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Gopi Sundar discography

2023-10-06T14:33:55Z

Wassu13: Redirected page to Gopi Sunder#Discography

[[File:Gopi-sundar.jpg|thumb|Gopi in 2017]]
'''Gopi Sundar C. S.''' known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as [[Gopi Sundar]], made his music debut in 2006, with the Malayalam film ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]].'' During the course of almost two decades in his career, he has composed original scores and songs for more than 100 films in various languages, predominantly in Malayalam in addition to [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]]. He began his career composing music for television commercials, and is credited with writing nearly 5,000 [[Jingle|jingles]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |date=22 October 2010 |title=Sound Sense |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Sound-Sense/article15788111.ece}}</ref> In 2017, his work in the film ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' was included in the contender list for the [[90th Academy Awards]] nominations for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] categories, but none were nominated.<ref name="BestOriginalSong">{{cite news |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |date=18 December 2017 |title=Oscars: 70 Songs Eligible for Academy Award Consideration |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-70-songs-are-eligible-academy-award-consideration-1069041 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="BestOriginalScore">{{cite news |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |date=18 December 2017 |title=Oscars: 141 Scores Eligible for Academy Award Nominations |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-141-scores-eligible-academy-awards-nominations-1069066 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref>

== Original scores ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="30" | Year
! width="180" | Film
! width="70" | Language
! width="65" | Songs
! width="65" | Score
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2006 || ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Film Debut
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Dhol (2007 film)|Dhol]]'' || [[Hindi]] || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Hindi Debut
|-
| ''[[Mission 90 Days]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2008 || ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{no}} || {{yes}} || BGM only; Tamil Debut
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Thanthonni]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[Race (2011 film)|Race]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Seniors (2011 film)|Seniors]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2012 || ''[[Casanovva]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Adutha Kalathu]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
[[Asianet Film Awards]] for [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Music Director]] Pearl Awards for Best Background Score Nominated-[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] for [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Music Director]] Nominated-[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Yaaruda Mahesh]]'' || Tamil || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[My Boss]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Matinee (2012 film)|Matinee]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="17" | 2013 || ''[[Nee Ko Njaa Cha]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kammath & Kammath]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Nandanam'' || Tamil || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || unreleased film
|-
| ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Breaking News Live]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[10:30 am Local Call]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[SIM (film)|SIM]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Buddy (2013 film)|Buddy]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Arikil Oraal]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vishudhan]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Escape from Uganda]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="22" | 2014 || ''[[Salala Mobiles]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Score]]
|-
| ''[[London Bridge (film)|London Bridge]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|Happy Journey]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Polytechnic (film)|Polytechnic]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ring Master]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[1 by Two]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[To Noora with Love]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[God's Own Country (2014 film)|God's Own Country]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[The Last Supper (2014 film)|The Last Supper]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Fraud]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]] [[Asianet Film Awards]] for [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Music Director]] [[Vanitha Film Awards]] for [[Vanitha Film Awards|Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Koothara]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Naku Penda Naku Taka]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2014 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[The Dolphins (film)|The Dolphins]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Seconds (2014 film)|Seconds]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Unnimoolam'' (2014 film) |Unnimoolam || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2015 || ''[[Mili (2014 film)|Mili]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Telugu Debut Nominated-[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Saradhi]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Namasthe Bali]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Second Class Yathra]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ivide]] '' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Jamna Pyari]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Urumbukal Urangarilla]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || One song (Mukkathe Penne)
|-
| ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Two Countries]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2016 || ''[[Paavada]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Tamil || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Anjala (film)|Anjala]]'' || Tamil || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Oopiri]]'' ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' || Telugu Tamil || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Nominated-[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Ennul Aayiram]]'' || Tamil || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[James & Alice]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[School Bus (film)|School Bus]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Dooram]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Seethamma Andalu Ramayya Sitralu]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' || Telugu || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[90th Academy Awards]]: Longlisted–[[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] Longlisted–[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]
|-
| ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Abhinetri]]'' ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]'' || Telugu Tamil Hindi || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Swarna Kaduva]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Marupadi]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="24" | 2017 || ''[[Fukri]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || One Song (Muhabathin)
|-
| ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Comrade in America]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sathya (2017 Malayalam film)|Sathya]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Achayans]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Ma Chu Ka'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Tiyaan]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Team 5]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Chunkzz]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Adam Joan]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Simon]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ramaleela (film)|Ramaleela]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Lavakusha]]'' || Malayalam || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Goodalochana]]'' || Malayalam || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || One song (Koyikode)
|-
| ''[[Two Countries (2017 film)|2 Countries]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vimaanam]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="18" | 2018 || ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Professor Dinkan'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Randuper (film)|Randuper]]'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Kondassa'' || Malayalam || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Raju Gadu]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' || Telugu || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Tej I Love You]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pantham]]'' || Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Geetha Govindam|Geetha Govindham]]''
| Telugu
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sailaja Reddy Alludu]]''
| Telugu
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''Amala''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| One song (Oruthi)
|-
| ''[[Dakini (film)|Dakini]]''
| Malayalam
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''Premasootram''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2019
|''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[An International Local Story]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| One Song (Athmavil Peyyum)
|-
| ''[[Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Majili]]''
| Telugu
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Madhura Raja]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Uyare]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Gambler (2019 film)|The Gambler]]''
| Malayalam
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Isakkinte Ithihasam]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Jack & Daniel]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| One Song (Evide Thirayum)
|-
| ''[[Happy Sardar]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Ulta (2019 film)|Ulta]]''
| Malayalam
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]''
|Malayalam
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2020
|''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]''
|Malayalam
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Joshua (2020 film)|Joshua]]''
|Malayalam
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Choosi Choodangaane]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[World Famous Lover]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}

|
|-
|''[[Nishabdham]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021
|''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''
|Telugu
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Anubhavinchu Raja]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Velan (film)|Velan]]''
|Tamil
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''Love FM''
|Malayalam
|{{No}}
|{{yes}}
|Direct OTT release on Neestream.
|-
|''[[Thalli Pogathey (film)|Thalli Pogathey]]''
|Tamil
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''Roy''
|Malayalam
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
|''[[Bhoothakaalam]]''
|Malayalam
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Direct OTT release.

|-
|''Thattukada Muthal Semitheri Vare''
|Malayalam
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Direct OTT release.
|-
|''Boyfriend For Hire''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[18 Pages]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Vijayanand]]''
|Kannada
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Ullasam (2022 film)|Ullasam]]''
|Malayalam
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Theerppu]]''
|Malayalam
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''Nalaam Mura'' || Malayalam || {{no}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]'' || Tamil || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Butta Bomma (film)|Butta Bomma]]'' || rowspan="4" | Telugu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''Geetha Sakshiga''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Manu Charitra]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|}

== As playback singer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="35" |Year
! width="170" |Film
! width="130" |Song
! width="80" |Language
!Composer
!Co-Singer(s)
|-
|1998
|''[[Sundarakilladi]]''
|"Bhoomi Prapanchangale"
|Malayalam
|Ouseppachan
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|2002
|''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]''
|Assalassalaay
|Malayalam
|Ouseppachan
|[[M. G. Sreekumar]],
[[Biju Narayanan]], [[Franco Simon|Franco]]
|-
|2009
|''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]''
|Theme Song
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]''
|"Kavitha Pol"
|Malayalam
|
|A. V. Uma
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[Ee Adutha Kalathu]]''
|"Naatil Veetil"
|Malayalam
|
|[[Anna Katharina Valayil]]
|-
|[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]
|"Nero Nero"
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|[[Ustad Hotel]]
|"Sanchari Nee"
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]''
|"Parayathe"
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]''
|"Akale Angakale"
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Chennai Express]]''
|"Titli"
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Chinmayi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Salala Mobiles]]''
|"Rasoolallah"
|Malayalam
|
|[[Divya S. Menon]],
[[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]]
|-
|''Unnimoolam''
|"Pushpaanjali"
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| rowspan="3" |''[[Mili (2014 film)|Mili]]''
|"Engengo Engengo"
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|"Kanmaniye"
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|"Mili Mili Mili"
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Hadiyya]]''
|"Pala Desham"
|Telugu
|Sharreth
|
|-
|''[[Ramaleela]]''
|"Nenjileri Theeye"
|Malayalam
|
|[[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
|"Kannurepala Kaalam"
|Telugu
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists|Sundar, Gopi]]

Gurinder Gill

2023-10-02T13:10:33Z

Wassu13: Created page with '{{Infobox musical artist | honorific_prefix = | name = Gurinder Gill | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_upright = | image_size...'

{{Short description|Indo-Canadian rapper-singer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gurinder Gill
| birth_name = Gurinderbir Singh Gill
| alias = GG <ref>{{Cite web |title=GG (@gurindergill96) • Instagram photos and videos |url=https://www.instagram.com/gurindergill96/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=www.instagram.com |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| origin =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
* [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
* [[trap music|trap]]
}}
| occupations = {{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2019–present
| label = [[Run-Up Records]]
| current_member_of = Run-Up
| current_members = AP Dhillon Shinda Kahlon
| website = 
}}

'''Gurinderbir Singh Gill''' is an Indo-Canadian singer and rapper associated with [[Punjabi music]]. His numerous tracks charted on [[UK Asian Music Chart|UK Asian]] and Punjabi music charts by [[Official Charts Company]]; "Majhail" and "Brown Munde" have topped the charts. Gill released his debut EP ''Not by Chance'' in December 2020. Gurinder, alongside his label-mates [[AP Dhillon]], [[Shinda Kahlon]] and Gminxr works as trio under their label [[Run-Up Records]].

== Career ==

Gill started his career in 2019 with singles "Faraar" and "Feels". His single "Droptop", with [[AP Dhillon]] entered UK Asian chart by [[Official Charts Company]], and peaked at number 28.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200717/asian/|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref> Also, the song entered top 10 on UK Punjabi chart.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20200719/punjabi/|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref> In June 2020, he collaborated with AP Dhillon and Manni Sandhu for single "Majhail", which topped both the UK Asian and Punjabi charts, and became their best performance till date.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref> In July 2020, he appeared in "Excuses" by Intense, which peaked at number 3 on UK Asian and topped the UK Punjabi chart.<ref name=":14" /> In September 2020, he released "Brown Munde" with Dhillon, Gminxr, and Shinda Kahlon. [[Nav (rapper)|Nav]], [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], Money Musik, and [[Steel Banglez]] appeared in its music video.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumari|first=Priyanca|date=18 September 2020|title=Breaking Boundaries: Sidhu Moose Wala and Steel Banglez Cameo in 'Brown Munde'|url=https://britasia.tv/breaking-boundaries-sidhu-moose-wala-steel-banglez-cameo-in-brown-munde/|access-date=26 November 2020|website=BritAsia TV|language=en-GB}}</ref> The song entered [[Apple Music]] chart in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Top 100: Canada|url=https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-100-canada/pl.79bac9045a2540e0b195e983df8ba569|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919131834/https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-100-canada/pl.79bac9045a2540e0b195e983df8ba569|archive-date=19 September 2020|access-date=19 September 2020|website=[[Apple Music]]|language=en-gb}}</ref> The song debuted at number one on UK Asian chart, became his second number one on the chart.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20201113/asian/|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:19.5em;" | Album details
! scope="col"| Peak chart positions
|-
! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=5596|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=19 June 2023|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Hard Choices''
|
* Released: 9 June 2023
* Label: Run-Up Records
* Music: Gminxr, Money Musik
* Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
| 34
|}

=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width:14em;" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" rowspan="2" | Details
! scope="col"| Peak chart positions
|-
! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]] <ref>{{cite magazine|title=Gurinder Gill Chart History: Canadian Albums|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gurinder-gill/chart-history/CNA|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=14 January 2021}}{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Not By Chance'' (with AP Dhillon & Money Musik)
|
* Released: 23 December 2020
* Label: Run-Up
* Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
| 63<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Billboard Canadian Albums Chart|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums|access-date=14 January 2021|magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Hidden Gems'' (with AP Dhillon & Gminxr)
|
* Released: 21 November 2021
* Label: Run-Up
* Format: Digital download, streaming
| —
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Title
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Year
! colspan="5" |Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Music
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Hot]] <ref name="nztop40.co.nz">Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart:
* "Fate", "Takeover", "Chances" and "Goat": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4999|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=4 January 2021|accessdate=2 January 2021}}
* "Wake Up", "Network", "Breathe" and "4 Bakyian": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5596|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=19 June 2023|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hits of the World|IND]]
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" | [[Official Charts Company#Chart synopsis|UK Asian]]
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" | UK Punjabi
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard charts|WW (Triller)]]
|-
! scope="row"|"Faraar" {{small|(with [[Shinda Kahlon]])}}
| 2019
| — || — || — || 11<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20210627/punjabi/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>|| —
| [[AP Dhillon]]
| rowspan="10" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"|"Feels" {{small|(with [[AP Dhillon]])}}
| rowspan="15"|2020
| — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="2"| Gminxr
|-
! scope="row"|"Most Wanted" {{small|(with AP Dhillon)}}
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Kirsaan" {{small|(with AP Dhillon and Gminxr)}}
| — || — || — || — || —
| Gminxr & S-Kay
|-
! scope="row"|"Don't Test"
| — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="2"| Gminxr
|-
! scope="row"|"Droptop" {{small|(with AP Dhillon and Gminxr)}}
| — || — || 28 || 8 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Majhail" {{small|(with AP Dhillon & [[Manni Sandhu]])}}
| — || — || 1 || 1 || —
| [[Manni Sandhu]]
|-
! scope="row"|"Excuses" {{small|(with Intense and AP Dhillon)}}
| — || 4 || 3 || 1<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20200802/punjabi/|access-date=10 August 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref> || —
| Intense
|-
! scope="row"|"Free Smoke" {{small|(with AP Dhillon)}}
| — || — || — || — || —
| Manu
|-
! scope="row"|"Brown Munde" {{small|(with AP Dhillon, Gminxr & Shinda Kahlon)}}
| — || — || 1 || 1 || 3
| Gminxr
|-
! scope="row"|"Foreigns" {{small|(with AP Dhillon)}}
| — || — || 2 || 2 || —
| rowspan="6" | Money Musik || rowspan="6" | ''Not By Chance''
|-
! scope="row"|"Goat" {{small|(with AP Dhillon)}}
| 21 || — || 2 || 3 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Fate" {{small|(with AP Dhillon and Shinda Kahlon)}}
| 33 || — || — || 5 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Takeover" {{small|(with AP Dhillon and [[AR Paisley]])}}
| 28 || — || — || 10 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Chances" {{small|(with AP Dhillon)}}
| 29 || — || — || 3 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Drip" {{small|(with AP Dhillon and Duvy)}}
| — || — || — || 13 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Insane" {{small|(with AP Dhillon, Gminxr & Shinda Kahlon)}}
| rowspan="6"|2021
| 10 || — || 1 || — || —
| Gminxr & PVLI
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"|"Against All Odds" {{small|(with Shinda Kahlon, Gminxr and AP Dhillon )}}
| — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="2"| Gminxr
| rowspan="5"| ''Hidden Gems''
|-
! scope="row"|"Majhe Alle" {{small|(with [[Shinda Kahlon]], Gminxr & AP Dhillon)}}
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Tere Te" {{small|(with AP Dhillon)}}
| 32 || — || 4 || — || —
| rowspan="2"| AP Dhillon
|-
! scope="row"|"Desires" {{small|(with AP Dhillon)}}
| 22 || — || 3 || — || —
|-
! scope="row"|"War" {{small|(with AP Dhillon)}}
| — || — || — || — || —
| Manu
|-
! scope="row"| "Wake Up"
| rowspan="8" | 2023
| 20 || — || 6<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>|| 5<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20230611/punjabi/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>|| —
|Manu/Muddy
| rowspan="7" | ''Hard Choices''
|-
! scope="row"| "Network"
| 29 || — || 10 || 6 || —
|Sach
|-
! scope="row"| "Breathe"
| 36 || — || 9 || 7 || —
|Money Musik & Manu
|-
! scope="row"| "4 Bakyian" (with Money Musik)
| 37 || — || — || 12 || —
| Money Musik
|-
! scope="row" | Forever (with Gminxr)
|—
|—
|—
|13
|—
|Gminxr & Deep
|-
! scope="row" | Lonestar (with Gminxr)
|—
|—
|—
|16
|—
| rowspan="2" |Gminxr
|-
! scope="row" | "Moments" (with Gminxr)
| — || — || — || 17 || —
|-
! scope="row" | Times Up
|—
|
|—
|
|
|Manu, GG & Sach
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Gurinder}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian hip hop singers]]
[[Category:Canadian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Canadian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Canadian hip hop singers]]
[[Category:Desi musicians]]
[[Category:Punjabi rappers]]

Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Visuvasampatti

2023-09-14T18:49:33Z

Wassu13: Created an informative piece.

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Our Lady of Lourdes Church
| other name =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.3174|78.5836|display=inline,title}}
| fullname =
| native_name = தூய லூர்து அன்னை ஆலயம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Visuvasampatti.jpg
| caption = Front View of this church
| location = [[Visuvasampatti]], [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religious institute =
| cult = [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite]]
| founded date = 1969
| founder = Fr. J.Martin MEP & Fr.Fidalis SDB
| status = [[Parish]]
| functional status = Active
| former name =
| dedication = [[Our Lady of Lourdes|Saint Mary]]
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = Modern Architecture
| groundbreaking = 1992
| completed date = 1993

| parish = [[Visuvasampatti]]
| deanery = [[Harur]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]

| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = Fr. I. Robert
}}

'''Our Lady of Lourdes Church''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] parish church in [[Visuvasampatti]] village in [[Krishnagiri district]], in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. This is comes under the administration of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri Diocese]].<ref>https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html</ref>

==History==

Although the Catholic settlement in Visuvasampatti occurred in 1935, records suggest that Catholic MEP missionary activities took place in this village during the 1800s. According to Fr. Debian, the parish priest of Elathagiri, as documented in his records, people from Kaanampatti and Malliyampatti, presently located to the northern side of Uthangarai, migrated to Elathagiri around the 1820s. In 1853, Fr. Moury Amedee, an [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] priest of [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur|Kovilur parish]], mentioned the presence of Catholics in Reddivaasal and Krishnapatti, which were located near present-day Visuvasapatti. Unfortunately, their further history remains unknown.<ref>{{cite book |author=Staff writer(s) |title=Saritha Surukkam|url= |location=Salem, India |publisher= Salem Diocese|page=87 |isbn=}}</ref>

According to local accounts, in 1930, the government decided to distribute common lands in Maganoorpatti to poor farmers. During this time, the Madras sub-registrar, J.C. Raayan, shared this information with [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem Diocesan]] priests and assisted many Christians in acquiring farmland in this village.<ref>{{cite book |author=Staff writer(s) |title=Saritha Surukkam|url= |location=Salem, India |publisher= Salem Diocese|page=111 |isbn=}}</ref> Additionally, a child from this village was baptized in 1938, as recorded in the [[Elathagiri]] Parish baptismal records. According to the Salem Diocese Jubilee magazine, Catholic settlements were established in this village in 1936. Subsequently, many Catholic settlements were established here from villages around [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. Locals also mention that around 1936, Dharmapuri sub-registrar Rayappan helped by registering land for the newly settled people.<ref>https://dharmapuri.nic.in/directory/registrar/</ref>

During the famine of 1935, Fr. Fidalis [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]], the first missionary who stayed in this village, preached and helped people overcome the disease. During this time, he placed a cross in the village, which aided in alleviating the disease. Today, a [[Saint Sebastian|St. Sebastian]] grotto stands where the cross was originally placed. Fr.Fidalis named this place [[Visuvasampatti]]. In its early days, this church was under the administration of [[Tirupattur]] [[Salesians of Don Bosco|Salesian]] priests. Later, between 1942 and 1960, this church became a substation of [[Our Lady of Refuge Church, Elathagiri|Elathagiri parish]], [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, B Pallipatti|B. Pallipatti parish]], and [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, Thenkaraikottai|Thenkaraikottai parish]]. Between 1948 and 1955, Father J. Martin [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] permanently resided in this village as a missionary priest and assisted in the spiritual and social development of the people. Subsequently, from 1962 to 1968, this church once again came under the administration of Tirupattur Salesian congregation priests as a mission parish church. During these years, thanks to the preaching of Father Abraham [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]], nearly 24 people converted to Catholicism and were baptized. In 1969, this church once again came under the administration of the Salem Diocese and was elevated to the status of a Parish Church with the substations of [[Uthangarai]] and Mittapalli. Later, in 1982, Uthangarai became an independent parish from Visuvasapatti, while the Mittapalli church was closed.<ref>{{cite book |author=Staff writer(s) |title=Salem Diocese Jublee Magazene|url= |location=Salem, India |publisher= Salem Diocese|page=33 |isbn=}}</ref>

In 1986, the Missionary Sisters of the Queen of the Apostles, India (SRA) congregation, established a convent in Visuvasampatti. Subsequently, they started hospital in the village, and in 2009, they established a school in this village. These dedicated sisters continue to provide valuable service to this church and actively contribute to the betterment of the local villages socially.<ref>https://www.srasisters.org/sou/php/home.php</ref>

==See also==
* [[Our Lady Of Refuge Church, Elathagiri]]
* [[Vinnarasi Madha Church, Kandikuppam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Krishnagiri District]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]

List of tallest buildings in Kozhikode

2023-09-14T08:56:23Z

Wassu13: Composed original article content.

{{short description|None}}

[[File:Calicut beach skyline.jpg|thumb|Kozhikode beach skyline]]

The '''List of tallest buildings in Calicut''' is a compilation that ranks Skyscrapers and High-rise structures located in Kozhikode / Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. Kozhikode has experienced a significant surge in skyscraper and high-rise construction, gracing its skyline.

