Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Garam Dal

2026-05-07T08:35:46Z

WardDrayton2: Creating some article v1.

{{Short description|Faction of the Indian National Congress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
[[File:Lal Bal Pal.jpg|thumb|[[Lala Lajpat Rai]] (left), [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] (right), the triumvirate known as ''Lal- Bal-Pal'' were the leaders of the Garam Dal.]]
The [[Indian National Congress]] was formed in 1885. In 1907, it [[Surat Split|split]] into two factions, the Radicals — the '''Garam Dal''' (hot faction) — led by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and the Moderates — the '''Naram Dal''' (soft faction) — led by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]. They were termed so because of their attitude towards the British rule.<ref name="Jackson2011">{{cite book|author=Roy Jackson|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADv5oEXXjXIC&pg=PA58|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-47411-5|page=58}}</ref> The Garam Dal is considered a triumvirate consisting of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Bipinchandra Pal|Bipin Chandra Pal]], apart from Tilak. According to Bhatt and Bhargava, the differences between the two factions of the Congress paralyzed it, due to which "the agitation for independence ran out of steam and it remained so till the end of the First World War". The Naram Dal helped the British in the war effort, whereas the Garam Dal led by Tilak and [[Annie Besant]] started the [[Indian Home Rule movement|Home Rule agitation]] in 1917. [[Asghar Ali Engineer]] writes that the Garam Dal separated itself from the Congress, after the differences that came to fore during the Congress session of Surat in 1907. Until 1915, [[Motilal Nehru]] was a member of the Naram Dal. However. under persuasion of his son [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], he joined the Garam Dal.<ref name="Chaturvedi">{{cite book|author=B. K. Chaturvedi|title=Chacha Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tso4ErXma4kC&pg=PA19|accessdate=12 March 2012|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-354-3|page=19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garam Dal}}
[[Category:Political party factions in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1907]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Kerala Government Polytechnic College

2026-05-06T12:40:21Z

WardDrayton2:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = '''Kerala Government Polytechnic College, Kozhikode'''
|native_name = KGPTC
|image =File:KGPTC Main Building, front, January 2020.jpg
|logo = KGPTC LOGO.png
|logo_size = 100px
|motto = Labour is Dignity
|established =
|type = Government Polytechnic College
|nickname = KGPTC
|city = [[Kozhikode]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|campus =
|country = [[India]]
|website = [http://kgptc.in/en/home.asp www.kgptc.in]
|affiliations =[[AICTE]]
}}

'''Kerala Government Polytechnic College''' is located at West Hill, 5 km away from [[Kozhikode]] city on the roadside of Kozhikode Kannur N.H.17 Road. A place near Industrial Estate, Westhill.
The institution was started as Industrial School and later upgraded as Kerala Polytechnic and later renamed as Kerala Govt. Polytechnic College, Kozhikode.
The institution is now under the control of Directorate of Technical Education formed by the [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="dip_inst">{{cite web|url=http://www.tekerala.org/dip_inst.php|title=LIST OF POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES AND COURSES (In District Wise)|publisher=Board of Technical Education, Kerala|accessdate=2018-01-21|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123111312/http://www.tekerala.org/dip_inst.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==About==

The Kerala Govt Polytechnic College, Westhill was established in 1946, one of the oldest polytechnic colleges in Kerala. The college was inaugurated by Sri. V V Giri, bar-at-law, minister for industries and labour, Government of Madras on 23 November 1946. Sri. Sreenivas Rao was the first principal. Over time, the intake of students increased; six full-fledged departments currently offer six engineering diploma programmes such as Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Tool & Die Engineering under the Department of Technical Education, Kerala. The college has approximately 1200 students, 90 teaching staff and 28 non-teaching staff.<ref name="KGPTC home">{{cite web
|url=http://www.kgptc.in
|title=kgptc website
|accessdate=2019-01-09}}</ref>

==History==
'''KGPTC''' was established in 1946 as '''Kerala Polytechnic''' under the Madras Government. The school originally offered 4 diploma standard courses and five certificate standard courses.

The diploma courses were [[Civil engineering]], [[Mechanical engineering]], [[Electrical engineering]] and [[Chemical engineering]].

==Notable alumni==
* [[Sasi Kalinga]], Actor, Malayalam film industry {{clarify|date=May 2020}}
* [[Vidya Balakrishnan]], Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly

==Other Programmes==

List of other schemes/activities implemented
* Community Development through Polytechnics
* Industry Institute Partnership Cell
* Visiting Faculty Scheme
* Finishing School
* D Skill Course for Disabled
* Continuing Education Cell<ref name="KGPT-KKD2">{{cite web
|url=http://www.sitttrkerala.ac.in/index.php?r=site%2Finstitution-profile&inst=KGPT-KKD
|title=Institution Profile
|accessdate=2018-08-14
|archive-date=14 August 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814071309/http://www.sitttrkerala.ac.in/index.php?r=site%2Finstitution-profile&inst=KGPT-KKD
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Departments==
* Civil Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Electrical & Electronics Engineering
* Chemical Engineering
* Computer Engineering
* Tool & Die Engineering<ref name="dip_inst" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kerala]]

Premier League Soccer (India)

2026-04-30T05:34:29Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up Basic Article Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league
| logo =
| pixels =
| country = India
| founded = 2011
| folded = 2013
| teams = 6
| promotion =
| relegation =
| levels =
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions =
| tv =
| season =
| current =
| website =
}}

'''Premier League Soccer''' ('''PLS''') was an Indian [[association football|football]] league competition established on 1 January 2012, which was to take place in the state of [[West Bengal]]. The league was expected to begin its first season on 25 February 2012, with the aim to increase interest in football in West Bengal. It was modelled on the lines of the [[United States]]' [[Major League Soccer]] and the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name=Firstpost>{{cite web|work=firstpost.com|title=Move aside cricket, here comes India’s Premier League Soccer|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/move-aside-cricket-here-comes-the-indian-premier-league-soccer-187002.html|access-date=19 January 2012|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119205038/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/move-aside-cricket-here-comes-the-indian-premier-league-soccer-187002.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Daily Telegraph - 22 February 2012 - Robbie Fowler's Indian payday under threat as Premier League Soccer hits problems">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/9098030/Robbie-Fowlers-Indian-payday-under-threat-as-Premier-League-Soccer-hits-problems.html|title=Robbie Fowler's Indian payday under threat as Premier League Soccer hits problems|date=22 February 2012|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=5 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705232940/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/9098030/Robbie-Fowlers-Indian-payday-under-threat-as-Premier-League-Soccer-hits-problems.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Structure==
The league was organised by [[Celebrity Management Group]], who had signed a 30-year deal with the [[Indian Football Association]], the apex body of football in West Bengal. There would have been six teams in the inaugural 2012 season; they were to have been owned by franchises, who would have to bid for the team for 10 years and pay a yearly franchisee fee. They were to be based in [[Kolkata]], and five regional centres: [[Howrah]], [[Barasat]], [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] and [[Siliguri]].<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news| title=IFA announces launch of Premier League Soccer | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/top-stories/29471224_1_ifa-players-license | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/top-stories/29471224_1_ifa-players-license | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Daily Telegraph - 22 February 2012 - Robbie Fowler's Indian payday under threat as Premier League Soccer hits problems"/> Each team was to play every other team twice (once at [[Home (sports)|home]] and once [[Road (sports)|away]]). Three points were to have been awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. At the end of the season a table of the final League standings was to have been determined, based on the following criteria in this order: points obtained, [[goal difference]], and goals scored. After the regular season the teams would have played in a play-off style tournament in which there would have been semi-finals and a final. The tournament would have been played across seven weeks, from 24 March to 6 May 2012.<ref name="toi">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Stars-lined-up-for-Indian-soccer-league/articleshow/11500274.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Stars lined up for Indian soccer league - The Times of India | access-date=15 January 2012 | archive-date=22 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122014509/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Stars-lined-up-for-Indian-soccer-league/articleshow/11500274.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Media coverage==
{{As of|February 2012}}, there had been no television deal for the 2012 PLS season announced.<ref name="toi"/>

==Clubs and stadiums==
A list of clubs for the 2012 season was to have been decided after an auction on 10 to 12 February 2011.<ref name="toi"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Price !! Owner !! Icon players !! Overseas players !! Asian origin players !! Coach
|-
| Barasat Euro Musketeers || Rs 25.15 crore || [[Uro Infra Reality India]] || [[Hernán Crespo]] $840,000 ||[[Christian Lara (footballer)|Christian Lara]] $200,000; [[Joaquin Botero]] $180,000 ||[[Park Byung-Gyu|Park Byoung-Gyu]] $90,000 ||[[Teitur Thordarson]] $210,000
|-
| Bengal Tuskers || Rs 18 crore || [[Aajay Consultants]] || [[Fabio Cannavaro]] $830,000 || [[Santino Quaranta]] $180,000; [[Limberg Gutiérrez (footballer, born 1977)|Limberg Gutierrez]] $180,000; ||[[Hwang Gyu-Hwan]] $90,000 ||[[Marco Etcheverry]] $200,000
|-
| Kolkata Camelians || Rs 11.5 crore || [[Camelia Group]] || [[Robbie Fowler]] || [[Robert Egbeta]] $350,000; [[Daniel Varela]] $120,000||[[Park Ji-Seung]] $140,000 ||[[Peter Reid]] $200,000
|-
| Manchester Howrah || Rs 9 crore || [[Syncsys Infotech]] || [[Robert Pires]] $715,000 ||[[Jose Gabriel Rios]] $180,000, [[Diego Madrigal]] $120,000|| [[Byun Yoon-Chul]] $115,000 || [[Fernando Couto]] $240,000
|-
| Durgapur Vox Champions || Rs 7.6 crore || [[Tulip Infonet]] || [[Jay Jay Okocha]] $550,000||[[José Carlos Castillo]] $80,000; [[Alonso Solís]] $200,000 ||[[Kim Bong-Kyum|Kim Bong-Kyeom]] $150,000 ||[[Samson Siasia]] $210,000
|-
| Haldia Heroes || base tag of Rs 70 lakh || [[Grey Mind Communications]] || [[Juan Pablo Sorín]] ||- ||- || [[John Barnes (footballer)|John Barnes]]
|}

==Postponement and cancellation==
In the last week of February 2012, Utpal Ganguli, the secretary of the Indian Football Association, announced that the league had been postponed. He did not reveal the new dates or the causes of postponement. It is believed that financial hurdles and lack of venues were the major reasons.<ref>{{cite news|title=India’s new star-studded league postponed|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/697352/indias-new-star-studded-league-postponed|access-date=23 February 2012|newspaper=dawnnewspaper|date=2012-02-23|archive-date=23 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223143809/http://www.dawn.com/2012/02/22/indias-new-star-studded-league-postponed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lack of venues sees start of India's Premier League Soccer postponed">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/feb/22/india-premier-league-soccer?newsfeed=true|newspaper=Guardian newspaper|location=London|title=Lack of venues sees start of India's Premier League Soccer postponed|date=22 February 2012|access-date=14 December 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313100754/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/feb/22/india-premier-league-soccer?newsfeed=true|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=ESPN STAR SPORTS|title=Premier League Soccer postponed|url=http://www.espnstar.com/football/asian-football/news/detail/item757984/Premier-League-Soccer-postponed/|access-date=23 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224022704/http://www.espnstar.com/football/asian-football/news/detail/item757984/Premier-League-Soccer-postponed/|archive-date=24 February 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="The Daily Telegraph - 22 February 2012 - Robbie Fowler's Indian payday under threat as Premier League Soccer hits problems"/>

In January 2013, the Indian Football Association announced that it had withdrawn support for the venture, citing financial problems, the lack of suitable venues, and the unavailability of overseas players in the period the competition was to have been played.<ref name="goal.com - 30 January 2013 - India's ambitious Premier League Soccer plan finally axed">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4631/soccerex/2013/01/30/3712016/indias-ambitious-premier-league-soccer-plan-finally-axed|title=India's ambitious Premier League Soccer plan finally axed|date=30 January 2013|work=goal.com|publisher=[[Perform Group]]|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061323/http://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4631/soccerex/2013/01/30/3712016/indias-ambitious-premier-league-soccer-plan-finally-axed|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Calcutta Football League]]
*[[Bengal Super League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct football leagues in India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2011]]
[[Category:Football competitions in West Bengal]]

Lahore (song)

2026-04-28T22:42:37Z

WardDrayton2: Stub!

{{short description|Guru Randhawa song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Lahore
| cover = Lahore Cover Art.jpeg
| type = Single
| artist = [[Guru Randhawa]]
| album =
| released = 13 December 2017
| format =
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
*[[Indi-pop]]
*[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
}}
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=52}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|writer=| composer = Guru Randhawa Vee music
| lyricist = Guru Randhawa
| producer = Vee Music
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|dZ0fwJojhrs|"Lahore"}}
| type = single
| header = Music video
}}
}}

'''Lahore''' is a [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi]] [[Indi-pop]] single by [[Guru Randhawa]], released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 13 December 2017. It is one of the most-streamed songs in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/srccs-annual-fest-was-high-on-desh-prem/articleshow/68343899.cms |title=SRCC's annual fest was high on desh prem!|work=The Times of India|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/peppy-punjabi-music-wins-more-hearts-across-india-1552250654506.html |title=Peppy Punjabi music wins more hearts across India |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2019-03-11 |publisher=LiveMint |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brecorder.com/2019/01/22/467869/lahore-singer-guru-randhawa-plans-to-visit-pakistan-for-music-tour/ |title='Lahore' singer Guru Randhawa plans to visit Pakistan for music tour |date=2019-01-22|website=Business Recorder|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/listicles/guru-randhawas-5-evergreen-most-watched-songs-youtube-article86920.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327072504/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/listicles/guru-randhawas-5-evergreen-most-watched-songs-youtube-article86920.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2019 |title=Guru Randhawa's 5 Evergreen Most Watched Songs On YouTube |date=2018-06-07 |website=Desimartini |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-guru-randhawas-song-lahore-is-all-about-being-smitten-in-love-4258369.html |title=Watch: Guru Randhawa's song 'Lahore' is all about being smitten in love |date=2017-12-14 |publisher=Firstpost |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051311/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-guru-randhawas-song-lahore-is-all-about-being-smitten-in-love-4258369.htm |archive-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has over 1.5 billion views on [[YouTube]].<ref> It is the most viewed song of the world's biggest YouTube channel (T-Series) with more than 100 Million subscribers.[http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190509-t-series-the-bollywood-record-label-that-conquered-youtube BBC - Culture - T-Series: The Bollywood record label that conquered Youtube, Nikhil Hemrajani, BBC, 9 May 2019],</ref> It was recreated by [[Sachin–Jigar|Sachin-Jigar]] as <nowiki>''</nowiki>Lagdi Lahore Di<nowiki>''</nowiki> from the film ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'' (2020), voiced by [[Guru Randhawa]] and [[Tulsi Kumar]].

==Background==
[[File:Guru Randhawa at the launch of MTV Unplugged Season 8 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Guru Randhawa, singer of the song]]
In an interview to ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'', Randhawa said about "Lahore'" that "It's about a girl whom I have referred to from different places like [[Lahore]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] or [[London]]. I have compared her to Lahore's beauty, Mumbai's move, London's weather and so on. The beats of the song are peppy."<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Guru Randhawa's song 'Lahore' is all about being smitten in love |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-guru-randhawas-song-lahore-is-all-about-being-smitten-in-love-4258369.html |accessdate=18 April 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=14 December 2017}}</ref>

Asked about how he came up with the idea for the song, he said: "We were travelling by a car when the lyrics and beat came to my mind. It is basically describing a girl's beauty and comparing it to different places of the world."<ref name=":0" />

The song is named after the city of [[Lahore]], the capital of [[Pakistani Punjab]]. However, Randhawa mentioned in a January 2019 interview that he had never visited the city. He said, "I haven't been to Lahore, but we get calls from [[Pakistan]] for a music tour. In fact, I sat with my team and we are planning to go to Pakistan."<ref>{{cite news |title='Lahore' singer Guru Randhawa plans to visit Pakistan for music tour |url=https://www.brecorder.com/2019/01/22/467869/lahore-singer-guru-randhawa-plans-to-visit-pakistan-for-music-tour/ |accessdate=18 April 2019 |work=[[Business Recorder]] |date=22 January 2019}}</ref>

==Music video==
The music video is shot mainly at [[Dubai]]. It features Randhawa in a modified [[Dodge Challenger RT|Dodge Challenger R/T]] featuring [[Izabelle Leite]]. Randhawa is seen to be travelling on the [[E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)|Sheikh Zayed Road]].

==Reception==
It is one of the most-streamed hit songs in India. It was released by T-Series, and has received over 1.5 billion views on [[YouTube]],<ref name=":0" /> becoming one of the most-viewed music videos on the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] channel.<ref name="t-series">{{cite web|title=T-Series|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/videos?flow=list&sort=p|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref> It is the 3rd most-viewed Punjabi Indi-pop music video on YouTube, and the platform's fourth most-viewed Indian music video, after the songs "[[Laung Laachi (song)|Laung Laachi]]", "[[Dhvani Bhanushali|Vaaste]]", and "[[High Rated Gabru]]".

== Recreation ==

"Lagdi Lahore Di", co-composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]] for the film ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'', and sung by Guru Randhawa and [[Tulsi Kumar]], has surpassed 500 million views on YouTube.

==Charts==
It was well-received by audiences and within a month received around 153 million views on [[YouTube]], reaching #17 on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[YouTube]] charts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/guru-randhawas-lahore-makes-it-to-billboard-top-25-chart-yay%C2%A0/194271|title=Guru Randhawa's Lahore makes it to Billboard Top 25 chart. So cool, isn't it? {{!}} Entertainment News|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>
The Song reached No. 2 on the UK Asian Music Charts. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20180629/asian/|title=Official UK Asian Music Charts|website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]] |accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref>

==Personnel==

=== Audio ===
* Vocals - [[Guru Randhawa]]
* Lyrics - [[Guru Randhawa]]
* Background Music - Hassan Ejaz
* Composer - [[Guru Randhawa]]
* Mix/Master - Crossflow Recordings (London)

=== Music video ===
* Cast - [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Izabelle Leite]]
* Music- Vee Music
* Video - DirectorGifty
* Choreographer - Amit Syal
* Costumes - Sheltun Benjamin
* Music Label - [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:2017 singles]]
[[Category:Indian pop]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Punjabi]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Guru Randhawa songs]]
[[Category:Songs about Lahore]]
[[Category:2017 songs]]

Devmanus 2

2026-04-26T17:39:53Z

WardDrayton2:

{{Short description|2021 Indian Marathi language crime series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| num_seasons = 2
| genre = {{plainlist|[[Thriller film|Thriller]], [[Crime]]}}
| company = [[Vajra Production]]
| based_on = [[Santosh Pol]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Swapnil Gangurde
| director = Raju Sawant Amit Sawardekar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Rohit Nagbhide
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| image = Devmanus 2.jpg
| image_size =
| list_episodes =
| num_episodes = 236
| producer = [[Shweta Shinde]] Sanjay Khambe
| news_editor =
| location = [[Satara, Maharashtra]], India
| cinematography = Sachin Patekar
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|12|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|09|10}}
| related = ''[[Devmanus]]'' ''Devmanus – Madhala Adhyay''
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Devmanus 2''''' ({{translation|God Figure 2}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[crime thriller]] [[television series]] which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='देवमाणूस २' मालिकेत मध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट, डिंपल खरंच गरोदर असणार की...|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/devmanus-2-upcoming-twist-and-written-updates-dimple-pregnant/articleshow/92175707.cms|access-date=2022-06-13|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> The show premiered from 19 December 2021, replacing ''[[Ti Parat Aaliye]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Devmanus's second season ‘Devmanus 2’ to entertain soon; watch teaser - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/devmanuss-second-season-devmanus-2-to-entertain-soon-watch-teaser/articleshow/87844877.cms|access-date=2021-11-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is produced by [[Shweta Shinde]] and directed by Raju Sawant under the banner of [[Vajra Production]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='एक-दोन नाही ३८ खून मीच केले'; जामकरसमोर कबुली देणाऱ्या अजितची नवी खेळी?|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/amp/entertainment/devmanus-2-ajitkumar-confession-inspector-jamkar-zee-marathi-serial-latest-update-marathi-entertainment-mhrn-728244.html|access-date=2022-07-06|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=2022-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708031859/https://lokmat.news18.com/amp/entertainment/devmanus-2-ajitkumar-confession-inspector-jamkar-zee-marathi-serial-latest-update-marathi-entertainment-mhrn-728244.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It starred Kiran Gaikwad and Asmita Deshmukh in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अखेर डॉक्टरचा खेळ संपणार, 'देवमाणूस २' बंद होणार; 'ही' नवी मालिका येणार?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/devmanus-2-to-go-off-air-soon-aapi-amchi-collector-to-replace-it-zee-marathi-a590/|access-date=2022-07-25|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Devi Singh, who wreaked havoc and destroyed the lives of many innocent people, is back with a vengeance, with a new target and a plan deadlier than before.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मार्तंड जामकरांच्या हाती लागली सोनूची चिठ्ठी; अजितकुमारची तुरुंगात रवानगी, काय घडणार 'देवमाणूस २'च्या येत्या भागात?|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/amp/entertainment/devmanus-2-serial-episode-highlight-ajitkumar-deo-arrest-mhgm-706993.html|access-date=2022-05-24|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=2022-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601022529/https://lokmat.news18.com/amp/entertainment/devmanus-2-serial-episode-highlight-ajitkumar-deo-arrest-mhgm-706993.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Kiran Gaikwad as Dr. Ajitkumar Chandrakant Dev / Natvar Singh<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kiran Gaikwad is excited to play Natwar Singh in Devmanus 2 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kiran-gaikwad-is-excited-to-play-natwar-singh-in-devmanus-2/articleshow/88646261.cms|access-date=2022-01-02|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Asmita Deshmukh as Sagarika Babu Patil / Sagarika Ajitkumar Dev (Dimple)<ref>{{Cite web|title='देवमाणूस २' मालिका रंजक वळणावर, अजित-डिंपलला जड जाणार इन्स्पेक्टर जामकरच्या घरचा पाहुणचार|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/devmanus-series-turns-out-to-be-interesting-ajit-dimple-will-have-a-hard-time-visiting-inspector-jamkars-house-a603/|access-date=2022-05-06|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Dimple's family
* Anjali Joglekar as Mangal Babu Patil - Dimple's mother<ref>{{Cite web|title=देवमाणूस २ मध्ये ट्विस्ट! मार्तंड जामकर आणि डॉक्टरमध्ये होणार मोठी डील?|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/marathi-tv-serial-devmanus-2-upcoming-episode-updates-martand-jamkar-and-natwar-deal/articleshow/91911675.cms|access-date=2022-05-31|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Ankush Mandekar as Babu Rangrao Patil - Dimple's father
* Viral Mane as Shubhankar Babu Patil (Tonya) - Dimple's brother<ref>{{Cite web|title='देवमाणूस २'मध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट, सोनूच्या आईची होणार अशी अवस्था की...|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/devmanus-2-written-updates-twist-in-upcoming-episode/articleshow/90958209.cms|access-date=2022-04-20|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Rukmini Sutar as Saru Patil (Aaji) - Dimple's grandmother<ref>{{Cite web|title=जुना हिशोब चुकता करणार सरू आजी? सोशल मीडियावर व्हिडिओ व्हायरल|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/saru-aaji-is-back-on-devmanus-2-new-promo-viral-on-social-media/articleshow/88161134.cms|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Pushpa Chaudhari as Vandi - Dimple's aunt<ref>{{Cite news|title=‘देवमाणूस २’मध्ये होणार ‘या’ प्रसिद्ध खलनायकाची एण्ट्री, अजित कुमारसमोर उभं ठाकणार नवं आव्हान!|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-milind-shinde-s-entry-in-devmanus-2-serial-as-a-martand-jamkar-1053182|access-date=2022-04-24|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>

;Others
* [[Milind Shinde]] as Martand Jamkar<ref>{{Cite news|title=Milind Shinde to play Martand Jamkar's role in Devmanus 2 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/milind-shinde-to-play-martand-jamkars-role-in-devmanus/articleshow/90997376.cms|access-date=2022-04-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Snehal Shidam as Mrs. Jamkar
* Nilesh Gaware as Namdev Jadhav (Namya)
* Kiran Dange as Bajarang Patil (Bajya)
* Ravina Gogawale as Ravina Bajrang Patil
* Namantar Kamble as Vinchya
* Rutuja Kanojiya as Pinky
* Priya Gautam as Saloni
* Shivani Ghatge as Neelam Jaysingh<ref>{{Cite web|title='लागिरं झालं जी' मालिकेनंतर या अभिनेत्रीची देवमाणूस २ मध्ये एन्ट्री|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/lagir-zala-ji-fame-suman-kaki-aka-shivani-ghadge-on-devmanus-2/599230|access-date=2022-01-02|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Nivya Chemburkar as Madhumati<ref>{{Cite web|title="पैसा, नवं सावज, लग्न अन्…", ‘देवमाणूस २’ मालिकेत नवा थरार, व्हिडीओ पाहिलात का?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/zee-marathi-tv-serial-devmanus-2-upcoming-episode-video-promo-get-viral-nrp-97-2824377/|access-date=2022-03-01|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Vaishnavi Kalyankar as Sonu<ref>{{Cite web|title=डॉक्टरने डिंपलसोबत केली हातमिळवणी, 'देवमाणूस २' मालिकेत येणार नवं वळण|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/devmanus-will-take-a-new-turn-in-the-marathi-series-a592/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Tejaswini Lonari]] as Devyani Janardan Gaikwad<ref>{{Cite web|title='देवमाणूस २' मालिकेत आता या अभिनेत्रीची एंट्री, साकारतेय आमदार बाईंची भूमिका; जाणून घ्या तिच्याविषयी|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/did-you-know-now-this-actress-entry-in-the-serial-devmanus-a592/|access-date=2022-05-12|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Vinod Pulavale as Janardan Gaikwad
* Sandhya Manik as Anandi<ref>{{Cite web|title=देवमाणूस २ मध्ये मोठा ट्वीस्ट, डॉ. अजितच्या हॉस्पिटलमध्ये जामकरला भेटणार 'ती' व्यक्ती|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/devmanus-2-marathi-serial-updates-martand-jamkar-metdr-ajit-kumar-devs-fiancee/articleshow/92746798.cms|access-date=2022-07-08|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Swara Patil as Chinu
* Pankaj Chavan as Devyani's assistant

== Reception ==
=== Special episode ===
==== 1 hour ====
# 19 December 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘देवमाणूस २’ च्या पहिल्या एपिसोडचा मुहूर्त ठरला, १ तासाच्या विशेष भागाने होणार सुरुवात|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/zee-marathi-devmanus-2-serial-first-episode-release-date-declared-nrp-97-2709522/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 26 December 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=देवमाणसाची झोप उडवणार इन्स्पेक्टर जामकरचा रुद्र अवतार! बज्यावर झाडणार धडाधड गोळ्या|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/zee-marathi-dr-ajitkumar-dev-devmanus-2-episode-update-inspector-jamkar-bullets-will-be-fired-on-bajya-mhgm-713060.html|access-date=2022-06-05|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921233837/https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/zee-marathi-dr-ajitkumar-dev-devmanus-2-episode-update-inspector-jamkar-bullets-will-be-fired-on-bajya-mhgm-713060.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# 9 January 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=सलोनीच्या खुनाचं सत्य होणार उघड, डॉक्टरांना रंगेहाथ पकडणार डिंपल?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/marathi-tv-serial-devmanus-2-dr-ajitkumar-and-dimple-a734/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=देवीसिंग डिंपलचा काटा काढणार का? डिंपल जीवघेण्या हल्ल्यातून बचावणार? पाहा 'देवमाणूस २' च्या आगामी भागात|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/devmanus-2-will-devising-remove-the-fork-of-dimple-will-dimple-survive-the-deadly-attack-see-the-upcoming-episode-of-devmanus-2-1023963|access-date=2022-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 20 February 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man Jhala Bajind, Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava and Devmanus 2 set to air on weekends now - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mann-jhala-bajind-tujhya-mazhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava-and-devmanus-2-set-to-air-on-weekends-now/articleshow/89821211.cms|access-date=2022-02-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
# 6 March 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘देवमाणूस २’ मालिकेत थरारक वळण; स्वतःच्या फायद्यासाठी डॉक्टर खेळणार नवा डाव!|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/zee-marathi-serial-devmanus-2-upcoming-1-hour-episode-promo-video-goes-viral-mrj-95-2830191/|access-date=2022-03-05|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 17 April 2022<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Ajitkumar Dev to give Dimple a 'deadly' surprise - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/devmanus-dr-ajitkumar-dev-to-give-dimple-a-deadly-surprise/articleshow/90953306.cms|access-date=2022-04-20|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
# 5 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘देवमाणूस २’ मालिकेत येणार नवा ट्विस्ट, जामकरमुळे डॉ. अजितकुमार सापडणार अडचणीत|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/devmanus-2-marathi-serial-update-dr-ajit-kumar-dev-will-be-in-trouble-due-to-inspector-martand-jamkar-nrp-97-2958247/|access-date=2022-06-04|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

==== 2 hours ====
* 17 July 2022 (Will Jamkar catch Ajitkumar?)<ref>{{Cite web|title=काय ती रस्सी, काय तो फास, काय तो खटका, एकदम ओक्के!... देवमाणसाचा खेळ खल्लास अखेर अजितला मिळणार त्याच्या गुन्ह्यांची शिक्षा|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-serial-devmanus-2-latest-episode-inspecter-jamkar-is-going-to-hang-ajitkumar-very-soon-in-devmanus-2-mhnk-732009.html|access-date=2022-07-15|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163111/https://lokmat.news18.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-serial-devmanus-2-latest-episode-inspecter-jamkar-is-going-to-hang-ajitkumar-very-soon-in-devmanus-2-mhnk-732009.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt16492822}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/devmanus-2/0-6-4z548929 ''Devmanus 2''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Torajan people

2026-04-26T13:19:41Z

WardDrayton2: created initial entry needs work

{{Short description|Ethnic group from South Sulawesi, Indonesia}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = [[File:Célèbes 6543a.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Torajan girls at a wedding ceremony
| group = Torajan
| native_name = ''To Raya'', ''To Raa'', ''To Raja''
| pop = 1,100,000<ref name="official"/>
| popplace = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| region1 = [[South Sulawesi]]
| pop1 = 600,000
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite book |author=Zainuddin Hamka |title=Corak pemikiran keagamaan Gurutta H. Muh. As'ad Al-Bugisi |year=2009 |publisher=Departemen Agama RI, Badan Litbang dan Diklat, Puslitbang Lektur Keagamaan |isbn=978-60-287-6601-2 |page=103 }}</ref>
| region2 = [[West Sulawesi]]
| pop2 = 179,846 (14% of the population; also known as [[Mamasa people]])
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.kompas.com |author=Sugihandari |title=Sulawesi Barat, Cermin Politik dalam Dua Masa |date=February 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620111958/http://epaper.kompas.com/ |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| langs = [[Toraja-Sa’dan language]], [[Kalumpang language]], [[Mamasa language]], [[Tae’ language]], [[Talondo' language]], [[Toala' language]] (vernacular languages) and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| rels = [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]] [[Christianity]] 86.11% ([[Protestantism]] 69.14%, [[Roman Catholicism]] 16.97%), [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] ([[Sunni]]) 7.89% and [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] ([[Ethnic religion in Sulawesi|Aluk Todolo]]) 5.99%.<ref name="official"/>
| related-c = [[Mamasa people|Mamasa]], [[Mandarese people|Mandarese]], [[Bugis]], [[Makassar people|Makassar]]<ref>Bugis and Makassarese people constitute the coastal region surrounding Toraja. In fact, the term "toraja" was invented by these coastal people to refer the isolated mountainous people.</ref>
}}
[[File:Sulawesi Locator.svg|thumb|Location of [[Sulawesi]] in Indonesia]]

The '''Torajan''' are an [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] [[ethnic group]] [[indigenous people|indigenous]] to a mountainous region of [[South Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]. Their population is approximately 1,100,000, of whom 450,000 live in the [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regency]] of [[Tana Toraja]] ("Land of Toraja").<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.toraja.go.id/sosial.php|title=Tana Toraja official website|access-date=2006-10-04|language=id|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060529201932/http://www.toraja.go.id/sosial.php |archive-date = May 29, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of the population is [[Christianity|Christian]], and others are [[Islam|Muslim]] or have local [[animism|animist]] beliefs known as ''aluk'' ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognised this animistic belief as ''Aluk To Dolo'' ("Way of the Ancestors") as well as ''Hindu Alukta'', namely, a form of [[Hinduism in Indonesia]].{{sfn|Segara|2023}}

The word ''Toraja'' comes from the [[Buginese language]] term ''to riaja'', meaning "people of the uplands", this cognates with the Toraja language ''to'' ''raya''/''to'' ''raja''/''to raa'' which also means "inland/upland people" or "northern people".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mills |first=Roger F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qnjyAEACAAJ |title=Proto South Sulawesi and Proto Austronesian Phonology |date=1975 |publisher=University of Michigan. |language=en}}</ref> The [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial government]] named the people ''Toraja'' in 1909.<ref name="Nooy-Palm1975" /> Torajans are renowned for their elaborate [[Funeral|funeral rites]], burial sites carved into rocky cliffs, massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as ''[[tongkonan]]'', and colourful [[wood carving]]s. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.

Before the 20th century, Torajans lived in [[autonomous]] villages, where they practised animism and were relatively untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, [[Dutch people|Dutch]] missionaries first worked to convert Torajan highlanders to Christianity. When the Tana Toraja regency was further opened to the outside world in the 1970s, it became an icon of [[tourism in Indonesia]]: it was exploited by tourism development and studied by [[anthropologist]]s.<ref name="Adams1990"/> In 1977, Hinduism was introduced to the Torajans by a mission from Bali, in which thousands of Torajans converted to Hinduism. That number has been increasing sharply since then. By the 1990s, when tourism peaked, Toraja society had changed significantly, from an agrarian model—in which [[Interpersonal relationship|social life]] and customs were outgrowths of the Aluk To Dolo—to a largely Christian society.<ref name="Adams1995">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Kathleen M. |date=1995 |title=Making-Up the Toraja? The Appropriate of Tourism, Anthropology, and Museums for Politics in Upland Sulawesi, Indonesia |url=https://ecommons.luc.edu/anthropology_facpubs/6 |journal=Ethnology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=143–153 |doi=10.2307/3774103 |jstor=3774103|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Today, tourism and remittances from migrant Torajans have made for major changes in the Toraja highland, giving the Toraja a celebrity status within Indonesia and enhancing Toraja ethnic group pride.<ref name="Adams 2006">{{harvp|Adams|2006}}</ref>

== Ethnic identity ==
[[Image:Traditional Toraja House.JPG|thumb|right|A Toraja village]]
[[File:Tana Toraja, Palawa, painted front of a tongkonan (6823231508).jpg|thumb|Tana Toraja, Palawa, painted front of a tongkonan house, ca. 2011]]
The Torajan people had little notion of themselves as a distinct ethnic group before the 20th century. Before [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonisation]] and [[Christianisation]], Torajans, who lived in highland areas, identified with their villages and did not share a broad sense of identity. Although complexes of rituals created linkages between highland villages, there were variations in dialects, differences in social hierarchies, and an array of ritual practices in the [[Sulawesi]] highland region. "Toraja" (from the coastal languages' ''to'', meaning people; and ''riaja'', uplands) was first used as a lowlander expression for highlanders.<ref name="Nooy-Palm1975">{{Cite journal |last=Nooy-Palm |first=Hetty |year=1975 |title=Introduction to the Sa'dan People and their Country |journal=Archipel |volume=15 |pages=163–192}}</ref> As a result, "Toraja" initially had more currency with outsiders—such as the [[Bugis]] and [[Makassarese people|Makassarese]], who constitute a majority of the lowland of Sulawesi—than with insiders. The Dutch missionaries' presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness in the Sa'dan Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in the [[Tana Toraja|Tana Toraja Regency]].<ref name="Adams1990"/> Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups—the Bugis (the majority, including shipbuilders and seafarers), the Makassarese (lowland traders and seafarers), the Mandarese (traders and fishermen), and the Toraja (highland rice cultivators).<ref name="Sutton1995">{{Cite journal |last=Sutton |first=R. Anderson |year=1995 |title=Performing arts and cultural politics in South Sulawesi |url=http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1565.pdf |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=672–699 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003034 |s2cid=128539603 |access-date=2007-05-18 |archive-date=2007-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620185620/http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1565.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==


From the 17th century, the Dutch established trade and political control on Sulawesi through the [[Dutch East Indies Company]]. Over two centuries, they ignored the mountainous area in central Sulawesi, where Torajans lived, because access was difficult and it had little productive agricultural land. In the late 19th century, the Dutch became increasingly concerned about the spread of [[Islam]] in the south of Sulawesi, especially among the Makassarese and Bugis peoples. The Dutch saw the animist highlanders as potential [[Christians]]. In the 1920s, the Reformed Missionary Alliance of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]] began [[Mission (Christian)|missionary]] work aided by the Dutch colonial government.<ref name="Volkman1990"/> In addition to introducing [[Christianity]], the Dutch [[abolitionism|abolished slavery]] and imposed local taxes. A line was drawn around the Sa'dan area and called ''Tana Toraja'' ("the land of Toraja"). Tana Toraja was first a subdivision of the [[Luwu|Luwu kingdom]] that had claimed the area.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Houses, hierarchy, headhunting and exchange; Rethinking political relations in the Southeast Asian realm of Luwu' |author=Schrauwers, Albert |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=153 |year=1997 |issue=3 |pages=356–380 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003928 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1946, the Dutch granted Tana Toraja a [[Subdivisions of Indonesia|''regentschap'']], and it was recognised in 1957 as one of the [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regencies of Indonesia]].<ref name="Volkman1990"/>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Man van Zuid-Celebes in krijgskostuum TMnr 10002058.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A Toraja warrior from [[South Sulawesi]] holding a spear and a traditional [[Kanta (shield)|Kanta]] shield]]

Early Dutch missionaries faced strong opposition among Torajans, especially among the elite, because the abolition of their profitable [[History of slavery|slave trade]] had angered them.<ref name="Nooy-Palm88">cf. Kis-Jovak et al. (1988), Ch. 2, Hetty Nooy-Palm, ''The World of Toraja'', pp. 12–18.</ref> Some Torajans were forcibly relocated to the lowlands by the Dutch, where they could be more easily controlled. Taxes were kept high, undermining the wealth of the elites. Ultimately, the Dutch influence did not subdue Torajan culture, and only a few Torajans were [[Religious conversion|converted]].<ref name="Ngelow2004">{{cite journal|last=Ngelow|first=Zakaria J.|url=http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/miscPublications/I-R/pdf/45-Ngelow.pdf|title=Traditional Culture, Christianity and Globalisation in Indonesia: The Case of Torajan Christians|journal=Inter-Religio|volume=45|date=Summer 2004|access-date=2007-05-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620185600/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/miscPublications/I-R/pdf/45-Ngelow.pdf|archive-date=2007-06-20}}</ref> In 1950, only 10% of the population had converted to Christianity.<ref name="Nooy-Palm88"/>

In the 1930s, Muslim lowlanders attacked the Torajans, resulting in widespread Christian conversion among those who sought to align themselves with the Dutch for [[Political asylum|political protection]] and to form a movement against the Bugis and Makassarese Muslims. Between 1951 and 1965 (following [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian independence]]), southern Sulawesi faced a turbulent period as the [[Darul Islam (Indonesia)|Darul Islam]] separatist movement fought for an [[Islamic state]] in Sulawesi. The 15 years of [[guerrilla warfare]] led to massive conversions to Christianity.<ref name="Volkman1983">{{cite journal|last=Volkman|first=Toby Alice|title=A View from the Mountains|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/a-view-mountains|journal=Cultural Survival Quarterly|issue=4|volume=7|date=December 31, 1983|access-date=2007-05-18}}</ref>

Alignment with the Indonesian government, however, did not guarantee safety for the Torajans. In 1965, a presidential decree required every Indonesian citizen to belong to one of five officially recognised religions: Islam, Christianity ([[Protestantism]] and [[Catholicism]]), [[Hinduism]], or [[Buddhism]].<ref name="Yang2005">{{cite journal|last=Yang|date=August 2005|first=Heriyanto|title=The history and legal position of Confucianism in postindependence Indonesia|journal=Marburg Journal of Religion|volume=10|issue=1| url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf |access-date = 2007-05-18}}</ref> The Torajan religious belief (''aluk'') was not legally recognised, and the Torajans raised their voices against the law. To make ''aluk'' accord with the law, it had to be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969, ''Aluk To Dolo'' ("the way of ancestors") was legalised as a [[sect]] of [[Agama Hindu Dharma]], the official name of Hinduism in Indonesia.<ref name="Volkman1990">{{cite journal|last=Volkman|first=Toby Alice|title=Visions and Revisions: Toraja Culture and the Tourist Gaze|journal= American Ethnologist |issue=1| volume=17| pages=91–110|doi=10.1525/ae.1990.17.1.02a00060|date=February 1990| jstor=645254}}</ref>

== Society ==
There are three main types of affiliation in Toraja society: family, class and religion.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Family affiliation ===
[[Image:Albino-Water-Buffalo-Rantepao.jpg|thumb|right|A valuable albino buffalo near Rantepao]]
Family is the [[primary and secondary groups|primary social]] and political grouping in Torajan society. Each village is one [[extended family]], the seat of which is the ''tongkonan'', a traditional Torajan house. Each ''tongkonan'' has a name, which becomes the name of the village. The familial dons maintain village unity. Marriage between distant cousins (fourth cousins and beyond) is a common practice that strengthens [[kinship]]. Toraja society prohibits marriage between close cousins (up to and including the third cousin)—except for nobles, to prevent the dispersal of property.<ref name="Waterson1986">{{cite journal|title=The ideology and terminology of kinship among the Sa'dan Toraja|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|author=Waterson, Roxana|volume=142|year=1986|issue=1|pages=87–112|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003370|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kinship is actively [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|reciprocal]], meaning that the extended family helps each other farm, share buffalo rituals, and pay off debts.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Each person belongs to both the mother's and the father's families, the only bilateral family line in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Waterson, Roxana |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |title=Houses, graves and the limits of kinship groupings among the Sa'dan Toraja |volume=151 |issue=2 |year=1995 |url=http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1545.pdf |pages=194–217 |access-date=2007-05-18 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003046 |s2cid=162232367 |archive-date=2020-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809104846/http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1545.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Children, therefore, inherit household affiliation from both mother and father, including land and even family debts. Children's names are given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen after dead relatives. Names of aunts, uncles and cousins are commonly referred to in the names of mothers, fathers and siblings.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the [[Tana Toraja|Tana Toraja Regency]], each Toraja village was autonomous. In a more complex situation, in which one Toraja family could not handle their problems alone, several villages formed a group; sometimes, villages would unite against other villages. Relationship between families was expressed through blood, marriage, and shared ancestral houses (''tongkonan''), practically signed by the exchange of [[water buffalo]] and pigs on ritual occasions. Such exchanges not only built political and cultural ties between families but defined each person's place in a social hierarchy: who poured [[palm wine]], who wrapped a corpse and prepared offerings, where each person could or could not sit, what dishes should be used or avoided, and even what piece of meat constituted one's share.<ref name="Volkman1984" />

=== Class affiliation ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kommandant van het Leger des Heils poseert voor de fotograaf met drie Toradja mannen in traditioneel krijgscostuum Celebes TMnr 60011683.jpg|thumb|Three Toradja elders in traditional warrior garment posing with Dutch [[Salvation Army]] officer, 1930]]
In early Toraja society, family relationships were tied closely to [[social class]]. There were three strata: [[nobles]], [[Middle class|commoners]], and [[slaves]] (slavery was [[abolitionism|abolished]] in 1909 by the [[Dutch East Indies]] government). Class was inherited through the mother. It was taboo, therefore, to marry "down" with a woman of lower class. On the other hand, marrying a woman of [[Upper class|higher class]] could improve the status of the next generation. The nobility's condescending attitude toward the commoners is still maintained today for reasons of family prestige.<ref name="Adams1995" />

Nobles, who were believed to be direct descendants of the descended person from heaven,<ref name="Wellenkamp1998">{{cite journal|last=Wellenkamp|first=Jane C.|title=Order and Disorder in Toraja Thought and Ritual |journal= Ethnology| volume=27 |issue=3 |year=1988|pages=311–326|doi=10.2307/3773523|jstor=3773523|doi-access=free}}</ref> lived in ''tongkonans'', while commoners lived in less lavish houses (bamboo shacks called ''banua''). Slaves lived in small huts, which had to be built around their owner's ''tongkonan''. Commoners might marry anyone, but nobles preferred to [[consanguinity|marry in-family]] to maintain their status. Sometimes nobles married Bugis or Makassarese nobles. Commoners and slaves were prohibited from having death feasts. Despite close kinship and status inheritance, there was some [[social mobility]], as marriage or change in wealth could affect an individual's status.<ref name="Waterson1986"/> Wealth was counted by the ownership of [[domestic buffalo|water buffaloes]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Slaves in Toraja society were family property. Sometimes Torajans decided to become slaves when they incurred a debt, pledging to work as payment. Slaves could be taken during wars, and [[History of slavery|slave trading]] was common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sandra |first1=Jaida n'ha |date=1998 |title=From "You, Toradja" to "We Toraya": Ethnicity in the Making |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/2519/From%20_You%2C%20Toradja_%20to%20_We%20Toraya_%20Ethnicity%20in%20the%20Making.pdf#page20 |journal=Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages= |doi= |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124071824/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/2519/From%20_You,%20Toradja_%20to%20_We%20Toraya_%20Ethnicity%20in%20the%20Making.pdf#page20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Slaves were prohibited from wearing bronze or gold, carving their houses, eating from the same dishes as their owners, or having sex with free women—a crime [[capital punishment|punishable by death]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Religious affiliation ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion of Torajan people
|label1 = [[Protestantism]]
|value1 = 69.14
|color1 = DarkBlue
|label2 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value2 = 16.97
|color2 = Purple
|label3 = [[Sunni Islam]]
|value3 = 7.89
|color3 = DarkGreen
|label4 = Torajan [[Hinduism]] ([[Aluk To Dolo]])
|value4 = 5.99
|color4 = Red

}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Priester tijdens een dodenfeest van de Toraja TMnr 20018334.jpg|thumb|right|A Torajan priest during a Toraja death feast]]
Toraja's indigenous belief system is [[polytheistic]] [[animism]], called ''aluk'', or "the way" (sometimes translated as "the law"). In the Toraja myth, the ancestors of Torajan people came down from heaven using stairs, which were then used by the Torajans as a communication medium with ''Puang Matua'', [[Creator deity|the Creator]].<ref name="myth">This Toraja myth was directly translated from the history of Toraja at the official Tana Toraja website [http://www.toraja.go.id/sejarah.php toraja.go.id], retrieved on 2007-05-18. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520015120/http://www.toraja.go.id/sejarah.php |date=May 20, 2007 }}</ref> The cosmos, according to ''aluk'', is divided into the upper world (heaven), the world of man (earth), and the underworld.<ref name="Nooy-Palm88"/> At first, heaven and earth were married, then there was a darkness, a separation, and finally the light. Animals live in the underworld, which is represented by rectangular space enclosed by pillars, the earth is for mankind, and the heaven world is located above, covered with a saddle-shaped roof. Other Toraja gods include ''Pong Banggai di Rante'' (god of Earth), ''Indo' Ongon-Ongon'' (a goddess who can cause earthquakes), ''Pong Lalondong'' (god of death), and ''Indo' Belo Tumbang'' (goddess of medicine); there are many more.<ref name="philtar">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Toraja Religion|encyclopedia=Overview of World Religion|publisher=St. Martin College, UK|access-date=2006-09-06|url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/toraj.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006221837/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/toraj.html|archive-date=2006-10-06}}</ref>

The earthly authority, whose words and actions should be cleaved to both in life ([[agriculture]]) and death ([[funerals]]), is called ''to minaa'' (an ''aluk'' [[priest]]). ''Aluk'' is not just a [[belief system]]; it is a combination of law, religion, and habit. ''Aluk'' governs social life, agricultural practices, and ancestral rituals. The details of ''aluk'' may vary from one village to another. One common law is the requirement that death and life rituals be separated. Torajans believe that performing death rituals might ruin their corpses if combined with life rituals.<ref>The death rituals are known as "smoke-descending" rituals, while the life rituals are "smoke-ascending" rituals; cf. Wellenkamp (1988).</ref> The two rituals are equally important.

The decline of the Toraja religion began with the Christianization under rule of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]]. During the time of the Dutch missionaries, Christian Torajans were prohibited from attending or performing life rituals, but were allowed to perform death rituals.<ref name="Ngelow2004"/> Consequently, Toraja's death rituals are still practised today, while life rituals have diminished.
The traditional Toraja religion is today only practiced by a small minority.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Dana |last=Rappoport |title=Ritual music and christianization in the Toraja's Highlands, Sulawesi |journal=Ethnomusicology |year=2004 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=378–404 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00476146/document |jstor=30046286}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Tongkonan ===
{{main|Tongkonan}}
[[Image:Toraja house.jpg|thumb|Three ''tongkonan'' in a Torajan village]]
[[File:RantepaoKecamatan.JPG|thumb|Administration building in Rantepao]]

Tongkonan are the traditional Torajan ancestral houses. They stand high on wooden piles, topped with a layered split-[[bamboo]] roof shaped in a sweeping curved arc, and they are incised with red, black, and yellow detailed wood carvings on the exterior walls. The word "tongkonan" comes from the Torajan ''tongkon'' ("to sit").{{sfn|Adams|2006|p=80}}

Tongkonan are the center of Torajan social life. The rituals associated with the tongkonan are important expressions of Torajan spiritual life, and therefore all family members are impelled to participate, because symbolically the ''tongkonan'' represents links to their ancestors and to living and future kin.<ref name="Adams 2006" /><ref name="Volkman1984">{{Cite journal |last=Volkman |first=Toby Alice |date=1984 |title=Great Performances: Toraja Cultural Identity in the 1970s |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=152–169 |doi=10.1525/ae.1984.11.1.02a00090 |jstor=644360}}</ref> According to Torajan myth, the first ''tongkonan'' was built in heaven on four poles, with a roof made of [[India]]n cloth. When the first Torajan ancestor descended to earth, he imitated the house and held a large ceremony.<ref name="tongkonan">{{cite web|url=http://www.toraja.net/culture/arcitecture/index.html|title=Toraja Architecture|publisher=Ladybamboo Foundation|access-date=2009-09-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727131128/http://www.toraja.net/culture/arcitecture/index.html|archive-date=2009-07-27}}</ref>

The construction of a tongkonan is laborious work and is usually done with the help of the extended family. There are three types of ''tongkonan''. The ''tongkonan layuk'' is the house of the highest authority, used as the "center of government". The ''tongkonan pekamberan'' belongs to the family members who have some authority in [[adat|local traditions]]. Ordinary family members reside in the ''tongkonan batu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ruparupa.com/blog/rumah-adat-tongkonan/ |title= Rumah Adat Tongkonan, Rumah Toraja Penuh Keunikan!|last= Sharon|first=Penulis |date= 2021-08-19|website= ruparupa|publisher= |access-date= 2022-01-24|language=id}}</ref> The exclusivity to the nobility of the ''tongkonan'' is diminishing as many Torajan commoners find lucrative employment in other parts of Indonesia. As they send back money to their families, they enable the construction of larger ''tongkonan''.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Architecture in the style of a tongkonan is still very common. Various administration buildings were built in this style in recent years, e.g. the ''Kecamatan'' building in Rantepao.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Wood carvings ===

To express social and religious concepts, Torajans [[Wood carving|carve wood]], calling it ''Pa'ssura'' (or "the writing"). Wood carvings are therefore Toraja's cultural manifestation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muslimin |first1=Rizal |title=Toraja Glyphs: An Ethnocomputation Study of Passura Indigenous Icons |journal= Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering |volume=16 |year=2017 |issue=1 |pages= 39–44|doi=10.3130/jaabe.16.39 |doi-access= free}}</ref>

Each carving receives a special name, and common motifs are animals and plants that symbolise some virtue. For example, water plants and animals, such as [[crabs]], [[tadpole]]s and [[water weed]]s, are commonly found to symbolise fertility. In some areas noble elders claim these symbols refer to strength of noble family, but not everyone agrees. The overall meaning of groups of carved motifs on houses remains debated<ref name="Adams 2006" /> and tourism has further complicated these debates because some feel a uniform explanation must be presented to tourists.<ref name="Adams 2006" /> Torajan wood carvings are composed of numerous square panels, each of which can represent various things, for example [[domestic buffalo|buffaloes]] as a wish of wealth for the family; a knot and a box, symbolizing the hope that all of the family's offspring will be happy and live in harmony; [[aquatic animal]]s, indicating the need for fast and hard work, just like moving on the surface of water.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Regularity and order are common features in Toraja wood carving (see table below), as well as abstracts and geometrical designs. Nature is frequently used as the basis of Toraja's ornaments, because nature is full of abstractions and geometries with regularities and ordering.<ref name="Palmer2006"/> Toraja's ornaments have been studied in [[ethnomathematics]] to reveal their mathematical structure, but Torajans base this art only on approximations.<ref name="Palmer2006">{{cite conference |first= Miquel Alberti|last= Palmer|title= The Kira-kira method of the Torajan woodcarvers of Sulawesi to divide a segment into equal parts |book-title= Third International Conference on Ethnomathematics: Cultural Connections and Mathematical Manipulations |year= 2006 |publisher = University of Auckland | location= Auckland, New Zealand |url= http://www.math.auckland.ac.nz/~poisard/ICEm3/3.Prez%20Not%20Given/Prez%20not%20given%20papers/Alberti-paper.doc |format= [[DOC (computing)|doc]] |access-date=2007-05-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070620185600/http://www.math.auckland.ac.nz/~poisard/ICEm3/3.Prez%20Not%20Given/Prez%20not%20given%20papers/Alberti-paper.doc |archive-date = June 20, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> To create an ornament, bamboo sticks are used as a geometrical tool.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header = Some Toraja Patterns
| header_align = center
| header_background = #fee8ab
| footer = Rasterised from<ref name="Sande1989">{{cite web |publisher=[[Ujung Pandang]] |author=Sande, J.S. |year=1989 |url=http://www.batusura.de/ukiran.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202221143/http://www.batusura.de/ukiran.htm |archive-date=2010-02-02 |title=Toraja Wood-Carving Motifs |access-date=2007-05-18}}</ref>
| footer_align = left
| footer_background = #f0f0f0
| width = 150
| image1 = Torajan pattern - pa'tedong.svg
| caption1 = ''pa'tedong'' (buffalo)
| image2 = Torajan pattern - pa'barre allo.svg
| caption2 = ''pa'barre allo'' (the sun and its rays)
| image3 = Torajan pattern - pa're'po sangbua.svg
| caption3 = ''pa're'po' sanguba'' (dancing alone)
| image4 = Torajan pattern - ne' limbongan.svg
| caption4 = ''ne'limbongan'' (the legendary designer)
}}

On 24 March 2022, about 125 patterns were given communal intellectual property copyright certificates by the [[Ministry of Law and Human Rights]], in order for protecting of traditional culture expressions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kareba-toraja.com/berikut-nama-125-ukiran-toraja-yang-sudah-mendapat-sertifikat-hak-cipta-dari-kemenkumham/|title=Berikut, Nama 125 Ukiran Toraja yang Sudah Mendapat Sertifikat Hak Cipta dari KemenkumHAM|website=Kareba Toraja.com|date=27 March 2022|access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Old Toraja Sarita Batik Ceremonial Cloth.jpg|thumb|Motifs in an old Toraja Sarita cloth used as a banner in several ceremonies including funeral processions in Toraja. Courtesy the Wovensouls collection, Singapore ]]

=== Funeral rites ===
[[Image:Burial Site 2.jpg|thumb|right|A stone-carved burial site. ''Tau tau'' (effigies of the deceased) were put in the cave, looking out over the land.]]

