for having an Indian<ref name="Corinna"/> as India Secretary at the EMS resulting in the appointment of [[C. L. Furtado]] in 1992 to succeed Scheuermeier.

==Contribution==
In the [[postcolonialism]] scenario, Scheuermeier who was teaching in [[Mangalore]] from 1958 onwards was a strong advocate for the development of Indian christian theology, an indigenous theology free from western influence.<ref>C. L. Furtado in The Hindu, ''KTC gets Christian artefacts'', September 13, 2013. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ktc-gets-christian-artefacts/article5136935.ece]</ref> K. M. George who authored ''Church of South India, Life in Union 1947-1997'' covering a period of 50 years right from the founding of the [[Church of South India]] in 1947 till 1997, wrote that the [[Basel Mission]] merged into the [[Church of South India]] in 1968<ref name="George"/> as a result of protracted ecumenical efforts that began as early as 1936.

Scheuermeier was part of the ecumenical talks between the [[Basel Mission]] and the [[Church of South India]] in his capacity as Principal of the Basel Mission Theological Seminary in Mangalore.<ref name="Archives"/>

==Death==
Robert Scheuermeier died on 25 January 2021, at the age of 93.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rev Dr Robert Scheuermeier (93), Bern, Switzerland |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/obituaryDisplay?obituaryID=12483 |access-date=14 October 2023 |publisher=Daiji World}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rev Dr Robert Scheuermeier (Last German Missionary Principal) |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1774451679388852&set=rev-dr-robert-scheuermeier-last-german-missionary-principal |website=Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore on Facebook |access-date=14 October 2023 |date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

==Recognition and honour==
In 2013,<ref name="Corinna"/> the country's first University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] conferred the honorary doctorate degree by ''[[honoris causa]]'' upon Scheuermeier.<ref name="Senate">List of the Recipients of the Degree of Doctor of Divinity (Honoris Causa). Senate of Serampore College (University). [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-divinity/]</ref>

{{S-start}}
{{S-other}}
{{Succession box| before=Walther Gengnagel<ref>Origen Vasantha Jathanna, ''The decisiveness of the Christ-event and the universality of Christianity in a world of religious plurality: with special reference to Hendrik Kraemer and Alfred George Hogg as well as to William Ernest Hocking and Pandipeddi Chenchiah'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt, 1981, p.vi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sdYPAQAAIAAJ&q=Gengnagel]</ref>| title=India Secretary,<ref>Zeitschrift für Kultur, Politik, Kirche, Volume 46, Verein Reformatio, 1997, p.309. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j4MlAQAAIAAJ&q=furtado]</ref> Missionswerk Südwestdeutschland (Mission in Solidarity) [[Stuttgart]]|after=[[C. L. Furtado]] 1992–1997
| years=1982<ref name="Corinna"/>–1992
}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box
| before=''Post Created''| title=Principal, [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]]|after=[[C. D. Jathanna]] 1967–1983| years=1965–1967<ref name="Corinna">Corinna Waltz, ''Honorary doctorate for Robert Scheuermeier'', 7.3.2013. Mission in Solidarity. [https://ems-online.org/en/news/article/07-03-2013-honorary-doctorate-for-robert-scheuermeier/]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}
{{Succession box| before=[[S. J. Samartha]] 1952–1960
| title=Principal, Basel Mission Theological Seminary, [[Mangalore]]|after=''Post disbanded''
| years=1960–1965
}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = Zacharias Mar Theophilus, 
James Alan Bergquist, 
Hrilrokhum Thiek
 
2012}}
{{s-ttl | title = Doctor of Divinity Degree ''([[honoris causa]])'' [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
| years = 2013<ref name="Senate"/>}}
{{s-aft | after = Dietrich Werner<ref>[http://www.oikoumene.org/en/press-centre/news/wcc-staff-member-dietrich-werner-receives-honorary-doctorate WCC staff member Dietrich Werner receives honorary doctorate]</ref> 
2014}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scheuermeier, Robert}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bern]]
[[Category:Swiss Calvinist and Reformed ministers]]
[[Category:20th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers]]
[[Category:Swiss expatriates in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]

Ramakrishna Ramaswamy

2026-02-10T02:53:41Z

Wazid: Creating A Entry

{{BLP sources|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ramakrishna Ramaswamy
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|10|14}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Nonlinear science]], [[Computational biology]]
| work_institution = [[University of Hyderabad]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]] [[University of Madras]] [[IIT Kanpur]] [[Princeton University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Herschel Rabitz]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ram Ramaswamy''' (born 14 October 1953 in [[Chennai]], India) is an Indian scientist and professor of chemistry at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]].

== Education and career ==
He obtained his B.Sc. in chemistry (1972) from [[Loyola College, Chennai]], then M.Sc. in chemistry from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT, Kanpur]], and Ph.D. (1978) from [[Princeton University]] where he worked under the supervision of [[Herschel Rabitz]]. He then moved to [[California Institute of Technology]], Pasadena, where he was between 1978 and 1980, working with Prof. [[Rudolph A. Marcus]].

He returned to India in 1980 and joined the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] as visiting fellow (1981) and fellow (1983). In 1986 he moved to the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] as one of the first members of the School of Physical Sciences, and has been at JNU since then. In addition to a professorship in the School of Physical Sciences, he is also on the faculty of the Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics in the School for Computational and Integrative Sciences at JNU. He has to date supervised about 35 PhD students.

He spent a year on sabbatical at the Institute for Molecular Science in Okazaki, Japan (1989–90). A second sabbatical (2004–05) was spent at the [[Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton]]. In 2011<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ramakrishna-ramaswamy-takes-over-as-vc-of-uoh/article2070455.ece| title = Ramakrishna Ramaswamy takes over as V-C of UoH – The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 2 June 2011}}</ref> he was appointed Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Hyderabad]]. He resigned the position in January 2015,<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/University-of-Hyderabad-VC-Ramaswamy-resigns/articleshow/45265448.cms | title=University of Hyderabad VC Ramaswamy resigns – Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 November 2014 }}</ref> returning to his substantive positions at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. After his retirement from JNU in 2018, he joined IIT Delhi as visiting professor where is still serving.

He was Vice President of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], New Delhi, as well as of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fellow Profile – Ramaswamy, Prof. Ramakrishna |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ramaswamy,_Prof._Ramakrishna|website=Indian Academy of Sciences|accessdate=23 January 2016|location=Bangalore}}</ref>
He served as President of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore, during 2016–2018.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ramaswamy,_Prof._Ramakrishna/ | title=Indian Academy of Sciences }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080419020706/http://nldsps.jnu.ac.in/ Group Homepage]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, Ram}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chemists]]

Pranoti Pradhan

2026-02-10T02:30:44Z

Wazid: Creating Entry

{{short description|Indian television and film actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pranoti Pradhan
| image =
| image_size = 470*450
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1987–present
| height =
| spouse =
| relatives = [[Pallavi Pradhan]] (sister)
}}

'''Pranoti Pradhan'''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Pranoti Pradhan (Actress) Hindi Tv Actress Pranoti Pradhan|url= http://www.speakbindas.com/interview-of-pranoti-pradhan/|access-date=9 February 2018|website=speakbindas.com|date= 15 June 2011}}</ref> is an Indian television and film actress.

== Career ==
Pranoti Pradhan started her acting career as a child artist. She played a popular story of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] named Dakghar, her role was of a boy. She used to take part in her school plays. Her career started when she was selected in a TV series named ''Hum paanchi ek dal ke'' as Kunti, these serials were broadcast on [[DD National]] at 9:30 am. She received a best child actress award for this show. After that she did a lot more serials as a child artist namely ''Mamaji, Khelghar, Haste Khelte''. As a child artist she also did a Marathi serial named ''Najuka'' and a Kannada movie.<ref name=auto/>

After that Pradhan took a break, then again started with Hindi and Marathi theatre in her college years. At that time, Pranoti did a Gujarati play. During that time, [[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]] offered her a commercial Gujarati play, ''Pritam Khele Aankh Micholi'', which she performed 17 times. After that a role in the play ''Rang che Raja'' was offered to her. This play was performed 80 times in India and in America.<ref name=auto/>

In 2006, Pradhan was cast in the serial ''[[Thodi Khushi Thode Gham]]'', telecast on [[Sony TV]]. Pradhan did many Gujarati plays including ''Hatt Tari ne Hath mathi gai, Ek Murakh ne evi tev, Parnela ne Puchi juo, Chaanu ne Chapanu Kai Thai nai, Vaat Bahar Jai nai'', ''Hu, Raju ne Ruksana'' and ''Tamne maline Anand Thayo''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/theatre/Pranoti-Pradhan-misses-theatre/articleshow/55438564.cms |title=Gujarati theatre is close to my heart: Pranoti Pradhan|author=Arpita Vadgama |date= 16 November 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Reality-TV-is-experimental-because-theres-no-set-formula/articleshow/55396777.cms |title=Reality TV is experimental because there's no set formula |author=Arpita Vadgama | date= 13 November 2016|work=The Times of India }}</ref>

Pranoti Pradhan did a TV series named ''[[Vicky and Vetaal]]'' on [[Disney Channel]], and a [[Life OK]] TV series named ''Zindagi Kahe Smile Please''. Pradhan played the role of Asha in ''[[Firangi Bahu]]''. Then she did the role of Ansuya Mehta in the serial ''[[Naya Mahisagar]]'' on [[Big Magic]] in 2016. Pradhan hosted a reality TV show named ''[[Aji Sunte Ho]]'' on [[Zee TV]] in 2016–2017.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/131216/pranoti-pradhan-doesnt-get-rishtas-anymore.html |title=Pranoti Pradhan doesn't get rishtas anymore | first=Sameena |last=Razzaq |date= 13 December 2016|work=The Asian Age }}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Language !! Channel
|-
| 1987 || Hum Panchi Ek Daal Ke || Kunti || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[DD National]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thodi Khushi Thode Gham]]'' || Bhavana Shah || [[Hindi]] || [[Sony TV]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Vicky and Vetaal]]'' || Kavita || [[Hindi]] || [[Disney Channel]]
|-
| 2011 || ''Zindagi Kahe Smile Please'' || Savitri Jadeja || [[Hindi]] || [[Life OK]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Firangi Bahu]]'' || Asha Desai || [[Hindi]] || [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Naya Mahisagar]]'' || Ansuya Mehta || [[Hindi]] || [[Big Magic]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Khidki]]'' || Malati || [[Hindi]] || [[Sab TV]]
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Aji Sunte Ho]]'' || Surili Sharma || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Super Sisters - Chalega Pyar Ka Jaadu]]'' || Chitralekha || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[Sab TV]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Shubh Laabh - Aapkey Ghar Mein]]'' || Menaka || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[Sab TV]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]'' || Falguni || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[Amazon Prime]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Pranoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Next Karnataka Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-31T05:21:43Z

Wazid: basic correct lead for clarity further and added references

{{Short description|Elections for the 17th Legislative assembly of Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Next Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2023
| next_election =
| next_year = 2033
| election_date = By May 2028
| seats_for_election = All 224 seats in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 113
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Karnataka.svg|300px]]
| map2_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Karnataka
| turnout =
| outgoing_members = 16th Karnataka Assembly
| elected_members =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=R. Ashoka.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5|Location=center}}
| leader2 = [[R. Ashoka]]
| leader_since2 = 2008
| leaders_seat2 = [[Padmanabhanagar Assembly constituency|Padmanabhanagar]]
| last_election2 = 36.00%, 66 seats
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| seats2 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Karnataka Siddaramaiah visits PMO.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| image1_size = 130px
| leader1 = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| leader_since1 = 2013
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Varuna Assembly constituency|Varuna]]
| last_election1 = 42.88%, 135 seats
| seats1 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election =
| after_party =
| seats_before1 = 136
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| seats_before2 = 62
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 51
}}

The '''Next Karnataka legislative assembly election''' is expected to be held in May 2028 to elect all 224 members of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. [[Siddaramaiah]] is the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=HDK predicts snap election in state before 2028|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Oct/07/hdk-predicts-snap-election-in-state-before-2028 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DK Shivakumar welcomes Congress sweep in Karnataka bypolls: 'Harbinger of 2028'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/karnataka-bypolls-results-dk-shivakumar-welcomes-congress-sweep-in-karnataka-by-election-harbinger-of-2028-2638935-2024-11-23 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Will become Karnataka CM again before 2028, says HD Kumaraswamy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/will-become-karnataka-cm-again-before-2028-says-hd-kumaraswamy-101729392834598.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Congress government in Karnataka won't last till 2028', claims HD Kumaraswamy, former Karnataka CM|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-government-in-karnataka-wont-last-till-2028-claims-hd-kumaraswamy-former-karnataka-cm/articleshow/114393109.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's power will drive Congress back to power in 2028: Karnataka Deputy CM Shivakumar|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/womens-power-will-drive-congress-back-to-power-in-2028-karnataka-deputy-cm-shivakumar20241017211242/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=ANI News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=With women’s empowerment, Congress will win Karnataka in 2028 elections: CM Siddaramaiah|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Oct/18/with-womens-empowerment-congress-will-win-karnataka-in-2028-elections-cm-siddaramaiah |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Counting of Votes
| '''TBD'''
|}