As of the year 2023, the tallest building in Kerala is the "Burj AL Hind" in Calicut, standing at an impressive height of 140 meters with 40 floorsmeters.<ref>https://www.realestateindia.com/projects/alhind-burj-alhind-by-alhind-builders-in-eranhipalam-kozhikode/</ref> Additionally, the "Asset Golden Sands" in Calicut is set to become the tallest upcoming building in Kerala, soaring to a remarkable height of 240 meters and featuring 70 floors.<ref>https://www.assethomes.in/message-from-md-september-2023/</ref> Following closely, the "Galaxy Atmosphere" building in Calicut is the second tallest upcoming building in the state, reaching a height of 167 meters (548 feet) and comprising 50 floors.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/apr/21/50-storey-residential-tower-inkozhikode-set-to-be-keralas-tallest-2444515.html | title=50-storey residential tower in Kozhikode set to be Kerala's tallest }}</ref>

==Tallest buildings==
This lists ranks buildings in Kozhikode that stand at least {{convert|95|m|ft|0}} from the ground. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Only completed buildings that have been topped out are included.
[[File:Apartments near Calicut bypass.jpg|thumb|Apartments near Calicut bypass]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
!Rank
!Name
!City
!Height
!Floors
!Year
|-
!1
|Burj AlHind
|[[Calicut]]
|140 metres (450 ft)
|40
|2023 <ref>https://www.realestateindia.com/projects/alhind-burj-alhind-by-alhind-builders-in-eranhipalam-kozhikode/</ref>
|-
!2
|Galaxy Magnus Opus
|[[Kozhikode]]
|130 metres (432 ft)
|38
|2020
|-
!3
|Riviera Grand
|Kozhikode
|{{convert|102|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2018
|-
!4
|Galaxy Ritz Marina
|Kozhikode
|97.5 metres (318 ft)
|25
|2016
|-
|}

==Upcoming projects==
This lists ranks buildings in Kerala which are under construction or proposed and will rise at least up to a height of {{convert|95|m|ft|0}} from the ground.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
!Rank
!Name
!City
!Height
!Floors
!Status
|-
!1
|Asset Golden sands <ref>https://www.assethomes.in/message-from-md-september-2023/</ref>
|[[Kozhikode]]
|{{convert|240|m|ft|0}}
|70
|Under construction
|-
!2
|Galaxy Atmosphere<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/apr/21/50-storey-residential-tower-inkozhikode-set-to-be-keralas-tallest-2444515.html | title=50-storey residential tower in Kozhikode set to be Kerala's tallest }}</ref>
|[[Kozhikode]]
|{{convert|167|m|ft|0}}
|50
|Under construction
|-
!3
|Prestige Ocean Pearl-1 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prestigeconstructions.com/projects/prestige-ocean-pearl/ | title=Prestige Ocean Pearl | Buy 3 & 4 BHK Luxury Flats in Calicut | Apartments for Sale in Kozhikode }}</ref>
|[[Kozhikode]]
|{{convert|102|m|ft|0}}
|30
|Under construction
|-
!4
|Prestige Ocean Pearl-2 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prestigeconstructions.com/projects/prestige-ocean-pearl/ | title=Prestige Ocean Pearl | Buy 3 & 4 BHK Luxury Flats in Calicut | Apartments for Sale in Kozhikode }}</ref>
|[[Kozhikode]]
|{{convert|102|m|ft|0}}
|30
|Under construction
|-
!5
|Prestige Ocean Pearl-3 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prestigeconstructions.com/projects/prestige-ocean-pearl/ | title=Prestige Ocean Pearl | Buy 3 & 4 BHK Luxury Flats in Calicut | Apartments for Sale in Kozhikode }}</ref>
|[[Kozhikode]]
|{{convert|102|m|ft|0}}
|30
|Under construction
|-
!6
|Prestige Ocean Pearl-4 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prestigeconstructions.com/projects/prestige-ocean-pearl/ | title=Prestige Ocean Pearl | Buy 3 & 4 BHK Luxury Flats in Calicut | Apartments for Sale in Kozhikode }}</ref>
|[[Kozhikode]]
|{{convert|102|m|ft|0}}
|30
|Under construction
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Kochi]]
* List of tallest buildings in Trivandrum
* [[List of tallest buildings in Thrissur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{India tallest buildings lists}}

[[Category:Lists of tallest buildings in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Kerala|Tallest]]

Ranjitsinhji

2023-08-30T04:27:33Z

Wassu13: Removed non-content empty section(s), performed general fixes

{{Short description|Maharaja of Nawanagar from 1907–1933}}
{{redirect|Ranji}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Ranjit Singh]] (1780–1839), Maharaja of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II
| title = [[Jam Sahib]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
| titletext = ([[#Titles|more]])
| image = Ranjitsinhji c1908.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|9|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Sadodar, [[Kathiawar]], [[Kathiawar Agency]], [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1933|4|2|1872|9|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = Jamnagar Palace, [[Nawanagar State]], Kathiawar Agency, India
{{Infobox person|child=yes| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]}}
| succession = Maharaja of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
| reign = 1907–1933
| predecessor = Jashwantsinhji Vibhaji II
| successor = [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji]]

| module = {{Infobox cricketer
|embed = yes
| country = England
| nickname = Ranji, Smith
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling#Categorisation of fast bowling|slow]]
| role = [[Batsman]]
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 16 July
| testdebutyear = 1896
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 105
| lasttestdate = 24 July
| lasttestyear = 1902
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| club2 = [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]
| year2 = 1895–1920
| club3 = [[London County Cricket Club|London County]]
| year3 = 1901–1904
| club1 = [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1893–1894}}
|
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 15
| runs1 = 989
| bat avg1 = 44.95
| 100s/50s1 = 2/6
| top score1 = 175
| deliveries1 = 97
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 39.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/23
| catches/stumpings1 = 13/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 307
| runs2 = 24,692
| bat avg2 = 56.37
| 100s/50s2 = 72/109
| top score2 = 285[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 8,056
| wickets2 = 133
| bowl avg2 = 34.59
| fivefor2 = 4
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 6/53
| catches/stumpings2 = 233/–
| date = 15 August
| year = 2022
| source = http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/19331.html Cricinfo
}}
}}

'''[[Colonel]] [[His Royal Highness|H. H.]] [[Sri|Shri]] [[Knight|Sir]] Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II, Jam Saheb of Nawanagar,''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GBE}} (10 September 1872 – 2 April 1933<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Ranjitsinhji-Vibhaji-Maharaja-Jam-Sahib-of-Nawanagar}}</ref>),{{#tag:ref|Ranjitsinhji's name includes the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] suffix ''-sinhji'', composed of two separate elements: ''-sinh'', a cognate of [[Singh]] (a name common amongst the [[Rajputs of Gujarat]] ), and ''[[-ji]]'', a general [[honorific]]. His name is less commonly given as '''Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji''', which incorporates a [[patronymic]] derived from the name of his adoptive father, Jam Saheb Shri Sir Vibhaji II. During his playing career, Ranji was often recorded on scorecards as '''Prince Ranjitsinhji''' or '''K. S. Ranjitsinhji'''. The latter usage derives from the honorifics [[Kumar]] [[Shri]], which were not his given names, but part of his title. The use of initials derived from the tradition of distinguishing [[Amateur status in first-class cricket|amateur players from professionals]] – amateurs had their initials listed on scorecards, whereas professionals were denoted by only their surnames. He also played under the name '''Smith''' on occasion.<ref name="crirpro">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/19331.html|title=Player Profile: K. S. Ranjitsinhji |last=Williamson|first=Martin|publisher=CricInfo|access-date=24 August 2009}}</ref>|group=note}} often known as '''Ranji''' or '''K. S. Ranjitsinhji''', was the ruler of the Indian [[princely state]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]] from 1907 to 1933, as [[Maharaja]] [[Jam Saheb]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/691775 |title=Royalty on the cricket field |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> and a noted [[Test cricket|Test]] [[cricket]]er who played for the [[English cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A prince among batsmen|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22777192/a-prince-batsmen|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.espncricinfo.com|language=en}}</ref> He also played [[first-class cricket]] for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], and [[county cricket]] for [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]. He is widely known as the '''"Father of Indian Cricket"''', as he was one of the earliest top-class Indian cricketers to play the sport.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/ranji-trophy-is-named-after-ranjitsinhji-father-of-indian-cricket-who-never-played-for-india-558447.html | title=Ranji Trophy is Named After Ranjitsinhji, Father of Indian Cricket Who Never Played for India | date=February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOWBAAAAMAAJ&q=ranjitsinhji | title=An Indian Cricket Century: Selected Writings | isbn=9788125022046 | last1=Mukherjee | first1=Sujit | year=2002 | publisher=Orient Longman }}</ref>

Ranji has widely been regarded as one of the greatest [[batsman|batsmen]] of his era.<ref name="prince">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/418303.html|title=A prince among batsmen|last=Haigh|first=Gideon|date=24 August 2009|publisher=CricInfo|access-date=24 August 2009}}</ref> [[Neville Cardus]] described him as "the Midsummer night's dream of cricket". Unorthodox in technique and with fast reactions, he brought a new style to batting and revolutionised the game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjitsinhji – A Legendary Cricketer |date=24 September 2015 |publisher=Agra News |url=http://www.agranews.com/news-details.php?sno=4373 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022750/http://www.agranews.com/news-details.php?sno=4373 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Previously, batsmen had generally pushed forward; Ranji took advantage of the improving quality of [[cricket pitch|pitches]] in his era and played more [[Batting (cricket)#Forward and back|on the back foot]], both in defence and attack. He is particularly associated with one shot, the [[leg glance]], which he invented or popularised. The first-class cricket tournament in India, the [[Ranji Trophy]], was named in his honour and inaugurated in 1935 by the [[Maharaja Bhupinder Singh]] of [[Patiala]]. His nephew [[Duleepsinhji]] followed Ranji's path as a batsman playing first-class cricket in England and for the England cricket team.<ref name="crirpro" />

Away from cricket, Ranji became Maharaja Jam Saheb of Nawanagar in 1907. He was later Chancellor of the Indian [[Chamber of Princes]],and represented India at the [[League of Nations]].

==Early life==

===Birth===
Ranjitsinhji Jadeja was born on 10 September 1872 in Sadodar, a village in the state of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]] in the western Indian province of [[Kathiawar]] in a [[Jadeja]] [[Rajput]] family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Satadru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ER-SVOdIGXYC&q=Ranjitsinhji+rajput&pg=PA71|title=Disciplined Natives: Race, Freedom and Confinement in Colonial India|date=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-31-3|language=en}}</ref> He was the first son of a farmer, Jiwansinhji, and one of his wives.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=13}}<ref name=ODNB>{{cite ODNB | last = Wilde | first = Simon| title = Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, maharaja jam sahib of Navanagar (Ranjitsinhji or Ranji) (1872–1933) | orig-year = 2004 | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/35190| url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35190 | access-date = 5 June 2011}}</ref> His name meant "the lion who conquers in battle", although he frequently suffered ill health as a child.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=13}} Ranjitsinhji's family were related to the ruling family of the state of Nawanagar through his grandfather, and head of his family, Jhalamsinhji. The latter was a cousin of Vibhaji, the Jam Sahib of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]; Ranjitsinhji's biographers later claimed that Jhalamsinhji had shown bravery fighting for Vibhaji in a successful battle,{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=23}} but Simon Wilde suggests that this may be an invention encouraged by Ranjitsinhji.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=13}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=14}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=12}} For the remainder of his life, Ranjitsinhji was sensitive about his family and deliberately presented a positive image of his parents.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=15}}

===Heir to the throne===
In 1856, Vibhaji's son, Kalubha, was born, becoming heir to Vibhaji's throne. However, as Kalubha grew, he established a reputation for violence and terror. Among his actions were an attempt to poison his father and a multiple rape.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=12}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=24}} Consequently, Vibhaji disinherited his son in 1877 and, having no other suitable heir, followed custom by adopting an heir from another branch of his family, that of Jhalamsinhji. The first selected heir died within six months of being adopted,{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=12}} either through fever or poisoning on the orders of Kalubha's mother.{{Sfn|Kincaid|1931|p=12}}{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=24}} The second choice, in October 1878, was Ranjitsinhji. Vibhaji took him to [[Rajkot]] to secure the approval of the ruling British and the young boy lived there for the next 18 months before joining the [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]], supported through this time by an allowance from Vibhaji.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=13–14}} Being discouraged by the ambition of Ranjitsinhji's family and the conduct of Jiwansinhji, Vibhaji never completed the adoption of Ranjitsinhji and continued trying to produce his own heir.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|pp=14–15}} The prospect of Ranjitsinhji's accession seemed to vanish in August 1882 when one of the women of Vibhaji's court gave birth to a son, Jaswantsinhji.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=9}}

Ranjitisinhji's later version of events, reported by his biographer Roland Wild, was that his adoption had been carried out in secret, for fear of Vibhaji's wives. According to Wild, "The boy's father and grandfather watched the ceremony which was officially recorded by the India Office, the Government of India, and the Bombay Government."{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=9}}{{Sfn|Standing|1903|p=13}} However, there is no record of any such event, which Simon Wilde says, "suggests, fairly conclusively, it never happened."{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=16}} Roland Wild and [[Charles Augustus Kincaid|Charles Kincaid]], who wrote a book in 1931 which also put forward Ranjitsinhji's perspective, also said that Jaswantsinhji was not a legitimate heir, either through not being Vibhaji's son or through his mother not being legally married to Vibhaji.{{#tag:ref|Among the claims against Jaswantsinhji's mother were that she was ineligible for marriage to Vibhaji as a Muslim, that she was pregnant before meeting Vibhaji, and that she was a prostitute.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=23}} Part of the reason for these claims was that many Rajputs believed that, for Vibhaji, only marriage to another Rajput was acceptable. {{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=11–12}}|group=note}} However, the claims are either demonstrably wrong or not corroborated by the records.{{Efn|Ranjitsinhji, ruler of Nawanagar between 1907-1933, had a disputed succession. Born in 1872 to a Jadeja family of Sarodar, Ranji had no legal claim to the throne. The Jam, Vibhaji, ruler of Nawanagar, made him heir apparent to the throne after he decided to disinherit his son, Kalubha, on charges of misdemeanor.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=56}}|name=|group=note}} The British authorities, unhappy to discover Ranjitsinhji was never adopted and impressed by his potential at the college, initially tried to persuade Vibhaji to retain Ranjitsinhji as his heir but the Jam Sahib insisted Jaswantsinhji should succeed him. In October 1884, the Government of India recognised Jaswantsinhji as Vibhaji's heir, but the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]], [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]], believed that Ranjitsinhji should be compensated for losing his position.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=16–19}}

===Education===
Even though Ranjitsinhji was no longer heir, Vibhaji increased his financial allowance but passed the responsibility for his education to the [[Bombay Presidency]]. With his fees coming from the allowance, Ranjitsinhji continued his education at the [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]]. Although his material position remained unchanged, comments made at the time by the principal of the college, Chester Macnaghten, suggest that Ranjitsinhji was bitterly disappointed by his disinheritance.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=19–21}} The college was organised and run like an English [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public school]], and Ranjitsinhji began to excel.<ref name=ODNB/>

First introduced to cricket aged 10 or 11, Rajitsinhji first represented the school in 1883 and was appointed captain in 1884; he maintained this position until 1888.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=24}} While he may have scored [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] for the school, the cricket was not of a particularly high standard, and very different from that played in England.{{#tag:ref| Many matches were played with fifteen players on a team, the bowling was [[Underarm bowling|underarm]] and the [[laws of cricket]] were not strictly enforced.<ref name=W26>Wilde, p. 26.</ref>|group=note}} Ranjitsinhji did not take it particularly seriously and preferred [[tennis]] at the time.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=24}}<ref name=W26/> No one was certain what would become of him once he left the college, but his academic prowess presented the solution of moving to England to study at [[Cambridge University]].{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=25}}

==Cambridge University==

===Academic progress===
In March 1888, Macnaghten took Ranjitsinhji to London, with two other students who exhibited potential. One of the events to which Macnaghten took Ranjitsinhji was a cricket match between [[Surrey County Cricket Club]] and [[Australian cricket team in England in 1888|the touring Australian team]]. Ranjitsinhji was enthralled by the standard of cricket, and [[Charles Turner (Australian cricketer)|Charles Turner]], an Australian known more as a bowler, scored a century in front of a large crowd; Ranjitsinhji later said he did not see a better innings for ten years.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=25–27}} Macnaghten returned to India that September but arranged for Ranjitsinhji and one of the other students, Ramsinhji, to live in Cambridge. Their second choice of lodgings proved successful, living with the family of Reverend Louis Borrisow, at the time the chaplain of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], who tutored them for the next year. Ranjitsinhji lived with the Borrisows until 1892 and remained close to them throughout his life.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=27–29}} According to Roland Wild, Borrisow believed Ranji was "lazy and irresponsible"{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=29}} and obsessed with leisure activities including cricket, tennis, billiards and photography.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=38}} Wild also says that he might have struggled to acclimatise to English life and did not settle to academic study.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=29}} Possibly as a consequence, Ranjitsinhji failed the preliminary entrance exam to Trinity College in 1889, but he and Ramsinhji were allowed to enter the college as "youths of position". Nevertheless, Ranjitsinhji concentrated more on sport than study while at Cambridge, being content to work no more than necessary and he never graduated.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=31}} A Freemason, he was also a member of [[Isaac Newton University Lodge]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isaac Newton University, Lodge|url=https://masonicperiodicals.org/periodicals/fvl/issues/fvl_17101896/page/12/articles/ar01200/?highlight=%22Isaac%20Newton%20University%20Lodge%22&from=search|access-date=25 May 2021|website=Periodicals}}</ref>

During the summer of 1890, Ranjitsinhji and Ramsinhji took a holiday in [[Bournemouth]]. For the trip, Ranji adopted the name "K. S. [Kumar Sri] Ranjitsinhji". While in Bournemouth, he took more interest in cricket, achieving success in local matches which suggested he possessed talent, but little refinement of technique. According to Wild, by the time he returned to Trinity in September 1890, he was beginning to realise the benefit of others believing him to be a person of importance, something that was to lead to him adopting the title "Prince Ranjitsinhji", although he had no right to call himself a "Prince". Significantly, the trip planted the seed in his mind that he might find success as a cricketer.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=29}}

In June 1892, Ranjitsinhji left the Borrisow home and, with monetary assistance from relations,{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=39}} moved into his own rooms in the city of Cambridge. He lived in luxury and frequently entertained guests lavishly.<ref name=W43-4>Wilde, pp. 43–44.</ref> According to writer [[Alan Ross]], Ranjitsinhji may have been lonely in his first years at Cambridge and probably encountered racism and prejudice. Ross believes that his generosity may have partly arisen from trying to overcome these barriers.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=41}} However, Ranjitsinhji increasingly lived beyond his means to the point where he experienced financial difficulty. He intended to pass the examinations to be [[Call to the Bar|called to the Bar]] and wrote to ask Vibhaji to provide more money to cover the costs; Vibhaji sent the money on the condition Ranjitsinhji returned to India once he passed the examination.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=43}} Ranjitsinhji intended to keep to this arrangement, although he did not plan a career as a barrister, but his debts were larger than he had thought and not only could he not afford the cost of the Bar examination, he was forced to leave Cambridge University, without graduating, in spring 1894.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=48}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=50}}

===Beginnings as a cricketer===
At first, Ranjitsinhji had hoped to be awarded a [[Blue (university sport)|Blue]] at tennis, but, possibly inspired by his visit to see the Australians play in 1888, he decided to concentrate on cricket. In 1889 and 1890, he played local cricket of a low standard,{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=27}} but following his stay in Bournemouth, he set out to improve his cricket.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=30}} In June 1891 he joined the recently re-formed [[Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club]] and was successful enough in trial matches to represent the county in several games that September. His highest score was just 23 [[not out]],{{Sfn|Standing|1903|pp=32–33}}<ref name=figures>{{Cite web| url = https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=213&testing=0&opponentmatch=exact&playername=K%20S%20Ranjitsinhji&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&howout=All&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason=| title = Player Oracle KS Ranjitsinhji| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 7 June 2011}}</ref> but he was selected for a South of England team to play a local side—which had 19 players to make the match more competitive—and his score of 34 was the highest in the game.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=32–33}} However, Ranjitsinhji had neither the strength nor the range of [[Batting (cricket)#Orthodox technique and strokeplay|batting strokes]] to succeed at this stage.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=33}}

Around this time, Ranjitsinhji began to work with [[Daniel Hayward]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricketer and the father of future [[England national cricket team|England]] batsman [[Tom Hayward|Thomas Hayward]], on his batting technique. His main fault was a tendency to back away from the ball when facing a [[Fast bowling#Categorisation of fast bowling|fast bowler]], making it more likely he would be [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]]. Possibly prompted by the suggestion of a professional cricketer who was bowling at him in the [[cricket nets|nets]] at Cambridge, he and Hayward began to practise with Ranjitsinhji's right leg tied to the ground. This affected his future batting technique and contributed to his creation of the [[Batting (cricket)#Leg glance|leg glance]], a shot with which he afterwards became associated.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=33–34}} While practising, he continued to move his left leg, which was not tied, away from the ball; in this case, it moved to his right, towards [[Fielding (cricket)#Fielding position names and locations|point]]. He found he could then flick the ball behind his legs, a highly unorthodox shot and likely, for most players, to result in their dismissal.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=34–35}} Although other players had probably played this shot before, Ranjitsinhji was able to play it with unprecedented effectiveness.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=40}} Ranjitsinhji probably developed his leg glance with Hayward around spring 1892, for during the remainder of that year, he scored around 2,000 runs in all cricket, far more than he had previously managed, making at least nine [[Century (cricket)|centuries]], a feat he had never previously achieved in England.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=34}}{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=40}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=40}}

Ranjitsinhji began to establish a reputation for unorthodox cricket, and attracted some interest to his play,{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=119}} but important cricketers did not take him seriously as he played contrary to the accepted way for an amateur or university batsman, established by the conventions in English public schools.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=34–35}} In one match, he was observed by the captain of the Cambridge University [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|cricket team]] and future England captain [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]], who found his batting and probably his appearance unusual but was not impressed.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=1}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=38–39}}

===University cricketer===
At least one Cambridge University cricketer believed that Ranjitsinhji should have played for the team in 1892; he played in two trial games with moderate success, but Jackson believed he was not good enough to play [[first-class cricket]]. Jackson was probably also the reason Ranjitisinhji did not play cricket for Trinity College until 1892, despite his success for other teams.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=38}} Jackson himself wrote in 1933 that, at the time, he lacked a "sympathetic interest for Indians",{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=118}} and Simon Wilde has suggested that prejudice lay behind Jackson's attitude.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=38}} Jackson also said in 1893 that underestimating Ranjitsinhji's ability was a big mistake.<ref name=coy>{{Cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154848.html| title = Ranjitsinhji (Cricketer of the Year) | work = Wisden Cricketers' Almanack | year = 1897 | publisher = John Wisden & Co. | access-date = 11 June 2011}}</ref> However, Ranjitsinhji made his debut for Trinity in 1892 after injury ruled out another player and his subsequent form, including a century, kept him in the college team, achieving a [[Batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 44, only Jackson averaging more.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=39}}{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=42}} However, the other players ignored Ranjitsinhji in these matches.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=38}} That June, watched by Ranjitsinhji, Cambridge were defeated by [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford]] in the [[University Match (cricket)|University Match]]; [[Malcolm Jardine]], an Oxford batsman, hit 140 runs, many with a version of the leg glance; Jackson would not alter his tactics and Jardine was able to score easy runs.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=39}}