In Toraja society, the funeral ritual is the most elaborate and expensive event. The richer and more powerful the individual, the more expensive is the funeral. In the ''aluk'' religion, only nobles have the right to have an extensive death feast.<ref>In the present day, when tourism is the main income of the Torajans, funeral feasts have been held by non-noble rich families, mainly performed as tourist attractions. Volkman (1982) called this phenomenon a death funeral inflation.</ref> The death feast of a nobleman is usually attended by thousands and lasts for several days. A ceremonial site, called ''rante'', is usually prepared in a large, grassy field where shelters for audiences, rice barns, and other ceremonial funeral structures are specially made by the deceased's family. Flute music, funeral chants, songs and poems, and crying and wailing are traditional Toraja expressions of grief with the exceptions of funerals for young children, and poor, low-status adults.<ref name="Wellenkamp1988">{{cite journal| author=Jane C. Wellenkamp| title=Notions of Grief and Catharsis among the Toraja| journal=American Ethnologist| volume=15| issue=3| pages=486–500|date=August 1988| doi=10.1525/ae.1988.15.3.02a00050| jstor=645753}}</ref>

The ceremony is often held weeks, months, or years after the death so that the deceased's family can raise the significant funds needed to cover funeral expenses.<ref>In 1992, the most powerful Torajan, the former chief of Tana Toraja Regency, died, and his family asked US$125,000 of a Japanese TV company as a license fee to film the funeral. Cf. Yamashita (1994).</ref> Torajans traditionally believe that death is not a sudden, abrupt event, but a gradual process toward ''Puya'' (the land of souls, or [[afterlife]]).<ref name=Adams1993>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Kathleen M. |title=The Discourse of Souls in Tana Toraja (Indonesia): Indigenous Notions and Christian Conceptions |journal=Ethnology |volume=32 |date=1993 |issue=1 |pages=55–68 |doi=10.2307/3773545|jstor=3773545 |url=https://ecommons.luc.edu/context/anthropology_facpubs/article/1005/viewcontent/1993DiscourseSoulsTatorEthnology.pdf }}</ref> During the waiting period, the body of the [[Death|deceased]] is wrapped in several layers of cloth and kept under the ''tongkonan''. The soul of the deceased is thought to linger around the village until the funeral ceremony is completed, after which it begins its journey to ''Puya''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=To the Afterworld and Back: Mourning and Dreams of the Dead among the Toraja|journal=Ethos|author=Hollan, Douglas|volume=23|issue=4|pages=424–436|doi=10.1525/eth.1995.23.4.02a00030|date=December 1995|jstor=640296}}</ref>

[[Image:Manene Tradisi Ganti Baju Mayat di Tana Toraja.jpg|thumb|left|Manene tradition, which involves the changing of clothes for the deceased]]
[[Image:Burial Site 3.jpg|thumb|left|A burial site]]

Another component of the ritual is the slaughter of [[domestic buffalo|water buffalo]]. The more powerful the person who died, the more buffalo are slaughtered at the death feast. Buffalo carcasses, including their heads, are usually lined up on a field waiting for their owner, who is in the "sleeping stage". Torajans believe that the deceased will need the buffalo to make the journey and that they will be quicker to arrive at ''Puya'' if they have many buffalo. Slaughtering tens of water buffalo and hundreds of pigs using a [[machete]] is the climax of the elaborate death feast, with dancing and music and young boys who catch spurting blood in long bamboo tubes. Some of the slaughtered animals are given by guests as "gifts", which are carefully noted because they will be considered debts of the deceased's family.<ref name="Yamashita1994">{{cite journal|last=Yamashita|first=Shinji|title=Manipulating Ethnic Tradition: The Funeral Ceremony, Tourism, and Television among the Toraja of Sulawesi|journal=Indonesia|volume=58|pages=69–82|date=October 1994|doi=10.2307/3351103|jstor=3351103|issue=58|hdl=1813/54044|hdl-access=free}}</ref> However, a [[cockfight]], known as bulangan londong, is an integral part of the [[ceremony]]. As with the sacrifice of the buffalo and the pigs, the cockfight is considered [[sacred]] because it involves the spilling of blood on the earth. In particular, the tradition requires the sacrifice of at least three [[chicken]]s. However, it is common for at least 25 pairs of chickens to be set against each other in the context of the ceremony.<ref>[http://www.incitoprima.com/details.php?catid=5&aid=5 incito tour ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702191516/http://www.incitoprima.com/details.php?catid=5&aid=5 |date=2012-07-02 }} PT. INCITO PRIMA - Re: Funeral Ceremony in Toraja - Authorised by: Department of Law and Human Rights of Republic of Indonesia</ref>

[[File:Toraja Elders.JPG|thumb|Three Toraja elders in traditional dress attending wake ceremony, March 2014]]

There are three methods of [[burial]]: the [[coffin]] may be laid in a cave or in a carved stone grave, or [[Hanging coffins|hung on a cliff]]. It contains any possessions that the deceased will need in the afterlife. The wealthy are often buried in a stone grave carved out of a rocky cliff. The grave is usually expensive and takes a few months to complete. In some areas, a stone cave may be found that is large enough to accommodate a whole family. A wood-carved [[effigy]], called ''[[Tau tau]]'', is usually placed in the cave looking out over the land.<ref>''Tau tau'' have been targeted by [[grave robbing|grave robbers]] for antique collectors. On several occasions, a stolen ''tau tau'' effigy has appeared in an exhibition show; for instance, at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in 1981 and at the Arnold Herstand Gallery in [[New York City|New York]] in 1984. Cf. Volkman (1990).</ref> Whilst a coffin of a baby is embedded into a burrow of a living tree, so called "baby tree".<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Hoppenbrouwers|first1= Toke|last2= Donzelli|first2=Aurora |title=From the womb to the tree; Child-rearing practices and beliefs among the Toraja of Sulawesi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322762360 |journal=Wacana Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia |year= 2017|volume=18 |issue=3 |page= 658|doi= 10.17510/wacana.v18i3.632|access-date=2022-02-09|doi-access=free|hdl=11585/787489|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In the ritual called ''Ma'Nene'', that takes place each year in August, the bodies of the deceased are exhumed to be washed, groomed and dressed in new clothes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Toraja Unique Ritual: Cleaning and Changing Clothing Ancestors corpse|url=http://amazingnotes.com/2011/05/07/toraja-unique-ritual-cleaning-and-changing-clothing-ancestors-corpse/|publisher=Amazingnotes.com|access-date=26 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903123237/http://amazingnotes.com/2011/05/07/toraja-unique-ritual-cleaning-and-changing-clothing-ancestors-corpse/|archive-date=3 September 2012}}</ref>

=== Dance and music ===
[[File:Tarian Pagellu.jpg|thumb|right|Pa'gellu dance performance in Tana Toraja.]]
[[File:Traditional song and dance Tana Toraja.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional song and dance at a funeral in Tana Toraja]]

Torajans perform dances on several occasions, most often during their elaborate funeral ceremonies. They dance to express their grief, and to honour and even cheer the deceased person because he is going to have a long journey in the afterlife. First, a group of men form a circle and sing a monotonous chant throughout the night to honour the deceased (a ritual called ''Ma'badong'').<ref name="Sutton1995" /><ref name="Yamashita1994"/> This is considered by many Torajans to be the most important component of the funeral ceremony.<ref name="Wellenkamp1988"/> On the second funeral day, the ''Ma'randing'' warrior dance is performed to praise the courage of the deceased during life. Several men perform the dance with a sword, a large shield made from buffalo skin, a helmet with a buffalo horn, and other ornamentation. The ''Ma'randing'' dance precedes a procession in which the deceased is carried from a rice barn to the ''rante'', the site of the funeral ceremony. During the funeral, elder women perform the ''Ma'katia'' dance while singing a poetic song and wearing a long feathered costume. The ''Ma'akatia'' dance is performed to remind the audience of the generosity and loyalty of the deceased person. After the bloody ceremony of buffalo and [[pig slaughter]], a group of boys and girls clap their hands while performing a cheerful dance called ''Ma'dondan''.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

As in other agricultural societies, Torajans dance and sing during [[harvest|harvest time]]. The ''Ma'bugi'' dance celebrates the [[thanksgiving]] event, and the ''Ma'gandangi'' dance is performed while Torajans are pounding [[rice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.batusura.de/dances.htm |title=Toraja Dances| publisher=www.batusura.de|access-date=2007-05-02}}</ref> There are several [[Weapon dance|war dances]], such as the ''Manimbong'' dance performed by men, followed by the ''Ma'dandan'' dance performed by women. The ''aluk'' religion governs when and how Torajans dance. A dance called ''Ma'bua'' can be performed only once every 12 years. ''Ma'bua'' is a major Toraja ceremony in which priests wear a buffalo head and dance around a sacred tree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/toraj.html| title=Toraja Religion| access-date=2022-01-24|publisher= Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria}}</ref>

A traditional musical instrument of the Toraja is a bamboo [[flute]] called a ''Pa'suling'' (''[[suling]]'' is an [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] word for flute). This six-holed flute (not unique to the Toraja) is played at many dances, such as the thanksgiving dance ''Ma'bondensan'', where the flute accompanies a group of shirtless, dancing men with long fingernails. The Toraja have indigenous musical instruments, such as the ''Pa'pelle'' (made from [[Arecaceae|palm]] leaves) and the ''Pa'karombi'' (the Torajan version of a [[jaw harp]]). The ''Pa'pelle'' is played during harvest time and at house inauguration ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.batusura.de/music.htm|publisher=www.batusura.de| title=Toraja Music| access-date=2007-05-02}}</ref>

=== Cogender views ===
Among the Saʼadan (eastern Toraja) in the island of Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia, there are homosexual male toburake tambolang shamans; although among their neighbors the Mamasa (western Toraja) there are instead only heterosexual female toburake shamanesses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buijs |first=C. W. |title=Powers of Blessing from the Wilderness and from Heaven |date=2006 |publisher=KITLV |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Volume 229 |location=Leiden |page=140 |language=en}}</ref>

== Language ==
[[File:Funerary Monoliths, Karassic Village, Tana Toraja 1425.jpg|thumb|right|Each monolith here memorialises a particular deceased person, although the standing stones are neither carved nor signed therefore the person's name may be soon forgotten. The buildings in the background, at the base of the hill, were erected as temporary pavilions for the funeral celebrations as they may eventually be reused here, disassembled and re-erected nearby, kept up for tourist visits, or left to deteriorate, depending on local condition.]]
The ethnic Toraja language is dominant in Tana Toraja with the main language as the Sa'dan Toraja. Although the national [[Indonesian language]] is the official language and is spoken in the community,<ref name="official"/> all [[Primary school|elementary school]]s in Tana Toraja teach Toraja language.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

[[Variety (linguistics)|Language varieties]] of Toraja, including ''Kalumpang'', ''Mamasa'', ''Tae'', ''Talondo'', ''Toala'', and ''Toraja-Sa'dan'', belong to the [[Malayo-Polynesian]] language from the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family.<ref name="gordon2005Toraja">{{cite book|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp |last=Gordon |first=Raymond G. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |year=2005 |publisher=Dallas, Tex.: SIL International |format=online version |access-date=2006-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011005193846/http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp |archive-date=2001-10-05 }}</ref> At the outset, the isolated geographical nature of Tana Toraja formed many dialects between the Toraja languages themselves. After the formal administration of Tana Toraja, some Toraja dialects have been influenced by other languages through the [[transmigration program]], introduced since the colonialism period, and it has been a major factor in the linguistic variety of Toraja languages.<ref name="Sutton1995" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Linguistic variety of Toraja languages
|-
! Denominations
! [[ISO 639-3]]
! abbr="Population" style="width:90px;"| Population (as of)
! Dialects
|-
! Kalumpang
| style="text-align:center;"| [[ISO 639:k#kli|kli]] || style="text-align:right;"| 12,000 (1991) || style="text-align:center;"| Karataun, Mablei, Mangki (E'da), Bone Hau (Ta'da).
|-
! Mamasa
| style="text-align:center;"| [[ISO 639:m#mqj|mqj]] || style="text-align:right;"| 100,000 (1991) || style="text-align:center;"| Northern Mamasa, Central Mamasa, Pattae' (Southern Mamasa, Patta' Binuang, Binuang, Tae', Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi)
|-
! Ta'e
| style="text-align:center;"| [[ISO 639:r#rob|rob]] || style="text-align:right;"| 250,000 (1992) || style="text-align:center;"| Rongkong, Northeast Luwu, South Luwu, Bua.
|-
! Talondo'
| style="text-align:center;"| [[ISO 639:t#tln|tln]] || style="text-align:right;"| 500 (1986) ||
|-
! Toala'
| style="text-align:center;"| [[ISO 639:t#tlz|tlz]] || style="text-align:right;"| 30,000 (1983) || style="text-align:center;"| Toala', Palili'.
|-
! Torajan-Sa'dan
| style="text-align:center;"| [[ISO 639:s#sda|sda]] || style="text-align:right;"| 500,000 (1990) || style="text-align:center;"| Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu'), Toraja Barat (West Toraja, Mappa-Pana).
|-
| colspan=6 | Source: Gordon (2005).<ref name="gordon2005Toraja"/>
|}

A prominent attribute of Toraja language is the notion of grief. The importance of death ceremony in Toraja culture has characterised their languages to express intricate degrees of grief and mourning.<ref name="Wellenkamp1988"/> The Toraja language contains many terms referring to sadness, longing, depression, and mental pain. Giving a clear expression of the psychological and physical effect of loss is a [[catharsis]] and sometimes lessens the pain of grief itself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Mangopo |first1=Sisilia |date=2019 |title=The Denotational Power of Speech in Ma'marakka Ritual |url= https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125938079.pdf|journal=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |volume= 424|issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Tana Toraja, working in the fields (6969754989).jpg|thumb|left|Men working in the fields in Tana Toraja]]
Prior to [[Suharto]]'s [[Orde Baru|"New Order"]] administration, the Torajan economy was based on agriculture, with cultivated wet [[rice]] in [[Terrace (agriculture)|terraced]] fields on mountain slopes, and supplemental [[cassava]] and [[maize]] crops. Much time and energy were devoted to raising water buffalo, pigs, and chickens, primarily for ceremonial sacrifices and consumption.<ref>cf. Volkman (1983).</ref> Coffee was the first significant cash crop produced in Toraja, and was introduced in the mid 19th century, changing the local economy towards commodity production for external markets and gaining an excellent reputation for quality in the international market.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bigalke |first=T.W. |title=Tana Toraja: a social history of an Indonesian people |publisher=Singapore University Press |year=2005 |location=Singapore }}</ref>

With the commencement of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy developed and opened to foreign investment. In Toraja, a coffee plantation and factory was established by Key Coffee of Japan, and Torajan coffee regained a reputation for quality within the growing international specialty coffee sector<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neilson |first=Jeff |date=2007 |title=Institutions, the governance of quality and on-farm value retention for Indonesian specialty coffee |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=188–204 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9493.2007.00290.x |bibcode=2007SJTG...28..188N }}</ref> [[Multinational corporation|Multinational]] oil and mining companies opened new operations in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Torajans, particularly younger ones, relocated to work for the foreign companies—to [[Kalimantan]] for timber and oil, to [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]] for mining, to the cities of [[Sulawesi]] and [[Java]], and many went to [[Malaysia]]. The [[out-migration]] of Torajans was steady until 1985.<ref>cf. Volkman (1990).</ref> and has continued since, with remittances sent back by emigrant Torajans performing an important role within the contemporary economy.<ref name="Neilson, J 2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Neilson |first1=Jeff |last2=Shonk |first2=Felicity |date=2014 |title=Chained to Development? Livelihoods and global value chains in the coffee-producing Toraja region of Indonesia |journal=Australian Geographer |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=269–288 |doi=10.1080/00049182.2014.929998 |bibcode=2014AuGeo..45..269N |s2cid=154566205 }}</ref>

Tourism commenced in Toraja in the 1970s, and accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1984 and 1997, a significant number of Torajans obtained their incomes from tourism, working in and owning hotels, as tour guides, drivers, or selling souvenirs. With the rise of [[Reformation (Indonesia)|political and economic instability in Indonesia]] in the late 1990s—including religious conflicts elsewhere on Sulawesi—tourism in Tana Toraja has declined dramatically. Toraja continues to be a well known origin for [[Indonesian coffee]], grown by both smallholders and plantation estates, although migration, remittances and off-farm income is considered far more important to most households, even those in rural areas.<ref name="Neilson, J 2014" />

==Tourism and cultural change==
[[Image:Toraja tumbs.jpg|thumb|right|A Torajan tomb in a high rocky cliff is one of the tourist attractions in Tana Toraja.]]

Before the 1970s, Western tourism was almost unknown in the Toraja highland area. In 1971, about 50 Europeans visited Tana Toraja. In 1972, at least 400 visitors attended the funeral ritual of Puang of Sangalla, the highest-ranking [[nobleman]] in Tana Toraja and the so-called "last pure-blooded Toraja noble." The event was documented by ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'' and broadcast in several European countries.<ref name="Volkman1990"/> In 1976, about 12,000 tourists visited the regency and in 1981, Torajan [[sculpture]] was exhibited in major North American museums.<ref name="Volkman1982">{{cite journal|last=Volkman|first=Toby|title=Tana toraja: A Decade of Tourism|url=http://209.200.101.189/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=69|journal=Cultural Survival Quarterly|volume=6|issue=3|date=July 31, 1982|access-date=2007-05-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222359/http://209.200.101.189/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=69|archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> "The land of the heavenly kings of Tana Toraja", as written in the exhibition brochure, embraced the outside world.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

In 1984, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism declared [[Tana Toraja Regency]] the ''prima donna'' of [[South Sulawesi]]. Tana Toraja was heralded as "the second stop after [[Bali]]".<ref name="Adams1995" /> Tourism was increasing dramatically: by 1985, a total number of 150,000 foreigners had visited the Regency (in addition to 80,000 domestic tourists),<ref name="Adams1990">{{cite journal|last=Adams |first=Kathleen M. |title=Cultural Commoditisation in Tana Toraja, Indonesia |url=http://209.200.101.189/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=841 |journal=Cultural Survival Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=January 31, 1990 |access-date=2007-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222440/http://209.200.101.189/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=841 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> and the annual number of foreign visitors was recorded at 40,000 in 1989.<ref name="Volkman1990"/> Souvenir stands appeared in Rantepao, the cultural center of Toraja, roads were sealed at the most-visited tourist sites, new hotels and tourist-oriented restaurants were opened, and an airstrip was opened in the Regency in 1981.<ref name="Adams2006">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Kathleen M.|title=Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia|url=http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-9780824830724.aspx |accessdate = 2014-02-18}}</ref><ref name="Volkman1984" />
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bamboe tabakskoker met stop TMnr 3555-34.jpg|thumb|Small bamboo tobacco tube. Such handicrafts are popular with tourists.|upright|left]]
Tourism developers marketed Tana Toraja as an exotic adventure—an area rich in culture and off-the-beaten-track. Toraja was marketed for tourists who had gone as far as Bali and were interested in seeing more of the wild, "untouched" islands. Western tourists expected to see stone-age villages and [[pagan]] funerals.<ref name="Adams1984">{{Cite journal|last=Adams |first=Kathleen M. |title="Come to Tana Toraja, LAnd of the Heavenly Kings: Travel Agents as Brokers in Ethnicity |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=11 |date=1984 |pages=469–485 |doi=10.1016/0160-7383(84)90032-X}}</ref> However, they were more likely to see Christian Torajans wearing NBA sports caps and denim.<ref name="Adams2006"/><ref name="Volkman1990"/> Tourists felt that the ''tongkonan'' and other Torajan rituals had been preconceived to make profits, and complained that the destination was too commercialised. This resulted in several clashes between Torajans and tourism developers, whom Torajans see as outsiders.<ref name="Adams1990"/>

A clash between local Torajan leaders and the [[South Sulawesi]] provincial government (as a tourist developer) broke out in 1985. The government designated 18 Toraja villages and burial sites as traditional tourist attractions. Consequently, zoning restrictions were applied to these areas, such that Torajans themselves were barred from changing their ''tongkonans'' and burial sites. The plan was opposed by some Torajan leaders, as they felt that their rituals and traditions were being determined by outsiders. As a result, in 1987, the Torajan village of Kété Kesú and several other designated tourist attractions closed their doors to tourists. This closure lasted only a few days, as the villagers found it too difficult to survive without the income from selling souvenirs.<ref name="Adams1990"/>

Tourism has also [[sociocultural evolution|transformed]] Toraja society. Originally, there was a ritual which allowed commoners to marry nobles (''puang'') and thereby gain nobility for their children. However, the image of Torajan society created for the tourists, often by non-aristocratic guides, has eroded its traditional strict hierarchy.<ref name="Adams1995" /> High status is not as esteemed in Tana Toraja as it once was. Many low-ranking men can declare themselves and their children nobles by gaining enough wealth through work outside the region and then marrying a noble woman.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Demographics of Indonesia]]
* [[Tourism in Indonesia]]
* [[Proto-Malay]]
* [[Anito]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book|last=Adams |first=Kathleen M. |title=Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8248-3072-4 |location=Honolulu|author-link=Kathleen M. Adams}}
* {{cite book|last=Bigalke|first=Terance|title=Tana Toraja: A Social History of an Indonesian People|year=2005|isbn= 978-9971-69-318-3|publisher=KITLV Press| location=Singapore}}
* {{cite book|title=Banua Toraja: changing patterns in architecture and symbolism among the Sa'dan Toraja, Sulawesi, Indonesia|author1=Kis-Jovak, J.I. |author2=Nooy-Palm, H. |author3=Schefold, R. |author4=Schulz-Dornburg, U. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Royal Tropical Institute|location=Amsterdam|year=1988|isbn= 978-90-6832-207-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Nooy-Palm|first=Hetty|title=The Sa'dan-Toraja: A Study of Their Social Life and Religion|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|isbn= 978-90-247-2274-7|year=1988| location=The Hague}}
* {{cite journal |surname=Segara |given=I Nyoman Yoga |title=The Future of Hindu Alukta in Tana Toraja Post-Integration With the Hindu Religion |journal=Heritage of Nusantara |volume=12 |number=2 |date=2023 |pages=217–259 |doi=10.31291/hn.v12i2.710 |url=https://heritage.kemenag.go.id/index.php/heritage/article/view/710|doi-access=free }}

{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Kathleen M. |title=The Discourse of Souls in Tana Toraja (Indonesia): Indigenous Notions and Christian Conceptions |journal=Ethnology |volume=32 |date=1993 |issue=1 |pages=55–68 |doi=10.2307/3773545|jstor=3773545 |url=https://ecommons.luc.edu/context/anthropology_facpubs/article/1005/viewcontent/1993DiscourseSoulsTatorEthnology.pdf }}
* Barley, Nigel (2013). ''Toraja: Misadventures of an Anthropologist in Sulawesi, Indonesia'', Singapore: Monsoon Books. {{ISBN|978-981-4423-46-5}}; ebook 978-981-4423-47-2.
* {{cite book |last=Buijs |first=Kees |year=2006 |title=Powers of blessing from the wilderness and from heaven. Structure and transformations in the religion of the Toraja in the Mamasa area of South Sulawesi |location=Leiden |publisher=[[KITLV]] }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hollan |first1=Douglas W. |url=https://archive.org/details/threadoflifetora00holl |title=The Thread of Life: Toraja Reflections on the Life Cycle |last2=Wellenkamp |first2=Jane C. |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8248-1839-5 |location=Honolulu |url-access=registration |name-list-style=amp }}
* {{cite journal |last=Nooy-Palm |first=C.H.M. |title=Introduction to the Sa'dan Toraja people and their country |journal=Archipel |volume=10 |date=1975 |pages=53–91 |doi=10.3406/arch.1975.1241}}
* Nooy-Palm, Hetty. ''The Sa’dan-Toraja: A Study of Their Social Life and Religion''. Volume I: Organization, Symbol and Beliefs. Brill, 1979. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbqs8kz. Accessed 21 Jan. 2023.
* {{cite book |last1=Parinding |first1=Samban C. |last2=Achjadi |first2=Judi |name-list-style=amp |title=Toraja: Indonesia's Mountain Eden|publisher=Time Edition|year=1988|location=Singapore|isbn= 978-981-204-016-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Waterson |first=Roxana |year=2009 |title=Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation |location=Leiden |publisher=KITLV }}
* {{Cite book |last=de Jong |first=Edwin B.P. |title=Making a Living between Crises and Ceremonies in Tana Toraja: The Practice of Everyday Life of a South Sulawesi Highland Community in Indonesia |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25247-9 |doi=10.1163/9789004252479 |doi-access=free }}

== External links ==
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5462/.htm Tana Toraja Traditional Settlement ] - UNESCO world heritage tentative list
* [http://www.tanatorajakab.go.id tanatorajakab.go.id] - Official site for Government of Tana Toraja regency
* [http://www.visittoraja.com Visittoraja.com] - information about Toraja
* [https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/09/29/764638760/photos-the-dead-live-with-their-loved-ones-on-this-indonesian-island PHOTOS: The Dead Live With Their Loved Ones On This Indonesian Island]

{{Commons category|Toraja people}}
{{Ethnic groups in Indonesia}}
{{Tourist attractions in Indonesia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Torajan people|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Headhunting]]
[[Category:Tana Toraja Regency]]
[[Category:Austronesian spirituality]]

Mohan Amshekar

2026-04-20T04:48:40Z

WardDrayton2: Made A Data W/ Infobox - done

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohan Amshekar
| birth_name = Mohan Amshekar
| birth_place = [[Narsobawadi]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|2|14|df=y}}
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* Government Primary School, Sancordem, Goa
* Kamakshi High School, [[Shiroda, Goa|Shiroda]]
* Damodar College of Commerce & Economics, [[Margao]]}}
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
| constituency = [[Sanvordem Assembly constituency|Sanvordem]]
| predecessor = ''constituency established''
| successor = [[Vishnu Prabhu]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1994
| spouse = Sunanda Amshekar
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Advisory
* Sports
* Reception
* Petitions
* Rules
* Public Accounts
* Delegated Legislation}}
}}

'''Mohan Anand Amshekar''' (born 14 February 1955) is an Indian politician. He is a former Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sanvordem Assembly constituency]] from 1989 to 1994. He was a member of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=3 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Aureliano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mohan+Amshekar |title=Cabinet Government in Goa, 1961-1993: A Chronicled Analysis of 30 Years of Government and Politics in Goa |date=1997 |publisher=Maureen & Camvet Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko0nAQAAMAAJ&q=Mohan+Amshekar |title=Anti-defection Law in India and the Commonwealth |date=2005 |publisher=[Published for] Lok Sabha Secretariat [by] Metropolitan Book Company |isbn=978-81-200-0406-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq4kAQAAIAAJ&q=Mohan+Amshekar |title=The Annual Register of Indian Political Parties |date=1993 |publisher=Michiko & Panjathan |isbn=978-81-85355-58-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Mohan Anand Amshekar was born at [[Narsobawadi]]. He completed his primary studies at Government Primary School, Sancordem, Goa and finished his schooling from Kamakshi High School, [[Shiroda, Goa|Shiroda]]. He later went on to be a graduate from Damodar College of Commerce & Economics, [[Margao]]. He is married to Sunanda Amshekar and currently resides at Khadpabandh, [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amshekar, Mohan}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1989–1994]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

K. Sapdanga

2026-04-19T22:12:01Z

WardDrayton2: Done!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = K. Sapdanga
| honorific_suffix =
| image = K Sapdanga1.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sapdanga in 2025
| office = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Mizoram)|Minister of Home Affairs of Mizoram]]
| term_start = 8 December 2023
| term_end =
| governor = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor = [[Lalchamliana]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Personnel and Administrative Reforms of Mizoram]]
| term_start1 = 8 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| governor1 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor1 = [[Tawnluia]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Disaster Management and Rehabilitation of Mizoram]]
| term_start2 = 8 December 2023
| term_end2 =
| governor2 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor2 = [[Lalchamliana]]
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation of Mizoram]]
| term_start3 = 8 December 2023
| term_end3 =
| governor3 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor3 = [[Tawnluia]]
| successor3 =
| office5 = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Member of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = December 2023
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 = C Lalmuanpuia
| successor5 =
| constituency5 = [[Aizawl North 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl North 3]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|11|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]] (since 2017)
| other_party =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| mother =
| father = Chalthuama
| relatives =
| education = BA
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| signature =
}}

'''K. Sapdanga''' (born 1958) is an Indian politician and a journalist who serves as a Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] following his election in December 2023 from [[Aizawl North 3 Assembly constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-12-08 |title=Zoram People's Movement leader Lalduhoma sworn in as Mizoram CM |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/mizoram-assembly/zoram-peoples-movement-leader-lalduhoma-sworn-in-as-mizoram-cm/article67617376.ece |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=K Sapdanga Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Mizoram Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/k-sapdanga-16012-5 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Member of Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/gov/mla.htm |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Aizawl North - III assembly election results 2023: K. Sapdanga of ZPM defeats MNF's C. Lalmuanpuia and INC's Lal Thanzara |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aizawl-north-iii-assembly-election-results-2023-k-sapdanga-of-zpm-defeats-mnfs-c-lalmuanpuia-and-incs-lal-thanzara/articleshow/105728325.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aizawl North-III Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: ZPM's K. Sapdanga defeats MNF's C. Lalmuanpuia with 1870 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/aizawl-north-iii-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471372-2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is a Cabinet Minister under the [[Zoram People's Movement]] government led by Chief Minister [[Lalduhoma]],<ref name=":0" /> with the following portfolios allocated to Sapdanga - Home Department, Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation Department, Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms and Disaster Management & Rehabilitation Department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram ministers list 2023: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Lalduhoma cabinet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-ministers-list-2023-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-lalduhoma-cabinet/3333266/ |website=financialexpress.com |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
He is the working president of Zoram People's Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Mizoram CM swearing-in: List of 11 ministers who took oath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mizoram-cm-swearing-in-list-of-11-ministers-who-took-oath-101702019566997.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
K. Sapdanga is also the Editor and Publisher of [[Vanglaini]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor Dr Hari Babu Kambhampati invites Print Media publishers for interactions and a luncheon |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/governor-dr-hari-babu-kambhampati-invites-print-media-publishers-for-interactions-and-a-luncheon |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> the newspaper with the largest circulation in Mizoram, he is also the co-founder of Zonet cable TV.<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.zonet.in/about-us/ |website=Zonet.in |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Council of Ministers of Mizoram|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aizawl]]

{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}

Katargam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:45Z

WardDrayton2: Stub!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Katargam
| mla = [[Vinod Moradiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:322246}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 166
}}

'''Katargam''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district and came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Surat City Taluka (Part) – [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 38, 39, 40, 41, 42.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Nanubhai Vanani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Vinod Moradiya|Vinod Amarshibhai Moradiya]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2022]]: Katargam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vinod Moradiya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,20,505
|percentage = 58.2
|change ={{Down}} 11.3%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gopal Italia]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 55,878
|percentage = 27.0%
|change ={{Up}}27%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Variya Kalpesh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,828
|percentage = 13.0%
|change ={{Down}}12.58%
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Katargam<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vinod Moradiya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,25,387
|percentage = 69.5
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jignesh Jivani (Mevasa)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=46,157|percentage=25.58|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=43.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,80,417|percentage=65.01|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nanubhai Vanani]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88604
|percentage = 53.41
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nandlal Pandav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45332
|percentage = 27.33
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43272
|percentage = 26.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 165887
|percentage = 68.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.23|72.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Hussainabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:32Z

WardDrayton2: Post!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| name = Hussainabad
| map_image = Hussainabad constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by =
| mla = [[Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:278361}}
| constituency_no = 79
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Hussainabad Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Hussainabad cum Garhwa constituency''}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-62: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ramdeni Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|Bhishma Narayan Singh
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Awadhesh Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Harihar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Dashrath Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Awadhesh Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2025===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hussainabad<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=81,476 |percentage=41.98 |change={{increase}}22.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,112 |percentage=24.27 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=24,523 |percentage=12.64 |change={{decrease}}4.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=18,077 |percentage=9.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Col. Sanjay Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,339 |percentage=2.75 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Mehta |party=Independent politician |votes=2,784 |percentage=1.43 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=2,165 |percentage=1.12 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,688 |percentage=0.87 |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,364 |percentage=17.71 |change= {{increase}}11.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,94,079 |percentage=60.06 |change= {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,23,139 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}16.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hussainabad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=41,293 |percentage=25.20 |change={{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=31,444 |percentage=19.19 |change={{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Ali |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=28,877 |percentage=17.62 |change={{decrease}}19.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=27,860 |percentage=17.00 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=15,544 |percentage=9.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajnish Kumar Rajak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,990 |percentage=1.21 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,977 |percentage=1.21 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,234 |percentage=0.75 |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,849 |percentage=6.01 |change= {{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,63,876 |percentage=58.87 |change= {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,78,361 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hussainabad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=57,275 |percentage=36.99 |change={{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=29,523 |percentage=19.07 |change={{increase}}6.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kameshwar Prasad Kushwaha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,430 |percentage=16.42 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=22,890 |percentage=14.78 |change={{decrease}}8.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dashrath Kumar Singh |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=7,606 |percentage=4.91 |change={{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Kumar Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,094 |percentage=1.35 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banshidhar Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,496 |percentage=0.97 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,417 |percentage=1.56 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,752 |percentage=17.92 |change= {{increase}}14.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,54,827 |percentage=62.31 |change= {{increase}}8.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,48,498 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hussainabad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=26,735 |percentage=23.54 |change={{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=23,172 |percentage=20.40 |change={{increase}}9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dashrath Kumar Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=22,163 |percentage=19.51 |change={{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=14,540 |percentage=12.80 |change={{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotiresver Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,109 |percentage=5.38 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upendra Singh |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=5,869 |percentage=5.17 |change={{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=2,595 |percentage=2.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,563 |percentage=3.14 |change= {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,580 |percentage=53.32 |change= {{decrease}}5.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,13,029 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}22.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hussainabad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=21,661 |percentage=13.35 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=21,626 |percentage=13.33 |change={{decrease}}18.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dashrath Kumar Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=20,793 |percentage=12.82 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=17,325 |percentage=10.68 |change={{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Devi |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=9,379 |percentage=5.78 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirishwar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,338 |percentage=5.14 |change={{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghunandan Prasad |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=2,112 |percentage=1.30 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35 |percentage=0.02 |change= {{decrease}}6.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,246 |percentage=58.95 |change= {{increase}}5.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,75,221 |ref = |change= {{increase}}67.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}18.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Hussainabad<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=28,074 |percentage=32.10 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dashrath Kumar Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=22,102 |percentage=25.27 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irfan Siddiqi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,715 |percentage=12.25 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awdhesh Kumar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,359 |percentage=9.56 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,548 |percentage=5.20 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,348 |percentage=4.97 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Briksh Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,854 |percentage=3.26 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,972 |percentage=6.83 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,450 |percentage=54.54 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,844 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Palamu district]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|24.535|83.993|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Palamu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Onkar Singh

2026-04-18T19:48:58Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up Basic Bio Initial Version - done

{{short description|Professor of mechanical engineering}}
{{about|the professor|the Indian politician|Onkar Singh (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Onkar Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Prof Onkar Singh.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|8 October 1968}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Harcourt Butler Technical University|Harcourt Butler Technological Institute]], [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]] (B.Tech.) [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad|Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College]], [[University of Allahabad]] (M.E., Ph.D.)
| occupation = Professor
| period = 1991 – present
| workplaces = [[Institute of Engineering and Technology]] [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University|Uttar Pradesh Technical University]] [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology]] [[Harcourt Butler Technical University]] [[Uttarakhand Technical University]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| height = 
| weight = 
| television =
| title = Professor
| term =
| boards =
| denomination = 
| awards = AICTE Young Teacher Career Award (2000)

National Record for development of air turbine engine for running motor bike – LIMCA Book of Records (2014)
National Record for First academics’ work in US school text book – LIMCA Book of Records (2015)
100 Most Influential Vice Chancellors Award (2016)
Asia's Education Excellence Award (2016)
Honorary Fellowship-2020 of Indian Society for Technical Education New Delhi
Sherpa Kulpati of India - 2023
Global Visionary Award - Collaborative Visionary Award for Exceptional Leadership in Educational Enhancement (2024)
Vice Chancellor of the Year Award (2024)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = http://dronkarsingh.in/
| footnotes =
| sub_discipline =
| discipline = Thermodynamics, Turbomachinery, IC Engines, Refrigeration
| doctoral_advisor = Dr. R. Yadav
| spouse = Parvin
| children = Sneha, Prateek
}}
'''Onkar Singh''' (born 8 October 1968) is an Indian Professor of Mechanical Engineering<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hbtu.ac.in/facultyprofile/readWriteData/FacultyCV/OnkarSingh.pdf|title=Faculty CV, Onkar Singh – Harcourt Butler Technical University|website=hbtu.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> and Ex Vice Chancellor of [[Uttarakhand Technical University|Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University]], [[Dehradun]]. He has been the founder Vice-Chancellor of [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20160912/281844348090066 |title=Higher education back on track in UP: Guv |via=PressReader |access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> former Vice-Chancellor of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]], [[Dehradun]], [[Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry]], [[Pauri Garhwal]], [[Tehri Garhwal]], and [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aktu.ac.in/former-vice-chancellors.html|title=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow |website=aktu.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/naik-accepts-resignation-of-khandal-replaced-by-onkar.html|title=Naik accepts resignation of Khandal, replaced by Onkar|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Singh was born in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. His father is a retired [[Indian Air Force]] personnel. Dr. Singh is a native of Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh.

Singh did his B.Tech. from [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]]'s [[Harcourt Butler Technical University|Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (now Harcourt Butler Technical University)]] in 1989. After that, he joined [[University of Allahabad]]'s [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad|Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College (now Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad)]] and completed his M.E. and Ph.D. in 1991 and 2000 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hbtu.ac.in/facultyprofile/readWriteData/FacultyCV/OnkarSingh.pdf|title=Faculty CV, Onkar Singh – Harcourt Butler Technical University|website=hbtu.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his master's he joined [[Institute of Engineering and Technology|Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow]] as a faculty. In 1999 he joined [[Harcourt Butler Technical University|Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (now Harcourt Butler Technical University)]] as a faculty and later became Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, [[Harcourt Butler Technical University|Harcourt Butler Technological Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hbtu.ac.in/facultyprofile/readWriteData/FacultyCV/OnkarSingh.pdf|title=Faculty CV, Onkar Singh – Harcourt Butler Technical University|website=hbtu.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> He also worked as additional controller of examination and later as vice-chancellor at [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-naik-accepts-resignation-of-up-technical-university-vice-chancellor/articleshow/47108231.cms|title=Ram Naik accepts resignation of UP Technical University vice chancellor|date=2015-04-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aktu.ac.in/vc_profile_onkar.html|title=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, U.P., Lucknow|website=aktu.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604175157/http://aktu.ac.in/vc_profile_onkar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After establishment of [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology]] (MMMUT) he joined as its founding vice-chancellor in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-10945219.html|title=शहर को दिलाएंगे एक नई पहचान : प्रो.ओंकार सिंह|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/MMMUT-AWEI-to-work-for-non-conventional-energy/articleshow/35716985.cms|title=MMMUT - Awei to work for non-conventional energy | Varanasi News |website=The Times of India|accessdate=2020-12-19}}</ref> He spearheaded the transformation of Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College into one of India's top emerging universities – MMMUT.

He has been associated with many apex bodies and organisations of India. He is a member of Board of Governors of many institutions, some of which include (past as well as current associations) -

* Member, Board of Governors, '''[[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]]''' (U.P.)
* Member, Board of Governors, '''[[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi|Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi]]''' (U.P.)
* Member, Board of Governors, '''[[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]]''' (Uttarakhand)
* Member, Northern Regional Committee, '''[[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi]]'''
* Member, General Council, '''[https://www.nbaind.org/ National Board of Accreditation, New Delhi]'''
* Member, Finance Committee, '''[https://www.nbaind.org/ National Board of Accreditation, New Delhi]'''
* Member, Board of Governors, '''[http://www.gbu.ac.in/ Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida]'''(U.P.)
* Member, General Council, '''[http://www.rmlnlu.ac.in/ Ram Manohar Law University, Lucknow]''' (U.P.)
* Member, Court, '''[[University of Allahabad|University of Allahabad, Allahabad]]''' (U.P.)
* Member, Board of Governors, '''Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur''' (U.P.)
* Member, Board of Governors, '''U.P. Textile Technology Institute, Kanpur''' (U.P.)
* Member, Governing Council, '''Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan (H.P.)'''
* Member, Executive Council, '''Allahabad State University, Allahabad (U.P.)'''
* Member, Executive Council, '''Jannayak Chandrashekhar University, Ballia (U.P.)'''
* Member, Board of Governors, '''Institute of Engineering & Technology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad (U.P.)'''
* President, '''Alumni Association, HBTI, Kanpur'''
* Member, Board of Governors, '''Lucknow College of Architecture, Lucknow'''

== Awards and recognitions ==
Onkar has been a Limca Book of Records holder twice (2014, 2015) for his novel work in air turbine-engine based motorbike. He is also a holder of three patents –

# '''"'''''Motorised Wheel Chair''" Jointly with Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation Ltd., Kanpur
# "''Solar Powered Tricycle''" Jointly with Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation Ltd., Kanpur
# "''Rotary & Vane Type Air Engine''" - jointly with Bharat Raj Singh

[[File:141A0860.jpg|thumb|Prof. Onkar Singh receiving ISTE Honorary Fellowship from Hon'ble Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Uddhav Thackeray]]

He has also received several awards at national and international levels, which include –

# Honorary Fellowship - 2020 of Indian Society for Technical Education New Delhi received on 5 October 2021
# AICTE Young Teacher Career Award, 2000
# National Record for development of air turbine engine for running motor bike – [[Limca Book of Records|LIMCA Book of Records]], March 2014
# National Record as the first academics’ work in US school text book – [[Limca Book of Records|LIMCA Book of Records]] February 2015.
# 100 Most Influential Vice Chancellors Award, 2016, Mumbai.
# Asia's Education Excellence Award – Exemplary Leader award, 2016, Singapore
# Letter of Appreciation from Vice Chancellor, U.P. Technical University, Lucknow, 2006
# Letter of Appreciation from Vice Chancellor, Mahamaya Technical University, Noida, 2011
# Sherpa Kulpati of India - 2023
# Global Visionary Award - Collaborative Visionary Award for Exceptional Leadership in Educational Enhancement, 2024
# Fellow of Eminence Award on World Teachers Day 5 October 2024 by World Academy of Higher Education and Development, New Delhi
# Vice Chancellor of the Year Award - 2024
# Eminent Mechanical Engineer Award 2025 by The Institution of Engineers (India) in its 40th National Convention of Mechanical Engineers 23 August 2025 at Durgapur (West Bengal)- INDIA
# Padma Vibhushan Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi Teachers Award 2025 in 8th FWA Industry - Academia Conclave 2025, held on 31st October 2025 at New Delhi.
# Mata Savitribai Phule Distinguished Academia Award 2026 on birth anniversary of Mata Savitribai Phule on 3rd January 2026 at Orai, Jalaun (Uttar Pradesh) - INDIA.

[[File:Onkar Singh delivering a talk at AIU.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Onkar Singh delivering a talk at Association of Indian Universities Conference]]

== Books authored ==
Onkar has authored many books widely used as textbooks in many engineering colleges across India and for general reading.

# ''Engineering Thermodynamics''
# ''Applied Thermodynamics''
# ''Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (Thermodynamics & Strength of Materials)''
# ''Thermal Turbomachines''
# ''Elements of Mechanical Engineering''
# ''Challenges and Strategies for Sustainable Energy, Efficiency, and Environment''
# ''Thermodynamic Investigation Upon Combined Cycle with Inlet Air Cooling''
# ''Thermodynamic Analysis Of Combined Power Cycle With Ammonia Water Mixture For Power Generation''
# ''Some Discourses on Education - In Indian Context''
# ''Musings on Education''
# ''The Catch 22s of Indian Education''
# ''Exploring Horizons''

He has also authored a large number of articles and his books on education titled ''Some Discourses on Education– in Indian Context'', ''Musings on Education'', ''The Catch 22s of Indian Education'', ''Exploring Horizons'' discuss the present-day issues with the education in India.

== Books edited and Book chapters ==
Onkar has edited two books.

# ''Hybrid Power Cycle Arrangements for Lower Emission''
# ''Prospects of Hydrogen Fueled Power Generation''

He also has contributed book chapters to many popular books on climate change and global warming, and some other subjects like

# ''The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Agriculture and Technology''
# ''Fossil Fuel and the Environment''
# ''Global Warming – Impacts and Future Perspective''
# ''Can Glacier and Ice Melt Be Reversed?''
# ''Elements of Teaching Learning Process''
# ''Quality, Accreditation and Ranking''
# ''Hazardous Waste Management''
# ''Advances in Thermofluids and Renewable Energy''
# ''Hybrid Power Cycle Arrangements for Lower Emissions''
# ''Human Resource Management in Universities: Pitfalls and Prospects''
# ''Prospects of Hydrogen Fueled Power Generation''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=vatNoCsAAAAJ&hl=en Onkar Singh at Google Scholar]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/onkar-singh/ Onkar Singh on Times of India.Indiatimes.com]
*[https://www.newsnation.in/opinion/onkar-singh Onkar Singh on News portal]
*[https://www.ifp.co.in/author/dr-onkar-singh Onkar Singh on Imphal Free Press]
*[https://eduvoice.in/author/onkar-singh/ Onkar Singh on eduvoice]
*[https://www.therise.co.in/author/onkpar/ Onkar Singh on TheRise.co.in]
*[https://www.pioneeredge.in/introspecting-higher-education-in-the-himalayan-region/ Onkar Singh on The Pioneer]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCe8RNk5uLma3PbC1W3jm91w/videos Videos of Onkar Singh]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Onkar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj alumni]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni]]
[[Category:Harcourt Butler Technical University alumni]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Unnao]]

Habib Ur Rehman

2026-04-15T05:14:04Z

WardDrayton2: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}
{{Similar names|Habib ur Rahman (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Habib Ur Rehman
| profession = [[Tehsildar]] in the [[Government of Haryana]] (1983 - 1996)
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
| image = Habib Ur Rehman, Former MLA, Nuh in 2023.png
| relations = [[Rahim Khan political dynasty|Rahim Khan family]]
| party = [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| term_end = 13 October 2009
| term_start = 27 February 2005
| alma_mater = [[Yasin Meo Degree College]] ([[Bachelors of Arts|BA]])
| birth_place = [[Punhana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]] {{small|(present-day [[Haryana]], [[India]])}}
| parents = [[Chaudhary Rahim Khan]] (father)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|11|1}}
| office1 = [[Vice president|State Vice-President]], [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| term_start1 = 15 October 2023
| 1blankname1 = National President
| 2blankname1 = Secretary General
| 1namedata1 = [[Om Prakash Chautala]]
| 2namedata1 = [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| 3blankname1 = State President
| 3namedata1 = [[Rampal Majra]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2009-2023)
| honorific_prefix = [[Chaudhary]]
| caption = Habib Ur Rehman in 2024
| predecessor = [[Hamid Hussain]]
| successor = [[Aftab Ahmed (Indian politician)|Aftab Ahmed]]
}}

'''Chaudhary Habib Ur Rehman''' (born 1 November 1957), popularly known as '''Nayab Sahab''', is an Indian Politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh constituency]] in the [[Nuh district]] (previously Mewat District) of [[Haryana]]. He was elected as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] once from the [[Nuh Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HABIB-UR-REHMAN(Independent(IND)):Constituency- Nuh(Gurgaon) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: - https://myneta.info/hr2005/candidate.php?candidate_id=20 |url=https://myneta.info/hr2005/candidate.php?candidate_id=20 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="MLA">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Haryana 2005 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2005/haryana/182/31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808023526/https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2005/haryana/182/31 |archive-date=8 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=indiavotes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nuh-haryana-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=resultuniversity.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Habib Ur Rehman was born to [[Chaudhary Rahim Khan]] on 1 November 1957 in the village of [[Sultanpur-Punahana]] in [[Haryana]]. He is the youngest of three brothers and four sisters. His father was elected [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from the [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad constituency]] in [[1984 Indian general election|1984]] and served until his death on 18 December 1987. His father was also elected to the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] three times [[Independent politician|independent]] from [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh constituency]] and served as a [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] twice in the [[Government of Haryana]]. His uncle, [[Chaudhary Sardar Khan]], also served as the [[Minister of State|Minister of State for]] [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] of [[Haryana]].

His elder brother, [[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ilyas]], is also a former two-time [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] in the [[Government of Haryana]].

== Political career ==
Habib Ur Rehman won the [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly elections]] from the [[Nuh Assembly constituency]] and served his complete term until 2009. He ran [[Independent politician|independent]] and defeated the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, [[Aftab Ahmed (Indian politician)|Aftab Ahmed]] by a margin of 4,359 votes with a total candidate [[voter turnout]] of 36,879 votes. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nuh-haryana-assembly-constituency#2005 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

He joined the [[Indian National Lok Dal]] party on 25 September 2023. He was then later nominated by [[Abhay Singh Chautala]] to be the State Vice-President of the [[Indian National Lok Dal]] on 15 October 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=INLD Rally Live: Kaithal में कितनी भीड़ जुटी? Congress से कौन रैली में आया?। Haryana Tak |date=25 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3HDcfWLGIU |access-date=2023-09-25 |language=en}}</ref>

Habib Ur Rehman has not contested any election since his win in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Nuh Former MLA Habib ur Rehman joins INLD. Meeting with workers; Said - Everyone will work together, will hoist the party flag. |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/nuh/news/nuh-former-mla-habib-ur-rehman-join-inld-131903593.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Personal ==
Habib Ur Rehman speaks Hindi, Urdu and English fluently. He served as a Aukf officer in the Punjab Waqf Board for two years. He is married to Jaibun-Nishan and has 2 children, Parvez Habib Alam and Parveen Bano. He studied from [[Yasin Meo Degree College]] in Nuh, Haryana. He worked as a [[Tehsildar]] or [[Tehsildar|Executive Magistrate]] in the [[Government of Haryana]] (1983 - 1996) before he was elected a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], this earned him the more well-known alias 'Nayab Sahab' during the time he was working as a Naib Tehsildar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Jan 2019 |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha Who's Who 2005 |url=http://www.hryvidhansabhahistory.com/who/2005.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002258/http://www.hryvidhansabhahistory.com/who/2005.pdf |archive-date=2 Jan 2019 |website=Haryana Vidhan Sabha History}}</ref>

Habib Ur Rehman comes from a [[Rahim Khan Clan|prolific political dynasty]] highly influential in the [[Mewat|Mewat region]] of [[Haryana]]. His brother, [[Chaudhary Mohd Ilyas|Chaudhary Mohammad Ilyas]], was elected to the Haryana Legislative Assembly four times and has served as a [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] for two terms in the Government of Haryana. His uncle, [[Chaudhary Sardar Khan]], was also elected Member of Legislative Assembly from Nuh Assembly constituency and has also served as [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] in the [[Government of Haryana]].{{fact|date=August 2024}}

In 2009, he was responsible for the establishment of the first [[Medical college|Medical College]] in the [[Mewat|Mewat region]] of [[Haryana]], [[Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College|Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College (SHKM GMC)]], alongside [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]], [[Rao Inderjit Singh]], Dr. Krishna Pandit, and Azad Mohammad.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

A street in Nuh, Haryana, "Nayab Wali Gali" (''{{Translation|'Street of Nayab'}}''), is also named after him. {{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Nuh Assembly constituency}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share
!Margin
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Haryana Vikas Party}}" |
|[[Haryana Vikas Party]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
|{{Lost}}
|6,602
|9.83%
|13,799
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|{{Lost}}
|21,432
|27.31%
|10,022
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Won}}
|36,879
|38.31%
|4,359
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/nayabsahabmla Habib Ur Rehman] on [[Facebook]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habib Ur Rehman, Nayab Sahab}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:People from Nuh district]]
[[Category:Meo people]]
[[Category:Indian National Lok Dal politicians]]

Nellore Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:15Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up New Info Added Tags - done

{{Short description|Defunct Legislative Assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nellore
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Nellore Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] until 1953 and of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] after 1953 until 2008. It was one of constituencies in [[Nellore district]]. The constituency was split into [[Nellore City Assembly constituency]] and [[Nellore Rural Assembly constituency]] as part of the ''2008 delimitation''.<ref>{{cite web|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=22}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Swarna Vemayya
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Khandavalli Krishna Rao
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Anam Chenchu Subba Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ganga China Kondaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. R. Annadata
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Anam Venkata Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kunam Venkata Subba Reddy
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Koganti Karthik
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Kunam Venkata Subba Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Jakka Kodandarami Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Thallapaka Ramesh Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=2| [[Anam Vivekananda Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anam Vivekananda Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=67,635|percentage=58.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Sannapareddy Suresh Reddy |party= Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,863 |percentage=39.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,772 |percentage=18.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,059|percentage=53.15% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,351|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anam Vivekananda Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=51,724|percentage=44.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Narasimha Reddy Dega |party= Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=46,068 |percentage=39.84% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,656 |percentage=4.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,725 |percentage=50.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,910|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser=Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Tallapaka Ramesh Reddy|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=63,806 |percentage=51.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P V Prasanna Kumar Reddy |party= Indian National Congress |votes=53,824|percentage=43.23% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,982 |percentage=8.02% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,675 |percentage=61.71% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,645|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Independent (politician) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Kodandarami Reddy Jakka|party= Independent (politician) |votes=56,566 |percentage=50.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tallapaka Ramesh Reddy |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=42,092 |percentage=37.42% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,474 |percentage=12.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,473|percentage=64.39% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,878|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent (politician) |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Koonam Venkata Subba Reddy|party= Indian National Congress |votes=47,074 |percentage=51.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tallapaka Ramesh Reddy |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=44,086|percentage=48.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,988|percentage=3.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,588 |percentage=62.24% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,757 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=51,613 |percentage=60.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Koonam Venkata Subba Reddy |party= Indian National Congress |votes=22,068|percentage=25.96% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,545 |percentage=34.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,752 |percentage=60.89% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,122|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I) | swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Koonam Venkata Subba Reddy|party= Indian National Congress (I)|votes=50,202 |percentage=67.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anam Venkata Reddy|party= Janata Party |votes=18,934 |percentage=25.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madala Goplaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes=3,756 |percentage=5.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,268 |percentage=41.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,631 |percentage=72.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,801 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress (I)|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Anam Venkata Reddy|party= Indian National Congress |votes=33,359 |percentage=59.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mallapu Arlappa|party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=9,039 |percentage=16.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Madhara Roa Annadatha|party= Bharatiya Jana Sangh|votes=7,920 |percentage=14.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khadar Mohammad |party= Independent (politician)|votes=5,228 |percentage=9.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,320 |percentage=43.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,159 |percentage=60.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,827 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Madhara Roa Annadatha |party= Bharatiya Jana Sangh|votes=13,806 |percentage=29.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V Nidigallu |party= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,951 |percentage=25.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramakotaiah Paruchuru |party= Communist Party of India |votes=10,284 |percentage=22.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R Vennelaganti |party= Indian National Congress |votes=10,115 |percentage=21.91% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 1,855 |percentage=4.02% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,903 |percentage=65.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,956 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Bharatiya Jana Sangh ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Ganga China Kondaiah|party= Indian National Congress |votes=24,344 |percentage=45.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Paruchuri Ramakotaiah |party= Communist Party of India|votes=23,736 |percentage=44.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=608 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,346 |percentage=72.99% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,453 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Anam Chenchu Subba Reddy|party= Indian National Congress|votes=20,657 |percentage=57.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Puchalapalli Venktarama Chandra Reddy |party= Communist Party of India |votes=12,537 |percentage=34.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,120 |percentage=22.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,925 |percentage=56.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,835 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Independent (politician) |swing= }}
{{Election box end }}

=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1952 Madras Assembly Election Results |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Webarchieve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf/ |archive-date=27 January 2013 | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Khandavalli Krishna Rao |party= Independent (politician) |votes=31,705 |percentage=23.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swarna Vemayya |party= Independent (politician) |votes=25,468 |percentage=18.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Anam Chenchu Subba Reddy |party= Indian National Congress |votes=23,139 |percentage=16.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Ponnaburu Veera Raghava Reddy |party= Independent (politician) |votes=22,390 |percentage=16.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Korabathina Chinaiah|party= Indian National Congress |votes=21,550 |percentage=15.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Bodda Seshaiah |party= Independent (politician) |votes=7,100 |percentage=5.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= T V Kamala Bai |party= Independent (politician) |votes=5,463 |percentage=3.99% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,488 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Independent (politician) ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Mahendrasinhji

2026-04-09T17:05:33Z

WardDrayton2: Made New Entry W/ Infobox - done

{{short description|Maharaja of Morvi (1948–1957)}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Mahendrasinhji
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Morvi State|Morvi]]
| reign = 21 January 1948 {{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|17 August 1957}}
| predecessor = [[Lakhdhirji Waghji]]
| successor = Mayurdhwajsinhji
| father = [[Lakhdhirji Waghji]]
| mother = Kesar Kunverba
| spouse 2 = Sudhir Kunverba
| spouse 1 = {{marriage|Mohini Kunverba|1932}}
| spouse 3 = {{marriage|Vijay Kunverba|1945}}
| module = {{infobox person
|embed = yes
|education = {{ubl|[[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]|[[St. Mary's School, Mumbai]]|[[Bradfield College]]}}
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|01|01|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|08|17|1918|01|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ascot, Berkshire]], England
| issue = {{ubl|Mayurdhwajsinhji|Draupati Devi|Uma Devi|Raukshani Devi|Harshad Purna Devi}}
}}
'''Mahendrasinhji''' (1 January 1918{{Sndash}}17 August 1957) was  [[Maharaja]] of [[Morvi State|Morvi]] from 21 January 1948 until his death in 1957.