== Parties and Alliances ==
=== {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Photo
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Siddaramaiah at the function to commemorate the serving of 2 billion meals of the Akshaya Patra Foundation in Karnataka (cropped).jpg|50px]]
| [[Siddaramaiah]]
|
|-
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Photo
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[File:R. Ashoka.jpg|50px]]
|[[R. Ashoka]]
|
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white"|
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[File:JD(S) Flag.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|50px]]
|[[File:JDS chief Kumaraswamy.jpg|50px]]
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|
|}

==Opinion polling==
===Seats and vote share projections===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+Seat share projections
!rowspan="2"|Polling agency
!rowspan="2"|Date published
!rowspan="2"|Sample size
!rowspan="2"|Margin of error
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|
|bgcolor=grey|
!rowspan="2"|Lead
|-
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
!Others
|-
|People's Pulse
|''May 2025''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/survey-suggests-bjp-could-win-majority-in-karnataka-today-siddaramaiah-still-top-cm-choice-report-101748078948537.html| title=Survey suggests BJP could win majority in Karnataka today; Siddaramaiah still top CM choice: Report|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref>
|10,481
|±3–5%
|69
|bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|'''145'''
|6
|0
|bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|'''BJP'''
|-
!colspan="4"|''2023 election results''
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|'''''135'''''
!''66''
!''19''
!''4''
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|'''''INC'''''
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+Vote share projections
!rowspan="2"|Polling agency
!rowspan="2"|Date published
!rowspan="2"|Sample size
!rowspan="2"|Margin of error
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|
|bgcolor=grey|
!rowspan="2"|Lead
|-
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
!Others
|-
|People's Pulse
|''May 2025''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bjp-expected-to-come-back-to-power-in-karnataka-if-assembly-elections-held-today-survey-3555227| title=BJP expected to come back to power in Karnataka if assembly elections held today: Survey|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref>
|10,481
|±3–5%
|40.2
|bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''50.9'''
|5.9
|3.2
|bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|'''10.7'''
|-
!colspan="4"|''2023 election results''
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|'''''42.88%'''''
!''36%''
!''13.3%''
!''7.82%''
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|'''''INC'''''
|}

==See also==
* [[Elections in Karnataka]]
* [[Politics of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Karnataka elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Future elections in India]]

Corps of Army Air Defence

2026-01-27T06:44:31Z

Wazid: updated

{{Short description|Air defence arm of the Indian Army}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Corps of Army Air Defence
| image = Army Air Defence Corps Insignia (India).svg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Regimental crest
| dates = {{start date|1939}} – present day
| country = {{flag|British India}} (1939-1947) {{IND}} (1947-present)
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Republic of India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
| type = [[Army Corps]]
| role = [[Anti-aircraft warfare|Air Defence Warfare]]
| size = Around 85,000 soldiers and 6,000 officers.
| command_structure = {{army|India}}
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto = [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|आकाशे शत्रुन् जहि}} [[English language|English]]: {{lang|en|Annihilate the Airborne Enemy}}
| colors = {{color box|#81BFFD}} {{color box|#DB0606}} Sky blue & Red
| colors_label =  Regimental colors
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[World War II]] [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War]] [[Sino-Indian War of 1962]] [[Indo-Pak War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pak War of 1971]] [[Kargil War]]
| anniversaries = January 10<ref name="The Corps of Army Air Defence Celebrates Its Raising Day -PIB">{{cite web|title=The Corps of Army Air Defence Celebrates Its Raising Day|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114512|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Government of India-Ministry of Defence|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref>
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website = [http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp2P_SameRow1Flash2C.aspx?MnId=gmpP1cf6uoiY3eOkskSnew==&ParentID=gsMFwlm4djxe3mmi6OcRng==&flag=46el9QhNMlic/TNm+FrDUw== Indian Army Official Site]
| commander1 = Lieutenant General Sumer Ivan D’Cunha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
| commander1_label = Director General of Corps of Army Air Defence
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| commander4 =
| commander4_label =
| commander5 =
| notable_commanders =
| native_name =
| countries =
| current_commander = 
| identification_symbol = [[File:Regimental Flag of the Corps of Army Air Defence.jpg|200px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental flag
}}
The '''Corps of Army Air Defence''' (abbreviated as '''AAD'''), is an active corps of the [[Indian Army]] and a major combat support arm tasked with [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defence]] of the country from foreign threats. The AAD is responsible for the protection of Indian air space from enemy aircraft and missiles, especially below 5,000 feet.<ref name="21 Different Branches Of Indian Army That Make It Such An Efficient Defence Force">{{cite web|author1=Rishabh Mishra|title=21 Different Branches Of Indian Army That Make It Such An Efficient Defence Force|url=http://topyaps.com/branches-of-the-indian-army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625233132/http://topyaps.com/branches-of-the-indian-army|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 25, 2015|website=TopYaps|accessdate=7 June 2016|date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

The history of the AAD dates back to 1939 during the times of the [[British Raj]] in India. The corps actively took part in the [[Second World War]] fighting on behalf of the [[British Empire]]. Post independence, the corps has participated in all the [[wars involving India]], starting from the [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War]] to the [[1999 Kargil conflict]].

The corps enjoyed autonomous status from 1994, after the bifurcation of the Corps of Air Defence Artillery from the Army's [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]. A separate training school, the [[Army Air Defence College]] (AADC), was established to train its personnel.<ref name="Indian Army Air Defence-GC">{{cite web|title=Corps of Army Air Defence|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/air-defence.htm|website=Global Security|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Indian Armed Forces AAD">{{cite book|author1=Bharat Verma|author2=BK Pandey|author3=GM Hiranandani|title=Indian Armed Forces: Army Air Defence|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=9781935501732|edition=1st|language=English}}</ref>

As of 2026, the Indian Army is responsible for the tracking and monitoring of flying objects at a range of {{Convert|35|km|abbr=on}} and up to an altitude of {{Convert|3|km|ft|abbr=on}} beyond the [[Line of Actual Control|Northern]] and [[India–Pakistan border|Western]] borders. Several air [[command and control]] centres are being established along the borders. These centres will coordinate 97% of the friendly drone and aircraft activities in the 35×3 km envelope.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Indian Army to monitor low-altitude airspace along China, Pakistan borders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-to-monitor-low-altitude-airspace-along-china-pakistan-borders-101769477379114.html |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History and origin ==

===Pre-independence===
[[File:The Mounted ZU 23 MM Twin Gun with its crew passes through the Rajpath on the occasion of Republic Day Parade-2005, in New Delhi on January 26, 2005.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Mounted ZU 23 MM Twin Gun |alt=|right]]
[[File:The Tangushka Mount System gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|thumb|305x305px| [[2K22 Tunguska|Tunguska]] Mount System |alt=|right]]
[[File:OSA- AK Weapon System passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2014, in New Delhi on January 23, 2014.jpg|thumb|305x305px| OSA- AK Weapon System|alt=|right]]
[[File:Akash (Army Version) passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2015, in New Delhi on January 23, 2015.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Akash surface to air missile|alt=|right]]
Air Defence Artillery in India was first established by the [[British India|British Government]] ruling India in 1939, at the start of [[World War II]] to counter the growing aerial threat from the [[Axis powers]], especially from the [[Japan]]ese in [[East Asia]]. A small number of Indian troops were initially trained to use [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt|3-inch Ack-Ack guns]] and in the later stages of the conflict to operate [[Bofors 40 mm gun#40 mm L.2F60|Bofors 40 mm L/60 guns]]. The trained troops formed part of the [[anti-aircraft]] batteries of the [[Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery]] (HKSRA) to counter the Japanese air threat in [[South-East Asia]]. They were also assigned to Indian artillery formations. In the early 1940s, several anti-aircraft units and training establishments were established throughout the country with Indian personnel being posted into these establishments from the [[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Infantry Regiments .2832.29|infantry]] and [[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Units of the Regiment of Artillery|artillery]] regiments.<ref name="Need to Expeditiously Modernise Army Air Defence">{{cite web|author1=Major General P K Chakravorty (Retired)|title=Need to Expeditiously Modernise Army Air Defence|url=http://bharatshakti.in/need-to-expeditiously-modernise-army-air-defence/|website=Bharat Shakti|date=22 February 2016 |accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

By 1942, the air defence branch had grown considerably with eighteen operational anti-aircraft regiments, of which nine were Heavy Anti Aircraft regiments and nine were Light Anti Aircraft regiments. Besides the four brigades that were exclusively undertaking air defence tasks, one independent Heavy Anti Aircraft battery and two independent Light Anti Aircraftbatteries were also in existence, with two training centres established to train the personnel in anti-aircraft warfare. By the end of 1944, this had reached a total of thirty three air defence artillery units. However, after actively taking part in the second world war on behalf of the [[British Empire]], many of these were disbanded.<ref name="Indian Army Air Defence-GC" /><ref name="Modernisation of Army Air Defence -IDR">{{cite web|author1=Ram Pratap|title=Modernisation of Army Air Defence|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/modernisation-of-army-air-defence/0/|website=Indian Defence Review|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="INDIAN ARMY AIR DEFENCE-IPHB">{{cite web|title=INDIAN ARMY AIR DEFENCE|url=http://indianprideholders.blogspot.in/2012/01/indian-army-air-defence.html|website=Indian Pride Holders Blogspot|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="History-AAD-Army Official">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=4Fm+GZejNPYci/u/KMAV7g==&ParentID=M/DOGn6JXk49a1ugLTlLfA==History|website=Indian Army|publisher=Govt.. of India|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Indian Defence Review 31.1">{{cite book|author1=Air Marshal Anil Chopra|author2=Vice Admiral AP Revi|author3=Lt Gen Gautam Banerjee|author4=Lt Gen VK Saxena|author5=Maj Gen AK Mehra|author6=Maj Gen PK Chakravorty|author7=Danvir Singh|author8=Maj Gen AK Chadha|title=Indian Defence Review|date=201|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=9781940988245|edition=31.1}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Army and the end of the Raj : decolonising the subcontinent">{{cite book|author1=Daniel Marston|title=The Indian Army and the End of the Raj: Decolonising the Subcontinent|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521899758}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Army, 1939–47: Experience and Development">{{cite book|author1=Routledge|title=The Indian Army, 1939–47: Experience and Development|date=2016|publisher=Patrick Rose|isbn=9781317027645|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="India's armed forces : fifty years of war and peace">{{cite book|author1=Ashok Krishna|title=India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace|date=1998|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9781897829479}}</ref><ref name="India 2014 Concise">{{cite book|title=India 2014 Concise|publisher=Kalinjar Publications|isbn=9789382732891}}</ref>

===Post-independence===

In October 1993, the Army Staff made a decision to remove all air defense units from the Indian Army Regiment of Artillery. The regiment had been recommended to bifurcate to remove all the AAA and aerospace missile defence formations so that on their basis a new service branch would be created to focus on air defence artillery. With the separation of the air defense from the Regiment, the Corps of Air Defence Artillery came into existence on 10 January 1994. The headquarters of the corps, the Directorate General of Air Defence Artillery, came into force the same day. Subsequently, the air defence wings and branches of the artillery present at various command headquarters throughout the country were bifurcated into the corps from the respective artillery units and regiments. Autonomous status was awarded to the Air Defence Guided Missile School at Gopalpur and the Air Defence Wing of the Artillery Centre, Nasik Road Camp was inducted into the Air Defence Guided Missile Centre. The day on which the Corps of Air Defence Artillery emerged as an autonomous corps of the Indian Army, 10 January, is celebrated as the raising day annually at air defence centers throughout the country.<ref name="The Corps of Army Air Defence Celebrates Its Raising Day -PIB" /><ref name="Defence, Army, Latest News, Interviews, Videos, Show Report - SP's Land Forces">{{cite web|title=VSHORADS Decision This Year?nd Forces|url=http://www.spslandforces.com/exclusive/?id=9&h=19-years-of-Corps-of-Army-Air-Defence-(AAD)|website=www.spslandforces.com|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref><ref name='2nd International Seminar on " Army Air Defence in 21st Century"'>{{cite web|title=2nd International Seminar on " Army Air Defence in 21st Century"|url=http://www.cii.in/Digital_Library_Details.aspx?enc=pZVQM37jtSRTHIkmBsithfJmz0qWfG+ttlzF5cKUVII+TdBCiMhnhxyJKQNG+R3J|website=www.cii.in|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

The Air Defence & Guided Missile School and Centre and the Corps of Air Defence Artillery were rechristened as the Army Air Defence College (AADC) and the Corps of Army Air Defence in 1998 and April 2005 respectively.<ref name="Indian Army Air Defence-GC" /><ref name="INDIAN ARMY AIR DEFENCE-IPHB" /><ref name="History-AAD-Army Official" /><ref name="The Indian Army and the end of the Raj : decolonising the subcontinent" /><ref name="India's armed forces : fifty years of war and peace" />

==Current overview==
===Band===
The regimental [[military band]] was raised in 1995 at the AAD Centre. To date, it takes part in various national and international functions. Its string ensemble the "Celestial Sentinels", was raised in November 2001. A [[pipe band]] is maintained by Army Air Defence College in [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp9P13C.aspx?MnId=+6nknKl37e+XLIDzqZFuLQ==&ParentID=fiQjvs0I3ChLZ01dWGLG5g==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title = The Official Home Page of the Indian Army}}</ref>

== Regimental insignia ==
=== Regimental crest ===
The Mukherjee Committee assigned the task of the designing the regimental crest to the [[National Institute of Design]] (NID), at [[Ahmedabad]]. After a series of reviews, modifications and improvements, finally the crest designed by Vijay Singh was adopted.