That winter, Jackson had taken part in a cricket tour of India, where he was impressed by the standard of cricket.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|pp=118–119}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=41}} When he observed, at the start of the 1893 cricket season, the dedication with which Ranjitsinhji was practising in the nets to increase his concentration against the highly regarded professional bowlers [[Tom Richardson (cricketer)|Tom Richardson]] and [[William Lockwood (cricketer)|Bill Lockwood]],{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=120}} Jackson asked Lockwood for his opinion. Lockwood noted how much Ranjitsinhji had improved through practice and told Jackson he believed Ranjitsinhji was better than several players in the university team.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=42}} Then, Ranjitsinhji's early form in 1893, scoring heavily for Trinity and performing reasonably well in a trial match, convinced Jackson. He made his first-class debut for Cambridge on 8 May 1893 against a team selected by [[Charles Thornton (cricketer)|Charles Thornton]]; he batted at [[Batting order (cricket)#Lower order or tail|number nine in the batting order]] and scored 18.<ref name=figures/>{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=42}} He maintained his place in the side over the next weeks, making substantial scores in several innings against bowlers with a good reputation. He grew in confidence as the season progressed; critics commented on several occasions on the effectiveness of his [[Batting (cricket)#Cut|cut shot]] and his fielding was regarded as exceptionally good.{{Sfn|Kincaid|1931|pp=42–43}} His highest and most notable score came during a defeat by the Australian touring team when he made 58 runs in 105 minutes, followed by a two-hour 37 not out in difficult batting conditions during the second innings. His batting made a great impression on spectators, who gave him an ovation at the end of the game. The game appears to be the first occasion in first-class cricket where Ranjitsinhji used the leg glance.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=43}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=45–46}} Ranjitsinhji was awarded his Blue after the match, and following some more successful but brief innings, he played in the university match. He was given a good reception by the crowd but scored only 9 and 0 in the game, which his team won.<ref name=figures/>{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=47-48}} With the Cambridge season over, Ranjitsinhji's batting average of 29.90 placed him third in the side's averages, with five scores over 40. He took nineteen catches, mainly at [[Slip (cricket)|slip]]. Such was his impact that Ranjitsinhji was selected in representative games, playing for the [[Gentlemen v Players|Gentlemen against the Players]] at the Oval and for a team combining past and present players for both Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the Australians, scoring a total of 50 runs in three innings.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|pp=44–45}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=47}}

Following his success at cricket, Ranjitsinhji was more widely accepted within Trinity.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=43–44}} His new-found popularity led to the creation by his friends of a nickname; finding his name difficult, they initially dubbed him "Smith", then shortened his full name to "Ranji", which remained with him for the rest of his life.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=44}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=44}} At this time, Ranjitsinhji may have furthered rumours of his royal background or great wealth, and he was further encouraged to spend money to entertain others and reinforce the impression of his status.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|pp=44–45}} Several English first-class counties made enquiries over his availability to play for them, and he was invited to make a speech at a Cambridge club dinner, attended by prominent figures in Cambridge; his general remarks about the good treatment of Indians in England were reported in the press as being in support of Indian federation and suggested the public were eager to hear his words.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=48–49}} However, Ranjitsinhji was unable to continue his cricket with Cambridge as he had to leave before the start of the 1894 season.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=50}}

==First spell with Sussex==

===County debut===
Following his failure to take the Bar examinations and return to India, Ranjitsinhji's allowance was stopped by Vibhaji. Ranjitsinhji, owing money to many creditors in Cambridge who included personal friends, appealed to the British in India and Vibhaji was persuaded to advance a loan to cover Ranjitsinhji's expenses before his expected return to India.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=50–51}} Simon Wilde believes this incident encouraged a belief in Ranjitsinhji that someone else would always cover his debts.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=51}} Even so, he was not called to the Bar in 1894, or at any point afterwards. Nor did he make any attempt to return to India, despite his assurances to Vibhaji. Instead, his developing friendship with [[Billy Murdoch]] and [[C. B. Fry]] led to Ranjitsinhji becoming interested in playing cricket for [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]].{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=51–52}} Murdoch, the Sussex captain, wished to increase his team's playing strength. It is likely that, although he would play as an [[Amateur status in first-class cricket|amateur]], the club offered Ranjitsinhji a financial inducement, as was common for leading amateurs; given his monetary difficulties and unwillingness to return home, he was unlikely to refuse the offer.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=52–53}} However, these arrangements came too late for Ranjitsinhji to play for the county in 1894, and his cricket that year was limited to matches for the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC), festival games and benefit matches. Consequently, he could neither find any batting form nor build on his achievements of the previous year. Although struggling to bat against [[off spin]] in one game, he scored 94 while sharing a partnership of 200 runs with [[W. G. Grace]] in another.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=53}}{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=50}} In eight first-class games, he scored 387 runs at an average of 32.25.<ref name=fcbatting>{{Cite web| url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/213/f_Batting_by_Season.html| title = First-class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Ranji| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 9 June 2011}}</ref>

Despite debts which continued to mount,{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=53}} Ranjitsinhji prepared thoroughly before the 1895 season, practising in the nets at Cambridge with Tom Hayward and scoring heavily in club matches.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=50}} Although Sussex were not a strong team, Ranjitsinhji was not certain of a place in the side.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|pp=51–53}} His debut came in a match against the MCC; after scoring 77 not out in his first innings and then taking six wickets, he scored his maiden first-class century in the second. In 155 minutes, he scored 150 runs and took his team close to an improbable victory; he became increasingly attacking throughout the innings and dominated the scoring. At the end, although his team lost, he was given an ovation by the crowd who were impressed by his strokeplay.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=56–57}} Yet it is unlikely that he met the qualification rules in force at the time for appearing in the [[County Championship]]; this was hinted at by ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'', but no protests were made.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=54}}

For the rest of the season, Ranjitsinhji made a vivid impression wherever he played. Crowds were substantially increased at matches in which he appeared and he established a reputation for brilliant batting and shots on the leg side.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=p57–58}} Although, after his debut, he made a slow start in poor weather, he batted himself into good form in several matches on Brighton's good batting pitch. He scored centuries against [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] and [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] in very difficult batting conditions, and his batting against the latter was regarded by critics as among the best of the season.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=58–60}} He was less effective at the end of the season, possibly suffering from mental and physical fatigue, but his overall record of 1,775 runs at an average of 49.31 placed him fourth in the national averages.<ref name=fcbatting/>{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=57}} Ranjitsinhji was particularly popular at Brighton; Simon Wilde writes: "The crowds would stroll the outfield during intervals in play at a loss to explain what he did: the most disdainful flick of the wrists, and he could exasperate some of England's finest bowlers; the most rapid sweep of the arms, and the ball was charmed to any part of the field he chose, as though he had in his hands not a bat but a wizard's wand."{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=59}}

Shortly before the season began, Vibhaji died; his 12-year-old son Jaswantsinhji officially succeeded to the throne on 10 May, while Ranjitsinhji was playing for Sussex against the MCC, taking the new name Jassaji. The British appointed an Administrator to rule until he reached an appropriate age to assume the responsibility of a ruler.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=55}} As Ranjitsinhji's fame increased throughout 1895, journalists pressed for more information on his background. Some stories circulated that his father was the ruler of an Indian state and that he had been deprived of his rightful position as ruler of Nawanagar; despite his protestations that this was not correct, it is likely that Ranjitsinhji was the source of these stories. It is possible he began planning to contest the position, prompted by the enquiries of the press and his claim to be a prince.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=62}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Prince in his prime: Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji - cricket's first global superstar {{!}} Sussex Cricket|url=https://sussexcricket.co.uk/news/prince-his-prime-kumar-shri-ranjitsinhji-crickets-first-global-superstar|access-date=2020-09-27|website=sussexcricket.co.uk}}</ref>

===Test debut and controversy===
Ranjitsinhji played several large innings at the start of the 1896 season, scoring faster and impressing critics with more daring shots. Before June, he had hit hundreds against the highly regarded [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] bowlers and in match-saving performances against [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] and [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] and became the second batsman, and first amateur, to reach 1,000 runs in the season. Innings of 79 and 42 against the touring Australian team underlined his status as one of the few batsmen to cope with the visitors' bowling spearhead, the highly regarded [[Ernie Jones (Australian sportsman)|Ernie Jones]]; he concentrated on the leg-glance and cut shot, which the Australians were unable to counter through altered tactics.<ref name=figures/>{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=62–63}}

These performances brought him into contention for a place in the England team for the first [[Test cricket|Test match]], but although his form merited selection, he was not chosen by the MCC committee which chose the team. [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] was primarily responsible for the decision, possibly under influence from the British Government; Simon Wilde believed they may have feared establishing a precedent that made races interchangeable or wished to curtail the involvement of Indians in British political life.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=64}} Bateman's assessment is less sympathetic to Harris: "the high-minded imperialist Lord Harris, who had just returned from a spell of colonial duty in India, opposed his qualification for England on the grounds of race."<ref name="Bate136">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvFyW3JbKfoC&q=ranjitsinhji&pg=PA136|title=Cricket, Literature and Culture: Symbolising the Nation, Destabilising Empire|author=Bateman, Anthony|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|date=1 January 2009|isbn=9780754665373}}</ref>

Even so, the decision to omit Ranjitsinhji took a long time, proved unpopular when it was made and led to discussion in the press.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=67}} ''[[The Times]]'' correspondent commented during the first Test: "There was some feeling about K. S. Ranjitsinhji's absence, but although the Indian Prince has learnt all his cricket in England he could scarcely, if the title of the match were to be adhered to, have been included in the English eleven",<ref>{{Cite news| title = Cricket. England v Australia| newspaper = The Times | location = London | page = 14 | date = 23 June 1896 | url = http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?toDate=1896-06-30&fromDate=1896-06-01&currentPageNumber=1&resultsPerPage=10&sortBy=default&offset=0&viewName=&addFilters=&removeFilters=&addCat=&queryKeywords=Ranjitsinhji&sectionId=1040&currPgSmartSet=1&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1896-06-23-14&articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1896-06-23-14-002&origPageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1896-06-23-14&origArticleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1896-06-23-14-002&xmlpath=&pubId=17&totalResults=7&addRefineFilters=&removeRefineFilters=&addRefineCat=&additionalKeyword=&next_Page=false&prev_Page=false&date_dd_From=1&date_mm_From=06&date_yyyy_From=1896&date_dd_to_range=30&date_mm_to_range=06&date_yyyy_to_range=1896&date_dd_from_precise=1&date_mm_from_precise=06&date_yyyy_from_precise=1896&isDateSearch=false&dateSearchType=range&refineQuerykeywordText=| access-date = 11 June 2011}} {{subscription required}}</ref> but ''[[The Field (magazine)|The Field]]'' supported his inclusion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-15|title=A week of celebration for Sussex – with Ranjitsinhji and CB Fry|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/a-week-of-celebration-for-sussex-with-ranjitsinhji-and-cb-fry-17936|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref> Meanwhile, Ranjitsinhji's good form continued. The team for the second Test was chosen by a different committee,{{#tag:ref| At the time, the team for each Test was selected by the committee of the county team whose home ground hosted the match; the MCC chose the team for the Lord's match and the [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] committee selected for the [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] match.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=65}}|group=note}} and Ranjitsinhji was included, probably for financial reasons to attract more spectators.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=65}} The batsman insisted that he would only play if the Australian team had no objections, but the Australian captain was pleased that the Indian would be included.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=62}} Discussion continued in the press over how appropriate it was that he should play for England, but from that point, Ranjitsinhji was considered eligible to play for England. The controversy may have upset Ranjitsinhji as his form wavered while the first Test was played and on his next appearance at Lord's, before the MCC committee, he made a pointed attack on the bowling in a rapid innings of 47.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=66–67}}

Ranjitsinhji made his Test debut on 16 July 1896. After a cautious 62 in his first innings, he batted again when England [[Follow-on|followed on]], 181 runs behind. After the second day, he had scored 42 and on the final morning, he scored 113 runs before the [[Playing time (cricket)#Intervals|lunch interval]], surviving a fast, hostile spell from Jones and playing many shots on the leg side to reach the first century scored that season against the tourists. His final score was 154 not out,{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=68–69}} and the next highest score for England on the last day was 19. He was given an enthusiastic reception by the crowd and the report in ''Wisden'' stated: "[The] famous young Indian fairly rose to the occasion, playing an innings that could, without exaggeration, be fairly described as marvellous.{{Sfn|Sen|2012|p=43}} He punished the Australian bowlers in a style that, up to that period of the season, no other English batsman had approached. He repeatedly brought off his wonderful strokes on the leg side, and for a while had the Australian bowlers quite at his mercy."<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153735.html| title = England v Australia 1896 | work = Wisden Cricketers' Almanack | year = 1897 | publisher = John Wisden & Co. | access-date = 11 June 2011}}</ref> Although Australia won the match, the players were astonished by the way Ranjitsinhji batted.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=69–70}} Not everyone was pleased at his success. [[Home Gordon]], a journalist, praised Ranjitsinhji in a conversation with an MCC member; the man angrily threatened to have Gordon expelled from the MCC for "having the disgusting degeneracy to praise a dirty black." Gordon also heard other MCC members complaining about "a nigger showing us how to play the game of cricket".{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=70}}

Over the next weeks, Ranjitsinhji lost form, and after failing twice in the third Test, missed the last day of the match suffering from asthma,{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=74–75}} but he scored heavily after this. After sharing a big partnership with Fry for Sussex against the Australian team, he scored 40 and 165, with little support from other batsmen, to save the match against [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]], the runners up in the County Championship. In the following match against Yorkshire, on 22 August 1896, the County Champions that season, he scored two centuries on the last day of the game as Sussex saved the match after following on; prior to this, only four men had scored two centuries in the same first-class game, and as of 2011, no one else has scored two on the same day.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=76–78}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=246}} By the end of the season, he had scored 2,780 runs, beating the record aggregate for a season held by W. G. Grace, and hit 10 centuries, equalling another record of Grace. His average of 57.92 was the highest of the season.<ref name=fcbatting/>{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=79}} Even so, Sussex finished bottom of the County Championship as Ranjitsinhji had little batting support and the team's bowling was ineffective.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|pp=70–71}}

===Succession dispute===
[[File:K. S. Ranjitsinhji Vanity Fair 26 August 1897.jpg|left|thumb|Ranjitsinhji caricatured by [[leslie Ward|Spy]] for ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Ranjitsinhji's fame increased after 1896, and among the praise for his cricket were hints in the press that he intended to pursue a political career, following other Indians in England. Instead he began to turn his attention to the Nawanagar succession, beginning to make enquiries in India as to his position.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=79–81}} Meanwhile, he began to cultivate potentially beneficial connections; at Queen Victoria's jubilee celebrations, he established a friendship with [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Pratap Singh]], the regent of [[Jodhpur]], whom he later falsely described as his uncle.<ref name="Royalty on the cricket field">{{Cite web|title=Royalty on the cricket field|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/691775|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref> Ranjitsinhji decided to return to India to further his case, prompted by the decision of Vibhaji's grandson Lakhuba to dispute the succession. Meanwhile, the financial expectations of behaving as a prince pushed Ranjitsinhji even further into debt, and his allowance had been stopped after he had been given an advance on it to cover earlier money owed. He wrote to Willoughby Kennedy, the English Administrator of Nawanagar, asking for money but none was forthcoming.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=81–82}} His financial situation eased when a serious illness confined him to the house of an acquaintance. He took the opportunity to begin work on a cricket book which a publisher had invited him to write; Ranjitsinhji contributed seven chapters and other writers contributed the rest, then he and Fry revised the book together while travelling through Europe in the spring of 1897. The book was released in August 1897 under the title ''The Jubilee Book of Cricket'',{{#tag:ref|The book was released at the time of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The choice of title and a dedication to the Queen were probably to generate more interest in the book.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=84}}|group=note}} and was a success, both commercially and with the critics:{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=88}} the review by [[Francis Thompson]] was entitled, "A Prince of India on the Prince of Games".<ref name="Bate136"/> Nevertheless, he was approaching bankruptcy by the end of 1897 and there are indications, such as an increased temper, that he felt the pressure.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=86}}

Having been named one of the [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|''Wisden'' Cricketers of the Year]] for his performances in 1896,<ref name=coy/> Ranjitsinhji began the 1897 season strongly, scoring 260 for Sussex against the MCC then, playing for MCC against Lancashire hit 157. A succession of low scores on a series of difficult pitches ended when he scored three centuries in July, but in the remainder of the season he only once passed fifty.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=84–87}} He scored 1,940 runs at 45.12, figures which matched other leading batsmen, but his relative loss of form, noted by critics, was owed partly to ill health. He suffered from asthma throughout the season, and some commentators blamed the stress of producing his book. However, he may also have been distracted by his interest in the [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]] succession.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2019|title=Ranjitsinhji: The Jubilee of Cricket Legacy|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277859762|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Researchgate}}</ref>

===Tour of Australia===
Ranjitsinhji was chosen to tour Australia with [[Andrew Stoddart]]'s team during the winter of 1897–98. The team was defeated 4–1 by Australia, who were superior tactically and had the better players in general.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154329.html | title = England in Australia, 1897–98 | work = Wisden Cricketers' Almanack | year = 1899 | publisher = John Wisden & Co. | access-date = 12 June 2011}}</ref> Ranjitsinhji was one of the few successes on the tour and scored 1,157 runs in first-class matches at an average of 60.89.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=87}} He quickly acclimatised to the unfamiliar conditions and scored 189 in the first game, followed by scores of 64 and 112 in the following two matches.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=88}} However, shortly before the Test series was due to begin, Ranjitsinhji fell ill with [[Peritonsillar abscess|quinsy]] and would have been unfit for the first Test but for heavy rain which postponed the start for three days.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=88–89}} When the match began, Ranjitsinhji batted towards the end of the first day and, still weak from his illness, played carefully; he was exhausted after scoring 39 not out. The next morning, as England lost wickets, he attacked the bowlers and took his score to 175, scoring mainly from cuts and leg glances. He batted for 215 minutes and reached the highest score for England in Test matches; the record lasted for six years. England won the match by nine wickets, but this was their only success of the series.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=89–91}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar {{!}} Indian athlete and ruler|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Ranjitsinhji-Vibhaji-Maharaja-Jam-Sahib-of-Nawanagar|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Ranjitsinhji's health remained poor, but he played in the rest of the series.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=91}} He scored a half-century in one innings of each of the next three Tests, each time facing a large Australian total. He and [[Archie MacLaren]] were the only two tourists to come to terms with the conditions and bowling; despite being labelled a poor starter by the press, Ranjitsinhji batted cautiously in each match, possibly attempting to emulate the Australian approach of accumulating runs carefully.<ref name=figures/>{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=91–92}} The only Test in which Ranjitsinhji failed to reach fifty was the fifth, when England were defeated for the fourth time in succession.<ref name=figures/> Even so, he scored 457 runs at an average of 50.77 in the series.<ref name=tbat>{{cite web|url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/213/t_Batting_by_Season.html| title = Test Batting in Each Season by Ranji | publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 14 June 2011}}</ref>

Ranjitsinhji's tour was controversial in one aspect only: a series of articles he wrote for an Australian magazine. Although highly self-critical in the articles, he criticised, among other things, the behaviour of the crowds, the refusal of Australian critics to accept that England had to bat in poor conditions in the second Test, and some opposing players. He also supported the decision of an umpire to [[no-ball]] some deliveries from Ernie Jones, in a match against Stoddart's team, for illegally [[Bowling (cricket)#The bowling action|throwing the ball]] rather than bowling it. He was generally very popular in Australia with crowds, the general public and influential figures in society,{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=95–96}} although following these comments, the crowds at some matches [[Crowd abuse|barracked]] him while he was batting.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-10|title=Ranjitsinhji: 7 interesting facts about the cricketing giant|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ranjitsinhji-7-interesting-facts-about-the-cricketing-giant-508142|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref> At the end of the tour, he wrote an open letter to mend his relations with the Australian public,{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=93–95}} but in ''With Stodard's team in Australia'', he wrote of the "regrettable" incident of "merciless", "uncomplimentary and insulting" barracking.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tvFyW3JbKfoC&dq=ranjitsinhji&pg=PA135] Bateman, p.202</ref><ref name="timesnownews.com">{{Cite web|title=The classy leg glance: Remembering India's 1st international cricketer Ranjitsinhji on 148th birth anniversary|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/the-classy-leg-glance-remembering-indias-1st-international-cricketer-ranjitsinhji-on-148th-birth-anniversary/650480|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Cricketing peak and decline==

===Return to India===
In April 1898, Stoddart's cricket team returned to England via [[Colombo]]. On arrival there, Ranjitsinhji left the team to return to India with the intention of pursuing his claim to the throne of Nawanagar.{{Sfn|Standing|1903|p=87}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=97}} He spent the remainder of the year in India and did not return to England until March 1899.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-10|title=Remembering Ranjitsinhji on his birth anniversary|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ranjitsinhji-birth-anniversary-ranji-trophy-cricket-explained-5983703/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Initially, he tried to establish support for his claim, including his argument that Jassaji was illegitimate, among the Indian princes. Later, he met Pratap Singh, who had arranged for Ranjitsinhji to receive an honorary state appointment with an associated income. Pratap Singh also introduced him to [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]], the Maharaja of Patiala, a very wealthy individual. Rajinder was very pro-British and an enthusiastic cricketer and soon became friends with Ranjitsinhji; he subsequently provided Ranjitsinhji with another source of income.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=98–99}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-10|title=Ranji – 50 facts about the genius that may not be that well-known|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ranji-50-facts-about-the-genius-that-may-not-be-that-well-known-185405|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref> Ranjitsinhji travelled extensively throughout India, trying to build support among the princes and local officials, and received an enthusiastic reception from the public wherever he went. He also spent time with his mother and family in Sarador.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=97}}{{Sfn|Ross|1983|pp=104–105}} He played plenty of cricket during his visit, with mixed success.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=107}} Although he scored 257 in one game, in another he failed to score in either innings, the only time this happened to him in any form of cricket.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=107–108}}

The British administration in India were concerned by Ranjitsinhji; some individuals suspected that he intended to cause trouble in Nawanagar and wished to keep him out of the region. Others supported him, believing he had been treated unfairly. Kennedy, the Administrator of Nawanagar, successfully lobbied the Government of Bombay and the India Office in London to have Ranjitsinhji's allowance doubled. But concerns among senior figures in the Government of Bombay about whether this was appropriate and over any potential agitation in Nawanagar by Ranjitsinhji meant that Kennedy's appeal to have the allowance further increased was unsuccessful.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=99–102}} However, the increase was dependent upon him no longer pursuing his claim to the throne and not becoming involved in any plots in Nawanagar, and Ranjitsinhji was reluctant to have any conditions imposed on him.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=102–106}} Then on 28 September, Ranjitsinhji wrote to the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Lord George Hamilton]], through the Government of Bombay, stating his claim. He argued that he had been adopted as heir before being set aside without an enquiry, and that Jassaji was illegitimate.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=107}} The Government of Bombay rejected the appeal but Ranjitsinhji was able to use his contact with Rajinder Singh to meet the Viceroy, [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]]. Consequently, the Government of India began to investigate and under Elgin's successor, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], Ranjitsinhji's application was sent to Hamilton in London.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=109}} Eventually, after Ranjitsinhji had returned to England, Hamilton also rejected the claim, but Simon Wilde believes the support he received from the princes and British officials, and the failure of anyone to point out that his adoption by Vibhaji was never carried out, must have encouraged Ranjitsinhji that his claim was viable.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=109–110}} Having done all he could in India for the moment, he returned to England in March 1899.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title=बर्थडे स्पैशल Ranjitsinhji : शिकार करते गंवा दी थी एक आंख फिर भी खेले क्रिकेट|url=https://sports.punjabkesari.in/sports/news/birthday-special-ranjitsinhji--lost-an-eye-while-playing-cricket-1240833|access-date=2020-09-27|website=punjabkesari}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=111}}

