Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Yuvraj Singh

2023-10-09T12:54:25Z

WarrenBurstein:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{distinguish|Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh (politician)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Yuvraj Singh
| image = Yuvraj Singh appointed as Ulysse Nardin watch brand ambassador.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption = Singh in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|12|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| family = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Yograj Singh]] (father)|{{Marriage|[[Hazel Keech]]|2016}} (wife)}}
| nickname = Yuvi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Booth |first1=Lawrence |title=The Shorter Wisden 2015: The Best Writing from Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2015 |date=9 April 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1472915214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V317BwAAQBAJ |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role = [[Allrounder]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2000–2017
| country = India
| testdebutdate = 16 October
| testdebutyear = 2003
| testdebutagainst = New Zealand
| testcap = 247
| lasttestdate = 9 December
| lasttestyear = 2012
| lasttestagainst = England
| odidebutdate = 3 October
| odidebutyear = 2000
| odidebutagainst = Kenya
| odicap = 134
| lastodidate = 30 June
| lastodiyear = 2017
| lastodiagainst = West Indies
| odishirt = 12
| T20Idebutdate = 13 September
| T20Idebutyear = 2007
| T20Idebutagainst = Scotland
| T20Icap = 15
| lastT20Idate = 1 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2017
| lastT20Iagainst = England
| T20Ishirt = 12
| club1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1996/97–2018/19}}
| clubnumber1 = 12
| club2 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year2 = 2003
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| year3 = 2008–2010, 2018
| clubnumber3 = 12
| club4 = [[Pune Warriors India]]
| year4 = 2011–2013
| clubnumber4 = 12
| club5 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year5 = 2014
| clubnumber5 = 12
| club6 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year6 = 2015
| clubnumber6 = 12
| club7 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year7 = 2016–2017
| clubnumber7 = 12
| club8 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year8 = 2019
| clubnumber8 = 12
| club9 = [[Toronto Nationals (cricket)|Toronto Nationals]]
| year9 = 2019
| clubnumber9 = 12
| club10 = [[Maratha Arabians]]
| year10 = 2019
| clubnumber10 = 12
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 40
| matches2 = 304
| matches3 = 58
| matches4 = 139
| runs1 = 1,900
| runs2 = 8,701
| runs3 = 1,177
| runs4 = 8,965
| bat avg1 = 33.92
| bat avg2 = 36.55
| bat avg3 = 28.02
| bat avg4 = 44.16
| 100s/50s1 = 3/11
| 100s/50s2 = 14/52
| 100s/50s3 = 0/8
| 100s/50s4 = 26/36
| top score1 = 169
| top score2 = 150
| top score3 = 77[[Not out|*]]
| top score4 = 260
| deliveries1 = 931
| deliveries2 = 5,048
| deliveries3 = 424
| deliveries4 = 3,408
| wickets1 = 10
| wickets2 = 111
| wickets3 = 29
| wickets4 = 41
| bowl avg1 = 60.77
| bowl avg2 = 38.68
| bowl avg3 = 17.82
| bowl avg4 = 48.24
| fivefor1 = 0
| fivefor2 = 1
| fivefor3 = 0
| fivefor4 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/9
| best bowling2 = 5/31
| best bowling3 = 3/17
| best bowling4 = 5/94
| catches/stumpings1 = 31/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 94/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 12/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 118/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/36084.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 28 April
| year = 2019
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 India–Bangladesh–Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 South Africa]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014 Bangladesh]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]|}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2002 ICC Champions Trophy|2002 Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy|2000 Kenya]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2017 ICC Champions Trophy|2017 England]]|}}
|height=6 ft 0 in +<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Sonal|title=Singh, the fitness King|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20081103-singh-the-fitness-king-738016-2008-10-24|date=24 October 2008|website=[[India Today]]|quote=At six feet something, he is lean and strong, not a muscular hulk.}}</ref>}}
'''Yuvraj Singh''' (born 12 December 1981) is a former Indian international [[cricket]]er who played in all formats of the game. He is an all-rounder who batted left-handed in the middle order and bowled [[slow left-arm orthodox]] . He has won 7 Player of the Series awards in ODI cricket, which is joint 3rd highest by an Indian, shared with former Indian captain [[Sourav Ganguly]]. He is also the son of former Indian fast bowler and Punjabi actor [[Yograj Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sportskeeda.com/player/yuvraj-singh|title=Yuvraj Singh in Sportskeeda |work=Sportskeeda|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>

Yuvraj was a member of the Indian cricket team in One Day Internationals (ODIs) between 2000 and 2017 and played his first Test match in October 2003. He was the vice-captain of the Indian ODI team between 2007 and 2008. In a match against [[England cricket team|England]] at the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 World Twenty20]], he famously hit six [[Boundary (cricket)|sixes]] in one over bowled by [[Stuart Broad]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Match referee checked my bat: Yuvraj Singh reveals how questions were raised after his six sixes off Stuart Broad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/match-referee-checked-my-bat-yuvraj-singh-reveals-how-questions-were-raised-after-his-six-sixes-off-stuart-broad/story-a92EMTO7nJQ0zIro7w8CbJ.html |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> — a feat performed only three times previously in any form of senior cricket, and never in an international match between two teams with [[Test cricket|Test match status]]. In the same match, he set the record for the fastest fifty in Twenty20 Internationals and in all T20 cricket, reaching 50 runs in 12 balls, which was
a record for fastest half century in International cricket,until it was broken by [[Dipendra Airee]] during 2023 Asian Games but Yuvi's achievement is still an unbreakable fastest 50 record in the ICC Cricket World Cup and among ICC full member nations. During the [[2011 ICC Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]], he became the first player to take a 5-wicket haul and score a 50 in the same [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] match. During the 2011 World Cup, Yuvraj Singh played eight innings in nine matches and scored 362 runs with a remarkable average of 90.50.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 April 2023|title =Harbhajan Singh reveals Yuvraj played 2011 World Cup with cancer signs |url=https://crickdom.news/harbhajan-singh-reveals-yuvraj-played-2011-world-cup-with-cancer-signs/|website= Crickdom.news}}</ref> He also took 15 wickets in the tournament, maintaining an economy rate of 5.02.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 April 2023|title =Harbhajan Singh reveals Yuvraj played 2011 World Cup with cancer signs |url=https://crickdom.news/harbhajan-singh-reveals-yuvraj-played-2011-world-cup-with-cancer-signs/|website= Crickdom.news}}</ref>

In 2011, Yuvraj was diagnosed with a [[cancerous]] [[tumor]] in his left lung and underwent [[chemotherapy]] treatment in Boston and Indianapolis.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{citation|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tumour-cancerous-yuvi-undergoes-chemo/908423/|title="Tumour Cancerous, Yuvi Undergoes Chemo" – Indian Express.}}</ref> In March 2012, he was discharged from the hospital after completing the third and final cycle of chemotherapy and returned to India in April. He made his international comeback in a Twenty20 match in September against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] shortly before the [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012 World Twenty20]].

In 2012, Yuvraj was conferred with the [[Arjuna Award]], India's second highest sporting award by the [[Government of India]]. In 2014, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour. At the 2014 [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] auction [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] bought Yuvraj for an all-time high price of {{INR}}14 [[crore]] and, in 2015, the [[Delhi Daredevils]] bought him for {{INR}}16 crore making him the second most expensive player ever to be sold in the IPL until Chris Morris was sold to the Rajasthan Royals for a record {{INR}}16.25 crore in February 2021. In February 2014, he was honoured with [[FICCI]] Most Inspiring Sportsperson of the Year Award.

On 10 June 2019, Yuvraj announced his retirement from all forms of International cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/108416/yuvraj-singh-announces-retirement-from-international-cricket|title=Yuvraj Singh announces retirement from all forms of cricket |work=Cricbuzz |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rajarshi |date=10 June 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/yuvraj-singh-retires-indian-cricket-team-world-cup-2011-hero-cancer-battle-1545861-2019-06-10|title=Yuvraj Singh, hero of India's 2011 World Cup triumph, retires from international cricket |work=India Today |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> He last represented India in June 2017, [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2017|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title='I have decided to move on' - Yuvraj Singh announces international, IPL retirement |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/i-have-decided-to-move-on-yuvraj-singh-announces-international-ipl-retirement-1188187 |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> His request for a return to domestic cricket and IPL was turned down by BCCI for participating in Global T20 League in Canada and T10 league.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agnihotri|first=Shweta|date=29 December 2020|title=Setback for Yuvraj Singh, BCCI says no to his comeback in domestic cricket|url=https://www.insidesport.co/setback-for-yuvraj-singh-bcci-says-no-to-his-comeback-in-domestic-cricket/|access-date=11 April 2021|website=InsideSport|language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Early years and personal life==
Singh was born in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] family to [[Yograj Singh]], a former India cricketer, and Shabnam Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/188217-my-son-has-come-back-as-a-winner-says-yuvraj-singhs-father |title=My son has come back as a winner, says Yuvraj Singh's father |publisher=NDTV.com |date=6 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626064524/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/188217-my-son-has-come-back-as-a-winner-says-yuvraj-singhs-father|archive-date=26 June 2012|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dani |first1=Bipin |title=Yuvraj Singh's father not pleased with Hazel Keech's reported name change |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/141216/yuvraj-singhs-father-not-pleased-with-hazel-keechs-reported-name-change.html |access-date=9 March 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> [[Tennis]] and [[roller skating]] were Yuvraj's favourite sports during his childhood and he was quite good at both. He had also won the National Under-14 Roller Skating Championship. His father threw away the medal and told him to forget skating and concentrate on cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-10/top-stories/29403147_1_yuvi-local-train-cricket|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106001226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-10/top-stories/29403147_1_yuvi-local-train-cricket|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2011|title=Yuvraj Singh: Inside out |date=10 April 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 April 2011}}</ref> He would take Yuvraj to training every day.

Yuvraj studied at the DAV Public School in [[Chandigarh]]. He completed his graduation degree in commerce from DAV College, [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031016/cth1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> He also did two short roles as [[child actor|child star]] in ''Mehndi Sagna Di and Putt Sardara''.

In 2015, Yuvraj got engaged to [[Hazel Keech]] and married her on 30 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/Yuvraj-Singh-and-Hazel-Keech-exchange-wedding-vows/article16732191.ece|work=The Hindu|title=Yuvraj Singh and Hazel Keech exchange wedding vows|date=30 November 2016|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> In February 2021, he purchased a luxury pent-house in Chattarpur, [[South Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvraj Singh celebrates 39th birthday in style, gifts himself a new home- An uber Luxury Penthouse at South Delhi's Luxury Condominium- Sky Mansion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/spotlight/yuvraj-singh-celebrates-39th-birthday-in-style-gifts-himself-a-new-home-an-uber-luxury-penthouse-at-south-delhis-luxury-condominium-sky-mansion/articleshow/80924698.cms |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2021}}</ref> The couple had their first child, a boy named Orion, in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yuvraj Singh, wife Hazel Keech blessed with baby boy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/yuvraj-singh-wife-hazel-blessed-with-baby-boy-7741687/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Their second child, a girl named Aura, was born on 25 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaubey |first1=Pranita |title=World, Meet Yuvraj Singh And Hazel Keech's "Little Princess" Aura |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yuvraj-singh-and-hazel-keech-blessed-with-baby-girl-aura-4331335 |access-date=1 October 2023 |work=NDTV |date=26 August 2023}}</ref>

==Career==

===Youth career===
Yuvraj began his career with Punjab Under-16s at the age of 13 years and 11 months in November of the 1995–96 season against [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir-16s]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab Under-16s v Jammu and Kashmir Under-16s in 1995/96|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/145/145059.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> In 1996–97, Yuvraj was promoted to Punjab Under-19s and scored 137 not out against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh Under-19s]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab Under-19s v Himachal Pradesh Under-19s in 1996/97|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/145/145178.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>

Yuvraj made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut in late-1997 against [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]] during the [[1997–98 Ranji Trophy]] but was dismissed for a duck opening the innings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab v Orissa in 1996/97|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/63/63476.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> His first break-out performance came in the Under-19 Cooch Behar Trophy Final of 1999 against Bihar at [[Jamshedpur]]; Bihar was all out with a score of 357 and Yuvraj batted at three for Punjab and made 358 runs himself.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Under-19s v Punjab Under-19s in 1999/00|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/119/119688.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> Yuvraj represented India in the series against Sri Lanka Under-19s in India in February 1999. In the third ODI, Yuvraj scored 89 runs from 55 balls.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Under-19s v Sri Lanka Under-19s in 1998/99|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/67/67349.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> In [[1999-2000 Ranji Trophy]], he scored 149 against [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Haryana v Punjab in 1999/00|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/68/68716.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>

In the [[2000 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] which India won under the captaincy of [[Mohammad Kaif]], Yuvraj's all-round performance earned him the Player of the Tournament award and a call-up to the national squad. His performance in the tournament included 68 off 62 and 4/36 against New Zealand in a group stage match,<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Under-19 World Cup, Group B: India Under-19s v New Zealand Under-19s at Galle, Jan 16, 2000|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/329877.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> and a quickfire 58 off 25 balls against Australia in the semifinal.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Under-19 World Cup, Semi-Final: Australia Under-19s v India Under-19s at Colombo (PSS), Jan 25, 2000|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/329905.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> Yuvraj was subsequently selected in 2000 for the first intake of cricketers in the [[National Cricket Academy]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|first = Partab| last = Ramchand| title= First list of NCA trainees| url = http://feedsuk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2000/APR/029816_CI_15APR2000.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| date = 15 April 2000| access-date =8 February 2007}}</ref>

===International breakthrough===
Yuvraj was selected in the Indian squad for the [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy]] on the back of his impressive performances for the Under-19 team. He made his international debut against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] in the pre-quarterfinal. He bowled four overs conceding 16 runs but did not get to bat. In the quarterfinal match against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], Yuvraj won the man of the match for his innings of 84 out of 80 balls, against a pace attack consisting of [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Brett Lee]] and [[Jason Gillespie]], that helped India win by 20 runs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australia v India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/70/70694.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> In the semifinal against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], he scored 41 and picked 1/15.<ref>{{cite web|title=India v South Africa|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/70/70721.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> He scored only 18 against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in the final which India lost. The tournament was followed by a tri-series involving India, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe. Yuvraj scored just 55 runs in five innings at an average of 11. Yuvraj averaged 15.50 in the ODI series against the touring Zimbabwe side in December 2000 after which he was dropped from the team.

Yuvraj made his comeback during the 2001 Coca-Cola Cup in Sri Lanka. He scored a crucial 98* against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the fifth match of an otherwise disappointing series with the bat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka v India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/72/72720.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> However, he proved to be useful with the ball as he took 8 wickets at an average of 27.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling averages for India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/2/Coca-Cola_Cup_%28Sri_Lanka%29_2001/India_Bowling.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> In the Standard Bank triangular series involving hosts South Africa, India and Kenya, Yuvraj managed to score only 69 runs from 6 innings, including a duck in the final against South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Bank Triangular Tournament, 2001/02 / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=835;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> Following this, [[Dinesh Mongia]] and [[Hemang Badani]] were chosen over Yuvraj in the squad for the home series against England in January 2002.

Yuvraj returned to domestic cricket in early 2002. After a disappointing run in the Ranji knockouts, Yuvraj struck 209 for [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] against [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] in a [[Duleep Trophy]] match in March 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Duleep Trophy 2001/02 - North Zone v South Zone|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/74/74279.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> He was immediately drafted into the national squad for the final two ODIs against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] with India trailing the series 1–2. Yuvraj made an impact in his return match at [[Hyderabad]], scoring an unbeaten 80 off just 60 balls, taking India to a five-wicket win and levelling the series. He won the Man of the Match award for his efforts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zimbabwe tour of India, 2001/02 - 4th ODI India v Zimbabwe|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64756.html|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> In the final ODI at [[Guwahati]], Yuvraj made 75 runs from 52 balls, sharing a 157-run fifth-wicket partnership with Mongia who scored his career-best unbeaten 159, to help India post a total of 333 in their 50 overs. India went on to win the game by 101 runs and the series 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zimbabwe tour of India, 2001/02 - 5th ODI India v Zimbabwe|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64757.html|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref>

===2002 NatWest Series===
After winning the ODI series in the West Indies 2–1, where Yuvraj managed scores of only 1 and 10, the Indian team toured England in June for the NatWest triangular series, featuring England, Sri Lanka, and India, and a four-match Test series against the hosts. In the first match at [[Lord's]], Yuvraj won the man of the match for his all-round performance (3/39 and 64*) as India successfully chased down England's total of 271.<ref>{{cite web|title=NatWest Series - 2nd match England v India|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66284.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> In the next match against Sri Lanka, he scored 31 and shared a crucial 60-run sixth-wicket partnership with [[Mohammad Kaif]] to set up another successful run-chase.<ref>{{cite web|title=NatWest Series - 3rd match India v Sri Lanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66285.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> India's next match against England was washed out due to rain after Yuvraj had scored an unbeaten 40 off 19 balls to take India to 285/4 in their 50 overs.<ref>{{cite web|title=NatWest Series - 5th match England v India|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66287.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> Yuvraj's knock of 37, along with a fifty from [[Rahul Dravid]], helped India recover from 59/4 to reach a target of 188 posted by Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|title=NatWest Series - 6th match India v Sri Lanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66288.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> This win eliminated Sri Lanka from the series with another round of matches still to be played. Yuvraj had scores of 5 and 8 in the final round of matches but proved to be useful with the ball as he picked one wicket in each of the two games. At the end of the round-robin matches, India topped the points table with 19 points while England finished second with 15 points.<ref>{{cite web|title=NatWest Series, 2002 / Points table Tweet|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61110.html?view=pointstable|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref>

The final was played at Lord's on 13 July between India and England. After winning the toss and electing to bat first, England posted a daunting total of 325/5 in 50 overs. In reply, India was struggling at 146/5 at the end of 24 overs, when Kaif joined Yuvraj at the crease. The pair initially stabilised the innings and later scored at a brisk rate. The pair shared a partnership of 121 runs for the sixth wicket which came to an end when Yuvraj was dismissed for 69 off 63 balls when he top-edged a sweep shot in the 42nd over off the bowling of [[Paul Collingwood]] resulting in a simple catch to [[Alex Tudor]] at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare.<ref>{{cite web|title=NatWest Series - Final England v India|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66292.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats.<ref>{{cite web |last=Booth |first=Lawrence |date=29 August 2007 |title=NatWest Series 2002, Final: England v India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154994.html |access-date=16 February 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sourav Ganguly reminisces about famous 2002 NatWest Series win at Lord's|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/features/specials/193467-sourav-ganguly-reminisces-about-famous-2002-natwest-win|publisher=NDTV Sports|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref>

===Highs and lows===
Yuvraj batted in two games of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]] which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against South Africa. In November 2002, Yuvraj struggled in the first five games of the 7-match ODI series against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], with a high score of 30. He returned to form in the sixth ODI at [[Jodhpur]] with a half-century that helped India win the match by three wickets and level the series 3-3.<ref>{{cite web|title=India v West Indies in 2002/03 - 6th ODI|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/75/75816.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> He top-scored for India in the 7th match with a 69-ball 68, but could not get support from any other batsman. India crashed to a 135-run defeat and lost the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=India v West Indies in 2002/03 - 7th ODI|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/75/75846.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> He struggled for runs in the seven-match ODI series in New Zealand in December 2002-January 2003, averaging just above 19 with a solitary fifty.