The crest depicts the neo-facet of the corps. It portrays a missile in silver tint, with radar antennae in gold colour fixed on the either side. At the bottom, the motto "{{lang|sa|आकाशे शत्रुन् जहि}}" in English "Akashe Shatrun Jahi" is imprinted.<ref name="Indian Army Air Defence-GC" /><ref name="INDIAN ARMY AIR DEFENCE-IPHB" /><ref name="Customs and Traditions-AAD-Army Official">{{cite web|title=Customs and Traditions|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp9P13C.aspx?MnId=LhNm3T62BPi4ET7tFzVf4A==&ParentID=PpKfAEavBXlrF+p/EKh95g==|website=Indian Army|publisher=Govt. of India|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Regimental motto ===
The sentence "{{lang|sa|आकाशे शत्रुन् जहि}}" (Akashe Shatrun Jahi) of [[Devanagari]] script, which means "{{lang|en|Kill the Enemy in the Sky}}" was adopted as the regimental motto in 1996.<ref name="Indian Army Air Defence-GC" /><ref name="INDIAN ARMY AIR DEFENCE-IPHB" /><ref name="Customs and Traditions-AAD-Army Official" />

==List of Units==

{{See |List of Corps of Army Air Defence Units}}

==Current equipment==

{{See |List of equipment of the Indian Army#Air Defence System}}

== Director Generals ==
The office of ''Director General of Corps of Army Air Defence'' serves as the general headquarters to the corps. The position was first created when the Corps of Army Air Defence was bifurcated from the Regiment of Artillery on 10 January 1994. The post is generally held by a [[three-star general]]. It was first held by Lieutenant General PK Pahwa. Individual AAD Brigades, Regiments and Battalions come under operational command and control of the Army Corps, Divisions and Brigades that they are a part of.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Previous Directors General of Corps of Army Air Defence<ref name="Director General – Photo Gallery Army Official">{{cite web|title=Director General – Photo Gallery|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=gi0Uw4kcSIaT4fp7ZEMikg==&ParentID=LO8UBEhUBYb+EXkJwRWfgg==|website=Indian Army|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref>
! S.No!! Rank !!Name !! Appointment date!! Left office
|-
|1|| [[Lieutenant general|Lt Gen]] ||PK Pahwa, {{small|[[PVSM]]}}|| 10 January 1994 || 31 October 1996
|-
|2|| Lt Gen || A Mukherjee, {{small|PVSM, [[AVSM]]}} || 1 November 1996 ||31 January 2001
|-
|3|| Lt Gen || Naresh Chand, {{small|PVSM}} || 10 February 2001 ||31 Aug 2003
|-
|4 || Lt Gen || CS Chima, {{small|PVSM}} || 1 September 2003 ||31 December 2005
|-
|5 || Lt Gen || KS Dogra, {{small|PVSM, AVSM**, [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}} || 1 January 2006 ||30 November 2008
|-
|6|| Lt Gen || Ram Pratap, {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM}} || 1 December 2008 ||30 June 2011
|-
|7 || Lt Gen || Kuldip Singh, {{small|PVSM, AVSM}} || 1 July 2011 ||30 June 2013
|-
|8 || Lt Gen || VK Saxena, {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM}}
| 1 July 2013<ref name="Lt Gen V K Saxena takes over as DGAAD-IS">{{cite web|title=Lt Gen V K Saxena takes over as Director General of Army Air Defence|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories2057_Lt_Gen_VK_Saxena_DG_Army_Air_Defence.htm|website=India Strategic|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref>
|31 May 2015
|-
|9 || Lt Gen || Rajiv Bhatia, {{small|AVSM}} || 1 June 2015 ||31 December 2016
|-
|10 ||Lt Gen || AK Sahgal, {{small|AVSM, VSM}} || 1 January 2017 ||31 December 2017
|-
|11 || Lt Gen || PS Jaggi, {{small|AVSM}} || 1 January 2018 || 8 April 2018
|-
|12 || Lt Gen || AP Singh, {{small|AVSM}} || 11 May 2018 || 30 June 2021
|-
|13 || Lt Gen || Sunil Puri Goswami, {{small|AVSM, VSM}} || 01 July 2021 || 30 October 2023
|-
|14 || Lt Gen || Sumer Ivan D’Cunha || 31 October 2023 ||
|}

==President’s Colours==
[[File:President of India Awards Colours to Corps of Army Air Defence.jpg|thumb|right|305x305px|President of India, Mr Ram Nath Kovind awards 'Colours' to Corps of Army Air Defence]]
The President of India Mr [[Ram Nath Kovind]] awarded the President’s Colours to the Corps of Army Air Defence at [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]] Military Station on 28 September 2019 on completion of 25 years as an independent arm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/AdvSearch.aspx|title=President of India Awards Colours to Corps of Army Air Defence|date=2019-09-28|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian National Defence University]]
* [[Military academies in India|Military Academies in India]]
* [[Sainik school]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


{{Indian Army arms and services}}

[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Air defence corps]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1939]]

Hinduism in Ethiopia

2026-01-24T20:31:40Z

Wazid: made the pg first draft...

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2008}}
{{Hinduism by country}}
Ancient links between [[India]] and [[Ethiopia]] have existed even before history was recorded during the [[Aksum Empire|Axumite period]]. (2nd to 9th century A.D.) According to historian [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], "contacts between the land which came to be known as Ethiopia and India date back to the dawn of history." {{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} Trade between [[Ancient Indian Empire]] and the [[Axumite Kingdom]] flourished in the 6th century A.D. The ancient port of [[Adulis]] served as an entry-point and the hub of maritime trade via the [[Red Sea]] where Indian traders flocked to trade in spices and silk for ivory and gold. {{Infobox religious group|group=Ethiopian Hindus/Indians|population=Around 10,000|religions=[[Hinduism]]|related-c=[[Hindus]], [[Indian people|Indians]], [[Indian diaspora]], [[Gujaratis]] & [[Malayalis]]|regions=[[Addis Ababa]]|flag={{flagicon|India}}{{flagicon|Ethiopia}}|languages=[[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] & [[Malayalam]]}}

In later periods, the arrival of Indian immigrants in the 17th century with the support of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese sailors]], the Indian troops in 1868 brought by [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]], who was then the Commander-in-Chief of the [[British Army]] in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], and in 1935 when fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia, were important events. Indian artisans and workers played an important role in the development of the famous city of [[Gondar]] and the palace of [[Fasilides|Emperor Fasilides]].<ref name="03fr04.pdf">{{Cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/03fr04.pdf |title=Ethiopia |website=meaindia.nic.in |access-date=2007-03-07 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012034413/http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/03fr04.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

General Rawley had been loaned by India to set up a military academy for Ethiopia. A large number of Indians had been employed between the late sixties and the nineties on a contractual basis to teach in the country's primary and secondary schools. But with the overthrow of [[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie]] by [[Mengistu Haile Mariam|Colonel Mengistu]], the new communist regime introduced a policy of “[[Ethiopian nationalism|Ethiopianisation]]” which meant that foreigners were not allowed to teach in Ethiopian schools. Consequently, all the teachers and a large number of Indian businessmen moved to other destinations.

Only a few Indians remained behind, among whom were those who had settled down in the country for more than three generations.<ref name="chapter8">{{cite book |url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora |chapter=Chapter 8: Other countries of Africa |date= |website=indiandiaspora.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063957/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Hindus in Ethiopia==
At one time there were more than 9,000 families in Ethiopia. By the mid-80s their number had come down to 8,000. Presently, the Indian community numbers approximately 1,500 nationals plus an approx. number of 400 teaching staff on contractual assignment.<ref name="03fr04.pdf" />

Around a hundred of them are businessmen. Mainly from [[Gujarat]], they work as commission agents of various import-export companies.

Another 150 are professors who teach in the Defence Ministry's Engineering College and in various faculties of leading Ethiopian universities and other institutions of higher learning, while two professor are there in Mekelle University serving in the department of Sociology. Six of them teach in the Civil Services College, an institution under the Prime Minister's Office that is similar to Administrative Staff College.

==Organizations==
There are three associations, The Indian Association set up in 1937, The Hindu Mahajan and The Malayalam Association. There is also an Indian National School which is an autonomous institution set up in 1947 under the auspices of the Indian Association <ref name="03fr04.pdf" />

Hindus are allowed cremation rights in Hindu Mahajan located in Addis Ababa.

== References ==
<references />

==See also==
{{Portal|Ethiopia|Hinduism}}

==External links==
*[https://www.theguardian.com/hearafrica05/story/0,,1507066,00.htmlJeevan Vasagar delves into the rich history of Ethiopia's links with other countries, Tuesday June 21, 2005 Guardian Unlimited]
*[http://lists.uua.org/pipermail/uuma-news/2000-May/000066.html Mr. Repp's body was cremated the day following his death in a typical Hindu cremation at the Hindu Mahajan in Addis Ababa]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Hinduism in Africa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Ethiopia}}
[[Category:Hinduism by country|Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Africa|Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Religion in Ethiopia]]

Padru, Balotra

2026-01-20T23:08:57Z

Wazid: Creating A Data

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}'''Padru'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padroo Village Population - Siwana - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87596-padroo-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Padru Pin Code - 344801, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/padru-pincode-344801.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पादरू-बालोतरा सड़क खस्ताहाल |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/padro-balotra-road-disaster-1-3477851 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> is a village in the [[Balotra district]] (formerly in the [[Barmer district]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-20 |title=Rajasthan: Balotra residents thank Gehlot for declaring it new district |url=https://theprint.in/india/rajasthan-balotra-residents-thank-gehlot-for-declaring-it-new-district/1458260/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार |url=https://balotra.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240811001959/https://balotra.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome/ |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=balotra.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=मुख्यमंत्री अशोक गहलोत ने जिलों की घोषणा!:बालोतरा को बनाया नया जिला » Balotra News™ -बालोतरा न्यूज़ |url=https://balotranews.com/chief-minister-ashok-gehlot-announced-the-districts-balotra-of-barmer-was-made-a-new-district/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> of [[Rajasthan]], India.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padroo Village Population - Siwana - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87596-padroo-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-27 |title=पादरू में सड़क पर चलते-चलते युवक की मौत, पादरू गांव में शोक की लहर » Balotra News™ -बालोतरा न्यूज़ |url=https://balotranews.com/youth-dies-while-walking-on-the-road-in-padru-wave-of-mourning-in-padru-village/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25|30|24|N|72|12|06|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Northern Indo-Aryan languages

2026-01-20T09:14:54Z

Wazid:

{{short description|Group of Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Pahari languages|Pahari language (disambiguation){{!}}Pahari language}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Northern Indo-Aryan
|altname= Pahari
|region= [[Nepal]] and north-western [[India]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor = [[Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Khasa Prakrit]]
|glotto=indo1310
|glottorefname= Indo-Aryan Northern zone
|children={{Plainlist |
* Central
* [[Western Pahari languages|Western]]
* Eastern
}}
}}
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|right|thumb|Major [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of [[South Asia]]; Northern Aryan languages are in shades of brown]]

The '''Northern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as '''Pahāṛi languages''', are a proposed group of [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken in the lower ranges of the [[Himalayas]], from [[Nepal]] in the east, through the [[India]]n states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Kamaldeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3ZutgEACAAJ |title=Dogri and Its Dialects: A Comparative Study of Kandi and Pahari Dogri |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Amitabh Vikram |date=2018 |publisher=LINCOM GmbH |isbn=978-3-86288-867-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qYJAAAAIAAJ&dq=kangri+language+in+Hoshiarpur&pg=PA286 |title=Census of India, 1901: Punjab and North West Frontier Province (2 v.) |date=1902 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref> (not to be confused with the various [[Pahari language (disambiguation)|other languages with that name]]) was coined by [[G. A. Grierson]].<ref name="Masica1991">{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| page = 439}}</ref>{{incomprehensible inline|date=November 2025}}

==Classification==
The Pahari languages fall into three groups.

===Eastern Pahari===
*[[Nepali language|Nepali]] is spoken by an estimated 29,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India. It is an official language in Nepal and India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepali|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=nep|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Jumli language|Jumli]] is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the [[Karnali Zone|Karnali]] zone of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumli|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=jml|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Doteli]] is spoken by an estimated 1 million people in [[Sudurpashchim Province|far west Nepal]].

===Central Pahari===
*[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon region]] of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kumaoni|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=kfy|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Dead link|date=November 2023}}
*[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] is spoken by an estimated 2,500,000 people in Uttarakhand. Most of these are Garhwali people from the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] of Uttarakhand.