===Record breaker===
[[File:Ranjitsinhji c1900.jpg|thumb|Ranjitsinhji c. 1900.]]
Returning to England at the beginning of the 1899 cricket season, Ranjitsinhji immediately resumed playing cricket.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=110–111}} However, his approach to batting had changed during his absence, and he showed greater determination to succeed. His health seemed improved and financial assistance from his supporters in India gave him respite from monetary worries.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=118–119}} Having gained weight, he was more noticeably muscular and could [[Batting (cricket)#Drive|drive]] more effectively than previously.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=122}} After an uncertain start on a series of difficult pitches for batting, he informed the selectors he would not play in the first Test against the Australians, who were touring England once again.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=111–112}} He was selected anyway and after scoring 42 in the first innings, he hit 93 not out in the second which ensured England drew the match after losing early wickets on the last day. His tactics were unorthodox as he took risks to ensure that he faced most of the bowling, even though he was batting with recognised batsmen. However, as the innings progressed, he rediscovered his batting touch.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|pp=113–114}} During June, he scored 1,000 runs: he scored four centuries, including a score of 197 which saved the game against Surrey, the eventual County Champions.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=119–120}} He scored runs against the strong bowling of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and in August embarked on a sequence of 12 innings in which his lowest scores were 42 and 48 which enabled him to score 1,000 runs in August; no one had previously scored 1,000 runs in two separate months of the same season. In total, he scored 3,159 runs at an average of 63.18, becoming the first batsman to pass 3,000 first-class runs in a season, and made eight centuries.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=119–121}} He was less successful against the Australians after the first Test, possibly through over-anxiety to replicate his form for Sussex. He was dismissed for low scores in the second and third games, but was slightly more successful with 21 and 49 not out in the fourth and he hit 54 in the final match. In a low-scoring series, Ranjitsinhji scored 278 runs at 46.33, the second highest average for England.<ref name=tbat/>{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=112}}

In June 1899, Ranjitsinhji was appointed Sussex captain after Murdoch retired, ahead of other amateur cricketers. [[George Brann]] captained the county's first match after Murdoch stood down but he may have found the position to be too difficult, and Ranjitsinhji led the team for the remainder of the season.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=113–114}} The press regarded his first season as a success as a late sequence of matches without defeat took Sussex to fifth in the County Championship, the highest position achieved by the team to that point.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=114}} As captain, Ranjitsinhji took great care over details such as weather conditions, but some of his innovations, such as the frequent changing of the person bowling or implementing fielding practice, were unpopular with the players. He took the opportunity of leading the side to increase the amount of bowling he did, taking 31 wickets in the season.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=115}} But the team's lack of effective bowlers was a problem before Ranjitsinhji took over.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=118}}

Ranjitsinhji continued to score heavily throughout the 1900 season. After a slow start in cold weather, in the space of nine days, he hit scores of 97, 127, 222 and 215 not out, followed by 192 a week later.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=123–124}} After a brief sequence of low scores, he scored 1,000 runs in July and maintained his form until the end of the season; in his final 19 innings, he failed to reach 40 only three times. He was successful in a variety of conditions and match situations, and after some criticism of his ability to play on difficult pitches for batting, scored 89 against Somerset and 202 against Middlesex on [[Sticky wicket|rain affected pitches]]. Against Leicestershire, he achieved his highest score until then, making 275 in five hours.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=124–126}} He hit a record-breaking fifth double-hundred of the season in his penultimate game; this was his eleventh century of the season, which was also briefly a record.{{#tag:ref|[[Bobby Abel]] equalled the record in the same match and surpassed it by scoring his twelfth century in the following fixture.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=102}}|group=note}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-22|title=India mourns record-breaker Goel|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/india-mourns-record-breaker-goel-1918621|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> Ranjitsinhji's final aggregate was 3,065 runs, the second highest total after that which he scored the previous year, at an average of 87.57; this placed him at the top of the national averages.<ref name=W127>Wilde, p. 127.</ref>{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=245}}

In response to Ranjitsinhji's success, opposing captains began to adopt tactics to counter his leg-side shots, placing extra fielders on that side of the pitch to either block runs or to catch the ball. Consequently, Ranjitsinhji played the drive more frequently. ''Wisden'' reported: "[He] became more and more a driving player ... Without abandoning his delightful leg-side strokes or beautifully timed cuts, he probably got the majority of his runs by drives—a notable change from his early years as a great cricketer."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-24|title=Ranji Trophy record-breaker Ajay Rohera further motivated after IPL snub|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-record-breaker-ajay-rohera-further-motivated-after-ipl-snub/story-I0bzZIeBxLLNIdsmYKNLUO.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> His change of technique was effective statistically; he scored 2,468 runs at 70.51 and was third in the national averages.<ref name=fcbatting/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=Oldest surviving cricket film featuring K. S. Ranjitsinhji|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/international/oldest-surviving-cricket-film-featuring-k-s-ranjitsinhji/article8759659.ece|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Sportstar|date=22 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref> However, he was less consistent than in the previous two seasons, never hitting more than three successive scores above 40. He suffered from ill-health early in the season and struggled in the first months. His later form was better and he made the highest score of his career, 285 against Somerset, but several [[leg break]] bowlers took his wicket and some of his innings were played in easier batting conditions or during less competitive circumstances.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=127–129}}

===Failure in 1902===
According to Simon Wilde, part of the reason for Ranjitsinhji's reduced output in 1901 was the death in November 1900 of Rajinder Singh; the subsequent reduction in his income would have presented Ranjitsinhji with financial difficulties.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=122}} By November 1901, Ranjitsinhji faced bankruptcy and after an unavailing request to Nawangar for a resumption and increase of his allowance, only an appeal to the India Office prevented a court action against him. Through his solicitor, Ranjitsinhji claimed that his debt to one creditor only came through his acting on behalf of Pratap Singh and Sardar Singh, the Maharaja of Jodhpur.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=135–137}} In December, Ranjitsinhji travelled to India to attempt to secure financial guarantees from the council acting for Rajinder Singh's son and from Jodhpur but he was unsuccessful in his attempt to get the support of the Maharao of Kutch, who was sympathetic but unwilling to help; he nevertheless later received a request for a substantial sum of money which Ranjitsinhji claimed he had been promised.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=138–139}} Ranjitsinhji's Indian trip caused him to miss the start of the 1902 season; no reason was given for his absence and the press and public did not know where he was.{{#tag:ref|Percy Standing, in a 1903 biography of Ranjitsinhji, claimed the visit was in response to Rajinder Singh's death, although this event happened 13 months earlier.|group=note}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=139}}

Ranjitsinhji returned to England in mid-May and immediately resumed the captaincy of [[Sussex]]. However, a succession of low scores and uncertain performances suggested that he was neither mentally nor physically fit for cricket and Simon Wilde writes that his failure to secure support in India and the continued pressure of threatened bankruptcy placed him in a difficult situation.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=140}} The Australian cricket team was touring England once more, and Ranjitsinhji, having played against the team for the MCC, was selected for the first Test. However, he seemed to be nervous and struggled to concentrate, [[Run out|running out]] his captain, [[Archie MacLaren]] before he was out himself for 13.<ref name=figures/>{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=139–141}} ''Wisden'' noted: "a misunderstanding, for which Ranjitsinhji considered himself somewhat unjustly blamed, led to MacLaren being run out, and then Ranjitsinhji himself quite upset by what had happened, was clean bowled".<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150168.html| title = England v Australia 1902 (First Test)| work = Wisden Cricketers' Almanack| year = 1903 | publisher = John Wisden & Co. | access-date = 5 July 2011}}</ref> Although he scored 135 for Sussex shortly afterwards, in the second Test he was out without scoring. Over the next few weeks, Ranjitsinhji made good starts to several innings but lost his wicket to uncharacteristic lapses and leg-break bowlers continued to trouble him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1931 RARE letter Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji Jadeja "Ranji" the Famous Indian Cricketer|url=https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/yOUAAOSwkbdbT1I-/s-l400.jpg|access-date=2020-09-28|website=eBay|language=en-gb}}</ref> He missed several matches, far more than he had missed in other seasons.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=141}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=149}} However, in favourable batting circumstances he played two large innings in this period, hitting 230 against Essex and 234 against Surrey. An injury in the former game caused Ranjitsinhji to miss the third Test, lost by England, although his lack of confidence may have played a part in his decision.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=145}} He returned for the fourth Test which England narrowly lost. However, he faced serious distractions from his parlous financial situation as one of his creditors presented him with a demand for payment shortly before the game. Ranjitsinhji claimed after the match, falsely, that Pratap Singh intended to pay the debt but needed approval from the India Office, but it is likely that Ranjitsinhji anticipated another petition in bankruptcy going before a court and that this affected his performance in the Test.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=145–147}} Showing signs of nerves, and never looking comfortable while batting, Ranjitsinhji scored 2 runs in the first innings and 4 in the second. In the latter innings, when England had a relatively small target to chase for victory, he looked to have lost all confidence and could have been dismissed several times; the Australian players thought he played more poorly than they had ever seen. His lack of belief may also have contributed to the defeat, as [[Fred Tate]] notoriously dropped an important catch fielding, according to Simon Wilde, in a position which Ranjitsinhji was more likely to fill in normal circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=My Talks - British Empire 1815-1914|url=https://www.britishempire.me.uk/my-talks.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=www.britishempire.me.uk}}</ref> Wilde writes: "[Several members of the team] failed to play their part, notably Ranji, whose abject performance was in marked contrast to his former days of splendour. The real reason for his poor performance has remained the knowledge of only a very few. At the time, a polite veil was drawn over his failure, but he was never to play for England again."{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=158}} In 15 Test matches, all against Australia, he scored 989 runs at an average of 44.96.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket 1902|url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1902/409/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=archive.acscricket.com}}</ref>

After the Test, Ranjitsinhji played only a few more games that season. After two batting failures for Sussex, he dropped out of the team, even though the side were in contention for the County Championship, eventually finishing second. Part of the reason may have been to pre-empt his omission from the England team for the final Test, a match he attended as a spectator, but he did not return to Sussex after the match. The press speculated he had walked out on the team; among the reasons suggested were disappointment with the performances of the side, dissatisfaction with the bowlers and efforts to recruit new players, and his falling out with the professional players. The local press criticised him for abandoning the team at a crucial phase of the season, and praised Brann, his replacement. Nevertheless, Ranjitsinhji preferred to play for MCC against the Australians, scoring 60 and 10.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=152–153}} His three substantial innings gave him a batting record for the season which partially masked his difficulties: 1,106 runs at an average of 46.08, placing him second in the national averages.<ref name=fcbatting/><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Australians in England 1902|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151848.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

Ranjitsinhji managed to raise enough money, probably through a loan, to head off the threat of bankruptcy.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|pp=135–136}} After spending time with Pratap Singh who was in London for the coronation of Edward VII, Ranjitsinhji went to [[Gilling East]] in Yorkshire, where the Reverend Borrisow now lived. He spent the winter there, adding to the speculation surrounding him. He became very close to Borrisow's eldest daughter, Edith, and the pair may have become engaged around this time.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=153–154}}

===Final regular seasons===
[[File:Ranjitsinhji c1905.jpg|thumb|Ranjitsinhji c. 1905.]]
After alleviating some of his financial concerns through journalism and writing, Ranjitsinhji was able to return to cricket.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=162}} Like the previous season, cricket in 1903 was badly affected by weather, resulting in many difficult batting pitches. Ranjitsinhji scored 1,924 runs at 56.58 to achieve second place in the national batting averages, but his consistency never matched that of his earlier years and he was frustrated by his form. He played more regularly for Sussex and missed just two matches but displayed a reduced commitment to the club and resigned the captaincy in December, Fry assuming the role.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=155–156}} After a slow start, Ranjitsinhji found his form and made large scores against the leading counties until a pulled muscle affected his form in July. The difficult pitches forced him to play more defensively than usual and on a couple of occasions, crowds jeered him for slow scoring. The press also criticised his decision to prolong one Sussex innings until he had completed his own double century, adversely affecting his team's chances of victory. In separate matches, [[Len Braund]] and [[Walter Mead (cricketer)|Walter Mead]], bowlers who had troubled him in previous years, both took his wicket before he had scored many runs.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=157–158}} Ranjitsinhji was not considered for the MCC tour of Australia that winter, despite the unavailability of several leading amateurs; instead, he returned to India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-20|title=Specials – Indian princes and Ashes hundreds|url=https://thecricketcauldron.com/2013/07/20/record-book-indian-princes-and-ashes-hundreds/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Cricket Cauldron|language=en-GB}}</ref> There, he made further inquiries regarding the succession to the Nawanagar throne and met British officials. Loans from an acquaintance from his school days, Mansur Khachar, as well as from the Nawab of [[Junagadh]], allowed him to return to England for the following season.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=163–164}}

In 1904, Ranjitsinhji led the batting averages for the fourth time, scoring 2,077 runs at 74.17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bloomsbury.com|title=Bloomsbury - Five Cricketers of the Year|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/special-interest/wisden/wisden-honours/five-cricketers-of-the-year/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=www.bloomsbury.com|language=en}}</ref> In a ten-week sequence between June and August, he scored eight hundreds and five fifties, including innings against strong attacks and the leading counties. This included a highest score of 207 not out against Lancashire where Wisden reported that "From the first ball to the last in that superb display he was at the highest pitch of excellence, and beyond that the art of batting cannot go." However, he missed eight Sussex games in total, suggesting his commitments had begun to lie elsewhere. Furthermore, many of his runs came in less important matches, away from the pressure of the County Championship.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=159–160}} Not initially invited to play for the Gentlemen at Lord's, he was a last minute replacement and subsequently captained the team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranji Trophy: 85 years, and counting|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2019/02/05/ranji-trophy-85-years-and-counting.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> His innings of 121, regarded by some critics as one of his best innings, helped the team to score an unlikely 412 runs in the final innings to defeat the Players. When the season ended with a series of festival games, although it was not known at the time, Ranjitsinhji's career as a regular cricketer was effectively over.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=161}}

===Remainder of cricket career===
[[File:Ranji Punch.jpg|thumb|Punch cartoon (1907)]]
Four years after his previous appearances, and now known as H. H. the Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, Ranjitsinhji returned to play cricket in England in 1908. Playing mainly in Sussex and London, he had put on weight and could no longer play in the same extravagant style he had previously used. Playing in many less competitive fixtures, he scored 1,138 runs at 45.52, finishing seventh in the averages.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=191–193}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=201}} The effect on Sussex was not positive; ''Wisden'' noted that the irregular appearances of Ranjitsinhji and Fry, the team captain, distracted the rest of the team.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=192}} In one match, Ranjitsinhji was responsible for the Sussex team failing to appear during a match, risking the forfeiture of the game, when he encouraged the team to remain at his residence in unsettled weather; conditions at the ground, and the opposition, were ready for play while the Sussex team remained 22 miles away.{{Sfn|Kincaid|1931|p=231}}

In 1912, aged 39, Ranjitsinhji returned to England and played once more. Although announcing himself available to play for England in that season's Test matches, he was not selected. Restricted for a period by a wrist injury, he nevertheless scored four centuries, including one against the touring Australian team. At times, his form briefly touched that of his best years but most of his cricket was played in the South of England. He scored 1,113 runs at 42.81, placing him eighth in the averages.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=214–218}} Ranjitsinhji's last first-class cricket came in 1920; having lost an eye in a hunting accident, he played only three matches and found he could not focus on the ball properly. Possibly prompted by embarrassment at his performance, he later claimed his sole motivation for returning was to write a book about batting with one eye; such a book was never published.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|pp=225–227}}

In total, Ranjitsinhji scored 24,692 runs at an average of 56.37, the highest career average of a batsman based mainly in England until [[Geoffrey Boycott]] retired in 1986. He scored 72 hundreds.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Suresh|date=2019-07-09|title=How the idea of 'India' developed on the cricket field|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/how-the-idea-of-india-developed-on-the-cricket-field/article28335490.ece|access-date=2020-09-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Jam Sahib of Nawanagar==
[[File:Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji c1910.jpg|thumb|right|Ranjitsinhji circa 1910]]
[[File:Shri Ranjit Singhji.JPG|thumb|Bust]]

===Return to India===
Despite the discovery of an assassination plot on his life, in which Ranjitsinhji was implicated,{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=155–156}} Jassaji took over the administration of Nawanagar from the British in March 1903. Roland Wild later described it as "the shattering of [Ranjitsinhji's] dreams".{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=165}} During the 1904 season, Ranjitsinhji had a long meeting with Lord Curzon during a Sussex match. Immediately afterwards, he chose to miss three Championship games at short notice and visited Edith Borrisow in Gilling for 10 days; Simon Wilde suggests that Ranjitsinhji had at this point chosen to leave for India after the cricket season.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=163}}

On 9 October 1904, Ranjitsinhji departed for India, accompanied by Archie MacLaren, with whom Ranjitsinhji had developed a close friendship on the tour to Australia in 1897–98, and who now became his personal secretary.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=87}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji {{!}} Making Britain|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/kumar-shri-ranjitsinhji|access-date=2020-09-28|website=www.open.ac.uk}}</ref> In India, Ranjitsinhji and MacLaren were joined by Mansur Khachar and [[Martin Hawke, 7th Baron Hawke|Lord Hawke]], the Yorkshire captain. Ranjitsinhji tried unsuccessfully to arrange an official meeting with Curzon to discuss the succession to Nawanagar and then chose to remain in India to cultivate his relationships with British officials, although there was little chance he could achieve much with regard to Nawanagar.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=165}} MacLaren returned to England ready for the 1905 season, and Ranjitsinhji may have intended to follow. Instead, Mansur Khuchar discovered that Ranjitsinhji had attempted to trick him into providing more money and had repeatedly lied to him; in May 1905 he took Ranjitsinhji to Bombay High Court, insisting Ranjitsinhji repaid the money lent to him. This action kept him in India throughout 1905 and most of 1906 and prevented his return to England, where his absence was noted but could not be explained.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=166–167}}

===Succession===
Although he had been in good health, Jassaji died on 14 August 1906 after developing a fever two weeks previously. Although no surviving papers suggest foul play, according to Simon Wilde there is circumstantial evidence that Jassaji may have been poisoned; at least one later ruler of Nawanagar believed that Ranjitsinhji had plotted Jassaji's murder.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=128}} Contrary to precedent, British officials did not make a decision over his successor for six months. The three major claimants who presented a case were Ranjitsinhji, Lakhuba and Jassaji's widows. Ranjitsinhji's claim once again rested on his claim to have been adopted by Vibhaji; Lakhuba claimed the throne through his position as Vibhaji's grandson, and like Ranjitsinhji, his prior claims had been rejected. Jassaji's widows claimed through precedent that they should choose a successor as Jassaji had not done so.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=167–169}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Ranji made the throne his own|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/65597/how-ranji-made-the-throne-his-own|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>

Taking advantage of being in India, Ranjitsinhji quickly persuaded Mansur Khachar to withdraw his court claim in return for paying him in full upon his succession. He also secured declarations of direct or partial support from several other states. He also used British newspapers to further his claim.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=170}} After examining the case, the British found in favour of Ranjitsinhji in December 1906, although the decision was not made public until the following February. Simon Wilde points out that the decision explicitly contradicted the evidence provided by the widows and seemingly ignored Vibhaji's abandonment of Ranjitsinhji as heir. Nevertheless, Ranjitsinhji's popularity as a cricketer, his close connections with many of the British administrators and the fact that he was westernised from his time spent in England may all have been major factors in the decision according to Wilde.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=172}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharaj Shri Manvendrasinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja v. Rajmata Vijaykunverba {{!}} Gujarat High Court {{!}} Judgment {{!}} Law {{!}} CaseMine|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56e66a94607dba6b53436724|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.casemine.com|language=en}}</ref>

An appeal from Lakhuba, which was eventually unsuccessful, delayed proceedings but Ranjitsinhji was installed as Jam Sahib on 11 March 1907.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=174}} The installation was relatively simple for financial reasons as Nawanagar was poor; many items had to be borrowed from neighbouring states for the ceremony to reach the expected standard. Security was heavy and shortly after the ceremony and in unfamiliar surroundings, Ranjitsinhji secretly adopted a nephew as his heir.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=175–178}}

Ranjitsinhji faced many challenges upon assuming control of Nawanagar. The state, following a drought several years before, was poor, suffered poverty and disease. In 1907, approximately thirty people were dying from disease each day in the capital city, [[Jamnagar]]. When he first saw it, Ranjitsinhji described Jamnagar as "an evil slum". To provide funds, most of the state's jewellery had been sold off.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=179}} In a speech at Ranjitsinhji's installation, Percy Fitzgerald, the British [[Resident (title)|resident]] at Rajkot, made clear that the state needed to be modernised; for example, he said that Ranjtisinhji should develop the harbour at [[Salaya, Gujarat|Salaya]] and extend the state's railway, improve irrigation and reform the state's administration.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=172}} The British also took steps to reduce spending, concerned about his personal financial difficulties.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=176}} According to Simon Wilde, Ranjitsinhji must have suffered from personal insecurity, moving to a region with which he was unfamiliar; furthermore, it is unlikely that his expectations before he became ruler were matched by the reality.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=173–174}}

Possibly prompted by his difficulty adjusting, Ranjitsinhji made little progress in his first four months. He made enquiries into improving the collection of his land revenue, began to build a cricket pitch and went on shooting expeditions.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=143}} Then in August 1907, he became seriously ill with typhoid, although he later claimed he had been poisoned. He recovered well, but his doctor reported to Fitzgerald that Ranjitsinhji needed a year in England to recover. Fitzgerald had misgivings about the level of expenditure involved and was concerned that opponents might plot while the ruler was away, but had to accept the decision.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=178–179}}

===Controversy in England===
Upon arriving in England, Ranjitsinhji hired a country house at [[Shillinglee]] and spent much of his time entertaining guests, hunting and playing cricket. Such a lifestyle was expensive, {{clarify|text=but there is no evidence he paid many bills and ran up considerable debts.|reason=I think this means to say, "he ran up considerable debts, and there are many bills for which there is no evidence of payment", but maybe the opposite?|date=May 2023}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=180–181}} Freed from his previous financial difficulties, he seems to have tried to repay the hospitality he had enjoyed. However, he made no attempt to pay for his lifestyle and ignored any requests for payment sent to him.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=181}} Nevertheless, he came under increasing financial pressure throughout 1908. Mansur Khachar came to England in an attempt to recover his loan, and contacted the India Office. He claimed Ranjitsinhji repeatedly misled him, although he could not provide evidence for all of his statements. Ranjitsinhji denied many of the claims but agreed to repay the initial loan to prevent embarrassment if the story got out. He offered to repay half of the sum, but in the event gave back less than a quarter.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=183–191}} Another dispute arose with Mary Tayler, an artist who was commissioned in April 1908 to create a miniature portrait of Ranjitsinhji at an agreed cost of 100 [[Guinea (British coin)|guineas]] for one and 180 guineas for a pair. Ranjitsinhji became increasingly uncooperative and when the finished work arrived two weeks afterwards, he eventually returned them, stating that he was dissatisfied with the likeness. In response, Tayler issued a writ for 180 guineas.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=196-197}} When the case came up at Brighton [[County court#England and Wales|county court]], Ranjitsinhji's solicitor, Edward Hunt, claimed that as a ruling sovereign, English courts had no authority over him.{{Sfn|Ross|1983|p=195-198}} However, the Secretary of State for India, Lord Morley, became involved and Hunt offered to make a settlement. By August, after a delay of seven weeks, Tayler was told that the matter could not be settled as MacLaren, Ranjitsinhji's secretary and a vital witness, was injured. But when Tayler discovered that this was untrue,{{#tag:ref|Tayler discovered this upon reading of MacLaren's appearance in court over the non-payment of rent. MacLaren claimed that as Ranjitsinhji paid, he could not be prosecuted as a sovereign, but the magistrate ruled that MacLaren was responsible and so had to pay.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=33}}|group=note}} she wrote to the India Office. She had no proof that a fee was agreed, but in November the India Office decided Ranjitsinhji should pay £75 as a gesture of good faith, and criticised Ranjitsinhji and "his ridiculous private secretary".{{Sfn|Kincaid|1931|p=191}} Ranjitsinhji also came before the courts over an 1896 [[loan covenant]] in a dispute between four women and himself and three other people. Ranjitsinhji had his name taken out of the claim on the grounds that he was a ruling sovereign, a view which was supported by the India Office.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=202}}<ref name="Royalty on the cricket field"/>