==Early life, family, and education==
He was born on 1 January 1918 to [[Lakhdhirji Waghji]] and his third wife, Kesar Kunverba, daughter of Sarvaiya Bawaji Ranaji, the talukdar of Ranigam and Datha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35767 |title=The Ruling Princes Chiefs And Leading Personages |date=1928 |pages=48}}</ref><ref name="oroyalarchives">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2026-04-07 |title=Morvi (Princely State) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/morvi/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> He was educated in [[India]] and [[England]]. He studied at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]] in [[Rajkot]], [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai|St. Mary's School]] in [[Mumbai]], and [[Bradfield College]] in [[Berkshire]].<ref name="oroyalarchives"/> Following which, he underwent training in the various departments of the state administration.<ref name="archive">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=113}}</ref> Mahendrasinhji married firstly, in 1932, to Mohini Kunverba of [[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]]; secondly, to Sudhir Kunverba of [[Bansda State|Bansda]]; and thirdly, in 1945, to Vijay Kunverba.<ref name="oroyalarchives"/> He had one son, Mayurdhwajsinhji, and four daughters: Draupati Devi, Uma Devi, Raukshani Devi, and Harshad Purna Devi.<ref name="iinet"/>

He commissioned [[New Palace, Morbi]], in 1931.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benton |first=Charlotte |url=http://archive.org/details/artdeco191019390000unse |title=Art Deco, 1910-1939 |last2=Benton |first2=Tim |last3=Wood |first3=Ghislaine |publisher=V&A Publications|year=2003 |isbn=0-8212-2834-X |publication-place=London |pages=388}}</ref>

== Reign ==
When his father abdicated the throne of Morvi on 21 January 1948 in his favour, he succeeded to his title, rank and dignity.<ref name="google">{{Cite book |last=Jindal |first=K. B. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Thus_Spake_Their_Lordships/1BNYAAAAMAAJ |title=Thus Spake Their Lordships: A Compilation of 300 Judgments on Income-tax Law Delivered by the Supreme Court of India |date=1963 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |pages=368 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Income_Tax_Reports/Oow5AAAAIAAJ |title=The Income Tax Reports |date=1984 |publisher=Company Law Institute of India |pages=268 |language=en}}</ref> On 23 January 1948, he signed the covenant to merge his state into the [[Saurashtra (state)|United State of Kathiawar]].<ref name="google"/> On 26 February 1948, he granted the village of Mota Dahisara as a [[jagir]] to his mother.<ref name="google"/> In April 1949, he began to pay his father a monthly allowance and continued to do so until his father's death.<ref name="google2"/>

== Death ==
He died on 17 August 1957 in [[Ascot, Berkshire|Ascot]] and was succeeded by Mayurdhwajsinhji to his title, rank and dignity.<ref name="iinet">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=MORVI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/morvi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709232016/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/morvi.html |archive-date=2017-07-09 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Felic |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Obituaries_on_File/QnYUAQAAIAAJ? |title=Obituaries on File |date=1979 |publisher=Facts On File, Inc |isbn=978-0-87196-372-7 |pages=373 |language=en|location=New York|volume=I}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Morbi district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradfield College]]

Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1

2026-04-04T15:13:02Z

WardDrayton2: Adding new article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| bgcolor = #FBB700
| season_number = 1
| image = Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption =Promotional poster for season 1, featuring the judge and dupe cooks
| starring = [[#Participants|see below]]
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Venkatesh Bhat]]
* Chef Rammohan
* Binny Krishnakumar
; Mentors:
* Chef Cheruba
* Chef Sai
* Chef Saravanan
* Chef Yuvasri}}
| host = VJ Rakesh
| num_contestants = 11
| winner = [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] Narendra Prasath
| runner_up = [[FEFSI Vijayan]] (1st) [[Chaitra Reddy]](2nd)
}}
| num_episodes = 20
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Sun NXT]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|05|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|09|29|df=y}}
| next_season =
}}
'''''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku''''' is the first season of the Tamil reality comedy cooking TV show ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku]]''. The season premiered on 19 May 2024 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and digitally on [[Sun NXT]].<ref name=L1/> This season is produced and judged by [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]],<ref name=L3/> along with Judge Chef Rammohan supported by Binny Krishnakumar and hosted by Rakesh.<ref name=L4/><ref name=L5/>

The season began with [[Aishwarya Dutta]],<ref name=Aishwarya/> [[Chaitra Reddy]],<ref name=Chaitra/> Narendra Prasath,<ref name=Narendra1/><ref name=Narendra2/> [[Sai Dheena]],<ref name=SDheena/> Shali Nivekas, [[Singampuli]],<ref name=Singampuli/> [[Sonia Agarwal]],<ref name=Sonia1/><ref name=Sonia2/> [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] and [[FEFSI Vijayan]]<ref name=Vijayan1/><ref name=Vijayan2/> as the initial contestants.<ref name=tc1/><ref name=tc2/> They were later joined by Maneesha Mahesh<ref name=Maneesha/> and Subash Selvam as wild card entries.<ref name=wild/> In the end Narendra, Vijayan, Chaitra, Sujatha, Subash and Maneesha had qualified for the finals.<ref name=ep18ii/><ref name=f1/>

In the Grand Finale [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] and Narendra Prasath both tied as the title winners of ''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku'' season 1 while, [[FEFSI Vijayan]] and [[Chaitra Reddy]] finished as 1st and 2nd runners-up respectively.The title winners Narendra and Sujatha were awarded with a cash prize of {{INRConvert|20|l}}.<ref name=res1/><ref name=res2/>

== Production ==
The show is produced by [[Media Masons]] and broadcast by [[Sun TV Network]].<ref name=L2/> A pre-recorded episode airs every Sunday at {{UTZ|12:30|5:30}} and is re-telecasted on the following Saturday at {{UTZ|09:30|5:30}} both on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and [[Shakthi TV]]. It is available for [[Streaming media|free streaming]] in the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]] [[Sun NXT]] and will be made available on [[YouTube]] as well.<ref name=P1/><ref name=P2/>

== Participants ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Sonia Agarwal.jpg
| alt1 = Sonia Agarwal at an audio launch
| image2 = Shall.Nivekas.jpg
| alt2 = Shali Nivekas in 2023
| footer = [[Sonia Agarwal]] (L) was the first Top Cooku to be eliminated, followed by Shali Nivekas (R).
| total_width = 300
}}
Alphabetical order of initial cooks name followed by later joined cooks:<ref name=tc1/><ref name=tc2/><ref name=wild/>
# [[Aishwarya Dutta]], an actress who appeared in the films ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' (2015) and ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015). She is also the runner-up of the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 2|Bigg Boss season 2]]''.<ref name=Aishwarya/>
# [[Chaitra Reddy]], a television actress who mainly works in the Kannada and Tamil languages. She is mainly known for her titular role of Kayal in the ''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]''.<ref name=Chaitra/>
# Narendra Prasath (NP), a Tamil actor and comedian.<ref name=Narendra1/><ref name=Narendra2/>
# [[Sai Dheena]], an actor. He played the antagonist in ''[[Attu (film)|Attu]]'' (2017), ''[[Thimiru Pudichavan]]'' (2018) and ''[[Vaandu]]'' (2019).<ref name=SDheena/>
# Shali Nivekas, a television actress. She is best known for her role, Naachiyar in the television series ''[[Sengalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-09 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: From Narendra Prasath winning the advantage to Shali Nivakas's elimination - A look at major events |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-narendra-prasath-winning-the-advantage-to-shali-nivakass-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111604040.cms |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
# [[Singampuli]], an actor and director known for making films ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' (2002) and ''[[Maayavi]]'' (2005).<ref name=Singampuli/>
# [[Sonia Agarwal]], an actress who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]] and a few [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. She is best known for her performances in films such as ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003), ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004) and ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006).<ref name=Sonia1/><ref name=Sonia2/>
# [[Sujatha Sivakumar]], an actress, who rose to fame with her performance in [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]'s ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007), before appearing in several supporting roles as a mother in Tamil cinema.
# [[FEFSI Vijayan]], an action choreographer, stunt coordinator and actor who works in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi language films. He is the youngest stunt master in the Indian film industry at the age of 22.<ref name=Vijayan1/><ref name=Vijayan2/>
# Maneesha Mahesh,{{Efn|name=wild}} a television actress, who is best known for her roles in the television series ''[[Padatha Painkili (TV series)|Padatha Painkili]]'' and ''[[Singapennae]]''.<ref name=Maneesha/>
# Subash Selvam,{{Efn|name=wild|Joined as Wild card entry.<ref name=wild/>}} an actor. He is known for his roles as Arjun in ''[[Thittam Irandu]]'' (2021) and Vetri in ''[[Hot Spot (2024 film)|Hot Spot]]'' (2024).

=== Participant status ===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{legend|Green|Chef Cheruba Team}}
{{legend|Yellow|Chef Sai Team}}
{{legend|Blue|Chef Saravanan Team}}
{{legend|Purple|Chef Yuvasri Team}}
{{legend|salmon|Eliminated}}
{{legend|sandybrown|Wildcard round}}
{{legend|#D1E8EF|Finalist}}
{{legend|#DD80DD|2nd Runner-up}}
{{legend|#7FFFD4|1st Runner-up}}
{{legend|#73FB76|Winner}}
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | No.
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Name
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Entry episode
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Episode exited
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Rapid fire rounds won
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Golden table challenges won
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Top cook of the week
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Nominations for elimination
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Status
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Green;color:white;" | 01
| Sujatha || Episode 1 || Episode 20 || 1 || 4 || 7 || 2 || rowspan="2" style="background: #73FB76;" | '''Winner'''<ref name=res1/><ref name=res2/>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | 02
| Narendra Prasath || Episode 1 || Episode 20 || 3 || 2 || 5 || 1
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Green;color:white;" | 03
| Vijayan || Episode 1 || Episode 20 || {{N/A}} || 3 || 6 || {{N/A}} || style="background: #7FFFD4;" | '''1st Runner-up'''<ref name=res2/>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Yellow;" | 04
| Chaitra Reddy || Episode 1 || Episode 20 || 2 || 5 || 3 || {{N/A}} || style="background: #DD80DD;" | '''2nd Runner-up'''<ref name=res2/>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Purple;color:white;" | 05
| Subash || Episode 12 || Episode 20 || colspan="2" {{N/A}} || 1 || {{N/A}} || style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Finalist<ref name=ep18ii/>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:Purple;color:white;" | 06
| rowspan="2" | Maneesha || Episode 12 || Episode 18 || colspan="2" rowspan="2" {{N/A}} || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" | 1 || {{Eliminated}}<ref name=ManeeshaEl/>
|-
| style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Episode 19 || Episode 20 || style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, sandybrown 50%, #D1E8EF 50%);" | Wildcard Finalist<ref name=f1/>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:Yellow;" | 07
| rowspan="2" | Aishwarya || Episode 1 || Episode 16 || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" | 2 || rowspan="2" | 2 || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}<ref name=AishwaryaEl/>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Episode 19
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | 08
| rowspan="2" | S Dheena || Episode 1 || Episode 15 || rowspan="2" colspan="2" {{N/A}} || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}<ref name=SDheenaEl/>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Episode 19
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:Yellow;" | 09
| rowspan="2" | Singampuli || Episode 1 || Episode 10 || rowspan="2" | 2 || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" {{N/A}} || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}<ref name=SingampuliEl/>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Episode 19
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:Green;color:white;" | 10
| rowspan="2" | Shali || Episode 1 || Episode 8 || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" {{N/A}} || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" | 2 || rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}<ref name=ShaliEl/>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Episode 19
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | 11
| rowspan="2" | Sonia || Episode 1 || Episode 5 || rowspan="2" {{N/A}} || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" {{N/A}} || rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}<ref name=SoniaEl/>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Episode 19
|}

=== Chef teams ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Chef
! scope="colgroup" style="background:#FBB700" colspan="3" | Top Cooku's
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Green;color:white;" | Chef Cheruba
| style="background: salmon;" | Shali || style="background: #73FB76;" | Sujatha || style="background: #7FFFD4;" | Vijayan || rowspan="3" | <ref name=ct1/>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Yellow;" | Chef Sai
| style="background: salmon;" | Aishwarya || style="background: #DDA0DD;" | Chaitra || style="background: salmon;" | Singampuli
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | Chef Saravanan
| style="background: salmon;" | S Dheena || style="background: #73FB76;" | Narendra || style="background: salmon;" | Sonia
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Purple;color:white;" | Chef Yuvasri
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, sandybrown 50%, #D1E8EF 50%);" | Maneesha || style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Subash || {{N/A}} || <ref name=wild/>
|}

=== Dupe Cooku's ===
Alphabetical order of Dupe cooks names:<ref name=dc1/>
{{div col|colwidth=21em}}
# Adhirchi Arun<ref name=Arun1/><ref name=Arun2/>
# Bharat K Rajesh
# [[Deepa Shankar]]<ref name=ep15/>
# [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]
# GP Muthu<ref name=GPM/>
# Kathir
# [[Monisha Blessy]]<ref name=Monisha1/><ref name=Monisha2/>
# Mukund<ref name=Mukund/>
# Soundarya
# Vijay
{{div col end}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |total_width=90 |background=#FBB700 |overall=10 |season=10 | title=50 |airdate=15 |aux4=15 |aux4T=Duration |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=1
| EpisodeNumber2=1
| Title=Episode 1: The Grand Launch
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|05|19|df=y}}
| Aux4=73 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=The show was launched with the introduction of Host, Judges, [[#Chef teams|Mentors]], [[#Top Cooku's|Top Cooku's]], [[#Dupe Cooku's|Dupe Cooku's]] and the [[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku#Format|show's format]]. As the first week it didn't contain any guest judge, elimination box and golden table. Aishwarya & Shali won the Rapid fire and chose Bharath & GP Muthu as their desired Dupe cooku's respectively. Aishwarya paired with Bharath finished as the Top cook of the week.<ref name=ep1/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=2
| EpisodeNumber2=2
| Title=Episode 2
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|05|26|df=y}}
| Aux4=71 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=Actor [[Vadivelu]] joined as a guest judge.<ref name=ep2-gj/> No elimination box this week either. Chaitra & Singampuli won the Rapid fire and chose Soundarya & Dheena as their desired Dupe Cooku's respectively. Vijayan won the golden table challenge along with an extra Dupe Cooku. Vijayan paired with GP Muthu & Vijay finished as the Top cook of the week.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=3
| EpisodeNumber2=3
| Title=Episode 3
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|06|02|df=y}}
| Aux4=73 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=Actor Vadivelu stayed as the guest judge for the first half and Chef Rammohan took over for the rest of the episode.<ref name=ep3-gj/> Top Cookus' elimination box choice was no elimination. S Dheena was hospitalized during the Rapid fire but returned for the Main challenge. Singampuli won the Rapid fire for the second consecutive week and chose GP Muthu as his desired Dupe Cooku. Singampuli also won the golden table challenge. Sujatha paired with Mukund finished as the Top cook of the week.<ref name=ep3i/><ref name=ep3ii/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=4
| EpisodeNumber2=4
| Title=Episode 4
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|06|09|df=y}}
| Aux4=67 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=Chef Rammohan became a permanent judge. Top Cookus' elimination box choice was no elimination. Narendra won the Rapid fire and chose Arun as his desired Dupe Cooku while Sujatha won the golden table challenge. Shali paired with Monisha finished as the Top cook of the week.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=5
| EpisodeNumber2=5
| Title=Episode 5: Elimination 1
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|06|16|df=y}}
| Aux4=67 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=Given last 2 weeks didn't have an elimination, this week was a compulsory elimination round. Narendra won the Rapid fire for the second consecutive week and chose Arun as his desired Dupe Cooku while Aishwarya won the golden table challenge. Narendra paired with Arun finished as the Top cook of the week. Shali paired with Mukund and Sonia paired with Kathir finished at the bottom places. As a result Shali and Sonia were nominated for elimination and Sonia was eliminated from the competition.<ref name=SoniaEl/><ref name=ep5/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=6
| EpisodeNumber2=6
| Title=Episode 6
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|06|23|df=y}}
| Aux4=67 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=Top Cookus' elimination box choice was no elimination. Chaitra won the Rapid fire for the second time and chose Arun as her desired Dupe Cooku while Aishwarya won the golden table challenge for the second consecutive week. Vijayan paired with Kathir finished as the Top cook of the week.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=7
| EpisodeNumber2=7
| Title=Episode 7
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|06|30|df=y}}
| Aux4=70 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=Top Cookus' elimination box choice was no elimination. Narendra and Sujatha won the Rapid fire and chose Monisha and GP Muthu as their desired Dupe Cooku's respectively while Sujatha won the golden table challenge for the second time. Sai Dheena paired with Arun finished as the Top cook of the week.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=8
| EpisodeNumber2=8
| Title=Episode 8: Elimination 2
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|07|07|df=y}}
| Aux4=68 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=Given last 2 weeks didn't have an elimination, this week was a compulsory elimination round. Narendra won the golden table challenge. Aishwarya paired with Monisha finished as the Top cook of the week for the second time. Shali paired with Dheena and Sujatha paired with Kathir finished at the bottom places. As a result Shali and Sujatha were nominated for elimination and Shali was eliminated from the competition.<ref name=ShaliEl/><ref name=ep8/><ref name=Monisha1/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=9
| EpisodeNumber2=9
| Title=Episode 9: Celebration week<ref name=ep9t/>
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|07|14|df=y}}
| Aux4=68 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary=Seven actors from [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV (India)|Sun TV serials]] {{en dash}} Alagappan, Nikitha Rajesh, Maneesha Mahesh, [[Gabriella Charlton]], Ashwanth Karthi, [[Sruthi Raj]], Alya Manasa were paired with each Top Cooku{{en dash}}Dupe Cooku pair for the episode.{{Efn|name=ep9}} As it's a celebration week it did not contain elimination. Chaitra won the golden table challenge for the second time. Sujatha paired with Deepa &Alya and Vijayan paired with Kathir & Nikitha finished as the Top cooks of the week for the second and third times respectively.<ref name=ep9/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=10
| EpisodeNumber2=10
| Title=Episode 10: Elimination 3
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|07|21|df=y}}
| Aux4=68 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= Top Cookus' elimination box choice was elimination. Sujatha won the golden table challenge for the third time. Sujatha paired with Bharath finished as the Top cook of the week for the third time. Singhampuli paired with Kathir and Narendra paired with GP Muthu finished at the bottom places. As a result Singhampuli and Narendra were nominated for elimination and Singhampuli was eliminated from the competition.<ref name=SingampuliEl/><ref name=ep10/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=11
| EpisodeNumber2=11
| Title=Episode 11: Raayan Special<ref name=ep11t/>
| OriginalAirDate={{Start Date|2024|07|28|df=y}}
| Aux4=68 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= [[Kalidas Jayaram]] and [[Dushara Vijayan]] joined as the guests for this episode to promote their movie [[Raayan]].{{Efn|name=ep11}} Top Cookus' elimination box choice was no elimination. Chaitra won the Golden table challenge. Chaitra paired with GP Muthu finished as the Top Cook of the week.<ref name=Arun1/><ref name=ep11t/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=12
| EpisodeNumber2=12
| Title=Episode 12: Wildcard entry week
| OriginalAirDate={{Start Date|2024|08|04|df=y}}
| Aux4=68 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= Maneesha Mahesh and Subash Selvam joined the competition as wildcard entries.{{Efn|name=wild}} As it's the wildcard entry week it did not contain elimination. Chaitra won the Golden table challenge for the consecutive second week. Chaitra paired with Kathir finished as the Top Cook of the week.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=13
| EpisodeNumber2=13
| Title=Episode 13
| OriginalAirDate={{Start Date|2024|08|11|df=y}}
| Aux4=68 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= Top Cookus' elimination box choice was no elimination. Chaitra won the Golden table challenge for the consecutive third week. Sujatha paired with GP Muthu finished as the Top Cook of the week.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=14
| EpisodeNumber2=14
| Title=Episode 14: Friendship week<ref name=ep14t1/>
| OriginalAirDate={{Start Date|2024|08|18|df=y}}
| Aux4=73 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= Each Top Cooku brought one of their friends such as Muthukaalai, Kiruthika, Sendrayan, Yashika, Vigneshkanth, Aswath, Santosh Pratap, Kalyani{{Efn|name=ep14}} and they were paired with their respective Top Cooku–Dupe Cooku pair. As it's a celebration week it did not contain elimination. Vijayan won the golden table challenge for the second time. Vijayan paired with Arun & Muthukaalai and NP paired with Dheena & Vigneshkanth finished as the Top cooks of the week for the fourth and second times respectively.<ref name=ep14t1/><ref name=ep14t2/><ref name=Vigneshkanth/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=15
| EpisodeNumber2=15
| Title=Episode 15: Elimination 4
| OriginalAirDate={{Start Date|2024|08|25|df=y}}
| Aux4=70 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= The show enters the final stage from this episode onwards.{{efn|name=fs15|In the final stage of the show all episodes would be elimination episodes leading upto the ticket to Finale round.<ref name=fs15/><ref name=fs17/>}} Chef Koushik Shankar joined as the judge chef.{{Efn|name=Chef Koushik}} Vijayan won the golden table challenge for the third time. Vijayan paired with Vijay and Sujatha paired with Arun finished as the Top cooks of the week for the fifth time each. Sai Dheena paired with Dheena finished at the bottom place and as a result Sai Dheena was eliminated from the competition.<ref name=ep15-gj/><ref name=SDheenaEl/><ref name=ep15/><ref name=fs15/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=16
| EpisodeNumber2=16
| Title=Episode 16: Elimination 5
| OriginalAirDate={{Start Date|2024|09|01|df=y}}
| Aux4=69 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= Chef Koushik Shankar stayed as the judge chef.{{Efn|name=Chef Koushik}} Narendra won the golden table challenge for the second time. Narendra paired with GP Muthu finished as the Top cook of the week for the third time. Aishwarya paired with Mukund and Sujatha paired with Soundarya finished at the bottom places. As a result, Aishwarya and Sujatha were nominated for elimination and Aishwarya was eliminated from the competition.<ref name=AishwaryaEl/><ref name=Mukund/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=17
| EpisodeNumber2=17
| Title=Episode 17: Ticket to Finale
| OriginalAirDate={{Start Date|2024|09|08|df=y}}
| Aux4=76 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= Chef Rammohan returned as the judge chefs. Chaitra won the golden table challenge for the fifth time. Narendra paired with Deepa and Vijayan paired with Monisha finished as the Top cooks of the week for the 4th and 6th times respectively. Narendra and Vijayan were both awarded the Ticket to Finale which as a result made them the 1st and 2nd Finalists respectively.<ref name=Monisha2/><ref name=fs17/><ref name=ep17i/><ref name=ep17ii/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=18
| EpisodeNumber2=18
| Title=Episode 18: Semi-finals round
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start Date|2024|09|15|df=y}}
| Aux4=73 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= [[Palaniappan Manickam|Dr. Palaniappan Manickam also known as Dr. Pal]] joined as a guest judge.<ref name=ep18-gj/> Sujatha won the golden table challenge for the 4th time. Chaitra paired with Monisha, Sujatha paired with GP Muthu and Subash paired with Bharath finished as the Top cooks of the week for the 3rd, 6th and 1st time(s) respectively making them the 3rd, 4th and 5th Finalists respectively.<ref name=ManeeshaEl/><ref name=fs18/><ref name=Arun2/><ref name=GPM/><ref name=ep18i/><ref name=ep18ii/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=19
| EpisodeNumber2=19
| Title=Episode 19: Wildcard round
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start Date|2024|09|22|df=y}}
| Aux4=69 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= All the eliminated contestants returned in the Wildcard round to compete for the 6th spot in the ''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku'' {{en dash}} Grand Finale.<ref name=fs19/> Sonia won the golden table challenge for the 1st time. Maneesha paired with Monisha finished as the Top cook of the week for the 1st time making her the 6th Finalist.<ref name=6f/><ref name=ep19i/><ref name=ep19ii/>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=20
| EpisodeNumber2=20
| Title=Episode 20: The Grand Finale
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start Date|2024|09|29|df=y}}
| Aux4=119 minutes
| LineColor=FBB700
| ShortSummary= The finalists {{en dash}} Narendra, Vijayan, Chaitra, Sujatha, Subash & Maneesha competed in the Grand Finale round for the ''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku'' title.<ref name=ep18ii/><ref name=f1/> [[Sathish]], [[Mime Gopi]], Chachi and [[Ajay Raj]] joined as the guests for the finale to promote their movie [[Sattam En Kaiyil (2024 film)|Sattam En Kaiyil]].{{Efn|name=ep20}}<ref name=ep20-fg1/> Families of the Dupe Cooks joined them in the cooking challenges.<ref name=ep20-fg2/><ref name=ep20-fg3/> [[Sonia Agarwal]], Shali Nivekas, Alagappan, Ashwin Karthi, VJ Nikki, Shruthi Shanmugapriya, Vaishnavi Nayak and VJ Kalyani also joined as guests for the finale.<ref name=ep20-fg4/> The Grand Finale was composed of two rounds with the 1st one being worth 30 marks and the second one being worth 70 marks. The results were determined for each finalist based on the combination from the total marks obtained during the 1st and 2nd rounds respectively upon completion of which [[Chaitra Reddy]] paired with Monisha finished in 2nd Runner-up position, [[FEFSI Vijayan]] paired with Deepa finished in 1st Runner-up position and the two Top Cooks of the Grand Finale, Narendra Prasath paired with Arun & Mukund as well as [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] paired with Dheena & Bharath, both emerged as the Top Cooku Dupe Cooku Season 1 Title Winners.
}}
}}

== Competition history ==
=== Guests ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Episodes
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Guests
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{N/A}} ||
|-
| 2 & 3 || [[Vadivelu]] || <ref name=ep2-gj/>
|-
| 3 || Chef Rammohan || <ref name=ep3-gj/>
|-
| 4 {{en dash}} 8 || {{N/A}} ||
|-
| 9 || Alagappan, Nikitha Rajesh, Maneesha Mahesh, [[Gabriella Charlton]], Ashwin Karthi, [[Sruthi Raj]], Alya Manasa || {{Efn|name=ep9|Seven actors from [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV (India)|Sun TV serials]] were paired with each Top Cooku{{en dash}}Dupe Cooku pair for the episode 9: Celebration week.<ref name=ep9t/>}}
|-
| 10 || {{N/A}} ||
|-
| 11 || [[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Dushara Vijayan]] || {{Efn|name=ep11|Kalidas Jayaram and Dushara Vijayan joined as the guests for episode 11 to promote their movie [[Raayan]].<ref name=ep11t/>}}
|-
| 12 & 13 || {{N/A}} ||
|-
| 14 || [[Muthukaalai]], Kiruthika, [[Sendrayan]], [[Yashika Aannand]], [[RJ Vigneshkanth]], Ashwath, [[Santhosh Prathap]], VJ Kalyani || {{Efn|name=ep14|Each Top Cooku brought one of their friends for the episode 14: Friendship week.<ref name=ep14t1/><ref name=ep14t2/><ref name=Vigneshkanth/>}}
|-
| 15 & 16 || Chef Koushik Shankar || {{Efn|name=Chef Koushik|Chef Koushik joined as the Judge Chef for episodes 15 & 16 at Chef Rammohan's position.<ref name=ep15-gj/>}}
|-
| 17 || {{N/A}} ||
|-
| 18 || [[Palaniappan Manickam|Dr. Palaniappan Manickam]] || <ref name=ep18-gj/>
|-
| 19 || {{N/A}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 20 || [[Sathish]], [[Mime Gopi]], Chachi, [[Ajay Raj]] || {{Efn|name=ep20|Sathish, Mime Gopi, Chachi and Ajay Raj joined as the guests for the finale to promote their movie [[Sattam En Kaiyil (2024 film)|Sattam En Kaiyil]].<ref name=ep20-fg1/>}}
|-
| Families of the Dupe Cooks || <ref name=ep20-fg2/><ref name=ep20-fg3/>
|-
| [[Sonia Agarwal]], Shali Nivekas, Alagappan, Ashwin Karthi, VJ Nikki, Shruthi Shanmugapriya, Vaishnavi Nayak, VJ Kalyani || <ref name=ep20-fg4/>
|}

=== Elimination box selection ===
{{div col}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="background:#FBB700" | Episode
! scope="col" colspan=2 style="background:#FBB700" | Elimination box
! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="background:#FBB700" | Result
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Yes
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | No
|-
| 1 || colspan="3" | The Grand Launch
|-
| 2 || colspan="3" {{N/A}}
|-
| 3 || || {{y}} || style="background:lightgreen;" | No elimination
|-
| 4 || || {{y}} || style="background:lightgreen;" | No elimination
|-
| 5 || colspan="2" {{N/A}} || style="background:salmon;" | Elimination round
|-
| 6 || || {{y}} || style="background:lightgreen;" | No elimination
|-
| 7 || || {{y}} || style="background:lightgreen;" | No elimination
|-
| 8 || colspan="2" {{N/A}} || style="background:salmon;" | Elimination round
|-
| 9 || colspan="3" {{N/A}}
|-
| 10 || {{y}} || || style="background:salmon;" | Elimination round
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="background:#FBB700" | Episode
! scope="col" colspan=2 style="background:#FBB700" | Elimination box
! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="background:#FBB700" | Result
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | Yes
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" | No
|-
| 11 || || {{y}} || style="background:lightgreen;" | No elimination
|-
| 12 || colspan="3" | Wildcard entry
|-
| 13 || || {{y}} || style="background:lightgreen;" | No elimination
|-
| 14 || colspan="3" {{N/A}}
|-
| 15 || colspan="2" {{N/A}} || style="background:salmon;" | Elimination round
|-
| 16 || colspan="2" {{N/A}} || style="background:salmon;" | Elimination round
|-
| 17 || colspan="3" | Ticket to Finale
|-
| 18 || colspan="3" | Semi-finals round
|-
| 19 || colspan="3" | Wildcard round
|-
| 20 || colspan="3" | The Grand Finale
|}
{{div col end}}

=== Pairings ===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{legend|Green|Chef Cheruba team}}
{{legend|Yellow|Chef Sai team}}
{{legend|Blue|Chef Saravanan team}}
{{legend|Purple|Chef Yuvasri team}}
{{legend|skyblue|Rapid fire winner|text={{number sign}}}}
{{legend|gold|Golden table challenge winner|text={{arrow}}}}
{{legend|orange|Top cook of the week|text={{dagger}}}}
{{legend|#B2FFFF|Nominated for elimination|text={{down-arrow}}}}
{{legend|salmon|Eliminated}}
{{legend|sandybrown|Wildcard round}}
{{legend|#D1E8EF|Finalist}}
{{legend|#DDA0DD|2nd Runner-up}}
{{legend|#7FFFD4|1st Runner-up}}
{{legend|#73FB76|Winner}}
{{div col end}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=10% | Cooks
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 1
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 2
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 3
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 4
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 5
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 6
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 7
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 8
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 9
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 10
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | Narendra Prasath (NP)
| Soundarya || Kathir || Vijay || style="background:skyblue;" | Arun {{number sign}} || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, skyblue 50%, orange 50%);" | Arun {{number sign}}{{dagger}} || Bharath || style="background:skyblue;" | Monisha {{number sign}} || style="background: gold;" | Arun {{arrow}} || Arun & Maneesha || style="background:#B2FFFF" | GP Muthu {{down-arrow}}
|-
! style="background:green;color:white;" | Sujatha Sivakumar
| Kathir || Arun || style="background:orange;" | Mukund {{dagger}} || style="background: gold;" | Dheena {{arrow}} || Deepa || Monisha || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, skyblue 50%, gold 50%);" | GP Muthu {{number sign}}{{arrow}} || style="background:#B2FFFF" | Kathir {{down-arrow}} || style="background: orange;" | Deepa & Alya {{dagger}} || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, gold 50%, orange 50%);" | Bharath {{arrow}}{{dagger}}
|-
! style="background:green;color:white;" | FEFSI Vijayan
| Deepa || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, gold 50%, orange 50%);" | GP Muthu & Vijay {{arrow}}{{dagger}} || Dheena || Soundarya || Monisha || style="background:orange;" | Kathir {{dagger}} || Bharath || GP Muthu || style="background:orange;" | Kathir & Nikitha {{dagger}} || Arun
|-
! style="background:yellow;" | Chaitra Reddy
| Vijay || style="background:skyblue;" | Soundarya {{number sign}} || Soundarya || Deepa || Dheena || style="background:skyblue;" | Arun {{number sign}} || Deepa || Mukund || style="background:gold;" | Soundarya & Ashwanth {{arrow}} || Vijay
|-
! style="background:yellow;" | Aishwarya Dutta
| style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, skyblue 50%, orange 50%);" | Bharath {{number sign}}{{dagger}} || Monisha || Kathir || Vijay || style="background: gold;" | Vijay {{arrow}} || style="background:gold;" | GP Muthu {{arrow}} || Kathir || style="background:orange;" | Monisha {{dagger}} || Dheena & Alagappan || Deepa
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | Sai Dheena
| Monisha || Bharath || Deepa || colspan="2" | GP Muthu || Dheena || style="background:orange;" | Arun {{dagger}} || Bharath || Monisha & Gabriella || Monisha
|-
! style="background:yellow;" | Singham Puli
| Dheena || style="background: skyblue;" | Dheena {{number sign}} || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, skyblue 50%, gold 50%);" | GP Muthu {{number sign}}{{arrow}} || Kathir || Soundarya || Deepa || Mukund || Deepa || Bharath & Sruthi || style="background:#B2FFFF | Kathir {{down-arrow}}
|-
! style="background:green;color:white;" | Shali Nivekas
| style="background:skyblue;" | GP Muthu {{number sign}} || Deepa || Arun || style="background:orange;" | Monisha {{dagger}} || style="background:#B2FFFF" | Mukund {{down-arrow}} || Soundarya || Dheena || style="background:#B2FFFF" | Dheena {{down-arrow}} || colspan="2" style="background:salmon" | ''Eliminated (Episode 8)''
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | Sonia Agarwal
| Arun || Mukund || Monisha || Mukund || style="background:#B2FFFF" | Kathir {{down-arrow}} || colspan="5" style="background:salmon" | ''Eliminated (Episode 5)''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=10% | Cooks
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 11
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 12
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 13
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 14
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 15
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 16
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 17
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 18
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 19
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 20
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | Narendra Prasath (NP)
| Arun || Mukund || Soundarya || style="background:orange" | Vigneshkanth & Dheena {{dagger}} || GP Muthu || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, gold 50%, orange 50%);" | GP Muthu {{arrow}}{{dagger}} || style="background:orange;"| Deepa {{dagger}} || colspan="2" {{N/A}} || style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, orange 50%, #73FB76 50%);" | Arun & Mukund {{dagger}}
|-
! style="background:green;color:white;" | Sujatha Sivakumar
| Deepa || Monisha || style="background: orange;" | GP Muthu {{dagger}} || Sendrayan & Deepa || style="background:orange" | Arun {{dagger}} || style="background: #B2FFFF;" | Soundarya {{down-arrow}} || Mukund || style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, gold 50%, orange 50%);" | GP Muthu {{arrow}}{{dagger}} || {{N/A}} || style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, orange 50%, #73FB76 50%);" | Dheena & Bharath {{dagger}}
|-
! style="background:green;color:white;" | FEFSI Vijayan
| Monisha || Arun || Mukund || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, gold 50%, orange 50%);" | Muthukaalai & Arun {{arrow}}{{dagger}} || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, gold 50%, orange 50%);" | Vijay {{arrow}}{{dagger}} || Monisha || style="background:orange;"| Monisha {{dagger}} || colspan="2" {{N/A}} || style="background: #7FFFD4;" | Deepa
|-
! style="background:yellow;" | Chaitra Reddy
| style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, gold 50%, orange 50%);" | GP Muthu {{arrow}}{{dagger}} || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, gold 50%, orange 50%);" | Kathir {{arrow}}{{dagger}} || style="background:gold" | Dheena {{arrow}} || Aswath & Bharath || Deepa / Soundarya || Dheena || style="background:gold;" | Arun {{arrow}} || style="background: orange;" | Monisha {{dagger}} || {{N/A}} || style="background: #DDA0DD;" | Monisha
|-
! style="background:purple;color:white" | Subash Selvam
| {{N/A}} || Vijay || Arun || Santosh Pratap & Mukund || Bharath / Monisha || colspan="2" | Kathir || style="background: orange;" | Bharath {{dagger}} || {{N/A}} || style="background: #D1E8EF;" | GP Muthu & Vijay
|-
! style="background:purple;color:white" | Maneesha Mahesh
| {{N/A}} || GP Muthu || Deepa || Kalyani & GP Muthu || Kathir || Arun || Bharath || style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right bottom, #B2FFFF 50%, salmon 50%);"| Arun {{down-arrow}} || style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, sandybrown 50%, orange 50%);" | Monisha {{dagger}} || style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Kathir & Soundarya
|-
! style="background:yellow;" | Aishwarya Dutta
| Kathir || colspan="2" | Bharath || Yashika & Soundarya || Mukund || style="background: #B2FFFF;" | Mukund {{down-arrow}} || colspan="2" style="background:salmon"| ''Eliminated (Episode 16)'' || style="background: sandybrown;" | Dheena & Soundarya || rowspan="5" style="background: salmon;" | ''Eliminated (Episode 19)''
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | Sai Dheena
| Dheena || Deepa || Kathir || Kiruthika & Kathir || style="background:#B2FFFF" | Dheena {{down-arrow}} || colspan="3" style="background:salmon" | ''Eliminated (Episode 15)'' || style="background: sandybrown;" | GP Muthu
|-
! style="background:yellow;" | Singham Puli
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" | ''Eliminated (Episode 10)'' || style="background: sandybrown;" | Bharath
|-
! style="background:green;color:white;" | Shali Nivekas
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" | ''Eliminated (Episode 8)'' || style="background: sandybrown;" | Deepa
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | Sonia Agarwal
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" | ''Eliminated (Episode 5)'' || style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, sandybrown 50%, gold 50%);" | Arun {{arrow}}
|}

=== Weekly overview ===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{legend|Green|Chef Cheruba team}}
{{legend|Yellow|Chef Sai team}}
{{legend|Blue|Chef Saravanan team}}
{{legend|Purple|Chef Yuvasri team}}
{{legend|skyblue|Rapid fire winner}}
{{legend|gold|Golden table challenge winner}}
{{legend|pink|Cook left show due to injury sustained while cooking}}
{{legend|orange|Top cook of the week}}
{{legend|#B2FFFF|Nominated for elimination}}
{{legend|salmon|Eliminated}}
{{legend|lightgreen|Re-entered the kitchen}}
{{legend|sandybrown|Wildcard round}}
{{legend|#D1E8EF|Finalist}}
{{legend|#DD80DD|2nd Runner-up}}
{{legend|#7FFFD4|1st Runner-up}}
{{legend|#73FB76|Winner}}
{{div col end}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=10% | Episodes
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 1
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 2
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 3
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 4
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 5
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 6
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 7
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 8
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 9
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 10
|-
! scope="row" | Guests
| {{N/A}} || [[Vadivelu]] || [[Vadivelu]] & Chef Rammohan || colspan="5" {{N/A}} || Alagappan, Nikitha Rajesh, Maneesha Mahesh, [[Gabriella Charlton]], Ashwin Karthik, [[Sruthi Raj]], Alya Manasa{{Efn|name=ep9}} || {{N/A}}
|- style="background:skyblue;"
! scope="row" | Rapid fire winner
| '''Aishwarya & Shali''' || '''Chaitra & Singampuli''' || '''Singampuli''' || colspan="2" | '''Narendra''' || '''Chaitra''' || '''Narendra & Sujatha''' || colspan="3" {{N/A}}
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" | Golden table challenge winner
| {{N/A}} || '''Vijayan''' || '''Singampuli''' || '''Sujatha''' || colspan="2" | '''Aishwarya''' || '''Sujatha''' || '''Narendra''' || '''Chaitra''' || '''Sujatha'''
|- style="background:orange;"
! scope="row" | Top cook
| '''Aishwarya''' || '''Vijayan''' || '''Sujatha''' || '''Shali''' || '''Narendra''' || '''Vijayan''' || '''S Dheena''' || '''Aishwarya''' || '''Sujatha & Vijayan''' || '''Sujatha'''
|-
| colspan="11" style="background:black;" |
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:blue;color:white;" | Narendra
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| colspan="2" style="background:skyblue;" | Rapid fire winner
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:skyblue;" | Rapid fire winner
| rowspan="2" style="background:gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:#B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
|-
| {{N/A}}
| style="background:orange;" | Top cook
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" style="background:green;color:white;" | Sujatha
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top cook
| rowspan="2" style="background:gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="background:skyblue;" | Rapid fire winner
| rowspan="2" style="background:#B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top cook
|-
| style="background:gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| {{N/A}}
| style="background:gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:green;color:white;" | Vijayan
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="background:gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
|colspan="3" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top cook
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background: orange;" | Top cook
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| style="background:orange;" | Top cook
|-
! scope="rowgroup" style="background:yellow;" | Chaitra
| {{N/A}}
| style="background:skyblue;" | Rapid fire winner
| colspan="3" {{N/A}}
| style="background:skyblue;" | Rapid fire winner
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="background: gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:yellow;" | Aishwarya
| style="background:skyblue;" | Rapid fire winner
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top cook
| colspan=2 rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| style="background:orange;" | Top cook
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" style="background:blue;color:white;" | S Dheena
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="background:pink;" | Hospitalized
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top cook
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| style="background:lightgreen;" | Re-entered in Main challenge
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" style="background:yellow;" | Singampuli
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| colspan="2" style="background:skyblue;" | Rapid fire winner
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:#B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
|-
| {{N/A}}
| style="background:gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
|-
! scope="row" style="background:green;color:white;" | Shali
| style="background:skyblue;" | Rapid fire winner
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="background:orange;" | Top cook
| style="background:#B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="background:#B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Eliminated (Episode 8)''
|-
! scope="row" style="background:blue;color:white;" | Sonia
| colspan="4" {{N/A}}
| style="background:#B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Eliminated (Episode 5)''
|-
| colspan="11" style="background:black;" |
|- style="background:pink;"
! scope="row" | Left show due to injury
| colspan="2" {{N/A}} || '''S Dheena''' || colspan="7" {{N/A}}
|- style="background:lightgreen;"
! scope="row" | Entered
| colspan="2" {{N/A}} || '''S Dheena''' || colspan="7" {{N/A}}
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"
! scope="row" | Nominated for elimination
| colspan="4" {{N/A}} || '''Shali & Sonia'''|| colspan="2" {{N/A}} || '''Shali & Sujatha'''|| {{N/A}} || '''Singampuli & Narendra'''
|- style="background:salmon;"
! scope="row" | Eliminated
| colspan="4" {{N/A}} || '''Sonia'''|| colspan="2" {{N/A}} || '''Shali'''|| {{N/A}} || '''Singampuli'''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=10% | Episodes
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 11
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 12
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 13
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 14
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 15
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 16
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 17
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 18
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 19
! scope="col" style="background:#FBB700" width=9% | 20
|-
! scope="row" | Guests
| [[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Dushara Vijayan]]{{Efn|name=ep11}} || colspan="2" {{N/A}} || Muthukaalai, Kiruthika, Sendrayan, Yashika, Vigneshkanth, Aswath, Santosh Pratap, Kalyani{{Efn|name=ep14}} || colspan="2" | Chef Koushik Shankar{{Efn|name=Chef Koushik}} || {{N/A}} || [[Palaniappan Manickam|Dr. Palaniappan Manickam]] || {{N/A}} || [[Sathish]], [[Mime Gopi]], Chachi, [[Ajay Raj]], Families of the Dupe Cooks, Alagappan, Ashwin Karthi, VJ Nikki, Shruthi Shanmugapriya, Vaishnavi Nayak, VJ Kalyani, [[Sonia Agarwal]], Shali Nivekas
|- style="background:skyblue;"
! scope="row" | Rapid fire winner
| colspan="10" {{N/A}}
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" | Golden table challenge winner
| colspan="3" | '''Chaitra''' || colspan="2" | '''Vijayan''' || '''Narendra''' || '''Chaitra''' || '''Sujatha''' || '''Sonia'''|| {{N/A}}
|- style="background:orange;"
! scope="row" | Top cook
| colspan=2 |'''Chaitra''' || '''Sujatha''' || '''Vijayan & Narendra''' || '''Vijayan & Sujatha''' || '''Narendra''' || '''Narendra & Vijayan'''|| '''Chaitra, Sujatha & Subash''' || '''Maneesha''' || '''Narendra & Sujatha'''
|-
| colspan="11" style="background:black;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" style="background:blue;color:white;" | Narendra
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top Cook
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="background: gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top Cook
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Advanced to Finale
| rowspan="4" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, orange 50%, #73FB76 50%);" | '''Winner'''
|-
| colspan="1" style="background:orange;" | Top cook
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" style="background: green; color: white;" | Sujatha
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background: orange;" | Top Cook
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background: orange;" | Top Cook
| rowspan="2" style="background: #B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="background: gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| rowspan="2" style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Advanced to Finale
|-
|style="background: orange;" | Top Cook
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" style="background:green;color:white;" | Vijayan
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| colspan="2" style="background: gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top Cook
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Advanced to Finale
| rowspan="2" style="background: #7FFFD4;" | '''1st Runner-up'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top Cook
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" style="background:yellow;" | Chaitra
| colspan="3" style="background: gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" style="background: gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
| rowspan="2" style="background: orange;" | Top Cook
| rowspan="2" style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Advanced to Finale
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DDA0DD;" | '''2nd Runner-up'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" | Top cook
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="background:purple;color:white;" | Subash
| {{N/A}}
| style="background:lightgreen;" | Wildcard entry
| colspan="5" {{N/A}}
| style="background: orange;" | Top Cook
| style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Advanced to Finale
| rowspan="4" style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Finalist
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="rowgroup" style="background:purple;color:white;" | Maneesha
| rowspan="3" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" | Wildcard entry
| rowspan="3" colspan="5" {{N/A}}
| style="background: #B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
| style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Round
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Eliminated (Episode 18)''
| style="background:orange;" | Top Cook
|-
| style="background: #D1E8EF;" | Advanced to Finale
|-
! scope="row" style="background:yellow;" | Aishwarya
| colspan="5" {{N/A}}
| style="background: #B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072"| ''Eliminated (Episode 16)''
| style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Round
| rowspan="6" style="background: salmon;" | ''Eliminated (Episode 19)''
|-
! scope="row" style="background:blue;color:white;" | S Dheena
| colspan="4" {{N/A}}
| style="background:#B2FFFF;" | Nominated for elimination
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Eliminated (Episode 15)''
| style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Round
|-
! scope="row" style="background:yellow;" | Singampuli
| colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Eliminated (Episode 10)''
| style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Round
|-
! scope="row" style="background:green;color:white;" | Shali
| colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Eliminated (Episode 8)''
| style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Round
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="background:blue;color:white;" | Sonia
| rowspan="2" colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Eliminated (Episode 5)''
| style="background: sandybrown;" | Wildcard Round
|-
| style="background: gold;" | Golden table challenge winner
|-
| colspan="11" style="background:black;" |
|- style="background:pink;"
! scope="row" | Left show due to injury
| colspan="10" {{N/A}}
|- style="background:lightgreen;"
! scope="row" | Entered
| {{N/A}} || '''Maneesha & Subash''' || colspan="6" {{N/A}} || style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, lightgreen 50%, sandybrown 50%);" | '''Sonia, Shali, Singampuli, S Dheena, Aishwarya & Maneesha''' || {{N/A}}
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"
! scope="row" | Nominated for elimination
| colspan="4" {{N/A}} || '''S Dheena''' || '''Sujatha & Aishwarya''' || {{N/A}} || '''Maneesha''' || rowspan="3" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #B2FFFF 50%, salmon 50%);" | '''Sonia, Shali, Singampuli, S Dheena & Aishwarya''' || bgcolor="#DD80DD" | '''Chaitra'''
|- style="background:salmon;"
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | Eliminated
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" {{N/A}} || rowspan="2" | '''S Dheena''' || rowspan="2" | '''Aishwarya''' || rowspan="2" {{N/A}} || rowspan="2" | '''Maneesha''' || bgcolor="#7FFFD4" | '''Vijayan'''
|-
| bgcolor="#73FB76" | '''Narendra & Sujatha'''
|}

== References ==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{Notelist}}
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|refs=



<ref name=L1>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-cooking-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/109725473.cms|title=New cooking reality show 'Top Cooku Dupe Cooku' set to premiere soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=L2>{{cite web |author= |date=12 May 2024 |title=New cooking reality show 'Top Cooku Dupe Cooku' set to premiere on May 19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-cooking-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-set-to-premiere-on-may-19/articleshow/110049993.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=L3>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Apr/29/top-cooku-dupe-cooku|title=டாப் குக்கு டூப் குக்கு செஃப் வெங்கடேஷ் பட்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=29 April 2024|language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name=L4>{{cite web|author=|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/sun-tv-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-launch-promo-shared-to-venkatesh-bhatt-601979.html|title=சன் டிவிக்கு போன வெங்கடேஷ் பட்டின் புது பதிவு! இதுதான் வார்த்தையை விட்டு சிக்குறதா? ரசிகர்கள் கேள்வி|website=Tamil [[Oneindia]]|date=29 April 2024|language=ta|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503153539/https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/sun-tv-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-launch-promo-shared-to-venkatesh-bhatt-601979.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=L5>{{cite web|author=V Vasanthi|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-venkatesh-bhatt-shared-the-video-and-praised-gp-muthu-602277.html|title=விஜய் டிவியை விட்டு சன் டிவிக்கு போன காரணம்? ஜி.பி முத்து வீடியோவை பகிர்ந்து.. வெங்கடேஷ் பட் பதிவு|website=Tamil [[Oneindia]]|date=30 April 2024|language=ta|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803092957/https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-venkatesh-bhatt-shared-the-video-and-praised-gp-muthu-602277.html|url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name=P1>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-cooking-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/109725473.cms|title=New cooking reality show 'Top Cooku Dupe Cooku' set to premiere soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2024|language=en|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803084811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-cooking-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/109725473.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=P2>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} New Comedy Show {{!}} Venkatesh Bhat {{!}} Sun TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLH4rVMDDprz93EsqF5W0UENnKN7lNInvw |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>



<ref name=tc1>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: Here's the full and final list of 'contestants' this season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-heres-the-full-and-final-list-of-contestants-this-season/photostory/110076529.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516104125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-heres-the-full-and-final-list-of-contestants-this-season/photostory/110076529.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=tc2>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Promo Of Sun TV's Upcoming Show Titled Top Cooku Dupe Cooku Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/promo-of-sun-tvs-upcoming-show-titled-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-out-8890366.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629152240/https://www.news18.com/movies/promo-of-sun-tvs-upcoming-show-titled-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-out-8890366.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=Aishwarya>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-aishwarya-dutta-shared-the-screen-with-nakul-in-tamizhuku-en-ondrai-azhuthavum/ar-BB1nJHZT|title=Did you know Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestant Aishwarya Dutta shared the screen with Nakul in 'Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum'?|website=www.msn.com|date=30 April 2024|language=en|access-date=12 June 2024|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802153825/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-aishwarya-dutta-shared-the-screen-with-nakul-in-tamizhuku-en-ondrai-azhuthavum/ar-BB1nJHZT|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=Chaitra>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-26 |title=Did you know Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestant Chaitra Reddy shared the screen with Ajith Kumar in 'Valimai'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-chaitra-reddy-shared-the-screen-with-ajith-kumar-in-valimai/articleshow/111284503.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629152240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-chaitra-reddy-shared-the-screen-with-ajith-kumar-in-valimai/articleshow/111284503.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=Narendra1>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-10 |title=Did you know Topu Cooku Dupe Cooku fame Narendra Prasanth acted in the film Baba Black Sheep? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-topu-cooku-dupe-cooku-fame-narendra-prasanth-acted-in-the-film-baba-black-sheep/articleshow/113219477.cms |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
<ref name=Narendra2>{{Cite web |title=Narendra Prasath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-heres-the-full-and-final-list-of-contestants-this-season/narendra-prasath/amp_photostory/110076787.cms |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=SDheena>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-sai-deena-acts-along-with-vijay/articleshow/110249879.cms|title=Did you know Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestant Sai Deena acts along with Vijay?|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=19 May 2024|language=en|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519154138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-sai-deena-acts-along-with-vijay/articleshow/110249879.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=Singampuli>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-15 |title=Did you know Top Cooku Dupe Cooku fame Singampuli was a director once? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-fame-singampuli-was-a-director-once/articleshow/110139459.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629152241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-fame-singampuli-was-a-director-once/articleshow/110139459.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=Sonia1>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestant Sonia Agarwal: Here's all you need to know about the much-loved actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-sonia-agarwal-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-much-loved-actress/articleshow/110178105.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629152241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-sonia-agarwal-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-much-loved-actress/articleshow/110178105.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=Sonia2>{{cite web|author=|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/comedy-legend-vadivelu-likely-to-be-part-of-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-show-in-suntv-gan-scqm10|title=டிஆர்பி-யில் குக் வித் கோமாளியை காலி பண்ண 'டாப் குக்கு டூப் குக்கு' நிகழ்ச்சியில் களமிறங்கும் லெஜண்ட்|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=30 April 2024|language=ta|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503153526/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/comedy-legend-vadivelu-likely-to-be-part-of-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-show-in-suntv-gan-scqm10|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=Vijayan1>{{cite web|author=ஷமீனா பர்வீன்|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/unexpected-contestant-in-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-viewers-are-impressed/articleshow/109779184.cms|title=அஜித் பட வில்லனை தூக்கிய டாப் குக்கு டூப் குக்கு: டி.ஆர்.பி. எகிறப் போகுது|website=tamil.samayam.com|date=2 May 2024|language=ta|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803092946/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/unexpected-contestant-in-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-viewers-are-impressed/articleshow/109779184.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=Vijayan2>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title=Did you know Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestant FEFSI Vijayan shared the screen with Vikram in 'Dhill'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-fefsi-vijayan-shared-the-screen-with-vikram-in-dhill/articleshow/111630413.cms |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713153757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-fefsi-vijayan-shared-the-screen-with-vikram-in-dhill/articleshow/111630413.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=Maneesha>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-19 |title=Popular actress Maneesha Mahesh to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Singa Penne' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-actress-maneesha-mahesh-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-singa-penne/articleshow/103774103.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name=SoniaEl>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-chaitra-reddy-winning-the-advantage-to-sonia-agarwals-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111053815.cms|title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: From Chaitra Reddy winning the advantage to Sonia Agarwal's elimination - A look at major events|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=18 June 2024|language=ta|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618015421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-chaitra-reddy-winning-the-advantage-to-sonia-agarwals-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111053815.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=ShaliEl>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-09 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: From Narendra Prasath winning the advantage to Shali Nivakas's elimination - A look at major events |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-narendra-prasath-winning-the-advantage-to-shali-nivakass-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111604040.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730132300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-narendra-prasath-winning-the-advantage-to-shali-nivakass-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111604040.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=SingampuliEl>{{Cite web |last=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku |title=Actor #Singampuli Got Eliminated in #TopCookuDupeCooku ! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C9r6pVIyE8D/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
<ref name=SDheenaEl>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETyclJgCLl8 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 22 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-18 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=AishwaryaEl>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Wv6rzGfIC8 |title=Aishwarya Dutta Evicted from Top Cooku Dupe Cooku |date=2024-09-01 |last=Puthiya Thagaval News |access-date=2024-09-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ManeeshaEl>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRO1Hv92fUY |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 22 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-19 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

<ref name=ct1>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chefs-saravanan-sai-and-cheruba-join-top-cooku-dupe-cooku/articleshow/110245852.cms|title=Chefs Saravanan, Sai and Cheruba join 'Top Cooku Dupe Cooku'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=19 May 2024|language=en|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520135955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chefs-saravanan-sai-and-cheruba-join-top-cooku-dupe-cooku/articleshow/110245852.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=wild>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-05 |title=Top cooku dupe cooku: Maneesha and Subash join as new cooks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-maneesha-and-subash-join-as-new-cooks/articleshow/112287895.cms |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name=dc1>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-03 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: Here's the full and final list of 'Dupe Cooku' this season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-heres-the-full-and-final-list-of-dupe-cooku-this-season/photostory/109813584.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519144040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-heres-the-full-and-final-list-of-dupe-cooku-this-season/photostory/109813584.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=Arun1>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/adirchi-arun-makes-surprise-entry-on-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-avatar/articleshow/112490588.cms|title=Adirchi Arun makes surprise entry on Top Cooku Dupe Cooku in Allu Arjun's Pushpa avatar|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Arun2>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-12 |title=Adirchi Arun makes surprise entry on Top Cooku Dupe Cooku in Fahadh Faasil's Aavesham avatar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/adirchi-arun-makes-surprise-entry-on-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-in-fahadh-faasils-aavesham-avatar/articleshow/113291617.cms |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
<ref name=Monisha1>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title=Monica Blessy makes surprise entry on "Top Cooku Dupe Cooku" in Charlie Chaplin's Avatar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/monica-blessy-makes-surprise-entry-on-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-in-charlie-chaplins-avatar/articleshow/111629430.cms |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=Monisha2>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcpA1JwBSPQ |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 08 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-03 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=GPM>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vF2RIJ3lQ8c |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 18 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-15 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=Mukund>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UZ4SvKOxY0 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} 01 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-02 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>



<ref name=ep1>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36Z8h6-IDMA |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 1 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-05-19 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-02 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802033028/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=36Z8h6-IDMA |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ep2-gj>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vaigai-puyal-vadivelu-to-grace-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-as-guest-judge/articleshow/110290850.cms|title=Vaigai Puyal Vadivelu to grace reality show 'Top Cooku Dupe Cooku' as guest judge|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=21 May 2024|language=en|access-date=21 May 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521085146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vaigai-puyal-vadivelu-to-grace-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-as-guest-judge/articleshow/110290850.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=ep3i>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkbkAQ5W1Q8 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 3 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-06-02 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-02 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802033020/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkbkAQ5W1Q8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=ep3ii>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqFAe4Cucow |title=Sai Deena Accidentally Cut His Finger😔 {{!}} Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Ep 3 {{!}} Full Ep on Sun NXT {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-06-28 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep3-gj>{{Cite web |last=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku |author-link=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku |title=So here Comes our New Judge Chef Ram Mohan❤️ Welcome Chef |url=https://www.instagram.com/topcookudupecooku_official/reel/C7oZzyayc8P/ |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>

<ref name=ep5>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=na7Hej7_iAk |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 5 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-06-16 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-02 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802033021/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=na7Hej7_iAk |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ep8>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lb2DaagqPxU |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 8 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-07-07 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-02 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802033018/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lb2DaagqPxU |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ep9t>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RnmVLrBzp0 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 14 July 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-07-10 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-02 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802033024/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RnmVLrBzp0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=ep9>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3JGA4hWYdo |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 9 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-07-15 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-02 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802033023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3JGA4hWYdo |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ep10>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La2clU-BclE |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 10 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-07-21 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-02 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802033023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La2clU-BclE |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ep11t>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-30 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: Kalidas Jayaram and Dushara Vijayan to grace the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-kalidas-jayaram-and-dushara-vijayan-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/112132890.cms |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802033019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-kalidas-jayaram-and-dushara-vijayan-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/112132890.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ep14t1>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku new promo: Contestants are asked to cook with their close friends in new challenge |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-new-promo-contestants-are-asked-to-cook-with-their-close-friends-in-new-challenge/ea1dde1375326 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=ep14t2>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-yashika-annand-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/112542208.cms|title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: Yashika Annand to grace the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 August 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=Vigneshkanth>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-rj-vigneshkanth-joins-as-new-dupe-cooku/articleshow/112654863.cms|title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: RJ Vigneshkanth joins as new Dupe Cooku|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 August 2024}}</ref>

<ref name=ep15-gj>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-chef-koushik-to-grace-the-show-as-celebrity-judge/articleshow/112680551.cms|title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: Chef Koushik to grace the show as a celebrity judge|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=fs15>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-KQGC_yMIE |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 25 August 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-08-23 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep15>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkSnMJ9ZHCQ |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} 25 Aug 2024 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-08-25 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

<ref name=fs17>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoXcnBJmioo |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 17 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-08 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep17i>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROeRtNu4BnU |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 17 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-08 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep17ii>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-09 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: Narendra Prasath and Swaminathan Vijayan become first finalists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-narendra-prasath-and-swaminathan-vijayan-become-first-finalists/articleshow/113187466.cms |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name=fs18>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MqpqniSF1w |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 15 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-10 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep18-gj>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qBs2e3nx4M |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 15 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-13 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep18i>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lnINAAyNBU |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 15 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-10 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep18ii>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-17 |title=Narendra Prasath to Chaitra Reddy: Here is a look at the Top 5 contestants of Topu Cooku Dupe Cooku |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/narendra-prasath-to-chaitra-reddy-here-is-a-look-at-the-top-5-contestants-of-topu-cooku-dupe-cooku/photostory/113418621.cms |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name=fs19>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETyclJgCLl8 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 22 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-18 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=6f>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkNVn1ZA9XU |title=Manisha Into Finals magical Moments{{!}} Top Cooku Dupe Cooku {{!}} Venkatesh Bhat {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-27 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep19i>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxtLCtZvoeA |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 19 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-22 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep19ii>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7usjLnTGnRM |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 19 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-22 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

<ref name=f1>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dc3QTuxRykk |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 29 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-25 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep20-fg1>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jgc2hpnnD38 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 29 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-25 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep20-fg2>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAGWfmnSlQs |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 29 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-27 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=ep20-fg3>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku new promo out: Watch out for the sweet surprises the comedians get |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-new-promo-out-watch-out-for-the-sweet-surprises-the-comedians-get/eff8abd1fb162 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=ep20-fg4>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLeUCpVSWjg |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 29 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-28 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

<ref name=res1>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojzxR53eXz4 |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Highlights {{!}} Watch Full Episode only on Sun NXT {{!}} Ep 20 {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-29 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=res2>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-29 |title=Topu Cooku Dupe Cooku grand finale: Narendra Prasath and Sujatha Sivakumar lift the trophy; win cash reward Rs 20 lakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/topu-cooku-dupe-cooku-grand-finale-narendra-prasath-and-sujatha-sivakumar-lift-the-trophy-win-cash-reward-rs-20-lakh/articleshow/113785638.cms |access-date=2024-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-episodeno-May19-2024/detail/191731/0 Top Cooku Dupe Cooku] on ''[[Sun NXT]]''
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLH4rVMDDprz93EsqF5W0UENnKN7lNInvw Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Full episodes] on ''[[YouTube]]''

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku|season 1]]

Shruti Das

2026-04-03T18:51:12Z

WardDrayton2: Adding info.