===Western Pahari===
{{main|Western Pahari}}
*[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]
*[[Bangani]]
*Nuclear Himachali:
**[[Hinduri language|Hinduri]]
**[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]]
**[[Kullu Pahari language|Kullu Pahari]]
**[[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]]
**[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]
*[[Mandeali language|Mandeali]]
*Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali:
**Chamealic:
***[[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]]
***[[Churahi language|Churahi]]
***[[Bhattiyali language|Bhattiyali]]
***[[Bilaspuri language|Bilaspuri]]
***[[Chambeali language|Chambeali]]
***[[Gaddi language|Gaddi]]
***[[Pangwali language|Pangwali]]
**Kangri-Dogri:
***[[Dogri language|Dogri]]
***[[Kangri language|Kangri]]

==Comparison==
[[File:Nepali Language.gif|thumb|Nepali alphabets, transliteration and pronunciation]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|+'''Language Comparison'''
|-
! style="background:#000000;" |  
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Khas-kura (Nepali)
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kumauni
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kashmiri
|-
| style="background:#000000;" |  
| Masc
| Fem
| Masc
| Fem
| Masc
| Fem
|-
| I am
| chhu
| chhu
| chik
| chu
| chus
| ches
|-men zes
| You are
| chhas
| chhes
| chai
| chi
| chukh
| chekh
|-tu zin
| He is
| chha
| chhe
| ch
| chi
| chuh
| cheh
|}

In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ''ach'', as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present ''rcchami'', I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle ''*rcchitas'', gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of ''epenthesis'', or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of [[disaspiration]]. Thus, Khas ''siknu'', Kumauni ''sikno'', but Hindi ''sikhna'', to learn; Kumauni ''yeso'', plural ''yasa'', of this kind.

Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and hence we find no trace of these. But the signs of the influence of north-western languages are, as might be expected, still more apparent than farther east. In some dialects epenthesis is in full swing, as in (Churahi) ''khata'', eating, fern, ''khaiti''. Very interesting is the mixed origin of the [[postposition]]s defining the various cases. Thus, while that of the genitive is generally the Rajasthani ro, that of the dative continually points to the west. Sometimes it is the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] ''khë''. At other times it is ''jo'', where is here a locative of the base of the Sindhi genitive postposition ''jo''. In all Indo-Aryan languages, the [[dative]] postposition is by origin the [[locative]] of some [[genitive]] one. In vocabulary, Western Pahari often employs, for the more common ideas, words which can most readily be connected with the north-western and [[Pisaca languages|Pisaca]] groups.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

==About==
The Himalayas run along Nepal, India and Pakistan. The word 'Pahad' means a 'mountain' in most local languages such as Nepalese, Hindi (Parbat being a synonym) as well as Urdu (Koh being a synonym). Due to its mass prevalence and usage in the Himalayan Region, the language is also known as Himalayan. Like all other languages of the region, the Pahari languages are also from the Indo-European, and in particular Indo-Iranian branch of languages. As mountains have the tendency of isolating communities from change, dialects in the mountains tend to have their own characteristics with some similarity to others mountain dialects while remaining isolated from one another – there does seem to be a [[dialect continuum]]. All of these dialects are commonly referred to as the 'Pahari' languages, and most people from the Himalayan range are known as Paharis.

==References==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Pahari}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225900/http://www.himachaltouristplaces.com/local-pahari-language-spoken-in-himachal/ Himachali Pahari Language]}}

{{Northern Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]

Uropeltis ellioti

2025-12-16T04:01:40Z

Wazid: added stub

{{short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Uropeltis ellioti.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author-link=species:Chelmala Srinivasulu |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |author2-link=species:Bhargavi Srinivasulu |author3=Giri, V. |author3-link=species:Varad B. Giri |author4=Mohapatra, P. |author4-link=species:Pratyush P. Mohapatra |author5=Agarwal, I. |author5-link=species:Ishan Agarwal |date=2013 |title=''Uropeltis ellioti '' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172714A1373317 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172714A1373317.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Uropeltis
| species = ellioti
| authority = ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1858)
| synonyms = *''Siloboura ellioti'' {{small|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1858}}
*''Silybura ellioti'' {{small|— [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864}}
*''Silybura punctata'' {{small|Günther, 1875}}
*''Silybura ellioti'' {{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1893}}
*''Uropeltis ellioti'' {{small|— [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1943}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB>{{EMBL species|genus=Uropeltis|species=ellioti}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}

'''''Uropeltis ellioti''''', [[Common name|commonly]] known as '''Elliot's earth snake''' and '''Elliot's shieldtail''', is a [[species]] of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Uropeltidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to India.

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name or epithet]], ''ellioti'', is in honor of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[Natural History|naturalist]] [[Walter Elliot (Scottish naturalist)|Walter Elliot]].<ref>[[John Edward Gray|Gray JE]] (1858). "On a New Genus and several New Species of Uropeltidæ, in the Collection of the British Museum". ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' '''1858''': 260-265. (''Siloboura ellioti'', new species, p. 262 + figure 1 on p. 261).</ref><ref name=Boulenger/><ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Uropeltis ellioti'', p. 82).</ref>

==Geographic range==
''U. ellioti'' is found in southern [[India]] (Hills of Peninsular India. Western Ghats south of the [[Goa Gap]] to Tinnevelly. Eastern Ghats: Shevaroys, Coimbatore district, South Arcot, Jalarpet, Vizagapatam district, Ganjam).

Type locality of ''Siloboura ellioti'' = "[[Chennai|Madras]]".

Type locality of ''Silybura punctata'' = "Pulney hills, Golcondah hills".

==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]] of ''U. ellioti'' is [[forest]], at altitudes of {{cvt|100|–|1,400|m|ft}}.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021"/>

==Description==
The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] of ''U. ellioti'' is dark brown, either uniform or with yellow dots. There is a yellow stripe on each side of the neck, and a yellow stripe on each side of the tail. The venter is dark brown with small yellow dots, and there is a yellow transverse bar across the vent, which connects the stripes on the sides of the tail.

Adults may attain a total length (including tail) of {{convert|24|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}.

The [[dorsal scales]] are in 19 rows behind the head, in 17 rows at midbody. The [[Ventral scales|ventrals]] number 144–172; and the [[Subcaudal scales|subcaudals]] number 6-10.

The snout is pointed. The [[Rostral scale|rostral]] is about ⅓ the length of the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above longer than its distance from the frontal. The [[Nasal scale|nasals]] are in contact with each other behind the rostral. The eye is very small, less than half the length of the ocular shield. The diameter of the body goes 25 to 32 times in the total length. The ventrals are nearly twice as large as the contiguous scales. The end of the tail is convex or somewhat flattened dorsally. The dorsal scales of the tail have 3 to 6 strong keels. The terminal scute has a transverse ridge and two points.<ref name=Boulenger>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1893). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Uropeltidæ ...'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (''Silybura ellioti'', pp. 154-155).</ref>

==Behavior==
''U. ellioti'' is [[Terrestrial locomotion|terrestrial]] and [[fossorial]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021"/>

==Diet==
''U. ellioti'' [[Predation|preys]] upon [[earthworm]]s.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021"/>

==Reproduction==
''U. ellioti'' is [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]].<ref name=RDB/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*[[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome RH]] (1886). "An Account of the Earth-Snakes of the Peninsula of India and Ceylon". ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fifth Series'' '''17''': 3-33.
*[[John Edward Gray|Gray JE]] (1858). "On a New Genus and several New Species of Uropeltidæ, in the Collection of the British Museum". ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' '''1858''': 260–265.
*Gray JE (1858). "On a New Genus and several New Species of Uropeltidæ, in the Collection of the British Museum". ''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Third Series'' '''2''': 376–381.
*[[Albert Günther|Günther A]] (1864). ''The Reptiles of British India''. London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I–XXVI. (''Silybura elliotti'', pp. 190–191).
*Günther A (1875). "Second Report on Collections of Indian Reptiles obtained by the British Museum". ''Proc. Zool. Soc. London'' '''1875''': 224–234.
*Kannan P, [[species:Subramanian Bhupathy|Bhupathy S]] (1997). "Occurrence of the Elliot's Shieldtail snake (''Uropeltis ellioti'' ) in Anaikatty Hills, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve". ''Cobra'' '''28''': 34–35.
*[[species:Debanik Mukherjee|Mukherjee D]], Bhupathy S (2004). "''Uropeltis ellioti'' in the diet of ''Naja naja'' ". ''Hamadryad'' '''28''' (1 & 2): 109–110.
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Uropeltis ellioti'', pp. 75–76).
{{refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3013414}}

[[Category:Uropeltidae]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1858]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]

Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

2025-12-14T07:12:28Z

Wazid: general adjust layout based on references also and corrected details

{{Short description|Chinese international relations concept}}
{{About|the diplomatic principles between India and China|other uses|Pañcasīla (disambiguation){{!}}Pañcasīla}}

{{Politics of China |expanded = Foreign }}

The '''Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence''' ({{zh|s = 和平共处五项原则|p=Hépíng gòngchǔ wǔ xiàng yuánzé}}) are the official foreign relations principles of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC).

The principles were first mentioned in the [[1954 Sino-Indian Agreement]]. Also known as '''Panchsheel''' ({{langx|hi|पंचशील||five principles}}),<ref name=":5" /> these principles were subsequently adopted in a number of resolutions and statements, including in the preamble to the [[Constitution of China|country's constitution]] in 1978.<ref name=":7" />

== Principles ==
The Five Principles, as stated in the [[1954 Sino-Indian Agreement]], are:<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Colville |first=Alex |date=2024-11-29 |title=Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence |url=https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/five-principles-of-peaceful-coexistence/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=China Media Project |language=en-US}}</ref>
# mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
# mutual non aggression,
# mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
# equality and co-operation for mutual benefit, and
# peaceful co-existence
These principles are a strict interpretation of the [[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian norms]] of state sovereignty.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59">{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |title=China's Rise in the Global South: The Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order |date=2022-01-11 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3009-3 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.11126/stanford/9781503630093.001.0001 |jstor=jj.8305946}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=59}} Since its inclusion in the Five Principles, China has emphasized [[non-interventionism]] as major principle of [[Foreign policy of China|its foreign policy]].<ref name="Meng">{{Cite book |last=Meng |first=Wenting |title=Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9783838219073 |series=Ibidem |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=86}}

== History ==
According to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]] first articulated the concept behind the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence at the [[proclamation of the People's Republic of China]] on 1 October 1949, where he said the new Chinese government would engage with anyone that agreed to "the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and mutual respect for territorial sovereignty".<ref name=":7" />

According to [[V. V. Paranjpe]], an Indian diplomat and expert on China, the principles of Panchsheel were first publicly formulated by [[Zhou Enlai]] — "While receiving the Indian delegation to the Tibetan trade talks on Dec. 31, 1953 [...] he enunciated them as "five principles governing China's relations with foreign countries."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Paranjpe |first=V. V. |author-link=V. V. Paranjpe |date=2004-06-26 |title=Panchsheel: The untold story |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/panchsheel-the-untold-story/story-slr90x4s083wXbl8AqWIKM.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417125620/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/panchsheel-the-untold-story/story-slr90x4s083wXbl8AqWIKM.html |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=2020-11-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Then in a joint statement in Delhi on 18 June 1954,<ref name=":2" /> the principles were emphasized by the Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] in a broadcast speech made at the time of the Asian Prime Ministers Conference in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] just a few days after the signing of the Sino-Indian treaty in Beijing. Nehru went so far as to say: "If these principles were recognized in the mutual relations of all countries, then indeed there would hardly be any conflict and certainly no war."<ref>Nehru, "The Colombo Powers' Peace Efforts", broadcast from Colombo 2 May 1954, ''Jawaharlal Nehru's and Mr Sanju from Poojapura, Speeches'', vol. 3, ''March 1953–August 1957'' (New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1958), p. 253.</ref> It has been suggested that the five principles had partly originated as the five principles of the Indonesian state. In June 1945 [[Sukarno]], the Indonesian nationalist leader, had proclaimed five general principles, or [[pancasila (politics)|pancasila]], on which future institutions were to be founded. Indonesia became independent in 1949.<ref>Henri Grimal, ''Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963'', trans. Stephan de Vos, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1978, pp. 190 and 209-12.</ref>

In 1954, after engaging in similar talks with the Burmese government, the three countries agreed to change the fourth point from "mutual gain" to "mutual benefit". The first point was changed from "mutual respect for territorial sovereignty" to "mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity" in 1955.<ref name=":7" /> The five principles were incorporated in modified form in a statement of '''Ten Principles of Peaceful Coexistence'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bandungspirit.org/spip.php?article99 |title=Bandung Principles - Bandung Spirit |access-date=2022-11-14 |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522130113/https://bandungspirit.org/spip.php?article99 |url-status=live }}</ref> (known as ''[[Bandung Conference#Declaration|Dasasila Bandung]]'') issued in April 1955 at the historic [[Asian-African Conference]] in [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]], which did more than any other meeting to form the idea that post-colonial states had something special to offer the world. "A resolution on peaceful co-existence jointly presented by India, Yugoslavia and Sweden was unanimously adopted in 1957 by the [[United Nations General Assembly]]".<ref>Somnath Ghosh. [https://www.rgics.org/wp-content/uploads/From-Panchsheel-to-RCEP.pdf India's Place in the World: From Panchsheel to RCEP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420025641/http://www.rgics.org/wp-content/uploads/From-Panchsheel-to-RCEP.pdf |date=2023-04-20 }}. [[Rajiv Gandhi Foundation|''Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies'']]. Retrieved on 10 November 2020.</ref> The Five Principles as they had been adopted in Colombo and elsewhere formed the basis of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], established in Belgrade, [[Yugoslavia]] in 1961.<ref name="Mohan">{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=C. Raja |date=7 March 2011 |title=How to intervene |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-to-intervene/758818/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=10 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310063707/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-to-intervene/758818 |url-status=live }}</ref>

China has often emphasized its close association with the Five Principles.<ref name="50anniv">{{Cite news |date=2005-04-08 |title=Backgrounder: Five principles of peaceful coexistence |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhuanet]] |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-04/08/content_2803638.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102202803/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-04/08/content_2803638.htm |archive-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> It had put them forward, as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, at the start of negotiations that took place in [[Delhi]] from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of [[Aksai Chin]] and what China calls [[South Tibet]] and India [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The 28 April 1954 agreement mentioned above was set to last for eight years.<ref>The 8-year provision is in Article 6 of the Agreement.</ref> When it lapsed, relations were already souring, the provision for renewal of the agreement was not taken up, and the [[Sino-Indian War]] broke out between the two sides.