Despite his average form leading up to the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 ICC Cricket World Cup]] in South Africa, Yuvraj secured a place in the 15-man Indian squad for the tournament. He scored 37 in India's opening match against [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]]. In the following games, he had scores of 0, 1 and 7* against Australia, Zimbabwe and [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] respectively. He then scored a brisk 42 against England, followed by an unbeaten 50 against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] setting up wins for India in both games. In the Super Six stage of the tournament, Yuvraj had scores of 58* against Kenya and 5 against Sri Lanka. He scored 16 in the semifinal against Kenya, and 24 against Australia in the final.

Yuvraj scored his maiden ODI century (102* from 85 balls) against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] at [[Dhaka]] on 11 April 2003. In May 2003, Yuvraj was signed up by the [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] for the 2003 county season. He became only the second Indian after [[Sachin Tendulkar]] to represent the county.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grunill |first=Paul |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/2941719.stm |title=Yuvraj reaching for the top |work=BBC Sport |date=8 May 2003 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2003 |title=Yorkshire confirm Yuvraj signing |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/yorkshire-confirm-yuvraj-signing-131207 |access-date=1 March 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Yuvraj's Test debut came on 16 October 2003 at his home ground [[Mohali]] against New Zealand. Batting at six, he scored 20 in the first innings, and 5* in the second innings. In the TVS Cup tri-series in October–November 2003 involving India, Australia and New Zealand, he scored 113 runs from 7 games at an average of 18.83 and top-score of 44.<ref>{{cite web|title=TVS Cup (India), 2003/04 - India / Batting and bowling averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=876;team=6;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

Yuvraj returned to form in early-2004 in the tri-series involving Australia and Zimbabwe. He scored 314 runs from 8 innings at an average of 39.25, including his second ODI hundred - 139 runs from 122 balls, with 16 fours and two sixes - against Australia at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / VB Series, 2003/04 - India / Batting and bowling averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=882;team=6;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref> He had a mixed tour of Pakistan in March–April 2004. He disappointed in the ODI series with 141 runs from 5 matches, averaging just over 28, but found success in the Test series. In the first Test at [[Multan]], he scored 59 - his maiden Test fifty - as India registered an innings win. He also picked his maiden Test wicket during Pakistan's second innings.<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Test: Pakistan v India at Multan, Mar 28-Apr 1, 2004|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64081.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref> In the second Test at [[Lahore]], Yuvraj scored his maiden Test century during India's first innings while the rest of the batting line-up struggled against the bowling of [[Umar Gul]]. Yuvraj's score of 112 came from just 129 deliveries with 15 fours and two sixes. He made only 12 runs in the second Test as Pakistan levelled the series after winning the match by 9 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Test: Pakistan v India at Lahore, Apr 5-8, 2004|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64082.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref> He scored 47 in the final Test at [[Rawalpindi]] where India secured the series with another innings victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd Test: Pakistan v India at Rawalpindi, Apr 13-16, 2004|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64082.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref> However, he suffered a drop in form in the latter half of 2004 with batting averages of 31 in the [[2004 Asia Cup]], 12.33 in the Natwest Series in England and just 4.50 in the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]]. In October 2004, after the first two Tests of the [[Border-Gavaskar Trophy]], he was dropped from the Test squad as his dismal run with the bat yielded just 47 runs from the two matches.

Despite Yuvraj's loss of form, he continued to be a regular feature in the Indian ODI team. In the Platinum Jubilee Match against Pakistan in November 2004, he scored a 62-ball 78 in a losing cause.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCCI Platinum Jubilee Match: India v Pakistan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66384.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> In December 2004, Yuvraj scored 94 runs at an average of 31.33 in the three-match ODI tour of Bangladesh including a quickfire knock of 69 from 32 balls in the final ODI at [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India in Bangladesh ODI Series, 2004/05 - India / Batting and bowling averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=904;team=6;type=series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> He had a disappointing ODI series at home against Pakistan in April 2005, scoring 98 runs in six matches at 19.60.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan in India ODI Series, 2004/05 - India / Batting and bowling averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=912;team=6;type=series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref>

===Return to form===
In July–August 2005, Yuvraj was the leading run-scorer for India in the [[2005 Indian Oil Cup]] triangular series in Sri Lanka also involving the hosts Sri Lanka and West Indies. He scored 192 runs in four matches, averaging 48.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Oil Cup, 2005 / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2537;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> He also recorded his third ODI century during the series - 110 runs from 114 balls - against the West Indies at [[Colombo]] for which he was adjudged the man of the match.<ref>{{cite web|title=6th Match: India v West Indies at Colombo (RPS), Aug 7, 2005|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/215286.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> Yuvraj then played in the [[Videocon Tri-Series 2005–06|Videocon Cup]] in August–September 2005, a triangular series involving India, New Zealand and the host's Zimbabwe. He averaged 54 with the bat in the series, scoring 216 runs from 5 matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Videocon Triangular Series, 2005 / Records / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/videoconseries/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2564;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> He scored 120 in the final round-robin match against Zimbabwe at [[Harare]], helping India recover from 36/4 to successfully chase down a target of 251. It was his fourth ODI hundred and he won the man of the match award for his efforts.<ref>{{cite web|title=6th Match: Zimbabwe v India at Harare, Sep 4, 2005|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/217979.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> In the two-match Test tour of Zimbabwe that followed the tri-series, Yuvraj scored 12 and 25 runs. In October–November 2005, Yuvraj had a quiet seven-match ODI series at home against Sri Lanka. He managed just 124 runs in six innings at an average of 31 with a top score of 79*.

In November 2005, Yuvraj scored 103 in the first ODI against South Africa at [[Hyderabad]] to take India from 35/5 to a respectable total of 249/9, and won the man of the match award despite South Africa winning the game by five wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=1st ODI: India v South Africa at Hyderabad (Deccan), Nov 16, 2005|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/225959.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> He picked 1/17 and remained not out in the second ODI at [[Bangalore]], before the third match at [[Chennai]] was washed out due to rain. He scored 53 and 49 in the final two matches at Delhi and Ahmedabad respectively, and the series was drawn 2-2. Yuvraj and South African captain [[Graeme Smith]] were jointly awarded the Man of the series award as both of them scored 209 runs at 69.66, finishing as the joint-highest run-scorers of the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa in India ODI Series, 2005/06 / Records / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indvrsa/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2654;type=series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> Yuvraj had a mixed home Test series against Sri Lanka in December 2005 as he registered two [[duck (cricket)|duck]]s and two half-centuries. He scored 0 & 77* in the second Test at [[Delhi]], and 0 & 75 in the third Test at [[Ahmedabad]] as India won both the matches by comfortable margins.

Yuvraj was picked in both Test and ODI squads for the Pakistan tour in January–February 2006. The first two Tests were drawn and Yuvraj batted only once, in the second Test, scoring 4. In the third Test at [[Karachi]], he top-scored for India in both innings. After scoring 45 in the first innings, he went to score his second Test hundred in the second innings (122 runs from 144 balls). India lost the match by 341 runs and the series 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd Test: Pakistan v India at Karachi, Jan 29-Feb 1, 2006|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/234783.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> In the one-day series, he continued his good form. He scored a 28-ball 39 in the first ODI at Peshawar which Pakistan won by 7 runs by the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1st ODI: Pakistan v India at Peshawar, Feb 6, 2006|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/235831.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> He scored an unbeaten 82 in the second match at Rawalpindi taking India to an emphatic 7-wicket win,<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd ODI: Pakistan v India at Rawalpindi, Feb 11, 2006|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/236520.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> before scoring an unbeaten 79 in the third game at Lahore and helping India successfully chase the target of 289.<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd ODI: Pakistan v India at Lahore, Feb 13, 2006|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/236809.html|publisher=ESPNcricnfo|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> In the low-scoring fourth match at Multan, he scored 37 as India took the series with a five-wicket victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=4th ODI: Pakistan v India at Multan, Feb 16, 2006|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/237222.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> In the fifth and the final ODI at Karachi, Yuvraj, batting at three, hit his sixth ODI century. His innings of 107* which came off 93 balls with 13 boundaries helped India comfortably chase down a target of 287 while losing only two wickets. He won the man of the match award for this innings and was also adjudged player of the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=5th ODI: Pakistan v India at Karachi, Feb 19, 2006|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/237571.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

Against England, Yuvraj averaged 21.33 in two Tests in March but proved to be successful with both bat and ball in the ODI series in which he again won the player of the series award. During the series, he won the back-to-back man of the match awards in the third and fourth ODIs. In the third match, he made 103 from 76 balls, and in the fourth match, he picked 2/34 and scored 48. He scored a total of 237 runs in the series at an average of 47.40 and took 6 wickets with his part-time bowling.<ref>{{cite web|title=England in India ODI Series, 2005/06 - India / Records / Batting and bowling averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indveng/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=2708;team=6;type=series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

On India's [[Indian cricket team in West Indies in 2006|tour of the West Indies]], Yuvraj hit two fifties in the ODI series. In the second ODI at Kingston, with India needing two runs to win with one wicket in hand and three balls to spare, Yuvraj was [[bowled]] by [[Dwayne Bravo]] for 93. India went on to lose the series 4–1. His poor run of form in Tests continued, with him scoring 104 runs from four matches at an average of 17.33 and a top-score of 39. In September 2006, Yuvraj was dropped from the playing eleven during the [[2006-07 DLF Cup]] in Kuala Lumpur after he registered two consecutive ducks against Australia and West Indies. He played in two group matches of the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]] held in India in October. and scored 27* against England and 27 against West Indies. During a training session before India's final group fixture against Australia, Yuvraj suffered a ligament injury in his left knee. Dinesh Mongia replaced him for the match which India lost to crash out of the tournament. In November, Indian team physio [[Andrew Leipus]] suggested that Yuvraj was unlikely to recover from the injury before the start of the World Cup in March 2007.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2006 |title=Yuvraj Singh doubtful for World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/yuvraj-singh-doubtful-for-world-cup-267159 |access-date=4 November 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Yuvraj was not named in any of the Indian squads that [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2006–07|toured South Africa]] in late 2006. In January 2007, less than two months before the World Cup, he made a comeback from injury for the last two matches of the [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2006–07|four-match ODI series]] against West Indies, but did not make much of an impact in either game. Despite concerns over his fitness, Yuvraj was selected in the 15-man Indian squad for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], with chief selector [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] confirming that Yuvraj was fit.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2007 |title=Sehwag and Pathan included in squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sehwag-and-pathan-included-in-squad-280087 |access-date=4 November 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He featured in the last two matches of the [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2006–07|four-ODI series]] against Sri Lanka in February 2007, and struck an unbeaten 83-ball 95 in the deciding final game at Visakhapatnam. India won the match by seven wickets and the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka tour of India, 4th ODI: India v Sri Lanka at Visakhapatnam, Feb 17, 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvsl/engine/match/267713.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

Yuvraj made 47 in India's first match of the World Cup, a shock defeat to Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC World Cup, 8th Match, Group B: Bangladesh v India at Port of Spain, Mar 17, 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247464.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> In India's next group match at Port-of-Spain against World Cup debutants Bermuda, he hit 83 off 46 balls to help India post a total of 413/5, the highest total in World Cup history at the time.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC World Cup, 12th Match, Group B: Bermuda v India at Port of Spain, Mar 19, 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247468.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> After their emphatic against Bermuda, India were left with a must-win final group fixture against Sri Lanka. Chasing 255 to win the match, Yuvraj was [[run out]] for 6, as India were bowled out for 185 and made an early exit from the World Cup.

In the [[2007 Future Cup|three-match ODI series]] against South Africa in Ireland, Yuvraj took 3 for 36 and scored an unbeaten 49 in the second ODI<ref>{{cite web|title=Future Cup, 2nd ODI: India v South Africa at Belfast, Jun 29, 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavind/engine/match/293077.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> before winning man of the match for his unbeaten 61 in the series-deciding final game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Future Cup, 3rd ODI: India v South Africa at Belfast, Jul 1, 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavind/engine/match/293078.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> On India's [[Indian cricket team in England in 2007|tour of England]], Yuvraj remained on the bench throughout the Test series before finishing third on the run-scorers list in the ODI series with 283 runs from 7 matches at an average of 40.42.<ref>{{cite web|title=NatWest Series [India in England], 2007 / Records / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/engvind/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2873;type=series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>

===2007 World Twenty20 and vice-captaincy===
Yuvraj was the vice-captain of the Indian squad at the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|inaugural ICC World Twenty20]] in South Africa. In India's Super 8 match against England at Durban, he hit [[Boundary (cricket)#Six sixes in an over|six sixes]] in an over off [[Stuart Broad]]. In the process, he reached the fastest fifty ever in a [[Twenty20]] game, off just 12 balls, which was also the fastest in any form of international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305877.html |title=Twenty20 matches-Fastest fifties |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284095.html |title=One-Day Internationals-Fastest fifties |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284096.html |title=Test matches-Fastest fifties |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> This was the fourth time that six sixes had been hit in one over in senior cricket, the first time in Twenty20 cricket, and the first time in any form of international cricket against a bowler from a Test playing nation. He finished his innings with 58 runs off 16 balls and won the man of the match.

Yuvraj missed the next game against South Africa due to a minor injury<ref>{{cite web |date=20 September 2007 |title=Yuvraj and I will be fit for semi-final - Dhoni |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/yuvraj-and-i-will-be-fit-for-semi-final-dhoni-311898 |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> but recovered before the semifinal against Australia. In the semifinal, he top-scored with 70 off 30 balls and also hit the longest six of the tournament ({{convert|119|m}}) off the bowling of [[Brett Lee]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iclinfo.wordpress.com/2007/09/23/indias-yuvraj-singh-smashes-the-longest-six-of-twenty20-world-cup-flicks-australias-brett-lee-for-a-119m-hit-at-durban/|title= India's Yuvraj Singh Smashes The Longest Six Of Twenty20 World Cup – Flicks Australia's Brett Lee For A 119m Hit At Durban|access-date=23 September 2007|date= 23 September 2007}}</ref> The knock later was named the Best Twenty20 Batting Performance
of 2007 by ESPN Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/awards/content/story/333325.html|title=The winners: Twenty20|date=30 January 2008|website=Cricinfo}}</ref> India won the match as Yuvraj was awarded another man of the match award.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC World Twenty20, 2nd Semi Final: Australia v India at Durban, Sep 22, 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287878.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> He was dismissed for 14 in the final against Pakistan but India went on to win by five runs and win the tournament. All players of the victorious Indian team were given a cash reward of {{INR}}80 lakh by the BCCI while Yuvraj was rewarded with an additional {{INR}}1 crore as well as a [[Porsche 911]] by the BCCI vice-president [[Lalit Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Players get Rs 80 lakh each; Yuvi gets Porsche, RP Mercedes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-players-get-rs-80-lakh-each-yuvi-gets-porsche-rp-mercedes-1123653|publisher=DNA India|access-date=6 July 2016|date=26 September 2007}}</ref> He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo for the 2007 T20I World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/content/story/312486.html|title=The chosen ones|date=25 September 2007|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

[[File:Yuvraj Singh batting.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Yuvraj during batting practice in February 2008.]]
In September 2007, [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] and Yuvraj were named ODI captain and vice-captain respectively, following the resignation of [[Rahul Dravid]]. Yuvraj scored 121 at Hyderabad in a losing cause in the third of the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2007|seven ODIs against Australia]], but accumulated only 71 in the other six matches of the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Australia in India ODI Series, 2007/08 / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3250;type=series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> He enjoyed a return to form in India's [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2007–08|home ODI series against Pakistan]] in November 2007. He scored four half-centuries in five matches, averaging 68,<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Pakistan in India ODI Series, 2007/08 / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3253;type=series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> and was named player of the series as India won the series 3–2. He was also fined for showing dissent in the final match in Jaipur. Although Yuvraj was included in Indian squad for the subsequent Test series against Pakistan, Test captain [[Anil Kumble]] said that Yuvraj "will have to wait a little bit more to become a regular member in the Test squad."<ref>{{cite web |date=21 November 2007 |title='Yuvraj will have to wait his turn' - Kumble |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/yuvraj-will-have-to-wait-his-turn-kumble-321422 |access-date=8 July 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He did not feature in the playing eleven in the first two matches, but was picked in the third Test at Bangalore to replace an injured [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. Batting first, India was 61/4 before Yuvraj and [[Sourav Ganguly]]<ref>{{cite news |title=As Captain, Ganguly Supported Me More Than Dhoni or Kohli: Yuvraj Singh |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/as-captain-ganguly-supported-me-more-than-dhoni-or-kohli-yuvraj-singh-2559435.html |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=News18 |date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> shared a 300-run fifth-wicket partnership, and Yuvraj recorded his highest Test score of 169 off 203 balls,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan tour of India, 3rd Test: India v Pakistan at Bangalore, Dec 8-12, 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/297808.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> while Ganguly went on to score 239 which was also his highest score in tests.