During his visit Ranjitsinhji resumed his first-class cricket career in the 1908 season,{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=191–194}} and also visited the Borrisow family in Gilling East. At the time, he was contemplating marriage and locals believed he was in love with Edith Borrisow. While he may have pursued the matter, objections from her father and the potential scandal in both British and [[Rajput]] circles at a mixed-race marriage prevented anything coming of it.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=194–195}} In August 1908, Ranjitsinhji became involved in fund raising to restore the bell-tower of Gilling East parish church and to furnish it with a clock; he organised a cricket match involving famous cricketers playing against a local team and raised money through the sale of a photograph.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=196–197}}

By the end of the season, Ranjitsinhji was under pressure. At a farewell dinner to celebrate his cricket feats, some notable figures from cricket and the India Office were absent. Rumours spread over his financial unreliability and stories appeared in the press that he was considering abdication.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=201–202}} He felt betrayed by the government and criticised it in a speech at the dinner, and he felt unfairly blamed for the financial controversy.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=202}} However, [[Horatio Bottomley]], a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] MP began to publicly criticise Ranjitsinhji in his magazine ''[[John Bull (magazine)|John Bull]]'' in October and November, drawing attention to his debts, the court cases and the claim that he was exempt from the law. Concerned and embarrassed by the negative publicity, the India Office advised Ranjitsinhji to be more careful with money.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=205–209}} Ranjitsinhji wrote back that he was "very hurt and annoyed at being continually thought ill of",{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=204}} and also defended himself in a letter to the ''Times''. In December 1908, he returned to India although two months remained on his lease at Shillinglee.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=205}}

===First years as ruler===
Ranjitsinhji returned from England to find that many of his staff had left and several assassination plans had been uncovered. Rumours spread that he was about to abdicate.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=209}} Despite the help of British officials, he made several controversial decisions, accumulated expensive possessions and attempted to increase his income. He tried to reclaim land given away by previous rulers and although he reduced revenue taxation, he imposed an additional land rent which, coupled with severe drought, led to rebellion in some villages; Ranjitsinhji ordered his army to destroy them in retribution.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=209–210}} The new resident at Rajkot, Claude Hill, was concerned by Ranjitsinhji's actions early in 1909 and met him April 1909 to discuss his role and responsibilities.{{Sfn|Wild|1934|pp=210–211}} Meanwhile, in England [[Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton|Lord Edward Winterton]], to whom Ranjitsinhji owed money from his lease of the Shillinglee Park property, asked questions in the House of Commons regarding Ranjitsinhji's debts, visits to England and his actions as ruler of Nawanagar.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=211–214}} As his state required his presence, the British advised him to leave at least four years between his visits to England. He did so at the earliest opportunity in 1912.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=224}}

Ranjitsinhji resumed first-class cricket in 1912 but also had to face his many debts in England; his solicitor, Hunt, was questioned by the India Office, although Hunt reassured the officials that Ranjitsinhji's debts were in hand. Lord Winterton once again asked questions in the House of Commons, this time about money Ranjitsinhji owed to the Coupe Company for architectural designs. Ranjitsinhji appeared himself at the India Office to answer questions on this particular debt and eventually paid back £500 of the £900 he owed.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=216–218}} After spending time with Edith in Gilling, Ranjitsinhji returned to India in January 1913, pursued once more by rumours of impending marriage.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=218–219}}{{Sfn|Standing|1903|p=224}} Although Ranjitsinhji continued to state his intention to marry, and plans for a wedding were fairly developed, he never married. However, it is possible that Edith Borrisow stayed regularly at the palace.{{#tag:ref|Evidence for this includes a makeshift corridor built between Ranjitsinhji's rooms and those of the housekeeper, where Edith Borrisow may have stayed. Ranjitsinhji also possessed a marble bust of a woman whom Simon Wilde believes may have been Borrisow.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=207–208}}|group=note}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=207–208}}

===War service and loss of eye===
When the First World War began in August 1914, Ranjitsinhji declared that the resources of his state were available to Britain, including a house that he owned at [[Staines]] which was converted into a hospital. In November 1914, he left to serve at the Western Front, leaving Berthon as administrator.{{#tag:ref|Ranjitsinhji later wrote to Berthon stating he had forgotten to bring money and asking for £1,000. Berthon informed him the state did not have that amount of money.{{Sfn| Wilde|1999|p=219}}|group=note}} Ranjitsinhji was made an honorary major in the British Army, but as any serving Indian princes were not allowed near the fighting by the British because of the risk involved, he did not see active service. Ranjitsinhji went to France but the cold weather badly affected his health and he returned to England several times.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=219–220}} On 31 August 1915, he took part in a grouse shooting party on the [[North York Moors|Yorkshire Moors]] near [[Darncombe-cum-Langdale End|Langdale End]]. While on foot, he was accidentally shot in the right eye by another member of the party. After travelling to Leeds via the railway at Scarborough, a specialist removed the badly damaged eye on 2 August. Ranjitsinhji's presence on a grouse shoot was a source of embarrassment to the authorities, who attempted to justify his presence in the area by hinting at his involvement in military business. He spent two months recuperating in Scarborough and after attending the funeral of [[W. G. Grace]] in Kent, he went to India for his sister's marriage and did not return to England before the end of the war.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=220–221}}

When Ranjitsinhji returned to India in 1915, Edith Borrisow remained in England. Her father died in 1917 and she and her sister moved away from Gilling, eventually settling in Staines (where Ranjitsinhji had a house).{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=228}} According to cricket writer [[E. H. D. Sewell]], to whom Ranjitsinhji told the story, Ranjitsinhji asked Edith to marry him following her father's death. However, she refused as she had fallen in love with someone else, and the engagement ended after 18 years. Sewell also claimed that her father had come to approve of the proposed marriage. However, the story may not be reliable and Simon Wilde speculates that Borrisow had simply tired of waiting and broke off the engagement. It is likely the pair remained friends, but Ranjitsinhji was deeply affected by the end of the relationship.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=228–230}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saffronart|title=ONE OF THE CLASSIC BOOKS ON CRICKET BY K S RANJITSINHJI -|url=https://www.storyltd.com/auction/item.aspx?eid=4097&lotno=34|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.storyltd.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Final years==

===Improvements in Nawanagar===
[[File:Ranjitsinhji nephews 1932.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Nephews of Ranjitsinhji in 1932. Left-right: K.S. Samarsinhji, K.S. Indravijaysinhi, K.S. Ranvirsinhji and K.S. Jayendrasinhji. The first three are brothers. All four took up cricket following their uncle.]]
While Ranjitsinhji was in Europe at the start of the war, Berthon remained in Nawanagar as Administrator and began to implement modernisation programmes. He organised the clearance of slums in Jamnagar and new houses, shops and roads were built. Berthon's improvements in irrigation meant that dry weather in 1923 was inconvenient but not disastrous like previous droughts. He also improved the state's finances to the extent that the railway was finally extended as the British resident had suggested in 1907.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=222–224}} Berthon continued in his role as Ranjitsinhji recovered from his injury, and the British Government wished him to remain in the position even when Ranjitsinhji was fully fit. Ranjitsinhji disagreed and threatened to abdicate if he was forced to retain Berthon. As a compromise, Berthon remained in Nawanagar but in an ostensibly more lowly position; in return, Ranjitsinhji was given more outward displays of favour, including the upgrading of Nawanagar to a 13-gun salute state and the centre of its liaison with the British was transferred from the Government of Bombay to the Government of India. Furthermore, Ranjitsinhji personally was entitled to a 15-gun salute{{#tag:ref|On 1 January 1917, Ranjitsinhji was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI);<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/29886/supplements/3 The London Gazette, 29 December 1916]</ref> he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross in the Military Division of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) on 3 June 1919,<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31709/supplements/16097 The London Gazette, 30 December 1919]</ref> and was promoted to a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) in the 1923 Birthday Honours, on 2 June 1923.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32830/supplements/3945 The London Gazette, 1 June 1923]</ref>|group=note}} and officially granted the title of Maharaja.<ref name="timesnownews.com"/> Berthon retired in 1920 but remained close to Ranjitsinhji for many years.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=224}}

Nawanagar's finances were improved further by the construction of a port at [[Bedi, Gujarat|Bedi]]. Encouraged by the British, the port was successful and thanks to favourable costs and charges it was used by many traders. As a consequence, Nawanagar's revenue more than doubled between 1916 and 1925.{{Sfn|Jackson|1982|p=231}} Ranjitsinhji was therefore able to live in luxury. He acquired many properties in India, and while retaining his property in Staines in England, bought a castle in [[Ballynahinch, County Galway|Ballynahinch]] on the west coast of Ireland. From 1920, he once more visited England but could now do so regularly and subsequently split his time each year between India and the British Isles.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=222}}

However, according to journalist [[Simon Wilde]], Ranjitsinhji was never happy. Possibly, he felt more at home in England and in the company of his British friends, and never felt a connection with Nawanagar.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=225}} He was criticised for his failure to support Indian cricket, and his nephew [[Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji|Duleepsinhji]] later represented England in Test matches.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=227}} Furthermore, his relations with British officials in India deteriorated over his final years, descending into disputes over minor matters, such as the refusal of the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] to give him membership.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=227–228}}

Although Ranjitsinhji had no children, he was very close to his nephews and nieces; they lived in his palaces and he sent them to Britain to study. He encouraged his nephews to take up cricket, and several of them had minor success in school cricket. The most effective was Duleepsinhji; critics spotted a similarity to Ranjitsinhji in his style, and he had a successful county and Test career until he was forced to give up the game through illness in 1932. However, he felt pressured by Ranjitsinhji and said that he only played to keep Ranjitsinhji happy.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=231–232}}{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=247}}

===Opposition to Federation and death===
For much of the remainder of his life, Ranjitsinhji devoted his time to supporting the interests of the Indian Princes. He attempted to unite his fellow princes against the advance of democracy, the [[Indian independence movement|Independence Movement]] and the growing hostility of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was instrumental in the formation of the [[Chamber of Princes]].{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=232–233}} Ranjitsinhji also secured a place on the Indian delegation to the [[League of Nations]] between 1920 and 1923, although he was a late replacement in 1922 and a substitute delegate in 1923. Providing extravagant hospitality to other delegates, Ranjitsinhji's delegation was popular and, according to Simon Wilde, "managed to acquire influence beyond its real status in Geneva".{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=233}} Ranjitsinhji was assisted by his old friend and teammate C. B. Fry, who wrote his speeches. One such speech in 1923, made on behalf of the British Empire, was partly responsible for the withdrawal of the Italians from Corfu, which they had occupied. He also made a controversial speech in 1922 against the limits placed on the immigration of Indians into South Africa.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|p=234}}

In 1927, Ranjitsinhji came under attack from the [[All India States Peoples Conference]] which accused him, among other things, of being an absentee ruler, high taxes and restricting liberties. He responded through supporting published works by different authors, including ''Jamnagar and its Ruler'' in 1927, ''Nawanagar and its Critics'' in 1929 and ''The Land of Ranji and Duleep'' in 1931. Although not entirely accurate, they attempted to answer some of the criticisms.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=235–236}} Ranjitsinhji visited England in 1930, to take part in [[Round Table Conferences (India)|talks on India's constitution]]. While there, he was well received by former cricketers and saw Duleepsinhji score 174 against Australia in a Test match at Lord's. At the request of Sussex, he was president of the county for the year.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=236–238}} He continued to oppose Indian federation, despite support for the idea from the British and some of the princes. He was chancellor to the Chamber of Princes in 1933, shortly before he died.{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=240–241}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-10|title=On his 143rd birth anniversary, here's looking at Ranjitsinhji, Indian cricket's first superstar|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/on-his-143nd-birth-anniversary-heres-looking-at-ranjitsinhji-indian-crickets-first-superstar/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Economic Times Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>

Ranjitsinhji died of heart failure on 2 April 1933 after a short illness. McLeod recounts that "many" contemporary observers attributed Ranji's death to an angry comment made publicly by [[Lord Willingdon]], the [[Viceroy of India]] in the Chamber of Princes.<ref name="Mc2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&q=ranjitsinhji&pg=PA1|author=McLeod, John|publisher=BRILL|date=1999|title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916–1947|page=2|isbn=9004113436}}</ref> Ranji had felt that he was speaking in defence of British interests and, ''[[The Morning Post]]'' said, "Feeling himself rebuked by the Power he wished to save, ... he lost all desire to live".<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Sep 28, 2014|title=Maharaja Ranjitsinhji had illegitimate son in UK? {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maharaja-Ranjitsinhji-had-illegitimate-son-in-UK/articleshow/43727485.cms|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Whether or not the dispute was the catalyst for his final illness, Ranjitsinhji's health had gradually deteriorated in his final years. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered over the River [[Ganges]].{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=242–243}}{{Sfn|Standing|1903|p=211}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranji|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/19331.html|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Cricinfo}}</ref> His estate in England was worth £185,958 at his death (£13,610,242 in 2020 terms).{{Sfn|Wilde|1999|pp=242–243}}<ref>[[Nawanagar State]]</ref>

==Playing style==
In his day, Ranjitsinhji's batting was regarded as innovative and history has come to look upon him as "one of the most original stylists to have ever played the game".<ref name="timesnownews.com"/> His great friend and Sussex captain, [[C. B. Fry]] commented on Ranji's "distinctiveness", attributing it to "a combination of perfect poise and the quickness peculiar to the athletic Hindu".<ref name="p135">{{cite book|author=Bateman, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvFyW3JbKfoC&q=ranjitsinhji&pg=PA135|title=Cricket, Literature and Culture: Symbolising the Nation, Destabilising Empire|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|page=135|isbn = 9780754665373|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> [[Neville Cardus]] described English cricket, before the arrival of Ranjitsinhji as "English through and through", but that when Ranji batted, "a strange light from the East flickered in the English sunshine".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvFyW3JbKfoC&q=ranjitsinhji&pg=PA135|title=Cricket, Literature and Culture: Symbolising the Nation, Destabilising Empire|author= Bateman, Anthony|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|date=1 January 2009|page=138|isbn=9780754665373|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> Wisden editor and cricket critic Steven Lynch says that "everything seems possible" for him while playing on a fast wicket.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Steven Lynch|title=Wisden on the Ashes: The Authoritative Story of Cricket's Greatest Rivalry|date=November 2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-6523-2|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_urBkF4RR4C&q=ranjitsinhji+playing+style&pg=PA72|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

== Titles ==
His full title was [[Colonel]] [[Highness|His Highness]] [[Shri]] [[Sir]] Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II, [[Jam Sahib|Jam Saheb of Nawanagar]], [[GCSI]], [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-28|title=KS Ranjitsinhji: The Maharaja of Elegance — and of Nawanagar|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ks-ranjitsinhji-the-maharaja-of-elegance-and-of-nawanagar-600648|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{Main|Ranji Trophy}}
[[File:Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji 1973 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Ranjitsinhji on a 1973 stamp of India]]
Bateman's work on cricket and the British Empire identifies Ranjitsinhji as an important figure in helping build "imperial cohesion", adding that his "cultural impact was immense".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Ratnadeep|date=2018-09-10|title=Remembering Ranjitsinhji, the first Indian who played Test cricket for England|url=https://theprint.in/sport/remembering-ranjitsinhji-the-first-indian-who-played-test-cricket-for-england/115240/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Bateman identifies in particular the use of Ranji's image during his era in advertising in England and Australia.<ref name="Bate135">{{Cite book|last=Bateman|first=Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvFyW3JbKfoC&q=ranjitsinhji&pg=PA135|title=Cricket, Literature and Culture: Symbolising the Nation, Destabilising Empire|date=January 2009|page=135|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=9780754665373}}</ref> This was a marked turnaround from the racism Ranji had faced early in his career, which he had tried to overcome with techniques such as adopting the pseudonym, "Smith".{{Sfn|Wild|1934|p=302}}

The popularity of an Indian playing cricket in England and for England was remarked upon during Ranjitsinhji's era. [[W. G. Grace]] directly linked Ranji's celebrity to "his extraordinary skill as a batsman and his nationality".<ref name="p135"/>

After his death, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) started the [[Ranji Trophy]] in 1934, with the first fixtures taking place in [[1934–35 Indian cricket season|1934–35]]. The trophy was donated by [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala]], who also inaugurated it. Today it remains a domestic [[first-class cricket]] championship played in India between different city and state sides.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Les Scott|title=Bats, Balls & Bails: The Essential Cricket Book|date=31 August 2011|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4464-2316-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDIxbom3Wb4C&pg=PT333}}</ref>

As a ruler, his legacy is more patchy. McLeod summarises his achievements at home as having "remodelled his capital, constructed roads and railways, and built a great port with modern facilities".<ref>{{cite book|title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India 1916–1947|author=McLeod, John|publisher=BRILL|date=1999|page=1|isbn=9004113436|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&pg=PA1}}</ref> Due to his legacy on the cricket field, he is regarded as one of the best cricketers of Indian history. He is also regarded as being one of the finest batsmen to have played for the [[Sussex County Cricket Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Hardman:Ranji legacy is rediscovered (15 Oct 1997)|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23270665/robert-hardmanranji-legacy-rediscovered-15-oct-1997|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.espncricinfo.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==

=== Citations ===
<references group="note"/>

===References===
<references />

===Sources===
{{refbegin|}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Sir Stanley|editor-last=Green|editor-first=Benny|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.80538/2015.80538.The-Biography-Of-Ranjitsinhji_djvu.txt|title=Wisden Anthology 1900–1940|publisher=Queen Anne Press|location=London|orig-year=1933|year=1982|chapter=Ranjitsinhji|page=1,119–1,121|isbn=0-7472-0706-2|author-link=Stanley Jackson (cricketer)}}
* {{cite book|title=The Land of 'Ranji' and 'Duleep'|last=Kincaid|first=Charles A.|year=1931|isbn=9783809431411|publisher=William Blackwood & Sons|location=Edinburgh|page=137|author-link=Charles Augustus Kincaid}}
* {{cite book|last=Ross|first=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsSvLwEACAAJ|title=Ranji: Prince of Cricketers|publisher=Collins|year=1983|location=London|isbn=0-00-217075-2|author-link=Alan Ross}}
* {{cite book
|title=Ranjitsinhji, Prince of Cricket
|last=Standing
|first=Percy Cross
|year=1903
|publisher=J. W. Arrowsmith/Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
|location=Bristol/London|author-link=Percy Cross}}
* {{cite book|title='Ranji': The Biography Of Colonel, His Highness Shri Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji [...]|last=Wild|first=Roland|year=1934|isbn=1434406520|publisher=Rich & Cowan / Griffon Press|location=London|page=330}}
* {{cite book|last=Wilde|first=Simon|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277859762|title=Ranji. The Strange Genius of Ranjitsinhji|publisher=Aurum Press|year=1999|location=London|isbn=1-84513-069-3|author-link=Simon Wilde}}
{{refend|}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Rodrigues|first=Mario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0puAAAAMAAJ|title=Batting for the Empire: A Political Biography of Ranjitsinhji|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2003|isbn=9780143029519|location=University of Michigan}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=19331}}

*{{IMDb title|0345815|Prince Ranjitsinhji Practising Batting in the Nets (1897)}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{Succession box|
|before=[[Billy Murdoch]]
|title=[[:Category:Sussex cricket captains|Sussex county cricket captain]]
|years=1899–1903
|after=[[C. B. Fry]]
}}
{{s-roy}}
{{Succession box|
|before= Jashwantsinhji Vibhoji
|title=[[Jam Sahib]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
|years=1907–1933
|after=[[K. S. Digvijaysinhji]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Descendants of Jivansinhji}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjitsinhji, Kumar Shri}}
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Princely state

2023-04-02T09:15:08Z

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{{Short description|Type of vassal state in India under the British Raj}}
{{About|the British-Indian usage|the global concept|Principality}}
{{Colonial India}}
{{Princely states of India topics}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}

A '''princely state''' (also called '''native state''' or '''Indian state''') was a nominally sovereign<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|2004|pp=85}} '''Quote:''' "The British did not create the Indian princes. Before and during the European penetration of India, indigenous rulers achieved dominance through the military protection they provided to dependents and their skill in acquiring revenues to maintain their military and administrative organisations. Major Indian rulers exercised varying degrees and types of sovereign powers before they entered treaty relations with the British. What changed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is that the British increasingly restricted the sovereignty of Indian rulers. The [[East India Company|Company]] set boundaries; it extracted resources in the form of military personnel, subsidies or tribute payments, and the purchase of commercial goods at favourable prices, and limited opportunities for other alliances. From the 1810s onwards as the British expanded and consolidated their power, their centralised military despotism dramatically reduced the political options of Indian rulers." (p. 85)</ref> entity of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of [[indirect rule]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|2004|p=87}} '''Quote:''' "The British system of indirect rule over Indian states ... provided a model for the efficient use of scarce monetary and personnel resources that could be adopted to imperial acquisitions in Malaya and Africa. (p. 87)"</ref> subject to a [[subsidiary alliance]] and the [[suzerainty]] or [[paramountcy]] of the [[the Crown|British crown]].

There were officially 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, but the great majority had contracted with the viceroy to provide public services and tax collection. Only 21 had actual state governments, and only four were large ([[Hyderabad State]], [[Mysore State]], [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir State]], and [[Baroda State]]). They [[Instrument of accession|acceded]] to one of the two new independent nations between 1947 and 1949. All the princes were eventually pensioned off.<ref>Wilhelm von Pochhammer, ''India's road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent'' (1981) ch 57</ref>

At the time of the British withdrawal, 565 princely states were officially recognized in the Indian subcontinent,<ref>{{citation |last=Bhargava |first=R. P. |title=The Chamber of Princes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQgNE1uSEgC&pg=PA313 |year=1991 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-005-5 |pages=312–323}}</ref> apart from thousands of [[zamindar|zamindari estates]] and [[jagir]]s. In 1947, princely states covered 40% of the area of pre-independence India and constituted 23% of its population.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/who-betrayed-sardar-patel/article5366083.ece|title=Who betrayed Sardar Patel?|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Datar|first1=Arvind P.}}</ref> The most important states had their own British political residencies: [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] of the [[Nizam]]s, [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Travancore State|Travancore]] in the South, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]] in the [[Himalayas]], and [[Indore State|Indore]] in Central India. The most prominent among those – roughly a quarter of the total – had the status of a [[salute state]], one whose ruler was entitled to a set number of [[gun salute]]s on ceremonial occasions.