In 1979, when [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], then India's Foreign Minister and future Prime Minister, went to China, the word ''Panchsheel,'' found its way into the conversation during talks with the Chinese.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Trumbull |first=Robert |date=1979-02-18 |title='Panchsheel' Is Revived, But . . . |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/18/archives/more-than-himalayas-still-separate-india-china.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509194646/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/18/archives/more-than-himalayas-still-separate-india-china.html |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=2020-11-10 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On the 50th anniversary of the treaty, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]], said that "a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" should be built.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2004 |title=Build a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |url=http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/ssygd/fiveprinciple/t82103.htm |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Embassy of China in New Delhi}}</ref> Also in 2004, Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] said,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jiabao |first=Wen |date=28 June 2004 |others=Speech by Wen Jiabao Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China At Rally Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence |title=Carrying Forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in the Promotion of Peace and Development |url=http://tr.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t140777.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819123946/http://tr.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t140777.htm |archive-date=2021-08-19 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=tr.china-embassy.org |quote=Enshrined in China's Constitution, the Five Principles have long been held as the cornerstone of China's independent foreign policy of peace.}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=It is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has established and developed diplomatic relations with 165 countries and carried out trade, economic, scientific, technological and cultural exchanges and cooperation with over 200 countries and regions. It is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has, through peace negotiations, resolved the boundary issues with most neighbors and maintained peace and stability in its surrounding areas. And it is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has provided economic and technical aid with no political strings attached [...]}}

[[Deng Xiaoping]] championed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence stating that they should be used as the "guiding norms of international relations".<ref>{{cite book |title=Comparative Development of India & China Economic, Technological, Sectoral & Socio-cultural Insights |date=2020 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=372}}</ref> He emphasized that China should follow the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in managing its foreign relations with countries that were organized according to different political beliefs and social systems.<ref name=":ChineseTheory">{{Cite book |last1=Yue |first1=Cui |title=Chinese International Relations Theory as Emerging From Practice and Policy |date=2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-19769-7 |editor-last=Ping |editor-first=Jonathan H. |edition= |location=New York, NY |chapter=Conceptualizing Peace in China: Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Their Strategic Thinking |doi=10.4324/9780429197697-3 |editor-last2=Hayes |editor-first2=Anna |editor-last3=McCormick |editor-first3=Brett}}</ref>{{Rp|page=49}}

In June 2014, Vice President of India [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] was welcomed by China into the [[Great Hall of the People]] in Beijing for the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the signing Panchsheel Treaty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth |date=2014-06-24 |title=In China's new diplomacy, a revival of 'Panchsheel' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/In-China%E2%80%99s-new-diplomacy-a-revival-of-%E2%80%98Panchsheel%E2%80%99/article11625142.ece |access-date=2020-09-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810175149/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/In-China%E2%80%99s-new-diplomacy-a-revival-of-%E2%80%98Panchsheel%E2%80%99/article11625142.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] said that "China is ready to work with India to seek guidance from the five principles of Panchsheel".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-05 |title=Modi China visit: Xi Jinping hails JL Nehru in meet with PM Modi, says willing to work with India on principles of Panchsheel |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/modi-china-visit-xi-jinping-hails-jl-nehru-in-meet-with-pm-modi-says-willing-to-work-with-india-on-principles-of-panchsheel/841705/ |access-date=2020-11-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509141321/https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/modi-china-visit-xi-jinping-hails-jl-nehru-in-meet-with-pm-modi-says-willing-to-work-with-india-on-principles-of-panchsheel/841705/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other contexts ===

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are Chinese political norms articulated in other contexts as well. In 1982, [[Hu Yaobang]]'s report to the [[12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]] stated, "China adheres to an independent foreign policy and develops relationships with other countries under the guidance of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Huang |first=Yibing |title=An ideological history of the Communist Party of China |date=2020 |others=Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant |isbn=978-1-4878-0425-1 |edition= |volume=3 |location=Montreal, Quebec |pages= |oclc=1165409653}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=206}} According to the view stated by Hu in this report, "China will never be dependent on any big country or group of countries, nor will it yield to the pressure of any big country [...] The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence apply to our relations with all countries, including socialist countries."<ref name=":8" />{{Reference page|page=207}}

These principles are also part of the discourse in [[China–Pakistan relations|China-Pakistan relations]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The New Great Game: China and South and Central Asia in the Era of Reform |date=2020-12-31 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1 |editor-last=Fingar |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Fingar |doi=10.1515/9780804797641}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=133–134}} In a speech to Pakistani parliament in 1999, Chairman of the Standing Committee of China's [[National People's Congress]] [[Li Peng]] stated, "China has all along pursued an independent foreign policy of peace and established and developed relations with other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|page=133}} The principles were codified in the April 2005 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Good Neighborly Relations signed during a visit by Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to Pakistan.<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|page=133}}

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are the fundamental political norms underlying the [[China–Arab States Cooperation Forum|China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CACF)]] and the [[Forum on China–Africa Cooperation|Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)]].<ref name="Murphy 2022 59"/>{{Reference page|page=59}}

Since the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|2011 NATO intervention in Libya]], China has more strongly advocated for the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />{{Reference page|page=60}}

[[China and the United Nations|China's United Nations]] Security Council voting behavior reflects its commitment to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />{{Reference page|page=193}} From 1991 to 2020, the vast majority of China's abstentions and all of its vetoes have occurred on issues that involve territorial integrity, primarily sanctions and the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />{{Reference page|page=193}} In her analysis of China's Security Council voting behavior, Professor Dawn C. Murphy concludes, "These votes directly correspond to China's promotion of the Five Principles, especially the principles of mutual respect for territory and sovereignty and mutual noninterference in the internal affairs of other states."<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />{{Reference page|page=193}}

== Commentary and criticism ==
[[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ambedkar]] said of the treaty in the [[Rajya Sabha]] "I am indeed surprised that our Hon'ble Prime Minister is taking this Panchsheel seriously [...] you must be knowing that Panchsheel is one of the significant parts of the Buddha Dharma. If Shri Mao had even an iota of faith in Panchsheel, he would have treated the Buddhists in his country in a different manner."<ref name=":0">LL Mehrotra (2000). [https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf India’s Tibet Policy: An Appraisal And Options] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005629/https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf |date=2023-04-08 }}. pp 25, 26. Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. Third edition. New Delhi.</ref> In 1958, [[Acharya Kriplani]] had said the Panchsheel was "born in sin" because it was set forth with the destruction of a nation; India had approved of ancient Tibet's destruction.<ref name=":0" />

In 2014, Zhao Gancheng, a Chinese scholar said that on the surface Panchsheel seemed very superficial; but under the [[general secretaryship of Xi Jinping]], it has become relevant again.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, [[Ram Madhav]] wrote a piece in the [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']] titled, "Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception" and said that if India and China decide to move on from the Panchsheel framework, it will benefit both countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Ram |author-link=Ram Madhav |date=2014-06-28 |title=Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/moving-beyond-the-panchsheel-deception/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509151519/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/moving-beyond-the-panchsheel-deception/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== List of documents containing the five principles ==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2021}}

=== China ===

* Preamble to the Constitution of China<ref name=":3" />

=== China and Afghanistan ===

* Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Tzou |first=Byron N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHuybRYYE4YC |title=China and International Law: The Boundary Disputes |date=1990 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-93462-0 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>
* Boundary Treaty, 1963<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Burma ===

* Joint Statement, June 20, 1954<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Boundary Treaty, 1960<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Cambodia ===

* Joint Statement, 1958<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Joint Communique, 1960<ref name=":4" />

=== China and India ===
* India China joint press communique, 23 December 1988<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sino-Indian Joint Press Communique (Beijing, 23 December 1988) |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t15800.shtml |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn |archive-date=2017-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522171450/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t15800.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993]]
* [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993#Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996|Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996]]
* Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation, 2003
* Protocol on Modalities for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures along the Line of Actual Control, 2005
* [[Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question, 2005]]
*China-India Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity, 2005<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2005 |title=China, India to Build Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Apr/125627.htm |access-date=2021-07-02 |website=www.china.org.cn |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182243/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Apr/125627.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* MOU between the Ministry of Defence of India and the Ministry of National Defence of China for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence, 2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of India and the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence (May 28, 2006) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6169/Memorandum_of_Understanding_between_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_India_and_the_Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_C |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=www.mea.gov.in |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421022611/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6169/Memorandum_of_Understanding_between_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_India_and_the_Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_C |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Joint Statement on Building a Closer Developmental Partnership, 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement between the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China on Building a Closer Developmental Partnership (September 19, 2014) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/24022/Joint+Statement+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China+on+Building+a+Closer+Developmental+Partnership |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=www.mea.gov.in |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217223750/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/24022/Joint+Statement+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China+on+Building+a+Closer+Developmental+Partnership |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== China and Nepal ===
* Agreement on the normalisation of diplomatic relations, 1955<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty between the PRC and the Kingdom of Nepal, 1956<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on Economic Assistance to Nepal, 1956<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of peace and friendship, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Boundary Treaty, 1961<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Pakistan ===
* Boundary Agreement, 1963 (Ten principles)<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Good Neighborly Relations, 2005<ref name=":6" />

=== China and Russia ===
* The Declaration of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on the Promotion of International Law, 25 June 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Declaration of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Promotion of International Law |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201608/t20160801_679466.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133458/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201608/t20160801_679466.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]
* [[Bandung Conference#Declaration]] or "Ten Principles of Peaceful Coexistence"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v299.pdf
* (June 2014) ''[http://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/191_panchsheel.pdf Panchsheel]''. External Publicity Division, Ministry Of External Affairs, Government Of India.

{{Non-Aligned Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Five Principles Of Peaceful Coexistence}}
[[Category:Constitution of China]]
[[Category:China–India relations]]
[[Category:Chinese diplomacy]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of India]]
[[Category:Zhou Enlai]]
[[Category:Politics of China]]

Thotapalli Gudur

2025-12-05T16:44:26Z

Wazid: added data

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thotapalli Gudur
| native_name =
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| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.3833|N|80.1000|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| established_title = 
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| elevation_m = 4
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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| mapframe = yes
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'''Thotapalli Gudur''' is a [[village]] in [[Nellore district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|accessdate=2007-03-26
}}</ref>

==Geography==
Totapalli Gudur is located at {{coord|14.3833|N|80.1000|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Totapalleguduru.html Falling Rain Genomics.Totapalligudur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 4 meters (16 feet).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nellore district}}
[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

Gumani railway station

2025-12-05T04:28:03Z

Wazid: minor edit

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{for|the settlement in [[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]] in the [[Northern Region (Ghana)|Northern Region]] of [[Ghana]]|Gumani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Gumani
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Gumani.jpg
| image_caption =
| hangul =
| hanja =
| rr =
| mr =
| address = Gumani, [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|47|57|N|87|48|19|E}}<ref>[http://d.indiarailinfo.com/station/map/gumani-gman/6401 Gumani Railway Station]</ref>
| elevation = 30 m
| line = [[Rampurhat-Malda Town Section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GMAN
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| division = Howrah
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| zone =
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| former = [[East India Railway]]
| passengers =
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}}

'''Gumani railway station''' is a railway station on the [[Rampurhat-Malda Town Section|Rampurhat-Malda Town section]] , located in the town of Gumani in [[Sahebganj district]] of Jharkhand. This station is under construction and soon will be developed.{{when|date=January 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sahibganj loop stations|Gumani|Barharwa Junction|Kotalpokhar|45|0|3}}

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sahibganj district]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]

{{Jharkhand-railstation-stub}}

2012–13 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2025-11-27T15:30:12Z

Wazid: started initial article basic info - done

{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2012/13 <ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011 'NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2012-13']</ref>
|image=
|caption=
|date=29th September – 2nd October 2012
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India B
|player of series=
|team1=India A
|team2=India B
|team3=[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Subramaniam Badrinath]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Wriddhiman Saha]]
|runs1= [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (312)
|runs2= [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (361)
|runs3= [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (181)
|wickets1= [[Ishant Sharma]] (4) [[Pragyan Ojha]] (4) [[Parvinder Awana]] (4)
|wickets2= [[Munaf Patel]] (4) [[Stuart Binny]] (4) [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (4)
|wickets3= [[Sandipan Das]] (5)
|previous= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2011-12|2011–12]]
|next= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2013-14|2013–14]]
}}