For his performances in 2007, he was named in the World ODI XI by Cricinfo.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2007/content/story/328571.html|title=Mainly Aussie|date=3 January 2008|website=Cricinfo}}</ref> He was also named in the World T20I XI by Cricinfo.<ref name="auto"/>

Yuvraj had a poor Test series against Australia in Indian tour to that country in 2007/08. After his poor showing in the first two Tests, he was dropped for the remainder of the series.
In November 2008, he hit 138 not out from 78 balls against England at Rajkot, taking 64 balls to reach his century which at the time was the second fastest by an Indian in ODIs after [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]'s century in 1988 against New Zealand came off 62 balls.
After reaching 50 from 42 balls, he added an additional 88 runs in the next 36 balls. He did so despite straining his back, which necessitated the use of [[Gautam Gambhir]] as a runner.
This was followed by a score of 118 off 122 balls and bowling figures of 4/28, with all of his wickets being specialist batsmen, in the next match in Indore, earning him two consecutive man of the match awards.
Yuvraj scored 85 not out and put on an unbroken partnership of 163 with [[Sachin Tendulkar]] to defeat England in the First Test at Chennai in December 2008. It was the fourth highest successful run chase in history and the highest in India.
Yuvraj scored a quick, unbeaten 54 in the second innings of the Napier Test against New Zealand to help India save the game after following on. India preserved their series lead and went on to win the series 1–0.

For his performances in 2008, he was named in the World ODI XI by the Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2008/content/story/385077.html|title=Raucous and freakish|date=3 January 2009|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

For his performances in 2009, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/427665.html|title=Johnson and Gambhir scoop top awards|date=1 October 2009|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

Yuvraj was dropped from the Asia Cup following the team's return from the World Twenty20 in West Indies. A drop in form, disciplinary issues and fitness were talked of as the reasons for his exclusion, but he made a return for the series against Sri Lanka.
With [[Suresh Raina]] scoring a century on Test debut and [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] making a compelling case for higher honours with consistent first-class performances, Yuvraj was dropped from the Test squad for the two-match series against Australia.

[[File:Yuvraj against New zealand.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Yuvraj batting against New Zealand in 2010.]]

===Golden World Cup===
Yuvraj had a dream run at the [[2011 ICC Cricket World Cup]], where he scored 362 runs including one century and four fifties, took 15 wickets, won four Man of the Match awards, the joint-most along with Sri Lanka's [[Aravinda de Silva]] in 1996, South Africa's [[Lance Klusener]] in 1999 and compatriot [[Rohit Sharma]] in 2019, and was also adjudged the Player of the Tournament. In the process, he became the first allrounder to score 300-plus runs and take 15 wickets in a single World Cup.
In India's match against Ireland, he became the first player to take 5 wickets and score 50 runs in a World Cup match. He also took his 100th ODI wicket with the dismissal of [[Wesley Barresi]] in the World Cup match against the Netherlands. He later took 2/44 and scored 57 runs against defending champions Australia in the quarter finals, earning him the Man of the Match award.

Yuvraj had respiratory difficulties through 2011 and in May he withdrew from the ODI series in the West Indies due to an illness. His issues began with breathing difficulties, nausea and bouts of vomiting blood.
He toured England but had to return home after breaking his finger in the Nottingham Test and later played two home Tests against West Indies. However, he then pulled out of the ODI series against West Indies in November citing an abnormal tumor in his lung.
Yuvraj had originally targeted the CB series in Australia for his return to international cricket.

After the World Cup he was diagnosed with a cancerous tumor stage-1 in his left lung and underwent chemotherapy treatment at the [[Cancer Research Institute]] in [[Boston]], United States as well as the Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]] where he was cared for by famed oncologist Dr. [[Lawrence Einhorn]].

For his performances in 2011, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC and Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/532149.html|title=Dhoni leads ODI team of the year|date=12 September 2011|website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2011/content/story/547545.html|title=The teams of the year|date=1 January 2012|website=Cricinfo}}</ref> He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC and Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/world-cup-2011/sachin-zaheer-yuvi-in-iccs-world-cup-xi-1572998|title=Sachin, Zaheer, Yuvi in ICC's World Cup XI | Cricket News|website=NDTVSports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/story/509646.html|title=World Cup 2011: The team of the tournament|website=Cricinfo|date=5 April 2011}}</ref>

===Cancer diagnosis and comeback===
Yuvraj's cancer was detected by a Russian doctor in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/Yuvraj-Singh-has-cancer-in-US-for-chemotherapy-since-January/articleshow/11771147.cms|title=Yuvraj Singh has cancer, in US for chemotherapy since January|website=The Times of India|date=6 February 2012|access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref> In March 2012, Yuvraj was discharged from hospital after completing the third and final cycle of chemotherapy and returned to India in April. After his chemotherapy [[Lawrence Einhorn#Famous patients|sessions treating seminoma]] in Indianapolis, Yuvraj's cancer showing full signs of remission, and he aimed at resuming cricket at the World Twenty20. The selectors picked Yuvraj to be a part of the 15-member Indian squad for the [[2012 ICC World Twenty20]] in Sri Lanka in September 2012.

He played against New Zealand in a T20I at [[Chennai]] where he scored 34 off 26 balls (1 four, 2 sixes) as his side lost by only 1 run. He started his [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] campaign with a 3/24 against Afghanistan. He took 1/16 against Australia, 2/16 against Pakistan and a 2/23 against South Africa. He ended up being the highest wicket taker for India in the tournament though he could not meet expectations with his bat.

He got selected for the Test series against England at home. He later played 3 test matches in the 4 match test series against England after which he was dropped. He later was selected for the India-Pakistan Series, returning to form in the second T20I by scoring a blistering 72 off just 36 balls. He could not make an impact in the One Day series against Pakistan and England, only scoring 1 half century in 7 matches.

For his performances in 2012, he was named in the T20I XI of the year by Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2012/content/story/599709.html|title=The teams of the year|date=5 January 2013|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

In September 2013, Yuvraj made a comeback to India's limited-overs squad for the Twenty20 and first three ODIs of the home series against Australia.

[[File:Yuvraj Singh bowling (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Yuvraj bowling in 2010]]
In October 2013, Yuvraj scored 77 off 35 in the only T20I against Australia at [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]] in Rajkot. India faced a required run rate of nearly 12 per over when at 100 for 4 in the 12th over, but Yuvraj's unbeaten 102 run partnership with Dhoni guided India to victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11913/scorecard/647247/india-vs-australia-only-t20i-australia-tour-of-india-2013-14|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Australia Only T20I 2013 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> However, Yuvraj had a woeful time in the ODI series that followed, scoring 19 runs in four innings, and being visibly troubled by the pace of [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]].

Yuvraj was unable to return to form in both the [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2013–14|home ODIs against West Indies]] and in the subsequent [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14|tour of South Africa]], and was dropped for the [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2013–14|New Zealand tour]] given the conditions in that country and the hosts' pace-heavy attack. He was not selected for [[2014 Asia Cup]] in Bangladesh but he was selected for the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] in the same place. In a Super 10 match against Pakistan he missed a full delivery and was bowled on his second ball by pacer [[Bilawal Bhatti]]. In the same match he dropped a catch that would have resulted in the wicket of [[Mohammad Hafeez]], and later against the West Indies dropped a delivery hit by [[Chris Gayle]].

Yuvraj then scored 60 off 43 balls against Australia at Mirpur, his eighth T20I fifty and third against Australia. His 84-run partnership with [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] is India's third-highest for the fifth wicket.

On 5 July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World XI against the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) in the [[Bicentenary Celebration match]] at [[Lord's]], as he had been left out of India's ODI team. Under Shane Warne's captaincy, he struck a century at nearly a run a ball to rescue his team, who were struggling at 59 for 3. His 100 came up as he hit Sachin Tendulkar for a boundary. The Rest of the World finished on 293 for 7 after 50 overs, but the MCC went on to win the match by 7 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuvraj Singh Smashes Guru Sachin Tendulkar En Route to a Century – 5 July |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/226514-yuvraj-singh-smashes-guru-sachin-tendulkar-en-route-to-a-century|work=Lord's |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>

Yuvraj in an interview with [[Hindustan Times]] during his cancer treatment, said ‘Even if I die let India win World Cup’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/even-if-i-die-let-india-win-world-cup-when-yuvraj-singh-fought-illness-to-score-crucial-hundred-against-west-indies-in-wc-2011/story-y2CIx0cClcCeXvTn9EWWxH.html|title='Even if I die let India win World Cup': When Yuvraj Singh fought illness to score crucial hundred against West Indies in WC 2011|date=20 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref>

Notably, Singh was one of five senior members of [[2011 Cricket World Cup squads|India's 2011 World Cup squad]] who were not considered for the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] and was not included in India's 30-man probable list for the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/world-cup-2015-team-india-s-30-man-probables-list-1508656|title=World Cup 2015: Team India's 30-Man Probables List {{!}} Cricket News|last=NDTVSports.com|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

===Late career===
Singh was picked in India's T20I squad for the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2015–16|January 2016 Australia tour]] on the back of strong performances in [[2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]], where he was the third-highest run scorer with 341 runs at an average of 85.25. He finished the three-match series with 15 runs after getting to bat in just one innings, while also taking two wickets. He played a crucial role in India's titular run in Asia Cup 2016, often teaming up with Virat Kohli to take the team home. He was also a part of the Indian team in the ICC T20 World Cup 2016. He was not named in the T20I squad for India's [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2016|tour of West Indies]] in August.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2016 |title=Raina, Yuvraj out of T20Is in USA |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/suresh-raina-yuvraj-singh-out-of-t20is-in-usa-1045157 |access-date=13 August 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Meanwhile, he was named captain of the India Red side for the [[2016–17 Duleep Trophy]].
His team lost to India Blue in the final.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2016 |title=Raina, Yuvraj, Gambhir to captain Duleep teams |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/suresh-raina-yuvraj-singh-gautam-gambhir-to-captain-duleep-trophy-teams-1044957 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

Yuvraj was picked in India's ODI squad for the [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17|home series against England]] in January 2017. This came on the back of his fine performances in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]], having scored 672 runs in five games for Punjab, which included a 260 against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]].<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2017 |title=Yuvraj recalled, Kohli named ODI and T20I captain |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/yuvraj-recalled-kohli-named-odi-and-t20i-captain-1075923 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> In the second match of the series, he scored his career best score 150, which came off 127 balls, a knock that included 21 fours and three sixes. He put on 256 runs for the fourth wicket along with Dhoni and helped the team post a total of 381. Following the team's 15-run victory, he was named the Player of the Match.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2017 |title=India win series with Yuvraj and Dhoni tons |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2016-17-1030195/india-vs-england-2nd-odi-1034821/match-report |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

Following the match, Singh revealed that he had thought of quitting after having been dropped from the team. He said, "When I came back from cancer it was hard work. I was not performing and after being dropped I thought [about] whether I wanted to continue or not."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket-had-thought-of-quitting-cricket-after-being-dropped-says-yuvraj-singh-365674|title=Had thought of quitting Cricket after being dropped, says Yuvraj Singh|website=indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

Yuvraj was selected to play in the Champions Trophy 2017. He scored 53 off 32 balls in a group stage match against Pakistan and won the man of the match award. However, as a result of failing to clear the yo-yo test, Yuvraj was dropped from the squad before the [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017|tour of Sri Lanka in August 2017]] which ended his international career.

=== Retirement from international cricket ===
On 10 June 2019, Yuvraj Singh announced his retirement from international cricket. Yuvraj Singh held a press conference in Mumbai where he announced his decision to retire from all formats of the game. He said that he had decided to "move on".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/yuvraj-singh-announces-retirement-from-international-cricket/434152|title=Yuvraj Singh announces retirement from international cricket {{!}} Cricket News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=10 June 2019 |language=en-GB|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Yuvraj recounted his best memories through his career, while also recalling his worst.

"I would say I am extremely lucky to play 400-plus games for India. I would've not imagined doing this when I started my career in cricket. Through this journey, some matches that remain in my memory are - the 2002 NatWest series final, my first Test hundred in Lahore in 2004, the 2007 Test series in England, of course the six sixes and the 2007 T20 World Cup. And then the most memorable one was the 2011 World Cup finals."

"And then, probably the worst day in my career, was the 2014 World T20 final against Lanka where I scored 11 off 21 balls. It was so shattering that I felt my career was over."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/108416/yuvraj-singh-announces-retirement-from-all-forms-of-cricket|title=Yuvraj Singh announces retirement from all forms of cricket|website=Cricbuzz|date=10 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

He also said "As for now, I have decided to provide service and help for people affected by cancer."

==== Speculations of return ====
In September 2020, Yuvraj Singh hinted at making a return to the [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab team]] and play domestic [[Twenty twenty cricket|T20s]] for them. He said that it was on the suggestion of [[Punjab Cricket Association]] secretary Puneet Bali that he had considered to come out of retirement.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yuvraj Singh Confirms Comeback Plans, a Year After Retirement|work=The Quint|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/indian-cricketer-yuvraj-singh-comeback-retirement-punjab|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> However, his return was denied by the Punjab Cricket Association, as he had taken part in foreign franchise leagues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yuvraj Singh To Come Out Of Retirement, May Play For Punjab: Sources {{!}} Cricket News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/yuvraj-singh-to-come-out-of-retirement-may-play-domestic-cricket-for-punjab-next-season-say-sources-2292910|access-date=27 September 2020|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref>

==T20 franchise cricket==
===Indian Premier League===
Yuvraj was the [[icon player]] and captain for [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) team [[Kings XI Punjab]] in the first two seasons; in 2010, the third season, icon player status was discontinued and the captaincy given to [[Kumar Sangakkara]]. The Kings XI Punjab came second in the [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] phase of the tournament, but lost the semi-finals to the [[Chennai Super Kings]]. On 1 May 2009, Yuvraj registered his first hat-trick in T20 cricket against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] at Kingsmead in [[Durban]], the same ground where he hit his six sixes. He dismissed [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Mark Boucher]] and [[Jacques Kallis]]. On 17 May 2009, Yuvraj took his second Twenty20 hat-trick against [[Deccan Chargers]] at the [[Wanderers Stadium]] in Johannesburg. Yuvraj dismissed [[Herschelle Gibbs]], [[Andrew Symonds]] and [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]].

The [[Pune Warriors]] were a new team introduced for the 2011 IPL. Yuvraj Singh was bought by the team and chosen as captain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/indian-premier-league/news/detail/item592515/Yuvraj-Singh-to-captain-Pune-Warriors/ |title=Cricket | Indian Premier League | Yuvraj Singh to captain Pune Warriors |publisher=Espnstar.Com |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> Pune Warriors finished ninth, ahead of only the [[Delhi Daredevils]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/content/story/516087.html |title=Delhi finish last after washout |first=Sriram |last=Veera |publisher=Cricinfo |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> From 14 matches, Yuvraj took 11 wickets and also scored 343 runs at an average of 34.30, including two half-centuries.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5969;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2011 / Records / Most runs |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> After much controversy, the BCCI allowed Pune Warriors to find a replacement for Yuvraj for the [[2012 Indian Premier League]], citing his medical condition and non-availability for 2012 IPL as the reasons for doing so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/bccis-olive-branch-for-sahara-replacement-for-yuvraj-in-ipl_737543.html|title=BCCI's olive branch for Sahara: Replacement for Yuvraj in IPL|date=13 February 2012|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2014, Yuvraj was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for 14 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/playerauction |title=Pepsi IPL 2014 Player Auction |publisher=iplt20 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore buys Yuvraj Singh of 17 Crores for IPL7. |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/royal-challengers-bangalore-buys-yuvraj-singh-of-17-crores-for-ipl-7/|work=IANS|date=12 February 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref> A Kingfisher employee union sent a letter to Yuvraj requesting him not to play for Royal Challengers Bangalore. He had a successful stint with RCB, scoring 376 runs and taking six wickets. In 2015, he was bought by [[Delhi Daredevils]] for Rs.16 Crores, the highest ever bid at an IPL auction. at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/|title=Latest Sports News, Live Scores, Results Today's Sports Headlines Updates|website=NDTVSports.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kingfisher Airlines employees urge Yuvraj Singh to refuse to play for RCB |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/kingfisher-airlines-employees-urge-yuvraj-singh-to-refuse-to-play-for-rcb-668485.html |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=News18 |date=14 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[List of 2016 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2016 IPL auction]] he was bought by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] for Rs.7 crores. He had a very successful IPL campaign with the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] with them winning the [[2016 Indian Premier League]]. He played several crucial knocks at crunch moments, and some experts called him the "Unsung hero of SRH's titular run". Yuvraj scored 38 runs from 23 balls in the [[2016 Indian Premier League final|final]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ipl-2016-final-yuvraj-singh-finally-realises-his-dream-winning-title-after-eight-barren-years-680591|title=IPL 2016 final: Yuvraj Singh finally realises his dream of winning the title, after eight barren years|website=[[International Business Times]] |language=en|access-date=30 July 2016|date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

Yuvraj was retained by Sunrisers Hyderabad for the [[2017 Indian Premier League]].