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shruti Das Samaddar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = November 30
| birth_place = [[Katwa]], [[Purba Bardhaman]], West Bengal
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|Dancer|Singer}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]''|''[[Desher Maati]]''|''Jowar Bhanta''}}
| website =
}}

'''Shruti Das''' is an Indian film and television actress. She is best known for the daily television soaps ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]'', ''[[Desher Maati]]'' and ''Jowar Bhanta''. Das made her debut with ''Trinayani'', in the lead role. It was streamed on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-trinayani-and-shyama-top-in-trp-chart-dgtl-1.1080072|title= টিআরপি তালিকায় রাজত্ব করছেন দুই 'কালো মেয়ে', শ্যামা ও ত্রিনয়নী, কী বলছেন তাঁরা?}}</ref> It was followed with ''[[Desher Maati]]'' streamed on [[Star Jalsha]]. She played the principal antagonist in ''Jowar Bhata'', which was aired on Zee Bangla.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/shruti-das-aratrika-maity-jumping-from-two-storied-building-harness-act-video-viral-jowar-bhanta-new-bangla-serial-soc-1264898-2025-08-21
|title= Shruti Aratrika Harness Act: দোতলা বাড়ি থেকে ঝাঁপ ২ অভিনেত্রীর, ভাইরাল শ্রুতি- আরাত্রিকার হার্নেস অ্যাক্টের ভিডিও}}</ref>

She made her film debut with the Shiboprosad – Nandita directorial ''[[Aamar Boss]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-shruti-das-on-amar-boss-debuting-with-a-chance-to-work-with-rakheeji-is-the-greatest-new-year-gift-ever/1999713123263|title= Exclusive! Shruti Das on Amar Boss: Debuting with a chance to work with Rakheeji is the greatest New Year gift ever}}</ref> She made her web debut with ''[[Dainee]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/actress-shruti-das-shared-her-experience-of-working-with-mimi-chakraborty-on-her-first-series-dainee-106531|title= Exclusive: 'ডাইনি'-এর শুটিং শেষ করলেন শ্রুতি দাস, প্রথম ওয়েব সিরিজে মিমি চক্রবর্তীর সঙ্গে কাজের অভিজ্ঞতা ভাগ করলেন অভিনেত্রী}}</ref> She has been acclaimed by the audience for her portrayal as [[Kali|Goddess Kali]] in various shows.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bongtrend.com/ranga-bou-serial-pakhi-aka-shruti-das-feels-a-connection-with-maa-kali-sp|title= মা কালীর সঙ্গে একটা যোগসূত্র আছে, অদ্ভুত অভিজ্ঞতা শেয়ার করলেন পর্দার 'রাঙা বউ' শ্রুতি দাস}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/actress-shruti-das-shoot-as-kali-netizen-got-awestruck-to-see-the-photo_447111.html|title= Shruti Das: পায়ের তলায় জ্যান্ত শিব, 'ভবতারিণী' শ্রুতির রূপে নেটপাড়ায় তুলকালাম}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/tollywood-actress-shruti-das-s-photoshoot-is-now-viral-on-social-media-141486|title= এ যেন সাক্ষাৎ ভবতারিণী! দেবী রূপে কোন টলি নায়িকা? চিনতে পারছেন? }}</ref>

== Television ==
===Serials===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Serial
! Character
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
|2019-2020
|''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]''
|Trinayani Basu aka Nayan
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Debut, Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-daily-soap-krishnakoli-tops-the-trp-charts-trinayani-and-joy-baba-loknath-secure-2nd-and-3rd-positions-respectively/articleshow/69888957.cms|title= Bengali daily soap Krishnakoli tops the TRP charts; Trinayani and Joy Baba Loknath secure 2nd and 3rd positions respectively}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Desher Maati]]''
|Noa
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/new-mega-bengali-serial-desher-mati-is-coming-soon-31607754881504.html|title= পর্দায় ফিরছেন 'ত্রিনয়নী' শ্রুতি দাস,'দেশের মাটি' ধারাবাহিকে নতুন জুটি | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127082735/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/new-mega-bengali-serial-desher-mati-is-coming-soon-31607754881504.html | archive-date=2021-01-27}}</ref>
|-
|2022-2023
|''[[Ranga Bou]]''
|Pakhi
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Lead Role
|
|-
|2025–Present
|''Jowar Bhanta''
| Nisha/Moharani (disguised as Bibha)
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Lead role (Gray shaded)
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/shruti-das-new-serial-jowar-bhata-harness-experience/200406927.cms|title= ধুম জ্বর, শারীরিক দুর্বলতা নিয়ে প্রথম বার হার্নেস অ্যাক্ট, শুটিং করতে গিয়ে কী অভিজ্ঞতা হয়েছিল শ্রুতির?}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thekolkatamail.com/new-serial-jowar-bhata-explores-the-special-bond-between-sisters/|title= New Serial Jowar Bhata Explores The Special Bond Between Sisters}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Mahalaya===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
!Role
! Channel
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''12 Maashe 12 Roope Debibaran''
|Devi Poushkali and Devi Ratanti Kali
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |title=বাংলার বারো মাসে দেবীর ১২টি রূপ, জেনে নিন মহালয়া অনুষ্ঠানের আগেই |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-mahalaya-to-feature-12-avatars-of-mahashakti-worshipped-in-12-months-in-bengal-143614/}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Jago Maa Durga''
|Dance on Jatajuta Samayuktam
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|
|-
|2022
|''Debi Doshomahabidya''
|Devi Kali
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |title=Mahalaya 2022 on Television: মহালয়ায় কালী- শ্রুতি, ভুবনেশ্বরী- অদ্রিজা! দশমহাবিদ্যার অন্যান্য রূপেও চমক|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/mahalaya-2022-television-shruti-das-play-debi-kali-and-adrija-roy-plays-role-debi-bhubaneshwari-debi-doshomohabidya-mahishasuramardini-program-durga-puja-2022-soc-444072-2022-09-06}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Nobopotrikaye Debibaran''
|Devi Kali
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahalaya 2023: উমা দিতিপ্রয়া, শিব অভিষেক— 'ফুলকি', 'গৌরী', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'রা কী হচ্ছেন?|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/mahalaya-2023-check-out-who-will-be-durga-in-zee-bangla-896651.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja: দুর্গার রূপে চেনা অভিনেত্রীরাও যেন অচেনা, মহালয়ার বিশেষ অনুষ্ঠানের লুক প্রকাশ্যে আনল এবিপি লাইভ|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/durga-puja-mahalaya-special-program-of-zee-bangla-look-reveled-film-your-favorited-heroin-see-in-photos-1011123}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Character
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
|2024
|''[[Aamar Boss]]''
|Aditi Basu
| Debut, Supporting Role
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/shruti-das-to-debut-in-tollywood-with-nandita-ray-shiboprasad-mukherjee-new-bangla-movie-amar-boss-after-ranga-bou-popular-bangla-mega-ends-soc-740140-2024-01-04|title= Shruti Das: 'রাঙা বউ' শেষ হতেই বড় চমক! নন্দিতা- শিবপ্রসাদের ছবিতে বড় পর্দায় ডেবিউ শ্রুতির}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/shruti-das-shares-her-aamar-boss-look/pid/1027210/|title= https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/shruti-das-shares-her-aamar-boss-look/pid/1027210/}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Bhanupriya Bhooter Hotel''
|Parama
|Supporting Role
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/shruti-das-in-new-film-bhanupriya-bhuter-hotel-entertainment-news-tollywood-shooting-starts-at-lava-1141401|title= Shruti Das: ফের বড়পর্দায় শ্রুতি দাস, শ্যুটিং করতে লাভায় পাড়ি দিলেন অভিনেত্রী}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/shruti-das-starts-shooting-with-mimi-chakraborty-and-others-in-bhanupriya-bhooter-hotel-west-bengal-news-wbs25062301039|title= ভূত-মানুষ মিলেমিশে একাকার, 'ভানুপ্রিয়া ভূতের হোটেল'-এ শ্রুতি দাসও, লাভায় চলছে শুটিং}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web Series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Character
! Platform
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Dainee]]''
|Moni
| [[Hoichoi]]
| Debut, Supporting Role
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shruti-das-embarks-on-her-debut-ott-ride/195279e2f9661|title= Shruti Das embarks on her debut OTT ride}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/bengali/a-tale-of-two-sisters-caught-in-a-witch-hunt-dainee-to-premiere-soon-on-ott-platform/articleshow/114345757.cms|title= A tale of two sisters caught in a witch-hunt; 'Dainee' to premiere soon on OTT platform}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Chhayasongi''
| Chhaya
| Bullet
| Lead Role
|
|-
|}
== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
!Category
!Role
!Show
|-
|2019
|rowspan="2"|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards
| Notun Sodosya
|rowspan="2"| Nayan
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]''
|-
|2020
| Priyo Bou
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2021
| Kolkata Glitz Awards
|Woman of Substance
|
|
|-
|Star Jalsha Parivaar Awards
| Priyo Meye
| Noa
|[[Desher Maati]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|Telly Adda Award 2023
|Most Challenging Actress
|rowspan="4"|Pakhi
|rowspan="4"|[[Ranga Bou]]
|-
|Bengal Icon Award 2023
|Best Actress
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards
| Sonar Somporko
|-
|rowspan="2"| Telly Adda Awards
|Promising Actor
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|Chotopordar Chiro Rongin Mukh
|
|
|-
|Telly Academy Awards
| Priyo Juti
| Nisha-Uji (with [[Aratrika Maity]])
|rowspan="2"|Jowar Bhata
|-
|2026
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards
| Priyo Bhinno Swader Choritro (Mohila)
|Nisha
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Shruti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ai-Khanoum

2026-03-27T17:55:16Z

WardDrayton2: cleanup

{{Short description|Ruined Hellenistic city in Afghanistan}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Ai-Khanoum
|image = Ai Khanoum landscape photograph.jpeg
|image_size =300
|alt = Landscape photograph of ruined structures on a grassy plain.
|caption = The primary sanctuary of Ai-Khanoum, as viewed from the acropolis in the late 1970s.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=20}}
|map_type = West Asia#Afghanistan#Bactria
|map_alt = Alexandria-Oxus lies in the north of Afghanistan, close to the border with Tajikistan, in the region known as Bactria in antiquity.
|map_size =300
|relief=yes
|coordinates = {{coord|37|09|53|N|69|24|31|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Takhar Province]], Afghanistan
|region = [[Bactria]]
|built = 3rd century BC
|abandoned = 145 BC – 2nd century BC
|epochs = [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]]
|excavations = Between 1964 and 1978
|archaeologists = [[Paul Bernard (archaeologist)|Paul Bernard]]
|condition = Ruined since antiquity; also plundered by modern looters.
}}

'''Ai-Khanoum''' ({{IPAc-en|aɪ|_|ˈ|h|ɑː|nj|uː|m}}, meaning 'Lady Moon';{{sfn|Lecuyot|2020|p=540}} {{langx|uz|Oyxonim}}) is the [[archaeology|archaeological]] site of a [[Hellenistic]] city in [[Takhar Province]], Afghanistan. The city, whose original name is unknown,{{efn|Some scholars have suggested that the site's original name was '''*Oskobara''', an indigenous [[toponym]] with the meaning of "high bank". [[Ptolemy]] mentions a similar name, transcribed variously as Ostobara or Estobara, in his ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]''.{{sfnm|Rapin|2007|1p=41|Ptolemy|c. 150|2loc=6.11.9}}}} was likely founded by an early ruler of the [[Seleucid Empire]] and served as a military and economic centre for the rulers of the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] until its destruction {{circa|145}} BC. Rediscovered in 1961, the ruins of the city were excavated by [[French Archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan|a French team of archaeologists]] until [[Saur Revolution|the outbreak of conflict]] in Afghanistan in the late 1970s.

The city was probably founded between 300 and 285 BC by an official acting on the orders of [[Seleucus I Nicator]] or his son [[Antiochus I Soter]], the first two rulers of the [[Seleucid dynasty]]. There is a possibility that the site was known to the earlier [[Achaemenid Empire]], who established a small fort nearby. Ai-Khanoum was originally thought to have been [[List of cities founded by Alexander the Great|a foundation]] of [[Alexander the Great]], perhaps as [[Alexandria Oxiana]], but this theory is now considered unlikely. Located at the confluence of the [[Amu Darya]] ({{aka}} Oxus) and [[Kokcha River|Kokcha]] rivers, surrounded by [[irrigation|well-irrigated]] farmland, the city itself was divided between a lower town and a {{convert|60|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} [[acropolis]]. Although not situated on a major trade route, Ai-Khanoum controlled access to both mining in the [[Hindu Kush]] and strategically important choke points. Extensive fortifications, which were continually maintained and improved, surrounded the city.

Ai-Khanoum, which may have initially grown in population because of royal patronage and the presence of a [[mint (facility)|mint]] in the city, lost some importance through the secession of the Greco-Bactrians under [[Diodotus I]] ({{circa|250}} BC). Seleucid construction programmes were halted and the city probably became primarily military in function; it may have been a conflict zone during [[Antiochus III the Great#Bactrian campaign and Indian expedition|the invasion of Antiochus III]] ({{circa|209|205}} BC). Ai-Khanoum began to grow once more under [[Euthydemus I]] and his successor [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]], who began to assert control over the northwest [[Indian subcontinent]]. Many of the present ruins date from the time of [[Eucratides I]], who substantially redeveloped the city and who may have renamed it [[Eucratideia]], after himself. Soon after his death {{circa|145}} BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom collapsed—Ai-Khanoum was captured by [[Saka]] invaders and was generally abandoned, although parts of the city were sporadically occupied until the 2nd century AD. Hellenistic culture in the region would persist longer only in the [[Indo-Greek kingdoms]].

While on a hunting trip in 1961, the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|King of Afghanistan]], [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]], rediscovered the city. An archaeological delegation, led by [[Paul Bernard (archaeologist)|Paul Bernard]], unearthed the remains of a huge palace in the lower town, along with a large [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]], a [[Theatre of ancient Greece#Architecture|theatre]] capable of holding 6,000 spectators, an arsenal, and two [[sanctuary|sanctuaries]]. Several inscriptions were found, along with [[Ancient Greek coinage#Hellenistic period (323–31 BC)|coins]], artefacts, and ceramics. The onset of the [[Soviet-Afghan War]] in the late 1970s halted scholarly progress and during [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|the following conflicts in Afghanistan]], the site was extensively looted.
{{TOC limit|3}}

== History ==

=== Ancient ===
The precise date of Ai-Khanoum's founding is unknown. The northernmost outpost of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] had been established at [[Shortugai]], around {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of Ai-Khanoum, during the late third millennium BC. Shortugai, which existed for several centuries, traded with its southern neighbours and constructed the first irrigation systems in the area.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2015|p=21}} A thousand years later, the area fell under the control of the Persian [[Achaemenids]], who established a [[satrapy]] (administrative province) centred on [[Bactra]] (present-day [[Balkh]]) and expanded eastwards [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|by conquering the Indus Valley]]. To assert control over the local region, they founded a fort named Kohna Qala on a ford of the [[Oxus]], around {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} north of the later city.{{sfn|Mairs|2014|p=33}} Although scholars have speculated that a small Achaemenid garrison may have been placed at the location, there is no consensus that a settlement was established at Ai-Khanoum prior to the arrival of the Greco-Macedonians under [[Alexander the Great]] {{circa|328}} BC.{{sfnm|Martinez-Sève|2015|1pp=22–23|Mairs|2015|2p=109}}

Historians have disputed who ordered the transformation of this small settlement into the major city it became. Initially, Ai-Khanoum was identified as Alexandria Oxiana, [[List of cities founded by Alexander the Great|one of the cities founded]] by Alexander. There are considerable difficulties with identifying these cities, as the sources disagree; and the authors may have inadvertently referred to the same Alexandria as being at two different cities. As well as Ai-Khanoum, Alexandria Oxiana has been variously interpreted as being Alexandria in Sogdiana, Alexandria near Bactra, or as [[Termez]].{{efn|In 2019, having excavated a gate complex at [[Kampir Tepe]] in [[Uzbekistan]], which was identical to one earlier conquered by Alexander at [[Sillyon]], in [[Pamphylia]], the archaeologist [[Edvard Rtveladze]] announced yet another Alexandria Oxiana candidate.{{sfn|Ibbotson|2019}}}}{{sfn|Cohen|2013|pp=35–38}} As there is a lack of distinct identifying features (such as artwork, sculpture, or inscriptions) associating Alexander with the city, it remains unlikely that he did more than replace an Achaemenid garrison on the site, if it existed, with a Greek one.{{sfn|Mairs|2015|pp=109–111}}

{{Continental Asia in 200 BCE|left|Ai-Khanoum ([[File:Basic red dot.png|4px]]) and main polities in Asia, {{circa|200}} BC.{{sfn|O'Brien|2002|p=51}}|{{location map~ |Continental Asia |lat=37.164722|N |long=69.408611|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Basic red dot.png|marksize=4}}}}
[[File:Ai-Khanoum-gold stater of Antiochos1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|alt=A composite photograph of both sides of a golden coin: one side displays a head, while the other shows a seated figure.|Golden coin of the [[Seleucid Empire]] ruler [[Antiochos I]], with Ai-Khanoum mint mark on the reverse: [[File:AiKhanoumSymbol.jpg|15px]]]]

Based on ceramic data gathered at the site, it is likely that Ai-Khanoum was expanded in stages.{{sfn|Lerner|2003a|pp=378–380}} The first stage would have begun under one of the first rulers of the [[Seleucid Empire]]—either the empire's founder [[Seleucus I Nicator]] or his son and successor [[Antiochus I Soter]]. Seleucus established a cohesive Central Asian policy, which "went beyond the limited, ad hoc military and political aims of Alexander", according to historian [[Frank L. Holt|Frank Holt]].{{sfn|Holt|1999|p=28}} After the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]], Seleucus ceded the [[Indus Valley]] to [[Chandragupta Maurya]], in return for a pact of friendship and 500 [[war elephants]]; he thus sought the sustained economic and military development of Bactria, which was now the headquarters of the Seleucids in the East.{{sfnm|Holt|1999|1pp=28–29|Cohen|2013|2p=39}}

Antiochus, who had a personal connection to the region through his mother, [[Apama]], the daughter of the [[Sogdia]]n warlord [[Spitamenes]], continued the policies of his father. Several of Ai-Khanoum's key buildings, including the [[#Heroön of Kineas|heroön]] (hero's shrine), the [[#Walls|northern fortifications]], and a shrine, were constructed under his reign.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2015|pp=27–28}} It is likely that a [[Mint (facility)|mint]] was opened in Ai-Khanoum in around 285 BC, both because of the [[#Location and layout|metal deposits]] near the city and a growing Seleucid interest in eastern Bactria, which suggests that this mint spurred the growth of the city as a royal foundation.{{sfnm|Kritt|1996|1pp=31–34|Holt|1999|2p=114}} Around one-third of the bronze coins found in the city were issued in the period following Antiochus' accession in 281 BC, an indication that he continued to spend money on the city.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2015|p=31}} Under his successor [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochus II]], who came to the throne in 261 BC, the mint continued to strike valuable coins and the ramparts were bolstered with a buttress and brick linings.{{sfnm|Kritt|1996|1p=26|Leriche|1986|2pp=44–54}}

The city's development was greatly slowed when [[Diodotus I]], governor of the eastern provinces, seceded from the Seleucids and founded the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]. Although Ai-Khanoum's temple and sanctuary were reconstructed under Diodotus, possibly to enhance religious legitimacy, most Seleucid construction programmes were not continued.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2015|p=35}} Bertille Lyonnet theorises that during this time Ai-Khanoum was merely "a military stronghold with administrative functions".{{sfn|Lyonnet|2012|p=158}} The [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid]] emperor [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]] invaded the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom in 209 BC, defeating its ruler [[Euthydemus I]] at the [[Battle of the Arius]] and [[Siege of Bactra|unsuccessfully besieging Bactra]], Euthydemus' capital.{{sfn|Polybius|loc=10.48–49, 11.34}} Although there is no evidence that Ai-Khanoum was itself attacked by the invaders, Antiochus may have conducted operations near the city, or even minted his currency there.{{sfnm|Holt|1999|1p=125|Martinez-Sève|2015|2p=36}} He may have also brought new settlers to the region. The [[Indo-Greek Kingdom#Expansion of Demetrius into India|later conquests]] of Euthydemus and his successor [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] were also beneficial for the city, as the population increased and many public buildings were reconstructed.{{sfnm|Martinez-Sève|2014|1p=271|Martinez-Sève|2015|2pp=36–37}} The improvement in the city's fortunes can be seen through innovations in the manufacturing and sophistication of [[pottery]]—Achaemenid styles were replaced with more varied shapes, some of which were reminiscent of the Hellenistic moldmade bowls commonly called "Megarian bowls".{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2020|p=224}}

The city's zenith came during the rule of [[Eucratides I]] in the mid-second century BC, who probably made it his capital, naming it [[Eucratideia]]. During his reign, the [[#Palace complex|palace]] and gymnasium were constructed, the [[#Religious structures|main sanctuary]] and [[#Heroön of Kineas|heroön]] were rebuilt, and the [[#Other buildings|theatre]] was certainly active.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=271}} He probably sponsored Mediterranean artists to place himself on a par with other major Hellenistic kings, the status of his capital city thus being comparable to that of [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]], or [[Pergamum]]. The [[#Treasury|treasury]] was found to house substantial quantities of the loot from his campaigns in India against the [[Indo-Greek]] [[Menander I|King Menander]].{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2015|pp=39–40}} It is likely that Ai-Khanoum was already under attack by nomadic tribes when Eucratides was assassinated in around 144 BC.{{sfnm|Justin|1853|1loc=41.6.5|Martinez-Sève|2015|2p=41}} This invasion was probably carried out by [[Saka]] tribes driven south by the [[Yuezhi]] peoples, who in turn formed a second wave of invaders, in around 130 BC. The treasury complex shows signs of having been plundered in two assaults, fifteen years apart.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=49}}

[[File:Yuezhi migrations.jpg|thumb|alt=A map showing the path taken by a tribe, from Central Asia in 176 BC to India in 30 CE. |Migrations of the [[Yuezhi]] tribes in the last two centuries BC]]

Although the first assault led to the end of Hellenistic rule in the city, Ai-Khanoum continued to be inhabited; it remains unknown whether this reoccupation was effected by Greco-Bactrian survivors or nomadic invaders.{{sfn|Mairs|2014|pp=172–173}} During this time, public buildings such as the palace and sanctuary were repurposed as residential dwellings and the city maintained some semblance of normality: some sort of authority, possibly cultish in origin, encouraged the inhabitants to reuse the raw building materials now freely available in the city for their own ends, whether for construction or trade.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2018|pp=409–410}} A silver ingot engraved with [[Xiongnu#Rock art and writing|runic]] letters and buried in a treasury room provides support for the theory that the Saka occupied the city, with tombs containing typical nomadic [[grave goods]] also being dug into the acropolis and the gymnasium. The reoccupation of the city was soon terminated by a huge fire.{{sfnm|Martinez-Sève|2018|1pp=406–407|Mairs|2014|2pp=171–172}} It is unknown when the final occupants of Ai-Khanoum abandoned the city. The final signs of any habitation date from the 2nd century AD; by this time, more than {{convert|2.5|m|ft}} of earth had accumulated in the palace.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2018|pp=413–414}}

=== Modern ===
On 18 March 1838, a British soldier-explorer named [[John Wood (explorer)|John Wood]] was travelling in [[Badakshan]] as a representative of the [[East India Company]]. He was informed by his guides of the existence of an ancient city in the area, which the natives called ''Babarrah''.{{sfnm|Wood|1841|1pp=394–395|Bernard|2001|2p=977}} All his inquiries were rebuffed by the local inhabitants and the chance of rediscovery was lost, as Wood wrote in an account:{{sfn|Holt|1994|p=9}}

{{blockquote
|text=The appearance of the place, however, does indicate the truth of [Tajik] tradition, that an ancient city once stood here. On the site of the town was an Uzbek encampment; but from its inmates, we could glean no information, and to all our inquiries about coins and relics, they only vouchsafed a vacant stare or an idiotic laugh.
|source=
}}

[[File:President John F. Kennedy Greets King of Afghanistan, Mohammad Ẓāhir Shāh (02).jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white photograph from 1963 showing Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan, and John F. Kennedy, President of the United States.|[[Kingdom of Afghanistan|King]] [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] (right) in 1963, two years after his rediscovery of Ai-Khanoum, in the company of [[President of the United States|US President]] [[John F. Kennedy]]]]

In 1961, the [[King of Afghanistan]], [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]], was on a hunting expedition when he was shown a [[Corinthian order|Corinthian columnn capital]] which had been found at the site. He called in the [[French Archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan]] (DAFA), who had been excavating sites in the country since 1923.{{sfn|Bernard|2001|pp=971–972}} The excavation was led first by [[Daniel Schlumberger]] and then by [[Paul Bernard (archaeologist)|Paul Bernard]]. As the city had never been resettled after its abandonment, the ruins lay close to the surface and were easy to excavate.{{sfn|Bernard|1996|pp=101–102}} At other sites in the region, successive generations built upon the foundations of their predecessors, leaving the Hellenistic construction layer as much as {{convert|15|m|ft}} below the ground.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=269}}

Nevertheless, the excavation of Ai-Khanoum proved problematic and complex. The city's immense size meant that DAFA's small team had to focus their attention on key areas, especially when the French [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs]] decreased its funding in the mid-1970s.{{sfn|Mairs|2014|p=62}} The inaccessibility of the city's [[acropolis]] and the roughness of its terrain meant that any excavation there was much more difficult than on the lower level, leading to it being studied much less than the lower city.{{sfnm|Leriche|1986|1loc=preface, i|Mairs|2014|2p=62}} Despite these and other constraints, DAFA did not compromise on scientific rigour or procedure.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=269}} In 1974, the remit of the mission was expanded to include paleogeographical and archaeological surveys of the surrounding areas; building upon these successful surveys, further fieldwork was also planned.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2020|p=220}}

All archaeological work was stopped in 1978, when the [[Saur Revolution]] sparked the [[Soviet-Afghan War]] and triggered the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|still-ongoing political instability]] in [[Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2020|p=220}} During the warfare, the site was comprehensively looted and several important artefacts were sold on the antiquities market to private collectors.{{sfnm|Martinez-Sève|2014|1p=269|Mairs|2014|2p=26}}{{efn|The artefacts excavated by the DAFA archaeologists had been accepted by the [[National Museum of Afghanistan]], which would later exhibit them in [[Paris]].{{sfnm|Mairs|2014|1p=26|2a1=Jarrige|2a2=Cambon|2y=2007|2pp=146–147}}}} The systematic [[looting]] of the northern part of the lower city appears to have been carried out through the digging of hundreds of holes. Although this suggests that the looters expected to find artefacts in an area DAFA had not excavated, the archaeological integrity of the site has been compromised.{{sfn|Lecuyot|2007|p=160}} Although similar holes were found in the gymnasium complex, the palace complex perhaps suffered the greatest damage: the walls were used as a quarry for building materials (in some places even the deepest foundations were gutted), while the small quantities of limestone at the site, primarily found as decoration or [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]], were consumed in [[lime kiln]]s.{{sfn|Bernard|2001|pp=991–993}} The [[Northern Alliance]] built a gun battery atop the acropolis, further destabilizing the site.{{sfn|Mairs|2013|p=90}}

== Site ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 350
| image1 = Plan AI Khanoum-fr.svg
| alt1 = A plan of the layout of Ai-Khanoum.
| image2 = Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg
| alt2 = A map of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and surrounding polities, displaying key cities, regions, and topography.
| footer = Ai-Khanoum, situated on a triangular peninsula at the junction of two rivers, was a major centre of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.
}}

=== Location and layout ===
The city of Ai-Khanoum was founded at the southwest corner of a plain in the region of [[Bactria]], at the [[confluence]] of the Oxus (modern [[Amu Darya]]) and [[Kokcha River|Kokcha]] rivers. The plain, which covered an area of around {{convert|300|km2|acre}}, was triangular, being bounded by the rivers on two sides and the mountains of the eastern [[Hindu Kush]] on the third.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2015|p=20}} The [[loess]] soil of the plain was naturally suitable for agriculture; the proximity to the rivers allowed for the construction of irrigation canals; and the nearby highlands provided herders with large areas of summer pasturage.{{sfn|Bernard|1982|p=148}} The area was also rich in minerals: mines on the upper Kokcha in Badakshan were the only sources of [[lapis lazuli]] in the world, also producing copper, iron, lead, and rubies.{{efn|Gemstone mining on the Kokcha has remained productive into the 21st century, despite 6,500 years of near-continuous extraction.{{sfn|Renaud|2014|pp=4–5}}}}{{sfnm|Mairs|2014|1p=29|Holt|2012|2p=101}} The city was {{convert|10|km|mi}} downstream from the confluence of the Oxus and [[Qizilsu]], a tributary whose valley provided access to the mineral-rich [[Pamir Mountains|Western Pamirs]] and [[Chinese Turkestan]], but which also formed a natural corridor for any potential northern invaders.{{efn|The Qizilsu valley served as a strategically important corridor as recently as the [[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|Afghan Civil War]] when international humanitarian aid for the forces of [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] was routed through it.{{sfn|Bernard|2001|pp=976, 994}}}} Ai-Khanoum therefore served as a strategically important bulwark, despite not controlling a major crossing of the Oxus or any other large trade route.{{sfnm|Martinez-Sève|2015|1p=20|Cohen|2013|2p=225}}

Reflecting the city's strategic importance, its founders built Ai-Khanoum to a high defensive standard. To the south and west lay the Kokcha and Oxus, respectively—both riverbanks were steep cliffs more than {{convert|20|m|ft}} high, which presented a challenge to any amphibious assault.{{sfn|Leriche|2007|pp=140–141}} Meanwhile, any eastward approach was protected by a natural acropolis, around {{convert|60|m|ft}} in height, which stretched about {{convert|2|km|mi}} north from the Kokcha.{{sfn|Bernard|1982|p=148}} This plateau also included a small citadel at its southeast corner—protected by the {{convert|80|m|ft|adj=on}}-high cliffs on two sides and a small moat on the third, this {{convert|150|by|100|m|ft}} fort served as the defensive headquarters of Ai-Khanoum.{{sfnm|Bernard|1982|1p=148|Leriche|2007|2p=141}}

{{anchor|Walls}}
These natural defences were reinforced by walls that completely enclosed Ai-Khanoum's city and acropolis. The northern ramparts, which were not assisted by any natural features, were built to be particularly strong:{{sfn|Bernard|1996|p=106}} the {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}}-high and {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=on}}-thick walls were built out of solid [[mud brick]]s and protected by large towers and a steep ditch.{{sfn|Bernard|1982|p=148}} The size of these ramparts allowed a few defending soldiers to nullify siege engines and engage an attacking force with minimal casualties; the large scale also reflects the low confidence of the Greek architects in the strength of mud-brick walls.{{sfn|Leriche|2007|p=142}} The main gate of the city was set in the northern rampart, which also guarded the canal that supplied water to the city's centre.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=27}}

From the main gate, a street ran southwards in a straight line along the base of the acropolis and continued through the lower city to the southern riverbank—a distance of about {{convert|1.5|km|mi}}.{{sfn|Lecuyot|2007|p=156}} Apart from the southern zone, which housed large dwellings organised in three blocks, the lower town was unplanned; this distinguishes Ai-Khanoum from other Hellenistic foundations of the Near East, such as [[Seleucia on the Tigris]], which tended to be built according to the [[Hippodamus of Miletus|Hippodamian grid plan]].{{sfnm|Cohen|2013|1p=225|Leriche|2007|2p=141}} It was also the subject of a major redevelopment during the early second century BC, which resulted in slight disunity in the orientations of some major buildings (the palace, for example, is at an angle to the older main street).{{sfn|Mairs|2014|p=63}} Ai-Khanoum was built predominantly using unbaked bricks, with baked bricks and stone used much less often.{{sfn|Mairs|2014|p=63}}

=== Palace complex ===
{{multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width= 400 |align=right
| image1 = Ai Khanoum Portrait of a man, found in the administrative palace.jpg
| alt1 = A stucco mask with a high level of detail, but with missing sections and numerous cracks
| image2 = CapitalSharp.jpg
| alt2 = The capital of a Corinthian column, showing detail of leaf carvings
| image3 = Ai-Khanoum high-relief.jpg
| alt3 = A marble relief of a man wearing a toga; the head is missing, along with parts of all four limbs
| image4 = Ai Khanum Antefix from the administrative palace.jpg
| alt4 = A sculpture known as a "palmette antefix" displaying large leaf fronds
| image5 = Ai-Khanoum mosaic.jpg
| alt5 = A red-orange mosaic displaying patterns and a central motif of a star-like symbol
| footer= Decorations of the Ai-Khanoum palace, clockwise from upper left: a [[stucco]] mask, a [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] column capital, a relief of a [[chlamys]]-garbed man in [[contrapposto]] style, a mosaic reminiscent of contemporary Hellenistic art, and a [[palmette]] [[antefix]]
}}
The palace complex was large, measuring about {{convert|350|by|250|m|ft}} and occupying around a third of the lower town.{{sfnm|Cohen|2013|1p=226|Martinez-Sève|2015|2p=39}} The size and intricacy of the complex, which was built on the order of Eucratides I, would have served as a demonstration of the ruler's power and wealth;{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2015|p=39}} Bernard commented that it "simultaneously served three functions: it was a state structure, a residence, and a treasury".{{sfn|Bernard|1982|p=151}} A huge plaza, {{convert|27000|m2|acre}} in area, lay to the south of the palace and may have been used for military parades, drills, or simply as garrison quarters.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=38}} The palace itself was accessed through a gateway known as the Main [[Propylaea]], which opened on the west side of the main street; the propylaea itself had been built by an earlier ruler and was reconstructed under Eucratides.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2014|pp=270–271}} Encompassing a wide portico in between two adjoining porches, the roof of the structure was noted for its [[palmette]] [[antefix]]es. It allowed access to a curved road that ran towards the palace's courtyard.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=34}}

This rectangular courtyard, which measured {{convert|137|by|108|m|ft}} and served as the main entrance to the palace, was entered from the curved road through another propylaeum. The courtyard was bordered by 118 [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns.{{sfn|Rapin|1990|p=333}} The columns of the north, east, and west colonnades were {{convert|5.7|m|ft}} high, while those of the south colonnade were almost {{convert|10|m|ft}} tall, forming a Rhodian [[peristyle]]. The palace was entered through a [[hypostyle]] behind the southern portico; this vestibule, similar in style to a Persian ''[[iwan]]'', was supported by eighteen columns, ornamented slightly differently from those in the courtyard.{{sfnm|Mairs|2014|1p=69|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=39}} On the southern side of the hypostyle, a door opened onto a large reception room ornamented with decorations including wooden sconces, painted [[protome]]s of lions, and geometrical art; this room was probably enclosed, as it had no drainage system, and it allowed access to the other areas of the palace through doors on every side.{{sfnm|Mairs|2014|1pp=69–70|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=41}}

The palace was divided into three zones, each serving different functions and linked by a network of courtyards and long corridors, which were carefully placed, allowing both seclusion and easy access for royalty and highly ranked officials.{{sfnm|Rapin|1990|1p=333|Mairs|2014|2p=66}} South of the reception area lay a suite of rooms that would have served as the administrative quarters, consisting of a [[quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangular]] block of two pairs of units separated from each other by corridors meeting at right angles; the eastern pair were used as audience halls, while the western pair possibly functioned as [[Chancery (medieval office)|chancelleries]].{{sfnm|Rapin|1990|1p=333|Mairs|2014|2pp=70–71}} The entrances to the chambers from the encircling corridors were offset, meaning that, in theory, two separate groups could have entered the complex, been allowed an audience, received a decision, and left, without seeing each other.{{sfn|Mairs|2014|p=71}}

West of the administrative quarter, on the southwestern side of the palace, lay two units that were identified, by the presence of [[bathroom#Greek and Roman bathing|bathrooms]], as residential in purpose.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=43}} In layout, the structures were similar to other residences excavated in the city, with a small courtyard to the north and living quarters to the south.{{sfn|Rapin|1990|p=334}} The larger of the units, which contained other features such as a small ''iwan'' behind the courtyard, lay to the west and was separated from its smaller neighbour by an isolating corridor.{{sfn|Mairs|2014|p=72}} The three-room bathrooms lay to the rear of the units and were tiled with limestone slabs and pebble mosaics of palmettes and marine animals, continuing [[Hellenistic art#Mosaics|an existing tradition of Hellenistic art]].{{sfn|Rapin|1990|p=334}} Based on the more private nature of the western unit, scholars have speculated that it was intended for the sovereign's family, as contrasted with the eastern unit, which was probably intended for the monarch himself and his intimate companions.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|pp=43–44}} North of the residential units lay a small courtyard, which was connected to a small library in the treasury.{{sfn|Rapin|1990|p=334}}

==== Treasury ====
The treasury building, on the western side of the palace courtyard, from which it could be entered, constituted the third zone. This building was of late construction, as the treasury itself was likely previously located in buildings east of the courtyard.{{sfn|Mairs|2014|p=72}} In its latest form, the treasury building was composed of twenty-one rooms grouped around a square courtyard of approximately {{convert|30|m|ft}} on a side. The thirteen rooms on the southern, eastern, and western sides opened directly onto this courtyard, while the eight storage rooms to the north were accessed from doors on an east–west corridor.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=47}} The complex housed the inventory of the palace in vases labelled in Greek, including gemstones and lapis lazuli from the Badakshan mines, ivory, olive oil, incense, a [[cash reserve]], and other valuables.{{sfn|Rapin|1990|p=334}}

{{multiple image|perrow = 2
| align = right
| total_width=400
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Ai Khanoum Ostraca from the treasury.jpg
| alt1 = Broken ostracon from the Ai-Khanoum treasury, displaying inscription
| image2 = Philosophical papyrus Ai Khanoum.jpg
| alt2 = Image of a philosophical dialogue retrieved at Ai-Khanoum
| image3 = Sakuntala plate reconstitution.jpg
| alt3 = A disc made out of mother-of-pearl, with partial ornamentation still visible, alongside a possible reconstruction of the original decoration
| footer=Artefacts of the palace treasury, clockwise from top left: broken ostracon from the Ai-Khanoum treasury, displaying inscription; papyrus with philosophical text, Ai Khanoum treasury, 2nd century BC; Indian disc that probably depicts the myth of [[Sakuntala]], with partial reconstruction (right)}}
Many of the vase labels, which were either written with ink or inscribed post-firing, describe monetary transactions: for example, one attests that an official named Zenon had transferred 500 [[Ancient drachma|drachma]]s to two employees named Oxèboakès and Oxybazos, who were responsible for depositing the sum in the vase and sealing it.{{sfnm|Mairs|2014|1pp=47–49|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=50}} Most of the names inscribed on the labels are of Greek origin, but some, like Oxèboakès and Oxybazos, are not; these Bactrian-Iranian names were never inscribed in the "senior" position. Scholars have disputed whether a meaningful conclusion can be drawn.{{sfnm|Mairs|2014|1pp=47–52|Rapin|1992|2p=339|3a1=Francfort|3a2=Grenet|3a3=Lecuyot|3a4=Martinez-Sève|3y=2014|3pp=50–51}}

Some of the other vases indicate transportation of luxury goods, such as incense from the Middle East or olive oil from the Mediterranean. Because of the perishable nature of the oil inside it, one of these vases is inscribed with the regnal year of the monarch (Year 24). Combined with other inscriptions in the treasury and the identification of the ruling monarch as Eucratides I, the date of Ai-Khanoum's fall has been dated with fair certainty to around 145 BC. Several items in the treasury are likely to have been loot brought back by Eucratides from his Indian conquests: these include Indian [[agate]]s and jewellery, offerings from Buddhist [[stupa]]s, and a disc of [[mother-of-pearl]] plates depicting a scene from Hindu mythology.{{sfnm|Rapin|1990|1pp=334–336|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2pp=51–54}} This disc, which was decorated with [[polychrome]] glass paste and gold thread, most probably represents the meeting of [[Dushyanta]] and [[Shakuntala]].{{sfnm|Rapin|1992|1pp=191–192|2a1=Jarrige|2a2=Cambon|2y=2007|2p=150|3a1=Francfort|3a2=Grenet|3a3=Lecuyot|3a4=Martinez-Sève|3y=2014|3p=54}}

The library was located at the south of the treasury near the residential quarters. Its function was identified through the discovery of two literary fragments, one on papyrus and the other on parchment; the organic writing material had decomposed, but through a process similar to [[decalcomania]], the letters had been engraved on fine earth formed from mudbrick decomposition.{{sfnm|Hollis|2011|1p=107|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=49}} The parchment constituted an unknown [[Theatre of ancient Greece|theatrical work]], most probably a [[trimetrical]] [[Greek tragedy|tragedy]], possibly involving [[Dionysus]], a figure known for travelling to India and the East.{{sfn|Hollis|2011|pp=108–109}} On the other hand, the papyrus was a [[Socratic dialogue|philosophical dialogue]] discussing the [[theory of forms]] of [[Plato]], which some have considered a lost work by [[Aristotle]].{{sfnm|Hollis|2011|1p=107|Auffret|2019|2p=25}} It is also possible, conversely, that the text was written by a Greco-Bactrian philosopher in Ai-Khanoum.{{sfn|Lerner|2003b|p=50}}

=== Private housing ===
A residential zone was situated in the area south of the palatial complex. This consisted of rows of blocks of large aristocratic houses, separated by streets at right angles to the main north–south road.{{sfn|Leriche|2007|p=141}} The DAFA archaeologists chose to excavate a house near the end of the fourth row from the palace, close to the confluence of the two rivers. This house, {{convert|66|by|35|m|ft}} in area, showed evidence of three older architectural stages dating back half a century to {{circa|200}} BC; it consisted of a large courtyard to the north and the main building to the south, separated by a large porch with two columns. The main building comprised a central reception room, encircled by a corridor which provided access to the bath complex, kitchen, and other rooms.{{sfnm|Lecuyot|2020|1p=543|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2pp=69–71}}

{{anchor|Extramural house}}
Another house, located {{convert|150|m|ft}} outside the northern rampart, was partially excavated in 1973; the archaeologists were only able to study the central part of the main building and part of the western side in detail. This extramural dwelling was much larger than the one inside the city, covering an area of {{convert|108|by|72|m|ft}}. With a large courtyard to the north and buildings to the south, it had a similar layout to the urban house, although its main building was divided by an east–west corridor into two halves—the northern section formed the living quarters, with a central reception room, while the southern section included the service quarters and bath complex. Fragments of columns found at the site indicate a height of nearly {{convert|8|m|ft}}.{{sfnm|Lecuyot|2020|1p=543|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2pp=72–73}}

As the large dwellings at Ai-Khanoum, including those in the palace, have little in common with the traditional Greek ''[[oikos]]'', scholars have theorised as to their origin. The prevailing hypothesis suggests an [[Iranian architecture|Iranian origin]], similar styles being visible at [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] [[Nisa, Turkmenistan|Nisa]] and [[Dilberjin Tepe]] under the [[Kushan Empire]].{{sfnm|Lecuyot|2020|1pp=549–550|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=71}} The city also contained other types of housing, including smaller houses for people of lower status.{{sfn|Lecuyot|2020|p=548}}

=== Religious structures ===
The excavators discovered three temples at Ai-Khanoum—a large [[sanctuary]] on the main street near the palace, a smaller temple in a similar style outside the northern wall, and an open-air podium on the acropolis.{{sfn|Bernard|1982|pp=158–159}} The large sanctuary, often called the Temple with Indented Niches,{{efn|French: "temple à niches indentées"; alternatively called the Stepped Temple ("temple à redans").{{sfn|Mairs|2013|loc=p. 92, note 29}}}} was located prominently in the lower city, between the main street and the palace, and it consisted of a square edifice upon a {{convert|1.5|m|ft|adj=on}}-high podium, surrounded by an open area.{{sfn|Bernard|1982|p=159}} It was constructed by the early [[Diodotid dynasty|Diodotids]] on the site of a very early Seleucid structure, which had been established shortly after the city's foundation.{{sfnm|Mairs|2013|1p=93|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=57}} The eponymous indented niches were situated on the {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=on}}-high temple walls—one was on each side of the front entrance, while each of the other sides was sculpted with four more.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=56}} The courtyard was enclosed on three sides by buildings. To the southwest, there was a wooden [[colonnade]] with Oriental pedestals; to the southeast was a series of small rooms and porticoes adjoining a porch with columns of the [[distyle in antis]] style, which formed the entrance from the main street; and an altar was situated in the northeast wall.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=56}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 480
| image1 = AyKhanoumWoman.png
| alt1 = Black and white image of the face and upper torso of a sculpted woman
| caption1 = Clay mould of a bust of a veiled woman; the bust decorated a bowl in the sanctuary.{{sfn|Tissot|2006|p=31}}
| image2 = AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg
| alt2 = Black plate with golden decoration, depicting two figures seated in a chariot pulled by two lions facing an altar, underneath the sun, moon, and another figure.
| caption2 = The [[Ai-Khanoum plaque]], depicting a chariot being pulled by two lions through a mountainous landscape towards an altar.
}}
From the beginning of the excavation, the [[Persian architecture|Persian]] and [[Achaemenid architecture|Achaemenid]] elements of the temple's architecture were remarked upon.{{sfn|Bernard|1982|p=159}} The identifying "indented niches", along with the building's three-stepped platform, were common features of [[Architecture of Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian architecture]] and successor styles.{{sfn|Mairs|2013|pp=97–98}} Many artefacts were found at the temple, including [[libation]] vessels (common to both [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]] and Central Asian religious practices), ivory furniture and [[figurine]]s, [[Terracotta#In art history|terracottas]], and a singular medallion (''pictured'').{{sfn|Mairs|2013|pp=94–95}} [[Ai-Khanoum plaque|This disc]] depicts the Greek goddess [[Cybele]] accompanied by [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] in a chariot drawn by lions, travelling towards a priest at an altar. Made of gilded silver, the disk combines components of Greek culture, such as the [[Chiton (garment)|chiton]] Cybele wears and the representation of the sun, with Oriental design motifs such as the priest's attire, the design of the chariot, and the crescent moon.{{sfnm|Bernard|1970|1pp=339–347|Metropolitan Museum of Art 2019}}

The small fragments that remain of the [[cult statue]], which would have stood at the centre of the temple, show that it was sculpted according to the [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek tradition]]; a small portion of the left foot has survived and displays a thunderbolt, a common motif of [[Zeus]]. Based on the apparent dissonance between the Greek statue and the Oriental temple it was located in, scholars have posited the [[religious syncretism|syncretism]] of Zeus and a Bactrian deity such as [[Ahura Mazda]], [[Mithra]], or a deity representing the Oxus.{{sfnm|Mairs|2013|1p=94|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=57}} The thunderbolt has also been used as an attribute for the goddesses [[Artemis]], [[Athena]], or even Cybele; it could even be purely symbolic.{{sfn|Francfort|2012|p=122}}

The DAFA archaeologists were only able to perform superficial studies of the other two religious structures. The temple outside the northern wall, which had succeeded a simpler and smaller structure on the site, somewhat resembled the grand central sanctuary in architecture with [[Niche (architecture)|niches]] in the walls, but featured, instead of a cult image, three chapels for worship.{{sfnm|Mairs|2013|1p=92|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=60}} The podium on the acropolis was oriented towards the east, provoking suggestions that it was used as a sacrificial platform for [[Solar deity|worship of the rising sun]], as similar platforms have been found in the region.{{efn|Additionally, the Greek historians [[Herodotus]] and [[Strabo]] described Persian practices of open-air religious worship.{{sfn|Cohen|2013|p=227}}}}{{sfn|Mairs|2013|pp=92–93}} As the acropolis was primarily military, with only a few small residences, scholars have suggested that it was used as a [[ghetto|ghetto quarter]] for native Bactrian soldiers; the validity of this segregationary hypothesis continues to be debated.{{sfnm|Holt|1999|1p=45|Mairs|2013|2p=110}}

==== Heroön of Kineas ====
One of the most-studied monuments in the city is a small [[heroön]], located just north of the palace in the lower town. This shrine, which was constructed on a three-stepped platform, consisted of a distyle in antis [[pronaos]] and a narrow [[cella]].{{sfnm|Wallace|2016|1p=216|Martinez-Sève|2014|2p=274}} Four coffins—two wooden and two stone—were found underneath the platform. Burials were generally not allowed within the walls of Greek cities—hence Ai-Khanoum's necropolis being located outside the northern ramparts—but special exemptions were made for prominent citizens, especially city founders.{{sfn|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=274}} Since the shrine predated every other structure in the lower city, it reasonably may be supposed that the person the heroön was built to honour was either the city's founder or an extremely notable early citizen.{{sfn|Mairs|2015|pp=112–114}} The most prominent of the coffins, which was also the earliest, was linked to the upper temple by an opening and conduit down which offerings could be poured.{{sfn|Wallace|2016|p=216}} As the builders had not endowed any of the other [[sarcophagi]] with such a feature, this coffin would likely have housed the remains of that eminent citizen, while the others were reserved for family members.{{sfn|Mairs|2015|p=112}} The general scholarly consensus is thus that this man, known from an inscription to have been named Kineas, was the Seleucid ''[[epistates]]'' or ''[[oikistes]]'' who governed the first settlers of Ai-Khanoum.{{sfnm|Cohen|2013|1p=225|Martinez-Sève|2015|2pp=30–31|3a1=Francfort|3a2=Grenet|3a3=Lecuyot|3a4=Martinez-Sève|3y=2014|3p=37}}

[[File:KineasInscriptionSharp.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|alt=A large white cuboid block, with engraved Greek script visible along one side.|The stele found in the heroön of Kineas, inscribed with [[Delphic maxims]] and a dedicatory epigram]]

The archaeologists unearthed the base of a [[stele]] placed in a prominent position in the pronaos. Engraved upon it were the last five lines of [[Delphic maxims|a series of maxims]], originally displayed at the [[Temple of Apollo (Delphi)|Temple of Apollo]] in [[Delphi]]—only small and barely legible fragments of the upright portion of the stele, which would have been inscribed with the first 145 maxims, survive.{{sfnm|Bernard|1982|1p=157|Mairs|2014|2p=73}} An [[epigram#Ancient Greek|epigram]] was inscribed adjacent to the maxims, commemorating a man named Klearchos, who had copied the maxims from the Delphic sanctuary:

{{Verse translation
| lang = grc
|italicsoff = yes
|ἀνδρῶν τοι σοφὰ ταῦτα παλαιοτέρων ἀνάκει[τα]ι
ῥήματα ἀριγνώτων Πυθοὶ ἐν ἠγαθέαι
ἔνθεν ταῦτ[α] Κλέαρχος ἐπιφραδέως ἀναγράψας
εἵσατο τηλαυγῆ Κινέου ἐν τεμένει. 
παῖς ὢν κόσμιος γίνου
ἡβῶν ἐγκρατής
μέσος δίκαιος
πρεσβύτης εὔβουλος
τελευτῶν ἄλυπος
|These wise sayings of men of old,
The words of famous men, are consecrated
At holy Delphi, where Klearchos copied them from carefully
To set them up, shining from afar, in the sanctuary of Kineas. 
As a child, be well behaved;
As a young man, self-controlled;
In middle age, be just;
As an elder, be of good counsel;
And when you come to the end, be without grief.
| attr1 =
| attr2 = trans. Shane Wallace and Rachel Mairs.{{efn|The first four lines (the dedication) were translated by Wallace and the remainder (the maxims) by Mairs.{{sfnm|Wallace|2016|1p=215|Mairs|2014|2p=73}}}}
}}

In 1968, [[Louis Robert (historian)|Louis Robert]], a French historian, proposed that the Klearchos named in the inscription was the philosopher [[Clearchus of Soli]]. This identification was founded on the fact that the philosopher Clearchus had written extensively on the morals and cultures of barbarian and Oriental cultures. Robert proposed that on a journey to research his literary subjects in more detail, Clearchus had stopped at Ai-Khanoum and set up his stele there.{{sfnm|Robert|1968|1pp=443–454|Lerner|2003a|2p=393}} This theory was [[scientific consensus|accepted as fact]], and was often cited as an example of the purely Greek nature of Ai-Khanoum and of the interconnected nature of the Hellenistic world.{{sfn|Wallace|2016|p=217}} Later historians have dismissed Robert's hypothesis: Jeffrey Lerner noted that there is no evidence to support the assumption that Clearchus travelled to the eastern regions for research, as opposed to simply using a reference source;{{sfn|Lerner|2003a|pp=393–394}} following Lerner, Rachel Mairs observed, knowing the philosopher's approximate date of death, that the placement of the stele in the sanctuary would have been a generation after the presumed journey;{{sfn|Mairs|2015|pp=115–116}} Shane Wallace, meanwhile, has noted that Klearchus was not an uncommon name and thus Robert's identification was improbable at best.{{sfn|Wallace|2016|p=217}} All three propose instead that this Klearchus was a resident of Ai-Khanoum.{{sfn|Wallace|2016|pp=217–218}}

Despite the refutation of Robert's theory, the stele still maintains its importance in modern analyses. The text of the epigram is poetic in its composition and vocabulary, echoing well-known Greek works such as [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', [[Pindar]]'s odes, and possibly even [[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius]]' ''[[Argonautica]]''.{{sfn|Hollis|2011|p=109}} Mairs and Wallace have attributed the inscription and placing of the stele to "the first Bactrian-born generation" in the middle or late second century BC; they propose that this generation sought to define themselves as part of the wider Greek world by giving Ai-Khanoum legitimacy in the eyes of Delphi, itself a symbol of Hellenic unity.{{sfnm|Mairs|2015|1pp=120–122|Wallace|2016|2pp=216–219}} The maxims also share thematic elements with the Buddhist [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (inscribed in 260–232 BC); and Valeri Yailenko has proposed that it may have inspired them, suggesting a contribution of Hellenistic philosophy to the development of Buddhist moral precepts.{{sfn|Yailenko|1990|p=256}}

=== Other buildings ===
[[File:PhilosopherBust.jpg|thumb|upright=0.78|alt=Head and upper body of a statue depicting an old man with a large beard. Minimal damage includes a missing nose.|Head of a statue found in the gymnasium]]
A [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] was located along the western ramparts. In its final architectural phase, it covered an area of {{convert|390|by|100|m|ft}}, divided between a southern courtyard and a northern complex, and was accessible from both the palace district and a street running behind the riverside fortifications.{{sfnm|Mairs|2014|1p=67|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=63}} There were three doors allowing entrance from the courtyard to a corridor which encircled the main complex. This comprised long rectangular rooms surrounding a square central courtyard, entered through four [[exedra]]e, one on each side; the exedra on the northern side contained a small plinth bearing an inscribed dedication and a statue.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=63}} The inscription was addressed to [[Hermes]] and [[Heracles]], the two [[Tutelary deity|patron deities]] of the Greek gymnasium, by two brothers named Triballos and Straton, on behalf of their father, also named Straton; it is probable that the elder Straton was represented by the {{convert|77|cm|in}} statue.{{sfnm|Lerner|2003a|1pp=390–391|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2p=63}}