The princely states varied greatly in status, size, and wealth; the premier 21-gun salute states of Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir were each over {{Convert|200000|km2||abbr=on}} in size. In 1941, Hyderabad had a population of over 16 million, while Jammu and Kashmir had a population of slightly over 4 million. At the other end of the scale, the non-salute principality of [[Lawa Thikana|Lawa]] covered an area of {{Convert|49|km2||abbr=on}}, with a population of just below 3,000. Some two hundred of the lesser states even had an area of less than {{Convert|25|km2||0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Markovits2004">{{cite book|author=Markovits, Claude |title=A history of modern India, 1480–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C|year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|pages=386–409|isbn=9781843310044}}</ref><ref name="scale">{{cite book|pages=33–37|title=The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945|publisher=Harrison & Sons, Ltd.|year=1945}}</ref>

The era of the princely states effectively ended with Indian independence in 1947; by 1950, almost all of the principalities had [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to either India or Pakistan.<ref>Ravi Kumar Pillai of Kandamath in the Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs, pages 316–319 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2016.1171621</ref> In July 1946, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book|last1=Menon|first=Shivshankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaWWDwAAQBAJ|title=India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present|isbn=978-0-670-09129-4|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|pages=34}}</ref> In January 1947, Nehru said that independent India would not accept the [[divine right of kings]].<ref>Lumby, E. W. R. 1954. ''The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947''. London: [[George Allen and Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]. p. 228</ref> In May 1947, he declared that any princely state which refused to join the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] would be treated as an enemy state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=172053|title=Sardar Patel – Man who United India|first=Aaditya|last=Tiwari|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The accession process was largely peaceful, except in the cases of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (whose ruler decided to accede to India following an [[First Kashmir War|invasion]] by Pakistan-based forces, resulting in a long-standing [[Kashmir dispute|dispute]] between the two countries),<ref>{{cite book|last=Bajwa|first=Kuldip Singh|title=Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspectiv|year=2003|publisher=Hari-Anand Publications Limited|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bREjE5yXNMC&q=dogra+1948+tribal+pakistan+invasion&pg=PA21|isbn=9788124109236}}</ref> [[Hyderabad State]] (whose ruler opted for independence in 1947, followed a year later by [[Operation Polo|the invasion and annexation]] of the state by India), [[Junagarh (state)|Junagarh]] and its vassal [[Bantva Manavadar]] (whose rulers acceded to Pakistan, but were [[Annexation of Junagadh|annexed]] by India),<ref name="Pande2011">{{cite book|author=Aparna Pande|title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPWrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-81893-6|pages=31–}}</ref> and [[Khanate of Kalat|Kalat]] (whose ruler declared independence in 1947, followed in 1948 by the state's accession to Pakistan).<ref>{{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-74499-8 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, Struggle for Pakistan|2014}} |page=72}}: "Equally notorious was his high-handed treatment of the state of Kalat, whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action."</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samad |first1=Yunas |author-link=Yunas Samad |title=Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan |journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=52 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=293–320 |doi=10.1080/14662043.2014.894280 |s2cid=144156399 |ref={{sfnref|Samad, Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan|2014}}}}: "When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch-Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre's response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan. By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela, Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states, which promptly merged with Pakistan, the State of Kalat became land locked and reduced to a fraction of its size. Thus Ahmed Yar Khan was forced to sign the instrument of accession on 27 March 1948, which immediately led to the brother of the Khan, Prince Abdul Karim raising the banner of revolt in July 1948, starting the first of the Baloch insurgencies."</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Harrison |first=Selig S. |author-link=Selig S. Harrison |title=In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLnCAAAAIAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=978-0-87003-029-1 |ref={{sfnref|Selig Harrison, In Afghanistan's Shadow|1981}} |page=24}}: "Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration, touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat.... it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened."</ref>

As per the terms of accession, the erstwhile Indian princes received [[Privy Purse in India|privy purses]] (government allowances), and initially retained their statuses, privileges, and autonomy in internal matters during a transitional period which lasted until 1956. During this time, the former princely states were merged into unions, each of which was headed by a former ruling prince with the title of ''Rajpramukh'' (ruling chief), equivalent to a state governor.<ref>Wilhelm von Pochhammer, ''India's road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent'' (1982) ch 57</ref> In 1956, the position of ''Rajpramukh'' was abolished and the federations dissolved, the former principalities becoming part of Indian states. The states which acceded to Pakistan retained their status until the promulgation of a new constitution in 1956, when most became part of the province of [[West Pakistan]]; a few of the former states retained their autonomy until 1969 when they were fully integrated into Pakistan. The Indian government abolished the privy purses in 1971, followed by the government of Pakistan in 1972.

==History==
{{South Asia in 1250|right}}
Though principalities and chiefdoms existed on the Indian subcontinent from at least the [[Iron Age]], the history of princely states on the Indian subcontinent dates to at least the fifth or sixth century C.E., during the rise of the [[middle kingdoms of India]] following the collapse of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name="aa">Agarwal, Ashvini (1989). ''Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas'', Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0592-5}}, pp.264–9</ref><ref name=Rene>{{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 69] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 }}</ref> Many of the future ruling clan groups – notably the [[Rajputs]] – began to emerge during this period; by the 13th–14th centuries, many of the Rajput clans had firmly established semi-independent principalities in the north-west, along with several in the north-east. The widespread expansion of Islam during this time brought many principalities into tributary relations with Islamic sultanates, notably with the [[Mughal Empire]]. In the south, however, the Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]] remained dominant until the mid-17th century; among its tributaries was the future [[Mysore Kingdom]].

The Turco-Mongol Mughal Empire brought a majority of the existing Indian kingdoms and principalities under its suzerainty by the 17th century, beginning with its foundation in the early 16th century. Despite the difference in religion, the Mughal emperors also contracted a series of marriages with [[Rajput]] princesses, and Rajput forces and generals became an important part of their military power. The advent of [[Sikhism]] resulted in the creation of the [[Sikh Empire]] in the north by the early 18th century, by which time the Mughal Empire was in full decline. The Muslim [[nawab]]s had begun as appointed governors of territories conquered by the Mughals, in theory a non-hereditary title, with obligations to pay a large share of their revenues to the emperor. As the emperors became too weak to enforce their power, the nawabs stopped paying, and passed on their realms to their sons.

At the same time, the [[Maratha]]s carved out their own states to form the [[Maratha Empire]]. Through the 18th century, former Mughal governors formed their own independent states. In the north-west, some of those – such as Tonk – allied themselves with various groups, including the Marathas and the [[Durrani Empire]], itself formed in 1747 from a loose agglomeration of tribal chiefdoms that composed former Mughal territories. In the south, the principalities of Hyderabad and Arcot were fully established by the 1760s, though they nominally remained vassals of the Mughal emperor.

The largest Muslim-ruled state was [[Hyderabad State]], which was also the first to sign a treaty with the British, in 1798, when it was caught between them and the Marathas. The treaties of 1817 and 1818 concluding the decisive [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] left the remaining Maratha territories as princely states, with treaties with the British, and the Rajput states resumed their subordinate status, now with the British.

==British relationship with the princely states==
[[British Raj|India under the British ''Raj'']] (the "Indian Empire") consisted of two types of territory: [[British India]] and the ''native states'' or ''princely states''. In its [[Interpretation Act 1889]], the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] adopted the following definitions:

<blockquote>
(4.) The expression "British India" shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor-General of India. 
(5.) The expression "India" shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor-General of India, or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor-General of India.<ref>Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18</ref>
</blockquote>

In general the term "[[British India]]" had been used (and is still used) also to refer to the regions under [[Company rule in India|the rule of the East India Company]] in India from 1774 to 1858.<ref>'''1.''' ''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume IV, published under the authority of the [[India Office|Secretary of State for India-in-Council]]'', 1909, Oxford University Press. page 5. Quote: "The history of British India falls, as observed by Sir C. P. Ilbert in his ''Government of India'', into three periods. From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown, and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress." '''2.''' ''The Statutes: From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ...'' by [[Robert Drayton|Robert Harry Drayton]], Statutes of the Realm – Law – 1770 Page 211 (3) "Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ..." '''3.''' Edney, M. E. (1997) [https://archive.today/20110521135907/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?mode=synopsis&bookkey=40921 ''Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843''], University of Chicago Press. 480 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-226-18488-3}} '''4.''' Hawes, C.J. (1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=d22WUEmG49IC&q=+%22British+India%22 Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833]. Routledge, 217 pages. {{ISBN|0-7007-0425-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II|1908|pp=463, 470}} Quote'''1''': "Before passing on to the political history of British India, which properly begins with the Anglo-French Wars in the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], ... (p. 463)" Quote'''2''': "The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic. (p.471)"</ref>

The [[British Crown]]'s suzerainty over 175 princely states, generally the largest and most important, was exercised in the name of the British Crown by the central government of British India under the Viceroy; the remaining approximately 400 states were influenced by Agents answerable to the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commissioner.<ref name=igi-60>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=60}}</ref> A clear distinction between "dominion" and "suzerainty" was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law: the law of British India rested upon the legislation enacted by the British Parliament, and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India, both central and local; in contrast, the courts of the princely states existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states.<ref name=igi-60/>

==Princely status and titles==
[[File:Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharaja of Baroda, 1919.jpg|thumb|[[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], the [[maharaja]] of [[Baroda State]].]]

The Indian rulers bore various titles – including [[Maharaja]] or [[Raja]] ("king"), [[Sultan]], [[Nawab]], [[Emir]], [[Raje]], [[Nizam]], [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar]] (used only by the Maharajas of [[Mysore]], meaning "lord"), Agniraj Maharaj for the rulers of Bhaddaiyan Raj, [[Chogyal]], [[Nawab]] ("governor"), Nayak, [[Wāli]], [[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inamdar]],<ref name="CommissionSimon1930">{{cite book|author1=Great Britain. Indian Statutory Commission|author2=Viscount John Allsebrook Simon Simon|title=Report of the Indian Statutory Commission ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTEoAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 June 2012|year=1930|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office}}</ref> [[Saranjamdar]]<ref name="All India reporter">{{cite book|title=All India reporter|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.531944|access-date=9 June 2012|year=1938|publisher=D.V. Chitaley}}</ref> and many others. Whatever the literal meaning and traditional prestige of the ruler's actual title, the British government translated them all as "prince", to avoid the implication that the native rulers could be "kings" with status equal to that of the British monarch.
[[File:British Residency in Kollam.jpg|right|thumb|An old image of the [[British Residency]] in the city of [[Quilon]], [[Kerala]]]]

More prestigious Hindu rulers (mostly existing before the Mughal Empire, or having split from such old states) often used the title "[[Raja]]", [[Raje]]" or a variant such as [[Rai (title)|Rai]], [[Rana (title)|Rana]], "Rao", "Rawat" or [[Rawal]]. Also in this 'class' were several [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakurs or Thai ores]] and a few particular titles, such as [[Sardar]], [[Mankari]] (or Mānkari/Maankari), [[Deshmukh]], [[Sar Desai]], Istamuradar, [[Saranjamdar]], Raja Inamdar etc.

The most prestigious Hindu rulers usually had the prefix "maha" ("great", compare for example Grand Duke) in their titles, as in ''Maharaja, Maharana, Maharao'', etc. This was used in many princely states including [[Mewar]], [[Travancore]] and [[Cochin]]. The state of [[Travancore]] also had [[queen regent|queens regent]] styled [[Maharani]], applied only to sister of king in Kerala.

There were also compound titles, such as (Maha)rajadhiraj, Raj-i-rajgan, often relics from an elaborate system of hierarchical titles under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]]. For example, the addition of the adjective ''Bahadur'' raised the status of the titleholder one level.

Furthermore, most dynasties used a variety of additional titles such as [[Varma (name)|Varma]] in South India. This should not be confused with various titles and suffixes not specific to princes but used by entire (sub)castes. This is almost analogous to [[Singh]] title in North India.

The [[Sikh]] princes concentrated at [[Punjab region|Punjab]] usually adopted Hindu type titles when attaining princely rank; at a lower level [[Sardar]] was used.

[[Muslim]] rulers almost all used the title "[[Nawab]]" (the Arabic honorific of ''naib'', "deputy", used of the Mughal governors, who became de facto autonomous with the decline of the Mughal Empire), with the prominent exceptions of the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad & Berar]], the [[Wāli]]/[[Khan (title)|Khan]] of [[Kalat (princely state)|Kalat]] and the [[Wāli of Swat]].
Other less usual titles included [[Darbar (title)|Darbar Sahib]], [[Dewan]], Jam, [[Chitral (princely state)|Mehtar]] (unique to [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]]) and Mir (from [[Emir]]).

==Precedence and prestige==
However, the actual importance of a princely state cannot be read from the title of its ruler, which was usually ''granted'' (or at least recognised) as a favour, often in recognition for loyalty and services rendered to the [[British Raj]]. Although some titles were raised once or even repeatedly, there was no automatic updating when a state gained or lost real power. In fact, princely titles were even awarded to holders of domains (mainly [[jagir]]s) and even [[taluqdar]]s and [[zamindar]]s, which were not states at all. Most of the zamindar who hold the princely titles were in fact erstwhile princely and royal states reduced to zamindari by the British EIC. Various sources give significantly different numbers of states and domains of the various types. Even in general, the definition of titles and domains are clearly not well-established.

[[File:Group portrait of the Maharaja of Mysore and his brothers and sisters.jpg|right|thumb|An 1895 group photograph of the eleven-year-old [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]], ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|princely state of Mysore]] in [[South India]], with his brothers and sisters. In 1799, his grandfather, then aged five, had been granted dominion of Mysore by the British and forced into a [[subsidiary alliance]]. The British later directly governed the state between 1831 and 1881.]]
[[Image:Maharaja rewapalace govindgarh1870.jpg|right|thumb|The Govindgarh Palace of the Maharaja of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]. The palace which was built as a hunting lodge later became famous for the first [[white tiger]]s that were found in the adjacent jungle and raised in the palace zoo.]]
[[Image:Nawab junagadh1885.jpg|thumb|The [[Nawab of Junagarh]] Bahadur Khan III (seated centre in an ornate chair) shown in an 1885 photograph with state officials and family.]]
[[Image:Maharani sikkim1900.jpg|thumb|Photograph (1900) of the Maharani of [[Sikkim]]. Sikkim was under the [[suzerainty]] of the Provincial government of Bengal; its ruler received a 15-gun salute.]]

In addition to their titles all princely rulers were eligible to be appointed to certain British orders of chivalry associated with India, the [[Order of the Star of India|Most Exalted Order of the Star of India]] and the [[Order of the Indian Empire|Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]]. Women could be appointed as "Knights" (instead of Dames) of these orders. Rulers entitled to 21-gun and 19-gun salutes were normally appointed to the highest rank, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India.

Many Indian princes served in the [[British Army]], the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], or in local guard or police forces, often rising to high ranks; some even served while on the throne. Many of these were appointed as an [[Aide de camp]], either to the ruling prince of their own house (in the case of relatives of such rulers) or indeed to the British monarchs. Many saw [[active service]], both on the subcontinent and on other fronts, during both World Wars.

Apart from those members of the princely houses who entered military service and who distinguished themselves, a good number of princes received honorary ranks as officers in the British and Indian Armed Forces. Those ranks were conferred based on several factors, including their heritage, lineage, gun-salute (or lack of one) as well as personal character or martial traditions. After the First and Second World Wars, the princely rulers of several of the major states, including [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkort]], [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Hyderabad, were given honorary general officer ranks as a result of their states' contributions to the war effort.
* Lieutenant/Captain/Flight Lieutenant or Lieutenant-Commander/Major/Squadron Leader (for junior members of princely houses or for minor princes)
* Commander/Lieutenant-Colonel/Wing Commander or Captain/Colonel/Group Captain (granted to princes of salute states, often to those entitled to 15-guns or more)
* Commodore/Brigadier/Air Commodore (conferred upon princes of salute states entitled to gun salutes of 15-guns or more)
* Major-General/Air Vice-Marshal (conferred upon princes of salute states entitled to 15-guns or more; conferred upon rulers of the major princely states, including Baroda, [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], Travancore, [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] and [[Mysore Kingdom|Mysore]])
* Lieutenant-General (conferred upon the rulers of the largest and most prominent princely houses after the First and Second World Wars for their states' contributions to the war effort.)
* General (very rarely awarded; the Maharajas of Gwalior and Jammu & Kashmir were created honorary Generals in the British Army in 1877, the Maharaja of Bikaner was made one in 1937, and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1941){{citation needed}}

It was also not unusual for members of princely houses to be appointed to various colonial offices, often far from their native state, or to enter the diplomatic corps.

===Salute states===
{{main|Salute state}}

[[File:HH The Maharaja Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia of Gwalior, General Sir Henry Daly (Founder of The Daly College, Indore), with British officers and Maratha nobility in Indore, Holkar State, Cental India. Circa 1879..jpg|thumb|left| [[Jayajirao Scindia|HH Maharaja Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia]] of [[Gwalior State]], General Sir [[Henry Daly]] (Founder of The [[Daly College]]), with British officers and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[nobility]] ([[Sardar]]s, [[Jagirdar]]s & [[Mankari]]s) in [[Indore]], [[Holkar State]], {{circa|1879}}.]]
The [[gun salute]] system was used to set unambiguously the precedence of the major rulers in the area in which the British East India Company was active, or generally of the states and their dynasties. As heads of a state, certain princely rulers were entitled to be saluted by the firing of an odd number of guns between three and 21, with a greater number of guns indicating greater prestige. Generally, the number of guns remained the same for all successive rulers of a particular state, but individual princes were sometimes granted additional guns on a personal basis. Furthermore, rulers were sometimes granted additional gun salutes within their own territories only, constituting a semi-promotion. The states of all these rulers (about 120) were known as [[salute states]].

After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], the Maharana of [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]] displaced the [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad as the most senior prince in India, because [[Hyderabad State]] had not acceded to the new [[Dominion of India]], and the style ''Highness'' was extended to all rulers entitled to 9-gun salutes. When the princely states had been integrated into the Indian Union their rulers were promised continued privileges and an income (known as the [[Privy Purse in India|Privy Purse]]) for their upkeep. Subsequently, when the Indian government abolished the Privy Purse in 1971, the whole princely order ceased to be recognised under Indian law, although many families continue to retain their social prestige informally; some descendants of the rulers are still prominent in regional or national politics, diplomacy, business and high society.

At the time of Indian independence, only five rulers – the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], the Maharaja of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], the Maharaja of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir state]], the Maharaja [[Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] and the Maharaja [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] – were entitled to a 21-gun salute. Six more{{citation needed}} – the Nawab of [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], the [[Holkar|Maharaja Holkar]] of [[Indore State|Indore]], the Maharaja of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]{{citation needed}}, the Maharana of [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]], the Maharaja of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]]{{citation needed}} and the Maharaja of [[Travancore]] – were entitled to 19-gun salutes. The most senior princely ruler was the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], who was entitled to the unique style ''[[Exalted Highness]]'' and [[21-gun salute]].<ref>{{cite web |title=King of all rewinds |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/king-of-all-rewinds.html}}</ref> Other princely rulers entitled to salutes of 11 guns (soon 9 guns too) or more were entitled to the style ''Highness''. No special style was used by rulers entitled to lesser gun salutes.

As ''paramount ruler'', and successor to the Mughals, the British ''[[King-Emperor]]'' of India, for whom the style of [[Majesty]] was reserved, was entitled to an 'imperial' 101-gun salute—in the European tradition also the number of guns fired to announce the birth of an heir (male) to the throne.

===Non-salute states===
[[File:Princely States. Karauli. Manak Pal (1772-1804) Karauli mint. Struck in the name of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. Dated 1784-5 CE.jpg|thumb|Coinage of king Manak Pal (1772-1804), [[Karauli State|Princely State of Karauli]]. Karauli mint. Struck in the name of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. Dated 1784-5 CE]]
There was no strict correlation between the levels of the titles and the classes of gun salutes, the real measure of precedence, but merely a growing percentage of higher titles in classes with more guns.
As a rule the majority of gun-salute princes had at least nine, with numbers below that usually the prerogative of Arab Sheikhs of the [[Aden protectorate]], also under British protection.

There were many so-called non-salute states of lower prestige. Since the total of salute states was 117 and there were more than 500 princely states, most rulers were not entitled to any gun salute. Not all of these were minor rulers – [[Surguja State]], for example, was both larger and more populous than [[Karauli State]], but the Maharaja of Karauli was entitled to a 17-gun salute and the Maharaja of Surguja was not entitled to any gun salute at all.

A number of princes, in the broadest sense of the term, were not even acknowledged as such.{{example needed|?}} On the other hand, the dynasties of certain defunct states were allowed to keep their princely status – they were known as [[political pensioner]]s, such as the Nawab of [[Oudh]]. There were also certain estates of British India which were rendered as [[political saranjam]]s, having equal princely status.<ref name="Patel1957">{{cite book|author=Govindlal Dalsukhbhai Patel|title=The land problem of reorganized Bombay state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvQCAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 June 2012|year=1957|publisher=N. M. Tripathi}}</ref> Though none of these princes were awarded gun salutes, princely titles in this category were recognised as a form of [[vassal state|vassals]] of salute states, and were not even in direct relation with the paramount power.