In the [[2018 IPL auction]], he was picked by [[Kings Xi Punjab|Kings XI Punjab]] for base price of 2 crores. He scored only 64 runs from 6 innings at a low average of 12.80. He batted at four different positions during those six innings and was not given a consistent run by the team management.

Yuvraj was released by Kings XI Punjab ahead of the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2019 IPL Auction]], where was purchased by [[Mumbai Indians]] for his base price of ₹1 crore. He scored 53 in his debut match for Mumbai Indians, and smashed a hattrick of sixes against Yuzvendra Chahal in the next match, but he wasn't given a longer run by the team management, and was dropped after he failed in the next two matches.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/yuvraj-singh-ipl-2019-auction-mumbai-indians-1412332-2018-12-18|title=Yuvraj Singh IPL 2019 Auction Live: Yuvraj Singh will play for Mumbai Indians next year|date=18 December 2018|work=India Today|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref> He was released by the Mumbai Indians ahead of the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=Where do the eight franchises stand before the 2020 auction? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/where-do-the-eight-franchises-stand-before-the-2020-auction-1206731 |access-date=15 November 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

===Other leagues===
In June 2019, Yuvraj was selected to play for the Toronto Nationals franchise team in the [[2019 Global T20 Canada]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadacricket.com/?p=12755 |title=Global T20 draft streamed live |work=Canada Cricket Online |access-date=20 June 2019|date=20 June 2019 }}</ref> He also played for the Maratha Arabians in the Abu Dhabi [[T10 League]] in 2019. In 2020, Yuvraj played in the [[Ultimate Kricket Challenge]].<ref>{{cite news |title=It's Yuvraj vs Pietersen again as new rules promise to light up Ultimate Cricket Challenge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/it-s-yuvraj-vs-pietersen-again-as-new-rules-promise-to-light-up-ultimate-kricket-challenge/story-qlovi92wkHcoxfCVlMht8H.html |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Playing style==
Yuvraj is primarily a left-handed [[batsman]] but can [[bowling (cricket)|bowl]] part-time left-arm orthodox spin, which he improved in the latter part of his career. He is regarded as a better batsman against fast bowling than [[spin bowling]], and cites the [[Indian Oil Cup 2005]] as a turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite web| first= Anand| last= Vasu| title= Born again| url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/249085.html| access-date =5 February 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| date= May 2006}}</ref> Yuvraj is one of the athletic fielders in the Indian team, fielding primarily at [[Fielding (cricket)|point]] & covers with a good aim at the stumps. Yuvraj is a natural stroke player with an aggressive style of play, as seen by his strike rate of above 150 in T20 internationals & just below 90 in ODIs. Many regard him as one of the best clean strikers of the ball, with his trademark punch through the covers a treat to watch. When in good touch, he can clear the ropes quite effortlessly. A [[Cricinfo]] report published in late 2005 showed that since 1999, he was the fourth most prolific fielder in affecting [[One Day International|ODI]] [[run out]]s, and of those on the list of prolific fielders, he had the second highest rate of effecting a run out.<ref>{{cite web| title = Statistics – Run outs in ODIs | last = Basevi| first = Trevor| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/224487.html| date= 8 November 2005| access-date =5 February 2007| publisher= [[Cricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Yuvraj speaks highly of Sourav's support| url= http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105607.html| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| date = 28 March 2001| access-date =5 February 2007}}</ref>

==Achievements and honours==

*In a [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]] match, he hit six [[Six (cricket)|sixes]] in a single over.
*He holds the record for fastest T20 fifty by scoring it in 12 balls against [[England national cricket team]] during the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]]
*He was the Man of the Tournament in the [[ICC Cricket World Cup 2011]].
*He was awarded with the [[Arjuna Award]] (India's second highest, Sporting Award) in 2012 by the President of India.
*In 2014, he was awarded with the [[Padma Shri Award]].
*In February 2014, he was honoured with [[FICCI]] Most Inspiring Sportsperson of the Year Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=FICCI announces the Winners of India Sports Awards for 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/ficci-announces-the-winners-of-india-sports-awards-for-2014/|work=IANS|date=13 February 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref>
*He is a two-time [[Indian Premier League]] champion. He won one championship with the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in 2016 and another one with the [[Mumbai Indians]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Management didn't like me: Yuvraj Singh names IPL team he wanted to 'run away from'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/management-didn-t-like-me-yuvraj-singh-names-ipl-team-he-wanted-to-run-away-from/story-dVWKi9qwfinDRkQipk4DYM.html|work=hindustan times|date=15 May 2020|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>

==Outside cricket==

===Charity and commercial interests===
[[File:Yuvraj-Singh.jpg|thumb|right|Singh shooting for [[Ulysse Nardin]] watches as Ambassador]]
Yuvraj was signed by [[Microsoft]] to be a brand ambassador for the [[Xbox 360]] video game console when it was launched in India in 2006. He appeared in advertisements for the console alongside [[Bollywood]] actor [[Akshay Kumar]]. [[Codemasters]]' cricket video game ''[[Brian Lara International Cricket 2007]]'' was released with his endorsement in India, titled "Yuvraj Singh International Cricket 2007".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flipkart.com/playing-my-way/p/itmf4yxavufspqsh|title=Playing It My Way: Buy Playing It My Way by Tendulkar Sachin at Low Price in India|website=Flipkart.com|language=en|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> The Bollywood animated film, Jumbo features cricketer Yuvraj Singh's voice therefore starting his career in Bollywood.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/08/27/cricket-ganguly-flintoffl-business-sports-cricket-players_slide_4.html In Pictures: The World's Top-Earning Cricketers] Forbes August 2009 Retrieved 12 March 2011</ref> The upcoming animated full-length feature film ''Captain India'' features Yuvraj Singh as the main protagonist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/07211054/A-wonder-stick-for-Yuvi.html?h=C|title=A wonder stick for Yuvi|date=7 April 2010|work=Livemint.com – The Wall Street Journal|access-date=24 April 2010}}</ref>

Yuvraj has also been involved in sports based e-commerce; he is a brand ambassador of sports365.in, an online store focused on selling sports goods and fitness equipment. Yuvraj is also the brand ambassador for the sports brand [[Puma SE|Puma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mxmindia.com/2011/11/from-bat-to-cat-yuvraj-is-puma-ambassador/|title=From bat to cat: Yuvraj is Puma ambassador|date=3 November 2011|website=MxMIndia|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> He was appointed as the brand ambassador of [[Ulysse Nardin]] watch in 2013.

Yuvraj's own charity [[YouWeCan]] has treated over hundreds of cancer patients. In April 2015, he announced the intention to invest INR 40–50 crores in online [[startup company|startups]], expanding the YouWeCan proposition by setting up [[YouWeCan Ventures]] in order to do so.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yuvraj Singh starts new innings as businessman with YouWeCan Ventures|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-07/news/60902653_1_yuvraj-singh-mahendra-singh-dhoni-venture-fund|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=7 April 2015|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> In 2015, [[YouWeCan]] also initiated the nationwide cancer awareness in association with Jayakrishnan, the founder of Heyyo Media. The campaign took cancer awareness to many students across the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=YouWeCan (Yuvraj Singh's NGO) has Initiated a Nation Wide Cancer Awareness Programme|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/apherald-epaper-apherald/youwecan+yuvraj+singh+s+ngo+has+initiated+a+nation+wide+cancer+awareness+programme-newsid-126183272|newspaper=Indian Herald|date=19 July 2015|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>
Yuvraj Singh also participated in the ‘Celebrity Clásico 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/live-football-score-celebrity-clasico-2016-its-virat-kohli-vs-abhishek-bachchan-in-mumbai-today-2834994/|title=Celebrity Clasico 2016, Full Time: Virat Kohli's All Hearts draw 2 – 2 with Abhishek Bachchan's All Stars|date=4 June 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=28 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>′ which was played with an objective to generate funds for charitable initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Virat Kohli vs Abhishek Bachchan as B'wood and Cricket unite for charity|url=https://sportscafe.in/articles/cricket/2016/jun/02/it-s-virat-kohli-vs-abhishek-bachchan-as-b-wood-and-cricket-unite-for-charity|website=SportsCafe.in|date=2 June 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ESPNcricinfo|id=36084}}
*[http://www.iplt20.com/teams/sunrisers-hyderabad/squad/113/Yuvraj-Singh/ Yuvraj Singh] at [[Indian Premier League]]
*{{Twitter}}

{{S-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|World Cup Player of the Series]] winner
| before = [[Glenn McGrath]]
| after = [[Mitchell Starc]]
| years = 2011
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
|bg=mediumblue
|fg=orange
|bordercolor=orange
|list1=
{{India Squad 2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{India Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2007 Cricket World Twenty20}}
{{India Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2016 Asia Cup}}
}}
{{Player of the Series in ICC Cricket World Cup}}
{{Punjab cricket squad}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Yuvraj}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab, India cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers]]
[[Category:ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Pune Warriors India cricketers]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Man of the Tournament in ODI Worldcup]]
[[Category:Cricketers who have acted in films]]

Islamic views on slavery

2023-09-27T00:41:04Z

WarrenBurstein: adding

{{Short description|none}}
{{about|Islamic views on slavery|other uses|Islam and slavery (disambiguation)}}

{{Islam|culture}}
{{Slavery}}
'''Islamic views on slavery''' represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought,<ref name="auto">Brockopp, Jonathan E., “Slaves and Slavery”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.</ref><ref>Brunschvig, R., “ʿAbd”, in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.</ref> with various Islamic groups or thinkers espousing views on the matter which have been radically different throughout history.<ref name="Lewis">Lewis 1994, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Ch.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html |date=2001-04-01 }}</ref> Slavery was a mainstay of life in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] and surrounding lands.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=OEIW/> The [[Quran]] and the ''[[hadith]]'' (sayings of [[Muhammad]]) address slavery extensively, assuming its existence as part of society but viewing it as an exceptional condition and restricting its scope.<ref name=OEIW>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Dror Ze’evi|title=Slavery|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/214|access-date=2017-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125519/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/214|archive-date=2017-02-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Early Islamic dogma forbade enslavement of ''[[dhimmis]]'', the free members of Islamic society, including [[Kafir|non-Muslim]]s and set out to regulate and improve the conditions of human bondage. [[Islamic law]] regarded as legal slaves only those non-Muslims who were imprisoned or bought beyond the borders of Islamic rule, or the sons and daughters of slaves already in captivity.<ref name=OEIW/> In later [[Sharia|classical Islamic law]], the topic of slavery is covered at great length.<ref name="Lewis" />

Slavery in Islamic law is not based on race or ethnicity. However, while there was no legal distinction between white European and black African slaves, in some Muslim societies they were employed in different roles.<ref>Jane Hathaway, The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem, Cambridge University Press, 2018 {{ISBN|9781107108295}}</ref> Slaves in Islam were mostly assigned to the service sector, including as concubines, cooks, and porters.{{Sfn|Segal|2002|p=4}} There were also those who were trained militarily, converted to Islam, and manumitted to serve as soldiers; this was the case with the [[Mamluk|Mamluks]], who later managed to seize power by overthrowing their Muslim masters, the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]].{{sfn|Chase|2003|p=98-99}}{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=195}} In some cases, the harsh treatment of slaves also led to notable uprisings, such as the [[Zanj Rebellion]].{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|pp=2-5}} [[Bernard Lewis]] opines that in later times, the domestic slaves, although subjected to appalling privations from the time of their capture until their final destination, seemed to be treated reasonably well once they were placed in a family and to some extent accepted as members of the household.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|p=13–14}}

The [[Muslim slave trade]] was most active in west Asia, eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Muslim traders exported as many as 17 million slaves to the coast of the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and North Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525101036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 25, 2017|title=Focus on the slave trade|date=May 25, 2017|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref> Abolitionist movements began to grow during the 19th century, prompted by both Muslim reformers and diplomatic pressure from Britain. The first Muslim country to prohibit slavery was Tunisia, in 1846.<ref name="Montana 2013">{{cite book|last=Montana |first=Ismael|title=The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=2013|isbn=978-0813044828}}</ref> During the 19th and early 20th centuries all large Muslim countries, whether independent or under colonial rule, banned the slave trade and/or slavery. The Dutch East Indies abolished slavery in 1860, while British India abolished slavery in 1862.{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|pp=120–122}} The Ottoman Empire banned the African slave trade in 1857 and the Circassian slave trade in 1908,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erdem |first1=Y. Hakan |title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise, 1800-1909 |year=1996 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0333643232|pages=95–151}}</ref> while Egypt abolished slavery in 1895, Afghanistan in 1921 and Persia in 1929.{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|pp=110–116}} In some Muslim countries in the Arabian peninsula and Africa, slavery was abolished in the second half of the 20th century: 1962 in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Oman in 1970, Mauritania in 1981.<ref>[[Martin A. Klein]] (2002), Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition, Page xxii, {{ISBN|0810841029}}</ref> However, slavery has been documented in recent years, despite its illegality, in Muslim-majority countries in Africa including [[Chad]], [[Mauritania]], [[Niger]], [[Mali]], and [[Sudan]].<ref>Segal, page 206. See later in article.</ref><ref>Segal, page 222. See later in article.</ref>

Many early converts to Islam were the poor and former slaves. One notable example is [[Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi]].<ref>The Quran with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal [https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 page 1323] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616203507/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |date=2016-06-16 }}</ref><ref>[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]], Slaves and Slavery</ref><ref>Bilal b. Rabah, [[Encyclopedia of Islam]]</ref><ref>''The Cambridge History of Islam'' (1977), p.36</ref>

==Slavery in pre-Islamic Arabia==
Slavery was widely practiced in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]], as well as in the rest of the ancient and [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] world. The minority were white slaves of foreign extraction, likely brought in by Arab caravaners (or the product of [[Bedouin]] captures) stretching back to biblical times. Native [[Arab]] slaves had also existed, a prime example being [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], later to become Muhammad's adopted son. Arab slaves, however, usually obtained as captives, were generally ransomed off amongst nomad tribes.<ref name="eois">Brunschvig. 'Abd; ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]''</ref> The slave population increased by the custom of [[child abandonment]] (see also [[infanticide]]), and by the kidnapping, or, occasionally, the sale of small children.<ref name=autogenerated4>Lewis (1992) p. 4</ref> There is no conclusive evidence of the existence of enslavement for debt or the sale of children by their families; the late and rare accounts of such occurrences show them to be abnormal, Brunschvig states<ref name="eois"/> (According to Brockopp, debt slavery was persistent.<ref name="Brockopp"/>) Free persons could sell their offspring, or even themselves, into slavery. Enslavement was also possible as a consequence of committing certain offenses against the law, as in the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name=autogenerated4 />

Two classes of slave existed: a purchased slave, and a slave born in the master's home. Over the latter the master had complete rights of ownership, though these slaves were unlikely to be sold or disposed of by the master. Female slaves were at times forced into [[prostitution]] for the benefit of their masters, in accordance with Near Eastern customs.<ref name="eois"/><ref>Mendelsohn (1949) pp. 54—58
</ref><ref name="Esposito">John L Esposito (1998) p. 79</ref>

The historical accounts of the early years of Islam report that "slaves of non-Muslim masters ... suffered brutal punishments. [[Sumayyah bint Khayyat]] is famous as the first martyr of Islam, having been killed with a spear by Abū Jahl when she refused to give up her faith. [[Abu Bakr]] freed [[Bilal ibn Ribah|Bilal]] when his master, Umayya ibn Khalaf, placed a heavy rock on his chest in an attempt to force his conversion."<ref name="Brockopp"/>

There were many common features between the institution of slavery in the Quran and that of pre-Islamic culture. However, the Quranic institution had some unique new features.<ref name="Brockopp"/> According to Brockopp, the idea of using alms for the manumission of slaves who had converted to Islam appears to be unique to the Quran.<ref name="auto2">{{qref|2|177|b=y}},{{qref|9|60}}</ref> Islam also prohibits the use of female slaves for prostitution which was common in pre-Islamic history.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bernard Lewis on Slavery in Islam (An Analytical Study)|url=http://admin.umt.edu.pk/Media/Site/UMT/SubSites/jitc/FileManager/JITC%20Fall%202015/04.Bernard%20Lewis.pdf|journal=Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization|access-date=2017-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330013644/http://admin.umt.edu.pk/Media/Site/UMT/SubSites/jitc/FileManager/JITC%20Fall%202015/04.Bernard%20Lewis.pdf|archive-date=2017-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

Brockopp states that the Qur'an was a progressive legislation on slavery in its time because it encouraged proper treatment.<ref name="Brockopp">[[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]], ''Slaves and Slavery''</ref> Others state that Islam's record with slavery has been mixed, progressive in Arabian lands, but it increased slavery and worsened abuse as Muslim armies attacked people in Africa, Europe and Asia.<ref>Gad Heuman and James Walvin (2003), The Slavery Reader, Volume 1, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415213042}}, pp. 31-32</ref><ref name=mg1>{{cite book|author=Murray Gordon|title=Slavery in the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA18|pages=18–39|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1989|isbn=9780941533300|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2023-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226044956/https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray notes that Quran sanctified the institution of slavery and abuses therein, but to its credit did not freeze the status of a slave and allowed a means to a slave's manumission in some cases when the slave converted to Islam.<ref name=mg1/><ref name=pl1>{{cite book |last1=Lovejoy |first1=Paul |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521784306 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/16 16–17] |quote=The religious requirement that new slaves be pagans and need for continued imports to maintain slave population made Africa an important source of slaves for the Islamic world. (...) In Islamic tradition, slavery was perceived as a means of converting non-Muslims. One task of the master was religious instruction and theoretically Muslims could not be enslaved. Conversion (of a non-Muslim to Islam) did not automatically lead to emancipation, but assimilation into Muslim society was deemed a prerequisite for emancipation. |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/16 }}</ref>