The [[arsenal]], which was not fully excavated, was on the eastern side of the southern main street, against the base of the acropolis. Substantial quantities of [[slag]] found in the building's courtyard suggest that the building housed the workshops of blacksmiths.{{sfn|Mairs|2015|p=89}} Although the recovered weapons were diverse, they were few in number, leading to speculation that the main army was in the field when the city was taken; this theory was supported by brick blockages in the arsenal's passages, suggesting a limited number of defenders. Of the pieces found, which included arrowheads, spears, javelins, a [[caltrop]] intended to stop mounted animals, and uniform ornaments, the most interest was paid to iron [[cataphract]] armour—the earliest example yet found.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=67}}

[[File:Reconstruction of the ancient city of Ai-Khanoum.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A computer-generated reconstruction of the view from a high seat in the city's theatre, showing the city behind.|The theatre is in the forefront of this reconstruction of Ai-Khanoum, with the palatial complex behind.{{sfn|Lecuyot|Nishizawa|2005|p=123}}]]
The [[Theater (structure)#Open-air theaters|theatre]] was also built into the side of the acropolis, on the northern part of the main street. Seating between five and six thousand spectators—considerably more than would have lived in the city—it was {{convert|85|m|ft}} in diameter and contained three [[loggia]], just below the [[diazoma]], which were probably used for dignitaries.{{sfnm|Mairs|2015|1p=92|Martinez-Sève|2014|2pp=276–279}} It is clear that the audience was expected to come from the surrounding districts as well as the city, possibly for religious festivals.{{sfnm|Mairs|2015|1p=92|2a1=Francfort|2a2=Grenet|2a3=Lecuyot|2a4=Martinez-Sève|2y=2014|2pp=65–66}} The excavators found the bones of around 120 individuals in the [[Theatre of ancient Greece#Orchestra|orchestra]], probably dating from the fall of the city in 145 BC.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=66}}

== Significance ==
=== Coinage ===
[[File:Coin of the Bactrian King Agathokles.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Composite photograph showing both sides of a square silver coin. Both sides display standing figures, but one side is marked with Greek letters and the other with the Brahmi script.|A {{circa}} 180{{nbsp}}BC coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]] found in Ai-Khanoum, displaying very early depictions of selected Hindu deities and inscribed with both Greek and Brahmi scripts]]
{| class="wikitable floatright" align="right" style="margin-left: 1em;" style="font-size: 85%;"
|+ Greco-Bactrian coins found at Ai-Khanoum{{sfn|Audouin|Bernard|1974|pp=7–41}}{{sfn|Bopearachchi|1993|loc=pp. 433–434, footnote 26}}
|-
! scope="col" | Greco-Bactrian kings
! scope="col" | {{small|Hoard #1 (1970)}}
! scope="col" | {{small|Hoard #2 (1973)}}
! scope="col" style=max-width:8em | {{small|Hoard #3 (1973/4)}}{{efn|As the original composition of this hoard is disputed, this table uses [[Frank Holt]]'s list of those photographed.{{sfn|Holt|1981|loc=pp. 9–10, List C}}}}
! scope="col" | {{small|Stray coins}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Diodotus I]]}}
| 0 || 8 || 11 || 26
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Euthydemus I]]}}
| 0 || 27 || 81 || 49
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]]}}
| 0 || 3 || 8 || 0
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Euthydemus II]]}}
| 0 || 1 || 3 || 0
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]]}}
| 683 || 3 || 6 || 0
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Antimachus I]]}}
| 0 || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Apollodotus I]]}}
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 0
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Eucratides I]]}}
| 0 || 1 || 9 || 12
|}

The excavations of Ai-Khanoum yielded three hoards of [[Ancient Greek coinage#Hellenistic period (323–31 BC)|Hellenistic coins]], along with 274 stray coins, of which 224 were legible.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|1993|pp=433–434}} The first hoard was found in a small room in the [[#Palace complex|administrative section of the palace complex]] in 1970. It contained 677 [[punch-marked coins]] and six silver [[Ancient drachma|drachmas]] all bearing the name of [[Agathocles of Bactria]].{{sfnm|Cribb|1983|1p=89|Bopearachchi|1993|2p=433}} The latter six coins are inscribed with the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and [[Brahmi]] scripts on either side, and are significant in their own right as "the earliest unambiguous images" of the [[Vrishni heroes|Vrsni Viras]].{{sfn|Srinivasan|1997|p=215}} The figures on the coins can be definitively identified through their iconography: on the Greek side is [[Balarama]], possibly as [[Sankarshana]], holding his customary plough and a club, while the Brahmi side displays [[Vāsudeva]] with his [[Sudarshana Chakra]] and a [[conch shell]].{{sfnm|Srinivasan|1997|1p=215|Singh|2008|2p=437}} The coins indicate that the cult of the Vrsni Viras had spread far from their [[Mathura]]n homeland and that they had retained enough importance to be recognised with royal patronage; further, as the Greek obverse would have been superior to the Brahmi reverse, the coins show that Balarama was considered senior to Vāsudeva, in accordance with the traditional lineage system.{{sfnm|Srinivasan|1997|1p=215|Singh|2008|2p=437}}

The second hoard was found three years later, in the kitchen of [[#Extramural house|the extramural residence]]. This hoard consisted of 63 silver [[tetradrachm]]s, of which 49 were Greco-Bactrian; a majority of these were dedicated to Euthydemus I, while the others were dedicated to other kings.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|1993|p=433}} The third hoard was found during the winter of 1973–4 by an Afghan farmer near the site, and was quickly sold on the antiquities market in [[Kabul]]. Although a large portion of the hoard later passed through New York, where a member of the [[American Numismatic Society]] was able to compile an inventory, its integrity had then been lost; some coins had been removed, while others, such as a drachma of [[Lysias Anicetus]], had been added.{{sfn|Holt|1981|pp=8–11}} Only 77 of the 224 legible stray coins were Greco-Bactrian or Indo-Greek; there were also 68 stray Seleucid coins, 62 of which displayed Antiochus I.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|1993|pp=433–434}}

One series of Bactrian coins from the reign of Antiochus I was stamped with a triangular [[monogram]] ([[File:AiKhanoumSymbol.jpg|alt=Symbol resembling a triangle in a circle.|15px]]) during the coining process. At Ai-Khanoum, bricks bearing the same mark were found in the [[#Heroön of Kineas|heroön]], one of the oldest structures in the city.{{sfnm|Kritt|1996|1p=23|Martinez-Sève|2015|2p=28}} Therefore, it is considered probable that Ai-Khanoum was the site of the primary Seleucid mint during Antiochus' [[coregency]] and early sole reign; an earlier mint, which was most likely located at Bactra but may have been elsewhere, was terminated near-simultaneously after a relatively brief period of operation.{{sfnm|Kritt|1996|1pp=31–33|Holt|1999|2pp=114–115}}

=== Wider influence ===
{{See also|Hellenistic influence on Indian art}}
[[File:Ai Khanum, Heracles.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=A grey-green statuette of a naked man holding a club in one hand.|Bronze statuette of [[Heracles]], identified by his club]]
Some items found at Ai-Khanoum, such as Greek olive oil in the treasury or the Mediterranean [[Plaster mold casting|plater mouldings]] on Greco-Bactrian artwork, would suggest the existence of large-scale trading networks, but such findings are few, while the Indian art in the treasury seems to have simply been plunder.{{sfn|Rapin|2007|pp=63–64}} Historians have thus concluded that Greco-Bactria was isolated in terms of trade, but had a developed administration with a high level of economic diversity.{{sfn|Francfort|Grenet|Lecuyot|Martinez-Sève|2014|p=77}} This administration was passed on to the Yuezhi and Kushan nations, as shown by their use of Greek titles and coinage and their adaptations of the Hellenistic [[Greek numerals|numerical]] and [[Ancient Greek calendars|calendrical]] systems.{{sfn|Burstein|2010|p=187}}

The art historian [[John Boardman (art historian)|John Boardman]] has also noted that Ai-Khanoum may have been one of the conduits for [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art|Greek art influencing the art of ancient India]]; the sculpture of the [[pillars of Ashoka]] may have been inspired by drawings of Greco-Bactrian buildings brought back to the [[Mauryan Empire]] by ambassadors. It is impossible to say whether inspiration came from Ai-Khanoum or other Hellenistic sites.{{sfn|Boardman|1998|pp=13–15}} The artwork of Ai-Khanoum does display innovative and original craftsmanship, such as the biggest [[Egyptian faience|faïence]] sculpture found in the Hellenistic world, which melded Oriental production techniques with Greek traditions of [[acrolith]]ic statues.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|2005|pp=106–109}} A statuette of Heracles found at the site displays artistic continuity with later Indo-Greek coinage, which depict [[Vajrapani]] as syncretised with the demigod and Zeus.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|2005|pp=111–116}}

=== Modern scholarship ===
The discovery of Ai-Khanoum, even more than that of the nearby temple of [[Takht-i Sangin]], was of fundamental importance to the study of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. Before its discovery, archaeologists such as [[Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher|Alfred Foucher]] had devoted careers to trying to find any physical confirmation for the existence of Hellenistic culture in Central Asia, but had continually failed.{{sfn|Mairs|2011|p=14}} Apart from textual fragments in classical texts and a variety of coins with Greek inscriptions found throughout the region, there was a near-complete absence of evidence to support the theory.{{sfn|Holt|1994|pp=4–5}} Foucher, who had found nothing during a difficult 18-month excavation in Balkh, gradually lost all hope, famously dismissing the hypothesis as the "Greco-Bactrian mirage".{{sfnm|Mairs|2011|1p=14|Holt|1994|2pp=8–9}} The discovery of Ai-Khanoum re-energised the discipline and several Hellenistic sites have since been found throughout Central Asia. Mairs has noted that the discovery of Ai-Khanoum did represent a sort of "turning point" in the study of the Hellenistic Far East, even if the primary pre-discovery questions were still asked after the excavations had been finished.{{sfnm|Mairs|2011|1pp=14–15|Bernard|1996|2pp=101–102}}
{{Clear}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist|35em}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|22em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Primary ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Justin |author-link=Justin (historian) |title=Epitome of Pompeius Trogus |translator-last=Watson |translator-first=John Selby |translator-link=John Selby Watson |date=1853 |url=https://www.attalus.org/info/justinus.html |accessdate=26 July 2024 }}
* {{cite book |author=Polybius |author-link=Polybius |title=The Histories |title-link=The Histories (Polybius) |translator-last1=Paton |translator-first1=William |translator-link1=William Roger Paton |translator-last2=Walbank |translator-first2=F.W. |translator-link2=F. W. Walbank |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-0674996373 |ref={{harvid|Polybius}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Ptolemy |author-link=Ptolemy |title=Geographia |url=https://topostext.org/work/209 |translator-last=Kiesling |translator-first=Brady |translator-link=John Brady Kiesling |date=c. 150 |via=topostext.org}}
{{refend}}

==== Secondary ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Audouin |first1=Rémy |last2=Bernard |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Bernard (archaeologist) |date=1974 |title=Trésor de monnaies indiennes et indo-grecques d'Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan): Les monnaies indo-grecques |trans-title=Hoard of Indian and Indo-Greek coins from Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan): Indo-Greek coins |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1974_num_6_16_1062 |journal=Revue numismatique |language=fr |volume=6 |issue=16 |pages=6–41 |doi=10.3406/numi.1974.1062 |issn=0484-8942}}
* {{cite journal |last=Auffret |first=Thomas |date=2019 |title=Un " nouveau " fragment du Περὶ φιλοσοφίας : le papyrus d'Aï Khanoum |trans-title=A “new” fragment of the Περὶ φιλοσοφίας: the papyrus of Aï Khanoum |language=fr |journal=Elenchos |doi=10.1515/elen-2019-0002 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=26–66 }}
* {{cite report |author-last=Bernard |author-first=Paul |author-link=Paul Bernard (archaeologist) |date=1970 |title=Campagne de fouilles 1969 à Aï Khanoum en Afghanistan |trans-title=1969 excavation campaign at Aï Khanoum in Afghanistan |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1970_num_114_2_12525?q=ai-khanoum#crai_0065-0536_1970_num_114_2_T1_0317_0000 |publisher=[[DAFA]] |access-date=14 November 2022 }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Bernard |first=Paul |date=1982 |title=An Ancient Greek City in Central Asia |magazine= [[Scientific American]] |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966505 |issue=246 |access-date=21 April 2022 |pages=148–159 |jstor=24966505 |author-link=Paul Bernard (archaeologist)}}
* {{cite book |last=Bernard |first=Paul |date=1996 |chapter=The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia |chapter-url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_the%20greek%20kingdoms%20of%20central%20asia.pdf |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=2 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |editor-first=János |editor-last=Harmatta |location=Paris |isbn=978-9231028465 |author-link=Paul Bernard (archaeologist)}}
* {{cite journal |last= Bernard |first= Paul |date=2001 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2001_num_145_2_16315 |doi= 10.3406/crai.2001.16315 |title= Aï Khanoum en Afghanistan hier (1964–1978) et aujourd'hui (2001) : Un site en péril. |trans-title=Aï Khanoum in Afghanistan yesterday (1964–1978) and today (2001): a site in danger. |journal= Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |volume = 145 |issue = 2 |pages = 971–1029 |author-link=Paul Bernard (archaeologist) |language=fr}}
* {{cite journal |last=Boardman |first=John |author-link=John Boardman (art historian) |date=1998 |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |title=Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089 |pages=13–22 |volume=12|jstor=24049089 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bopearachchi |first=Osmund |author-link=Osmund Bopearachchi |date=1993 |title=On the so-called earliest representation of Ganesa |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1161-9473_1993_num_3_2_1479 |journal=Topoi. Orient-Occident |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=425–453 |doi=10.3406/topoi.1993.1479}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |author-link=Osmund Bopearachchi |title=Contribution of Greeks to the Art and Culture of Bactria and India: New Archaeological Evidence |journal=[[Indian Historical Review]] |date=2005 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=103–125 |doi=10.1177/037698360503200103 |url=https://www.academia.edu/22821569}}
* {{cite journal |last=Burstein |first=Stanley |title=New Light on the Fate of Greek in Ancient Central and South Asia |journal=Ancient West & East |volume=9 |pages=181–192 |date=2010 |doi=10.2143/AWE.9.0.2056307 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Getzel |date=2013 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Hellenistic_Settlements_in_the_East/3aabFPHxRPUC?hl=en |title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0520953567 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt2tt96k}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cribb |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Cribb |date=1983 |title=Investigating the introduction of coinage in India –a review of recent research |journal=Journal of the Numismatic Society of India |issue=XLV |pages=80–101}}
* {{cite journal |last=Francfort |first=Henri-Paul |date=2012 |author-link=Henri-Paul Francfort |journal=Parthica |issue=14 |location=[[Pisa]] |pages=109–136 |title=Ai Khanoum 'Temple with Indented Niches' and Takht-i Sangin 'Oxus Temple' in Historical Cultural Perspective: Outline of a Hypothesis about the Cults |url=https://www.academia.edu/5304430}}
* {{cite book |date=2014 |editor-last1=Francfort |editor-first1=Henri-Paul |editor-link1=Henri-Paul Francfort |editor-last2=Grenet |editor-first2=Frantz |editor-last3=Lecuyot |editor-first3=Guy |editor-last4=Martinez-Sève |editor-first4=Laurianne |editor-last5=Rapin |editor-first5=Claude |editor-last6=Lyonnet |editor-first6=Bertille |title=Il y a 50 ans ... la découverte d'Aï Khanoum: 1964–1978, fouilles de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan (DAFA) |trans-title=50 years ago ... the discovery of Aï Khanoum: the 1964–1978 excavations by the French Archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan (DAFA) |location=Paris |publisher=Editions de Boccard |isbn=978-2701804194 |language=fr |volume=35 |jstor=j.ctt1b7x71z }}
* {{cite book |last=Hollis |first=Adrian |author-link=Adrian Hollis |date=2011 |chapter=Greek Letters in Hellenistic Bactria |title=Culture in Pieces : Essays on Ancient Texts in Honour of Peter Parsons |editor-last1=Obbink |editor-first1=Dirk |editor-link1=Dirk Obbink |editor-last2=Rutherford |editor-first2=Richard |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2131025788 |url-access=subscription |pages=104–118 |isbn=978-0191558887|id={{ProQuest|2131025788}} }}
* {{cite journal |last=Holt |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Holt |date=1981 |title=The Euthydemid Coinage of Bactria: Further Hoard Evidence from Aï Khanoum |journal={{ill|Revue numismatique|fr}} |volume=6 |issue=23 |pages=7–44 |doi=10.3406/numi.1981.1811 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1981_num_6_23_1811}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Holt |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Holt |date=1994 |title=A History in Silver and Gold |magazine=[[Aramco World]] |issue=3 #45 |accessdate=23 April 2022 |url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199403/a.history.in.silver.and.gold.htm}}
* {{cite book |last=Holt |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Holt |title=Thundering Zeus |date=1999 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0520211407 |url=https://archive.org/details/thunderingzeusma0000holt}}
* {{cite book |last=Holt |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Holt |date=2012 |title=Lost World of the Golden King: In Search of Ancient Afghanistan |series=Hellenistic Culture and Society |edition=1st |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppw75 |isbn=978-0520953741 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1ppw75 }}
* {{cite news |last=Ibbotson |first=Sophie |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/uzbekistan/articles/Kampir-tepe-pompeii-uzbekistan/ |accessdate=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917211636/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/uzbekistan/articles/Kampir-tepe-pompeii-uzbekistan/ |title=Inside the 'Pompeii of Uzbekistan', Alexander the Great's forgotten city |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=13 September 2019 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=17 September 2019 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jarrige |first1=Jean-François |author-link1=Jean-François Jarrige |last2=Cambon |first2=Pierre |editor-last1=Bernard |editor-first1=Paul |editor-link1=Paul Bernard (archaeologist) |editor-last2=Schiltz |editor-first2=Véronique |editor-link2=Véronique Schiltz |date=2007 |title=Afghanistan: les trésors retrouvés – collections du Musée national de Kaboul, 6 Décembre 2006–30 Avril 2007 |trans-title=Afghanistan: Treasures Recovered – Collections of the National Museum of Kabul, 6 December 2006 – 30 April 2007 |publisher=[[Réunion des Musées Nationaux]], on behalf of the [[Guimet Museum]] and the [[National Museum of Afghanistan]] |location=Paris |isbn=978-2711852185 |language=fr }}
* {{cite book |last=Kritt |first=Brian |date=1996 |title=Seleucid Coins of Bactria |location=[[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] |publisher=Classical Numismatic Group |isbn= 0963673823}}
* {{cite conference |last1=Lecuyot |first1=Guy |last2=Nishizawa |first2=Osamu |date=2005 |title=NHK, Taisai, CNRS : une collaboration franco-japonaise à la restitution 3D de la ville d'Aï Khanoum en Afghanistan |trans-title=NHK, Taisai, CNRS: a Franco-Japanese collaboration for the 3D reconstruction of the city of Aï Khanoum in Afghanistan |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01763104/document |accessdate=17 August 2022 |conference=Virtual Retrospect 2005 |location=[[Biarritz]] |language=fr }}
* {{cite book |last=Lecuyot |first=Guy |editor-last1=Cribb |editor-first1=Joe |editor-link1=Joe Cribb |editor-last2=Herrmann |editor-first2=Georgina |editor-link2=Georgina Herrmann |chapter=Ai Khanum Reconstructed |chapter-url=https://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001/upso-9780197263846-chapter-7 |title=After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam |url=https://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001/upso-9780197263846 |isbn=978-0197263846 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2007 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |last=Lecuyot |first=Guy |date=2020 |editor-last=Mairs |editor-first=Rachel |title=The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=539–552 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315108513-31/ai-khanoum-east-west-guy-lecuyot?context=ubx&refId=dd06a2f7-71ee-4aba-ad72-bb673530d770 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315108513/graeco-bactrian-indo-greek-world-rachel-mairs |chapter=Ai Khanoum, between East and West |doi=10.4324/9781315108513-31 |isbn=978-1315108513 |edition=1st |url-access=subscription |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Leriche |first=Pierre |series=Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan |location=Paris |publisher=Editions de Boccard |volume=V |title=Fouilles d'Aï Khanoum: Les remparts et les monuments associés |trans-title=Excavations of Aï Khanoum: The ramparts and associated monuments |date=1986 |isbn=978-2701803487 |language=fr }}
* {{cite book |last=Leriche |first=Pierre |editor-last1=Cribb |editor-first1=Joe |editor-link1=Joe Cribb |editor-last2=Herrmann |editor-first2=Georgina |editor-link2=Georgina Herrmann |chapter=Bactria, Land of a Thousand Cities |chapter-url=https://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001/upso-9780197263846-chapter-6 |title=After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam |url=https://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001/upso-9780197263846 |isbn=978-0197263846 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2007 |pages=121–154 |doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jeffrey |date=2003a |journal=Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan |volume=35–36 |pages=373–410 |title=Correcting the early history of Ay Kanum |url=https://www.academia.edu/31790210 |accessdate=23 April 2022}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jeffrey |date=2003b |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|ZPE]] |title=The Aï Khanoum Philosophical Papyrus |pages=45–51 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25917171 |volume=142 |accessdate=6 July 2022}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lyonnet |first=Bertille |date=2012 |title=Questions on the Date of the Hellenistic Pottery from Central Asia (Ai Khanoum, Marakanda and Koktepe) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270635187 |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |volume=18 |issue=18 |pages=143–173|doi=10.1163/157005712X638672 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mairs |first=Rachel |date=2011 |title=The Archaeology of the Hellenistic Far East: A Survey |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Archaeopress]] |isbn=978-14073-07527 |url=https://www.academia.edu/420524}}
* {{cite book |last=Mairs |first=Rachel |date=2013 |chapter=The 'Temple with Indented Niches' at Ai Khanoum: Ethnic and Civic Identity in Hellenistic Bactria |editor-last1=Alston |editor-first1=Richard |editor-link1=Richard Alston (classicist) |editor-last2=van Nijf |editor-first2=Onno |editor-last3=Williamson |editor-first3=Christina |title=Cults, Creeds and Identities in the Greek City after the Classical Age |location=[[Leuven]] |publisher=[[Peeters Publishers]] |isbn=978-9042927148 |url=https://www.academia.edu/209809}}
* {{cite book |last=Mairs |first=Rachel |date=2014 |title=The Hellenistic Far East: Archaeology, Language, and Identity in Greek Central Asia |edition=1st |accessdate=22 April 2022 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt7zw3v4 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0520292468 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt7zw3v4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mairs |first=Rachel |date=2015 |editor-last=Mac Sweeney |editor-first=Naoíse |chapter=The Founder's Shrine and the Foundation of Ai Khanoum |title=Foundation Myths in Ancient Societies: Dialogues and Discourses |pages=103–128 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location=Philadelphia |jstor=j.ctt9qh48v.8 |chapter-url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh48v.8 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh48v |isbn=978-0812290219}}
* {{cite journal |last=Martinez-Sève |first=Laurianne |title=The Spatial Organization of Ai Khanoum, a Greek City in Afghanistan |journal=[[American Journal of Archaeology]] |volume=118 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=267–283 |doi=10.3764/aja.118.2.0267 |jstor=10.3764/aja.118.2.0267 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.118.2.0267|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Martinez-Sève |first=Laurianne |journal=Electrum |doi=10.4467/20800909EL.15.002.3218 |volume=22 |date=2015 |title=Ai Khanoum and Greek Domination in Central Asia |pages=17–46 |url=https://www.academia.edu/30811063}}
* {{cite journal |last=Martinez-Sève |first=Laurianne |date=2018 |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=354–419 |title=Ai Khanoum after 145 BC: The Post-Palatial Occupation |doi=10.1163/15700577-12341336}}
* {{cite book |last=Martinez-Sève |first=Laurianne |date=2020 |editor-last=Mairs |editor-first=Rachel |title=The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315108513-13/afghan-bactria-laurianne-martinez-s%C3%A8ve?context=ubx&refId=1693a25e-1b94-4b86-9dfb-578dbcbe5748 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315108513/graeco-bactrian-indo-greek-world-rachel-mairs |pages=217–248 |chapter=Afghan Bactria |doi=10.4324/9781315108513-13 |isbn=978-1315108513 |edition=1st |url-access=subscription |location=London}}
* {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627154002/https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2009/afghanistan/photo-gallery |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=live |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2009/afghanistan/photo-gallery# |title=Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=30 October 2022 |ref={{harvid|Metropolitan Museum of Art 2019}}}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Patrick |title=Concise Atlas of World History |date=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-019521921-0 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA51}}
* {{cite book |last=Rapin |first=Claude |editor-last=Descœudres |editor-first=Jean-Paul |date=1990 |chapter=Greeks in Afghanistan: Ai Khanum |title=Greek Colonists and Native Populations: Proceedings of the First Australian Congress of Classical Archaeology |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5733677 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press#Clarendon Press|Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford |pages=329–342 |isbn=978-0198148692}}
* {{cite book |last=Rapin |first=Claude |series=Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan |location=Paris |publisher=Editions de Boccard |volume=VIII |title=Fouilles d'Aï Khanoum: La Trésorerie du palais hellénistique d'Aï Khanoum |trans-title=Excavations of Ai Khanoum: The Treasury of the Hellenistic Palace of Ai Khanoum |language=fr |date=1992 |isbn=978-2701803487 |url=http://claude.rapin.free.fr/Rapin_Tresorerie_Fouilles_Ai_Khanoum_VIII_DAFA_v3.pdf |at=([http://claude.rapin.free.fr/4LDisIndRecons.jpg Reconstruction of encrusted disc])}}
* {{cite book |last=Rapin |first=Claude |editor-last1=Cribb |editor-first1=Joe |editor-link1=Joe Cribb |editor-last2=Herrmann |editor-first2=Georgina |editor-link2=Georgina Herrmann |chapter-url=https://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001/upso-9780197263846-chapter-3 |chapter=Nomads and the Shaping of Central Asia: from the Early Iron Age to the Kushan Period |url=https://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001/upso-9780197263846 |title=After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam |isbn=978-0197263846 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2007 |pages=29–72 |doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.001.0001 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite report |last=Renaud |first=Karine |date=2014 |url=https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prd-wret/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/country/2014/myb3-2014-af.pdf |title=The Mineral Industry of Afghanistan |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=22 April 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731183815/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prd-wret/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/country/2014/myb3-2014-af.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last=Robert |first=Louis |author-link=Louis Robert (historian) |date=1968 |title=De Delphes à l'Oxus: Inscriptions grecques nouvelles de la Bactriane |trans-title=From Delphi to the Oxus, New Greek Inscriptions from Bactria |language=fr |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1968_num_112_3_12291 |journal=Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |volume=112–113 |pages=416–457}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |date=2008 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |isbn=978-8131711200 |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Pearson Longman]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}
* {{cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |author-link=Doris Meth Srinivasan |date=1997 |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |isbn=978-9004107588 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=[[Leiden]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tissot |first1=Francine |title=Catalogue of the National Museum of Afghanistan, 1931–1985 |date=2006 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000148244 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |location=Paris |isbn=978-9231040306}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Shane |journal=Greece and Rome |volume=63 |issue=2 |date=2016 |doi=10.1017/S0017383516000073 |title=Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries |pages=205–226 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26776786|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Wood |first=John |author-link=John Wood (explorer) |title=A Personal Narrative of a Journey to the Source of the River Oxus By the Route of the Indus, Kabul, and Badakhshan |date=1841 |oclc=781806851 |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Yailenko |first=Valeri |date=1990 |title=Les maximes delphiques d'Aï Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dhamma d'Asoka |trans-title=The Delphic Maxims of Ai Khanum and the Formation of Asoka's Dhamma Doctrine |language=fr |volume=16 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1467 |pages=239–256 |journal=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne|doi=10.3406/dha.1990.1467 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Arrian |author-link=Arrian |title=Anabasis of Alexander |title-link=The Anabasis of Alexander |translator-last=Brunt |translator-first=P.A. |isbn=978-0674992603 |date=1976 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |translator-link=Peter Brunt|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Holt |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Holt |date=2012b |title=When Did the Greeks Abandon Ai Khanoum? |issue=3 |pages=161–172 |journal=Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia |url=https://www.academia.edu/4429886 |oclc=999046800|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jeffrey |date=2010 |journal=Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia |title=Revising the Chronologies of the Hellenistic Colonies of Samarkand-Marakanda (Afrasiab II-III) and Aï Khanoum (Northeastern Afghanistan) |pages=58–79 |oclc=922503718 |issue=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/31790077|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jeffrey |date=2011 |journal=Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia |title=A reappraisal of the economic inscriptions and coin finds from Aï Khanoum |url=https://www.academia.edu/31790096 |pages=103–147 |oclc=999031857 |issue=2|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Lerner |first=Jeffrey |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history/regional-study-baktria-the-crossroads-of-ancient-eurasia/01F90B0141B4E8FEEAB562B33336AE08 |chapter=Regional study: Baktria – the crossroads of ancient Eurasia |title=[[The Cambridge World History]] |volume=4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE |pages=300–324 |editor-last=Benjamin |editor-first=Craig |editor-link=Craig Benjamin |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139059251.013 |isbn=978-1139059251 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jeffrey |date=2018 |journal=Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia |title=Die Studies of Six Greek Baktrian and Indo-Greek Kings |pages=236–246 |url=https://www.academia.edu/41204710 |issue=9|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Mairs |first=Rachel |date=2013b |chapter=Greek Settler Communities in Central and South Asia, 323 BCE to 10 CE |editor-last1=Quayson |editor-first1=Ato |editor-link1=Ato Quayson |editor-last2=Daswani |editor-first2=Girish |title=A Companion to Diaspora and Transnationalism |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1405188265 |location=[[Oxford]] |pages=443–454|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sherwin-White |first1=Susan |last2=Kuhrt |first2=Amélie |author-link2=Amélie Kuhrt |publisher=[[Duckworth Books|Duckworth]] |date=1993 |title=From Samarkhand to Sardis: a new approach to the Seleucid Empire |location=London |isbn=978-0715624135 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/From_Samarkhand_to_Sardis/IZ65PED6ykMC?hl=en|ref=none}}

{{Central Asian history}}
{{Hellenistic colonies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}

[[Category:Seleucid colonies]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:280s BC establishments]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Bactrian and Indian Hellenistic period]]
[[Category:Bactrian and Indian Hellenistic colonies]]
[[Category:Cities in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Hellenistic sites in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Takhar Province]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 2nd century BC]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1961 archaeological discoveries]]

Andhras

2026-03-27T10:17:46Z

WardDrayton2: put up new post

{{Short description|Ancient non-Aryan tribe}}
{{about|the ancient tribe|the ethno-linguistic group|Telugu people|the present-day state|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|272x272px|Āndhra during the late-Vedic period]]

The '''Āndhras''' were an ancient non-Aryan<ref>{{cite book|quote=In the Aitareya Brahmaņa (VII, 18), the Andhras were mentioned together with the Pundras, Sabaras, Pulindas and Mūtibas as dasyu (non-Aryan tribes) living on the borders of the land|author=Akira Shimada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC|title=Early Buddhist Architecture in Context|date=9 November 2012 |page=|publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-17 |title=Andhra Culture, A Synthesis |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc68850.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> tribe of south-central [[Indian subcontinent]], whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The [[Eastern Deccan]] region inhabited by Andhras was called [[Andhradesa]]. The modern Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], derives its name from this historic tribe and region.

Andhras were mentioned in [[Aitareya Brahmana]] of the [[Rigveda]] ({{Circa|800 BCE}}) as the exiled sons of the Sage [[Vishvamitra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalachari. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/EarlyHistoryOfTheAndhraCountry/page/n15/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Early History Of The Andhra Country |date=1941 |pages=15}}</ref> In the [[Mahabharata]], the infantry led by [[Satyaki]] were said to belong to the Andhra tribe. These combatants were described as being decked with ornaments, possessed of red teeth, and endued with the prowess of infuriated elephants. Attired in robes of diverse colours and smeared with powdered scents, they were armed with swords and nooses, capable of restraining mighty elephants, and remained companions in death who never deserted one another. Equipped with quivers and bearing bows, these warriors were characterised by their long locks, agreeable speech, fierce forms, and great energy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ganguli |first=Kesari Mohan |title=Karna Parva |url=https://www.yorku.ca/inpar/karna_ganguli.pdf |journal=In Parenthesis Publication, Sanskrit series |pages=20 |quote=Decked with ornaments, possessed of red teeth, endued with the prowess of infuriate elephants, attired in robes of diverse colours, smeared with powdered scents, armed with swords and nooses, capable of restraining mighty elephants, companions in death, and never deserting one another, equipped with quivers, bearing bows adorned with long locks, and agreeable in speech were the combatants of the infantry files led by Satyaki, belonging to the Andhra tribe, endued with fierce forms and great energy.}}</ref> Andhras were also mentioned in the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]], [[Vayu Purana|Vayu]], [[Skanda Purana|Skanda]], [[Markandeya Purana|Markandeya]] and [[Matsya Purana|Matsya]] [[Puranas]]. [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] references to Andhras are also found.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Śrīhari |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRAhAAAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh Oriental Conference: Fourth session, Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 3rd to 5th March 1984 |date=1987-01-01 |publisher=The Conference |language=en}}</ref>

Greek historian [[Megasthenes]], in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] ({{Circa|310 BCE}}), described the Andhras as a distinct [[Race (human categorization)|race]] living in the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] river [[River delta|deltas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalachari |first=K. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.17073 |title=Early History of the Andhra country |date=1941 |pages=23 |quote=Megasthenes says that the Andhras were a separate race.}}</ref> They were famous for their military strength, which was second only to that of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]] in all of [[Indian subcontinent]]. They had 30 fortified towns, an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=V. D. |first=Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=297 |language=en |quote=They were famous for their military strength which was second only to that of Chandragupta Maurya. The Andhra territory included 30 walled towns and a large number of villages. The army had 1,00,000 foot soldiers, 2,000 horsemen and 1,000 elephans.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-14 |title=5 walled cities from 300 BC unearthed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2008/Nov/15/5-walled-cities-from-300-bc-unearthed-6961.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |quote=Andhras flourished during the time of Chandragupta Maurya much before the advent of the Satavahanas, and were said to be as powerful as Mauryans. They had 30 fortified walled cities way back in 300 BC, wrote the Greek traveller Megasthenes in his Indika.}}</ref> They were also mentioned at the time of the death of the Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]] in 232 BCE. The [[Satavahanas]] were referred to as the Andhras, [[Andhrabhrtya|Andhra-bhṛtyas]] or Andhra-jatiyas in the Puranas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh - MSN Encarta  |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580539/andhra_pradesh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028105629/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580539/Andhra_Pradesh.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Location ==
The Andhras lived in the fertile [[River delta|deltas]] formed by the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ancient India as described by Megasthenês and Arrian |url=https://dn720003.ca.archive.org/0/items/b29352290/b29352290.pdf |journal=[[Internet Archive]] |quote=The Andarae are readily identified with the Andhra of Sanskrit—a great and powerful nation settled originally in the Dekhan between the middle part of the courses of the Godavari and the Krishna rivers,...}}</ref> These rivers, which carried large amounts of [[silt]], created expansive and nutrient rich floodplains that enhanced the fertility of the surrounding land. [[Kolleru Lake]], located between the two river deltas, played a vital role in the region's ecology and historical development. The deltaic zone, with its exceptionally rich [[alluvial soil]]—regarded as among the most fertile in the world and abundant water resources, supported a thriving agrarian economy and facilitated the growth of prosperous towns and cities.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM1k0My |title=A History of the Early Dynasties of AndhraDesa C. 200-625 A.D. : with a map of ancient Andhradesa and Daksinapatna |date=1942 |publisher=V. Ramaswami Sastrulu & sons (Madras)}}</ref> The political centre of the Andhras was ''Andhapura''.

== Hindu Texts ==
{{See also|Hindu texts}}

=== Rigveda ===
According to [[Aitareya Brahmana]] of the [[Rigveda]], the sage [[Vishvamitra]] had hundred sons; fifty of them were older than [[Madhuchhanda]], and fifty were younger. The older ones were not pleased with (the installation of Sunahsepa to the primogeniture). Visvamitra then pronounced against them a curse: “You shall have the lowest castes for your descendants. ” Therefore, are many of the most degraded classes of men, the rabble for the most part, such as the '''Andhras''', Pundras, Sabaras, [[Pulinda|Palindas]], and Mutibas, descendants of Visvamitra....”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin Haug |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104262/page/n175/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Aitareya Brahmana Of The Rigveda |date=1922 |pages=175}}</ref> All of those tribes are referred to as [[Dasa|Dasyus]], or non-Aryans living on the fringes of Aryan settlements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=D. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7014/page/n15/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Lectures on the Ancient History of India on the period from 650 to 325 B.C. |date=1919 |publisher=University of Calcutta, Calcutta |pages=14}}</ref>

Historian [[E. J. Rapson]] notes that while Andhras were classified as 'outcasts' in the Brahmana, they likely remained Dravidian in blood and speech during this period, even as they were being integrated into the broader Indian political landscape.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rapson |first=Edward James |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47306 |title=The Cambridge History Of India Vol. 1 |date=1922 |pages=124}}</ref>

=== Ramayana ===
The [[Ramayana]] connects the Andhras tribe with the Godavari region.
<blockquote>
''Nadlm Godavarlm caiva sarvamevanupa^yatah'' 
''Tathaivandhramsca PundramSca cotan Pandramscaveratan''
 [https://archive.org/details/361952998SrimadValmikiRamayanaSanskrit1933AD/page/n3/mode/2up — Ram. Kish. Kan. 41 chap. 12.]
</blockquote>

=== Mahabharata ===

* In the [[Karna Parva]] of the [[Mahabharata]], the infantry of the [[Yadava]] chieftain [[Satyaki]] was said to be composed of the '''Andhra''' tribe, who were known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. These combatants were decked with ornaments, possessed red teeth, and were endued with the prowess of infuriated elephants. Attired in robes of diverse colours and smeared with powdered scents, they were armed with swords and nooses, capable of restraining mighty elephants, and remained companions even in death, never deserting one another. Equipped with quivers and bearing bows, these warriors of the Andhra tribe were characterized by their long locks, agreeable speech, fierce forms, and great energy.<ref name=":0" />
* The ''Mahabharata'' (Mbh 6.9) lists the Andhras among other notable tribes of the time: "...the Kutas, the Maheyas, the Kakshas, the Samudranishkutas; the '''Andhras'''...
* During his southern military campaign, [[Sahadeva]] subdued the '''Andhras''', Dravidas, and other southern tribes (Mbh 2.30). Later, Arjuna also encountered and subjugated the Andhras and Mahishakas during his post-[[Kurukshetra]] War conquest (Mbh 14.83).
* The '''Andhras''', along with the Kalingas, were among the tribes subdued by [[Karna]] during his southern conquest (Mbh 7.4).
* [[Krishna]] is recorded as the slayer of Chanura of the '''Andhra''' country (Mbh 13.149).
* The '''Andhras''' participated in [[Yudhishthira|Yudhishthira's]] [[Rajasuya yajna|Rajasuya Yajna]] alongside several prominent kingdoms, signifying their royal stature (Mbh 2.33).
* Alliances in the War:
** As [[Pandava]] Allies: The '''Andhras''', alongside the Dravidas and Kuntalas, were mentioned as part of the alliance supporting the Pandavas in the conversation between Krishna and Karna. (Mbh 5.140).
** As [[Kaurava]] Allies: They were also listed among the tribes supporting [[Duryodhana]] in the Kurukshetra War (Mbh 5.161–162). The message sent by Duryodhana to the Pandavas: <blockquote>''"The Kamvojas, the Sakas, the Khasas, the Salwas, the Matsyas, the Kurus of the middle country, the Mlechchhas, the Pulindas, the Dravidas, the '''Andhras''', and the Kanchis — these tribes protect my army."''</blockquote>

=== Puranas ===
* [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimada Bhagavatam]] refer to '''Andhras''', Pundras, Sabaras, Palindas, and Mutibas as [[Mleccha]].
* [[Markandeya Purana]] refers to a tribe called the Andhrarakas along with the Maulikas, [[Asmaka]]s, Bhogavardhanas, Naisikas, Kuntalas etc., as people inhabiting the Southern region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=F. Eden Pargiter |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188841/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Markandeya Purana |date=1904 |pages=360}}</ref>

Andhras are also mentioned in the [[Vayu Purana|Vayu]], [[Skanda Purana|Skanda]] and [[Matsya Purana]]. Buddhist references to Andhras are also found.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98843 |title=Journal of Indian History |date=1949-01-01 |publisher=University of Kerala. |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Manmathanatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmIMAAAAIAAJ |title=A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (tr. Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text) |date=1897-01-01 |publisher=H.C. Dass |language=en}}</ref>

== Buddhist Texts ==
{{See also|Buddhist texts}}

Amarāvatī in Andhra Pradesh is a major site for early Buddhist sculptures, some of which depict serpent-headed figures—possibly symbolic representations. The area was also known as Nāgadeśa, and its rulers as Nāgas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rock art sites in Andhra pradesh |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/meetings/myrmeet/pjm1_talks/nchandramouli/img12.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ganvir |first1=Shrikant |date=2010 |title=Representation of Naga in the Buddhist Art of Amaravati: A Sculptural Analysis |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |pages=1063–1071 |jstor=44147573}}</ref>

Andhra's prominence in Buddhism is supported by its numerous monastic sites and trade routes. Vengi served as a major center, connected to Kaliṅga, Draviḍa, Kārṇāṭa, Maharāṣṭra, and Kosala.

== Early history ==
Greek historian [[Megasthenes]] reported in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] ({{Circa|303 BCE}}) that Andhras were living in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] river deltas and were famous for their military strength which was second only to [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]] in all of [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. They had 30 fortified towns along the Godavari River and an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants.<ref name=":5" /> Indica states that Andhra was a great and powerful nation settled originally in the Deccan between the lower Godavari and Krishna region, and had spread their sway towards the north as far as tho upper course of tho [[Narmada River|Narmada]], before the time of Megasthenes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mccrindle |first=J. W. |url=https://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W/page/n141/mode/2up?q=andhra |title=Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W |pages=147 |language=English}}</ref>

The earliest epigraphic mention of the Andhra people is made in the Edicts of [[Ashoka]], Andhras along with [[Pulinda]]s were mentioned as border people. Andhras were also mentioned at the time of the death of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 232 BCE. The [[Satavahanas]] were referred to as the Andhras, [[Andhrabhrtya|Andhra-bhṛtyas]] or Andhra-jatiyas in the Puranas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh - MSN Encarta  |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580539/andhra_pradesh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028105629/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580539/Andhra_Pradesh.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<blockquote>
''9. hidā laja viśavashi Yona Kambojeshu Nabhaka Nabhapamtishu Bhoja Pitinikyeshu'' 
''10. Adha Paladeshu shavata Devānampiyashā dhammanushathi anuvatamti[] yata pi dutā''
 [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n186/mode/1up?view=theater — Ashoka, Rock Edict 13, Kalsi Rock, South Portion]

 
'''Translation''' : Likewise here in the king's (Ashoka ) territory, among the Yonas and Kambojas, among the Nabhakas and Nabhapamkits, among the Bhojas and the Pitinikas, among the '''Andhras''' and the Pulinda, everywhere (people) are conforming to Ashoka instruction in morality.
</blockquote>

[[File:India 2nd century AD.jpg|270x270px|thumb|[[Andhra Kingdom]]|alt=]]

=== Andhra dynasty ===
Following the decline of the [[Maurya Empire]] and during the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] period, the southern tribes, previously described as "unsubdued" in Ashokan edicts, united under a centralised Andhra leadership. [[E. J. Rapson]] suggests this consolidation in the [[River delta|deltas]] between the Godavari and Krishna rivers laid the foundation for the rise of the [[Satavahana dynasty]], also referred to as ''[[Andhrabhrtya|Andhra-bhṛtyas]]'' or ''Andhra-jatiyas''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rapson |first=Edward James |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47306 |title=The Cambridge History Of India Vol. 1 |date=1922}}</ref>

The first major Andhra [[polity]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] were the Satavahanas, which ruled over the entire [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] and established trade relations with the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=A new history of India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505636-5 |edition=3rd |location=New York |pages=75, 76 |language=en |quote=Apparently originating somewhere between the peninsular rivers Godavari and Krishna, homeland of the Dravidian Telugu-speaking peoples whose descendants now live in a state called Andhra, the great Andhra dynasty spread across much of south and central India from the second century BC till the second century AD.}}</ref> Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana rule began in the late second century BCE and lasted until the early third century CE, although some assign the beginning of their rule to as early as the 3rd century BCE based on the [[Puranas]]. Various [[Puranas]] give different lists of the Satavahana rulers. The first king of the Andhra-Bhrityas is also known as Shudraka or Suraka in the ''Kumarika Khanda'' of ''[[Skanda Purana]].''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kr̥shṇājī Pāṇḍuraṅga Kulakarṇī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CAPAAAAMAAJ |title=Sanskrit Drama & Dramatists: Their Chronology, Mind and Art |year=1927}}</ref> The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' states that 30 Andhra kings ruled for 460 years, but some of its manuscripts name only 19 kings whose reigns add up to 448.5 years. The''[[Vayu Purana]]'' also mentions that there were 30 Andhra kings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Madhukar Keshav |first=Dhavalikar |date=1996 |title=Sātavāhana Chronology: A Re-examination |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41702166 |journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=77 |issue=1/4 |pages=133–140|jstor=41702166 }}</ref>

The word Andhras was observed from Udyotana's description of "those with beautiful bodies, who love women and war alike, and are great consumers of food" in 779 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=C.B. |last2=Varma |first2=C.B. |date=2002 |title=The Prakrit Bloom |journal=Indian Literature |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=139–149 |jstor=23344538}}</ref> The references to Andhra also comes from the [[Jataka tales]] and the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] inscriptions as Andhapatham and Andhakas, referring to the region and its people respectively.<ref>Parallels for Ja 512#4 Kumbhajātaka (Ja v 14): Kv 1.1#355-#356 (Kv 1)
Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/ja512/en/francis on Wed 3 Mar 2021 13:08:55 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time).</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.myind.net/Home/viewArticle/andhras-the-worlds-oldest-surviving-ethno-political-identity/ Andhras- The world's oldest tribe]
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh| History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rigvedic tribes]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Puranas]]
[[Category:Ancient tribes]]

Operation Achse

2026-03-27T06:30:36Z

WardDrayton2: fixed issues

{{Short description|1943 German campaign to disarm Italy following its armistice to the Allies during WWII}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2018}}
{{Inline citations|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Achse
| partof = the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J15358, Bozen, entwaffneten Badoglio-Einheiten marschieren durch die Stadt.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = Disarmed Italian soldiers marching to captivity in [[Bozen]].
| date = 8–23 September 1943
| place = [[Italy]], [[Balkans]], [[Southern France]]
| result = Axis victory
| territory = * German occupation of Northern and central Italy
* Establishment of the [[Italian Social Republic]]
| combatant1 = {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{Flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia}} {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Pietro Badoglio]] {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Vittorio Ambrosio]] {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Mario Roatta]] {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Ezio Rosi]]{{POW}} {{nowrap|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Mario Vercellino]]{{POW}}}}
| commander2 = {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''[[Albert Kesselring]]''' {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Erwin Rommel]] {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] {{nowrap|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Maximilian von Weichs]]}} {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Alexander Löhr]] {{Flagicon|Independent State of Croatia}} [[Miroslav Navratil]] {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Horia Macellariu]]
| strength1 = 60 divisions (26 in Italy, 31 in the Balkans, 3 in France)
| strength2 = 40 divisions (17 in Italy, 19 in the Balkans, 4 in France)
| casualties1 = 20,000–30,000 killed 1,006,370 disarmed Captured by Germans: 977 armored vehicles 16,631 vehicles 17,058 artillery pieces and mortars Many warships Captured by Romanians: 496 prisoners<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark |last= Axworthy |title=Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhawQwAACAAJ |date=1995 |publisher=[[Lionel Leventhal#Arms and Armour Press|Arms and Armour]] |location=London |isbn=978-1854092670}}, p. 217</ref> 5 midget submarines<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8h7OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 Maurizio Brescia, Seaforth Publishing, 2012, ''Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regia Marina 1930–1945'', p. 174]</ref>
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}
{{Campaignbox Italy}}

'''Operation Achse''' ({{langx|de|Fall Achse}}, {{literally|Case [[Axis powers|Axis]]}}), originally called '''Operation [[Alaric I|Alaric]]''' ({{lang|de|Unternehmen Alarich}}), was the [[Nazi Germany|German]] operation to forcibly [[Disarmament|disarm]] the [[Royal Italian Army during World War II|Italian armed forces]] after [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]'s [[Armistice of Cassibile|armistice]] with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on 3 September 1943.

Several German divisions had entered Italy after [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|the fall]] of [[Benito Mussolini]] in July 1943, while Italy was officially still an ally of Germany, despite the protests of the new Italian government under [[Pietro Badoglio]]. The armistice was made public on 8 September. German forces moved rapidly to take over the Italian zones of occupation in the [[Balkans]] and [[Italian occupation of France|southern France]], and to disarm Italian forces in Italy.

Some Italian troops, with no orders from superiors, and hampered by desertions, resisted the Germans. On the Greek island of [[Cephalonia]], 1,315 Italian soldiers were killed in action against the Germans and over 5,100 Italian soldiers from the [[33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"]] were [[Massacre of the Acqui Division|summarily executed]] by the [[German Army (1935–1945)|German Army]] after running out of ammunition and surrendering. In Rome, with the [[House of Savoy|royal family]] and the government having fled, a disorganized defense by Italian troops of the capital was unable to withstand a German attack. Some individual soldiers and sometimes whole units, like the [[24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"]] in [[Thessaly]], went over to the local [[Italian resistance|resistance]]. Only in [[Sardinia]], [[Corsica]], [[Calabria]] and the southern part of [[Apulia]] were Italian troops able to offer successful resistance and hold off the Germans until relieved by the [[Allied invasion of Italy|arrival of the Allies]].

== German plan ==
The first German combat units were sent to Italy to bolster its defenses against a probable Allied attack on Italian soil. Germany and Italy were still allies. The decision to create German units in Italy was made during the final phase of the [[Tunisian campaign]]; on 9 May 1943, two days after the [[Operation Strike|fall of Tunis to the Allies]], the German High Command ([[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|OKW]]) informed the Italian Supreme Command (''[[Comando Supremo]]'') that three new German units would be formed, mostly employing second-line German units evacuated from [[North Africa]]. They would be the Sardinia Command (later [[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|90th Light Infantry Division]]), the Sicily Command (later [[15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|15th Infantry Division]]), and a "ready reserve". [[Adolf Hitler]] wrote to a dubious [[Benito Mussolini]] that since they were weak units that needed reinforcements, two additional German divisions would be sent from France. The [[1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring]] arrived mid-May 1943 and was sent to Sicily, and the [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]] arrived in early June and was sent west of [[Bari]]. On 19 May also, the headquarters of general [[Hans Hube]]'s [[XIV Panzer Corps]] was also sent from France to strengthen the command structure of the Commander-in-Chief South (''[[Oberbefehlshaber Süd]]''), [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] [[Albert Kesselring]].

On 20 May 1943, during a prolonged discussion at his headquarters, Hitler expressed his doubts about the political stability of the Fascist government and the danger of a collapse of his Italian ally. A report by the German diplomat [[Konstantin von Neurath]] found declining morale among the Italian population and pro-British sentiment spreading through the professional classes and the military. Hitler was convinced that the situation in the Mediterranean needed great attention, and a detailed plan had to be prepared for a collapse of Italy or an overthrow of Mussolini. More reports about a speech delivered by the Italian diplomat [[Giuseppe Bastianini]], information from [[Heinrich Himmler]]'s men in Italy and the presence in Sicily of General [[Mario Roatta]], who was considered untrustworthy, strengthened Hitler's suspicions.

On 21 May, Field Marshal [[Wilhelm Keitel]], the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht#Leadership|head]] of the OKW, issued guidelines developed to respond to the possible defection of Italy from the Axis. The plan envisioned a series of operations in different theaters: Operation Alarich, the invasion of the Italian mainland;
Operation Konstantin, the neutralization of the Italian forces in the [[Balkans]];
Operation Siegfried, occupation of the [[Italian occupation of France|Italian-occupied areas]] in [[Southern France]];
Operation Nürnberg, to guard the [[France–Spain border]];
Operation Kopenhagen, to control the passes on the [[France–Italy border]].

Meanwhile, German reserves kept being redeployed to face potential threats in the Mediterranean theater. Hitler, seriously worried about the Balkans and in conflict with the Italian leadership and Mussolini himself because of collaboration agreements between the Italian and local partisan forces, decided to send the [[1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|1st Panzer Division]] to the [[Peloponnese]] and even considered sending to Italy his three elite [[Waffen-SS]] [[:Category:Panzer divisions of the Waffen-SS|armored divisions]], then deployed on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] for [[Operation Citadel]].

On 17 June Mussolini, after a partial refusal, urgently asked for two German armoured divisions, as a reinforcement to confront the powerful Allied forces. After more arguments caused by another change of mind by Mussolini and by a proposal by General [[Vittorio Ambrosio]], the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Italy)|Chief of Staff]] of the Italian armed forces, to turn down German reinforcements and to move to Italy the Italian troops deployed in France and the Balkans, the ever-deteriorating situation (during [[Operation Corkscrew]], [[Pantelleria]] surrendered without resistance on 11 June) induced Hitler to send three more German divisions: the [[3rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Panzergrenadier Division]], the [[29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|29th Panzergrenadier Division]] (both newly reconstituted in France after their decimation at [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]]), and the [[23rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|26th Panzer Division]]. The last of them was deployed at [[Salerno]] on 9 July.
The 29th Panzergrenadier Division was sent to [[Foggia]] in mid-June and the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division was deployed north of Rome in the first days of July. Meanwhile, on 24 June, the [[Sturmbrigade Reichsführer SS|''Reichsführer-SS'' Brigade]] had been moved to Corsica, and in mid-July, the command of the [[LXXVI Panzer Corps|76th Panzerkorps]] (General [[Traugott Herr]]) also arrived.

== Transfer of German forces to Italy ==

=== From the invasion of Sicily to the fall of Fascism ===
The [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] began on 10 July 1943, and established solid beachheads, despite Italian and German counterattacks. The political and military leaders of the two countries reacted immediately to the worsening situation. In Rome, Ambrosio urged unrealistic demands for help from Germany on Mussolini. Among the German commanders in Italy, [[Eberhard von Mackensen]] and Albert Kesselring became increasingly skeptical about Italian defense capabilities, and asked for reinforcements.

Hitler, more and more worried about an Italian collapse, decided to send the [[1st Parachute Division (Germany)|1st Fallschirmjäger-Division]] to Sicily immediately, and then sent the headquarters of XIV Panzer Corps (General [[Hans-Valentin Hube|Hans Hube]]) and the 29th Panzergrenadier Division, ready for deployment, to [[Reggio Calabria]]. On 17 July, Hitler decided to meet with Mussolini and his collaborators, and assess their resolve to continue the war.

The meeting was near [[Feltre]] on 19 July 1943. On the same day, [[Bombing of Rome in World War II|Rome was attacked by 690 bombers]] of the [[USAAF]], which accelerated maneuvers by monarchists, high military officers, and even part of the Fascist leadership, more and more concerned with finding a way out of the war. The Feltre meeting accomplished little. Despite pleas by Ambrosio to present Italy's critical situation clearly and to ask for freedom of action to withdraw from the war, Mussolini was weak and indecisive and only asked for more German help in the defense of Italy, while Hitler made an exhausting speech in favor of fighting till the end. Moreover, Hitler gave an optimistic view of the situation and refused the sweeping Italian requests for more land and air support, mentioning technical and operative difficulties. But also, he did not heed the vehement requests of [[Alfred Jodl|Jodl]], Keitel and [[Walter Warlimont|Warlimont]]: to create a unified command in Italy under German control, to move the many Italian troops in northern Italy south (towards the regions attacked by the Allies), and to give command of the Axis forces in the theatre to General [[Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen|Wolfram von Richthofen]].

After the meeting, Hitler was convinced that he had lifted Mussolini's morale. Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]] had been put in charge of forces being organized in Bavaria for intervention in case of Italy's defection ("Operation Alaric"). Rommel was worried about the fate of German troops in Sicily and southern Italy, who would be cut off from Germany by an Italian "betrayal". But Hitler ignored warnings from Rommel. On 21 July, Hitler decided to suspend the planning of "Alaric" and to send German reinforcements to Italy. The codename "Alaric" was later quietly changed to "Achse" to avoid offending the Italians ([[Alaric I|Alaric]] was the [[Visigoth]]ic king who [[sack of Rome (410)|sacked Rome in 410]]).

On 25 July, before he learned of the fall of Mussolini, Hitler sent six Heer (Army) divisions to Italy, including a Panzer division, and three Waffen-SS divisions. Rommel and his headquarters (then in [[Munich]]) were sent to [[Thessaloniki]] to control a new army group in the Balkans.

=== German countermeasures after 25 July ===
Hitler and the German leadership were thus taken by surprise by [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|the fall of Mussolini on 25 July]]; due to wrong information from the ambassador [[Hans Georg von Mackensen]] and by the military ''attaché'' [[Enno von Rintelen]], who did not foresee that the meeting of the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] would threaten the Fascist regime, and instead thought that Mussolini would be able to strengthen collaboration with Nazi Germany. The news of the fall of Mussolini and the creation of a military government led by Marshal [[Pietro Badoglio]] surprised and enraged Hitler, who immediately understood that, despite assurances by Badoglio and Italian diplomats, the change of regime was a prelude to an Italian defection, which would endanger the German forces fighting in Southern Italy and the entire [[Wehrmacht]] presence in Southern Europe.

At first Hitler thought about intervening immediately with the forces already on site to occupy Rome and arrest Badoglio, the king and the members of the new government; however he soon changed his mind and, together with Jodl and Rommel (who had been urgently recalled from Greece) he decided to re-activate the planning of Operation "Alarich", to create a detailed plan to react to the Italian defection and swiftly occupy the [[Italian peninsula]], after sending enough reinforcements. Kesselring was told to be ready to the change of sides and to prepare the withdrawal of his forces from Sicily, Sardinia and Southern Italy; new directives were issued, with new operational plans.