The 18th [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] was a domestic cricket tournament that was held in [[Rajkot]] from 29 September to 2 October 2012. The series involved the domestic teams from India which were India A, India B, and [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]. The tournament was won by India B who defeated India A by 139 runs.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/india-a-vs-india-b-final-574140/full-scorecard 'NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2012-13 Final']</ref>

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India A <ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/india-a-squad-581661/series-squads 'India A squad']</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India B <ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/india-b-squad-581663/series-squads 'India B squad']</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Bengal <ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/bengal-squad-583263/series-squads 'Bengal squad']</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Parvinder Awana]]
* [[Udit Birla]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Iqbal Abdulla]]
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Abhimanyu Mithun]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Manish Pandey]]
* [[Harshal Patel]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Robin Uthappa]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
|
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Srikkanth Anirudha]]
* [[Baba Aparajith]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Robin Bist]]
* [[Harmeet Singh Baddhan|Harmeet Singh]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Kedar Jadhav]]
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
* [[Rohit Motwani]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Sandeep Sharma]]
|
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]] & [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Jayojit Basu]]
* [[Subhomoy Das]]
* [[Debabrata Das]]
* [[Shreevats Goswami]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sayan Mondal]]
* [[Arnab Nandi]]
* [[Writam Porel]]
* [[Veer Pratap Singh]]
* [[Ravikant Singh]]
* [[Sandipan Das]]
* [[Sourav Sarkar]]
* [[Iresh Saxena]]
* [[Alok Sharma]]
* [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]]
|}

==Matches==
===Group stage===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/points-table-standings 'Points Table']
|winpoints=4
|nrpoints=2
|show_tie=no
|showteam=

|team1=India A|team2=India B
|team3=Bengal

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India A=2 |loss_India A=0 |nr_India A=0 |nrr_India A=+0.8400
|win_India B=1 |loss_India B=1 |nr_India B=0 |nrr_India B=+0.170
|win_Bengal=0 |loss_Bengal=2 |nr_Bengal=0 |nrr_Bengal=-1.000

|name_India A={{flagicon|IND}} '''India A'''
|name_India B={{flagicon|IND}} '''India B'''
|name_Bengal={{flagicon|IND}} '''Bengal'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 29 September 2012
| team1 = Bengal {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 193 (41.1 overs)
| score2 = 196/2 (37.2 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 65 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 4/29 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 99* (112)
| wickets2 = [[Sourav Sarkar]] 1/33 (7 overs)
| result = India A won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/bengal-vs-india-a-574137/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (IND) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (IND)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (India A)
| rain =
| notes = Points: India A 4, Bengal 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 30 September 2012
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 335/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 331/5 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India B
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 152 (139)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 2/83 (11 overs)
| runs2 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 158* (126)
| wickets2 = [[Parvinder Awana]] 3/69 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 4 runs.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/india-a-vs-india-b-574138/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (IND) and [[Sudhir Asnani]] (IND)
| motm = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (India B)
| rain =
| notes = Points: India A 4, India B 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 1 October 2012
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 328/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 307 (49.4 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Bengal
| runs1 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 124* (130)
| wickets1 = [[Sandipan Das]] 5/51 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 116 (93)
| wickets2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/39 (11 overs)
| result = India B won by 21 runs.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/bengal-vs-india-b-574139/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (IND) and [[Sudhir Asnani]] (IND)
| motm = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (India B)
| rain =
| notes = Points: India B 4, Bengal 0
}}

===Final===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 October 2012
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 356/3 (50 overs)
| score2 = 217 (42.1 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 155 (121)
| wickets1 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 1/64 (12 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 64 (88)
| wickets2 = [[Stuart Binny]] 3/26 (6.1 overs)
| result = India B won by 139 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2012-13-574011/india-a-vs-india-b-final-574140/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (IND) and [[Sudhir Asnani]] (IND)
| motm = [[Murali Vijay]] (India B)
| rain =
| notes = India B won the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2012-13.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2012-13}}
[[Category:2012 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2012–13]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Rewben Mashangva

2025-11-06T02:53:03Z

Wazid: adjust structure per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Indian folk musician (born 1961)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rewben Mashangva
| image = Rewben Mashangva at Bangalore Literature Festival, 2016.jpg
| landscape = 
| alt = Closeup of Rewben Mashangva at Bangalore Literature Festival, 2016
| caption = Closeup of Rewben Mashangva at Bangalore Literature Festival, 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|6|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ukhrul]], [[Manipur]], India
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]]
| occupation = Hao music exponent
| instrument = Guitar, flute, folk fiddle, harmonica
| years_active = 1985–present
| website = rewben.com
}}

'''Rewben Mashangva''', also '''Guru Rewben Mashangva''' (born 21 June 1961),<ref>{{cite news|title=Noble endeavour to bring back folk music glory|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=98819&dtP=2012-04-03&ppr=1|access-date=5 April 2012|newspaper=The Sentinel|date=2 December 2009}}</ref> is a [[folk music|folk]] musician and singer from [[Manipur]], India.<ref>{{cite news|title=When folk meets Western – Youngsters listen to masters create music at Shilpgram festival|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111203/jsp/northeast/story_14832074.jsp#.T33MmqstjHU|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203121110/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111203/jsp/northeast/story_14832074.jsp%23.T33MmqstjHU|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=5 April 2012|date=3 December 2011|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> He is known for reviving musical tradition of the [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] of Manipur, and use of traditional musical instruments in his songs.<ref name=sentinel1>{{cite news|title=Naga musician reviving dying folk music|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/nationalmain.php?sec=2&subsec=3&ppr=1&dtP=2009-10-05|access-date=5 April 2012|newspaper=The Sentinel|date=4 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202022545/http://www.sentinelassam.com/nationalmain.php?sec=2&subsec=3&ppr=1&dtP=2009-10-05|archive-date=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=tribute>{{cite news|title=North East tribute to Hazarika in Delhi on February 18|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/guwahati/31062372_1_bhupen-hazarika-musical-evening-singers|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084619/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/guwahati/31062372_1_bhupen-hazarika-musical-evening-singers|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=5 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 February 2012}}</ref> Influenced by musicians such as [[Bob Dylan]] and [[Bob Marley]], Rewben Mashangva has created many [[Naga people#Folk song and dance|Naga tribal folk songs]] based on [[blues]] and [[ballad]] rhythms.<ref name=sentinel1 /> He is known by different names including, 'Bob Dylan of the Nagas' and<ref>{{cite news|title=Naga tribes stress unity at harvest fest|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050216/asp/northeast/story_4382309.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203121705/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050216/asp/northeast/story_4382309.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=5 April 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=26 February 2005|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> 'King of Naga folk blues',<ref name=sentinel1 /><ref>{{cite news|title=End of a musical journey – Rewben to make melody in final episode of Dewarists|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111217/jsp/northeast/story_14890578.jsp#.T33MlKstjHU|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203132940/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111217/jsp/northeast/story_14890578.jsp%23.T33MlKstjHU|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=5 April 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=17 December 2011|location=Calcutta, India|first=Dipanjan|last=Sinha}}</ref> plus 'Father of Naga folk blues'.<ref>{{cite web|title='The father of Naga folk blues' wins Northeast Excellence Award for 2009|url=http://siroy.info/articlepage.aspx?article=js38Xa1ejgG6JDaErmhcDg==|publisher=Siroy.info|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824030745/http://siroy.info/articlepage.aspx?article=js38Xa1ejgG6JDaErmhcDg==|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|title=Town in India Rocks (No Use to Wonder Why, Babe)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/23/arts/music/23dylan.html?pagewanted=print|access-date=7 April 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 June 2008}}</ref> He received the National Tribal Award 2011–12, for his contribution to the development of tribal music from the [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Manipur's Guru Rewben Mashangva and Mary Kom receive National Tribal Award in New Delhi|url=http://tntmagazine.in/news/manipurs-guru-rewben-mashangva-and-mary-kom-receive-national-tribal-award-in-new-delhi/|access-date=5 April 2012|newspaper=North East Today|date=25 March 2012}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 2021, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his rich contribution to art.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2021AwardeesList.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2021 |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>

Mashangva was featured in the first season of ''[[The Dewarists]]'', along with [[The Raghu Dixit Project]].<ref>[https://www.oknortheast.com/2012/10/guru-rewben-mashangva-and-raghu-dixit.html 'The King of Naga Folk Blues' Guru Rewben Mashangva and The Raghu Dixit Project Shine Bright on 'The Dewarists’ song 'Masti Ki Basti'] ''OK North East''</ref>

== Acting ==
In 2023, Rewben made his acting debut in the Manipuri film ''[[Joseph's Son|Joseph’s Son]]'', which had its world premiere at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2023 |title=Manipuri film 'Joseph ki Macha' to premiere at Shanghai International Film Festival |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipuri-film-joseph-ki-macha-to-premiere-at-shanghai-international-film-festival/articleshow/100884844.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2023 |title=India's lone entry Haobam Paban Kumar's 'Joseph's Son' to world premiere at Shanghai film festival |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/indias-lone-entry-haobam-paban-kumars-josephs-son-to-world-premiere-at-shanghai-film-festival/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=Ukhrul Times}}</ref> He received the Jury Award for his portrayal of Joseph in the film at the [[1st North East India Film Festival, Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2024 |title=Five-day North East India Film Festival concludes in Manipur |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/five-day-north-east-india-film-festival-concludes-manipur-280029 |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=Sakshi Post}}</ref> He also won the Best Music award for the film at the 1st [[Guwahati Asian Film Festival]] 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2025 |title=Assamese film 'Before Spring', Manipur's 'Joseph's Son' clinch top awards at Guwahati Asian Film Festival |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assamese-film-before-spring-manipurs-josephs-son-clinch-top-awards-at-guwahati-asian-film-festival-1168685-2025-02-10 |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=India Today NE}}</ref> At the 16th Manipur State Film Awards, he was honored with the Best Lyrics award.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2025 |title=Mareibak Ningba Herachandra adjudged best film |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/4/9/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-9-Mareibak-Ningba-Herachandra-has-been-declared-the-best-film-at-the-16th.html |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref>

Rewben's performance as Joseph in film was recognized by ''Screen Echoes Manipur'' as one of the Best Eight Performances in Manipuri Cinema of the Last Decade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manipur |first=Screen Echoes |date=21 June 2025 |title=Best 8 Performances In Manipuri Cinema In The Last Decade |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Best_8_Performances_in_Manipuri_Cinema_in_the_last_Decade |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=E-Pao}}</ref>

==Discography==
* ''Tantivy'' (1999)
* ''Creation'' (2006)
* ''Our Story'' (2012)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mashangva, Rewben}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Ukhrul district]]
[[Category:Country blues musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian folk musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian folk musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:21st-century Naga singers]]

Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane

2025-10-15T04:03:54Z

Wazid:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician & Social Activist
| predecessor = [[Ranjit Kamble]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children = Gauresh Bakane
| parents = Bhauraoji Ramkrishan Bakane
}}
'''Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He is a [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane with 90319 defeats INC's Ranjit Prataprao Kamble |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/deoli-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638149-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoli Election Result 2024 LIVE: Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/deoli-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9129989.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Deoli Election Result: BJP’s Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane Defeats Incumbent MLA Ranjit Kamble">{{cite news|last1=TimelineDaily|title=Deoli Election Result: BJP’s Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane Defeats Incumbent MLA Ranjit Kamble|url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/deoli-election-result-bjp-s-rajesh-bhaurao-bakane-defeats-incumbent-mla-ranjit-kamble|accessdate=5 December 2024|date=23 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205092208/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/deoli-election-result-bjp-s-rajesh-bhaurao-bakane-defeats-incumbent-mla-ranjit-kamble|archivedate=5 December 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Deoli">{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Deoli|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1345.htm|accessdate=5 December 2024|date=23 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205092025/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1345.htm|archivedate=5 December 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==

Rajesh Bakane is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.
== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakane, Rajesh Bhaurao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Garh Jungle

2025-10-14T13:39:23Z

Wazid: Added Some Post From Scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Garh Jungle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Ashram of Medhas Muni Shri Shri Garh Chandi Dham
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal# India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6061|N|87.4296|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Garh Jungle''' is an important place in [[Hindu]] mythology, especially [[Shakta]]. It is located in the [[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] of the [[Durgapur subdivision]] in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] of [[West Bengal]].