==Quran==
{{blockquote|Alms-tax is only for the poor and the needy, for those employed to administer it, for those whose hearts are attracted ˹to the faith˺, for ˹freeing˺ slaves, for those in debt, for Allah’s cause, and for ˹needy˺ travellers. ˹This is˺ an obligation from Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.|{{qref|9|60|c=y}}}}

The Quran contains a number of verses aimed at regulating slavery and mitigating its negative impact.<ref name=quran1>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Brunschvig, R.| year=1986 | title=ʿAbd |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|volume=1|pages=25|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003|quote=2. The Kor'an. The Religious Ethic. a.—Islam, like its two parent monotheisms, Judaism and Christianity, has never preached the abolition of slavery as a doctrine, but it has followed their example (though in a very different fashion) in endeavouring to moderate the institution and mitigate its legal and moral aspects. Spiritually, the slave has the same value as the free man, and the same eternity is in store for his soul}}</ref><ref name=mitigate>{{cite book|title=Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform|editor=Pade Badru, Brigid M. Sackey|author=Olayinka Kudus Amuni|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|pages=48–9|quote=The Qur'anic injunctions were such as to mitigate the effects of slavery and to provide considerable encouragement for manumission. Kindness to slaves is enjoined in the following verse: [2:177]. In this verse, kindness to slaves is enjoined along with goodness to parents, kindsmen and orphans. Elsewhere the Qur'an says [90:4116]. }}</ref> It calls for the [[manumission]] (freeing) of slaves.<ref name=mitigate/><ref name=liberation/> It prescribes kindness towards slaves.<ref name=mitigate/><ref name=kind/> Slaves are considered morally equal to free persons, however, they have a lower legal standing. All Quranic rules on slaves are [[emancipation|emancipatory]] in that they improve the rights of slaves compared to what was already practiced in the 7th century.<ref name=emancipatory>{{cite book|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|author=Bernard K. Freamon|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=122–3|quote=Before embarking on the typological analysis it is also important to note at the outside that all of the important Quranic rules on slavery are emancipatory. None of the Quran provisions actively further, promote, or counsel the continuation of the pre-Islamic institutions of slavery. Rather, as I and others have argued elsewhere, the message of the Quran appears to be one that exhorts humankind to work toward the attainment of a slavery-free society.}}</ref> Many Muslims have interpreted Quran as gradually phasing out slavery.<ref name=iniquity/><ref name=emancipatory/>

The Quran calls for the freeing of slaves, either the owner manumitting the slave, or a third party purchasing and freeing the slave.<ref name=liberation/> The freeing of slaves is encouraged as an act of benevolence,<ref>({{qref|2|177|b=y}}, {{qref|24|33}}, {{qref|90|13}})</ref> and [[expiation]] of sins.<ref name=liberation>{{cite book|author=[[Bernard Lewis]]|title=[[Race and Slavery in the Middle East]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=6|quote=[The Quran] recommends, without requiring, his liberation by purchase or manumission. The freeing of slaves is recommended both for the expiation of sins (IV:92; V:92; LVIII:3) and as an act of simple benevolence (11: 177; XXIV:33; XC:13).}}</ref><ref>({{qref|4|92|b=y}}, {{qref|5|92}}, {{qref|58|3}})</ref> {{qref|24|33|b=y}} devises a [[Mukataba|manumission contract]] in which slaves buy their freedom in installments. Two<ref name="auto2"/> other verses encourage believers to help slaves pay for such contracts.<ref name=eoq58>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Jonathan E. Brockopp|title=Encyclopaedia of the Quran|entry=Slaves and slavery|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=5|page=58}}</ref> One of the uses of ''[[zakat]]'', a [[pillar of Islam]], is to pay for the freeing of slaves.<ref>{{cite book|title=Charity in Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Zakat|author=Omer Faruk Senturk|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wq8eXoo7TtgC&q=zakat+freeing+slaves&pg=PR10|page=x|publisher=Tughra Books |isbn=9781597841238}}</ref>

The Quran prescribes kind treatment of slaves.<ref name=kind>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Jonathan E. Brockopp|title=Encyclopaedia of the Quran|entry=Slaves and slavery|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=5|page=59|quote=Finally, the important role played by slaves as members of this community may help explain the Quran’s emphasis on manumission and kind treatment.}}</ref><ref name=mitigate/> Verse {{qref|4|36}} calls for good treatment to slaves. The Quran recognizes the humanity of slaves,<ref name=humanity/> by calling them "believers", recognizing their desire to be free, and recognizing female slaves' aversion to prostitution.<ref name=jebro/> Several verses list slaves as members of the household, sometimes alongside wives, children and other relatives.<ref name=humanity>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Jonathan E. Brockopp|title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|entry=Slaves and slavery|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=5|page=57|quote=The Qur'an, however, does not consider slaves to be mere chattel; their humanity is directly addressed in references to their beliefs (q 2:221; 4:25, 92), their desire for manumission and their feelings about being forced into prostitution (q 24:33)...The human aspect of slaves is further reinforced by reference to them as members of the private household, sometimes along with wives or children (q.v.; q 23:6; 24:58; 33:50; 70:30) and once in a long list of such members (q 24:31). This incorporation into the intimate family is consistent with the view of slaves in the ancient near east and quite in contrast to Western plantation slavery as it developed in the early modern period.}}</ref>

The Quran recognizes slaves as morally and spiritually equal to free people.<ref name=morallyequal>{{cite book|title=Islam: History, Religion, and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CS6wCgAAQBAJ&q=quran+free+slaves&pg=PA18|author=[[Tamara Sonn]]|date = 6 October 2015|page=18| publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn = 9781118972311|quote=The Quran acknowledges that slaves do not have the same legal standing as free people; instead they are treated as minors for whom the owners are responsible. But it recommends that unmarried Muslims marry their slaves (24:32), indicating that it considers slaves and free people morally equal.}}</ref> God promises an eternal life in the [[Akhira|Hereafter]].<ref name=quran1/> This equality is indicated in {{qref|4|25|b=y}}, which addresses free people and slaves as “the one of you is as the other” (''ba'dukum min ba'din'').<ref name=equal>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Jonathan E. Brockopp|title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|entry=Slaves and slavery|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=5|page=57|quote=In one case, the Qur'an refers to master and slave with the same word, rajul (q 39:29). Later interpreters presume slaves to be spiritual equals of free Muslims. For example, q 4:25 urges believers to marry “believing maids that your right hands own” and then states: “The one of you is as the other” (ba'dukum min ba'din), which the [[Jalalayn]] interpret as “You and they are equal in faith, so do not refrain from marrying them”.}}</ref> {{qref|39|29|b=y}} refers to master and slave with the same word.<ref name=equal/> However, slaves are not accorded the same legal standing as the free. Slaves are considered as [[Minor (law)|minors]] for whom the owner is responsible.<ref name=morallyequal/> The punishment for crimes committed by slaves is half the punishment as to be meted out on free persons.<ref name=eoq58/> The legal distinction between slaves and the free is regarded as the divinely established order of things,<ref name=quran1/> which is seen as part of God's grace.<ref name=jebro/>

The Quran recognizes slavery as a source of injustice, as it places the freeing of slaves on the same level as feeding the poor.<ref name=iniquity>{{cite book|title=Islam: History, Religion, and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CS6wCgAAQBAJ&q=quran+free+slaves&pg=PA18|author=[[Tamara Sonn]]|date = 6 October 2015|page=18| publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn = 9781118972311|quote=The Quran clearly recognizes that slavery is a source of inequity in society becaise it frequently recommends freeing slaves, along with feeding and clothing the poor as part of living a moral life (90:12-19)...the Quran does not abolish the institution of slavery...slavery was an integral part of the economic system at the time the Quran was revealed; abolition of slavery would have requires an overhaul of the entire socioeconomic system. Therefore, instead of abolishing slavery outright, virtually all interpreters agree that the Quran established an ideal toward which society should: a society in which no one person would be enslaved to another.}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Quran doesn't abolish slavery. One reason given is that slavery was a major part of the 7th century socioeconomic system, and it abolishing it would not have been practical.<ref name=iniquity/> Most interpretations of the Quran agree that the Quran envisions an ideal society as one in which slavery no longer exists.<ref name=iniquity/><ref name=emancipatory/>

Slaves are mentioned in at least twenty-nine verses of the Quran, most of these are Medinan and refer to the [[legal status]] of slaves. The legal material on slavery in the Quran is largely restricted to manumission and [[Human sexual behavior|sexual relations]].<ref name="Brockopp"/> The Quran permits owners to take slaves as concubines, though it promotes abstinence as the better choice.<ref name=eoq58/> It strictly prohibits slave prostitution.<ref name=eoq58/> According to Sikainga, the Quranic references to slavery as mainly contain "broad and general propositions of an ethical nature rather than specific legal formulations."<ref>Sikainga (2005), p.5-6</ref> The word 'abd' (slave) is rarely used, being more commonly replaced by some periphrasis such as ''[[ma malakat aymanukum]]'' ("that which your right hands own"). However the meaning and translation of this term has been disputed. [[Ideas of Ghulam Ahmed Pervez#Islam and Individual Liberty|Ghulam Ahmed Pervez argued]] that the term is used in the past-tense in the Quran, thus signalling only those individuals who were already enslaved at the dawn of Islam. This slight change in tense is significant, as it allowed Parwez to argue that slavery was never compatible with the commandments of the Quran and is in fact outlawed by Quranic Law.{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/198 198]}}

There are many common features between the institution of slavery in the Quran and that of neighboring cultures. However, the Quranic institution had some unique new features.<ref name="Brockopp"/> [[Bernard Lewis]] states that the Quranic legislation brought two major changes to ancient slavery which were to have far-reaching effects: presumption of freedom, and the ban on the enslavement of free persons except in strictly defined circumstances.<ref name=lewis5>{{cite book|author=[[Bernard Lewis]]|title=[[Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=5|quote=But Qur'anic legislation, subsequently confirmed and elaborated in the Holy Law, brought two major changes to ancient slavery which were to have far-reaching effects. One of these was the presumption of freedom; the other, the ban on the enslavement of free persons except in strictly defined circumstances.}}</ref> According to Brockopp, the idea of using alms for the manumission of slaves appears to be unique to the Quran, assuming the traditional interpretation of verses {{qref|2|177}} and {{qref|9|60}}. Similarly, the practice of freeing slaves in atonement for certain sins appears to be introduced by the Quran (but compare Exodus 21:26-7).<ref name="Brockopp"/> The forced prostitution of female slaves, a long practiced custom in the [[Near Eastern]], is condemned in the Quran.<ref name="Esposito" /><ref>{{qref|24|33|b=y}}</ref> Murray Gordon notes that this ban is "of no small significance."<ref>Gordon 1989, page 37.</ref> Brockopp writes: "Other cultures limit a master's right to harm a slave but few exhort masters to treat their slaves kindly, and the placement of slaves in the same category as other weak members of society who deserve protection is unknown outside the Quran. The unique contribution of the Quran, then, is to be found in its emphasis on the place of slaves in society and society's responsibility toward the slave, perhaps the most progressive legislation on slavery in its time."<ref name="Brockopp"/>

===Ma malakat aymanuhum===
The most common term in the Qur'an to refer to slaves is the expression ''ma malakat aymanuhum'' or ''milk al-yamin''<ref>{{url|https://www.alhakam.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-those-whom-your-right-hand-possesses-milk-al-yamin}}</ref> in short, meaning “those whom your right hands possess”.<ref group="n">The term's translations has many variations:

* [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]]: “those whom your right hands possess”.
* [[M. H. Shakir]]: "those whom your right hands possess".Shakir, M. H. (Ed.). (n.d.). The Quran. Medford, MA: Perseus Digital Library. Surah 4:24
* [[Thomas Patrick Hughes]]: "that which your right hand possesses".[[Thomas Patrick Hughes|Hughes, T. P.]] (1885). In A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion. London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* [[N. J. Dawood]]: "those whom you own as slaves."N. J. Dawood, "The Koran," [[Penguin Classics]], [[Penguin Books]], 1999 edition.
* Dr Kamal Omar: "as except those whom your right hands held in trust'"[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/st48.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322134202/https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/st48.htm|date=2021-03-22}}</ref> This term is found in 15 Quranic passages,<ref name=EoQ/> making it the most common term for slaves. The Qur'an refers to slaves very differently than classical Arabic: whereas the most common Arabic term for slave is ''‘abd'', the Qur'an instead uses that term in sense of "servant of God", and ''raqiq'' (another Arabic term for slave) is not found in the Qur'an.<ref name=EoQ>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Jonathan E. Brockopp | year= 2006 | title=Slaves and slavery |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=5|pages=57–58|publisher=Brill}}</ref> Thus, this term is a Qur'anic innovation.<ref name=right129>{{cite book|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|author=Bernard Freamon|pages=129–130}}</ref> The term can be seen as an honorific, as to be held by "the right hands" means to be held in honor in Arabic and Islamic culture, a fact that can be seen in Quranic verses that refer to those who will enter Paradise as "companions of the right hand."<ref name=right129/> The term also implies that slaves are "possessions".<ref name=jebro/> In four places, the Qur'an addresses slaves in the same terms as the free; for example, [[Q39:29]] refers to both the master and the slave using the same word (''rajul'').<ref name=jebro>Jonathan E. Brockopp (2000), Early Mālikī Law: Ibn ʻAbd Al-Ḥakam and His Major Compendium of Jurisprudence, Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004116283}}, pp. 131</ref>

[[Ghulam Ahmed Pervez]] and [[Syed Ameer Ali|Amir Ali]] have argued that the expression ''ma malakat aymanukum'' should be properly read in the past tense, thus only referring to people already enslaved at the time the Qur'an was revealed.{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|pp=[https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/198 198]–200}}

==Prophet's traditions==
{{Unbalanced|section|talk=Section|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Bilal.jpg|thumb|[[Bilal ibn Ribah]] was an African slave who was emancipated when [[Abu Bakr]] paid his ransom upon Muhammad's instruction. He was appointed by Muhammad as the first official [[muezzin]]. This image depicts him atop the [[Kaaba]] in January 630, when he became the first Muslim to proclaim [[adhan]] in [[Mecca]].]]

The corpus of [[hadith]] attributed to Muhammad follows the general lines of Quranic teaching on slavery and contains a large store of reports enjoining kindness toward slaves.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Brunschvig, R.| year=1986 | title=ʿAbd |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|volume=1|pages=25|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003|quote=Tradition delights in asserting that the slave's lot was among the latest preoccupations of the Prophet. It has quite a large store of sayings and anecdotes, attributed to the Prophet or to his Companions, enjoining real kindness towards this inferior social class.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi|url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505326-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/6 6]|quote=This point is emphasized and elaborated in innumerable hadiths (traditions), in which the Prophet is quoted as urging considerate and sometimes even equal treatment for slaves, denouncing cruelty, harshness, or even discourtesy, recommending the liberation of slaves, and reminding the Muslims that his apostolate was to free and slave alike.|access-date=2020-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519123412/https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi|archive-date=2020-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some modern Muslim authors {{who|date=October 2022}} have interpreted this as an indication that Muhammad envisioned a gradual abolition of slavery, while Murray Gordon characterizes Muhammad's approach to slavery as reformist rather than revolutionary. He did not set out to abolish slavery, but rather to improve the conditions of slaves by urging his followers to treat their slaves humanely and free them as a way of expiating one's sins. According to sahih (authentic) hadith Muhammad encouraged gifting of slaves to be a better alternative to setting them free.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2592 |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 2592, Sunnah.com Saying and Teaching of Prophet Muhammad |access-date=29 March 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329101515/https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2592 }}</ref> When the people of Banu Qurayzah were defeated, he ordered some of the captives to be exchanged to purchase horses and arms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kalamullah.com/tabari.html |title=The History of al-Tabari [Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk] }}, Vol 8, p. 39 </ref> Gordon argues that Muhammad instead assured the legitimacy of slavery in Islam by lending it his moral authority. Likely justifications for his attitude toward slavery included the precedent of Jewish and Christian teachings of his time as well as pragmatic considerations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray Gordon|title=Slavery in the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA19|pages=19–20|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1989|isbn=9780941533300}}</ref>

The most notable of Muhammad's slaves were: [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]], whom he freed and married; [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]], given to Muhammad by [[Muqawqis|a Sassanid official]], who gave birth to his son [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]] and was freed.
[[Sirin (Islamic history)|Sirin]], Maria's sister, whom he freed and married to the poet [[Hassan ibn Thabit]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lastprophet.info/en/content/view/111/14/1/17/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721220312/http://www.lastprophet.info/en/content/view/111/14/1/17/|url-status=dead|title=Aydin, p.17 (citing Ibn Abdilberr, İstîâb, IV, p. 1868; Nawavî, Tahzib al Asma, I, p. 162; Ibn al Asîr, Usd al Ghâbe, VI, p. 160)|archive-date=July 21, 2011|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref>{{permanent dead link|date=June 2023}} and [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], whom Muhammad freed and [[Islamic adoptional jurisprudence|adopted as a son]].<ref>Hughes (1996), p. 370</ref>