In a matter of few days, the "Siegfried", "Konstantin", and "Kopenhagen" plans (ready since May) were confirmed, and new operations were studied: "Schwartz" to capture the Italian government in Rome, "Achse" to capture the [[Regia Marina|Italian fleet]], [[Gran Sasso raid|"Eiche"]] to free Mussolini from captivity, and "Student" to capture Rome. On 28 July, Hitler reviewed the operational planning: the "Konstantin" and "Alarich" plans were combined into a single plan for the occupation of Italy and the Balkans, which was called "Achse". On 5 August, on the advice of Admiral [[Friedrich Ruge|Ruge]] and because of the strengthening of the Italian defenses of Rome, the "Schwartz" plan was abandoned. Another problem for Hitler and the German leadership came from a lack of detailed information about Mussolini's fate and the refusal of [[Victor Emmanuel III]] to meet Hitler, which would have been an occasion for a sudden attack on the new Italian leadership.

While the planning was under way, the Wehrmacht command had begun the transfer of the divisions needed to enact operations when the Italians defected. Starting on 27 July, the [[2nd Parachute Division (Germany)|2. Fallschirmjäger-Division]] of General [[Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke]] was moved by air from Southern France to the [[Pratica di Mare Air Base]], a move that surprised both the Italian commands and Kesselring, as neither had been warned beforehand. Meanwhile, on 31 July, General [[Kurt Student]] (commander of the 11th Airborne Corps, and due to take command of Ramcke's paratroopers) and SS-[[Hauptsturmführer]] [[Otto Skorzeny]] reached Kesselring in [[Frascati]] and outlined the "Schwarz" plan for him. This was however soon cancelled by Hitler.

Meanwhile, at 12:00 on 26 July Rommel had returned from Thessaloniki to [[Rastenburg]], leaving command of the new [[Army Group F]] to Field Marshal [[Maximilian von Weichs|von Weichs]], and on 29 July he assumed command in Munich of a fake command, denominated ''Auffrischungsstab München'', to hide the creation of a new army group which on 14 August would be moved to [[Bologna]] under the name of [[Army Group B]], and would enact Operation "Achse" in [[Northern Italy]].

At 02:15 on 26 July the [[215th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|215th Infantry Division]] was the first German unit to enter Italy, heading for [[Liguria]], while the [[Panzergrenadier Division Feldherrnhalle]] and the [[715th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|715th Infantry Division]] were deployed to protect the passage through the [[Alps|alpine]] passes on the French–Italian border. The Italian commands protested and tried to stop the inflow of the divisions with some pretexts, but Kesselring intervened through the Italian Supreme Command on 1 August, and the [[305th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|305th Infantry Division]] marched on foot first to Genoa and then to [[La Spezia]]. Meanwhile, more German units entered Italy: the [[76th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|76th Infantry Division]], on 2 August, heading for [[Savona]]; the [[94th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|94th Infantry Division]], on 4 August, heading for [[Susa, Piedmont|Susa]] and then [[Alessandria]]; the 87th Corps headquarters (General [[Gustav-Adolf von Zangen]]), which on 11 August established itself in [[Acqui Terme|Acqui]] and assumed command of the three newly-arrived German divisions.

Some conflicts and incidents between the German troops on passage and the Italian commands and units took place also at the [[Brenner Pass]]; Rommel, worried by the news of a strengthening of the Italian garrison and mining of the mountain passes, sent the Kampfgruppe Feuerstein south, with part of the 26th Panzer Division and the [[44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|44th Infantry Division]], with orders to say that they had been sent to help Italy against the common enemy. The Italian Supreme Command in Rome and General [[Alessandro Gloria|Gloria]], commander of the [[XXVI Army Corps (Italy)|XXVI Italian Army Corps]] in [[Bolzano]], complained vehemently and threatened an armed reaction, but after Kesselring's intervention on 1 August the crisis passed and the German units were allowed to proceed; the 44th Infantry Division reached [[Bozen]], assumed control of the Brenner Pass and thus ensured the transalpine communications with Germany.

Right after July 25, Hitler had initially decided to immediately send to Italy the [[1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler]] and the [[2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich]], despite the precarious situation on the Eastern Front]. Protests by Field Marshal Von Kluge and further worsening of the situation in the East forced however Hitler to send only the [[Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler]], without its heavy weapons. This division crossed the Brenner Pass on 3 August and then placed itself between [[Parma]] and [[Reggio Emilia]]. This was soon followed by the transfer of the [[65th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|65th Infantry Division]] from [[Villach]] to the [[Ravenna]]–[[Rimini]] area, and the transfer of the [[24th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|24th Panzer Division]] from [[History of Tyrol|Tyrol]] to [[Modena]] by 30 August. On 3 August the Waffen-SS [[Generaloberst]] [[Paul Hausser]] arrived in Reggio Emilia with the headquarters of the [[II SS Panzer Corps]], to take command of the three incoming divisions.

The last German division to enter Italy was the [[71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|71st Infantry Division]], which was transferred from [[Denmark]] to an area north of [[Ljubljana]] on 7 August, and from 25 August started entering [[Friuli]] on orders from Rommel, who feared possible hostile actions by the Italians and the mining of the Eastern alpine passes. After another conflict with the Italian Supreme Command, which once again menaced to result in armed clashes, the situation was solved by the intervention of Enno von Rintelen and the Division advanced without problems towards [[Gemona]], [[Gorizia]], and [[Opicina]]; by 2 September it was fully deployed in the [[Julian March]].

== 8 September 1943 ==
=== End of an alliance ===
Right after the removal of Mussolini from power, the new government led by Badoglio had officially proclaimed the decision to continue the war alongside Germany and kept reassuring the German leadership of its loyalty to the Axis cause, but at the same time it started a series of confused attempts to start secret negotiations with the Allies, to get out of the war and to avoid the consequences of a sudden change of sides. The need to gain time induced the new Italian government to make a show of loyalty to the alliance, asking for a more active participation of the German ally in the defense of the [[Italian Peninsula]] and thus for the arrival of more German divisions, which however worsened the German threat to Italy.

The Italian leadership tried to keep a grip on this difficult phase by alternating requests for help and obstructionism towards the incoming German forces and requests to deploy the German divisions in the South, on the frontline; already on 31 July, during the meeting between Ambrosio and Kesselring, arguments began about the positioning and role of the new German divisions. At the conference held in [[Tarvisio]] on 6 August between the Italian Foreign Minister [[Raffaele Guariglia]], Ambrosio, [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] and Keitel (with the menacing presence of SS guards), the mutual distrust became apparent; Ambrosio asked to increase the German divisions from nine to sixteen, but to deploy them in Southern Italy against the Allies, while Keitel and Warlimont instead stated that the new German units would be deployed in Central and Northern Italy, as a strategic reserve force.

A last meeting was held in Bologna on 15 August, between generals Roatta and Jodl, the latter accompanied by Rommel (who had just been made commander of the new Army Group B in Northern Italy) and by a SS guard of the ''Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler''; the Germans consented to recalling to Italy part of the [[4th Army (Italy)|4th Italian Army]] from Southern France, but they were alarmed by Roatta's plans about a positioning of the German forces that, in case of defection, seemed to expose them to the risk of becoming isolated and being destroyed by the Allies. The meeting was a failure and convinced the German generals that, despite reassurances from Roatta (possibly not yet informed by Ambrosio of the contacts that were under way with the Allies), who assured that Italy would not defect and added "we are not Saxons!", that an Italian defection was imminent. The atmosphere at the meeting was so tense that the German delegation refused food and beverages offered by the Italians, fearing they might be poisoned.

The preparations against an Italian betrayal therefore proceeded swiftly; detailed dispositions were issued to the subordinated commands, which in turn studied detailed operative plans to act with speed and efficiency. The German leadership expected only weak resistance by the Italian armed forces and counted on quickly solving the situation. General Von Horstig, a representative of the weaponry office of the Wehrmacht in Italy, was already preparing plans for the plunder of the resources and the systematic destruction of factories and infrastructures of military importance in Southern Italy. At the end of August, Hitler sent to Italy his new representatives: the diplomat [[Rudolf Rahn]] (who replaced the ambassador Von Mackensen) and General [[Rudolf Toussaint]], who replaced Von Rintelen as military attaché.

Kesselring had already authorized General Hans Hube (XIV Panzer Corps), on orders from OKW, to organize the withdrawal of his four divisions from Sicily and its redeployment in [[Calabria]], which Hube skilfully carried out on 17 August ([[Operation Lehrgang]]). The vast majority of the German troops in Sicily, after an effective fighting retreat, managed to cross the [[Straits of Messina]] and even to save a great part of their heavy equipment. In the following days Hube deployed the XIV Panzer Corps (16th Panzer Division, 15th Panzergrenadier Division, and Hermann Goring Division) in the area between [[Naples]] and Salerno, while the 1st Parachute Division was sent to [[Apulia]] and General Herr with the 76th Panzerkorps assumed the defense of Calabria, with part of the 26th Panzer Division and the 29th Panzergrenadier Division; his orders were to carry out delaying actions in case of Allied attack across the straits. On 3 September, [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] ([[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Bernard Montgomery]]) crossed the straits northwest of Reggio Calabria ([[Operation Baytown]]), landed without meeting much resistance and started a cautious advance along the coastal roads towards [[Pizzo, Calabria|Pizzo Calabro]] and [[Crotone]]. The 76th Panzerkorps avoided engagement and slowly retreated northwards, conducting demolitions as it went.

=== The armistice ===
After some unrealistic and fruitless attempts by personalities of minor importance (embassy official Blasco Lanza D'Ajeta, Foreign Ministry official Alberto Berio, industrialist Alberto Pirelli) to contact the Allies and start negotiations for an exit of Italy from the war, possibly avoiding the dangerous consequences of a surrender at discretion and a German occupation, on 12 August General [[Giuseppe Castellano]], Ambrosio's counselor, left Rome for [[Madrid]], where he met the British ambassador Sir [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]]. The latter informed Churchill and then directed Castellano to [[Lisbon]] where, on 17 August, the first meeting with the Allied emissaries, General [[Walter Bedell Smith]] and political advisers [[Kenneth Strong]] and [[George F. Kennan]], took place. The Allies' demands, definitively established by the Allied governments at the end of July, called for a completely unconditional surrender; Castellano thus found himself in great hindrance, as the instructions Badoglio had given him required to bargain the exit of Italy from the war and a strong military collaboration with the Allies, including the intervention of as many as fifteen British and American divisions that were to make contemporaneous landings north and south of Rome simultaneously with the announcement of the armistice, in order to defend the capital and deal with the German reaction. During a new meeting between Castellano and Bedell Smith in [[Cassibile (village)|Cassibile]], Sicily, on 31 August, the Italian envoy unsuccessfully insisted again to be made a part of the Allied operative details; the intervention of an American airborne division to protect Rome and the Italian government ([[Operation Giant 2]]) was agreed. On 1 September, after a consultation between the king, Guariglia and Ambrosio, the Allies were radioed the reception of the conditions of the armistice.

On 3 September, Castellano and Bedell Smith therefore signed the [[Armistice of Cassibile]], in presence of the representatives of the British and American governments, [[Harold Macmillan]] and [[Robert Daniel Murphy]]; there was however a grievous mistake about the timing of the announcement of the Italian surrender. The Badoglio government hoped to gain more time to organize the resistance against the German forces, delaying the announcement at least till 12 September. Only in the night of 8 September did Badoglio learn from General [[Maxwell Taylor]] (the second-in-command of the [[82nd Airborne Division]], whose intervention was planned for "Giant 2", who had been secretly sent to Rome) that General [[Dwight Eisenhower]] would make the announcement that very evening. Badoglio protested and vainly tried to obtain another delay; the Italian leaders and generals, extremely worried about the German reaction, made an awful impression on General Taylor, who advised the Allied command to give up Operation "Giant 2", which he deemed to be destined to fail, given the disorganization of the sizable Italian forces stationed around Rome.

In the morning of 8 September, the [[Air raid on Frascati]] when Allied bombers attacked Kesselring's headquarters in Frascati. While they failed their objective and caused heavy civilian casualties, the Allied fleets approached the Gulf of Salerno to launch [[Operation Avalanche]] (the main landing of the [[United States Army North|5th American Army]] of General [[Mark W. Clark]]). Badoglio, more and more anxious, sent Eisenhower a [[telegram]] asking for a deferment of the announcement of the armistice. The Allied commander-in-chief, sustained by an order from [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] of the Allied heads of state, firmly rejected the request, confirmed his intentions in a threatening tone, and cancelled Operation "Giant 2".

At 18:00 on 8 September a hurried and dramatic Council of the Crown was held at the [[Quirinale Palace]]; the king, Badoglio, Ambrosio, Guariglia, General [[Giacomo Carboni]] (head of the [[Servizio Informazioni Militare]] (Military Intelligence) and commander of the [[Motorized-Armored Army Corps (Italy)|Motorized-Armored Army Corps]], defending the capital, General [[Antonio Sorice]] (War Minister), Admiral [[Raffaele de Courten]] (Minister of the Navy), General [[Renato Sandalli]] (Minister of the Air Force), General [[Paolo Puntoni]], General [[Giuseppe De Stefanis]], and Major [[Luigi Marchesi (soldier)|Luigi Marchesi]] (secretary of Ambrosio) participated. Faced with the clear instructions transmitted by Eisenhower and the first indiscretions leaking on foreign radios about the armistice, the Italian leadership, after heated discussions where Carboni went as far as to propose that they retracted Castellano's actions, finally agreed with Marchesi, who said that they should unavoidably keep the word they had given to the Allies, and confirm the news. At 18:30 General Eisenhower, speaking on Radio Algiers, officially announced the armistice, and at 19:42 the [[Badoglio Proclamation]] was broadcast via the state broadcaster [[EIAR]]. During the previous days, the German representatives in Rome had been given reiterated statements of loyalty to the alliance, expressed at the highest levels; on 3 September Badoglio himself had confirmed to Rahn his firm will to remain at the side of Germany, and still on 6 September General Toussaint thought that the Italians had rejected the harsh demands of the Allies. Even in the morning of 8 September, Rahn met the king and the latter reassured him about his decision not to surrender, and in the afternoon Roatta reaffirmed by telephone that news coming from abroad were a propagandist hoax. Rahn was thus taken by surprise when at 19:00 on 8 September, having been warned by Berlin about the news of the armistice, he met Guariglia whom immediately confirmed the news and told him about the exit of Italy from the war and from the Axis alliance. Rahn replied bitterly, then hastily left Rome along with Toussaint and the embassy personnel and went to Frascati, where Kesselring's headquarters were located.

Despite the initial surprise, the German response, having been accurately planned and organized in detail, was swift and effective; Hitler, who at 17:00 came back to Rastenburg after spending a few days in [[Ukraine]] at the headquarters of Field Marshal [[Erich von Manstein]], soon learned of the armistice from a [[BBC]] transmission, and acted with extreme resolve. At 19:50, a few minutes after Badoglio had finished his announcement, the aide of General Jodl broadcast the coded word "Achse" to all subordinated commands; it was the signal for the German forces to attack Italian forces in all the war theaters of the Mediterranean.

== Dissolution of Italian forces in Italy ==

=== Uncertainty and confusion ===
The Italian high commands, in the weeks leading to the armistice, had issued instructions for commanders and troops about their behaviour in case of a withdrawal from the war and possible German aggressions; these orders were Order No. 111 issued by the Staff of the Italian Army on 10 August, the OP 44 Memorandum issued on 26 August by General Mario Roatta (on Ambrosio's orders) to the major peripheral commands (only twelve copies), and the No. 1 and No. 2 Memorandums issued on 6 September by the Supreme Command to the Staffs of the three armed forces, containing indications about the deployment of the forces in the theaters of operations.

These were however general guidelines, lacking details and nearly inapplicable (also due to excessive secrecy measures); they were ineffective and they contributed, along with the vagueness of Badoglio's message on the evening of 8 September, to the confusion of the peripheral commands of the Italian forces about the unexpected news of the change of sides and the aggressiveness of the German forces, thus resulting in insecurity and indecision among those commands. The situation of the Italian armed forces was worsened by the contradictory instructions issued by Ambrosio in the evening of 8 September, which restricted any initiative to mere defensive measures in case of German attacks, and by Roatta in the night of 9 September, who especially demanded to avoid turmoil and 'seditions' among the troops.

Faced with the efficiency of the German units, which immediately demanded surrender or collaboration with threats and intimidations, most of the Italian commanders, also fearful of the impressive reputation of military capacity of the Wehrmacht and many times tired by a lengthy and disliked war, soon abandoned any intent of resistance; with a few exceptions, the troops, left with neither orders nor leaders, often dispersed.

The situation of the German forces in Italy was actually a difficult one; Rommel, with his Army Group B, had the easier task of occupying the northern regions and neutralizing any resistance by Italian forces in that area, but Kesselring, in command of [[Army Group C]], was in great difficulty after September 8: after the bombing of Frascati, he barely managed to receive the communication of the coded word "Achse" and also learned of the Allied landing near Salerno, where only part of the 16th Panzer Division was stationed. At first, he feared that he would not be able to simultaneously contain the Allied advance and carry out his mission against Rome.

Even the OKW considered the possibility of losing the eight German divisions in Southern Italy; Kesselring, however, showed great capability, and his forces fought with ability and effectiveness. Despite advice by Rommel to quickly withdraw from Southern Italy and retreat to the La Spezia–Rimini line, Kesselring managed to avoid the isolation and destruction of his forces and also to cause trouble to the Allied bridgehead at Salerno, to counterattack with some success (after massing there the 14th and 76th Panzerkorps, with three Panzer divisions and two Panzergrenadier divisions) and then to retreat with minimal losses north of Naples, while simultaneously carrying out Achse and capturing Rome with part of his forces.

=== Fall of Rome ===
[[File:Italy September 1943.png|thumb|Italian military situation in September 1943]]
In order to defend the political and military leadership and to resist a possible German attack, Italian commanders had concentrated a considerable number of troops in the area around Rome; the main force consisted in the Motorized-Armored Army Corps (General Giacomo Carboni) composed of:
* [[10th Infantry Division "Piave"]]
* [[21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna"]]
* [[135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete"]]
* [[136th Armored Legionary Division "Centauro"]]

Other units tasked with the defense of Rome were
* the [[12th Infantry Division "Sassari"]] and
* the [[103rd Infantry Division "Piacenza"]] (part of the [[XVII Army Corps (Italy)|XVII Italian Army Corps]] of General Giovanni Zangheri),
* some battalions of the [[13th Infantry Division "Re"]] and [[7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana"]]

Overall, about 55,000 men and 200 [[armored fighting vehicle]]s protected Rome and outnumbered the German forces in the area.

The German forces near Rome consisted in the 11th Airborne Corps of General Kurt Student, headquartered in Pratica di Mare; the Corps comprised the 2nd Parachute Division under General Walter Barenthin, ready for action south of Rome, and the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division (General [[Fritz-Hubert Gräser]]), reinforced by an armored battalion of the 26th Panzer Division (''[[Kampfgruppe]] Büsing''), stationed between [[Orvieto]] and [[Lake Bolsena]], north of Rome. These units comprised about 26,000 men and some hundreds of armored fighting vehicles, and were activated by Kesselring in the evening of 8 September: already at 20:30 they attacked the [[Mezzocammino]] fuel depot, and the German paratroopers immediately started advancing south, overcoming sporadic resistance by the Piacenza Division in [[Lanuvio]], [[Albano Laziale]], and [[Ardea, Lazio|Ardea]].

After reaching the [[EUR, Rome|EUR district]] at 21:30, the 2nd Parachute Division overpowered some units of the Piacenza and Granatieri di Sardegna Divisions and after half an hour, advancing along the [[Via Ostiensis]], reached the [[Magliana]] bridge. Meanwhile, the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division advanced from north along the [[Via Aurelia]], [[Via Cassia]], and [[Via Flaminia]], but was halted near [[Lake Bracciano]] by the Ariete II Division (General [[Raffaele Cadorna Jr.|Raffaele Cadorna]]) and suspended its advance after some negotiations. The paratroopers, instead, went ahead with their action; fierce fighting erupted at Magliana between the German forces and the Granatieri di Sardegna, supported by armored units of the Ariete II Division, but at 02:00 on 9 September the [[Rome Ciampino Airport|Ciampino airport]] was captured, and an hour later news came that German troops had arrived in [[Tor Sapienza]], along [[Via Prenestina]], just eight km away from the city center.

More and more alarming news pushed the political and military leadership, after some uncertain orders by Ambrosio to try to contact Kesselring, to decide to abandon the city. Roatta exhorted the king and Badoglio to leave Rome by the [[Via Tiburtina]], then he ordered his forces to try to retreat to [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]] and finally he abandoned the city himself, leaving Carboni without any order. Carboni in turn fled in civilian clothes, then re-entered the city in the morning of 10 September, when the situation was definitely compromised. General [[Umberto Utili]], head of the Operations Division of the General Staff, declared the General Staff as formally dissolved in the morning of 9 September; the subordinate commands and the troops showed signs of bewilderment and confusion.

At 05:10 on 9 September the King and Badoglio, along with high-ranking officers, dignitaries and family members, fled Rome in seven cars; without encountering any difficulties, they passed Tivoli and [[Avezzano]] and reached [[Pescara]] and later [[Ortona]], where more fleeing officers had gathered. There the King, his relatives, Badoglio, Ambrosio, and Roatta boarded the [[corvette]] [[Italian corvette Baionetta (1942)|''Baionetta'']], which reached [[Brindisi]] at 14:30 on 10 September, the city having already been reached by Allied troops which had safely landed in Italian-controlled [[Taranto]] (the British [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|1st Airborne Division]]), Brindisi, and Bari (two divisions of the 5th Corps) during [[Operation Slapstick]].

The defenses of Rome had completely collapsed; in the south, the German paratroopers fought a series of sporadic fights against the Granatieri di Sardegna and units of the Ariete II at Magliana and Cecchignola; at 17:00 on 9 September, Magliana was abandoned by Italian forces and the 2nd Parachutist Division proceeded with its advance, arriving near [[Porta San Paolo]] in the evening. In the north, the armored fighting vehicles of the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division had restarted their advance; after fighting against the bulk of the Ariete II, they captured [[Manziana]], [[Monterosi]] (at 14:00), and [[Bracciano]] (at 17:00), while more German units of the same Division advanced towards [[Civitavecchia]] and ''Kampfgruppe Büsing'' reached [[Cesano (RM)|Cesano]] and [[La Storta]].

At 20:00 the Piave and Ariete II divisions, as they had been ordered, left their positions and retreated towards Tivoli, while units of the Sassari and Re divisions were deployed along the Via Cassia and Via Salaria. The parachutists of Major [[Walter Gericke]], whom had been parachuted at 09:00 over [[Monterotondo]] with the task of capturing the Italian Army headquarters (which however had already been abandoned), were engaged in hard fighting, which they ended in success in the evening of 9 September; meanwhile, units of the 2nd Parachute Division attacked Porta San Paolo, two kilometers from [[Piazza Venezia]], held by Granatieri di Sardegna units and groups of civilian volunteers. The German troops, mainly consisting in veterans, overcame this resistance after some fierce fighting, and reached the center of Rome in the morning of 10 September. General [[Siegfried Westphal]], Chief of Staff of Army Group C, had started negotiations with Colonel Giaccone of the Centauro (the former 1st CC.NN. Armored Division "M", composed of [[blackshirts]] whose allegiances were highly doubtful, which had led the Italian commands to decide to keep it away from the battle), on instructions from Kesselring and Student, in the evening of 9 September. After a series of threats and an ultimatum, Westphal obtained the capitulation of Rome by the afternoon of 10 September, after discussions with Generals Carboni and Sorice and Marshal [[Enrico Caviglia]], while German artillery was already firing directly inside the city. Westphal promised to spare the city and authorized the creation of a provisional Italian command under General [[Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo]].

This evanescent agreement was soon revoked by the Germans; by 15 September all Italian troops were disarmed, on 23 September Calvi di Bergolo was arrested and the German and [[Italian Social Republic|RSI]] forces, under Generals [[Reiner Stahel|Stahel]] and Chieli, respectively, assumed control of the city; despite this, they stated that the status of "[[open city]]" was maintained. This status was never recognized by the Allies, and the Germans exploited it to use Rome as a key logistic junction for the supplies sent to the frontline.

Meanwhile, the Italian units that had retreated towards Tivoli dissolved; a considerable part of the Sassari and Piacenza divisions and of the [[211th Coastal Division (Italy)|211th Coastal Division]] escaped capture and crossed the frontline, thus joining the Allies, but most of the men of the ten Italian divisions in the area were disarmed. Only a small part of them, however, were interned or deported; the majority was allowed to return to their homes. Overall German casualties for the capture of Rome were about a hundred dead and about 500 wounded, while Italian casualties were 984 killed, of whom 659 were soldiers, 121 civilians, and 204 "unidentified".

=== Disintegration of Italian forces in southern Italy ===
Field Marshal Kesselring, despite being busy with avoiding the isolation of his forces and containing the Allied attacks launched in three different landing areas (Salerno, Apulia and Calabria), still managed to retain control of the situation and to carry out the tasks assigned within the "Achse" plan. He managed to quickly dissolve the Italian forces stationed in his area, to capture Rome, and to disengage mobile units that were to be sent south against the Allies (the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division, after capturing Rome, reached Salerno on 12 September), but he had to restrict himself to summarily disarming the majority of the captured soldiers, then sending them back to their homes. Only 24,294 of the 102,340 Italian soldiers captured by Army Group C were held captive.

Italian forces in [[Campania]] were weak and were quickly overwhelmed by the German troops; the Naples garrison was destroyed after two days of resistance by a German armored column, and its commander, Colonel Olivier, was executed. The [[XIX Army Corps (Italy)|XIX Italian Army Corps]] was dissolved on 11 September after its commander, [[Ettore Deltetto|General Del Tetto]], abandoned his command post to take shelter in a monastery; the [[9th Infantry Division "Pasubio"]] (stationed in the Naples area), which was still being re-formed after its near destruction on the Eastern Front, was immediately disarmed, while in the Salerno area the [[222nd Coastal Division (Italy)|222nd Coastal Division]] was attacked and dispersed by the 16th Panzer Division, and its commander, General [[Ferrante Vincenzo Gonzaga]], was killed after refusing to surrender.

The [[7th Army (Italy)|7th Italian Army]] of General Mario Arisio was stationed in Calabria, [[Basilicata]] and Apulia; German forces in these regions were scarce, and were being moved north. On 9 September, the 7th Army headquarters in [[Potenza]] were attacked by surprise and captured by German troops, but the overall weakness of the German forces and the swift intervention of the Allied forces helped the Italian units, the majority of whom maintained unit cohesion. The [[IX Army Corps (Italy)|IX Italian Army Corps]] (General Roberto Lerici) held central and northern Apulia, despite the collapse of the [[209th Coastal Division (Italy)|209th Coastal Division]]; General [[Nicola Bellomo (general)|Nicola Bellomo]] held the harbour of Bari until Allied forces arrived, while to the south the [[58th Infantry Division "Legnano"]], the [[152nd Infantry Division "Piceno"]] and the [[210th Coastal Division (Italy)|210th Coastal Division]] held their positions between [[Grottaglie]] and [[Lecce]]. More to the north, Foggia was occupied by German troops, and the local garrison commander, General [[Felice Caperdoni]], shot himself after ordering his men to lay down their weapons. The situation of the [[XXXI Army Corps (Italy)|XXXI Italian Army Corps]] (General Mercalli), stationed in Calabria with three coastal divisions and the [[104th Infantry Division "Mantova"]], was more difficult: it was attacked by the 76th Panzerkorps and sustained casualties, and the III Battalion/ [[185th Infantry Regiment "Nembo"]] sided with the Germans and joined the 1st German Parachute Division.

General [[Frido von Senger und Etterlin]], the German commander in Sardinia, was ordered by Kesselring to withdraw to [[Corsica]] with the 90th Panzergrenadier Division. This manoeuvre was a complete success; the Italian forces present in the area (consisting of the [[30th Infantry Division "Sabauda"]], the [[31st Infantry Division "Calabria"]], the [[47th Infantry Division "Bari"]], the [[184th Infantry Division "Nembo"]], the [[203rd Coastal Division (Italy)|203rd Coastal Division]], the [[204th Coastal Division (Italy)|204th Coastal Division]] and the [[205th Coastal Division (Italy)|205th Coastal Division]]), under General Antonio Basso, lacked mobility and did not go into action until 12 September; due to previous agreements made with the German commands, they did not impede the transfer of the German forces to Corsica, which was completed by 18 September with a few wounded caused by a skirmish near Oristano. The XII Battalion of the Nembo Division, which had reacted negatively to the news of the armistice, mutinied, killed the divisional chief of staff, Colonel Alberto Bechi Lucerna, and joined the 90th Panzergrenadier Division.

In Corsica, after initial confusion and fruitless negotiations, General [[Giovanni Magli]], commander of the [[VII Army Corps (Italy)|VII Italian Army Corps]] ([[20th Infantry Division "Friuli"]] and [[44th Infantry Division "Cremona"]]), attacked the Waffen-SS "Reichführer-SS" brigade, while some French units landed at [[Ajaccio]] on 12 September. On 13 September, following the arrival of the 90th Panzergrenadier Division from Sardinia, [[Bastia]] (where [[Action off Bastia|a previous German attempt to capture the port and Italian shipping had been thwarted by Italian ships]]) fell in German hands, but the Wehrmacht Supreme Command ordered General Von Senger to leave the island and withdraw to [[Piombino]]. The German forces were evacuated from Corsica by 4 October, despite attacks by the Italian and French forces (the latter consisting of the [[4th Moroccan Mountain Division]]).

On 12 September, paratrooper units under Major [[Harald Mors]], which also included the SS officer Otto Skorzeny (who had located the different prisons where Mussolini had been held), carried out Operation Eiche and freed Mussolini from detention in Campo Imperatore, [[Gran Sasso]]; this was an essential premise for the creation of a new fascist collaborationist government wanted by Hitler.

=== Disintegration of Italian forces in central and northern Italy ===
The strategic situation in central and northern Italy was much more favorable to the Germans than in the south. Army Group B, under Field Marshal Rommel, had a considerable number of troops, was far away from possible Allied intervention, and its units were deployed so as to be ready to intervene against Italian units, which were much less prepared and lacked clear orders. Moreover, the behavior of many of the Italian commanders further favored the success of the "Achse" plan: the local Italian superior commands, mostly concerned with avoiding riots, devastation, and popular insurrections, refused the help of civilians in the resistance, sometimes autonomously dissolved their units, and started negotiations with the Germans for an uneventful handover. Even the civilian leadership of the major cities carried out the instructions of the chief of police, [[Carmine Senise]], mostly aimed at avoiding riots, and thus collaborated with the German authorities. Under such circumstances, Rommel carried out his task with speed and efficiency, while many Italian units quickly disintegrated and offered little resistance; Army Group B strictly carried out the orders about the internment of Italian troops, and by 20 September, 183,300 of the 13,000 officers and 402,000 soldiers captured had already been sent to Germany.

German units in [[Piedmont]] quickly neutralized the Italian units; in [[Turin]] (where General [[Enrico Adami Rossi|Rossi]] refused to arm the civilians – on 18 August, he had ordered his men to fire on the crowd during a popular demonstration – and immediately initiated negotiations) and [[Novara]] (where General Casentino surrendered his entire command) the high commands did not attempt any resistance, immediately handed over their weapons and surrendered with their disintegrating units; Rossi surrendered as soon as German armored units entered Turin (he later joined the Italian Social Republic).
In Liguria, by 11 September the German troops of the 87th Corps (76th and 94th Infantry Division) and the 51st Corps (65th and 305th Infantry Division) occupied all positions, while the [[XVI Army Corps (Italy)|XVI Italian Army Corps]] ([[105th Infantry Division "Rovigo"]] and [[6th Alpine Division "Alpi Graie"]]) dissolved; German units also entered the naval base of La Spezia but the Italian fleet had already sailed, while ships unable to sail had been scuttled or sabotaged.

In [[Milan]], General Vittorio Ruggero, commander of the garrison, bought time for 48 hours and then reached an agreement with a German colonel of the 1st SS Panzer Division "Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler"; Ruggero dissolved without a fight the [[5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"]], which was being re-formed after the heavy losses suffered in [[Russia]], and already on the following day the Waffen-SS units broke the agreement, occupied Milan and arrested Ruggero, who was sent to POW camps in Germany along with his soldiers. After a brief resistance, the garrison of [[Verona]] and its commander, General Guglielmo Orengo, were disarmed and deported by the German forces.

Despite the [[Alpine Wall]] fortifications, Italian units quickly disintegrated also in [[Trentino]]-[[South Tyrol]]: by 9 September, the two alpine divisions of [[XXV Army Corps (Italy)|XXV Army Corps]] of General Alessandro Gloria ([[2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina"]] and [[4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"]]), both under re-constitution after their destruction on the Eastern Front) were immediately attacked and disarmed by the 44th German Infantry Division, which was already deployed south of Brenner Pass and by the "Doelha" Brigade; only in [[Rovereto]] did some units resist until the morning of 10 September, before surrendering. In [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]], the 2nd SS-Panzerkorps of General Paul Hausser occupied the territory and destroyed the weak Italian units in the area without difficulty: the 24th Panzer Division and "Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler" quickly entered Modena and Bologna, the [[3rd Cavalry Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta"]], which was being re-formed after the losses suffered in Russia, was disarmed, and the soldiers taken prisoner.

The 71st German Infantry Division encountered more difficulty in occupying Friuli and the Julian March whereas the [[3rd Alpine Division "Julia"]] and the [[2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca"]], both being re-formed after their destruction in Russia, were soon disarmed, the [[52nd Infantry Division "Torino"]] put up resistance in Gorizia, where workers formed the first partisan groups. Meanwhile, Slovene partisan formations invaded part of this region, where they often inflicted bloody reprisals against the Italian civilian population. Only towards the end of the month, the 71st German Infantry Division, assisted by Italian collaborationist soldiers of the Italian Social Republic, regained control of the situation, repelled the Yugoslav partisans and occupied all the territory. In [[Trieste]], General [[Alberto Ferrero (general)|Alberto Ferrero]], after fruitless talks with anti-fascist representatives, started negotiations with the Germans and then abandoned the city, and 90,000 Italian soldiers in the area, abandoned without orders, surrendered without a fight.

In central Italy north of Rome, the [[5th Army (Italy)|5th Italian Army]] of General [[Mario Caracciolo di Feroleto]], headquartered in [[Orte]], was dissolved on 11 September, and its soldiers were disarmed and interned; the [[3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"]], headquartered in [[Grosseto]], and the coastal formations of the northern [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] disintegrated, and German units entered the cities; [[Livorno]] was captured on 10 September. In [[Florence]], General [[Armellini Chiappi]] immediately allowed the Germans to enter the city; Colonel Chiari in [[Arezzo]] and Colonel Laurei in [[Massa, Tuscany|Massa]] gave up their forces without attempting any resistance. Italian units and civilian volunteers in Piombino repelled a German landing attempt between 10 and 11 September, killing or capturing some hundreds of German soldiers, but on 12 September the Italian superior commands surrendered the town to the Germans.

Army Group B completed its task by 19 September, occupying all of central and northern Italy, disarming and capturing a great part of the Italian troops and sizable booty, that included 236 armored fighting vehicles, 1,138 [[field gun]]s, 536 [[anti-tank gun]]s, 797 [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, 5,926 [[machine gun]]s and 386,000 rifles. Along with 13,000 officers and 402,000 Italian soldiers, 43,000 Allied prisoners, previously held by the Italians, were also captured. Rommel organized a quick transfer to Germany of the captured Italian soldiers, which were sent through the Brenner Pass, partly by train, partly on foot.

== Disintegration of Italian forces abroad ==

=== France ===
The 4th Army (General [[Mario Vercellino]]) consisting of the [[5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"]], the [[2nd Cavalry Division "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro"]] and the [[48th Infantry Division "Taro"]], was on its way from [[Provence]] to Italy when news of the armistice came; panic immediately spread among the troops, and rumors about the aggressiveness and brutality of the German troops caused demoralization and disintegration of the units towards the border. The army, dispersed between France, Piedmont and Liguria, disintegrated between 9 and 11 September, under the pressure of the converging German forces of Field Marshals [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] (from Provence) and Erwin Rommel (from Italy).

Taking advantage of the disintegration of the Italian units, the German troops swiftly captured all positions: the 356th and 715th Infantry Division entered [[Toulon]] and reached the [[Var (river)|Var river]], while the Panzergrenadier Division ''Feldherrnhalle'' occupied the riviera till [[Menton]]. [[Mont Cenis]] pass, held by Italian units, was attacked in a [[pincer movement]] by German units from France (units of the 157th and 715th Infantry Division) and Piedmont (units of the ''Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler'', coming from Turin); the Italian garrison defended the pass for some time, then surrendered after blowing up part of the [[Fréjus Rail Tunnel]]. Most soldiers of the 4th Army dispersed and tried to reach their homes; some others decided to remain with the Germans, whereas sizeable groups chose to oppose the occupation and went into the mountains, where they joined groups of anti-fascist civilians and thus formed the first partisan groups in Piedmont. On 12 September, General Vercellino formally dissolved his Army, while General Raffaello Operti secured the Army treasure, part of which would later be used to fund the resistance.

=== Balkans ===
Italian forces in the Balkans ([[Slovenia]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia]], [[Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]] and [[Greece]]) amounted to over 30 divisions and 500,000 soldiers, who had been engaged for two years in waging counter-[[guerrilla]] operations against Yugoslav and Greek partisans. Italian forces in the area consisted of the [[2nd Army (Italy)|2nd Italian Army]] (General [[Mario Robotti]]) in Slovenia and Dalmatia, of the [[9th Army (Italy)|9th Italian Army]] (General [[Lorenzo Dalmazzo]]), stationed in Albania and under the control of [[Army Group East (Italy)|Army Group East]] of General [[Ezio Rosi]] (which also included the troops in Bosnia and Montenegro), and of the [[11th Army (Italy)|11th Italian Army]] (General [[Carlo Vecchiarelli]]) in Greece, the latter under [[Army Group E]] of General [[Alexander Löhr]].

Italian troops in the area were exhausted after years of wearing anti-partisan operations, characterized by brutalities, reprisals and repression, and were isolated in a hostile territory, mixed with numerous German divisions (over 20 divisions of Army Group F of Field Marshal Von Weichs, and of Army Group E of General Löhr) and Croat collaborationist units whom, on 9 September, immediately severed all ties with Italy and joined Germany in the fight against the former ally. Without any land connection, and with confusing and vague orders, units quickly disintegrated and many soldiers were disarmed, captured and deported to Germany. However, Italian soldiers in this area fought with more determination than the units left in Italy, suffering heavy casualties and harsh reprisals by the German units.

Some units managed to escape capture and joined Yugoslav or Greek partisan formations, subsequently fighting alongside them; the population was often friendly towards the soldiers, and helped them. German forces, less numerous but more mobile, determined and well-led, and enjoying complete [[air supremacy]], quickly prevailed, brutally crushing Italian resistance, often summarily executing Italian officers, and occupying all the Balkan region; 393,000 Italian soldiers were captured and deported, about 29,000 joined the Germans, 20,000 joined Partisan formations, and 57,000 dispersed or hid and tried to survive.

==== Yugoslavia ====
The [[V Army Corps (Italy)|V Army Corps]], [[XI Army Corps (Italy)|XI Army Corps]], and [[XVIII Army Corps (Italy)|XVIII Army Corps]] which formed the 2nd Army, stationed in Slovenia, Croatia and Dalmatia, were attacked by two Croat and three German divisions; General [[Gastone Gambara]], commander of XI Army Corps, started negotiations in [[Fiume]] and then abandoned his troops on 14 September, leaving them to be captured; [[Pula|Pola]] also fell without resistance. On 11 September the divisions stationed in Dalmatia were ordered to avoid any resistance in the hope of a peaceful repatriation, but the subordinate units refused, and started fighting against the Germans. The [[14th Infantry Division "Isonzo"]], [[22nd Infantry Division "Cacciatori delle Alpi"]] and [[153rd Infantry Division "Macerata"]] were dissolved, whereas the [[57th Infantry Division "Lombardia"]] and the [[154th Infantry Division "Murge"]] resisted in [[Sušak, Rijeka|Susak]] and [[Karlovac]]; the [[158th Infantry Division "Zara"]] surrendered on 10 September and its commanders were deported, while in [[Split, Croatia|Split]] the [[15th Infantry Division "Bergamo"]] made an agreement with Yugoslav partisans and defended the town till 27 September against the [[7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen]], sent from [[Mostar]]; after surrender, three Italian generals ([[Alfonso Cigala Fulgosi]], [[Salvatore Pelligra]] and [[Angelo Policardi]]) and 46 officers were executed. The [[1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia"]], stationed in Dalmatia, was dispersed.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the [[18th Infantry Division "Messina"]] resisted for four days, while the [[32nd Infantry Division "Marche"]] tried to defend [[Dubrovnik]], but the German forces crushed its resistance; the commander of the Division, General [[Giuseppe Amico]], was captured by the Germans during a parley and released to convince his men to surrender, but he instead rallied them against the Germans. Recaptured later, he was executed. In Montenegro, the [[23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara"]] disintegrated, while the [[155th Infantry Division "Emilia"]] defended the [[Bay of Kotor]] till 16 September, then it had to surrender; the soldiers of the [[19th Infantry Division "Venezia"]] and of the [[1st Alpine Division "Taurinense"]] joined Tito's partisans and formed the [[182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"|Partisan Division "Garibaldi"]], which kept fighting against the Germans, despite some violent "incomprehensions" with the Yugoslavs, till March 1945.

==== Albania ====
Italian forces in Albania consisted of the six divisions of the 9th Army (General Dalmazzo); the headquarters of Army Group East (General Rosi) was in [[Tirana]]. Left without clear orders, Italian commanders showed indecision and insufficient fighting spirit; on the contrary, German forces (Superior Command "Kroatien" with two [[Jäger (infantry)|Jäger]] divisions, and one mountain division, and part of the 1st Panzer Division) acted swiftly and with great aggressiveness. In the morning of 11 September, the command of Army Group East was surrounded and General Rosi was immediately captured along with his officers, while General Dalmazzo did not react to the German attacks, did not issue any order of resistance and started negotiations with the Germans, hastening the disintegration of his forces.

The [[11th Infantry Division "Brennero"]] (whose commander, General Princivalle, kept an ambivalent behavior), [[38th Infantry Division "Puglie"]], [[49th Infantry Division "Parma"]] and [[53rd Infantry Division "Arezzo"]] handed over their weapons and were dissolved (most men of the Brennero Division however managed to return to Italy by sea, while a considerable part of the men of the Arezzo Division escaped and joined the partisans), while the [[41st Infantry Division "Firenze"]] (General [[Arnaldo Azzi]]) and the [[151st Infantry Division "Perugia"]] (General [[Ernesto Chiminello]]) tried to resist. The Firenze Division faced the Germans in battle but was defeated near [[Kruja]], after which the Division was dissolved and its men joined the partisan formations; the Perugia Division retreated to [[Porto Edda]] after a fighting retreat and some of its men managed to embark on ships headed for Italy, but most of the division, weakened by the exhausting march through the Albanian mountains and the continuous attacks, was surrounded and surrendered on 22 September, after which General Chiminello and 130 officers were executed. Some survivors joined the partisans, forming the [[Antonio Gramsci Battalion]].

Over 15,000 dispersed Italian soldiers were sheltered by the population; the 21st German Mountain Corps established its headquarters in Tirana already on 10 September. Overall, about 90,000 Italian soldiers were captured in Albania, whereas a further 45,000 evaded capture and dispersed around the country; some of them were sheltered by the population in exchange for their labour, while many others succumbed to cold and starvation (British documents estimated mortality among Italian soldiers in Albania at about one hundred deaths per day in the winter of 1943–1944).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTE4k59rPvEC&q=apocalyptic&pg=PA80|title=The Wildest Province: SOE in the Land of the Eagle|first=Roderick|last=Bailey|year=2011|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1446499542|access-date=16 May 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Op3wAwAAQBAJ&q=%22david+smiley%22+%22albania%22+italians+%22stew%22&pg=PA109|title=Land of Eagles: Riding Through Europe's Forgotten Country|first=Robin|last=Hanbury-Tenison|date= 2014|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1780765020|access-date=16 May 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C&q=lorenzo+dalmazzo&pg=PA142|title=Albania at War, 1939–1945|first=Bernd Jürgen|last=Fischer|date=1999|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1850655312|access-date=16 May 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==== Mainland Greece and Crete ====
In mainland Greece, as elsewhere, uncertainty and ambivalent behavior of the Italian superior officers favored a rapid German success; Italian forces in this region, consisting of the 11th Army with headquarters in [[Athens]], were subordinate to Army Group E of General Löhr, whom had numerically inferior but more efficient units (three Jäger divisions, part of the 1st Panzer Division and a Luftwaffe field division). General Carlo Vecchiarelli, commander of the 11th Army, issued at first an order dictating that no initiatives were to be taken against the Germans, and on 9 September, believing the German assurances of [[safe-conduct]]s to return to Italy, he ordered his troops to avoid any resistance and hand over the weapons to the Germans, without fighting.

The consequence was the disintegration of most of the units: the [[29th Infantry Division "Piemonte"]], [[36th Infantry Division "Forlì"]], [[37th Infantry Division "Modena"]], [[56th Infantry Division "Casale"]] and [[59th Infantry Division "Cagliari"]] were easily disarmed and their soldiers were captured and sent to Germany. The [[24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"]], stationed in [[Thessaly]], rejected Vecchiarelli's orders; General [[Adolfo Infante]], after fighting in [[Larissa]], retreated to the [[Pindus]] massif, where he tried to obtain collaboration of the [[Greek People's Liberation Army|ELAS]] partisans. At first the Greek partisans agreed, but then they attacked the cavalry [[Regiment "Lancieri di Aosta" (6th)|Regiment "Lancieri di Aosta"]] to capture its weapons; Infante left for Italy, and his men were "''dispersed among the local population under the guidance of EAM/ELAS in order to be fed and survive the winter''" though many were used as forced labour under harsh conditions for the rest of the war, which resulted in the deaths of several thousand Italians.

After being ordered to disarm his unit or transfer it to German command, [[Angelico Carta]] the commander of the [[51st Infantry Division "Siena"]] stationed in east [[Crete]], decided to side against the Italian Social Republic. He contacted the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) through the division's counter-intelligence officer, arranging that he and members of his staff sympathetic to the Allied cause be smuggled to Egypt along with the defense plans for the east of the island. After abandoning his car north-east of [[Neapoli, Crete|Neapoli]] as a diversion, Carta and his comrades set foot for south-west. Evading German patrols and observation planes he embarked a [[Motor Torpedo Boat]] at Tsoutsouro reaching [[Mersa Matruh]] the next afternoon, on 23 September 1943.{{sfn|Leigh Fermor|2014|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Koukounas|2013|p=115}}

==== Ionian Islands and the Dodecanese ====
{{main|Massacre of the Acqui Division|Dodecanese campaign|Massacre of Kos}}
German commands believed that it would be of great importance to retain control of the [[Ionian Islands]] and the [[Dodecanese]], garrisoned by Italian troops, as they were believed to be of great strategic importance as a peripheral naval and air base and a defensive stronghold against possible Allied attacks on the Balkan front. Therefore, German forces launched a series of operations aimed at capturing the most important of these islands, with a sizable concentration of land and air forces. These operations caused some bloody battles against the Italian garrisons (who tried to resist, relying on their numerical superiority, geographical isolation and in some cases Allied assistance) and atrocities after surrender.

The Allies, despite insistence from [[Winston Churchill]] who supported a powerful Allied intervention in these islands to support the Italian garrisons and to secure valuable naval and air bases (which would turn useful for attacks on the southern Balkan front of "[[Fortress Europe]]"), only sent weak contingents with scarce air support, and were thus unable to change the course of the events, which progressively turned in favor of the Wehrmacht.

In Crete, the 51st Infantry Division "Siena" and [[LI Special Brigade "Lecce"]] were immediately neutralized and disarmed by the German forces in the island (the "Kreta" fortress brigade and the [[22nd Air Landing Division (Wehrmacht)|22nd Air Landing Division]], a veteran of the [[German invasion of the Netherlands]] and of the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)|Siege of Sebastopol]]); part of the Italian soldiers joined the Germans, whereas most of them were imprisoned and transferred to mainland Greece by sea, but at least 4,700 of them drowned in the sinking by Allied air and submarine attacks of two of the ships that were carrying them ([[MS Sinfra|''Sinfra'']] and [[SS Petrella|''Petrella'']]). [[Rhodes]] also quickly fell to the Germans; Italian forces there (the [[50th Infantry Division "Regina"]] and part of the [[6th Infantry Division "Cuneo"]], with 34,000 men), enjoyed numerical superiority over the German forces of General Kleeman (7,000 men of the "Rhodos" Division), but after [[Battle of Rhodes (1943)|an inconclusive battle]] the Italian commander, Admiral [[Inigo Campioni]], surrendered when the Germans threatened to launch heavy bombings against the town of Rhodes. [[Karpathos]] was occupied by German forces on 13 September, after Campioni had ordered the island garrison to surrender. Over 6,500 Italian soldiers of the Rhodes garrison died after surrender, most of them in the sinking of the steamers [[SS Oria (1920)|''Oria'']] and [[Italian ship Gaetano Donizetti|''Donizetti'']] that were carrying them to mainland Greece; Campioni was later executed by Fascist authorities for having defended the island.

British units landed in [[Leros]] and [[Kos]], where they joined the Italian garrisons in countering the German invasion (carried out by the 22nd Air Landing Division), but mediocre coordination, better German efficiency and German air supremacy led to a German victory and the capture of both islands. [[Battle of Kos (1943)|Kos fell on 4 October]], with 2,500 Italian and 600 British soldiers taken prisoners; 96 Italian officers, including the garrison commander (Colonel Felice Leggio), were [[Massacre of Kos|executed]]. Leros, defended by its 7,600-strong Italian garrison reinforced by 4,500 British soldiers, [[Battle of Leros|resisted for much longer]]; after weeks of continuous bombing, on 12 November 2,700 German soldiers landed or were parachuted in different points of the island and, despite numerical inferiority, they prevailed by 16 November, forcing both Italians and British to surrender. The Italian commander, Rear Admiral [[Luigi Mascherpa]], was later executed by RSI authorities, like Campioni.

The most tragic events took place in the Ionian Islands, namely [[Corfu]] and [[Cephalonia]], which the German command considered to be of utmost importance for defense of the Balkan coast against possible Allied landings. The Italian garrison on Cephalonia, consisting in the [[33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"]] with 11,500 men under General [[Antonio Gandin]], at first did not take any initiative against the much smaller German garrison (2,000 mountain troops under Lieutenant Colonel Hans Barge), and waited for clear orders. On 11 September, the Germans presented an [[ultimatum]] which ordered the Italians to surrender; Gandin at first decided to hand over the weapons, but after signs of protest and unrest among his men, he decided to resist. On 13 September, after receiving clear orders from the superior commands in Brindisi, Gandin rejected the ultimatum and attacked the German landing craft attempting to reach the island.

On 15 September, the Germans intervened in force, landing five battalions of mountain troops of the [[1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|1st Mountain Division]] of General [[Hubert Lanz]], supported by [[self-propelled gun]]s. The Germans repelled the Italian attack and then, after fierce fighting, went on the offensive on 21 September and forced the Italians to surrender at 11:00 on 22 September. After the surrender, the Germans began a bloody reprisal; General Gandin, about 400 officers and 4,000 to 5,000 men of the Acqui Division were executed. 1,300 men had previously been killed in the battle, and another 1,350 subsequently perished in the sinking of ships that were carrying them to mainland Greece.
In Corfu the 4,500-strong Italian garrison easily overpowered and captured the 500-strong German garrison; the German prisoners were transferred by sea to Italy (and their presence in Italian hands is probably the reason that prevented the Germans from committing another full-scale massacre like in Cephalonia), while the garrison was reinforced by 3,500 more men. Between 24 and 25 September, however, more German forces, with Luftwaffe support, landed in the island, and on 26 September the Italians, after losing some hundreds of men and running out of ammunition, surrendered. The Italian commander, Colonel Luigi Lusignani, was executed along with 28 of his officers; 1,302 Italian prisoners perished in the sinking of the motor ship [[Italian ship Mario Roselli|''Mario Roselli'']] which was to transfer them to the mainland.

== Italian fleet ==
[[File:Affondamento corazzata Roma 1943-9-9 mappa.svg|thumb|Attacks on the fleet]]
The clauses of the armistice specifically demanded the surrender of the Italian fleet, as the 'elimination' of the battleships of the [[Italian Royal Navy]] would allow a reduction of the Allied naval forces in the Mediterranean. Like their colleagues of the Army, the commanders of the Italian Navy also showed indecision and a lack of capability; the Chief of Staff, Admiral Raffaele de Courten, who had been forewarned of the armistice, remained undecided till the evening of 8 September whether he should comply and surrender the fleet, or order it to be scuttled. Moreover, till the evening of 8 September De Courten did not inform Admiral [[Carlo Bergamini (admiral)|Carlo Bergamini]], the commander of the Italian main battleship force based in La Spezia, about the armistice. Only at that point did he order a bewildered Bergamini to sail with his ship, heading for [[La Maddalena]].

Immediately thereafter, De Courten joined Badoglio and the king in their escape towards Brindisi, and he thus abandoned his command, leaving behind in Rome his deputy chief of staff, Admiral [[Luigi Sansonetti]]. The latter, despite his precarious situation, kept radio contact with the ships at sea till 12 September, when De Courten assumed command again. Bergamini, after a meeting to convince his reluctant officers of the need to abide by the orders, sailed from La Spezia only at 03:00 on 9 September; the consequence was that the Italian fleet was spotted in daylight and attacked at 14:00 by German aircraft which, employing new [[Fritz X]] guided bombs, sank Bergamini's flagship [[Italian battleship Roma (1940)|''Roma'']]. Bergamini perished along 1,393 of his men. ''Roma''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s sister ship [[Italian battleship Littorio|''Italia'']] was damaged.

After the sinking the rest of the fleet, now under Admiral [[Romeo Oliva]], headed for Malta. A few destroyers and torpedo boats were left behind to pick up ''Roma''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s survivors, and afterwards reached the [[Balearic Islands]], where they were interned by the Spanish authorities; two of them, [[Italian torpedo boat Pegaso (1936)|''Pegaso'']] and {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Impetuoso||2}}, were scuttled near [[Mahon]] by their commanders, who did not want them interned or handed over to the Allies. The bulk of the fleet (including the battleships ''Italia'' and [[Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto|''Vittorio Veneto'']] and five light cruisers) reached Malta on 10 September; a smaller force from Taranto, including the battleships [[Italian battleship Duilio|''Duilio'']] and [[Italian battleship Andrea Doria|''Andrea Doria'']] and three light cruisers, under Admiral [[Alberto Da Zara]], had already been transferred there. A number of other Italian ships, mostly torpedo boats, corvettes and submarines (a large group had gathered in Portoferraio under the command of Admiral [[Amedeo Nomis di Pollone]] and then sailed to American-controlled [[Palermo]] on 12 September before moving on to Malta), also flocked to Malta during the following days; the last Italian battleship, [[Italian battleship Giulio Cesare|''Giulio Cesare'']], arrived there on 13 September.

While most of the operational ships of the Italian Navy managed to reach Allied-controlled ports, some were sunk on their way by German ships and aircraft; among them the destroyers ''Quintino Sella'', ''Ugolino Vivaldi'' and ''Antonio Da Noli'', the torpedo boats ''T 6'' and ''T 8'', the corvette ''Berenice'', the submarine {{ship|Italian submarine|Topazio||2}} (sunk by Allied aircraft in unclear circumstances), the gunboat ''Aurora'', the auxiliary cruiser [[Italian ship Piero Foscari|''Piero Foscari'']], the munition transport ''Buffoluto'', the repair ship ''Quarnaro'' and the minelayer ''Pelagosa'', as well as several motor torpedo boats, submarine chasers and smaller craft. Among the casualties was Rear Admiral [[Federico Martinengo]], commander of the Italian anti-submarine forces, killed in action onboard submarine chaser ''VAS 234'' during a skirmish with German [[R boat]]s.

In the [[Black Sea]], the Italian flotilla of five [[CB-class midget submarine|CB-class]] midget submarines was seized by Romanian naval authorities, and despite strong German protest, the Romanian naval commander, Rear Admiral [[Horia Macellariu]], stood his ground and the five midget submarines remained a new addition to the [[Romanian Naval Forces|Royal Romanian Navy]].<ref>Lawrence Paterson, ''Steel and Ice: The U-boat Battle in the Arctic and Black Sea 1941–45''</ref><ref>Jamie Prenatt, Mark Stille, ''Axis midget submarines: 1939–45'', p. 15</ref><ref>Paul Kemp, ''Midget Submarines of the Second World War'', p. 65</ref>

A different fate was met by Italian warships in Crete and Greece, where German forces were prevailing; only the torpedo boat {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Monzambano||2}} managed to escape, while two destroyers and four torpedo boats were captured. Moreover, the torpedo boat {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Insidioso||2}} was captured in Pola, the torpedo boat ''T 7'' was captured in [[Gruž]], the torpedo boat {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Giuseppe Missori||2}} was captured in [[Durrës]] (a sister ship, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Rosolino Pilo||2}}, was also captured, but her crew later overpowered the German guards and reached an Italian-controlled port) and the submarines {{ship|Italian submarine|Francesco Rismondo||2}} and {{ship|Italian submarine|H6||2}} were captured in [[Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud|Bonifacio]]. The submarines ''Ametista'' and ''Serpente'' were scuttled by their commanders off [[Ancona]].
The armistice also meant the loss of all ships that were undergoing repair or maintenance work, or suffered from mechanical breakdown, or were unable to put to sea; these included the battleship [[Italian battleship Conte di Cavour|''Cavour'']], the heavy cruisers [[Italian cruiser Gorizia|''Gorizia'']] and [[Italian cruiser Bolzano|''Bolzano'']], the light cruiser [[Italian cruiser Taranto|''Taranto'']], eight destroyers, thirteen torpedo boats, eight corvettes and twenty submarines. Most of them were scuttled or sabotaged, the rest were captured. German forces also captured a number of ships under construction; among them the incomplete aircraft carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Aquila|''Aquila'']] and several [[Capitani Romani-class cruiser]]s, [[Ariete-class torpedo boat]]s, [[Gabbiano-class corvette]]s, [[Flutto-class submarine]]s and [[Italian R-class submarine|R-class transport submarines]]. Many Ariete-class and Gabbiano-class ships were completed by the Germans and entered service with the [[Kriegsmarine]].