===Largest princely states by area===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|+ Eleven largest princely states in terms of area
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! colspan="2"|Population in 1941 !! Present State !! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| style="text-align:right"| 84,471
| 4,021,616 ||including Gilgit, Baltistan (Skardu), Ladakh, and Punch (mostly Muslim, with sizeable Hindu and Buddhist populations)
| [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| ''Maharaja'', ''[[Dogra]], Hindu''
| style="text-align:center"| 21
|-
| {{flag|Hyderabad State}}
| style="text-align:right"| 82,698
| style="text-align:right"| 16,338,534 ||(mostly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim minority)
| [[Telangana]]
| ''[[Nizam]]'', ''[[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], Sunni Muslim''
| style="text-align:center"| 21
|-
| {{flagicon image|Jodhpur.svg}} [[Jodhpur State]]
| style="text-align:right"| 36,071
| style="text-align:right"| 2,125,000 ||(mostly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim minority)
| [[Rajasthan]]
| ''Maharaja'', [[Rathore]], Hindu
| style="text-align:center"| 17
|-
| {{flag|Kingdom of Mysore}}
| style="text-align:right"| 29,458
| style="text-align:right"| 7,328,896 ||(Chiefly Hindu, with pockets of Muslim populations)
| [[Karnataka]]
| ''[[Wodeyar]]'' dynasty; ''Maharaja''; [[Kannadiga]]; [[Hindu]] [[Kshattriya]] (Urs/Arasu in Kannada)
| style="text-align:center"| 21
|-
| {{flag|Gwalior State}}
| style="text-align:right"| 26,397
| style="text-align:right"| 4,006,159 ||(chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population)
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| ''[[Maharaja]]'', ''[[Maratha]], [[Hindu]]''
| style="text-align:center"| 21
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bikaner.svg}} [[Bikaner State]]
| style="text-align:right"|23,317
| style="text-align:right"|936,218 ||(chiefly Hindu, with a low Muslim minority)
|[[Rajasthan]]
| ''Maharaja, Rathore, Hindu''
| style="text-align:center"|17
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of State of Bahawalpur.svg}} [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur State]]
| style="text-align:right"|17,726
| style="text-align:right"|1,341,209 ||(Chiefly Muslim, with a sizeable Hindu, Sikh population)
|[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab (Pakistan)]]
|''Nawab Amir, Abbasid, Muslim''
| style="text-align:center"|17
|-
|{{flagicon image|Jaisalmer Flag.svg}} [[Jaisalmer State]]
| style="text-align:right"|16,100
| style="text-align:right"|76,255 ||(Chiefly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim minority)
|[[Rajasthan]]
| ''Maharaja, [[Bhati]], Hindu''
| style="text-align:center"|15
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} [[Jaipur State]]
| style="text-align:right"|15,601
| style="text-align:right"|2,631,775 ||(Chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim minority)
|[[Rajasthan]]
| ''Maharaja, [[Kachhwaha]], Hindu''
| style="text-align:center"|17
|-
|{{flagicon image|Drapeau Bastar.png}} [[Bastar State]]
| style="text-align:right"|13,062
| style="text-align:right"|306,501 ||(Chiefly Hindu, with a low Muslim minority)
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|''Maharaja, [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] - [[Bhanj dynasty|Bhanj]], HIndu''
| style="text-align:center"| -
|}

==Doctrine of lapse==
{{Main|Doctrine of lapse}}

A controversial aspect of East India Company rule was the [[doctrine of lapse]], a policy under which lands whose feudal ruler died (or otherwise became unfit to rule) without a male biological heir (as opposed to an adopted son) would become directly controlled by the company and an adopted son would not become the ruler of the princely state. This policy went counter to Indian tradition where, unlike Europe, it was far more the accepted norm for a ruler to appoint his own heir.

The doctrine of lapse was pursued most vigorously by the Governor-General [[James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Sir James Ramsay]], 10th Earl (later 1st Marquess) of [[Earl of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]]. Dalhousie annexed seven states, including [[Oudh State|Awadh]] (Oudh), whose Nawabs he had accused of misrule, and the [[Maratha]] states of [[Nagpur]], [[Jhansi]], [[Satara State|Satara]], [[Sambalpur]], and [[Thanjavur]]. Resentment over the annexation of these states turned to indignation when the heirlooms of the Maharajas of Nagpur were auctioned off in Calcutta. Dalhousie's actions contributed to the rising discontent amongst the upper castes which played a large part in the outbreak of the [[Indian mutiny of 1857]]. The last Mughal Badshah (emperor), whom many of the mutineers saw as a figurehead to rally around, was deposed following its suppression.

In response to the unpopularity of the doctrine, it was discontinued with the end of Company rule and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]'s assumption of direct power over India.

==Imperial governance==
{{Main|Agencies of British India|Residencies of British India}}
[[File:Group at Residency including the Maharaja of Kolhapur.jpg|thumb|Photograph (1894) of the 19-year-old [[Shahaji II|Shahaji II Bhonsle]] Maharajah of [[Kolhapur (princely state)|Kolhapur]] visiting the British resident and his staff at the Residency]]

By treaty, the British controlled the external affairs of the princely states absolutely. As the states were not British possessions, they retained control over their own internal affairs, subject to a degree of British influence which in many states was substantial.

By the beginning of the 20th century, relations between the British and the four largest states – [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], Jammu and Kashmir, and [[Baroda State|Baroda]] – were directly under the control of the [[governor-general of India]], in the person of a British [[Resident minister#Residents in Asia|resident]]. Two agencies, for [[Rajputana]] and [[Central India Agency|Central India]], oversaw twenty and 148 princely states respectively. The remaining princely states had their own British political officers, or Agents, who answered to the administrators of India's provinces. The agents of five princely states were then under the authority of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], 354 under [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], 26 of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], two under [[Assam]], 34 under [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], fifteen under the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and two under the [[Uttar Pradesh|United Provinces]].
[[File:Chamber of Princes 17-03-1941 detail.png|thumb|Chamber of Princes meeting in March 1941]]
The [[Chamber of Princes]] (''Narender Mandal'' or ''Narendra Mandal'') was an institution established in 1920 by a [[Proclamation|royal proclamation]] of the [[George V of the United Kingdom|King-Emperor]] to provide a forum in which the rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government. It survived until the end of the [[British Raj]] in 1947.<ref>Vapal Pangunni Menon (1956) ''The Story of the Integration of the Indian States'', Macmillan Co., pp. 17–19</ref>

By the early 1930s, most of the princely states whose agencies were under the authority of India's provinces were organised into new Agencies, answerable directly to the governor-general, on the model of the Central India and Rajputana agencies: the [[Eastern States Agency]], [[Punjab States Agency]], [[Baluchistan Agency]], [[Deccan States Agency]], [[Madras States Agency]] and the [[Northwest Frontier States Agency]]. The [[Baroda Residency]] was combined with the princely states of northern Bombay Presidency into the [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]]. [[Gwalior]] was separated from the Central India Agency and given its own Resident, and the states of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] and [[Benares]], formerly with Agents under the authority of the United Provinces, were placed under the [[Gwalior Residency]] in 1936. The princely states of [[Sandur, India|Sandur]] and [[Banganapalle]] in Mysore Presidency were transferred to the agency of the Mysore Resident in 1939.

==Principal princely states in 1947==
The native states in 1947 included five large states that were in "direct political relations" with the Government of India. For the complete list of princely states in 1947, see [[Lists of princely states of India]].

===In direct relations with the central government===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Five large princely states in direct political relations with the Central Government in India<ref name=igi-92>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=92}}</ref><ref>"Mysore," Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 173, Macmillan & Co.</ref><ref>"Jammu and Kashmir," Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 171, Macmillan & Co.</ref><ref>"Hyderabad," Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 170, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | {{flag|Baroda State}} || align="center" | 13,866 || align="center" | 3,343,477 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population) || align="center" | 323.26 || align="center" | ''Maharaja'', [[Maratha]], Hindu || align="center" | 21 || align="center" | Resident at Baroda
|-
| align="center" | {{flag|Hyderabad State}} || align="center" | 82,698 || align="center" | 16,338,534 (mostly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim minority) || align="center" | 1582.43 || align="center" | ''[[Nizam]]'', [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], Sunni Muslim || align="center" | 21 || align="center" | Resident in Hyderabad
|-
| align="center" | {{flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || align="center" | 84,471 || align="center" | 4,021,616 including Gilgit, Baltistan (Skardu), Ladakh, and Punch (mostly Muslim, with sizeable Hindu and Buddhist populations) || align="center" | 463.95 || align="center" | ''Maharaja'', [[Dogra]], Hindu || align="center" | 21 || align="center" | Resident in Jammu & Kashmir
|-
|align="center" | {{flag|Kingdom of Mysore}} || align="center" | 29,458 || align="center" | 7,328,896 (Chiefly Hindu, with sizeable Muslim populations) || align="center" | 1001.38 || align="center" | ''Wodeyar'' (means Owner in [[Kannada]]) and ''Maharaja'', [[Kannadiga]], Hindu || align="center" | 21 || align="center" | Resident in [[Mysore]]
|-
|align="center" | {{flag|Gwalior State}} || align="center" | 26,397 || align="center" | 4,006,159 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population) || align="center" | 356.75 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', [[Maratha]], [[Hindu]] || align="center" | 21 || align="center" | [[Resident (title)#Residents in (British) Asia|Resident]] at Gwalior
|-
! Total !! 236,890 !! 35,038,682 !! 3727.77 !! colspan="3" |
|}

'''[[Central India Agency]], [[Gwalior Residency]], [[Baluchistan Agency]], [[Rajputana Agency]], [[Eastern States Agency]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 88 princely states forming the Central India Agency<ref name=igi-93>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=93}}</ref><ref>"Central India Agency," Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 168, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Indore State]] || align="center" | 9,341 || align="center" | 1,513,966 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population) || align="center" | 304.9 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', [[Maratha]], [[Hindu]] || align="center" | 19 (plus 2 local) || align="center" | [[Resident minister#Residents in Asia|Resident]] at Indore
|-
|align="center" | [[Bhopal (state)|Bhopal]] || align="center" | 6,924 || align="center" | 785,322 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population) || align="center" | 119.82 || align="center" | ''[[Nawab]]''(m)/''[[Begum]]''(f), [[Pashtun people|Afghan]], [[Muslim]] || align="center" | 19 (plus 2 local) || align="center" | Political Agent in Bhopal
|-
| align="center" | [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewah]] || align="center" | 13,000 || align="center" | 1,820,445 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population) || align="center" | 65 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', [[Baghel]] [[Rajput]], [[Hindu]] || align="center" | 17 || align="center" | Second largest state in [[Bagelkhand Agency|Baghelkhand]]
|-
| align="center" | 85 smaller and minor states (1941) || align="center" | 22,995 (1901) || align="center" | 2.74 million (Chiefly Hindu, 1901) || align="center" | 129 (1901) || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" |
|-
! Total !! 77,395 (1901) !! 8.51 million (1901) !! 421 (1901) !! colspan="3" |
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 42 princely states forming the Eastern States Agency<ref name="igi-93"/><ref>"Eastern States," Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 168, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] || align="center" | 1,318 || align="center" | 639,898 (chiefly Hindu and Muslim) || align="center" | 91 || align="center" | ''Maharaja'', [[Rajbongshi people|Koch]] (Kshattriya), Brahmo || align="center" | 13 || align="center" | Resident for the Eastern States
|-
| align="center" | [[Hill Tippera|Tripura State]] || align="center" | 4,116 || align="center" | 513,010 (chiefly Vaishnavite, with a sizeable [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]] minority) || align="center" | 54 || align="center" | ''Maharaja'', [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], Vaishnavite (Kshattriya) || align="center" | 13 || align="center" | Resident for the Eastern States
|-
| align="center" | [[Mayurbhanj State]] || align="center" | 4,243 || align="center" | 990,977 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 49 || align="center" | ''Maharaja'', Kshattriya, Hindu || align="center" | 9 || align="center" | Resident for the Eastern States
|-
| align="center" | 39 smaller and minor states (1941) || align="center" | 56,253 || align="center" | 6,641,991 || align="center" | 241.31 || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" |
|-
! Total !! 65,930 !! 8,785,876 !! 435.31 !! colspan="3" |
|}

'''[[Gwalior Residency]] (two states)'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Two states under the suzerainty of the Resident at Gwalior, Gwalior having direct relations with the central government.<ref name="igi-92"/><ref>"Gwalior Residency,", Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 170, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! [[Gun salute#In the colonial context|Gun-salute]] for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Rampur State|Rampur]] || align="center" | 893 || align="center" | 464,919 (chiefly [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]], in 1931) || align="center" | 51 || align="center" | ''[[Nawab]]'', [[Pashtun people|Pathan]], Muslim || align="center" | 15 || align="center" | Political Agent at Rampur
|-
|align="center" | [[Benares State]] || align="center" | 875 || align="center" | 391,165 (chiefly Hindu, 1931) || align="center" | 19 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', [[Bhumihar]], Hindu || align="center" | 13 (plus 2 local) || align="center" | Political Agent at Benares
|-
! Total !! 1,768 !! 856,084 (1941, approx.)!! 70 !! colspan="3" |
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 23 princely states forming the [[Rajputana Agency]], with the Resident for Rajputana at Abu<ref name=igi-94-95>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|pp=94–95}}</ref><ref>"Rajputana," Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 175, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Udaipur State|Udaipur (Mewar)]] || align="center" | 13,170 || align="center" | 1,926,698 (chiefly [[Hindu]] and [[Bhil]]) || align="center" | 107 || align="center" | ''[[Maharana]]'', [[Sisodia]] [[Rajput]], Hindu || align="center" | 19 (plus 2 personal) || align="center" | Political Agent for the [[Mewar]] and Southern Rajputana States
|-
| align="center" | [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] || align="center" | 15,610 || align="center" | 3,040,876 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 188.6 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', [[Kachwaha]] [[Rajput]], Hindu || align="center" | 17 (plus 2 personal) || align="center" | Political Agent at Jaipur
|-
|align="center" | [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur (Marwar)]] || align="center" | 36,120 || align="center" | 2,555,904 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 208.65 || align="center" | ''Maharaja'', [[Rathore|Rathor]] [[Rajput]], Hindu || align="center" | 17 || align="center" | Political Agent for the Western States of [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]]
|-
| align="center" | [[Bikaner (princely state)|Bikaner]] || align="center" | 23,181 || align="center" | 1,292,938 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 185.5 || align="center" | ''Maharaja'', Rathor Rajput, Hindu || align="center" | 17 || align="center" | Political agent for the Western States of Rajputana
|-
| align="center" | 17 salute states, 1 chiefship, 1 ''zamindari'' || align="center" | 42,374 || align="center" | 3.64 million (chiefly Hindu, 1901) || align="center" | 155 (1901) || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" |
|-
! Total !! 128,918 (1901) !! 9.84 million (1901) !! 320 (1901) !! colspan="3" |
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Three princely states forming the Baluchistan Agency<ref name=igi-96>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=96}}</ref><ref>"Baluchistan States," Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 160, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" |[[Khanate of Kalat|Kalat]]|| align="center" | 73,278 || align="center" | 250,211 (chiefly Sunni Muslim) || align="center" | 21.3 || align="center" | ''Khan'' or ''Wali'', [[Baloch people|Baloch]], Sunni Muslim || align="center" | 19 || align="center" | Political Agent in Kalat
|-
| align="center" |[[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]]|| align="center" | 7,132 || align="center" | 68,972 (chiefly Sunni Muslim) || align="center" | 6.1 || align="center" | ''Jam'', [[Baloch people|Baloch]], Sunni Muslim || align="center" | || align="center" | Political Agent in Kalat
|-
| align="center" |[[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]]|| align="center" | 14,210 || align="center" | 33,763 (chiefly Sunni Muslim) || align="center" | 2 || align="center" | ''Nawab'', [[Baloch people|Baloch]], Sunni Muslim || align="center" | || align="center" | Political Agent in Kalat
|-
! Total !! 94,620 !! 352,946 !! 29.4 !! colspan="3" |
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sikkim, as a protectorate of the British Government<ref>"Sikkim," Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 175, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Sikkim]]|| align="center" | 2,818 || align="center" | 121,520 (chiefly Buddhist and Hindu) || align="center" | 5 || align="center" | ''[[Chogyal]]'', Tibetan, Buddhist || align="center" | 15 || align="center" | Political Officer, Sikkim
|-
|}

'''Other states under provincial governments'''

'''[[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (5 States)'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 5 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]<ref name="igi-96"/>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1901 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand) [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]]!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! [[Gun salute#In the colonial context|Gun-salute]] for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Travancore]] || align="center" | 7,091 || align="center" | 2,952,157 (chiefly Hindu and Christian) || align="center" | 100 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', [[Samantha Kshatriya|Kshatriya-Samanthan]], Hindu || align="center" | 21 (including two guns personal to the then ruler)|| align="center" | Resident in Travancore and Cochin
|-
|align="center" | [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] || align="center" | 1,362 || align="center" | 812,025 (chiefly Hindu and Christian) || align="center" | 27 || align="center" | ''Raja'', [[Samantha Kshatriya|Samanta-Kshatriya]], Hindu || align="center" | 17|| align="center" | Resident in Travancore and Cochin
|-
| align="center" | [[Pudukkottai state|Pudukkottai]]|| align="center" | 1,100 || align="center" | 380,440 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 11 || align="center" | ''Raja'', [[Kallar, Trivandrum|Kallar]], Hindu || align="center" | 11 || align="center" | Collector of Trichinopoly (''ex officio'' Political Agent)
|-
| align="center" | 2 minor states ([[Banganapalle]] and [[Sandur (princely state)|Sandur]])|| align="center" | 416 || align="center" | 43,464 || align="center" | 3 || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" |
|-
! Total !! 9,969 !! 4,188,086 !! 141 !! colspan="3" |
|}

'''[[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] (354 States)'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 354 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]<ref name=igi-97>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_126.gif&volume=4 97]}}</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1901 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] || align="center" | 2,855 || align="center" | 910,011 (chiefly [[Hindus]]) || align="center" | 48 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'',"Chhtrapati "[[Maratha]], Hindu || align="center" | 19 || align="center" | Political Agent for Kolhapur
|-
|align="center" | [[Cutch State|Cutch]] || align="center" | 7,616 || align="center" | 488,022 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 20 || align="center" | ''[[Maharao]]'', [[Jadeja]] [[Rajput]], Hindu || align="center" | 17 || align="center" | Political Agent in Cutch
|-
| align="center" | [[Junagarh (state)|Junagarh]]|| align="center" | 3,284 || align="center" | 395,428 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 27 || align="center" | ''[[Nawab]]'', [[Pashtun people|Pathan]], Muslim || align="center" | 11 || align="center" | Agent to the Governor in Kathiawar
|-
| align="center" | [[Nawanagar State|Navanagar]]|| align="center" | 3,791 || align="center" | 336,779 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 31 || align="center" | ''[[Jam Sahib]]'', [[Jadeja]] [[Rajput]], Hindu || align="center" | 11 || align="center" | Agent to the Governor in Kathiawar
|-
| align="center" | 349 other states|| align="center" | 42,165 || align="center" | 4,579,095 || align="center" | 281 || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" |
|-
! Total !! 65,761 !! 6,908,648 !! 420 !! colspan="3" |
|}

'''[[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces]] (15 States)'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 15 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces]]<ref name=igi-102>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_131.gif&volume=4 102]}}</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1901 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! [[Gun salute#In the colonial context|Gun-salute]] for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Kalahandi State|Kalahandi]] || align="center" | 3,745 || align="center" | 284,465 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 4 || align="center" | ''[[Raja]]'', Kshatriya, [[Hindu]] || align="center" | 9 || align="center" | Political Agent for the [[Chhattisgarh Division|Chhattisgarh]] [[Feudatory|Feudatories]]
|-
|align="center" | [[Bastar state|Bastar]] || align="center" | 13,062 || align="center" | 306,501 (chiefly Animist) || align="center" | 3 || align="center" | ''Raja'', Kshatriya, Hindu || align="center" | || align="center" | Political Agent for the [[Chhattisgarh Division|Chhattisgarh]] [[Feudatory|Feudatories]]
|-
| align="center" | 13 other states|| align="center" | 12,628 || align="center" | 1,339,353 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 16 || align="center" | || align="center" | 11 || align="center" |
|-
! Total !! 29,435 !! 1,996,383 !! 21 !! colspan="3" |
|}

'''[[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] (45 States)'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 45 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]<ref name=igi-100>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_129.gif&volume=4 100]}}</ref><ref>"Punjab States,", Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 174, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! [[Gun salute#In the colonial context|Gun-salute]] for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] || align="center" | 16,434 || align="center" | 1,341,209 (chiefly Muslim) || align="center" | 335 || align="center" | ''[[Nawab]]'', [[Daudpota|Daudputra]], Muslim || align="center" | 17 || align="center" | Political Agent for [[Phulkian]] States and Bahawalpur
|-
|align="center" | [[Patiala]] || align="center" | 5,942 || align="center" | 1,936,259 (chiefly Sikh) || align="center" | 302.6 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', Sikh || align="center" | 17 (and 2 personal) || align="center" | Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur
|-
| align="center" | [[Nabha State|Nabha]] || align="center" | 947 || align="center" | 340,044 (chiefly Sikh) || align="center" | 38.7 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', Sikh || align="center" | 13 (and 2 local)|| align="center" | Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur
|-
| align="center" | [[Jind]] || align="center" | 1,299 || align="center" | 361,812 (chiefly and Sikh) || align="center" | 37.4 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', Sikh || align="center" | 13 (and 2 personal) || align="center" | Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur
|-
| align="center" | [[Kapurthala]] || align="center" | 645 || align="center" | 378,380 (chiefly Sikh) || align="center" | 40.5 || align="center" | ''Maharaja'', Ahuluwalia, Sikh || align="center" | 13 (and 2 personal) || align="center" | Commissioner of the [[Jullundur]] Division (''ex officio'' Political Agent)
|-
| align="center" | [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]] || align="center" | 638 || align="center" | 199,283 (Sikh) || align="center" | 22.7 || align="center" | ''Raja'', Sikh || align="center" | 11 || align="center" | Commissioner of the Jullundur Division (''ex officio'' Political Agent)
|-
| align="center" | [[Tehri Garhwal#History|Tehri (Garhwal)]] || align="center" | 4,500 || align="center" | 397,369 (chiefly Hindu) || align="center" | 26.9 || align="center" | ''[[Maharaja]]'', [[Rajput]] Hindu || align="center" | 11 || align="center" | [[Commissioner#India|Commissioner]] of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaun]] (''ex officio'' Political Agent)
|-
| align="center" | [[Khayrpur (princely state)|Khairpur]]|| align="center" | 6,050 || align="center" | 305,387 (chiefly Muslim) || align="center" | 15 (plus 2 local) || align="center" | ''[[Mir (title)|Mir]]'', [[Talpur]] [[Baloch people|Baloch]], Muslim || align="center" | 37.8 || align="center" | Political Agent for Khairpur
|-
| align="center" | 25 other states|| align="center" | 12,661 (in 1901) || align="center" | 1,087,614 (in 1901) || align="center" | 30 (in 1901) || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" |
|-
! Total !! 36,532 (in 1901) !! 4,424,398 (in 1901) !! 155 (in 1901) !! colspan="3" |
|}

'''[[Assam#British Assam|Assam]] (26 states)'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 26 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of [[Assam#British Assam|Assam]]<ref name=igi-103>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_132.gif&volume=4 103]}}</ref><ref>"Assam States,", Indian States and Agencies, ''The Statesman's Year Book 1947,'' pg 160, Macmillan & Co.</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1941 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! [[Gun salute#In the colonial context|Gun-salute]] for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] || align="center" | 8,638 || align="center" | 512,069 (chiefly Hindu and Animist) || align="center" | 19 || align="center" | ''[[Raja]]'', [[Kshatriya]], Hindu || align="center" | 11 || align="center" | Political Agent in Manipur
|-
|align="center" | [[Khasi Hill States|25 Khasi States]] || align="center" | 3,778 || align="center" | 213,586 (Khasi and Christian) || align="center" | ~1 (1941, approx.) || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" | Deputy Commissioner, Khasi and Jaintia Hills
|-
! Total !! 12,416 !! 725,655 !! 20 (1941; approx.) !! colspan="3" |
|}

==Burma==
{{See also|Shan States|Wa States}}

;[[Burma#Colonial era (1886–1948)|Burma]] (52 states)