==Traditional Islamic jurisprudence==
===Source of slaves===
Traditional [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] presumed everyone was free under the dictum of ''The basic principle is liberty'' ({{lang-ar|script=Latn|al-'asl huwa 'l-hurriya}}), and slavery was an exceptional condition.<ref name=liberty/><ref name=lewis5/> Any person whose status was unknown (e.g. a [[wikt:foundling|foundling]]) was presumed to be free.<ref name=liberty>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Brunschvig, R.| year=1986 | title=ʿAbd |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|volume=1|pages=26}}</ref><ref name=OEIW/> A free person could not sell himself or his children into slavery.<ref name=lewis6/> Neither could a free person be enslaved due to debt or as punishment for a crime.<ref name=lewis6>{{cite book|author=[[Bernard Lewis]]|title=[[Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=6}}</ref> Non-Muslims living under Muslim rule, known as ''[[dhimmi]]'', could not be enslaved.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slavery and Islam|author=Jonathan A.C. Brown|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|page=85|quote=Unenslavability extended to non-Muslims living under Muslim rule. There was agreement that these dhimmis could not be enslaved even if they rebelled against the Muslim government. Even if enemies from outside the Abode of Islam captured dhimmis living under Muslim rule and took them as slaves, they were not legally owned according to the Shariah.}}</ref> Lawful enslavement was restricted to two instances: capture in war (on the condition that the prisoner is not a Muslim), or birth in slavery. Islamic law did not recognize the classes of slave from [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] including those sold or given into slavery by themselves and others, and those indebted into slavery.<ref name="eois"/> Though a free Muslim could not be enslaved, [[Religious conversion|conversion to Islam]] by a non-Muslim slave did not require that he or she then should be liberated. Slave status was not affected by conversion to Islam.<ref>Lewis 1990, page 9.</ref> Purchasing slaves and receiving slaves as tribute was permitted. Many scholars subjected slave purchases to the condition that slave should have been "rightfully enslaved" in the first place.{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=33|ps=: "The rider was sometimes added that such people should have been 'rightfully enslaved', although what this meant was far from clear"}}

===Treatment===
In the instance of illness it would be required for the slave to be looked after. [[Manumission]] is considered a meritorious act. Based on the Quranic verse (24:33), Islamic law permits a slave to ransom himself upon consent of his master through a contract known as ''[[mukataba]]''.<ref name="eois"/> [[Azizah Y. al-Hibri]], a professor of Law specializing in Islamic jurisprudence, states that both the Quran and Hadith are repeatedly exhorting Muslims to treat their slaves well and that Muhammad showed this both in action and in words.<ref name="Hibri">Azizah Y. al-Hibri, 2003</ref> Levy concurs, adding that "cruelty to them was forbidden."<ref name="L77">Levy (1957) p. 77</ref> Al-Hibri quotes the famous last speech of Muhammad and other hadiths emphasizing that all believers, whether free or enslaved, are siblings.<ref name="Hibri"/> Lewis explains, "the humanitarian tendency of the Quran and the early caliphs in the Islamic empire, was to some extent counteracted by other influences,"<ref name="Lewis" /> notably the practice of various conquered people and countries Muslims encountered, especially in provinces previously under [[Roman law]]. In spite of this, Lewis also states, "Islamic practice still represented a vast improvement on that inherited from antiquity, from Rome, and from Byzantium."<ref name="Lewis" /> Murray Gordon writes: "It was not surprising that Muhammad, who accepted the existing socio-political order, looked upon slavery as part of the natural order of things. His approach to what was already an age-old institution was reformist and not revolutionary. The Prophet had not in mind to bring about the abolition of slavery. Rather, his purpose was to improve the conditions of slaves by correcting abuses and appealing to the conscience of his followers to treat them humanely.<ref>Gordon 1987, page 19.</ref> The adoption of slaves as members of the family was common, according to Levy. If a slave was born and brought up in the master's household he was never sold, except in exceptional circumstances.<ref name="L77"/>

===Sexual intercourse===
{{Slavery}}
{{See also|Islamic marital jurisprudence|Islamic views on concubinage|History of concubinage in the Muslim world}}[[Surah]] 23, [[Al-Muminun]], of the [[Quran]] in verse 6 and Surah 17, [[Al-Maarij]], in verse 30 both, in identical wording, draw a distinction between spouses and "those whom one's right hands possess", saying " أَزْوَاجِهِمْ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُمْ" (literally, "their spouses or what their right hands possess"), while clarifying that sexual intercourse with either is permissible. Sayyid [[Abul Ala Maududi]] explains that "two categories of women have been excluded from the general command of guarding the private parts: (a) wives, (b) women who are legally in one's possession".<ref>{{Cite web |title=23. Surah Al Muminoon (The Believers) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an |url=https://www.searchtruth.com/tafsir/Quran/23/index.html#sdfootnote7sym |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.searchtruth.com |archive-date=2022-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720103738/https://www.searchtruth.com/tafsir/Quran/23/index.html#sdfootnote7sym |url-status=live }}</ref> Islamic law, using the term'' [[Ma malakat aymanukum]]'' ("what your right hands possess") considered sexual relations with female slaves as lawful.<ref name=autogenerated1>Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, page 13.</ref>

Slave women were required mainly as concubines and domestic workers. A Muslim slaveholder was entitled by law to the sexual enjoyment of his slave women. While free women might own male slaves, they had no such right.<ref>Lewis 1990, page 14.</ref> The property of a slave was owned by his or her master unless a contract of freedom of the slave had been entered into, which allowed the slave to earn money to purchase his or her freedom and similarly to pay bride wealth. The marriage of slaves required the consent of the owner. Under the [[Hanafi]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools of jurisprudence male slaves could marry two wives, but the [[Maliki]] permitted them to marry four wives like the free men. According to the Islamic law, a male slave could marry a free woman but this was discouraged in practice.<ref name="Sikainga"/> Islam permits sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside marriage. This is referred to in the Quran as ''[[ma malakat aymanukum]]'' or "what your right hands possess".<ref>See [[Tahfeem ul Qur'an]] by [[Maududi|Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]], Vol. 2 pp. 112-113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses {{qref|23|1-6}}: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications</ref><ref>{{Qtaf|en:ibk|4|24}}</ref> There are some restrictions on the master; he may not co-habit with a female slave belonging to his wife, neither can he have relations with a female slave if she is co-owned, or already married.<ref name="eois"/>

In ancient Arabian custom, the child of a freeman by his slave was also a slave unless he was recognized and liberated by his father.<ref>Lewis 1990, page 24.</ref> In theory, the recognition by a master of his offspring by a slave woman was optional in Islamic society, and in the early period was often withheld. By the [[High Middle Ages]] it became normal and was unremarkable in a society where the sovereigns themselves were almost invariably the children of slave concubines.<ref>Lewis 1990, page 91.</ref> The mother receives the title of "''[[umm walad]]''" ({{lit|mother of a child}}),<ref name="umm walad">''[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2424] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050417/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2424|date=2017-08-01}}'' Umm al-Walad, "Mother of the son. Refers to a slave woman impregnated by her owner…", Oxford Islamic Studies Online</ref> which is an improvement in her status as she can no longer be sold. Among Sunnis, she is automatically freed upon her master's death, however for Shi'a, she is only freed if her child is still alive; her value is then deducted from this child's share of the inheritance.<ref name="eois"/> Lovejoy writes that as an ''umm walad'', they attained "an intermediate position between slave and free" pending their freedom, although they would sometimes be nominally freed as soon as they gave birth.<ref name="Paul"/>

There is no limit on the number of concubines a master may possess. However, the general marital laws are to be observed, such as not having sexual relations with the sister of a female slave.<ref name="eois"/><ref name="Paul"/> In Islam "men are enjoined to marry free women in the first instance, but if they cannot afford the bridewealth for free women, they are told to marry slave women rather than engage in wrongful acts."<ref>Nashat (1999) p. 42</ref> One rationale given for recognition of concubinage in Islam is that "it satisfied the sexual desire of the female slaves and thereby prevented the spread of immorality in the [[Ummah|Muslim community]]."<ref name=":0">Sikainga (1996), p. 22</ref> A slave master could have sex with his female slave only while she was not married. This attempt to require sexual exclusivity for female slaves was rare in antiquity, when female slaves generally had no claim to an exclusive sexual relationship.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Kecia|last=Ali|author-link=Kecia Ali|year=2010|title=Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=39|isbn=9780674059177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C229nbjq8TMC|access-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104104847/https://books.google.com/books?id=C229nbjq8TMC&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=2018-11-04|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Sikainga, "in reality, however, female slaves in many Muslim societies were prey for members of their owners' household, their neighbors, and their guests."<ref name=":0"/>

In Shiite jurisprudence, it is unlawful for a master of a female slave to grant a third party the use of her for sexual relations. The Shiite scholar [[Shaykh al-Tusi]] stated: ولا يجوز إعارتها للاستمتاع بها لأن البضع لا يستباح بالإعارة
"It is not permissible to loan (the slave girl) for enjoyment purpose, because sexual intercourse cannot be legitimate through loaning"<ref>
Shaykh al-Tusi stated in Al-Mabsut, Volume 3 page 57</ref> and the Shiite scholars al-Muhaqiq al-Kurki, [[Allamah Al-Hilli]] and Ali Asghar Merwarid made the following ruling: ولا تجوز استعارة الجواري للاستمتاع
"It is not permissible to loan the slave girl for the purpose of sexual intercourse"<ref>al-Muhaqiq al-Kurki in ''Jame'a al-Maqasid'', Volume 6 page 62, Allamah al-Hilli in ''Al-Tadkira'', Volume 2 page 210 and Ali Asghar Merwarid in ''Al-Yanabi al-Fiqhya'', Volume 17 page 187</ref>

Under the [[legal doctrine]] of ''kafa'a'' (lit."efficiency"), the purpose of which was to ensure that a man should be at least the social equal of the woman he marries, a [[freedman]] is not as good as the son of a freedman, and he in turn not as good as the grandson of a freedman. This principle is pursued up to three generations, after which all Muslims are deemed equally free.<ref>Lewis 85–86</ref> Lewis asserts that since kafa'a "does not forbid unequal marriages", it is in no sense a "Muslim equivalent of [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Nuremberg Laws]] of [[Nazi Germany]] or the [[apartheid laws]] of [[South Africa]]. His purpose, he states, is not to try to set up a moral competition - to compare castration and apartheid as offenses against humanity."<ref name="eois"/><ref>John Joseph, Review of ''Race and Color in Islam'' by [[Bernard Lewis]], ''[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]'', Vol. 5, No. 3. (Jun., 1974), pp. 368-371.</ref>

===Legal status===
Within [[Islamic jurisprudence]], slaves were excluded from religious office and from any office involving jurisdiction over others.<ref>Lewis 1990, page 7</ref> Freed slaves are able to occupy any office within the [[Caliphate|Islamic government]], and instances of this in history include the [[Mamluk]] who ruled Egypt for almost 260 years and the [[eunuch]]s who have held military and administrative positions of note.<ref name="schimmel">Schimmel (1992) p. 67</ref> With the permission of their owners they are able to marry.<ref>Esposito (2002) p.148</ref> [[Annemarie Schimmel]], a contemporary scholar on [[Muslim world|Islamic civilization]], asserts that because the status of slaves under Islam could only be obtained through either being a [[prisoner of war]] (this was soon restricted only to infidels captured in a [[jihad|holy war]])<ref name="Lewis" /> or born from slave parents, slavery would be theoretically abolished with the expansion of Islam.<ref name="schimmel" /> [[Fazlur Rahman Malik|Fazlur Rahman]] agrees, stating that the Quranic acceptance of the institution of slavery on the legal plane was the only practical option available at the time of Muhammad since "slavery was ingrained in the structure of society, and its overnight wholesale liquidation would have created problems which it would have been absolutely impossible to solve, and only a dreamer could have issued such a visionary statement."<ref>Fazlur Rahman, Islam, University of Chicago Press, p.38</ref> Islam's reforms stipulating the conditions of enslavement seriously limited the supply of new slaves.<ref name="Lewis" /> Murray Gordon does note: "Muhammad took pains in urging the faithful to free their slaves as a way of expiating their sins. Some [[List of Muslim scholars|Muslim scholars]] have taken this mean that his true motive was to bring about a gradual elimination of slavery. An alternative argument is that by lending the [[moral authority]] of Islam to slavery, Muhammad assured its legitimacy. Thus, in lightening the fetter, he riveted it ever more firmly in place."<ref>Murray Gordon, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC Slavery in the Arab World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104104847/https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&printsec=frontcover |date=2018-11-04 }}." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987. Page 19.</ref> In the early days of Islam, a plentiful supply of new slaves were brought due to rapid conquest and expansion. But as the frontiers were gradually stabilized, this supply dwindled to a mere trickle. The prisoners of later wars between Muslims and Christians were commonly ransomed or exchanged.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

According to Lewis, this reduction resulted in Arabs who wanted slaves having to look elsewhere to avoid the restrictions in the Quran, meaning an increase of importing of slaves from non-Muslim lands,<ref name="L9010">Lewis (1990) p. 10</ref> primarily from Africa. These slaves suffered a high death toll.<ref name="Lewis" /><ref name="L9010"/> [[Patrick Manning (professor)|Patrick Manning]] states that Islamic legislations against the abuse of the slaves convincingly limited the extent of enslavement in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and to a lesser degree for the whole area of the [[Umayyad|Umayyad Caliphate]] where slavery had existed since the most ancient times. However, he also notes that with the passage of time and the extension of Islam, Islam, by recognizing and codifying slavery, seems to have done more to protect and expand slavery than the reverse.<ref name=autogenerated5>Manning (1990) p.28</ref>

In theory, free-born Muslims could not be enslaved, and the only way that a non-Muslim could be enslaved was being captured in the course of holy war.<ref name="Sikainga">Sikainga (1996) p.5</ref> (In early Islam, neither a Muslim nor a Christian or Jew could be enslaved.<ref>John Esposito (1998) p.40</ref> Slavery was also perceived as a means of converting non-Muslims to Islam: A task of the masters was religious instruction. Conversion and assimilation into the society of the master didn't automatically lead to emancipation, though there was normally some guarantee of better treatment and was deemed a prerequisite for emancipation.<ref name="Paul">Paul Lovejoy (2000) p.2</ref> The majority of [[Sunni]] authorities approved the [[manumission]] of all the "[[People of the Book]]". According to some jurists -especially among the [[Shi'a]]- only Muslim slaves should be liberated.<ref>Lewis(1990) 106</ref> In practice, traditional propagators{{Who|date=July 2021}} of [[Islam in Africa]] often revealed a cautious attitude towards proselytizing because of its effect in reducing the potential reservoir of slaves.<ref>Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the [[Arab world|Arab World]]." [[New Amsterdam]] Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, page 28.</ref>

====Rights and restrictions====
"Morally as well as physically the slave is regarded in law as an inferior being," Levy writes.<ref>Levy, p.78</ref> Under Islamic law, a slave possesses a composite quality of being both a person and a possession.<ref name="eois"/> The slave is entitled to receive sustenance from the master, which includes shelter, food, clothing, and medical attention. It is a requirement for this sustenance to be of the same standard generally found in the locality and it is also recommended for the slave to have the same standard of food and clothing as the master. If the master refuses to provide the required sustenance, the slave may complain to a judge{{How|date=July 2021}}, who may then penalize the master through sale of her or his goods as necessary for the slave's keep. If the master does not have sufficient wealth to facilitate this, she or he must either sell, hire out, or manumit the slave as ordered. Slaves also have the right to a period of rest during the hottest parts of the day during the summer.<ref>Khalil b. Ishaq, quoted in Levy (1957) p. 77</ref>

The spiritual status of a Muslim slave was identical to a Muslim free person, with some exemptions made for the slave. For example, it is not mandatory for Muslim slaves to attend Friday prayers or go for Hajj, even though both are mandatory for free Muslims.<ref name=eoi27>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Brunschvig, R.| year=1986 | title=ʿAbd |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam volume 1|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|volume=1|pages=27|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003}}</ref> Slaves were generally allowed to become an ''imam'' and lead prayer, and many scholars even allowed them to act as an imam for [[Jumuah|Friday]] and [[Eid prayers]], though some disagreed.<ref name=eoi27/>

Evidence from slaves is rarely viable in a court of law. According to the most popular Sharia manual by Imam Shafi, the very first requirement for a legal testimony to be acceptable from a witness is that the witness must be free.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/relianceofthetravellertheclassicmanualofislamicsacredlawindexed |title=Imam Shafi, Umdat as-Salik (Reliance Of The Traveller The Classic Manual Of Islamic Sacred Law Indexed) |access-date=18 June 2023 }} Section o24.2 </ref> As slaves are regarded as inferior in Islamic law, death at the hands of a free man does not require that the latter be killed in retaliation.<ref>Except according to Hanafis, who make a free man liable to retaliation in cases of murder</ref> The killer must pay the slave's master compensation equivalent to the slave's value, as opposed to blood-money. At the same time, slaves themselves possess a lessened responsibility for their actions, and receive half the penalty required upon a free man. For example: where a free man would be subject to a hundred lashes due to pre-marital relations, a slave would be subject to only fifty. Slaves are allowed to marry only with the owner's consent. Jurists differ over how many wives a slave may possess, with the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools allowing them two, and the Maliki school allowing four. Slaves are not permitted to possess or inherit property, or conduct independent business, and may conduct financial dealings only as a representative of the master. Offices of authority are generally not permitted for slaves, though a slave may act as the leader (''[[Imam]]'') in the congregational [[salat|prayers]], and he may also act as a subordinate officer in the governmental department of revenue.<ref name="eois"/><ref>Levy (1957) pp. 78-79</ref> Masters may sell, bequeath, give away, pledge, hire out or compel them to earn money.<ref name="L77" />

By the view of some [[madh'hab]] (but not others), a master may compel his slave to marry and determine the identity of the marriage partner.<ref>Khalil bin Ishaq, II, 4</ref><ref>Sachau, p.173</ref>

The [[mahr]] that is given for marriage to a female slave is taken by her owner, whereas all other women possess it absolutely for themselves.<ref>Levy, p.114</ref>