The majority of the officers and men of the Italian Navy were deeply disappointed by the order to surrender to the Allies; discipline was maintained, although there were some instances of insubordination, mutiny and attempts to prevent from surrendering some ships. The most notable episodes were the above-mentioned scuttling of the torpedo boats ''Pegaso'' and ''Impetuoso'', the arrest of Rear Admiral [[Giovanni Galati]], who insisted on scuttling the ships, and the mutiny of part of the crew of the battleship ''Giulio Cesare'', who imprisoned its commander and planned to scuttle the ship, but was eventually persuaded to comply with the orders.

Most of what remained of the Italian merchant fleet was captured by the German forces in Italian harbors.

== Italian air force ==
The [[Regia Aeronautica]] was also taken completely by surprise by the armistice, and also in this case the high commands showed improvidence and ineptitude; the Chief of Staff, General [[Renato Sandalli]], did not inform his subordinates till 5 September, then, in the night of 8 September, he ceded command to General [[Giuseppe Santoro (general)|Giuseppe Santoro]] and fled to Brindisi without issuing the executive orders of the planned directive ("Memorandum No. 1"). The Italian [[air base]]s did not receive any clear order and thus the air force was not employed against the German invaders, who instead took the initiative and swiftly captured the main air bases in northern Italy, where most of the remaining aircraft were based. Only on 11 September Santoro ordered all units to take off to reach Allied-controlled air bases, while the commander of the Rome air bases, General Ilari, started negotiations and handed over bases and planes to the Germans. Out of about 800 operational aircraft, only 246 managed to reach Allied-controlled territory, while two-thirds of the planes fell in German hands, and 43 were shot down by [[Luftwaffe]] planes while flying south. Some fighter units decided to stay with the Axis and formed the core of the [[National Republican Air Force (Italy)|National Republican Air Force]].

== Aftermath ==
Already on 10 September, the OKW command issued a first communiqué announcing the annihilation of the Italian military apparatus. While many Italian units would fight on for days or weeks in the Greek islands and the Balkans and would retain control of Corsica, Sardinia, Apulia and Calabria, the major units of the Italian Army effectively dissolved in a few days from widespread desertions.

With the success of "Achse" and its secondary operations, the Wehrmacht achieved an important strategic success by securing the most important strategic positions in the Mediterranean theatre and overcoming great operative difficulties; it also captured large quantities of weapons, equipment and resources that proved useful in augmenting the depleting resources of Germany. Over 20,000 Italian soldiers were killed in battle and nearly 800,000 were captured; over 13,000 of them drowned in the sinking of several ships that were carrying them from Aegean islands to the Greek mainland, and the others were not recognized [[prisoner of war]] status and were instead classified as "[[Italian Military Internees]]" and exploited for [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour in Germany's war industry]]. Up to 50,000 of them died in German captivity.

The Allies, whose objectives in the Mediterranean were rather limited (to push Italy out of the war and to keep part of the German forces engaged) and whose strategic planning presented heavy conflicts between the British and Americans, were not able to exploit the Italian collapse and limited themselves to advancing up the Italian peninsula during a less than two years campaign, which required much land and air forces and resources. The Germans, however, had to divert a considerable number of mobile and skilled units to Italy and the Balkans, troops that would have been more useful on the main Eastern and Western fronts, but that allowed them to keep war away from the southern regions of Germany, to protect rich industrial regions of high importance in weapons production and to achieve political and propaganda objective of creating an Italian fascist government, formally still allied to the Third Reich.

The sudden and complete collapse of the Italian state and war machine was mainly caused by the mistakes made by the political and military leadership, the unrealism of their initiatives, misunderstanding about the real consistence{{clarify|date=March 2018|reason=What?}} and objectives of the Allies by the decision of the Italian leadership to surrender to the Allies, but not to fight the Germans. The lack of clear orders to the subordinate commands, the importance given to the personal safety of the leadership and its institutional continuity, even to the detriment of the capability of resistance of the armed forces, led to the disintegration of the units, abandoned without a leader to the German attacks and reprisals despite some instances of valour and fighting spirit.

== Numbers ==
According to German accounts, the Italian forces disarmed totaled 1,006,370. Broken down by region, they were:
* 415,682 in northern Italy
* 102,340 in southern Italy
* 8,722 in France
* 164,986 in Yugoslavia
* 265,000 in mainland Greece and the Aegean islands

The disarmament of such a large army resulted in the confiscation of large numbers of weapons and military-related equipment:
* 1,285,871 rifles
* 39,007 machine guns
* 13,906 [[Beretta Model 38|MAB 38]] submachine guns
* 8,736 mortars
* 2,754 field guns
* 5,568 other artillery pieces
* 16,631 vehicles
* 977 armored vehicles

Only 197,000 Italian soldiers continued the war alongside the Germans. Some 94,000, mostly [[Italian Fascism|fascists]], chose this option right away. The rest, some 103,000 men, chose during their detention to support the [talian Social Republic to escape the harsh circumstances in the German labor camps. Between 600,000 and 650,000 remained in German labor camps, where between 37,000 and 50,000 of them perished. Between 20,000 and 30,000 Italian soldiers had been killed during the fighting in September 1943,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anrp.it/edizioni/porte_memoria/2008_01/pag_35_palmieri_avagliano.pdf |title=Breve storia dell'internamento militare italiano in Germania |access-date=2011-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722023713/http://www.anrp.it/edizioni/porte_memoria/2008_01/pag_35_palmieri_avagliano.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> and 13,000 more had perished in the sinking of POW ships in the Aegean.

[[Oflag 64#Oflag 64/Z|Oflag 64/Z]] in [[Skoki|Schokken]], [[Poland]] became the camp where most Italian [[general officer]]s captured by German troops during Operation Achse were gathered. By November 1943, the Italian military internee population of Oflag 64/Z included three [[army general]]s, twenty-two [[army corps general]]s, forty-six [[division general]]s, eighty-four [[brigadier general]]s, one [[fleet admiral]], four [[vice admiral]]s, two [[rear admiral]]s, one air fleet general, two air division generals, three air brigade generals, and a general of the MVSN. Among the most prominent Italian generals held in Oflag 64/Z were [[Italo Gariboldi]] (former commander of the [[Eighth Army (Italy)|Eighth Army]]), Ezio Rosi (former commander of Army Group East), [[Carlo Geloso]] (former commander of Italian occupation forces in Greece), Carlo Vecchiarelli (former commander of the [[Ninth Army (Italy)|9th Army]]), Lorenzo Dalmazzo (former commander of the [[Eleventh Army (Italy)|11th Army]]) and [[Sebastiano Visconti Prasca]] (notable for having commanded the Italian invasion force in the early stages of the [[Greco-Italian War]]).<ref>Report of Admiral [[Emilio Brenta]] on his captivity, quoted in Maria Trionfi, Il diario dell'attesa, p. 437</ref><ref>Luca Frigerio, Noi nei lager: testimonianze di militari italiani internati nei campi nazisti (1943–1945), pp. 246–247, 288</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.schiavidihitler.it/Pagine_documenti/archivio/linea_confine.htm | title=Documenti }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/rassegna_3-2008/109 | title=Rassegna Dell'Esercito 2008 N.3 by Biblioteca Militare – Issuu | date=9 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ilio">{{cite journal |last1=Ilio Muraca |title=E quei generali marciavano, marciavano e morivano |journal=Patria Indipendente |pages=21–25 |url=https://anpi.it/media/uploads/patria/2008/9/21-24_MURACA.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-12 |access-date=2022-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712182613/https://anpi.it/media/uploads/patria/2008/9/21-24_MURACA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Considered "traitors" due to their refusal to swear allegiance to the Italian Social Republic, the generals were mistreated and underfed; five of them ([[Alberto De Agazio|Alberto de Agazio]], [[Umberto di Giorgio]], [[Davide Dusmet]], Armellini Chiappi and [[Rodolfo Torresan]]) died during captivity at the camp, whereas admirals Inigo Campioni and Luigi Mascherpa were handed over to RSI authorities, tried and executed for having opposed [[Dodecanese campaign|the German takeover in the Dodecanese]]. About a dozen generals eventually accepted to join the Italian Social Republic and were repatriated, whereas a group of others, who had not formally joined but were seen as more favourable to the German cause, were transferred to [[Vittel]] internment camp, where they enjoyed better treatment. Another group, considered as particularly anti-German, was transferred to [[Stalag XX-A]] in [[Toruń]], where they received a harsher treatment. Most remained in Schokken till late January 1945, when they were transferred westwards with a [[forced march (war crime)|forced march]] through the snow; during the march, six generals ([[Carlo Spatocco]], [[Alberto Trionfi]], [[Alessandro Vaccaneo]], [[Ugo Ferrero]], [[Emanuele Balbo Bertone]], and [[Giuseppe Andreoli (general)|Giuseppe Andreoli]]) were shot by the [[SS]] for being unable to keep pace with the other prisoners. Another two, [[Francesco Antonio Arena]] and [[Alberto Briganti]], managed to escape and hid in a Polish farm, but were found by Soviet soldiers and shot after being mistaken for German collaborators, with Arena dying and Briganti miraculously surviving. The other generals were liberated by the advancing [[Red Army]] a few days later and repatriated in the autumn of 1945.<ref name=ilio/><ref>Report of Admiral Emilio Brenta on his captivity, quoted in Maria Trionfi, Il diario dell'attesa, p. 437</ref><ref>Luca Frigerio, Noi nei lager: testimonianze di militari italiani internati nei campi nazisti (1943–1945), pp. 246–247, 288</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.schiavidihitler.it/Pagine_documenti/archivio/linea_confine.htm | title=Documenti }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/rassegna_3-2008/109 | title=Rassegna Dell'Esercito 2008 N.3 by Biblioteca Militare – Issuu | date=9 June 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Elena Aga Rossi, ''Una nazione allo sbando. 8 settembre 1943'', Bologna, il Mulino, 2003, {{ISBN|978-88-15-11322-1}}.
* Roberto Battaglia, ''Storia della Resistenza italiana'', Torino, Einaudi, 1964, {{ISBN?}}
* Eddy Bauer, ''Storia controversa della seconda guerra mondiale'', vol. V, Novara, De Agostini, 1971, {{ISBN?}}
* Giorgio Bocca, ''Storia dell'Italia partigiana'', Milano, Mondadori, 1995, {{ISBN|88-04-40129-X}}.
* {{cite book| first=George F.| last=Botjer| title=Sideshow War: The Italian Campaign 1943-1945| publisher=Texas A&M University Press| location=College Station| year=1996| isbn=978-0-890-96718-8| url=https://archive.org/details/sideshowwaritali0000botj |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* Frederick William Deakin, ''La brutale amicizia. Mussolini, Hitler e la caduta del fascismo italiano'', Torino, Einaudi, 1990, {{ISBN|88-06-11821-8}}.
* Renzo De Felice, ''Mussolini l'alleato. Crisi e agonia del regime'', Torino, Einaudi, 1996, {{ISBN|88-06-14031-0}}.
* Renzo De Felice, ''Mussolini l'alleato. La guerra civile'', Torino, Einaudi, 1997, {{ISBN|88-06-14996-2}}.
* Carlo D'Este, ''1943, lo sbarco in Sicilia'', Milano, Mondadori, 1990, {{ISBN|88-04-33046-5}}.
* Helmuth Heiber, ''I verbali di Hitler'', Gorizia, LEG, 2009, {{ISBN|978-88-6102-042-9}}.
* David Irving, ''La guerra di Hitler'', Roma, Settimo Sigillo, 2001, {{ISBN?}}
* Ian Kershaw, ''Hitler. 1936–1945'', Milano, Bompiani, 2001, {{ISBN|88-452-4969-7}}.
* Lutz Klinkhammer, ''L'occupazione tedesca in Italia 1943–1945'', Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2007, {{ISBN|978-88-339-1782-5}}.
* Erich Kuby, 1943, ''Il tradimento tedesco'', Milano, BUR, 1996, {{ISBN|88-17-11674-2}}.
* {{cite book|first=Demosthenes|last=Koukounas|title=Η Ιστορία της Κατοχής|trans-title=History of the Occupation|volume=II|language=el|publisher=Livani|location=Athens|year=2013|isbn=978-960-14-2687-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Leigh Fermor|first=Patrick|title=Abducting a General: The Kreipe Operation and SOE in Crete|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4447-9658-2}}
* Eric Morris, ''La guerra inutile'', Milano, Longanesi & C., 1993, {{ISBN|88-304-1154-X}}.
* Gianni Oliva, ''I vinti e i liberati. 8 settembre 1943–25 aprile 1945 : storia di due anni'', Milano, Mondadori, 1994, {{ISBN|88-04-36897-7}}.
* Marco Patricelli, ''Settembre 1943. I giorni della vergogna'', Bari, Editori Laterza, 2009, {{ISBN|978-88-420-8827-1}}.
* Arrigo Petacco, ''La nostra guerra 1940–1945'', Milano, Mondadori (edizione per "Il Giornale"), 1995.
* Marco Picone Chiodo, ''In nome della resa. L'Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale (1940–1945)'', Milano, Mursia, 1990, {{ISBN|88-425-0654-0}}.
* Giorgio Rochat, ''Le guerre italiane 1935–1943'', Torino, Einaudi, 2005, {{ISBN|88-06-16118-0}}.
* William L. Shirer, ''Storia del Terzo Reich'', Torino, Einaudi, 1990, {{ISBN|88-06-11698-3}}.
* Roberto Zedda, ''Oristano il Ponte Mannu 1943'', Oristano, E.P. d'O., 2012.

==External links==
* Website of the project by {{cite web|access-date=2024-07-18 |author=[[Carlo Gentile]] and Udo Gümpel |title=NS-Täter in Italy. The Massacres in Occupied Italy (1943–1945): Integrating the Perpetrators' Memories |url=https://www.ns-taeter-italien.org/en/}}

{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Achse, Operation}}
[[Category:1943 in Italy]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:Mediterranean theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Italy during World War II]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Romania]]
[[Category:September 1943 in Europe]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Invasions by Germany]]
[[Category:Victor Emmanuel III]]
[[Category:Rome in World War II]]

Higginbotham's

2026-03-26T09:01:54Z

WardDrayton2: New!

{{Short description|Indian publisher and bookseller}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Higginbotham's
| logo = Higginbotham's Logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image = Higginbothams.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The first Higginbotham's store in [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]].
| former_name =
| type = Private
| industry =
| genre =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] ({{Start date and age|df=yes|1844}})
| founder = Abel Joshua Higginbotham
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations = 22
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = [[South India]]
| Official website = 
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| parent = [[Amalgamations Group]]
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}}

'''Higginbotham's''' is an Indian bookstore chain and publisher based in the city of [[Chennai]]. The company's first bookstore at [[Mount Road]], [[Chennai]] is India's oldest bookshop still in existence,<ref name="retailing_management">{{cite book | title=Retailing Management: Text and Cases| last=Pradhan| first=Swapna| year=2007| pages=39| publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill| id={{ISBN|0070620202}}, {{ISBN|978-0-07-062020-9}}}}</ref><ref name="madrasrediscoveredp81">[[#Madras Rediscovered|Madras Rediscovered]], Pg 81</ref> founded in 1844. The company's second bookstore in [[Bangalore]], located at M. G. Road, opened in 1905 and is the oldest existing bookstore in the city. Since 1949, Higginbotham's has been owned by the [[Amalgamations Group]]. In the late 19th century, the company published books under the name '''Higginbotham & Co.'''

== History ==


An English librarian named Abel Joshua Higginbotham established Higginbotham's after reportedly arriving in India as a British stowaway. The captain of the ship ejected him from the ship at Madras port, after he was discovered on board.<ref name="tribune_ref_1">{{cite news | last=Khan | first=A. D. L. | title= Much more than a bookstore | date=23 October 2005 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051023/spectrum/main2.htm | work =The Tribune:Spectrum | access-date = 2008-10-20}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_ref_1">{{cite news | last=Muthiah | first=S. | title= Printer's ink on Mount Road | date=13 August 2003 | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/13/stories/2003081300140300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031029004543/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/13/stories/2003081300140300.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=29 October 2003 | work =The Hindu:Metro Plus | access-date = 2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Higginbothams story: How a sea cadet from Kerala set up India’s oldest book chain in 1844|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/883493/the-higginbothams-story-how-a-sea-cadet-from-kerala-set-up-indias-oldest-book-chain-in-1844|last=Kumar|first=Anu|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> In the 1840s, he found employment as a librarian with a bookstore named Wesleyan Book Shop run by Protestant missionaries.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" /><ref name="thehindu_ref_1" /> However, the store suffered heavy losses and the missionaries who ran the business decided to sell their shop for a low price. Higginbotham purchased the business, set up his own store and called it "Higginbotham's" in the year 1844.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" /> Higginbotham's is, therefore, India's oldest bookstore in existence.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" /> It soon gained a reputation for quality. John Murray, in his ''Guidebook to the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay'' in 1859, describes Higginbotham's as the "premier bookshop of Madras".<ref name="newstoday_ref_1" /> In March 1859, in a letter to [[Lord Macaulay]], [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Lord Trevelyan]], the Governor of Madras wrote:

{{blockquote|Among the many elusive and indescribable charms of life in Madras City, is the existence of my favourite book shop 'Higginbotham's' on Mount Road. In this bookshop I can see beautiful editions of the works of Socrates, Plato, Euripides, Aristophanes, Pindar, Horace, Petrarch, Tasso, Camoyens, Calderon and Racine. I can get the latest editions of Victor Hugo, the great French novelist. Amongst the German writers, I can have Schiller and Goethe. Altogether a delightful place for the casual browser and a serious book lover.<ref name="newstoday_ref_1" />}}

Higginbotham's started selling stationery<ref name="thehindu_ref_1" /> and also publishing and printing their own books from the 1860s onwards.<ref name="newstoday_ref_1">{{cite news|last=Sundaram |first=V. |title=Deathless 'Humanity in Print' in South India |date=13 August 2003 |url=http://newstodaynet.com/2005sud/05sep/ss13.htm |work=News Today |access-date=2008-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616064321/http://www.newstodaynet.com/2005sud/05sep/ss13.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}
</ref> When the British Crown took over the governance of India from the British East India Company by the Queen's Proclamation of 1858, Higginbotham's printed copies of the Proclamation in English and Tamil and distributed them all over the Presidency.<ref name="newstoday_ref_1" /> Higginbotham's were appointed as the "official booksellers to [[Edward VII|His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales]]" during the latter's visit to India in 1875.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" /> Its first publication ‘Sweet Dishes: A little Treatise on Confectionary' by Wyvern, came out in 1884.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2630077.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Anusha | last=Parthasarathy | title=Survivors of Time: Higginbothams | date=2011-11-15}}</ref> Higginbotham's became official book-supplier to government and to various institutions, with different customers from British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] (in office 1945–1951) to the last Maharaja of [[Mysore]], [[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar]]. Abel Joshua Higginbotham served as the [[Sheriff]] of Madras in 1888 and 1889.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" /><ref name="thehindu_ref_1" /> From 1890 to 1920, Higginbotham's were the sole suppliers to the [[Connemara Public Library]].<ref name="newstoday_ref_1" /> James Higgs, who was the managing director from 1890 onwards, was a prominent [[Freemason]] who had previously served as the Grand Deacon of England and the Deputy District Grand Master of Master.<ref name="freemasons">{{cite book | title=Representative British Freemasons| year=2003| pages=198| publisher=Kessinger Publishing| id={{ISBN|0766135896}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7661-3589-5}}}}</ref>

Higginbotham's was renamed Higginbotham & Co in 1888. Abel was Sheriff of Madras during 1888 and 1889. During this period, he involved his son C. H. Higginbotham in the business.<ref name="thehindu_ref_1" /> On Abel's death in 1891, the firm passed on to the hands of his son C. H. Higginbotham.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" /> C. H. expanded the business beyond Madras, and across South India.<ref name="thehindu_ref_1" /> Since 1944, Higginbotham bookstalls were established in many railway stations on the South Indian Railway and the Southern Mahratta Railway.<ref name="thehindu_ref_1" /> In 1904, the company's diamond jubilee year, the bookstore shifted to its current location on Mount Road. The new bookstore was specifically built for the firm, and designed to house books. Its high, sloping roof provided improved air circulation, and very few windows were built to prevent dust from entering.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" /><ref name="thehindu_ref_1" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Parthasarathy|first1=Anusha|title=Survivors of Time: Higginbothams|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/survivors-of-time-higginbothams/article2630077.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=28 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 1929, Higginbotham's had as many as 400 employees.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" />

[[File:Doha 001 (1).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Higginbotham's store inside the Anna international terminal, [[Chennai Airport]]]]

Higginbotham's opened its first bookstore in Bangalore at M.G. Road (then known as South Parade) in 1905. The store was located in a two-storey Graeco-Roman-style building constructed in 1897.<ref name="Quartz1"/> This is the oldest bookstore in existence in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru's oldest bookstore Higginbothams gets a makeover, but retains old world charm|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-s-oldest-bookstore-higginbothams-gets-makeover-retains-old-world-charm-57860|website=The News Minute|access-date=28 February 2017|date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

In 1925, John Oakshott Robinson of the Spencer's conglomerate purchased Higginbotham's, and merged the company with his printing firm Associated Printers, to establish Associated Publishers.<ref name="Quartz1">{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Maria|title=Higginbothams, the oldest bookshop in the home of Flipkart, gets a colourful makeover|url=https://qz.com/919391/higginbothams-the-oldest-bookshop-in-the-home-of-flipkart-gets-a-colourful-makeover/|website=Quartz|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Associated Publishers was acquired by [[S. Anantharamakrishnan]] of Amalgamations Group in 1945, and has remained a part of the conglomerate ever since.<ref name="thehindu_ref_1" /> Some of Higginbotham's famous customers included [[Clement Attlee]], [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] and [[S. Radhakrishnan]]. [[William Miller (missionary)|Rev. Miller]], a pioneer of the [[Madras Christian College]], was another regular at Higginbotham's.<ref name="newstoday_ref_1" />

Higginbotham's was the largest bookstore in India until the 1990s.<ref name="tribune_ref_1" /><ref name="retailing_management" /> In 1989, renovations helped restore the original look to the Mount Road building.<ref name="thehindu_ref_1" />

In mid-2015, the Bangalore bookstore was closed for renovations to revamp its interiors. The store was re-opened in February 2017.<ref name="Quartz1"/>

==Branches==
Higginbothams has a chain of 22 outlets spread across the [[South India]]n states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]].<ref name="retailing_management" />

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
* [[A H Wheeler & Co]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4|ref=Madras Rediscovered}}

{{coord|13.0652|N|80.2664|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bookstores of India]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1844]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1844]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1844]]

Roland E. Miller

2026-03-25T12:30:51Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up The Details W/ Refs - done

{{short description|Canadian historian}}
'''Roland E. Miller''' is a Canadian historian and academic known for his studies on Muslims of [[Kerala]], southern India.<ref name="Jeffrey, Robin 1992">Jeffrey, Robin. "Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became a Model" Palgrave McMillan (1992); 112 and 114.</ref> He is a professor emeritus of Islam and World Religions at [[Luther College (Saskatchewan)|Luther College]], [[University of Regina]] ([[Saskatchewan]]), and professor emeritus at [[Luther Seminary]], [[Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.sunypress.edu/p-6036-mappila-muslim-culture.aspx|title=Mappila Muslim Culture}}</ref>

Miller was described by historian [[Robin Jeffrey]] as "leading foreign scholar of modern Mappila [Kerala Muslim] life".<ref name="Jeffrey, Robin 1992"/> He lived among the Mappila community for around 25 years and has studied [[Arabic]] and [[Malayalam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dale|first=Stephen F.|date=1979|title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala (review)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/mappila-muslims-of-kerala-a-study-in-islamic-trends-by-roland-e-miller-bombay-orient-longman-1976-distributed-by-south-asia-books-columbia-mo-xvi-350-pp-appendixes-bibliography-glossary-index-rs-65-1300/A176A282DA05BB3F44399EE3FB0C15CB|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=196–198|doi=10.2307/2053549|jstor=2053549|s2cid=153619298 |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His 1976 study on Mappila life was described by historian Stephen F. Dale as the first significant study of the Mappila community since [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]] completed his ''Malabar Manual'' in 1882.<ref name=":0" />

== Bibliography ==
* ''Mappila Muslims of Kerala: A Study in Islamic Trends'' (1976) [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/097492847703300132]
* ''Mappila Muslim Culture'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.in/Mappila-Muslim-Culture-Community-Tradition-ebook/dp/B00WT1LAD4]
* ''Muslims and the Gospel: Bridging the Gap: A Reflection on Christian Sharing'' [https://www.sunypress.edu/p-6036-mappila-muslim-culture.aspx]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, Roland E.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Historians of Kerala]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Regina]]
[[Category:Canadian historians of religion]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian historians]]

Guru Arjan

2026-03-25T08:02:05Z

WardDrayton2: updated section per standard format additionally and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Fifth Sikh guru from 1581 to 1606}}
{{redirect|Arjun Dev|the Indian historian and educationist|Arjun Dev (historian)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Guru Arjan
| alt = Guru Arjan
| title = 5th Guru of Sikhism
| image = File:Guru Arjan.jpg
| caption = Painting of Guru Arjan by the family atelier of Purkhu of Kangra, circa 1800
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 15 April 1563
| birth_place = [[Goindwal]], [[Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Tarn Taran district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1606|5|30|1563|4|18|df=y}}<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34850/Arjan |title=Arjan, Sikh Guru |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| resting_place = [[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]], [[Walled City of Lahore]]
| other_names = ''Fifth Master'' ''Fifth Nanak''
| known_for = {{Plainlist|* Building the [[Harmandir Sahib]]
* Founding [[Taran Taran Sahib]] city
* Compiling the [[Adi Granth]] and installing them in [[Harmandir Sahib]]
* Founding [[Kartarpur, Jalandhar]] city
* Composing fifth hymn of [[Kirtan Sohila]]
* Writing [[Sukhmani Sahib]]
* Writing the Prichhia, a prose work<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Jasmer |title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib - A Descriptive Bibliography of Punjabi Manuscripts |date=2005 |publisher=Punjabi University of Patiala |location=Patiala |page=145}}</ref>}}
| predecessor = [[Guru Ram Das]]
| successor = [[Guru Hargobind]]
| spouse = Mata Ram Dei [[Mata Ganga]]
| children = [[Guru Hargobind]]
| parents = [[Guru Ram Das]] and [[Mata Bhani]]
| death_cause = [[Execution]]
| signature = Signature (nisan) of Guru Arjan by scribing the Mul Mantar.jpg
| native_name = ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ
| period = 1581–1606
| location = Amritsar (1581–1606)
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Guru Arjan'''<ref name=mb12/><ref name="Dehsen 1999 14">{{cite book | last=Dehsen | first=Christian | title=Philosophers and religious leaders | publisher=Routledge | year=1999 | isbn=978-1-57958-182-4 | page=14}}</ref> ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ, pronunciation: {{IPA|pa|gʊɾuː əɾd͡ʒənᵊ|}}; 15 April 1563 – 30 May 1606)<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34850/Arjan |title=Arjan, Sikh Guru |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> was the fifth of the ten total [[Sikh Gurus]]. He compiled the first official edition of the Sikh scripture called the Adi Granth, which later expanded into the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. He is regarded as the first of the two Gurus [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyred]] in the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] faith.{{Efn|Some scholars spell Guru Arjan's name as 'Guru Arjun'.<ref name=mb12/><ref name="Dehsen 1999 14"/>|group=note}} He is credited for founding the settlements of [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur (Jalandhar district)]], [[Sri Hargobindpur|Hargobindpur]], and [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195130249 |pages=9 |chapter=Table 1. Towns Associated with the Sikh Gurus}}</ref>

Guru Arjan was born in [[Goindval]], in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]], the youngest son of Bhai Jetha, who later became [[Guru Ram Das]], and [[Mata Bhani]], the daughter of [[Guru Amar Das]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mcleod|first=Hew|title=Sikhism|year=1997|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-025260-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/28 28]|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title= The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC |year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|page=24}}</ref> He completed the construction of the [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib]] at [[Amritsar]], after the fourth Sikh Guru founded the town and built a [[Temple tank|sarovar]].<ref name="ShackleMandair2013xv">{{cite book|author1=Christopher Shackle|author2=Arvind Mandair|title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45101-0|pages=xv–xvi}}</ref><ref name="Arshi1989p5">{{cite book|author=Pardeep Singh Arshi|title=The Golden Temple: history, art, and architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcmfAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Harman|isbn=978-81-85151-25-0|pages=5–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=33}}</ref> Arjan compiled the hymns of previous Gurus and of other saints into Adi Granth, the first edition of the Sikh scripture, and installed it in the [[Harimandir Sahib]].<ref name="ShackleMandair2013xv"/>

Guru Arjan reorganized the [[masand]] system initiated by [[Guru Ram Das]], by suggesting that the Sikhs donate, if possible, one-tenth of their income, goods or service to the Sikh organization (''[[dasvandh]]''). The ''Masand'' not only collected these funds but also taught tenets of Sikhism and settled civil disputes in their region. The ''dasvand'' financed the building of [[gurdwara]]s and [[Langar (Sikhism)|langars]] (shared communal kitchens).<ref>DS Dhillon (1988), [https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA205 Sikhism Origin and Development] Atlantic Publishers, pp. 213-215, 204-207</ref>

Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] accusing him of supporting a rebellion under [[Khusrau Mirza]].<ref name="ShackleMandair2013xv" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Gandhi" /><ref name=":2" /> He was asked to convert himself to Islam.<ref name=ps5/><ref name=lkca/> He refused and, as a result, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE.<ref name=ps5/><ref name=thackston /> Historical records and the Sikh tradition are unclear as to whether Arjan was executed by drowning or died during torture.<ref name=ps5/> The Sikh tradition states the Guru's execution was a part of the ongoing persecution of the Sikhs under the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118-121</ref> His martyrdom is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.<ref name=ps5/><ref name=whm/> It is remembered as ''Shaheedi Divas of Guru Arjan'' in May or June according to the [[Nanakshahi calendar]] released by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] in 2003.<ref name=nesbitt122>{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0|pages=6, 122–123}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Guru Arjan was born in [[Goindval]] to Bibi Bhani and Jetha Sodhi. Bibi Bhani was the daughter of [[Guru Amar Das]], and her husband Jetha Sodhi later came to be known as [[Guru Ram Das]]. Arjan's birthplace site is now memorialized as the Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BCyYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 Guru Arjan Birthplace]</ref> He had two brothers: [[Prithi Chand]] and Mahadev.<ref name="Perplexed">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury |pages=39, 40|author=Arvind-pal Singh Mandair| year=2013|isbn=9781441153661}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mcleod|first=Hew|title=Sikhism|year=1997|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-025260-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/26 26]|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/26}}</ref> Various Sikh chroniclers give his birth year as 1553 or 1563, the latter is accepted by scholarly consensus as the actual year of birth with 15 April as the accepted birth date.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition|pages=50, 64, 98|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Pashaura Singh|year=2006}}</ref>

Guru Arjan spent the first 11 years of his life in [[Goindval|Goindwal]] and the next seven years with his father in Ramdaspur.<ref name="Perplexed" /> Per Sikh tradition, he had stayed for two years in [[Lahore]] during his youth after being sent by his father to attend the wedding of his first cousin Sahari Mal's son as well as to establish a Sikh congregation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition|page=69|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> He was appointed as the Sikh Guru in 1581 after the death of his father.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8wy2FZRgPAC&q=jetha+sodhi&pg=PT70 |title= Sikhism |date= 2 March 2012 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 9780824860349 }}</ref> Guru Ram Das was a ''[[Khatri]]'' of the [[Sodhi]] sub-caste. With Arjan's succession, the Guruship remained in the Sodhi family of Guru Ram Das.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA46|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3|page=46|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=J.S. Grewal|year=1990|isbn=9780521637640}}</ref>

=== Marriages ===
According to historians, Guru Arjan wedded twice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=275 |quote=Historians say that he was married to Mata Ram Dei on 20th June 1579 and to Mata Ganga on 19th May 1589. But the prevalent belief is that he had only one wife (Mata) Ganga who bore him only one son, Har Gobind, who was to become the sixth guru of the Sikhs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997 |isbn=9780969596424 |pages=237}}</ref> His first wife was ''Mata'' Ram Dei, whom he married on 20 June 1579.<ref name=":0" /> His second wife was ''Mata'' Ganga, their wedding taking place on 19 May 1589.<ref name=":0" /> Popular Sikh tradition omits his first wife and claims he was only married to Ganga.<ref name=":0" /> According to Mohinder Kaur Gill, Sikh tradition states that Mata Ram Dei could not produce a child for Guru Arjan, thus she persuaded him to marry another woman. Another version claims Mata Ram Dei died so the guru married again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Mohinder Kaur |title=The Guru Consorts |publisher=Radha Publications |isbn=9788185484112 |pages=92–94}}</ref>

=== Succession and time as Guru ===
[[File:Fresco of Baba Buddha crowning the fifth guru.jpg|thumb|Fresco of [[Baba Buddha]] crowning Guru Arjan as the next guru by placing tilak on his forehead, known as the [[Guru Gaddi|Gurgadi ceremony]]. [[Guru Ram Das]] is depicted to the immediate bottom right of Arjan.]]
Guru Ram Das chose Arjan, the youngest, to succeed him as the fifth Sikh Guru. Mahadev, the middle brother chose the life of an [[ascetic]].<ref name="Syan2013p50">{{cite book|author=Hardip Singh Syan|title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA50 |year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-250-0|pages=50–52}}</ref> His choice of Guru Arjan as successor, as throughout most of the history of Sikh Guru successions, led to disputes and internal divisions among the Sikhs.<ref name="ShackleMandair2013xv"/><ref name="Grewal1998p54">{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew|url-access=registration| year=1998| publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-63764-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/54 54]–55, 62–63}}</ref>

The succession dispute regarding Guru Arjan created a schism that yielded different narratives for the two factions.<ref name="Syan2013p50"/> In the orthodox Sikh tradition, [[Prithi Chand]] is remembered as vehemently opposing Guru Arjan, creating a factional sect of the Sikh community.<ref name=psbg>{{cite book|isbn=978-8172012182|title=Bhai Gurdas|author=Prītama Siṅgha|date=1992|pages=27–28|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> The Sikhs following Arjan referred to the breakaway faction as ''[[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]]'' (literally, "scoundrels"). Prithi Chand and his followers attempted to assassinate the young [[Guru Hargobind|Hargobind]] thrice.<ref name=fenech39>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014| publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=39}}</ref><ref name="McLeod2009p20">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA86 |year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=20}}</ref> Prithi Chand also befriended Mughal agents.<ref name="Syan2013p50"/> Subsequent written competing texts written by the Minas, on the other hand, offered a different explanation for the attempt on Hargobind's life, and present him as devoted to his younger brother Arjan. The eldest son of [[Prithi Chand]], Miharvan, is mentioned in both traditions as having received tutelage from both Prithi Chand and Arjan as a child.<ref name="Syan2013p49">{{cite book|author=Hardip Singh Syan|title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C |year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-250-0 |pages=48–55}}</ref>

The competing texts acknowledge the disagreements. They state Prithi Chand left [[Amritsar]], became the ''Sahib Guru'' after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan and one who disputed the succession of Hargobind as the next Guru.<ref name=pashaura171>{{cite book|author1= Pashaura Singh|author2= Louis E. Fenech|title= The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ| year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=171–172}}</ref> The followers of Prithi Chand considered themselves the true followers of [[Guru Nanak]] as they rejected the increasing emphasis on militarization of the ''panth'' under Hargobind to resist Mughal persecution in the wake of Arjan's martyrdom, in favor of non-violent interiorization.<ref name="Syan2013p50"/> In addition to Prithi Chand, a son of [[Guru Amar Das]] named Baba Mohan had also challenged the authority of Arjan.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p21"/> These challenging claims were asserted by the early Sikh sects in part by their manuscripts of Sikh hymns. Baba Mohan possessed the Goindval pothi containing the hymns of Nanak and other early Gurus, while Prithi Chand possessed the [[Guru Har Sahai|Guru Harsahai]] pothi then believed to have been the oldest scripture from the time of Nanak.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p21"/> This, state scholars, may have triggered Guru Arjan to create a much enlarged, official version of the ''[[Adi Granth]]''.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p21">{{cite book|author1=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair|author2=Christopher Shackle|author3=Gurharpal Singh|title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-84634-2|pages=20–22}}</ref>

Upon the first ''parkash'' of the Adi Granth according to Gurbilas, Guru Arjan said, “Listen you all to my directive. And believe it as ever true. Accept the Granth as equal with the Guru. And think no distinctions between the two.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&dq=gurbilas+guru+arjan&pg=PA946 |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0858-5 |pages=946 |language=en}}</ref>

The mainstream Sikh tradition recognised Guru Arjan as the fifth Guru, and Hargobind as the sixth Guru.<ref name=whm>{{cite book|isbn=978-0231068154|publisher=Columbia University Press|author=WH McLeod|date=1989|title=The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhshistoryreli00mcle|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhshistoryreli00mcle/page/26 26–51]}}</ref><ref name=psbg/><ref>DS Dhillon (1988), [https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA99 Sikhism Origin and Development] Atlantic Publishers, pp. 99-110</ref> Arjan, at age 18, became the fifth Guru in 1581 inheriting the title from his father. After his execution by the Muslim officials of the [[Mughal Empire]], his son Hargobind became the sixth Guru in 1606 CE.<ref name=whm/>

=== Execution ===
[[File:Painting of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan by the Punjabi painter Sri Ram.jpg|thumb|Painting of the torture and martyrdom of Arjan by the Punjabi painter Sri Ram (1876 – 1926)]]
Guru Arjan died in Mughal custody; this has been one of the defining, though controversial, issues in Sikh history.<ref>Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), page 29, '''Quote:''' "The most controversial issue in Sikh history is related to Guru Arjan’s execution in Mughal custody. A number of interpretations of this event have emerged in scholarly and quasi-scholarly writings."</ref><ref name= "McLeodp20"/>

Most Mughal historians considered Guru Arjan's execution as a political event, stating that the Sikhs had become formidable as a social group, and Sikh Gurus became actively involved in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]]i political conflicts.<ref name=ps5>Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pages 29-62</ref><ref name= "McLeodp20">{{cite book|title= The A to Z of Sikhism|author= W.H. McLeod|author-link= W.H. McLeod|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC|publisher= Scarecrow Press|year= 2009|isbn= 9780810863446|page= 20 (Arjan's Death)|quote="The Mughal rulers of the Punjab were evidently concerned with the growth of the Panth, and in 1605 the Emperor Jahangir made an entry in his memoirs, the ''Tuzuk-i-Jahāṅgīrī'', concerning Guru Arjan's support for his rebellious son [[Khusrau Mirza]]. Too many people, he wrote, were being persuaded by his teachings, and if the Guru would not become a Muslim, the Panth had to be extinguished. Jahangir believed that Guru Arjan was a Hindu who pretended to be a saint, and that he had been thinking of forcing Guru Arjan to convert to Islam or that his false trade should be eliminated, for a long time. Mughal authorities seem plainly to have been responsible for Arjan's death in custody in Lahore, and this may be accepted as an established fact. Whether the death was by execution, the result of torture, or drowning in the Ravi River remains unresolved. For Sikhs, Arjan is the first martyr Guru.}}</ref> A similar theory floated in the early 20th-century, asserts that this was just a politically-motivated single execution.<ref>Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), page 29, '''Quote:''' Similarly, in the early decades of twentieth-century Beni Prasad treated this whole affair as “a single execution due primarily to political reasons.”</ref> According to this theory, there was an ongoing Mughal dynasty dispute between Jahangir and his son [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau]] suspected of rebellion by Jahangir, wherein Arjan blessed Khusrau and thus the losing side. Jahangir was jealous and outraged, and therefore he ordered the Guru's execution.<ref name="ShackleMandair2013xv"/><ref name=":1">Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pages 32-33</ref><ref name= "Gandhi">{{cite book|title= Punjab:A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten| last=Gandhi| first=R| date=14 September 2013| author-link= Rajmohan Gandhi| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifs9AQAAQBAJ| publisher= Aleph Book Company| isbn= 9789383064410| page= 34|quote='''Quote:''' Jahangir, Akbar's son and successor, had ordered the execution. We know from Jahangir's own handwriting that he was jealous of Guru Arjan Dev's popularity and that a gesture from the Guru towards Khusrau, a son rebelling against Jahangir, had outraged him.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Sikh history from Persian sources : translations of major texts |date=2001 |publisher=Tulika |others=J. S. Grewal, Irfan Habib, Indian History Congress. Session |isbn=81-85229-17-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=4 |oclc=47024480 |quote=The author of the Dabistan refers to the blessings of Guru Arjan for the rebel Prince Khusrau. A heavy fine was imposed on Guru Arjan, which he was unable to pay. He was bound and kept on the hot sands of Lahore. He died due to the heat of the summer and the tortures inflicted by the officials responsible for collecting the fine.}}</ref> But according to Jahangir's own autobiography, most probably he didn't understand the importance of Sikh gurus. He referred to Arjan as a Hindu, who had ''"captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners...for the three or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm."'' The execution of Arjan marks a sharp contrast to Jahangir's tolerant attitude towards other religions such as [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Knappily|title=August 31, 1569: Jahangir is born {{!}} Knappily|url=http://knappily.com/onthisday/jahangir-mughal-life-legacy-739|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Knappily - The Knowledge App|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jahangir|first=Emperor of Hindustan|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53674|title=The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir (Volume 1 of 2)|date=2016-12-06|editor-last=Beveridge|editor-first=Henry|language=en|translator-last=Rogers|translator-first=Alexander}}</ref>

But even earlier, there has been dispute between emperor [[Akbar]] and Guru Arjan and his peasant base regarding the new land revenue system of Mughal empire. Akbar had visited the guru at [[Goindwal]] and land revenue of [[Bari Doab|Bari doab]] was subsequently exempted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=In Lohri celebrations, the story of Punjabi folk hero Dulla Bhatti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/lohri-punjab-folk-hero-dulla-bhatti-mughals-9778296/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Gurdwara Dera Sahib and Samadhi of Ranjit Singh.jpg|thumb|The [[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]] in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], commemorates the spot where Guru Arjan Dev is traditionally believed to have died.]]
The Sikh tradition has a competing view. It states that the Guru's execution was a part of the ongoing persecution of the Sikhs by Islamic authorities in the Mughal Empire,<ref name=":3">Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), page 29, '''Quote:''' "In contrast to this viewpoint, however, most of the Sikh scholars have vehemently presented this event as the first of the long series of religious persecutions that Sikhs suffered at the hands of Mughal authorities."</ref> and that the Mughal rulers of Punjab were alarmed at the growth of the Panth.<ref name=lkca>{{cite book | last=Kulathungam | first=Lyman | title=Quest : Christ amidst the quest | publisher=Wipf | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-61097-515-5 | pages=175–177}}</ref><ref name= "McLeodp20"/><ref>{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url= https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration|year=1998| publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-63764-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/63 63]–64}}</ref> According to [[Jahangir]]'s autobiography ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'' (''Jahangirnama'') which discussed Arjan's support for his rebellious son [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau]], too many people were becoming persuaded by Arjan's teachings and if Arjan did not become a [[Muslims|Muslim]], the Sikh Panth had to be extinguished.<ref name="McLeodp20"/>{{refn|group=note|name=wmt1|The following is from Jahangir's memoirs: There was a Hindu named Arjan in Gobindwal on the banks of the Beas River. Pretending to be a spiritual guide, he had won over as devotees many simple-minded Indians and even some ignorant, stupid Muslims by broadcasting his claims to be a saint. They called him a guru. Many fools from all around had recourse to him and believed in him implicitly. For three or four generations they had been peddling this same stuff. For a long time, I had been thinking that either this false trade should be eliminated or that he should be brought into the embrace of Islam. At length, when Khusraw passed by there, this inconsequential little fellow wished to pay homage to Khusraw. When Khusraw stopped at his residence, [Arjan] came out and had an interview with [Khusraw]. Giving him some elementary spiritual precepts picked up here and there, he made a mark with saffron on his forehead, which is called ''qashqa'' in the idiom of the Hindus and which they consider lucky. When this was reported to me, I realized how perfectly false he was and ordered him brought to me. I awarded his houses and dwellings and those of his children to [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Murtaza Khan]], and I ordered his possessions and goods confiscated and him executed. – Emperor Jahangir's Memoirs, Jahangirnama 27b-28a, (Translator: Wheeler M. Thackston)<ref name=thackston>{{cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |date=1999 |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |translator-link=Wheeler Thackston |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=59 |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8}}</ref>}}

In 1606 CE, the Guru was imprisoned in [[Lahore Fort]], where by some accounts he was tortured and executed,<ref name=lkca/><ref>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh| title= Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ| year=2006| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-567921-2| pages=23, 217–218}}</ref> and by other accounts, the method of his death remains unresolved.<ref name= "McLeodp20"/> The traditional Sikh account states that the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] demanded a fine of 200,000 rupees and demanded that Arjan erase some of the hymns in the text that he found offensive. The Guru refused to remove the lines and pay the fine which, the Sikh accounts state, led to his execution.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nayar|first1=Kamala|title=The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity & Multiculturalism|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhdiasporainva00naya|url-access=registration|date=2004|isbn=9780802086310|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhdiasporainva00naya/page/123 123]|publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref> Some Muslim traditional accounts such as of Latif in 19th-century states that Arjan was dictatorial, someone who lived in splendour with "costly attire", who had left aside the rosary and the clothes of a saint (''[[fakir]]'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Rishi|title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab|date=23 April 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351505044|pages=40–41}}, Quote: "Latif, writing his work in 19th century, states that Guru Arjan assumed dictatorship, and adds that he was the first one to lay aside the rosary and the garb of a fakir, and dressed himself in costly attire and converted the saintly gaddi (the seat) of his pious predecessors into a princely rostrum. He adds that Guru Arjan kept fine horses and elephants, and lived in splendour."</ref> Shaikh [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] cheered the punishment and execution of Arjun, calling the Sikh Guru an [[Kafir|infidel]].<ref>Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), page 34</ref>{{refn|group=note|This is from records of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, composed after the punishment and execution of Guru Arjun: These days the accursed infidel of Gobindwal was very fortunately killed. It is a cause of great defeat for the reprobate Hindus. With whatever intention and purpose they are killed – the humiliation of infidels is for Muslims, life itself. Before this Kafir ([[Infidel]]) was killed, I had seen in a dream that the Emperor of the day had destroyed the crown of the head of Shirk or infidelity. It is true that this infidel [Guru Arjun] was the chief of the infidels and a leader of the Kafirs. The object of levying [[Jizya]] (tax on non-Muslims) on them is to humiliate and insult the Kafirs, and [[Jihad]] against them and hostility towards them are the necessities of the Mohammedan faith. – [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi]], Letter to [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Murtaza Khan]], On the execution of Guru Arjan<ref name=ps5/><ref name=smii>Sirhindi, Maktubat-i Imam-i Rabbani, I-iii, letter No. 193, pp. 95-6</ref><ref>Friedman Yohanan (1966), Shaikh Ahmad Sirhandi: An Outline of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity, Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, pp. 110-112</ref>}} In contrast, [[Mian Mir]] – the [[Sufism|Sufi]] friend of Arjan, lobbied when Jehangir ordered the execution and the confiscation of Arjan's property, then got the confiscation order deferred, according to Rishi Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Rishi|title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab|date=23 April 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351505044|page=35}}</ref>

Some scholars state that the evidence is unclear whether his death was due to execution, torture or [[execution by drowning|forced drowning]] in the [[Ravi river]].<ref name="Gandhi"/><ref name= "McLeod">{{cite book|title= The A to Z of Sikhism|author= W.H. McLeod|author-link= W.H. McLeod|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC|publisher= Scarecrow Press|year= 2009|isbn= 9780810863446|page= 20}}</ref><ref name= "Bhalla">{{cite book|title= In Search of Roots: Guru Amar Das and Bhallas|author= A.S. Bhalla|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1KfLydMHLhYC|publisher= Rupa & Co. |year= 2008|isbn= 9788129113337|page= 20}}</ref> [[J. S. Grewal|J.S. Grewal]] notes that Sikh sources from the seventeenth and eighteenth-century contain contradictory reports of Arjan's death.<ref>J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, in [[The New Cambridge History of India]]. 2, 3. Gen eds. Chris Bayly, Gordon Johnson, [[John F. Richards]]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 63-64.</ref> [[John F. Richards|J. F. Richard]] states that Jahangir was persistently hostile to popularly venerated saints, not just Sikhism.<ref>Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire, in The New Cambridge History of India. 1, 5. Gen eds. Chris Bayly, Gordon Johnson, [[John F. Richards]]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 97.</ref> [[Bhai Gurdas]] was a contemporary of Arjan and is a noted 17th-century Sikh chronicler.<ref>Vir Singh, ed. Varam Bahi Gurdas Satki, 9th edition. New Delhi: Bhai Vir Singh Sahitya Sadan, 1997), p. 386.</ref> His eyewitness account recorded Arjan's life, and the order by Emperor Jahangir to torture the Guru to death.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-8172012182|title=Bhai Gurdas|author=Prītama Siṅgha|date=1992|pages=25–32|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>

A contemporary Jesuit account, written by Spanish [[Jesuit]] missionary [[Jerome Xavier]] (1549–1617), who was in [[Lahore]] at the time, records that the Sikhs tried to get Jahangir to commute the torture and death sentence to a heavy fine, but this attempt failed.<ref>Father Jerome to Father Gasper Fernandes, ([[British Library]] Add MS 9854, ff. 38-52), 1617, in Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1809). Eds. Amandeep Singh Madra and Parmjit Singh. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 7.</ref> Dabistan-i Mazahib Mobad states Jahangir tortured Arjan in the hopes of extracting the money and public repudiation of his spiritual convictions, but the Guru refused and was executed.<ref>Mobad', Dabistan-i Mazahib, 1645-46, in Sikh history from Persian sources. Eds. J.S. Grewal and Irfan Habib. Indian History Congress: Tulika, 2001. p. 67.</ref> [[Jerome Xavier]], in appreciation of the courage of Guru Arjun, wrote back to [[Lisbon]], that Arjan suffered and was tormented.<ref name=mb12>{{cite book | last=Barnes | first=Michael | title=Interreligious learning: dialogue, spirituality, and the Christian imagination | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-107-01284-4 | pages=245–246| quote=In that way, their good Pope died, overwhelmed by the sufferings, torments and dishonours. – Jerome Xavier, Letter to Gasper Fernandes in Lisbon, On the execution of Guru Arjan}}</ref>
[[File:Detail of a depiction of Guru Arjan Dev's martyrdom, from the front-page of the Thursday, 13 April 1933 Vaisakhi edition of 'The Khalsa', published from Lahore.jpg|thumb|Detail of a depiction of Guru Arjan Dev's martyrdom, from the front-page of the Thursday, 13 April 1933 Vaisakhi edition of 'The Khalsa', published from Lahore.]]
According to the Sikh tradition, before his execution, Arjan instructed his son and successor [[Hargobind]] to take up arms, and resist tyranny.<ref name=mcleod2021>{{cite book|title= The A to Z of Sikhism|author= W.H. McLeod|author-link= W.H. McLeod| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC|publisher= Scarecrow Press|year= 2009|isbn= 9780810863446| pages= 20–21}}</ref> His execution led the Sikh [[Panth]] to become armed and pursue resistance to persecution under the Mughal rule.<ref name="lkca"/><ref>{{cite book | author=Pashaura Singh, Louis Fenech | title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies | publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 | isbn=9780199699308 | pages=236–237}}</ref> Michael Barnes states that the resolve and death of Arjun strengthened the conviction among Sikhs that, "personal piety must have a core of moral strength. A virtuous soul must be a courageous soul. Willingness to suffer trial for one's convictions was a religious imperative".<ref name=mb12/>

There are several stories and versions about how, where and why Arjan died.<ref>Sajida S. Alvi (1987), “Religion and State during the Reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1605-27): Nonjuristical Perspectives,” in Studia Islamica, pp. 113-114</ref><ref name=ps6>{{cite book | author=Pashaura Singh | title=Life and work of Guru Arjan: history, memory, and biography in the Sikh tradition | publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-567921-2 | pages=211–219, 233}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Gandhi | first=Rajmohan | title=Revenge and reconciliation | publisher=Penguin Books | location=New Delhi New York, NY | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-14-029045-5 | pages=93–95}}</ref> Recent scholarship<ref>Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pp. 38-39</ref><ref>Louis Fenech (2001), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/606726 Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources], Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(1), pp. 20-31</ref> have offered alternative analyses, wary of "exaggerating fragmentary traces of documentary evidence in historical analysis". The alternate versions include stories about the role of Arjan in a conflict between the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and his son who Jahangir suspected of trying to organize a patricidal coup. An alternate version highlights the role of a Hindu minister of Jahangir named [[Chandu Shah]]. He, in one version, takes revenge on Arjan for not marrying his son Hargobind to Chandu Shah's daughter. In another Lahore version, Chandu Shah actually prevents Arjan from suffering torture and death by Muslims by paying 200,000 rupees (100,000 crusados) to Jahangir, but then keeps him and emotionally torments him to death in his house.<ref>Kirpal Singh (2000), Perspectives on Sikh Gurus, National Book Shop, pp. 125-127</ref> Several alternative versions of the story try to absolve Jahangir and the Mughal empire of any responsibility,<ref name=ps6/><ref>Pashaura Singh (2011), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v18_1-2/articles/11_InResponse.pdf Reconsidering the Sacrifice of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022617/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v18_1-2/articles/11_InResponse.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, Journal of Punjab Studies, University of California Press, 18(1&2), pp. 295-316</ref> but have no trace or support in the documentary evidence from early 17th century, such as the records of Jesuit priest Jerome Xavier and the memoirs of Jahangir.<ref name=ps5/><ref name=thackston/><ref>Louis E. Fenech (2010), Martyrdom: W.H. McLeod and his Students, Journal of Punjab Studies, University of California Press, 17(1&2), pp. 75-94</ref>

==Legacy==
===Amritsar===
[[File:Guru Arjan hunting while mounted on horseback with a hawk.jpg|thumb|Guru Arjan hunting while mounted on horseback with a hawk. Painting from Faizabad, circa 1760.]]
Guru Arjan's father Guru Ram Das founded the town named after him "Ramdaspur", around a large man-made water pool called "Ramdas Sarovar". Arjan continued the infrastructure-building effort of his father. The town expanded during the time of guru Arjan, financed by donations and constructed by [[Sevā|voluntary work]]. The pool area grew into a temple complex with the [[Gurdwara]] [[Harmandir Sahib]] near the pool. Guru Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new temple in 1604.<ref name="ShackleMandair2013xv" /> The city that emerged is now known as [[Amritsar]], and is the holiest pilgrimage site in Sikhism.<ref name="ShackleMandair2013xv" /><ref name="McLeod1990p28">{{cite book|author=W.H. McLeod|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA28 |year=1990|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56085-4|pages=28–29}}</ref>

Continuing the efforts of Ram Das, guru Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination. He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular [[Sukhmani Sahib]]. Guru Arjan is credited with completing many other infrastructure projects, such as water reservoirs called ''Santokhsar'' (Pond of [[Santokh|Contentment]]) and ''Gongsar'' (Pond of Bells),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/english-punjabi/gong/gong-meaning-in-punjabi | title=Gong meaning in Punjabi | gong translation in Punjabi }}</ref> founding the towns of Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur.<ref name=mandair42>{{cite book|author=Mohinder Singh Joshi|title=Guru Arjan Dev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCQaSH_29i4C&pg=PA6 |year= 1994| publisher=Sahitya Akademi| isbn=978-81-7201-769-9|pages=6–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1|pages=42–43}}</ref>

====Community expansion====
While having completing the [[Harmandir Sahib]] with ''[[dasvand]]'' donations during the first decade of his guruship between 1581 and 1589, creating a rallying point for the community and a center for Sikh activity, and a place for the installment of the [[Adi Granth]], Guru Arjan had also gone on a tour of [[Majha]] and [[Doaba]] in Punjab, where he would found the towns. Due to their central location in the Punjab heartland, the ranks of Sikhs would swell, especially among the [[Jats|Jat]] peasantry, and create a level of prosperity for them; Arjan would serve not only as a spiritual mentor but as a true emperor (''sacchā [[Padishah|pādshāh]]'') for his followers in his own right.<ref name=mandair42/>

===Adi Granth ===
According to the Sikh tradition, Arjan compiled the Adi Granth by collecting hymns of past Gurus from many places, then rejecting those that he considered as fakes or to be diverging from the teachings of the Gurus.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mohinder|first1=Joshi|title=Guru Arjan Dev|date=1994|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172017699|page=4}}</ref> His approved collection included hymns from the first four Gurus of Sikhism, those he composed, as well as 17 Hindu bards and 2 Muslim bards ([[Bhagat|Bhagats]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mohinder|first1=Joshi|title=Guru Arjan Dev|date=1994|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172017699|pages=4–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|date=2011|location=New York|page=30}}</ref> The compilation was completed on 30 August 1604, according to the Sikh tradition and installed in the Harmandir Sahib temple on 1 September 1604.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Largen|first1=Kristin|title=Finding God Among our Neighbors, Volume 2: An Interfaith Systematic Theology|date=2017|publisher=Fortress Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=9781506423302|page=39}}</ref>

Arjan was a prolific poet who composed 2,218 hymns. More than half of the volume of ''Guru Granth Sahib'' and the largest collection of hymns has been composed by Arjan. According to Christopher Shackle and Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, Arjan's compositions combined spiritual message in an "encyclopedic linguistic sophistication" with "Braj Bhasha forms and learned Sanskrit vocabulary".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christopher Shackle|author2=Arvind Mandair|title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45101-0|pages=xviii–xix, xxii}}</ref>

After Arjan completed and installed the Adi Granth in the Harimandir Sahib, Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] was informed of the development with the allegation that it contained teachings hostile to Islam. He ordered a copy be brought to him. Arjan sent him a copy on a ''thali'' (plate), with the following message that was later added to the expanded text:

{{Quote|
<poem>
In this ''thali'' (dish) you will find three things – truth, peace and contemplation:
in this too the nectar [[Nāma|Name]] which is the support of all humanity.
</poem>
|''AG 1429''|Translated by William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi<ref>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi| title= The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC |year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|page=26}}</ref>}}

The ''[[Akbarnama]]'' by [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl Allami]] mentions that Arjan met the Mughal emperor Akbar and his cortege in 1598. According to Louis Fenech, this meeting likely influenced the development of Sikh [[manuscriptology]] and the later martial tradition.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|pages=45–46|publisher=Oxford University Press| editor=Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech|author=Louis Fenech| year= 2014| isbn= 978-0-19-969930-8}}</ref>

One of the Sikh community disputes following Guru Ram Das was the emergence of new hymns claiming to have been composed by Nanak. According to the faction led by Arjan, these hymns were distorted and fake, with some blaming Prithi Chand and his Sikh faction for having composed and circulated them.<ref name="Syan2013p50"/><ref>{{cite book|author=W.H. McLeod|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA29 |year=1990|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56085-4|pages=29–30}}</ref> The concern and the possibility of wrong propaganda, immoral teachings and inauthentic ''Gurbani'' led Arjan to initiate a major effort to collect, study, approve and compile a written official scripture, and this he called ''Adi Granth'', the first edition of the Sikh scripture by 1604.<ref name=fenech39/><ref name=pashaura171/>

The composition of both Prithi Chand and his followers have been preserved in the Mina texts of Sikhism, while the mainstream and larger Sikh tradition adopted the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' scripture that ultimately emerged from the initiative of Arjan.<ref name=pashaura171/><ref name="Syan2013p52-54">{{cite book|author=Hardip Singh Syan|title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA52|year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-250-0|pages=52–54}}</ref>

== Literature ==
Guru Arjan produced a large amount of literature, which roughly equals that which had been produced by his predecessors combined. Guru Arjan's written works closely follow and are a continuation of the style of his father, Guru Ram Das. For example, Arjan uses the same set of thirty ''[[Raga|rāgs]]'' that his father had [[Sikh music|set his hymns to]] and the language of his compositions are favoured toward Sanskritic/Hindi vocabulary. Whilst his individual poems are not as vivid as those authored by Guru Nanak, his vast reworkings accumulate to create a sense of unity within the Ād Granth. Furthermore, Guru Arjan acted as an editor for the compilation of a Sikh scripture, such as by providing supplementary commentary appended to the ''[[Shloka|saloks]]'' of the [[Bhagat Bani]] and his adoption of the [[Bhagat|bhagats]]' ''[[Shabad (hymn)|shabad]]'' hymns. In-addition, he included the [[Bhattan De Savaiye|Bhatt Bani]] into the Sikh corpus. He authored vār compositions and added his own verses to the vār compositions which had been originally authored by his predecessors. His eminent work is the ''[[Sukhmani Sahib]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199699308 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |edition=1st |pages=109–124 |chapter=8: Survey of Literature in the Sikh Tradition |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Guru Arjun Dev being pronounced fifth guru.jpg|[[Guru Gaddi|Gurgadi ceremony]] of Guru Arjan being pronounced as fifth Guru.
File:Guru Arjan painting.jpg|Guru Arjan miniature painting, ca.1800.
File:Guru Arjan miniature painting.jpg|Guru Arjan with [[Sri Chand]], miniature painting.
File:Guru Arjun Dev painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler.jpg|Guru Arjun Dev painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler.
File:Fresco of Guru Arjan from above the entrance of the Baoli Sahib located in Goindwal.jpg|Fresco of Guru Arjan Dev from Goindwal Baoli Sahib.
File:Gurdwara Baba Atal fresco 60.jpg|Guru Arjan compiling the [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] with [[Bhai Gurdas]].
File:Lal Khoohi - Place Where Guru Arjan dev ji was tortured.jpg|Photograph from [[Gurdwara Lal Khoohi]] of the place where Guru Arjan is believed to have been incarcerated
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sikhism|India|Biography|Punjab}}
* [[Sukhmani Sahib]]
* [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
* [[Sarinda (instrument)]]<ref name="ResearchGate">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344726865|title=MUSIC AND SIKH SPIRITUALITY}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
https://www.amazon.com/History-Sikhs-Vol-Gurus-1469-1708/dp/8121502764/ref=pd_rhf_d_dp_s_ci_mcx_mr_hp_d_sccl_1_3/145-9098560-6919419?pd_rd_w=EhQDc&content-id=amzn1.sym.0a853d15-c5a9-4695-90cd-fdc0b630b803&pf_rd_p=0a853d15-c5a9-4695-90cd-fdc0b630b803&pf_rd_r=43STA5ET49JHAD1KW93F&pd_rd_wg=QgeDc&pd_rd_r=a73a726d-d340-472d-a1b7-10ee05e97b57&pd_rd_i=8121502764&psc=1
# {{cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |author-link=Jahangir |date=1909 |editor-last=Beveridge |editor-first=Henry |editor-link=Henry Beveridge (1837–1929) |title=The Tuzuk-i-Janhangīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr |url=https://archive.org/stream/tuzukijahangirio00jahauoft#page/n4/mode/1up |translator-last=Rogers |translator-first=Alexander |location=London |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society}}
#''History of the Panjab'', Syad Muhammad Latif, Published by: Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. {{ISBN|978-81-7096-245-8}}
# ''Philosophy of 'Charhdi Kala' and Higher State of Mind in Sri Guru Granth Sahib'', Dr. Harjinder Singh Majhail, 2010, Published by: Deepak Publishers, Jalandhar, Punjab, India. {{ISBN|81-88852-96-1}}
#''SIKH HISTORY IN 10 VOLUMES'', Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Published by: The Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium. ISBN 2- 930247-41-X

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/holydays/gurpurbs/arjan.shtml www.bbc.co.uk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150211011252/http://sgpc.net/gurus/guruarjandev.asp sgpc.net]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Guru Ram Das]]
| title = [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]|years=1 September 1581 – 25 May 1606
| after = [[Guru Har Gobind]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Sikhism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru Arjan Dev}}
[[Category:Sikh gurus|Arjan]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Sikhs executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1563 births]]
[[Category:1606 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:1563 in India]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian city founders]]
[[Category:People executed for refusing to convert to Islam]]
[[Category:17th-century executions by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]

History of Mumbai under Hindu rule

2026-03-12T07:20:56Z

WardDrayton2: Stub!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
The '''Ancient history of Mumbai''' recounts the history of Mumbai from 300 BCE to 1348 CE.