Ashram of Medhas Muni was established here.<ref name="m.holidayiq.com">{{Cite web |url=http://m.holidayiq.com/Garh-Jungle-Durgapur-Sightseeing-1238-17113.html |title=Garh Jungle Religious Place in Durgapur - Reviews, Photos, History | HolidayIQ |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075501/http://m.holidayiq.com/Garh-Jungle-Durgapur-Sightseeing-1238-17113.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/purulia-birbhum-bankura/%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A0-1.207247|title=দুই সাহেবই গড়েছিলেন নীলকুঠি - Anandabazar|last=মুখোপাধ্যায়|first=অরুণ|website=www.anandabazar.com|access-date=2017-12-15|language=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sonatonvabona.blogspot.in/2014/06/blog-post_3.html?m=1|title=বাঙ্গালীর দুর্গোৎসবের ইতিহাস|access-date=2017-12-15|website=www.sonatonvabona.blogspot.in|language=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.kolkata24x7.com/blog/durga-by-indira-mukhopadhyay-pujo-2017/?amp_markup=1|title=জয়ং দেহি!|website=magazine.kolkata24x7.com|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091046/https://magazine.kolkata24x7.com/blog/durga-by-indira-mukhopadhyay-pujo-2017/?amp_markup=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="letsseeindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.letsseeindia.com/tourist-places/Garh-Jungle-place/2129|title=Garh Jungle - Dharma Garh - Durgapur - Bengal Tourism - West Bengal Tourism|website=www.letsseeindia.com|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223101923/http://www.letsseeindia.com/tourist-places/Garh-Jungle-place/2129|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=550| height=400| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|33|20|N|87|19|20|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern and eastern portions of Durgapur subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, R: rural centre, A: airport, B: barrage, H: historical site Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|23|31|34|N|87|22|24|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Arra| numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Arra, Paschim Bardhaman|Arra]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|30|32|N|87|23|40|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gopalpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Gopalpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Gopalpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|30|4|N|87|21|48|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bamunara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bamunara, Paschim Bardhaman|Bamunara]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|27|58|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Amlajora| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Amlajora]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|27|40|N|87|27|45|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kanksa| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Kanksa]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|27|22|N|87|27|14|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Debipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Debipur, India|Debipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|26|57|N|87|26|52|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Prayagpur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Prayagpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|18|N|87|12|28|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Siduli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Siduli]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|38|30|N|87|13|31|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Khandra| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Khandra]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|14|34|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ukhra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Ukhra]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|37|44|N|87|13|10|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Mahira| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Mahira]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|11|N|87|13|1|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Dakshin Khanda| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Dakshin Khanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|36|51|N|87|8|51|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Kajora| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kajora]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|16|N|87|10|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Harishpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Harishpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|35|55|N|87|9|47|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Palashban| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=Palashban (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|35|24|N|87|11|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Dignala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Dignala]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|6|N|87|11|7|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Andal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|34|40|N|87|10|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Baska| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Baska, Andal|Baska]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|33|54|N|87|17|38|E}} | label-pos19=right|label-color19=#800000| label19=Durgapur | numbered19=MC| mark-title19=[[Durgapur]] (MC)|shape-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|27|7|N|87|28|6|E}} | label-pos20=right| label20= Panagarh | numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Panagarh]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|28|41|N|87|23|34|E}} | label-pos21=left| label21= Rajbandh | numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Rajbandh]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|38|54|N|87|9|41|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=ECL Kajora|labela22= Area Office | numbered22=0| mark-title22=[[Kajora Area|ECL Kajora Area Office]] (A)| shape-color22=#AA6666| label-size22=13|
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.619389|87.244333}}| label23= Kazi Nazrul|labela23= Islam Airport| label-color23 = #C42222 | label-angle23=0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=12|numbered23= A| mark-title23 = [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]]| shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.474444|87.4275}}| label24= Panagarh Airport| label-color24 = #C42222 | label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=12| numbered24=A|mark-title24 =[[Panagarh Airport]]| shape-color24=#C42222
|mark-coord25={{coord|23.4754|87.3023}}| label25= Durgapur|labela25= Barrage| label-color25 = #C42222 | label-angle25=0| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=12| numbered25=B|mark-title25 =[[Durgapur Barrage]]| shape-color25=#C42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.5648|87.2367}}| label26= Durgapur|labela26= Steel |labelb26 =Plant| label-color26 = #C42222 | label-angle26=0| label-pos26=bottom| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.5386|87.2693}}| label27= Alloy|labela27= Steels |labelb27 =Plant| label-color27 = #C42222 | label-angle27=0| label-pos27=bottom| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.5186|87.2983}}| label28= Durgapur|labela28= Projects |labelb28 =Limited| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=bottom| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.6374|87.4243}}| label29=Ajay River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=47| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.4984|87.2623}}| label30=Damodar River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=40| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|36|29|N|87|27|13|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31=Gourangapur| numbered31=H| mark-title31= [[Gourangapur]] (H)| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|36|0|N|87|29|19|E}} | label-pos32=left| label32= Bankati | numbered32=R| mark-title32=[[Bankati, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color32=#C42222
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|33|51|N|87|24|6|E}} | label-pos33=left| label33= Malandighi | numbered33=R| mark-title33=[[Malandighi]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|37|43|N|87|24|28|E}} | label-pos34=left| label34= Sibpur | numbered34=R| mark-title34=[[Sibpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|36|22|N|87|25|46|E}} | label-pos35=left| label35= Garh Jungle | numbered35=H| mark-title35=Garh Jungle (H)|shape-color35=black| label-size35=13|label-color35=black }}

== Historical significance ==
According to Sri Sri [[Chandi]], [[Surath|King Surath]] meet to boisya samadhi at Ashram of Medhas. This Ashram was established in Garh Jungle.<ref name="m.holidayiq.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g644044-d2649236-Reviews-Garh_Jungle-Durgapur_Bardhaman_District_West_Bengal.html|title=Garh Jungle (Durgapur) - All You Need to Know Before You Go (with Photos) - TripAdvisor|website=www.tripadvisor.in}}</ref> King [[Surath]] and Boisya Samadhi learned [[Devi Mahatmya]] from Medhas in this place. [[Surath]] organized a durgapuja here in spring time. According to Shri Shri [[Chandi]] and [[Markandeya Purana]] this [[durgapuja]], which was organized in Garh Jungle,<ref name="letsseeindia.com"/> was first Durgapuja of world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://103.16.74.132/star-weekend/spotlight/medhashmunir-ashram-sacred-haven-161191|title=Medhashmunir Ashram - A Sacred Haven|date=2015-10-23|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050737/http://103.16.74.132/star-weekend/spotlight/medhashmunir-ashram-sacred-haven-161191|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Temples ==
[[Surath]] established Tridebi's(ত্রিদেবী) temple in this jungle area, i.e. Temple of Mahakali, Mahasaraswati and Mahalakshmi. Now, along with them Ashram of Medhas Muni, a Temple of Mahakal Bhairab(মহাকাল ভৈরব) is also there.

There were 16 temples and only two are present: Shyamarupa Mandir and Shib Mandir.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Lacrosse in India

2025-10-14T01:29:58Z

Wazid: made new details w/ sources...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox sport overview
| title = Lacrosse in India
| image = Hopkins lax.jpg
| caption =
| union = Lacrosse Association of India
| country = India
| sport = Lacrosse
| noncountry =
| nickname =
| first = 1800s
| registered =
| clubs =


| national_list =
| club_list =
| intl_list =

| Name =

| match =
| league =

| fan_org =
}}

'''Lacrosse''' is a sport that has a long history in India, though it has not spread widely. The sport was initially introduced in the country by British soldiers in the 1800s. It then spread to other parts of the country, including [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Kashmir, India|Kashmir]]. The first All India Lacrosse Championship was held in [[Amritsar]] in the year 1936.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover India’s Growing Lacrosse Scene |url=https://lacrossee.com/discover-indias-growing-lacrosse-scene/?_unique_id=646071daebcb6 |website=lacrosee |archive-url=https://medium.com/@lacrossee/discover-indias-growing-lacrosse-scene-8109c5b006dc |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After that, it lost popularity to sports like hockey. Developmental activities like workshops and awareness programmes have been organised since 2018. There has been an increase in interest in Lacrosse in India since the sport was included in the Summer Olympics. Lacrosse gear is currently being imported, efforts are on to try to manufacture the equipment in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Rutvick |title=Cricket and squash aside, LA28 debutants vying to be noticed in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/cricket-and-squash-aside-la28-debutants-vying-to-be-noticed-in-india-101700842939401.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=24 November 2023}}</ref> It is now being played in schools in [[Shillong]], Meghalaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=SGADF |url=https://sgadf.com/games/moredetails/lacrosse-66896 |website=sgadf.com |access-date=16 June 2024 |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> The sport is administered by the Lacrosse Association of India, which was granted associate membership of [[World Lacrosse]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lacrosse Association of India |url=https://worldlacrosse.sport/world-lacrosse-members/lacrosse-association-of-india/ |website=World Lacrosse |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India, Indonesia and Vietnam Named World Lacrosse Provisional Members |url=https://www.usalacrosse.com/magazine/india-indonesia-and-vietnam-named-world-lacrosse-provisional-members |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=USA Lacrosse |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sport in India}}
{{Lacrosse topics}}

[[Category:Lacrosse by country]]
[[Category:Sport in India by sport]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Day's round herring

2025-10-02T11:44:34Z

Wazid: Added Initial Data W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Day's round herring
| image = Spratelloides malabaricus Achilles 161.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Dayella
| parent_authority = [[Purnesh Kumar Talwar|Talwar]] & [[Peter James Palmer Whitehead|Whitehead]], 1972
| species = malabarica
| authority = ([[Francis Day|F. Day]], 1873)
| display_parents = 5
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Mohd Arshaad, W.|author2= Munroe, T.A.|author3= Gaughan, D.|author4= Raghavan, R. |author5= Ali, A. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2017 |title= ''Dayella malabarica'' |article-number= e.T172314A60601652 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T172314A60601652.en|access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Spratelloides malabaricus''
}}
The '''Day's round herring''' ('''''Dayella malabarica''''') is a relative of the [[herring]] that is endemic to southwestern [[India]]. It is the only species in its genus. It is named after [[Francis Day]] who described the species in 1873.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{FishBase |genus= Dayella|species= malabarica| month = June| year = 2011}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2691270}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:herring, round, Day's}}
[[Category:Ehiravidae|Day's round herring]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of South India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1873|Day's round herring]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Francis Day|Day's round herring]]

{{Clupeiformes-stub}}

Madhava Perumal temple, Mylapore

2025-08-23T05:21:26Z

Wazid:

{{Short description|Vishnu temple in Chennai}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Madhava Perumal temple
| image = Madhavaperumal temple1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|13|2|16|N|80|16|17|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| location = [[Mylapore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Madhava Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
Amirtavalli ([[Lakshmi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Madhava Perumal Temple''' is dedicated to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Vishnu]], located in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], dedicated to [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Madhava Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Amirtavalli. The temple is believed to be the birthplace of [[Peyazhwar|Peyalvar]], one of the first three of the twelve [[azhwar|Alvar]] saints of the 6th-9th century CE.

The temple is open from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m and has six daily rituals at various times of the day. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
In [[Hindu mythology]], during the [[Samudra Manthana|churning of the ocean of milk]], Vishnu is believed to have instructed his consort Lakshmi to reach the hermitage of Sage [[Bhrigu]]. The sage was engaged in a penance to gain a daughter, and accepted the girl Lakshmi. The presiding deity, Madhava Perumal, is believed to have married goddess Amritavalli, the daughter of sage Bhrigu, and thus gained the epithet 'Kalyana Perumal' (The great wedding deity).<ref name=Biswas/>

The temple is believed to be the birthplace of [[Peyazhwar|Peyalvar]], one of the first three of the twelve [[azhwar|Alvar]] saints of the 6th-9th century CE. The renowned Alvar was believed to have come to earth from the {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}} well called Manikairavam inside the temple premises.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Float festival at Madhava Perumal Temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/float-festival-at-madhava-perumal-temple/article1494084.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=12 August 2015|last=Lalithasai}}</ref> In the contemporary period, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=244|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==The temple==
The temple is built in [[Dravidian architecture]] and has two precincts. It is located in [[Mylapore]], a suburb in [[Chennai]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple has a rectangular plan surrounded by {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} high walls, pierced by a 5-tier ''[[gopuram]]'', the gateway tower. The presiding deity is housed in the sanctum and is an image made of granite. The deity is seen in seated posture with images of [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] and [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumidevi]] on either side. There is a small shrine for [[Varaha]], an avatar of Vishnu, located behind the central shrine.<ref name=Biswas>{{cite book|title=India the Land of Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKQOBQAAQBAJ&dq=madhava+perumal&pg=PA277|pages=277–8|publisher=PartridgeIndia|year=2014|isbn=9781482836554|last=Biswas|first=Subhash C.}}</ref> The shrine of [[Garuda]] facing Madhava Perumal, the divine-eagle mount ([[vahana]]) of Vishnu, is located axial to the central shrine. The central shrine is approached through a worship hall and a narrow ardha [[mandapam]]. The [[Dhwaja Stambha|flagpost]] is located behind the shrine of Garuda, axial to the central shrine and the gateway tower. There are images of Alvars in the worship hall on both sides and the shrine of Amritavalli is located on the western side of the temple in the second precinct.

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Madhavaperumal temple 2.jpg|200x200px|left|thumb|Image of the gateway tower, the [[gopuram]] ]]
The temple is open from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] community. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Kudamadukoothan and his consort Amirtavalli. During the worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.