A slave was not allowed to become a [[judge]], but could become a subordinate officer.<ref name=eoi27/>

===Manumission and abolition===
The Quran and Hadith, the primary Islamic texts, make it a praiseworthy act for masters to [[manumission|set their slaves free]]. There are numerous ways in Islamic law under which a slave may become free:
*An act of piety by the owner.<ref name="L8081"/>
*the ''[[mukataba]]'' contract: the slave and master draw a contract whereby the master will grant the slave freedom in exchange for a period of employment,<ref name="L8081"/> or a certain sum of money (payable in installments).<ref name=bbcfree/> The master must allow the slave to earn money.<ref name="eois"/><ref name="L8081">Levy pp. 80-81</ref> Such a contract is recommended by the Qur'an.<ref name="L8081"/>
*A female slave who gives birth to her owner's child becomes an ''umm walad'' and becomes automatically free upon the death of her owner.<ref name="umm walad"/><ref name=bbcfree>{{cite web|title=Slavery in Islam|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225141842/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The child would be automatically free and equal to the owner's other children.<ref name=":1">Gordon 1987, pp. 42-43.</ref>
*The owner can promise, either verbally<ref name="L8081"/> or in [[Will and testament|writing]] that the slave is free upon the owner's death. Such a slave is known as a ''mudabbar''.<ref name=bbcfree/>
*A Muslim who has committed certain sins, such as involuntary [[manslaughter]] or [[perjury]], is required to free a slave as an expiation.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Crown And The Turban: Muslims And West African Pluralism|page=51|publisher=[[Routledge]]|author= Lamin Sanneh}}</ref>
*Anytime the owner of the slave declares the slave to be free the slave becomes automatically free, even if the owner made the statement accidentally or jokingly.<ref name="L8081"/> For example, if a slave owner said "You’re free once you’ve finished this task", intending to mean "you’re done with work for the day", the slave would become free despite the owner's ambiguous statement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slavery and Islam|author=Jonathan A.C. Brown|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|page=86}}</ref>
*A slave is freed automatically if it is discovered the slave is related to the master; this could happen, for example, when someone purchases a slave who happens to be a relative.<ref name="L8081"/>

Gordon opines that while Islamic jurisprudence considered manumission as one way of [[atonement]] of sin, but other means of atonement also existed: for example, giving charity to the poor was considered superior to freeing a slave.<ref name=autogenerated3>Gordon 1987, page 40.</ref> And while Islam made freeing a slave a meritorious act, it was usually not a requirement,<ref name=liberation/> making it possible for a devout Muslim to still own a slave.<ref name=":1"/> [[Richard Francis Burton]] stated that sometimes slaves refused freedom due to lack of employable skills, as freedom from the master meant the slave might go hungry.<ref name="RFBurton">{{Cite book
|last = Burton
|first = Richard Francis
|chapter = Tale of the Second Eunuch
|title = The Book of The Thousand Nights And A Night
|url = http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97b/part14.html
|access-date = 2012-07-03
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406154909/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97b/part14.html
|archive-date = 2012-04-06
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

According to [[Jafar as-Sadiq]], all Muslim slaves become automatically free after a maximum of 7 years in servitude. This rule applies regardless of the will of the owner.<ref>{{cite web|author=Makarem Shirazi|first=Naser|author-link=Naser Makarem Shirazi|title=ممنوع نشدن اصل برده داری در اسلام|date=19 August 2018 |url=https://makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=44&lid=0&mid=411870&catid=27286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712074715/https://makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=44&lid=0&mid=411870&catid=27286|archive-date=2020-07-12|access-date=2020-07-12|quote="در بعضى از روايات اسلامى آمده است: بردگان بعد از هفت سال خود به خود آزاد مى‏ شوند، چنانكه از امام صادق(عليه السلام) مى خوانيم: «كسى كه ايمان داشته باشد بعد از هفت سال آزاد مى شود صاحبش بخواهد يا نخواهد و به خدمت گرفتن كسى كه ايمان داشته بعد از هفت سال حلال نيست»"}}</ref>

Some scholars hold that the abolition of slavery was one of the aims of Islam, a view that Islamic feminists scholar [[Kecia Ali]] finds well intentioned but ahistorical and simplistic.{{sfn|Ali|2004}} She suggest that while there was definitely an "emancipatory ethic" (encouragement for freeing slaves) in Islamic jurisprudence and that "it is possible to view slavery as inconsistent with basic Qur'anic precepts of justice and human equality before God",{{sfn|Ali|2004}} slavery was also "marginal to the Qur'anic worldview" and "there has not been a strong internally developed critique of past or present slaveholding practices".{{sfn|Ali|2004}} The subsequent shift in attitudes within Islam towards slavery have also been compared to similar shifts within Christianity towards Biblically sanctioned slavery, which was widespread in the late antique world in which both the Bible and Quran arose.{{sfn|Hazelton|2010|p=107}}

==Modern interpretations==
=== Abolitionism ===
[[File:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|A photograph of a slave boy in the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]]. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' c. 1890. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful weapon in the abolitionist arsenal.]]
In the Ottoman Empire, restrictions on the slave trade began to be introduced during the eighteenth century, in the context of Ottoman-Russian warfare. Bilateral agreements between the Ottoman and Russian empires enabled both sides to retrieve captives taken during war in return for ransom payments. Ransoming of enslaved war captives had been common before this, but had depended on the agreement of a captive's owner; by establishing this as a legal right, the agreements restricted the rights of slaveowners and contributed to the development of the international law concept of "prisoner of war."<ref>{{cite book |last=Smiley |first=Will |title=From Slaves to Prisoners of War: The Ottoman Empire, Russia and International Law|year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198785415}}</ref> The [[Abolitionism|abolitionist movement]] starting in the late 18th century in Western Europe<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml|title=British Anti-slavery|last=Oldfield|first=John|date=2011-02-07|website=British History in depth|publisher=BBC History|access-date=2016-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925213603/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml|archive-date=2016-09-25|url-status=live}}</ref> led to gradual changes concerning the institution of slavery in Muslim lands both in doctrine and in practice.<ref name="eois"/> One of the first religious decrees comes from the two highest dignitaries of the Hanafi and Maliki rites in the Ottoman Empire. These religious authorities declared that slavery is lawful in principle but it is regrettable in its consequences. They expressed two religious considerations in their support for abolition of slavery: "the initial enslaving of the people concerned comes under suspicion of illegality by reason of the present-day expansion of Islam in their countries; masters no longer comply with the rules of good treatment which regulate their rights and shelter them from wrong-doing."<ref name=EI2-37>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Brunschvig, R.| year=1986 | title=ʿAbd |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman|editor2= Th. Bianquis|editor3= C.E. Bosworth|editor4= E. van Donzel|editor5= W.P. Heinrichs|volume=1|pages=37–38}}</ref>

According to Brunschvig, although the total abolition of slavery might seem a reprehensible innovation and contrary to the Quran and the practice of early Muslims, the realities of the modern world caused a "discernible evolution in the thought of many educated Muslims before the end of the 19th century." These Muslims argued that Islam on the whole has "bestowed an exceptionally favorable lot on the victims of slavery" and that the institution of slavery is linked to the particular economic and social stage in which Islam originated. According to the influential thesis of [[Syed Ameer Ali|Ameer Ali]], Islam only tolerated slavery through temporary necessity and that its complete abolition was not possible at the time of Muhammad. Tunisia was the first Muslim country to abolish slavery, in 1846. Tunisian reformers argued for the abolition of slavery on the basis of Islamic law. They argued that while Islamic law permitted slavery, it set many conditions, and these conditions were impossible to enforce in the 19th century and widely flouted. They pointed to evidence that many slaves sold in Tunisian markets had been enslaved illegally, as they were either Muslim or the subject of a friendly state at the time of capture (Islamic law allowed the enslavement only of non-Muslims in the course of war). They also argued that the circumstances for legal enslavement in the 19th century were very rare, because Tunisia and other Muslim states were not permanently at war with non-Muslim powers, as the first Muslim state had been. Therefore, one could assume that the vast majority of the 19th-century slave trade was illegal, and the only way to prevent illegal enslavement was to prohibit the slave trade entirely. Furthermore, since the child of a slave and a free man was considered free, the institution of slavery was not sustainable without a slave trade.<ref name="Montana 2013"/> By the early 20th century, the idea that Islam only tolerated slavery due to necessity was to varying extent taken up by the [[Ulema]].

According to Brockopp, in the Ottoman Empire and elsewhere the manumission contract (''[[Mukataba|kitaba]]'') was used by the state to give slaves the means to buy their freedom and thereby end slavery as an institution. Some authorities issued condemnations of slavery, stating that it violated Quranic ideals of equality and freedom. Subsequently, even religious conservatives came to accept that slavery was contrary to Islamic principles of justice and equality.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Jonathan E. Brockopp | year= 2006 | title=Slaves and slavery|volume=5|page=60 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|publisher=Brill}}</ref>

===Contemporary===
By the 1950s–1960s, a majority of Muslims had accepted the abolition of slavery as religiously legitimate,{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=221}} and Islam as a whole has never preached the freedom of all men "as a doctrine" up to the current day.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2009-09-07 |title=Slavery in Islam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml |access-date=2023-06-24 |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, by the end of the 20th century, all Muslim countries had made slavery illegal,<ref name=greattheft>{{cite book|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|author=[[Khaled Abou El Fadl]]|year=2009|publisher=[[HarperOne]]|page=255-266}}</ref> and the vast majority of Muslim organizations and interpretations of ''sharia'' firmly condemn [[Slavery in the 21st century|modern-day slavery]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1926, the Muslim World Conference meeting in [[Mecca]] condemned slavery.<ref name=consensus>{{cite journal|author=[[Bernard Freamon]]|journal=[[Harvard Human Rights Journal]]|title=Slavery, Freedom, and the Doctrine of Consensus in Islamic Jurisprudence|volume=11|issue=1|year=1998|page=60-61}}</ref> Proceedings from an [[Organization of Islamic Conference]] meeting in 1980 upheld human freedom and rejected enslavement of prisoners.{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=221}} Most Muslim scholars consider slavery to be inconsistent with Quranic principles of justice.<ref name=greattheft/> [[Bernard Freamon]] writes that there is consensus (''[[ijma]]'') among Muslim jurists that slavery has now become forbidden.<ref name=consensus/> However, certain contemporary clerics still consider slavery to be lawful, such [[Saleh Al-Fawzan]] of Saudi Arabia.<ref name=greattheft/><ref name=Al-Fawzan2>{{cite web|title=Author of Saudi Curriculums Advocates Slavery |url=http://www.arabianews.org/english/article.cfm?qid=132&sid=2 |publisher=SIA News |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018033802/http://www.arabianews.org/english/article.cfm?qid=132&sid=2 |archive-date=October 18, 2005 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215140/https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2003/11/11/16588041.php Alt URL]</ref><ref name=Al-Fawzan1>{{cite web|title=Taming a Neo-Qutubite Fanatic Part 1|url=http://abdurrahman.org/innovation/thequtbisuroori_d.pdf|publisher=salafi publications, abdurrahman.org|access-date=27 May 2014|page=24|quote=Questioner: ... one of the contemporary writers is of the view that this religion, at its inception, was compelled to accept the institution of slavery ... [but] ... that the intent of the Legislator [i.e. God] is to gradually end this institution of slavery. So what is your view on this?<br>Shaikh Salih alFawzaan: These are words of falsehood (baatil) ... despite that many of the writers and thinkers -- and we do not say scholars -- repeat these words. Rather we say that they are thinkers (mufakkireen), just as they call them. And it is unfortunate, that they also call them `Du'at' (callers). ... These words are falsehood ... This is deviation and a false accusation against Islaam. And if it had not been for the excuse of ignorance [because] we excuse them on account of (their) ignorance so we do not say that they are Unbelievers because they are ignorant and are blind followers .... Otherwise, these statements are very dangerous and if a person said them deliberately he would become apostate and leave Islaam. ..."|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527211742/http://abdurrahman.org/innovation/thequtbisuroori_d.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014}}
[Source of Q&A: Cassette Recording dated 4/8/1416 and subsequently verified by the Shaikh himself with a few minor alterations to the wording.] {{dead link|date=July 2016}}</ref>

[[Sayyid Qutb]] (1906-1966) wrote in ''[[Fi Zilal al-Quran]]'' (a ''[[tafsir]]'') that slavery was adopted by Islam at a time it was practiced world-wide for a period of time "until the world devised a new code of practise during war other than enslavement."<ref>in [[Fi Zilal al-Qur'an]], Surah Tawbah (3/1669) also in Tafsir of Surah Baqarah (/230), tafsir of Surah Mu'minoon (4/2455), tafsir of Surah Muhammad (6/3285)</ref> Qutb's brother, [[Muhammad Qutb]], contrasted sexual relations between Muslim slave-owners and their female slaves with what he saw as the widespread practice of pre-marital sex in Europe.<ref>Qutb, Muhammad, ''Islam, the Misunderstood Religion'', Markazi Maktabi Islami, Delhi-6, 1992 p.50</ref>

[[Abul A'la Maududi]] (1903-1979) wrote: <blockquote>Islam has clearly and categorically forbidden the primitive practice of capturing a free man, to make him a slave or to sell him into slavery. On this point the clear and unequivocal words of [[Muhammad]] are as follows:<blockquote style="font-size:inherit; quotes:none">"There are three categories of people against whom I shall myself be a plaintiff on the [[Last Judgment|Day of Judgement]]. Of these three, one is he who enslaves a free man, then sells him and eats this money" (al-Bukhari and Ibn Majjah).</blockquote> The words of this Tradition of the Prophet are also general, they have not been qualified or made applicable to a particular nation, race, country or followers of a particular religion. ... After this the only form of slavery which was left in Islamic society was the prisoners of war, who were captured on the battlefield. These prisoners of war were retained by the Muslim Government until their government agreed to receive them back in exchange for Muslim soldiers captured by them ...<ref>From "Human Rights in Islam" by 'Allamah Abu Al-'A'la Mawdudi. Chapter 3, subsection 5 [http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/slav3.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203193405/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/slav3.htm|date=2007-02-03}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Sayyid Qutb.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Sayyid Qutb]]]]
William Clarence-Smith<ref>[http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staffinfo.cfm?contactid=36] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060417083811/http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staffinfo.cfm?contactid=36|date=April 17, 2006}}</ref> criticized the above two as: "dogged refusal of [[Abul A'la Maududi|Mawlana Mawdudi]] to give up on slavery"{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/188 188]}} and the notable "evasions and silences of [[Muhammad Qutb]]".<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf3_WCSmith.pdf|title=Department of Economic History|website=London School of Economics and Political Science|access-date=2015-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603012804/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf3_WCSmith.pdf|archive-date=2016-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/186 186]}}

[[File:Taqiuddin Al Nabhani.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Taqiuddin al-Nabhani]].]]
[[Taqiuddin al-Nabhani]], a shariah judge and founder of [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] movement, gives the following explanation:
<blockquote>When Islam came, for the situations where people were taken into slavery (e.g. debt), Islam imposed Shari’ah solutions to those situations other than slavery. ... It (Islam) made the existing slave and owner form a business contract, based upon the freedom, not upon slavery ... As for the situation of war, ... it clarified the rule of the captive in that either they are favoured by releasing without any exchange, or they are ransomed for money or exchanged for Muslims or non-Muslim citizens of the [[Caliphate]].<ref>''al-Shakhsiyah al-Islamiyyah'' (The Islamic Personality) by [[Taqiuddin al-Nabhani]], Volume 3, Slavery Section</ref></blockquote> The website of the organization stresses that because sharia historically was responding to a contract, not the institution of slavery, a future caliphate could not re-introduce slavery.<ref>[http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/the-khilafah/foreign-policy/2764-the-islamic-view-on-slaves-and-slavery "The Islamic view on Slaves and Slavery"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111114656/http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/the-khilafah/foreign-policy/2764-the-islamic-view-on-slaves-and-slavery |date=2010-11-11 }}, khilafah.com 13 May 2008</ref>

In 2014, [[ayatollah]] [[Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi]] met with [[Pope Francis]] and other religious leaders to draft an inter-faith declaration to "eradicate modern slavery across the world by 2020 and for all time." The declaration was signed by other [[Shi'ite]] leaders and the Sunni [[Grand Imam of Al Azhar]].<ref name=Belardelli>{{cite news|last1=Belardelli|first1=Guilia|title=Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/02/pope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640.html|access-date=3 November 2015|agency=Huffpost Religion|date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018013533/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/02/pope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640.html|archive-date=2015-10-18|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, [[ayatollah]] [[Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi]] declared that "Islam has devised solutions and strategies for ending slavery, but that does not mean that slavery is condemned in Islam".<ref name=Rajaee-176>see also: {{cite book|last1=Rajaee|first1=Farhang|title=Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran|date=2007|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin TX|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV0gqOX6gDEC&pg=PA178|access-date=3 November 2015|quote=Islam has devised solutions and strategies for ending slavery, but this does not mean that slavery is condemned in Islam. If, in a legitimate war, Muslims gain dominance over unbelievers and take them captive, in the hand of the victorious Muslims they are considered slaves and the ordinances of slavery apply to them. [source: ''Ettela'at'', 10 Mehr 1372/October 1, 1993]|isbn=9780292774360}}</ref> He argued that ordinances of slavery could apply to prisoners of war.<ref name=Rajaee-176/><ref>[http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-HomaTV.html Transcript of TV interview with Dr. Soroush by Dariush Sajjadi, Broadcast, Homa TV, 9 March 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220623/http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-HomaTV.html |date=2015-09-23 }} Retrieved 15 July 2009</ref><ref>see also {{cite web|title=متن مصاحبه داريوش سجادی با دکتر سوش|url=http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/Interviews/P-INT-13841218-HomaTV.html|publisher=Dr. Soroush|access-date=7 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307050311/http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/Interviews/P-INT-13841218-HomaTV.html|archive-date=2008-03-07|url-status=live}}{{in lang|fa}}</ref> Iranian [[ayatollah]] [[Mohsen Kadivar]] has used an Islamic legal technique called ''naskh aqli'' (abrogation by reason) to conclude that slavery is no longer permissible in Islam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slavery and Islam|author=Jonathan A.C. Brown|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|pages=219–220}}</ref>