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 52 states in [[Burma#Colonial era (1886–1948)|Burma]]: all except [[Kantarawadi]], one of the [[Karenni States]], were included in British India until 1937<ref name=igi-101>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_130.gif&volume=4 101]}}</ref>
|-
! Name of princely state !! Area in square miles !! Population in 1901 !! Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand [[Indian Rupees|Rupees]])!! Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler !! Gun-salute for ruler !! Designation of local political officer
|-
| align="center" | [[Hsipaw State|Hsipaw]] (Thibaw)|| align="center" | 5,086 || align="center" | 105,000 ([[Buddhist]]) || align="center" | 3 || align="center" | ''Sawbwa'', [[Shan people|Shan]], Buddhist || align="center" | 9 || align="center" | Superintendent, [[Shan State|Northern Shan States]]
|-
|align="center" | [[Kengtung State|Kengtung]] || align="center" | 12,000 || align="center" | 190,000 (Buddhist) || align="center" | 1 || align="center" | ''Sawbwa'', Shan, Buddhist || align="center" | 9 || align="center" | Superintendent [[Shan State|Southern Shan States]]
|-
| align="center" | [[Yawnghwe]]|| align="center" | 865 || align="center" | 95,339 (Buddhist) || align="center" | 2.13 || align="center" | ''Sawbwa'', Shan, Buddhist || align="center" | 9 || align="center" | Superintendent Southern Shan States
|-
| align="center" | [[Mongnai State|Mongnai]]|| align="center" | 2,717 || align="center" | 44,000 (Buddhist) || align="center" | 0.5 || align="center" | ''Sawbwa'', Shan, Buddhist || align="center" | || align="center" | Superintendent Southern Shan States
|-
| align="center" | 5 [[Karenni States]]|| align="center" | 3,130 || align="center" | 45,795 (Buddhist and Animist) || align="center" | 0.035 || align="center" | ''Sawbwa'', [[Karenni people|Karenni]], Buddhist|| align="center" | || align="center" | Superintendent Southern Shan States
|-
| align="center" | 44 other states|| align="center" | 42,198 || align="center" | 792,152 (Buddhist and Animist) || align="center" | 8.5 || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" |
|-
! Total !! 67,011 !! 1,177,987 !! 13.5 !! colspan="3" |
|}

==State military forces==
{{Main|Indian State Forces}}

The armies of the Native States were bound by many restrictions that were imposed by [[subsidiary alliance]]s. They existed mainly for ceremonial use and for internal policing, although certain units designated as Imperial Service Troops, were available for service alongside the regular Indian Army upon request by the British government.<ref>Lt. Gen. Sir George MacMunn, page 198 "The Armies of India", {{ISBN|0-947554-02-5}}</ref>

According to the {{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=85}}, <blockquote>Since a chief can neither attack his neighbour nor fall out with a foreign nation, it follows that he needs no military establishment which is not required either for police purposes or personal display, or for cooperation with the Imperial Government. The treaty made with Gwalior in 1844, and the instrument of transfer given to Mysore in 1881, alike base the restriction of the forces of the State upon the broad ground of protection. The former explained in detail that unnecessary armies were embarrassing to the State itself and the cause of disquietude to others: a few months later a striking proof of this was afforded by the army of the Sikh kingdom of Lahore. The British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within: its army is organised for the defence not merely of [[British India]], but of all the possessions under the [[suzerainty]] of the King-Emperor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=85}}</ref></blockquote>

In addition, other restrictions were imposed:

<blockquote>The treaties with most of the larger States are clear on this point. Posts in the interior must not be fortified, factories for the production of guns and ammunition must not be constructed, nor may the subject of other States be enlisted in the local forces. ... They must allow the forces that defend them to obtain local supplies, to occupy cantonments or positions, and to arrest deserters; and in addition to these services they must recognise the [[British Empire|Imperial]] control of the railways, telegraphs, and postal communications as essential not only to the common welfare but to the common defence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|pp=85–86}}</ref></blockquote>

The Imperial Service Troops were routinely inspected by British army officers and had the same equipment as soldiers in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=IGI-4-87>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=87}}</ref> Although their numbers were relatively small, the Imperial Service Troops were employed in China and [[British Somaliland]] in the first decade of the 20th century, and later saw action in the [[First World War]] and [[Second World War]] .<ref name=IGI-4-87/>

==Political integration of princely states in 1947 and after==
===India===
{{Main|Political integration of India}}
At the time of [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] on 15 August 1947, India was divided into two sets of territories, the first being the territories of "[[British India]]", which were under the direct control of the [[India Office]] in London and the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general of India]], and the second being the "princely states", the territories over which [[the Crown]] had [[suzerainty]], but which were under the control of their hereditary rulers. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. The integration of these territories into [[Dominion of India]], that had been created by the Indian Independence Act 1947 by the British Parliament, was a declared objective of the [[Indian National Congress]], which the [[Government of India]] pursued over the years 1947 to 1949. Through a combination of tactics, [[Sardar]] [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[V. P. Menon]] in the months immediately preceding and following the independence convinced the rulers of almost all of the hundreds of princely states to accede to India. In a speech in January 1948, Vallabhbhai Patel said:

{{blockquote|As you are all aware, on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity and our first task of consolidating about 550 States was on the basis of accession to the Indian Dominion on three subjects. Barring Hyderabad and Junagadh all the states which are contiguous to India acceded to Indian Dominion. Subsequently, Kashmir also came in... Some Rulers who were quick to read the writing on the wall, gave responsible government to their people; Cochin being the most illustrious example. In Travancore, there was a short struggle, but there, too, the Ruler soon recognised the aspiration of his people and agreed to introduce a constitution in which all powers would be transferred to the people and he would function as a constitutional Ruler.<ref>R. P. Bhargava (1992) ''The Chamber of Princes'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQgNE1uSEgC&pg=PA313 p. 313]</ref>}}

Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India, it was not as successful in relation to a few states, notably the former princely state of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir]], whose Maharaja delayed signing the instrument of accession into India until his territories were under the threat of invasion by Pakistan, and the state of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], whose ruler decided to remain independent and was subsequently defeated by the [[Operation Polo]] invasion.

Having secured their accession, Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon then proceeded, in a step-by-step process, to secure and extend the central government's authority over these states and to transform their administrations until, by 1956, there was little difference between the territories that had formerly been part of British India and those that had been princely states. Simultaneously, the Government of India, through a combination of diplomatic and economic pressure, acquired control over most of the remaining European colonial exclaves on the subcontinent. Fed up with the protracted and stubborn resistance of the Portuguese government; in 1961 the [[Indian Army]] [[Annexation of Goa|invaded and annexed]] [[Portuguese India]].<ref>Praval, Major K.C. (2009). Indian Army after Independence. New Delhi: Lancer. p. 214. {{ISBN|978-1-935501-10-7}}.</ref> These territories, like the princely states, were also integrated into the Republic of India.

As the final step, in 1971, the 26th amendment<ref>{{Citation|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm|title=The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971|publisher=Government of India|work=indiacode.nic.in|year=1971|access-date=9 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206041333/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm|archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> to the [[Constitution of India]] withdrew recognition of the princes as rulers, took away their remaining privileges, and abolished the remuneration granted to them by [[Privy Purse in India|privy purses]].

===Pakistan===
{{Main|Princely states of Pakistan}}
During the period of the [[British Raj]], there were four princely states in Balochistan: [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] and [[Kalat (princely state)|Kalat]]. The first three acceded to Pakistan.<ref name="CheemaRiemer1990">{{cite book|author1=Pervaiz I Cheema|author2=Manuel Riemer|title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-20942-2|pages=60–}}</ref><ref name="Siddiqi2012">{{cite book|author=Farhan Hanif Siddiqi|title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC&pg=PA71|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-68614-3|pages=71–}}</ref><ref name="Paul2014">{{cite book|author=T.V. Paul|title=The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYBeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-932223-7|pages=133–}}</ref><ref name="LongSingh2015">{{citation |last=Bangash |first=Y. K. |chapter=Constructing the state: Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan |editor1=Roger D. Long |editor2=Gurharpal Singh |editor3=Yunas Samad |editor4=Ian Talbot |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |pages=82–}}</ref> However, the ruler of the fourth princely state, the [[Khan of Kalat]] [[Ahmad Yar Khan]], declared Kalat's independence as this was one of the options given to all princely states.<ref name="Schmidle2010">{{cite book|author=Nicholas Schmidle|title=To Live or to Perish Forever: Two Tumultuous Years in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LayUUE4KNtwC&pg=PA86|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-1-4299-8590-1|pages=86–}}</ref> The state remained independent until it was acceded on 27 March 1948. The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan, led his brother, [[Prince Abdul Karim]], to revolt against his brother's decision in July 1948, causing an [[Balochistan conflict|ongoing and still unresolved insurgency]].<ref name="Hasnat2011">{{cite book|author=Syed Farooq Hasnat|title=Global Security Watch—Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C&pg=PA94|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34698-9|pages=94–}}</ref>

[[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] from the Punjab Agency joined Pakistan on 5 October 1947. The princely states of the [[North-West Frontier States Agency|North-West Frontier States Agencies]]. included the Dir Swat and Chitral Agency and the Deputy Commissioner of Hazara acting as the Political Agent for Amb and Phulra. These states joined Pakistan on independence from the British.{{citation needed}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Flags of Indian princely states]]
* [[Political integration of India]]
* [[List of princely states of British India (by region)]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[Praja Mandal]]
* [[Salute state]]
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats]]
* [[Jagirdar]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Maratha titles]]
* [[Oudh Bequest]]
* [[Rajputana]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Vorstenlanden]], ''princely states in the Netherlands Indies''
{{div col end}}



==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2016). "A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947–1955". Oxford University Press Pakistan. {{ISBN|9780199407361}}
*Bhagavan, Manu. "Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary: Exploring the Cartography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial India" ''Journal of Asian Studies,'' (Aug 2008) 67#3 pp 881–915 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203428 in JSTOR]
* Bhagavan, Manu. ''Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education and Empire in Colonial India'' (2003)
* {{Citation | last1=Copland | first1=Ian | year=2002 | title=Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947| publisher=(Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge and London: [[Cambridge University Press]]. Pp. 316| isbn=978-0-521-89436-4 }}.
* Ernst, W. and B. Pati, eds. ''India's Princely States: People, Princes, and Colonialism'' (2007)
* {{Citation| last1=Harrington| first1=Jack| year=2010| title=Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, Chs. 4 & 5. | publisher=New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]].| isbn=978-0-230-10885-1}}
* Jeffrey, Robin. ''People, Princes and Paramount Power: Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States'' (1979) 396pp
* Kooiman, Dick. ''Communalism and Indian Princely States: Travancore, Baroda & Hyderabad in the 1930s'' (2002), 249pp
* {{cite book|author=Markovits, Claude |title=A history of modern India, 1480–1950|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C|year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-152-2|pages=386–409|chapter=ch 21: "Princely India (1858–1950)}}
* {{Citation | last = Ramusack | first = Barbara | year = 2004 | title = The Indian Princes and their States |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] | publisher = Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 324 | isbn = 978-0-521-03989-5 }}
* Pochhammer, Wilhelm von ''India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent'' (1973) ch 57 [https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&dq=india+princely+states&pg=PA503 excerpt]
* {{cite journal | last1 = Zutshi | first1 = Chitralekha | year = 2009 | title = Re-visioning princely states in South Asian historiography: A review | journal = Indian Economic & Social History Review | volume = 46 | issue = 3| pages = 301–313 | doi = 10.1177/001946460904600302 | s2cid = 145521826 }}

===Gazetteers===
* {{Citation | last = [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] vol. II | title = The Indian Empire, Historical | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's [[India Office|Secretary of State for India in Council]], Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxv, 1 map, 573. | year = 1908}} [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ online]
* {{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III | title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxvi, 1 map, 520. | year = 1907}} [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ online]
* {{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV | title = The Indian Empire, Administrative|publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. | year = 1907}} [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ online]

==External links==
* {{cite book |title= The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire (Full text)|author=Sir Roper Lethbridge |author-link=Roper Lethbridge|publisher=Macmillan And Co., New York|year=1893|url=https://archive.org/stream/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft_djvu.txt }}
* [http://www.rulers.org/ruli.html#india Exhaustive lists of rulers] and heads of government, and some biographies.

{{Princely states of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Princely State}}
[[Category:Princely states of India| ]]
[[Category:1721 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Types of administrative division]]
[[Category:Client state]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Former British protectorates]]

Wax museum

2022-12-26T17:13:03Z

Wassu13: Shared a valuable publication.

{{short description|Museum displaying a collection of wax representations of famous people}}
{{Redirect|Wax Museum|the Jay and the Americans album|Wax Museum (Jay and the Americans album){{!}}''Wax Museum'' (Jay and the Americans album)|the ''Amphibia'' episode|Wax Museum (Amphibia){{!}}Wax Museum (''Amphibia'')}}
{{Redirect|Wax works|the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit short|Wax Works}}
[[File:CeciliaCheung MadameTussauds.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A modern wax sculpture of [[Cecilia Cheung]] at [[Madame Tussauds Hong Kong]].]]
[[File:Satyajit Ray at Mother's Wax Museum, Calcutta.jpg|alt=Satyajit Ray at Mother's Wax Museum, Calcutta|thumb|[[Satyajit Ray]] at [[Mother's Wax Museum]], [[Kolkata]].]]
A '''wax museum''' or '''waxworks''' usually consists of a collection of [[wax sculpture]]s representing famous people from history and contemporary personalities exhibited in lifelike poses, wearing real clothes.

Some wax [[museum]]s have a special section dubbed the "[[Chamber of Horrors (Madame Tussauds)|Chamber of Horrors]]", in which the more grisly exhibits are displayed. Some collections are more specialized, as, for example, collections of wax medical models once used for training medical professionals. Many museums or displays in historical houses that are not wax museums as such use wax figures as part of their displays. The origin of wax museums goes back to the early 18th century at least, and wax funeral [[effigies]] of royalty and some other figures exhibited by their tombs had essentially been tourist attractions well before that.

==History before 1800==
[[File:Elizabeth of york - funeral effigy.jpg|thumb|left|The funeral effigy (without clothes) of [[Elizabeth of York]], mother of [[King Henry VIII]], 1503, [[Westminster Abbey]]]]
The making of life-size wax figures wearing real clothes grew out of the funeral practices of European royalty. In the [[Middle Ages]] it was the habit to carry the corpse, fully dressed, on top of the coffin at royal funerals, but this sometimes had unfortunate consequences in hot weather, and the custom of making an [[effigy]] in wax for this role grew, again wearing actual clothes so that only the head and hands needed wax models. After the funeral these were often displayed by the tomb or elsewhere in the church, and became a popular attraction for visitors, which it was often necessary to pay to view.<ref name="westminster-abbey.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/funerals|title=Royals}}</ref>

The [[Westminster Abbey Museum]] in London has a collection of British royal funeral effigies made of varying materials going back to that of [[Edward III of England]]'s wooden likeness<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/royals/edward-iii-and-philippa-of-hainault | title=Edward III and Philippa of Hainault }}</ref> (died 1377), as well as those of figures such as the naval hero [[Horatio Nelson]], and [[Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond]], who also had her parrot stuffed and displayed. From the funeral of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1680 they were no longer placed on the coffin but were still made for later display.<ref name="westminster-abbey.org"/> The effigy of Charles II, open-eyed and standing, was displayed over his tomb until the early 19th century, when all the Westminster effigies were removed from the abbey itself.{{citation needed}} Nelson's effigy was a pure tourist attraction, commissioned the year after his death in 1805, and his burial not in the Abbey but in [[St Paul's Cathedral]] after a government decision that major public figures should in future be buried there. Concerned for their revenue from visitors, the Abbey decided it needed a rival attraction for admirers of Nelson.<ref>[http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/horatio,-viscount-nelson Westminster Abbey, "Horatio, Viscount Nelson"].</ref>

[[File:Cabinet de cire, Musée de la Révolution française.jpg|thumb|Wax museum in 1792 with the three fathers of the French Revolution, [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]], [[Voltaire]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], installed at [[Elysium]]. ([[musée de la Révolution française]])]]
In European courts including that of France the making of posed wax figures became popular. [[Antoine Benoist (painter)|Antoine Benoist]] (1632–1717) was a French court painter and sculptor in wax to [[King Louis XIV]]. He exhibited forty-three [[wax]] figures of the French ''Royal Circle'' at his residence in Paris. Thereafter, the king authorized the figurines to be shown throughout France. His work became so highly regarded that [[James II of England]] invited him to visit [[England]] in 1684. There he executed works of the English king and members of his court. A seated figure of [[Peter the Great]] of Russia survives, made by an Italian artist, after the Tsar was impressed by the figures he saw at the [[Chateau of Versailles]]. The Danish court painter [[Johann Salomon Wahl]] executed figures of the Danish king and queen in about 1740.<ref>Taylor, 37</ref>

The 'Moving Wax Works of the Royal Court of England', a museum or exhibition of 140 life-size figures, some apparently with clockwork moving parts, opened by Mrs Mary in [[Fleet Street]] in London was doing excellent business in 1711. [[Philippe Curtius]], waxwork modeller to the French court, opened his ''Cabinet de Cire'' as a tourist attraction in Paris in 1770, which remained open until 1802. In 1783 this added a ''Caverne des Grands Voleurs'' ("Cave of the Great Thieves"), an early "Chamber of Horrors". He bequeathed his collection to his protégée [[Marie Tussaud]], who during the [[French Revolution]] made [[death mask]]s of the executed royals.<ref>Taylor, 37-38</ref>

==Notable wax museums==
[[File:2017 Madame Tussauds London 01.jpg|thumb|Madame Tussauds location in London]]
[[Madame Tussauds]], historically associated with [[London]], is the most famous name associated with wax museums, although it was not the earliest wax museum, as is sometimes thought. In 1835 Madame Tussaud established her first permanent exhibition in [[London]]'s [[Baker Street]]. By the late 19th century most large cities had some kind of commercial wax museum, like the [[Musée Grévin]] in Paris or the [[Panoptikum Hamburg]], and for a century these remained highly popular. In the late 20th century it became harder for them to compete with other attractions.

Today there are also Madame Tussauds in [[Dam Square]], [[Amsterdam]]; [[Berlin]]; [[Madame Tussauds Hong Kong]]; [[Shanghai]]; and five locations in the [[United States]]: the [[The Venetian (Las Vegas)|Venetian Hotel]] in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas, Nevada]], [[Times Square]] in [[New York City]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco|Fisherman's Wharf]] in [[San Francisco]] and [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].

Louis Tussaud's wax museum in [[San Antonio, Texas]], is across the street from the historic [[Alamo]]. Others are located on the Canadian side of [[Niagara Falls]], and [[Grand Prairie, Texas]].

One of the most popular wax museums in the United States for decades was The [[Movieland Wax Museum]] in [[Buena Park, California]], near [[Knott's Berry Farm]]. The museum opened in 1962 and through the years added many wax figures of famous show business figures. Several stars attended the unveilings of the wax incarnations. The museum closed its doors on October 31, 2005, after years of dwindling attendance.

However, the most enduring museum in the United States is the [[Hollywood Wax Museum]] located in [[Hollywood, California]] which features almost exclusively figures of movie actors displayed in settings associated with their roles in popular movies. This group of museums includes [[Hollywood Wax Museum Branson]] in [[Branson, Missouri]] along with [[Hollywood Wax Museum Pigeon Forge]] in [[Pigeon Forge, Tennessee]] and [[Hollywood Wax Museum Myrtle Beach]] in [[Myrtle Beach, South Carolina]]. With the original location having been developed in the mid-1960s, this group of museums went against the late 20th century trend of declining wax museum attendance, with the Branson location having undergone a substantial expansion and remodeling in 2008 and 2009 including an animated ride and a mirror maze.

Another popular wax museum is the Musée Conti Wax Museum in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], which features wax figures portraying the city's history as well as a "Haunted Dungeon" section of wax figures of famous characters from horror films and literature. This museum is currently closed as the Conti building is being converted into condos. The museum should reopen at Jazzland Theme Park some time in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wgno.com/2016/07/19/the-musee-conti-wax-museum-plans-to-move-to-the-new-jazzland-theme-park-eventually/|title=The Musee Conti Wax Museum plans to move to the new Jazzland theme park – eventually}}</ref> Another popular wax museum in the U.S. is the [[Wax Museum at Fisherman's Wharf]] in [[San Francisco, California]].

[[BibleWalk]] is a Christian wax museum in [[Mansfield, Ohio]].<ref name="contact">{{cite web|url=https://www.biblewalk.us/contact/|title=About Us|website=BibleWalk|access-date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sb6y53pdN4M |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Sb6y53pdN4M| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Biblewalk Wax Museum |website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=May 22, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It has received attention for its use of celebrity wax figures in its religious scenes,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/11802032/Wax-figures-of-British-royals-appear-at-US-Biblical-museum.html |title=Wax figures of British royals appear at US Biblical museum |last=Lawler |first=David |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |access-date=May 22, 2018 }}</ref> originally a cost-saving measure when new wax figures were deemed too expensive.<ref name="contact" />

The [[Royal London Wax Museum]] was open in downtown [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada, from 1970 to 2010 in the Steamship Terminal building, it featured "royalty to rogues and the renowned." It was forced to close when the building required seismic upgrades.

The [[National Wax Museum (Ireland)|National Wax Museum]] in [[Dublin]], Ireland is a wax museum which hosts well over a hundred figures. For many years it has had only one sculptor, PJ Heraty, who continued producing figures even while the museum was closed. Meanwhile, it could be re-opened at a new location. During the last few years some other new wax museums are starting around the world. In 2009 Dreamland Wax Museum opened in Gramado, in the south of Brazil.

[[The National Presidential Wax Museum]] {{citation needed}} in Keystone, South Dakota is the only wax museum in the world to feature every U.S. president. Their exhibits also include other notable figures from history such as General George Custer, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, and Sitting Bull. Originally created by the famed sculptor Katherine Stubergh, the museum includes death and life masks of notable Hollywood celebrities including Mae West and Sid Grauman. Their most revered exhibit is a depiction of George W. Bush standing on the rubble of the World Trade Center with NYFD fireman Bob Beckwith following the attacks on September 11, 2001.

India's first wax museum opened in December 2005 in Kanyakumari. Now located to Lonavala it contains 100 wax statues of celebrities at Lonavala Square Mall. The biggest in India wax museum named [[Mother's Wax Museum]] was opened in November 2014 in [[Rajarhat|New Town, Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan's wax statues at Kolkata's wax museum - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Amitabh-Bachchan-and-Shah-Rukh-Khans-wax-statues-at-Kolkatas-wax-museum/articleshow/45022680.cms}}</ref> Another branch opened in July 2008 at the historical site of Old Goa with a collection of religious statues.

[[Madame Tussauds]] opened its first museum in India at New Delhi in 2017.

== Depictions ==
* [[Mystery of the Wax Museum]]
* [[House of Wax (1953 film)]]
* [[Museo del horror]]
* [[Terror in the Wax Museum]]
* [[Waxwork (film)]]
* [[House of Wax (2005 film)]]

==See also==
* [[Wax sculpture]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Taylor, Lou, ''The Study of Dress History'', 2002, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|0719040655}}, 9780719040658, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca7l3qh8h_YC&pg=PA37 google books]

[[Category:Wax museums]]
[[Category:Types of museums]]
[[Category:Types of art museums and galleries]]