During the Magam day of the Tamil month ''Maasi'', the [[utsavar|festival deity]] of Madhava Perumal is taken in a float in temple tank.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Thiruther at Madhava Perumal temple today|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/thiruther-at-madhava-perumal-temple-today/article7214897.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 May 2015|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> During the subsequent days, the festival deities of [[Peyazhwar|Peyalvar]] is taken in the float. The festival is one of the major festivals of the temple, which was not celebrated for a decade before 2011. It is believed that all the rivers converge in the tank during the auspicious day.<ref name=Hindu/> The annual festival, Brahmostavam, of the temple is celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Chittirai'' (March - April).<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1|editor=S. Muthiah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&dq=madhava+perumal&pg=PA104|page=112|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|year=2008|isbn=9788183794688}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}

[[Category:Perumal temples in Chennai district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Lucknow–Chandigarh Express

2025-07-22T16:44:35Z

Wazid:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lucknow-Chandigarh Superfast Express
| image= Lucknow Chandigarh Express.JPG
| caption = Lucknow -Chandigarh Express train board.
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]] & [[Chandigarh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}} (LKO)
| stops = 15
| end = {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}} (CDG)
| distance = {{convert|666|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 30 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 14217/14218 [[Unchahar Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12231 / 12232
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12231 / 12232 '''Lucknow–Chandigarh Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]] zone that runs between {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}} and {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}} in India.

It operates as train number 12231 from Lucknow Charbagh to Chandigarh and as train number 12232 in the reverse direction.

==Coaches==

The 12231/32 Lucknow Charbagh–Chandigarh Express presently has 2 AC 2 tier, 3 AC 3 tier, 6 Sleeper class, 6 Second Class seating & 2 SLR (seating cum luggage [[rake (train)|rake]]) coaches.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 12231/32 Lucknow Charbagh–Chandigarh Express covers the distance of 666.8 kilometres in 11 hours 30 mins as 12231 Lucknow–Chandigarh Express (58.00 km/h) and in 11 hrs 45 mins as 12232 Chandigarh–Lucknow Express (56.77 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above 55 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.
[[File:Lucknow Chandigarh Express - AC 2 tier coach.JPG|thumb|Lucknow–Chandigarh Express – AC 2 tier coach]]
[[File:Lucknow Chandigarh Express - SLR coach.JPG|thumb|Lucknow–Chandigarh Express – SLR coach]]

==Routeing==

The 12231/32 Lucknow Charbagh–Chandigarh Express runs via {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}, {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharanpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}} to Chandigarh.

==Traction==

As the entire route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive for its entire journey.

==Timetable==

*12231 Lucknow Charbagh–Chandigarh Express leaves Lucknow on a daily basis at 22:30 hrs IST and reaches Chandigarh at 10:00 hrs IST the next day.
*12232 Chandigarh–Lucknow Charbagh Express leaves Chandigarh on a daily basis at 20:50 hrs IST and reaches Lucknow at 08:35 hrs IST the next day.

== See also ==

* {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}}
* [[Lucknow Junction–Chandigarh Express]]

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |access-date=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|access-date=2014-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=2014-05-30}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/railway-timetable/trains-from-lucknow-nr-to-chandigarh.html|title=Trains from Lucknow Nr to Chandigarh – Railway Time Table|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Lucknow-Chandigarh-express|title=Lucknow Chandigarh express: Latest News, Videos, Photos | Times of India|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/info_arrv.htm|title=Official Website of Chandigarh Administration|publisher=chandigarh.gov.in|access-date=2014-05-30}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknow Charbagh-Chandigarh SuperFast Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]

Simdega College

2025-07-04T23:36:26Z

Wazid: add information based on references per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Simdega College
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| established = 1960
| founder =
| type = Government College
| motto =
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng =
| city = [[Simdega]]
| principal = Mr. Deoraj Prasad
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 23
| administrative_staff = 34
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 835223
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6018433|84.4943801|display=Inline}}
| campus = [[Rural]]
| affiliations = [[Ranchi University]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = https://simdegacollege.ac.in/
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Simdega College''', established in 1960, is a general degree college in [[Simdega]], [[Jharkhand]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. Simdega College is a constituent unit of [[Ranchi University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Ranchi University | url=http://ranchiuniversity.ac.in/2014-03-31-05-30-13/colleges.html}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Ranchi University]]
*[[Simdega]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://simdegacollege.ac.in/
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Simdega+College+Simdega/@22.6018433,84.4943801,329m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x398a9c6967fa6313:0x9b4dfae68857f6b3!8m2!3d22.6018384!4d84.4954741|title= Simdega College}}

{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

{{Ranchi University}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Ranchi University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1960]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Bihar]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

Asokan Charuvil

2025-05-27T00:54:18Z

Wazid: started first details w/ refs

{{short description|Indian short story writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Asokan Charuvil
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Asokan charuvil at Kollam 2024 2.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = At the [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham|Pukasa]] conference, [[Quilon]], 2010
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|05|18}}<ref name="Profile1"/>
| birth_place = [[Kattoor, Thrissur|Kattoor]], [[Thrissur]]<ref name="Profile1"/>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Short story writer
| language =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Sree Narayana College, Nattika]]
| period =
| genre = [[Short story]]
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Muttathu Varkey Award]] [[Vayalar Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Asokan Charuvil''' is an Indian short story writer in [[Malayalam]]-language. He is a recipient of several awards including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] and [[Muttathu Varkey Award]].<ref name=dcbooks>{{cite web|title=അശോകൻ ചരുവിലിന് മുട്ടത്തു വർക്കി പുരസ്കാരം|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/muttathu-varkey-award-to-asokan-charuvil.html|publisher=[[DC Books]]|accessdate=5 July 2014|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140705140632/http://www.dcbooks.com/muttathu-varkey-award-to-asokan-charuvil.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Born in 1957 in Kattoor in [[Trichur district]] of Kerala, he completed his education from [[Karalam]] High School, [[Sree Narayana College, Nattika|SN College, Nattika]] and SN Teachers Education Institution, [[Irinjalakuda]].<ref>[https://www.chinthapublishers.com/ml/author/ashokan-charuvil-736 "അശോകന്‍ ചരുവില്‍"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413080633/https://www.chinthapublishers.com/ml/author/ashokan-charuvil-736 |date=2021-04-13 }}. Chintha Publishers. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</ref> He was an officer in the registration department and was a member of the Kerala Public Service Commission.<ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2020/speakers/asokan-charuvilasokan-charuvil-mbifl-2020-1.4442569 "MBIFL20: Asokan Charuvil"]. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</ref> From 2018, he is the general secretary of [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shaji-n-karun-is-pukasa-president/article24672501.ece "Shaji N. Karun is Pukasa president"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</ref>
[[File:Asokan charuvil at Kollam 2024.ogg|thumb|Vayalar award winner Asokan Charuvil speaks in a meeting at Kollam Oct 2024]]
==List of works==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
* ''Sooryakanthikalude Nagaram'' (1987)
* ''Parichitha Gandhangal'' (1993)
* ''Oru Rathrikku Oru Pakal'' (1996)
* ''Marichavarude Kadal''
* ''Kathakalile Veedu''
* ''Daivaviswasathe Kurichu Oru Lakhu Upanyasam''
* ''Chimney Velichathil Prakasikkunna Lokam''
* ''Kangaroo Nrutham''
* ''Asokan Charuvilinte Kathakal''
* ''Clerkumarude Jeevitham''
* ''Kattoor Kadavile Kroorakrithyam''
* ''Chathuravum Sthreekalum''
* ''Jalajeevitham''
* ''Thiranjedutha Kathakal''
* ''Kadalkkarayile Veedu''
* ''Amazon''
* ''Kalppanikkaran''
* ''Karappan''
[[File:Asokan charuvil Signing his novel for readers in a meeting.jpg|thumb|Asokan charuvil Signing his novel for readers in a meeting at kollam]]
==Awards==
* 1986: [[Cherukad Award]]<ref name=dcbooks/>
* 1993: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] - ''Parichitha Gandhangal''<ref name="Profile1">{{Cite book |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |page=223 |isbn=9788126008735 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC|last1=Dutt |first1=Kartik Chandra |year=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>
* 1995: [[Edasseri Award]] – ''Oru Rathrikku Oru Pakal''<ref name=dcbooks/>
* 1998: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] – ''Oru Rathrikku Oru Pakal''<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Stories.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story |date= |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>
* 2010: [[Padmarajan Award]] – ''Amazon''<ref>[http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Padmarajan-Award-for-Short-Story-and-Cinema-2010 "Padmarajan Award for Short Story and Cinema 2010"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815011137/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Padmarajan-Award-for-Short-Story-and-Cinema-2010 |date=2018-08-15 }}. Yentha.com. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2020</ref>
* 2014: [[Muttathu Varkey Award]]<ref name=dcbooks/>
* 2014: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] - ''Novellakal''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/award-winners/article7369118.ece |title=Award winners |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>
* 2024: [[Vayalar Award]] - Kattoorkadavu<ref name="Asokan Charuvil bags Vayalar Award for his acclaimed novel 'Kattoorkadavu'">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Asokan Charuvil bags Vayalar Award for his acclaimed novel 'Kattoorkadavu' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/asokan-charuvil-bags-48th-vayalar-award-for-literature-kaatoorkadavu-1.9963452 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/asokan-charuvil-p-rajeev-politics-in-creativity/909744 |title=സർഗാത്മകതയിലെ രാഷ്ട്രീയം...അശോകൻ ചരുവിലിന്റെ കഥകളെ വിലയിരുത്തി പി രാജീവ് [The politics of creativity ... P. Rajeev evaluates the stories of Asokan Charuvil] |journal=[[Deshabhimani]] |author=[[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P. Rajeev]] |location=[[Calicut]], India |date=20 November 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charuvil, Asokan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Chamata

2024-12-31T22:50:58Z

Wazid: Added Initial Article Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chamata
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4058|91.3337|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Nalbari
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 6,114
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781306
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 330.33
}}
'''Chamata'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=India |last2=Parliament |last3=Rajya Sabha |date=1952 |title=Who's who |journal=Who's Who |language=English |pages=183 |issn=0537-0140 |via=WorldCat}}</ref> is a village in [[Nalbari district]], in [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barman |first=Santo |title=The Raijmel: A Study of the Mel System in Assam |publisher=Spectrum Publ. |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-87502-95-1 |location=Guwahati |pages=103 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chamata Village Map |url=https://villagemap.net/assam/nalbari/pachim-nalbari/chamata-02133303665/ |website=VillageMap |access-date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Chamata has a population of 6,114 people including 3,102 males and 3,012 females, and with a literacy rate of 81.04%.<ref>{{cite web |title=POPULATION BREAKUP AS PER CENSUS-2011 |url=https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pasnalbari.pdf |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

One of the notable colleges in Chamata is [[Kamrup College]], established in 1966.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V. Singh |first=V. |title=Indian folk medicines and other plant-based products |publisher=Scientific Publishers (India) |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7233-481-9 |location=Jodhpur |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=India |last2=Parliament |last3=Lok Sabha |date=1952 |title=Parliamentary debates, House of the People: official report |journal=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report |language=English |volume=25-28 |pages=109 |issn=0445-6769 |via=WorldCat}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Draft-Class geography pages]]
[[Category:Draft-Class Indian geography pages]]

Urja Stadium

2024-01-07T10:36:56Z

Wazid:

{{short description|Cricket stadium}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Urja Stadium
| nickname =
| image =
| Type. =
| caption =
| country = India
| location = BSEB Colony, Rajbansi Nagar, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|59|02|N|80|10|42|E|type:landmark|display=it}}
| establishment = 2018
| seating_capacity = 5,000
| owner = [[Bihar Cricket Association]]
| operator = [[Bihar Cricket Association]]
| name after =
| tenants = [[Bihar cricket team]] 
| end1 =
| end2 =
| date = 07 January
| year = 2024
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/urja-stadium-patna-1213237 Urja Stadium, Cricinfo
}}

'''Urja Stadium''' is located in Rajbansi Nagar, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. This stadium is known for hosting [[Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy matches]]. This Stadium Hosts Cricket and Football.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranji Trophy, Bihar vs Sikkim First-class Live Score at Urja Stadium at Cricketnmore |url=https://www.cricketnmore.com/cricket-livescore/scorecard/13071989325/ranji-trophy-1 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Cricketnmore |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Prabhat khabar |title=पटना का ऊर्जा स्टेडियम आज बनेगा ऐतिहासिक क्षण का गवाह, बिहार और अरुणाचल के बीच खेला जाएगा रणजी मैच |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/patna-urja-stadium-going-to-host-ranji-match-between-bihar-and-arunachal-axs |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=12 December 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार क्रिकेट के अच्‍छे दिन: ऊर्जा स्टेडियम में पांच हजार क्षमता वाली बनेगी दर्शक दीर्घा |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-gallery-of-capacity-of-five-thousand-viewers-will-be-built-in-urja-stadium-17514649.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar beat Arunachal Pradesh by an inns & 221 runs - Bihar vs Arunachal Pradesh, Ranji Trophy 2022, Plate Group Match Summary, Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/game/1333209/bihar-vs-arunachal-pradesh-plate-group-ranji-trophy-2022-23 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार बनाम सिक्किम के बीच मुकाबला आज से उर्जा स्टेडियम में |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-bihar-vs-sikkim-match-from-today-at-urja-stadium-7575204.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nalanda International Cricket Stadium]]
* [[Patliputra Sports Complex]]
* [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/urja-stadium-patna-1213237 Cricinfo Website - Ground Page]

{{Patna}}
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urja Stadium}}
[[Category:Football venues in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Patna]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Bihar]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2018]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]