{{see|Slavery in 21st-century jihadism}}
In response to the Nigerian extremist group [[Boko Haram]]'s Quranic justification for kidnapping and enslaving people,<ref name=CNNEssenceTerror>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/ |publisher=CNN |title=Boko Haram: The essence of terror |last=Lister |first=Tim |date=6 May 2014 |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513033040/http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/ |archive-date=2014-05-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ferran|first1=Lee|title=Boko Haram: Kidnappers, Slave-Owners, Terrorists, Killers|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers/story?id=23598347|publisher=ABC News|date=5 May 2014|access-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104104804/https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers/story?id=23598347|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]]'s religious justification for enslaving [[Yazidi]] women as [[Wartime sexual violence|spoils of war]] as claimed in their digital magazine ''[[Dabiq (magazine)|Dabiq]]'',<ref name=Newsweek>[http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100 "Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101221822/http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100 |date=2014-11-01 }}, ''[[Newsweek]]'', 10-13-2014</ref><ref>Athena Yenko, [http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/569402/20141013/islamic-state-dabiq-magazine-isis-slavery.htm#.VD7r9EnD_Gg "Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018222114/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/569402/20141013/islamic-state-dabiq-magazine-isis-slavery.htm |date=2014-10-18 }} ''[[International Business Times]]-Australia'', October 13, 2014</ref><ref>Allen McDuffee, [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ "ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830060025/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ |date=2017-08-30 }}, ''[[The Atlantic]]'', October 13, 2014</ref><ref>Salma Abdelaziz, [http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery/ "ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621204748/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery |date=2017-06-21 }}, ''[[CNN]]'', October 13, 2014</ref><ref>Richard Spencer, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html "Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409195532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html |date=2018-04-09 }}, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 13 October 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold "To have and to hold: Jihadists boast of selling captive women as concubines"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829145631/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold |date=2017-08-29 }}, ''[[The Economist]]'', October 18, 2014</ref> 126 Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world, in late September 2014, signed an [[open letter]] to the Islamic State's leader [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], rejecting his group's interpretations of the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]] to justify its actions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=24 September 2013|author=Lauren Markoe|agency=Religious News Service|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925115145/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html|archive-date=2014-09-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=christianpost-2014-09-25>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Samuel|title=International Coalition of Muslim Scholars Refute ISIS' Religious Arguments in Open Letter to al-Baghdadi|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/international-coalition-of-muslim-scholars-refute-isis-religious-arguments-in-open-letter-to-al-baghdadi-127032/|access-date=18 October 2014|work=[[The Christian Post]]|date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402083022/https://www.christianpost.com/news/international-coalition-of-muslim-scholars-refute-isis-religious-arguments-in-open-letter-to-al-baghdadi-127032/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="n">[[Abubakar Shekau]], the leader of [[Boko Haram]], a Nigerian extremist group, said in an interview "I shall capture people and make them slaves" when claiming responsibility for the [[2014 Chibok kidnapping]]. ISIL claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement part of the old [[shariah]] practice of [[Wartime sexual violence|spoils of war]].</ref> The letter accuses the group of instigating [[fitna (word)|fitna]] – sedition – by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the [[#Modern interpretations|anti-slavery consensus]] of the [[ulama|Islamic scholarly community]].<ref name=OpenLetToAlBagh>{{cite web|title=Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi |url=http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php |date=September 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925193528/http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php |archive-date=25 September 2014 }}</ref>

==Notable enslaved people and freedmen==
{{columns-list|
*[[Bilal ibn Rabah]]
*[[Ammar ibn Yasir]]
*[[Suhayb the Roman]]
*[[Ata ibn Abi Rabah]]
*[[Wahshi ibn Harb]]
*[[Malik Ambar]]
*[[Alam al-Malika]]
*[[Qutuz]]
*[[Baibars]]
*[[Qutb al-Din Aibak]]
*[[Iltutmish]]
*[[Malik Kafur]]
}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|
*[[History of slavery in the Muslim world]]
*[[History of slavery]]
*[[Slavery and religion]]
*[[Slavery in ancient Greece]]
*[[Slavery in ancient Rome]]
*[[Slavery in antiquity]]
*[[Slavery in medieval Europe]]
*[[Slavery in modern Africa]]
*[[Slavery in 21st-century Islamism]]
*[[Abu Bakr#CITEREFHuthayfa2013|Slaves freed by Abu Bakr]]
*[[Anjasha al-Hadi]]
*[[Cariye]]
}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=n}}
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdjvedBeMHYC |title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505326-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Segal |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdh3GYnXvrAC |title=Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora |date=2002-02-09 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-374-52797-6 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Chase |first=Kenneth Warren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C |title=Firearms: A Global History to 1700 |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82274-9 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ |title=A History of Islamic Societies |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |language=en}}
*{{cite web | title = Islam and Slavery | last = Ali | first = Kecia | publisher = The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project, Brandeis University | url = https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html | date = 2 February 2004 | access-date = 24 September 2020 | archive-date = 1 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201101014010/https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html | url-status = live }}
*{{cite book | title = Beyond Slavery: Overcoming Its Religious and Sexual Legacies | last = Hazelton | first = Jacqueline L. | publisher = Springer | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NaVhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3 | date = 25 October 2010 | isbn = 978-0-230-11389-3 }}
* {{cite book | author=Lewis, Bernard | title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1990 | isbn=0-19-505326-5 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi }}
* {{cite book| author=Lovejoy, Paul E.| title=Transformations in Slavery| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=2000| isbn=0-521-78430-1| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love}}
* {{cite book | author=Manning, Patrick | title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades| publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1990 | isbn=0-521-34867-6}}
* {{cite book | author=Gordon, Murray | title=Slavery in the Arab World | publisher=New York: New Amsterdam Press | year=1987 | isbn=9780941533300 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC }}
* {{cite book | last=Clarence-Smith | first=Willian Gervase | year=2006 | title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | url=https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar | url-access=registration | isbn=978-0-19-522151-0 }}
* {{cite book | author=Segal, Ronald | title=Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora | location=New York | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux | year=2001 | url=https://archive.org/details/islamsblackslave00sega | url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book | author=Ingrams, W. H.| title=Zanzibar | location=UK |publisher=Routledge | year=1967| isbn=0-7146-1102-6}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Habeeb Akande, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OqAlCQAAQBAJ Illuminating the Darkness: Blacks and North Africans in Islam]'' (Ta Ha 2012)
* {{cite journal| last = Al-Hibri| first = Azizah Y.| year = 2003| title = An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence| journal = 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195| url = http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1917&context=ilj| access-date = 2018-06-06| archive-date = 2021-04-11| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210411122411/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1917&context=ilj| url-status = live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online| title = Abd| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | issn = 1573-3912}}
* {{cite book |author1=Bloom, Jonathan |author2=Blair, Sheila |title=Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-300-09422-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220 }}
* {{cite book| author=Davis, Robert C.| title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| year=2004| isbn=1-4039-4551-9| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392}}
* {{cite book| author = [[John Esposito|Esposito, John]]| year = 1998| title = Islam: The Straight Path| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 0-19-511233-4| url = https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0}} - First Edition 1991; Expanded Edition : 1992.
* {{cite journal|last1=Frank|first1=Alison|title=The Children of the Desert and the Laws of the Sea: Austria, Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire and the Mediterranean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century|journal=American Historical Review|date=2012|volume=117|issue=2|pages=410–444|doi=10.1086/ahr.117.2.410|s2cid=159756171 }}
* {{cite book | author=[[Javed Ahmed Ghamidi]] | title=[[Mizan]] | location=Lahore | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid]] | year = 2001 | id=OCLC 52901690}}
* {{cite book |author1=Hasan, Yusuf Fadl |author2=Gray, Richard | title=Religion and Conflict in Sudan | publisher=Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa | year=2002| isbn=9966-21-831-9}}
* {{cite book | author=Hughes, Thomas Patrick |author2=Patrick | title=A Dictionary of Islam | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-206-0672-2 }}
* {{cite book | author=''Ed.'': Holt, P. M ; Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard| title=The Cambridge History of Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1977| isbn=0-521-29137-2}}
* {{cite book| author=Jok, Madut Jok| title=War and Slavery in Sudan| url=https://archive.org/details/warslaveryinsuda0000jokj| url-access=registration| publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press| year=2001| isbn=0-8122-1762-4}}
* {{cite book | author=Juynboll | title=Handbuch des Islamischen Gesetzes | url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesislmi00juyn | location=Leyden | year=1910 }}
* {{cite book | author=Khalil bin Ishaq | title=Mukhtasar tr. Guidi and Santillana (Milan, 1919)}}
* {{cite book | author=Levy, Reuben | title=The Social Structure of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy | url-access=registration | location=UK | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1957 | isbn=9780521091824 }}
* {{cite book | author=Mendelsohn, Isaac | title=Slavery in the Ancient Near East | url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7521 | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1949 | id=OCLC 67564625 }}
* {{cite book | author=Martin, Vanessa| title=The Qajar Pact | publisher=I.B.Tauris | year=2005| isbn=1-85043-763-7}}
* {{cite book | author=Montana, Ismael| title=The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia | publisher=University Press of Florida | year=2013| isbn=978-0813044828}}
* {{cite book | author=[[Seyyed Nasr|Nasr, Seyyed]] | title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity | location=US | publisher=HarperSanFrancisco | year=2002 | isbn=0-06-009924-0 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060099244 }}
* {{cite book | author=Pankhurst, Richard | title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century | publisher=The Red Sea Press | year=1997| isbn=0-932415-19-9}}
* {{cite book | author=Sachau | title=Muhammedanisches Recht [cited extensively in Levy, R 'Social Structure of Islam'] | location=Berlin, Germany | year=1897 }}
* {{cite book | author=[[Annemarie Schimmel|Schimmel, Annemarie]] | title=Islam: An Introduction | location=US | publisher=SUNY Press | year=1992 | isbn=0-7914-1327-6}}
* {{cite book | author=Sikainga, Ahmad A. | title=Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan | publisher=University of Texas Press | year=1996 | isbn=0-292-77694-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/slavesintoworker0000sika }}
* {{cite book | author=Smiley, Will| title=From Slaves to Prisoners of War: The Ottoman Empire, Russia and International Law | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2018| isbn=9780198785415}}
* {{cite book | author=Toledano, Ehud | title=The Ottoman Slave Trade and its Suppression | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2014| isbn=978-0691613932}}
* {{cite book |author1=Tucker, Judith E. |author2=Nashat, Guity | title=Women in the Middle East and North Africa | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=1999 | isbn=0-253-21264-2}}
* Ahmad A. Sikainga, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/221303 Shari'a Courts and the Manumission of Female Slaves in the Sudan 1898-1939] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430121313/http://www.jstor.org/stable/221303 |date=2016-04-30 }}", ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' > Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1–24
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Race and Slavery in the Middle East] by [[Bernard Lewis]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml BBC Domentary, Religion and Ethics - Islam and Slavery]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170710110010/http://www.arabslavetrade.info/ Arab Slave Trade]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160531155248/http://ebooks.i360.pk/2016/04/28/slavery-historic-perspective-islamic-reforms-by-dr-hafiz-safwan-muhammad-chohan/ Slavery: Historic Perspective & Islamic Reforms]
* [http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed]
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Religion and slavery}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam And Slavery}}
[[Category:Islam and slavery| ]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]
[[Category:Islamic ethics|Slavery]]
[[Category:Point of view]]

Outlook India

2022-05-27T16:13:58Z

WarrenBurstein: Produced unique page content.

#REDIRECT [[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]

Kanga (Sikhism)

2022-05-23T12:37:16Z

WarrenBurstein: Created an influential manuscript.

#REDIRECT [[Kangha]]

Vast Self

2021-05-18T00:57:48Z

WarrenBurstein: proposed deletion for lack of notability and spam

{{Orphan|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Vast Self
| full_name = Vast Self Corporation
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo = VastSelf logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| nickname =
| named_after =
| motto = Restore peace and happiness in the World
| predecessor =
| merged = 
| successor =
| formation = 
| founder = Lynda Hardy, Beata Balos, Deanna Herrera Ed.D and Aleksander Balos
| founding_location = California, USA
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| registration_id = 83-1669166
| status = Public charity
| purpose = humanitarian
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = Mount Shasta
| location_city = California
| location_country = The United States of America
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| region_served = 
| products = 
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| language = 
| owner = 
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| students =
| students_year =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|vastself.org}}
| remarks =
| formerly = 
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = not notable, also this entire entry is just advertising
|timestamp = 20210518005702
|nom = WarrenBurstein
|help =
}}

'''Vast Self''' is a California-based [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] public charity dedicated to showing the world that everlasting peace and happiness are indeed possible and easy to achieve with a new first-rate problem-solving method based on [[:en:Pratityasamutpada|Pratityasamutpada]] discovered by [[:en:Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna]]. It was co-founded by Lynda Hardy, Beata Balos, Deanna Herrera Ed.D, and [[:en:Aleksander Balos|Aleksander Balos]], who also serves as the CEO, with an aim to provide free educational tools to individuals, organizations, and nations that seek permanent solutions to all human-made problems and sufferings. The organization is headquartered in [[:en:Mount Shasta|Mount Shasta]], [[:en:California|California]] with an office in [[:en:Chicago|Chicago]], [[:en:Illinois|Illinois]], in the [[:en:United States|United States of America]].

In 2019, the organization announced the development of a personalized and interactive video capable of shattering ignorance, prejudice, fears, and delusions from all people regardless of race, religion, politics, etc. This project used the person of [[:en:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] to deliver the message to the public at large. This revolutionary software consists of an interactive, personalized video designed to lead Trump on 20-30 minute self-discovery adventure. They also launched a campaign on crowdrise.com the same year to raise funds to finalize the interactive video, an iPad needed to host it, and a secure shipment to Trump.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Alek|last1=Balos|accessdate=2020-11-23|title=Vast Self Corporation’s Video Allows Donald Trump to Discover his Real, Saintlike Nature Currently Hidden from Him.|url=https://www.einpresswire.com/article/478896299/vast-self-corporation-s-video-allows-donald-trump-to-discover-his-real-saintlike-nature-currently-hidden-from-him|date=12 March 2019|website=EIN Presswire}}</ref>

==Applications==
[[File:Vast_Self screenshot.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Screenshot of Wise Civilian & Wise Cop mobile application]]
In September 2020, Vast Self announced the release of ''Wise Civilian & Wise Cop'' (WCWC), an interactive and educational game application for the Apple Store, developed by iStart17.com. The purpose of this game is to end racism, prejudice, and violence between civilians and cops by making them meaningless and unthinkable. The app's material relies on empirical science and logic that is entirely unknown to most of humanity that proves any hostile action against anyone is an action against oneself.<ref>{{cite web|first1=E. I. N.|last1=News|first2=Alek|last2=Balos|accessdate=2020-11-29|title=Wise Civilian & Cop, a phone app which renders prejudice and violence meaningless|url=https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/519926290/wise-civilian-cop-a-phone-app-which-renders-prejudice-and-violence-meaningless|date=20 June 2020|website=EIN News}}</ref>

[[File:Wisdom Over Wars.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Wisdom Over Wars mobile application]]
In October 2020, the organization announced the release of ''Wisdom Over Wars (WOW)'' another free Android app in English, Hebrew, and Palestinian Arabic, the app was developed by iStart17.com.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-23|title=Eine kostenlose Telefon-App (WOW) bringt dem israelischen und palästinensischen Volk Einheit.|url=https://www.icrowdde.com/2020/10/19/eine-kostenlose-telefon-app-wow-bringt-dem-israelischen-und-palastinensischen-volk-einheit/|date=19 October 2020|website=iCrowdnewswire German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-23|title=A free phone app (WOW) brings unity to the Israeli & Palestinian people. – Business|url=https://ipsnews.net/business/2020/10/17/a-free-phone-app-wow-brings-unity-to-the-israeli-palestinian-people/}}</ref> The app is based on scientific material never before available to Israeli and Palestinian people and others that offers an all-new problem-solving method to nations at war. The app uses irrefutable science and logic to show why humans share the same self, thus proving that any adverse action is always an action against oneself.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-23|title=Vast Self Corporation Identifies the Single Reason Responsible for All Personal and World Problems|url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/778885|website=PR.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-23|title=A free phone app (WOW) brings unity to the Israeli & Palestinian people.|url=https://heymuse.com/a-free-phone-app-wow-brings-unity-to-the-israeli-palestinian-people/|date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=E. I. N.|last1=News|first2=Alek|last2=Balos|accessdate=2020-11-23|title=A Free Phone App To End The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|url=https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/518833691/a-free-phone-app-to-end-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict|date=7 June 2020|website=EIN News}}</ref>

==Goals==
*Permanently end all personal and World problems
*Assist everyone in recognizing the single reason responsible for all problems and sufferings
*Provide custom visual tools and phone apps that are solutions to any specific problem
*Build museums of wisdom that demonstrate this mission
*Share this mission with members of the UN, and other World Peace organizations
*End Israeli - Palestinian conflict, and all wars - phone apps
*End Animal exploitation & promote Vegan options
*Bring this to the world’s attention

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|vastself.org}}
*{{Twitter|VastSelf}}

{{Uncategorized|date=February 2021}}