==History==
[[File:Seven Islands of Bombay (mul).svg|thumb|150px|upright|The seven islands of Bombay.]]
The present-day Mumbai was originally an archipelago of [[Seven Islands of Bombay|seven islands]]. [[Pleistocene]] sediments found around [[Kandivali]], on [[Salsette Island]], north of the seven islands, by Todd in 1939, indicate that these islands were inhabited since the [[Stone Age]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA25 25]|Ref=brill}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khandekar |1977|p=18|Ref=k77}}</ref> The archipelago had been named after the [[Kolis|Koli]] Goddess [[Mumbadevi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/places.html#38 499]|Ref=bom3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=132650
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321214137/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=132650
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=21 March 2006
|title=Goddess Island
|date=2005-06-06
|access-date=2008-08-13
|publisher=Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd.}}</ref><ref name="Of age">{{cite news
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1165194
|title=Of age-old beliefs and practices
|author=Shubhangi Khapre
|date=2008-05-19
|access-date=2008-08-13
|newspaper=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref> The port of [[Sopara]] (present-day [[Nala Sopara]], near Mumbai) was an important trading centre during ancient times.<ref>{{harvnb| Thana — Places of Interest|2000|pp=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/places_Sopara.html 314–342]|Ref=tna}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jain|1990|p=134|Ref=j1990}}</ref><ref name="When Emperor Ashoka rocked Nalla Sopara">{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/355276621.cms
|title=When Emperor Ashoka rocked Nalla Sopara
|author=Nina Martyris
|date=2001-11-18
|access-date=2008-08-14
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In the 3rd century BCE, the islands were incorporated into the [[Maurya Empire]] under the expansion campaign of Emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=MBI&folder=Facts-History |title=Historical background (Mumbai) |access-date=2008-08-01 |newspaper=The Economist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610063950/http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=MBI&folder=Facts-History |archive-date=10 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cavendish|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&pg=PA449 449]|Ref=c449}}</ref> The empire's patronage gradually made the islands a centre of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religion and culture. Buddhist monks, scholars, and artists created the artwork, inscriptions, and sculpture of the [[Kanheri Caves|Kanheri]] and [[Mahakali Caves|Mahakali]] caves. The total number of Buddhist cave temples numbered 109, dating from the end of the 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{harvnb|Hirakawa|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC&pg=PA238 238]|Ref=hg238}}</ref> After the decline of the Maurya Empire around 185 BCE, these islands fell to the Satvahanas.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=129|Ref=bom}}</ref>

[[File:Ancient Statues Walkeshwar.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Ancient statues of the [[Silhara dynasty]] around the [[Walkeshwar Temple]]]]
The islands were known as [[Seven islands of Bombay|Heptanesia]] ([[Ancient Greek]]: ''A Cluster of Seven Islands'') to the Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] in 150 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=3|Ref=bom}}</ref> After the end of the Satvahana rule in 250 CE, the [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]]s of Western [[Maharashtra]] and [[Vakataka]]s of [[Vidarbha]] held dominion over Bombay. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. During the 5th century, Bombay was ruled by the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=11|Ref=dav}}</ref> These islands were then acquired by the [[Mauryas of Puri|Mauryas of Konkan]], who were feudatories of Kalachuris. The [[Jogeshwari Caves]] were constructed during the Mauryan regime between 520 and 550. The Mauryan presence ended when the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] under [[Pulakeshin II]] invaded Bombay in 610.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=12 |Ref=dav}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history1.shtml
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123180631/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history1.shtml
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=23 November 2007
|title=Beginnings
|access-date=2008-08-12
|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> During 749–750, [[Dantidurga]] of the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] conquered Bombay. The [[Silhara dynasty]] ruled the region between 810 and 1240.<ref name="sil">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=3a3276f2-9146-4812-8aa0-4b74885e4ac4&&Headline=Mumbai%27s+picture+perfect+places&strParent=strParentID
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208082945/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=3a3276f2-9146-4812-8aa0-4b74885e4ac4&&Headline=Mumbai's+picture+perfect+places&strParent=strParentID
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=8 February 2013
|title=Mumbai's picture perfect places
|author=Abodh Aras
|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
|date=2007-05-28
|access-date=2008-08-12}}</ref> The [[Banganga Tank]], [[Walkeshwar Temple]], and [[Elephanta Caves]] were constructed under the patronage of the Silhara rulers.<ref name="sil"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/architecture/building/walkeshwar.html
|title=The Walkeshwar Temple
|publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]])
|access-date=2008-08-15}}</ref> The Italian explorer [[Marco Polo]] had sailed through the islands of Bombay during the 13th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Yule|1870|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YtnglhJEI7wC&pg=PA653 653]|Ref=yule}}</ref> In the 13th century, [[Bhima of Mahikavati|King Bhimdev]] had built his capital in ''Mahikawati'', present day [[Mahim]] and [[Prabhadevi]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/
|title=History of Mumbai
|publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]])
|access-date=2008-08-15}}</ref> After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who had built his capital city at [[Marol]] in Salsette, which he named Pratappur.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=156|Ref=bom}}</ref> The islands were wrested from Pratapbimba's control by Mubarak, the emperor of [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], who had occupied Mahim and Salsette under his expansion campaign in 1318. But it was later reconquered by Pratapbimba, which he ruled till 1331. Later, his brother-in-law Nagardev reigned for 17 years till 1348. In 1348, the islands came under the control of the [[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Muzaffarid dynasty]] of Gujarat, thus ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands of Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=157|Ref=bom}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{History of Mumbai}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ
|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology
|last=Ghosh
|first=Amalananda
|publisher=BRILL
|year=1990
|isbn=9004092641
|access-date=2008-08-19
|ref=brill}}
*{{cite book
|title=History of Bombay, 1661-1708: 1661-1708
|last=David
|first=M. D.
|publisher=[[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]]
|year=1973
|ref=dav}}
*{{cite book
|title=Maharashtra, a Profile
|last=Khandekar
|author-link=Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar
|first=Vishnu Sakharam
|author2=A. K. Bhagwat |author3=Acyuta Kesava Bhagavata
|publisher=V. S. Khandekar Amrit Mahotsava Satkar Samiti
|year=1977
|ref=k77}}
*{{cite book
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|volume=I
|year=1986
|access-date=2008-08-13
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|ref=bom
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906220718/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|archive-date=2008-09-06
}}
*{{Citation |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume3.html |title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer |series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |volume=III |year=1986 |access-date=15 August 2008 |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |ref=bom3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309072556/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume3.html |archive-date=9 March 2008}}
*{{cite book
|title=Thana — Places of Interest
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/home.html
|series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|volume=XIV
|orig-year=1882
|year=2000
|access-date=2008-08-14
|ref=tna}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC
|title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia
|last=Cavendish
|first=Marshall
|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation
|year=2007
|isbn=978-0-7614-7637-5
|access-date=2008-08-17
|ref=c449}}
*{{cite book
|title= History of Indian Buddhism: from Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC
|last=Hirakawa
|first=Akira
|editor=Paul Groner
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
|year=1998
|access-date=2008-08-15
|isbn=81-208-0955-6
|ref=hg238}}
*{{cite book
|title=Trade and Traders in Western India, A.D. 100-1300
|last=Jain
|first=Vardhman Kumar
|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
|year=1990
|isbn=81-215-0470-8
|ref=j1990}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtnglhJEI7wC
|title=The Travels Of Marco Polo
|last=Yule
|first=Henry
|publisher=Plain Label Books
|year=1870
|isbn=978-0-7614-7637-5
|volume=1
|access-date=2008-08-15
|ref=yule}}

[[Category:History of Mumbai]]

List of Regional Transport Office districts in India

2026-03-10T14:31:43Z

WardDrayton2: rework references based on references and added references based on references

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:Two-letter_state_codes_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|Two-letter state and union territory codes of India]]

This is a list of the Indian [[Regional Transport Office]]s and the assigned codes for [[Vehicle registration plates of India|vehicle registration]]. These are broken down to [[states and territories of India|states]] or [[Union territory|union territories]] and their districts. These RTO offices, governed by the respective state and union territory Transport Departments, are led by Regional Transport Officers (RTOs) and are tasked with enforcing the [[Motor Vehicles Act|Motor Vehicles Act, 1988]], and its associated rules.


==AP—Andhra Pradesh==

The [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[State Government of Andhra Pradesh|state government]] has decided to issue uniform registration numbers for vehicles across Andhra Pradesh. Since February 2019, all new vehicles in [[Andhra Pradesh]] are registered with AP-39 code by default. Andhra Pradesh is the first state to implement the "one state-one code" policy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=all registration number series for all vehicles in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/nov/01/ap-39-registration-number-series-for-all-vehicles-in-andhra-pradesh-1892702.html |access-date=2002-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=November 2018 }}</ref>

In 2023, the state government has launched new series, AP-40.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP 40G : ఏపీలో ప్రభుత్వ వాహనాలకు కొత్త రిజిస్ట్రేషన్ నంబర్ సిరీస్ |date=5 April 2023 |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/andhra-pradesh/new-registration-number-series-ap-40g-for-ap-government-vehicles-340731.html}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-AP 40
| rowspan="28" | AP-39, AP-40<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="28" |RTA
| [[Tirupati district]]
|
|-
| [[Krishna district]]
|
|-
| [[NTR district]]
|
|-
| [[Vizianagaram district]]
|
|-
| [[Visakhapatnam district]]
|
|-
| [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
|
|-
| [[Anakapalli district]]
|
|-
| [[Kakinada district]]
|
|-
| [[East Godavari district]]
|
|-
| [[Konaseema district]]
|
|-
| [[Eluru district]]
|
|-
| [[West Godavari district]]
|
|-
| [[Palnadu district]]
|
|-
| [[Guntur district]]
|
|-
| [[Bapatla district]]
|
|-
| [[Prakasam district]]
|
|-
| [[Nellore district|Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore district]]
|
|-
| [[Kurnool district]]
|
|-
| [[Nandyal district]]
|
|-
| [[Anantapur district]]
|
|-
| [[Sri Sathya Sai district]]
|
|-
| [[Kadapa district|YSR district]]
|
|-
| [[Annamayya district]]
|
|-
| [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
|
|-
| [[Srikakulam district]]
|
|-
| [[Chittoor district]]
|
|-
|
|All series of [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC)]] vehicles start with ‘Z’.<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|All series of [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Andhra Pradesh state police]] vehicles start with 'P'.<ref name=":0" />
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|+ Specifics in the Andhra Pradesh series
|-
! scope="col" style="width:34%" | Scheme and/or example
! scope="col" style="width:66%" | Meaning
|-
| AP 01 '''A''' 1234 to AP 01 '''SZ''' 1234
| The letters '''A''' to '''S''' are reserved to passenger vehicles.
|-
| AP-01-'''P'''x : AP 01 '''P''' 1234, AP 01 '''P'''A 1234, AP 01 '''P'''B 1234, AP 01 '''P'''C 1234
| '''AP-01-P''' is specifically used for [[Andhra Pradesh Police|state police]] vehicles.
| AP 01 '''T''' 1234 to AP 01 '''YZ''' 1234
| The letters '''T''', '''U''', '''V''', '''W''', '''X''', '''Y''' are reserved for commercial vehicles.
|-
| AP-01-'''Z''' : AP 01 '''Z''' xxxx
| The letter '''Z''' is reserved for the State Road Transport ([[APSRTC]]) buses.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|+ Older registrations of Andhra Pradesh till 2019 (Districts outside Telangana)
! scope="colstyle="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Jurisdiction
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Annotations
|-
| AP 02
| [[Anantapur district|Ananthapuramu District]]
|
|-
| AP 03
| [[Chittoor District]]
|
|-
| AP 04
| [[YSR Kadapa District]]
|
|-
| AP 05
| [[East Godavari District]]
| RTO was located in Kakinada, former district headquarters of undivided East Godavari District
|-
| AP 07
| [[Guntur district]]
|
|-
| AP 16
| [[Krishna District]]
| RTO was located in Vijayawada, former district headquarters of undivided Krishna District
|-
| AP 18 P
| Andhra Pradesh Police
|
|-
| AP 21
| [[Kurnool District]]
|
|-
| AP 26
| [[Nellore District]]
|
|-
| AP 27
| [[Prakasam District]]
|
|-
| AP 30
| [[Srikakulam District]]
|
|-
| AP 31
| [[Vishakhapatnam District]]
| AP 32, AP 33, and AP 34 were also reserved for Vishakhapatnam, with only few vehicles getting these registrations.
|-
| AP 35
| [[Vizianagaram District]]
|
|-
| AP 37
| [[West Godavari District]]
| RTO was located in Eluru, former district headquarters of undivided West Godavari District
|-
|}

==AR—Arunachal Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| AR-01 AR-02
| [[Itanagar]]
| [[Papum Pare district]]
|
|-
| AR-03
| [[Tawang Town|Tawang]]
| [[Tawang district]]
|
|-
| AR-04
| [[Bomdila]]
| [[West Kameng district]]
|
|-
| AR-05
| [[Seppa]]
| [[East Kameng district]]
|
|-
| AR-06
| [[Ziro]]
| [[Lower Subansiri district]]
|
|-
| AR-07
| [[Daporijo]]
| [[Upper Subansiri district]]
|
|-
| AR-08
| [[Along, Arunachal Pradesh|Along]]
| [[West Siang district]]
|
|-
| AR-09
| [[Pasighat]]
| [[East Siang district]]
|
|-
| AR-10
| [[Anini]]
| [[Dibang Valley district]]
|
|-
| AR-11
| [[Tezu]]
| [[Lohit district]]
|
|-
| AR-12
| [[Changlang]]
| [[Changlang district]]
|
|-
| AR-13
| [[Khonsa]]
| [[Tirap district]]
|
|-
| AR-14
| [[Yingkiong]]
| [[Upper Siang district]]
|
|-
| AR-15
| [[Koloriang]]
| [[Kurung Kumey district]]
|
|-
| AR-16
| [[Roing]]
| [[Dibang Valley district]]
|
|-
| AR-17
| [[Hawai, India|Hawai]]
| [[Anjaw district]]
|
|-
| AR-19
| [[Palin]]
| [[Kra Daadi district]]
|
|-
| AR-20
| [[Namsai, India|Namsai]]
| [[Namsai district]]
|On November 17, 2014, Namsai district was carved out from the erstwhile Lohit district.
|-
| AR-22
| Siji
| [[Lower Siang district]]
|On November 24, 2018, Lower Siang district was carved out from the erstwhile West Siang district.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
|}

==AS—Assam==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| AS-01
| [[Guwahati]]
| [[Kamrup district]]
|
|-
| AS-02
| [[Nagaon]]
| [[Nagaon district]]
|
|-
| AS-03
| [[Jorhat]]
| [[Jorhat district]]
|
|-
| AS-04
| [[Sivasagar]]
| [[Sivasagar district]]
|
|-
| AS-05
| [[Golaghat]]
| [[Golaghat district]]
|
|-
| AS-06
| [[Dibrugarh]]
| [[Dibrugarh district]]
|
|-
| AS-07
| [[North Lakhimpur|Lakhimpur]]
| [[Lakhimpur district]]
|
|-
| AS-08
| [[Haflong]]
| [[Dima Hasao district]]
|
|-
| AS-09
| [[Karbi Anglong]]
| [[Karbi Anglong district]]
|
|-
| AS-10
| [[Karimganj]]
| [[Karimganj district]]
|
|-
| AS-11
| [[Silchar]]
| [[Cachar district]]
|
|-
| AS-12
| [[Tezpur]]
| [[Sonitpur district]]
|
|-
| AS-13
| [[Darrang]]
| [[Darrang district]]
|
|-
| AS-14
| [[Nalbari]]
| [[Nalbari district]]
|
|-
| AS-15
| [[Barpeta]]
| [[Barpeta district]]
|
|-
| AS-16
| [[Kokrajhar]]
| [[Kokrajhar district]]
|
|-
| AS-17
| [[Dhubri]]
| [[Dhubri district]]
|
|-
| AS-18
| [[Goalpara]]
| [[Goalpara district]]
|
|-
| AS-19
| [[Bongaigaon]]
| [[Bongaigaon district]]
|
|-
| AS-20
|
| entire Assam State
| vehicles of [[Assam State Transport Corporation]]
|-
| AS-21
| [[Kajalgaon|Morigaon]]
| [[Chirang district|Morigaon district]]
|
|-
| AS-22
| [[Dhemaji]]
| [[Dhemaji district]]
|
|-
|AS-23
| [[Tinsukia]]
| [[Tinsukia district]]
|
|-
| AS-24
| [[Hailakandi]]
| [[Hailakandi district]]
|
|-
| AS-25
| [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup]]
| [[Kamrup district]]
|
|-
| AS-26
| [[Kajalgaon]]
| [[Chirang district]]
|
|-
| AS-27
| [[Udalguri]]
| [[Udalguri district]]
|
|-
| AS-29
| [[Majuli]]
| [[Majuli district]]
|
|-
| AS-30
| [[Assam Police]]
| [[Assam Police]]
|
|-
| AS-31
| [[Hojai]]
| [[Hojai district]]
|
|-
| AS-32
| [[Biswanath Chariali]]
| [[Biswanath district]]
|
|-
| AS-33
| [[Charaideo]]
| [[Charaideo district]]
|
|-
| AS-34
| [[Hatsingimari]]
| [[South Salmara-Mankachar District|South Salmara-Mankachar district]]
|
|}

==BR—Bihar==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| BR-01
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patna district]]
|
|-
| BR-02
| [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| [[Gaya district]]
|
|-
| BR-03
| [[Arrah]]
| [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]]
|
|-
| BR-04
| [[Chhapra]]
| [[Saran district]]
|
|-
| BR-05
| [[Motihari]]
| [[East Champaran district]]
|
|-
| BR-06
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Muzaffarpur district]]
|
|-
| BR-07
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Darbhanga district]]
|
|-
| BR-08
| [[Munger]]
| [[Munger district]]
|
|-
| BR-09
| [[Begusarai]]
| [[Begusarai district]]
|
|-
| BR-10
| [[Bhagalpur]]
| [[Bhagalpur district]]
|
|-
| BR-11
| [[Purnia]]
| [[Purnia district]]
|
|-
| BR-19
| [[Saharsa]]
| [[Saharsa district]]
|
|-
| BR-21
| [[Bihar Sharif]]
| [[Nalanda district]]
|
|-
| BR-22
| [[Bettiah]]
| [[West Champaran district]]
|
|-
| BR-24
| [[Dehri]]
| [[Rohtas district]]
|
|-
| BR-25
| [[Jehanabad]]
| [[Jehanabad district]]
|
|-
| BR-26
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]]
|
|-
| BR-27
| [[Nawada]]
| [[Nawada district]]
|
|-
| BR-28
| [[Gopalganj, India|Gopalganj]]
| [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]]
|
|-
| BR-29
| [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
| [[Siwan district]]
|
|-
| BR-30
| [[Sitamarhi]]
| [[Sitamarhi district]]
|
|-
| BR-31
| [[Hajipur]]
| [[Vaishali district]]
|
|-
| BR-32
| [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]
| [[Madhubani district]]
|
|-
| BR-33
| [[Samastipur]]
| [[Samastipur district]]
|
|-
| BR-34
| [[Khagaria]]
| [[Khagaria district]]
|
|-
| BR-37
| [[Kishanganj]]
| [[Kishanganj district]]
|
|-
| BR-38
| [[Araria]]
| [[Araria district]]
|
|-
| BR-39
| [[Katihar]]
| [[Katihar district]]
|
|-
| BR-43
| [[Madhepura]]
| [[Madhepura district]]
|
|-
| BR-44
| [[Buxar]]
| [[Buxar district]]
|
|-
| BR-45
| [[Bhabua]]
| [[Kaimur district]]
|
|-
| BR-46
| [[Jamui]]
| [[Jamui district]]
|
|-
| BR-50
| [[Supaul]]
| [[Supaul district]]
|
|-
| BR-51
| [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]]
| [[Banka district]]
|
|-
| BR-52
| [[Sheikhpura]]
| [[Sheikhpura district]]
|
|-
| BR-53
| [[Lakhisarai]]
| [[Lakhisarai district]]
|
|-
| BR-55
| [[Sheohar]]
| [[Sheohar district]]
|
|-
| BR-56
| [[Arwal]]
| [[Arwal district]]
|
|-
|}

==CG—Chhattisgarh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:40%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| CG-01
|
| entire Chhattisgarh
|| [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]] vehicles
|-
| CG-02
|
| entire Chhattisgarh
|| [[Government of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh Government]] vehicles
|-
| CG-03
|
| entire Chhattisgarh
||[[Chhattisgarh Police]] vehicles
|-
| CG-04
|[[Raipur]]
|[[Raipur district]]
|
|-
| CG-05
|[[Dhamtari]]
|[[Dhamtari district]]
|
|-
| CG-06
|[[Mahasamund]]
|[[Mahasamund district]]
|
|-
| CG-07
|[[Durg]]
|[[Durg district]]
|
|-
| CG-08
|[[Rajnandgaon]]
|[[Rajnandgaon district]]
|
|-
| CG-09
|[[Kawardha]]
|[[Kabirdham district]]
|
|-
| CG-10
|[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
|[[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]]
|
|-
| CG-11
|[[Janjgir]]
|[[Janjgir–Champa district]]
|
|-
| CG-12
|[[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]
|[[Korba district]]
|
|-
| CG-13
|[[Raigarh]]
|[[Raigarh district]]
|
|-
| CG-14
|[[Jashpur Nagar]]
|[[Jashpur district]]
|
|-
| CG-15
|[[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]]
|[[Surguja district]]
|
|-
| CG-16
|[[Baikunthpur, Koriya|Baikunthpur]]
|[[Koriya district]]
|
|-
| CG-17
|[[Jagdalpur]]
|[[Bastar district]]
|
|-
| CG-18
|[[Dantewada]]
|[[Dantewada district]]
|
|-
| CG-19
|[[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]]
|[[Kanker district]]
|
|-
| CG-20
|[[Bijapur, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]]
|[[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur district]]
|
|-
| CG-21
|[[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh|Narayanpur]]
|[[Narayanpur district]]
|
|-
| CG-22
|[[Baloda Bazar]]
|[[Baloda Bazar district]]
|
|-
| CG-23
|[[Gariaband]]
|[[Gariaband district]]
|
|-
| CG-24
|[[Balod]]
|[[Balod district]]
|
|-
| CG-25
|[[Bemetara]]
|[[Bemetara district]]
|
|-
| CG-26
|[[Sukma]]
|[[Sukma district]]
|
|-
| CG-27
|[[Kondagaon]]
|[[Kondagaon district]]
|
|-
| CG-28
|[[Mungeli]]
|[[Mungeli district]]
|
|-
| CG-29
|[[Surajpur, Chhattisgarh|Surajpur]]
|[[Surajpur district]]
|
|-
| CG-30
|[[Balrampur]]
|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur district]]
|
|}

==CH—Chandigarh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| CH-01 CH-02 CH-03 CH-04
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[[Chandigarh district]]
|
|}

==DD—Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| DD-01
|[[Silvassa]]
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli district]]
|Previously DN-09, before the merger of UT of Daman & Diu and UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|-
| DD-02
|[[Diu, India|Diu]]
|[[Diu district]]
|
|-
| DD-03
|[[Daman, India|Daman]]
|[[Daman district, India|Daman district]]
|
|}

==DL—Delhi==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| DL-1
|Mall Road, Vishwavidyalaya
|[[North Delhi|North Delhi District]]:
Civil Lines, Pratap Bagh, Kotwali, Bela Road, Andha Mugal, Mori Gate, Majnu Ka Tila, Gulabi Bagh, Red Fort, Sant Nagar, Sarai Rohilla, Yamuna Bazar, Roop Nagar, Inder Lok, Lahori Gate, Maurice Nagar, Sadar Bazar, Church Mission, Shakti Nagar, Ahata Kedara, Town Hall, Subzi Mandi, Bara Hindu Rao, Nai Sarak, Tis Hazari, Kashmere Gate, Chandni Chowk
|
|-
| DL-2
| Indraprastha Depot
|[[New Delhi|New Delhi District]]:
Tilak Marg, R.M.L.Hospital, Chanakya Puri, Parliament St., Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, Tughlaq Road, Boat Club, Mandi House, North Avenue Panchkuian Road, Kali Bari Marg, South Avenue, Gole Market, Rabinder Nagar, Malcha Marg, Connaught Place, Kaka Nagar
|
|-
| DL-3
| DDA Market, Sheikh Sarai
|[[South Delhi|South Delhi District]]:
Hauz Khas, Amar Colony, C.R Park, Malviya Nagar, Garhi, Ambedkar Nagar, Saket, Okhla, Madangir, Pushp Vihar, Sunlight Colony, Sainik Farm, Mehrauli, New Friends Colony, Kalkaji, Defence Colony, Nehru Place, Gulmohar Park, Sukhdev Vihar, Badarpur, AIIMS, Bharat Nagar, Sarita Vihar, Lodhi Colony, Hz.Nizammudin, Sangam Vihar, Pragati Vihar, Jangpura, East Kidwai Nagar, Khan Pur, Sarai Kale Khan, Lajpat Nagar, Greater Kailash, Panchsheel
|
|-
| DL-4
|[[Janakpuri]]
|[[West Delhi|West Delhi District I]]:
Janakpuri, Vikaspuri, Keshopur, TilakNagar, Uttam Nagar, Mohan Garden, Nawada, Kakrola, Paschim Vihar, Meera Bagh, New Multan Nagar, Nangloi, Tikri Border, Nilothi, Nangloi Jat, Mundka, Baprola, Hari Nagar, Ashok Nagar, Prem Nagar, Subhash Nagar
|
|-
| DL-5
| Loni Road, [[Shahdara District|Shahdara]]
|[[North East Delhi|North East Delhi District]]:
Seelampur, Gamri, Nand Nagari, Gokalpuri, Shahdara, Ashok Nagar, Khazuri Khas, Welcome Colony, Sunder Nagar, Karawal Nagar, Mansarover Park, Harsh Vihar, Bhajanpura, Seemapuri, Yamuna Vihar, G.T.B. Nagar
|-
| DL-6
| ISBT [[Sarai Kale Khan]]
|[[Central Delhi|Central Delhi District]]:
Daryaganj, Lalkuan, Prasha Nagar, Chandni Mahal, I.P. Estate, Rajender Nagar, Turkmangate, LNJP Hospital, Pusa Road, Jama Masjid, Pahar Ganj, Sita Ram Bazar, Kamla Market, DBG Road, Sangtrashan, Shahganj, Shidipura, Nabi Karim, Hauz Qazi, Govt. Qr. Devnagar, Ballimaran, Karol Bagh
|
|-
| DL-7
|DTC Depot, [[Mayur Vihar]]
|[[East Delhi|East Delhi District-I]]:
KalyanPuri, Laxmi Nagar, PreetVihar, New Ashok Nagar, Patparganj, Shakarpur, Trilokpuri, Mayur Vihar-I&II, Karkardooma
|
|-
| DL-8
| DTC Depot, Wazirpur
|[[North West Delhi|North West Delhi District-I]]:
Model Town, Jahangirpuri, Sangam Park, Adarsh Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Keshav Puram, Ashok Vihar, Shalimar Bagh, Wazirpur, Saraswati Vihar, Kingsway Camp, Pitampura, Mukherjee Nagar, Rani Bagh, Azadpur, Rampura, Tri Nagar, Gujrawalan
|
|-
| DL-9
|Sector-10, [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]]
|[[South West Delhi|South West Delhi District-I]]:
Inderpuri, Naraina, Mayapuri, Najafgarh, Kapashera, Jafarpur Kalan, Dwarka, Palam, Matiala, Mahavir Enclave, Bijwasan, Qutub Vihar, Chhawla, Dabri, Sagarpur
|
|-
| DL-10
| Raja Garden
|[[West Delhi|West Delhi District-II]]:
Anand Parbat, Moti Nagar, Patel Nagar, Punjabi Bagh, Kirti Nagar Rajouri Garden
| also DL-4CC to DL-4CM, DL4-CNA and onwards, DL-4SL, DL-4SN, DL-4SP, DL-4SR, DL-4SNA
|-
| DL-11
|DTC Depot, [[Rohini Sub City|Rohini]]
|[[North West Delhi|North West Delhi District-II]]:
Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Samaypur Badli, Prasant Vihar, Auchandi Border, Bawana, Alipur, Rohini, Kanjhavala, Narela, Kirari, Aman Vihar, Mubarakpur, Qutab Garh, Jonti, Mungeshpur, Mukandpur, Khera Kalan
| also DL-8CE to DL-8CX, DL-8SAA to DL-8SAY
|-
| DL-12
|DTC Depot, [[Vasant Vihar]]
|[[South West Delhi|South West Delhi District-II]]:
Vasant Vihar, Vasant Kunj, Delhi Cantt., Moti Bagh, RK Puram, Munirka, Sarojini Nagar, Safdarjung Enclave, Green Park, Ghitorni, Mahipalpur, Rajokri, Mehrauli, Sultanpur, Chhatarpur
|
|-
| DL-13
| CBD Ground, Surajmal Vihar
|[[East Delhi|East Delhi District-II]]:
Gazipur, GandhiNagar, Krishna Nagar, Anand Vihar, Old Seelampur, Mandawali, New Shahdara, Geeta Colony, VivekVihar, Jheel
| also DL-7C (up to 8705), DL-7CH (0632 onwards), DL-7CG, DL-7CF (3543 onwards), DL-7S to DL-7SQ, DL-7SY (up to 7773), DL-7SAF (up to 5122), DL-7SAG, DL-7SAY (up to 1494)
|}

Note: RTO offices from DL10 to DL13 usually register private vehicles with letters like 'A', 'P', 'D', etc. after the core registration series of C and S are exhausted. This is because the 10-digit registration series cannot accommodate CAA or SAA onwards like the other codes. Currently, most public service and first responder vehicles (except e-rickshaws) are registered under the DL1 series.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|+Specifics in the Delhi series
|-
! scope="col" style="width:34%" | Example or scheme
! scope="col" style="width:66%" | Meaning
|-
| DL −1 '''A'''
| The letter '''A''' is reserved for ambulances.
|-
| DL-1'''B'''
| The letter '''B''' is reserved for DMRC feeder buses.
|-
| DL −*'''C'''; '''CA ''' - '''CZ'''; '''CAA'''...
| The letter '''C''' is reserved for fuel powered/electric cars.
|-
| DL −1 '''D'''
| The letter '''D''' is reserved for two/four wheeled private vehicles driven by handicapped drivers.
|-
| DL-*'''ER''','''ERA''' and so on
| The letter series '''ER''' is reserved for electric rickshaws.
|-
| DL-2'''F'''
| The letter '''F''' is reserved for vanity (VIP) series numbers for passenger vehicles.
|-
| DL-1'''G'''
| The letter '''G''' is reserved for heavy trucks.
|-
| DL-1'''K'''
| The letter '''K''' is reserved for school vans.
|-
| DL-1'''L'''
| The letter '''L''' is reserved for light trucks.
|-
| DL-1'''M'''
| The letter '''M''' is reserved for midsize trucks.
|-
| DL-1'''N'''
| The letter '''N''' is reserved for self-drive vehicles (comes under commercial vehicle category).
|-
| DL-1'''P'''
| The letter '''P''' is reserved for buses, including DTC, DIMTS, tourist and even heavy school buses.
|-
| DL-1'''Q'''
| The letter '''Q''' is reserved for phatphat seva or rural service share taxis.
|-
| DL-1'''R''',
| The letter '''R''' is reserved for auto rickshaws.
|-
| DL-1'''RT''', DL-1'''RTA''' and so on
| The letter series '''RT''' is reserved for radio/app taxis.
|-
| DL −*'''S'''; '''SA ''' - '''SZ'''; '''SAA'''...
| The letter '''S''' is reserved for fuel powered/electric scooters and motorcycles.
|-
| DL-1'''T'''
| The letter '''T''' is reserved for taxis.
|-
| DL-1'''V'''
| The letter '''V''' is reserved for light buses.
|-
| DL-1'''W''', DL-2'''W'''
| The letter '''W''' is reserved for rural service share taxis.
|-
| DL-1'''Y'''
| The letter '''Y''' is reserved for commercial private taxis.
|-
| DL-1'''Z'''
| The letter '''Z''' is reserved for commercial private taxis.
|-
| DL-*'''CNA, CNB''' and so on, DL-*'''SNA, SNB''' and so on
| These letter series are used for vehicles registered in sub-RTOs. These areas now have newer RTOs under which their records are now available.
|-
|}

==GA—Goa==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| GA-01
|[[Panaji]]
|[[North Goa district]]
| Not in use
|-
| GA-02
|[[Margao]]
|[[South Goa district]]
| Not in use
|-
| GA-03
|[[Mapusa]]
|[[Bardez taluka]]
|
|-
| GA-04
|[[Bicholim]]
|[[Bicholim taluka]], [[Sattari taluka]]
|
|-
| GA-05
|[[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]
|[[Ponda taluk]]a
|
|-
| GA-06
|[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]
|[[Mormugao taluka]]
|
|-
| GA-07
|[[Panaji]]
|[[Tiswadi taluka]]
|
|-
| GA-08
|[[Margao]]
|[[Salcete|Salcette taluka]]
|
|-
| GA-09
|[[Quepem]]
|[[Quepem taluk]]a, [[Sanguem taluk]]a
|
|-
| GA-10
|[[Canacona]]
|[[Canacona taluk]]a
|
|-
| GA-11
|[[Pernem]]
|[[Pernem taluk]]a
|
|-
| GA-12
|[[Dharbandora]]
|[[Dharbandora taluka]]
|
|}

==GJ—Gujarat==
[[File:Administrative_map_of_Gujarat_with_RTO_codes_for_vehicle_registration.png|thumb|Administrative map of Gujarat with RTO codes for vehicle registration]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Code
! scope="col" | Office location
! scope="col" | Jurisdiction
|-
! scope=row | GJ-01
|[[Ahmedabad]] (West), [[Subhash Bridge]]
| Covers parts of Ahmedabad City on the western bank of the Sabarmati River, over Vejalpur, Sabarmati, Ghatlodiya and parts of Daskroi Taluks of Western [[Ahmedabad District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-02
|[[Mehsana]]
|Covers entire [[Mehsana District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-03
|[[Rajkot]]
|Covers entire [[Rajkot District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-04
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|Covers entire [[Bhavnagar District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-05
|[[Surat]]
|Covers Surat City, Olpad, Chorasi, Kamrej and Palsana Taluks of Western [[Surat District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-06
|[[Vadodara]]
|Covers entire [[Vadodara District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-07
|[[Nadiad]], [[Kheda District]]
|Covers entire [[Kheda District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-08
|[[Palanpur]], [[Banaskantha District]]
|Covers [[Banaskantha District]] and [[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-09
|[[Himmatnagar]], [[Sabarkantha District]]
|Covers entire [[Sabarkantha District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-10
|[[Jamnagar]]
|Covers entire [[Jamnagar District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-11
|[[Junagadh]]
|Covers entire [[Junagadh District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-12
|[[Bhuj]], [[Kutch District]] (West)
|Covers Bhuj, Mundra, Mandvi, Nakhtarana, Abdasa and Lakhpat Taluks of Western [[Kutch District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-13
|[[Surendranagar]]
|Covers entire [[Surendranagar District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-14
|[[Amreli]]
|Covers entire [[Amreli District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-15
|[[Valsad]]
|Covers entire [[Valsad District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-16
|[[Bharuch]]
|Covers entire [[Bharuch District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-17
|[[Godhra]], [[Panchmahal District]]
|Covers entire [[Panchmahal District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-18
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|Covers entire [[Gandhinagar District]]{{efn|All [[GSRTC]] buses are registered here.}}
|-
! scope=row | GJ-19
|[[Bardoli]], [[Surat District]] (East)
|Covers Bardoli, Mahuva, Mandvi, Mangrol, Ambika, Areth and Umarpada Taluks of Eastern [[Surat District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-20
|[[Dahod]]
|Covers entire [[Dahod District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-21
|[[Navsari]]
|Covers entire [[Navsari District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-22
|[[Rajpipla]], [[Narmada District]]
|Covers entire [[Narmada District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-23
|[[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|Covers entire [[Anand District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-24
|[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|Covers entire [[Patan District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-25
|[[Porbandar]]
|Covers entire [[Porbandar District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-26
|[[Vyara]], [[Tapi District]]
|Covers entire [[Tapi District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-27
|[[Ahmedabad]] (East), [[Vastral]]
|Covers parts of Ahmedabad City on the eastern bank of the Sabarmati River, over Maninagar, Asarwa, Vatva and parts of Daskroi Taluks of Eastern [[Ahmedabad District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-28
|Not Allocated
|Reserved for Surat
|-
! scope=row | GJ-29
|Not Allocated
|Reserved for Vadodara
|-
! scope=row | GJ-30
|[[Ahwa]], [[Dang District, India|Dang District]]
|Covers entire [[Dang District, India|Dang District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-31
|[[Modasa]], [[Aravalli District]]
|Covers entire [[Aravalli District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-32
|[[Veraval]], [[Gir Somnath District]]
|Covers entire [[Gir Somnath District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-33
|[[Botad]]
|Covers entire [[Botad District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-34
|[[Chhota Udaipur]]
|Covers entire [[Chhota Udaipur District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-35
|[[Lunawada]], [[Mahisagar District]]
|Covers entire [[Mahisagar District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-36
|[[Morbi]]
|Covers entire [[Morbi District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-37
|[[Khambhaliya]], [[Devbhoomi Dwarka District]]
|Covers entire [[Devbhoomi Dwarka District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-38
|[[Bavla]], [[Ahmedabad District]] (Rural)
|Covers Bavla, Sanand, Viramgam, Detroj-Rampura, Mandal, Dholka, Dhandhuka, Dholera and parts of Daskroi Taluks of Rural [[Ahmedabad District]]
|-
! scope=row | GJ-39
|[[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]], [[Kutch District]] (East)
|Covers Anjar, Gandhidham, Bhachau and Rapar Taluks of Eastern [[Kutch District]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==HP—Himachal Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| style="width:5em;" | HP-01 & HP-02
|
|Statewide (Tourist buses & Taxis)
|
|-
| HP-03
|[[Shimla]] (Urban)
|
|
|-
| HP-04
|[[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]]
|
|
|-
| HP-05
|[[Mandi, India|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-06
|[[Rampur Bushahr]]
|
|
|-
| HP-07
|[[Shimla]] (Urban)
|
|
|-
| HP-08
|[[Chaupal, Himachal Pradesh|Chaupal]]
|
|
|-
| HP-09
|[[Theog]]
|
|
|-
| HP-10
|[[Rohru]]
|
|
|-
| HP-11
|[[Arki, India|Arki]]
|
|
|-
| HP-12
|[[Nalagarh]]
|
|
|-
| HP-13
|[[Kandaghat]]
|
|
|-
| HP-14
|[[Solan]]
|
|
|-
| HP-15
|[[Parwanoo]]
|
|
|-
| HP-16
|[[Rajgarh, Himachal Pradesh|Rajgarh]]
|
|
|-
| HP-16AA
|Pachhad, [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-17
|[[Paonta Sahib]]
|
|
|-
| HP-18
|[[Nahan]]
|
|
|-
| HP-19
|[[Amb, India|Amb]]
|
|
|-
| HP-19AA
|[[Gagret]], [[Una District|Una]]
|
|
|-
| HP-20
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]
|
|
|-
| HP-21
|Barsar, [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-22
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-23
|[[Ghumarwin]]
|
|
|-
| HP-24
|[[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-25
|[[Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh|Kalpa]]
|
|
|-
| HP-26
|[[Nichar]], [[Bhaba Nagar]]
|
|
|-
| HP-27
|[[Poo, India|Pooh]]
|
|
|-
| HP-28
|[[Sarkaghat]]
|
|
|-
| HP-29
|[[Jogindernagar]]
|
|
|-
| HP-30
|[[Karsog]]
|
|
|-
| HP-31
|[[Sundernagar]]
|
|
|-
| HP-32
|Gohar, [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-33
|[[Mandi, India|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-33AA
|[[Kotli, Himachal Pradesh|Kotli]]
|
|
|-
| HP-34
|[[Kullu]]
|
|
|-
| HP-35
|Anni, [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
|
|
|-
|HP-35AA
|[[Nirmand]]
|
|
|-
| HP-36
|[[Dehra, Himachal|Dehra]]
|
|
|-
| HP-37
|[[Palampur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-38
|[[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh|Nurpur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-39
|[[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]
|
|
|-
| HP-40
|[[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]
|
|
|-
| HP-41
|[[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]]
|
|
|-
| HP-42
|[[Keylong]]
|
|
|-
| HP-43
|Udaipur, [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
|
|
|-
| HP-44
|Churah, [[Chamba district|Chamba]]
|
|
|-
| HP-45
|[[Pangi, Himachal Pradesh|Pangi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-46
|[[Bharmour]]
|
|
|-
| HP-47
|[[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]]
|
|
|-
| HP-48
|[[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]
|
|
|-
| HP-49
|[[Banjar, India|Banjar]]
|
|
|-
| HP-50
|[[Shimla]]
| Auto-rickshaws
|
|-
| HP-51 & HP-52
|[[Shimla]] (Rural)
|
|
|-
| HP-53
|[[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]]
|
|
|-
| HP-54
|[[Jawali, Himachal Pradesh|Jawali]]
|
|
|-
| HP-55
|[[Nadaun]]
|
|
|-
| HP-56
|[[Jaisinghpur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-57
|[[Chowari]]
|
|
|-
| HP-58
|[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]
|
|
|-
| HP-59
|[[Solan]]
|
|
|-
| HP-60
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-61
|[[Kullu]]
|
|
|-
| HP-62
|[[Shimla]]
|
|
|-
| HP-63
|[[Shimla]]
|
|
|-
| HP-64
|[[Solan]]
|
|
|-
| HP-65
|[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-66
|[[Kullu]]
|
|
|-
| HP-67
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-68
|[[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Dharmsala]]
|
|
|-
| HP-69 & HP-70
|[[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-71
|[[Nahan]]
|
|
|-
| HP-72
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]
|
|
|-
| HP-73
|[[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]
|
|
|-
| HP-74
|Bhoranj, [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-75
|[[Jubbal]]
|
|
|-
| HP-76
|Paddhar, [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-77
|Dodra Kawar, [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|
|
|-
| HP-78
|Bangana, [[Una District|Una]]
|
|
|-
| HP-79
|Sangrah, [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-80
|Haroli, [[Una District|Una]]
|
|
|-
| HP-81
|[[Salooni]]
|
|
|-
| HP-82
|Balh, [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-83
|Jawalaji, [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|
|
|-
| HP-84
|Sujanpur Tihra, [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-85
|Shillai, [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-86
|Dharampur, [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-87
|Janjehli, [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
|HP-87AA
|Bali Chowki, [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| HP-88
|Fatehpur, [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|
|
|-
| HP-89
|Jhandutta, [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-90
|Shahpur, [[Kangra District|Kangra]]
|
|
|-
| HP-91
|[[Naina Devi]], Swarghat, [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|
|
|-
| HP-92
|[[Rampur Bushahr]]
|
|
|-
| HP-93
|[[Nalagarh]]
|
|
|-
| HP-94
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]]
|
|
|-
| HP-95
|[[Kumarsain]]
|
|
|-
| HP-96
|Dheera, [[Kangra District|Kangra]]
|
|
|-
| HP-97
|[[Indora]]
|
|
|-
|HP-98
|[[Kasauli]]
|
|
|-
|HP-99
|[[Kotkhai]]
|
|
|}

==HR—Haryana==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:36%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Superordinate division
! scope="col" style="width:20%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| HR-01
| [[Ambala]]
| [[Ambala]]
| [[Ambala district]]
|
|-
| HR-02
| [[Jagadhari]]
| [[Yamunanagar]]
| [[Yamunanagar district]]
|
|-
| HR-03
| [[Panchkula]]
| [[Panchkula]]
| [[Panchkula district]]
|
|-
| HR-04
| [[Naraingarh]]
| [[Naraingarh]]
| [[Ambala district]]
|
|-
| HR-05
| [[Karnal]]
| [[Karnal]]
| [[Karnal district]]
|
|-
| HR-06
| [[Panipat]]
| [[Panipat]]
| [[Panipat district]]
|
|-
| HR-07
| [[Thanesar]]
| [[Thanesar]]
| [[Kurukshetra district]]
|
|-
| HR-08
| [[Kaithal]]
| [[Kaithal]]
| [[Kaithal district]]
|
|-
| HR-09
| Guhla
| Guhla
| [[Kaithal district]]
|
|-
| HR-10
| [[Sonipat]]
| [[Sonipat]]
| [[Sonipat district]]
|
|-
| HR-11
| [[Gohana]]
| [[Gohana]]
| [[Sonipat district]]
|
|-
| HR-12
| [[Rohtak]]
| [[Rohtak]]
| [[Rohtak district]]
|
|-
| HR-13
| [[Bahadurgarh]]
| [[Bahadurgarh]]
| [[Jhajjar district]]
|
|-
| HR-14
| [[Jhajjar]]
| [[Jhajjar]]
| [[Jhajjar district]]
|
|-
| HR-15
| [[Meham]]
| [[Meham]]
| [[Rohtak district]]
|
|-
| HR-16
| [[Bhiwani]]
| [[Bhiwani]]
| [[Bhiwani district]]
|
|-
| HR-17
| [[Siwani]]
| [[Siwani]]
| [[Bhiwani district]]
|
|-
| HR-18
| [[Loharu]]
| [[Loharu]]
| [[Bhiwani district]]
|
|-
| HR-19
| [[Charkhi Dadri]]
| [[Charkhi Dadri]]
| [[Charkhi Dadri district]]
|
|-
| HR-20
| [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
| [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
| [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]]
|
|-
| HR-21
| [[Hansi]]
| [[Hansi]]
| [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]]
|
|-
| HR-22
| [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]]
| [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]]
| [[Fatehabad district]]
|
|-
| HR-23
| [[Tohana]], [[Jakhal Mandi]]
| [[Tohana]]
| [[Fatehabad district]]
|
|-
| HR-24
| [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]]
| [[Sirsa]]
| [[Sirsa district]]
|
|-
| HR-25
| [[Mandi Dabwali]]
| [[Mandi Dabwali]]
| [[Sirsa district]]
|
|-
| HR-26
| [[Gurugram]] (Gurugram North)
| Old [[Gurgaon]] City (Northern Parts)
| [[Gurugram district]]
|
|-
| HR-27
| [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]]
| [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]]
| [[Mewat district]]
|
|-
| HR-28
| [[Ferozepur Jhirka]]
| [[Ferozepur Jhirka]]
| [[Mewat district]]
|
|-
| HR-29
| [[Ballabgarh]] (Faridabad South)
| [[Ballabgarh]]
| [[Faridabad district]]
|
|-
| HR-30
| [[Palwal]]
| [[Palwal]]
| [[Palwal district]]
|
|-
| HR-31
| [[Jind]]
| [[Jind]]
| [[Jind district]]
|
|-
| HR-32
| [[Narwana]]
| [[Narwana]]
| [[Jind district]]
|
|-
| HR-33
| [[Safidon]]
| [[Safidon]]
| [[Jind district]]
|
|-
| HR-34
| [[Mahendragarh]]
| [[Mahendragarh]]
| [[Mahendragarh district]]
|
|-
| HR-35
| [[Narnaul]]
| [[Narnaul]]
| [[Mahendragarh district]]
|
|-
| HR-36
| [[Rewari]]
| [[Rewari]]
| [[Rewari district]]
|
|-
| HR-37
| [[Ambala]]
| [[Ambala]]
| [[Ambala district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-38
| [[Faridabad]]
| [[Faridabad district]]
| [[Faridabad district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-39
| [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
| [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]]
| [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-40
| [[Assandh]]
| [[Assandh]]
| [[Karnal district]]
|
|-
| HR-41
| [[Pehowa]]
| [[Pehowa]]
| [[Kurukshetra district]]
|
|-
| HR-42
| [[Ganaur]]
| [[Ganaur]]
| [[Sonipat district]]
|
|-
| HR-43
| [[Kosli]]
| [[Kosli]]
| [[Rewari district]]
|
|-
| HR-44
| [[Ellenabad]]
| [[Ellenabad]]
| [[Sirsa district]]
|
|-
| HR-45
| [[Karnal]]
| [[Karnal district]]
| [[Karnal district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-46
| [[Rohtak]]
| [[Rohtak district]]
| [[Rohtak district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-47
| [[Rewari]]
| [[Rewari district]]
| [[Rewari district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-48
| [[Tosham]]
| [[Tosham]], [[Bawani Khera]]
| [[Bhiwani district]]
|
|-
| HR-49
| [[Kalka]]
| [[Kalka]]
| [[Panchkula district]]
|
|-
| HR-50
| [[Hodal]]
| [[Hodal]]
| [[Palwal district]]
|
|-
| HR-51
| [[Faridabad]] (Faridabad North)
| [[Faridabad]]
| [[Faridabad district]]
|
|-
| HR-52
| [[Hathin]]
| [[Hathin]]
| [[Palwal district]]
|
|-
| HR-53
| [[Adampur, Haryana|Adampur]]
| [[Adampur]]
| [[Hisar district]]
|
|-
| HR-54
| [[Barara]]
| [[Barara]]
| [[Ambala district]]
|
|-
| HR-55
| [[Gurugram]]
| [[Gurugram district]]
| [[Gurugram district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-56
| [[Jind]]
| [[Jind]], [[Julana]]
| [[Jind district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-57
| [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]]
| [[Sirsa district]]
| [[Sirsa district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-58
| [[Yamunanagar]]
| [[Yamunanagar district]]
| [[Yamunanagar district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-59
| [[Ratia]]
| [[Ratia]]
| [[Fatehabad district]]
|
|-
| HR-60
| [[Samalkha]]
| [[Samalkha]]
| [[Panipat district]]
|
|-
| HR-61
| [[Bhiwani]]
| [[Bhiwani district]]
| [[Bhiwani district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-62
| [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]]
| [[Fatehabad district]]
| [[Fatehabad district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-63
| [[Jhajjar]]
| [[Jhajjar]], [[Bahadurgarh]]
| [[Jhajjar district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-64
| [[Kaithal]]
| [[Kaithal district]]
| [[Kaithal district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-65
| [[Kurukshetra]]
| [[Kurukshetra district]]
| [[Kurukshetra district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-66
| [[Narnaul]]
| [[Mahendragarh district]]
| [[Mahendragarh district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-67
| [[Panipat]]
| [[Panipat district]]
| [[Panipat district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-68
| [[Panchkula]]
| [[Panchkula district]]
| [[Panchkula district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-69
| [[Sonipat]]
| [[Sonipat district]]
| [[Sonipat district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-70
| [[Chandigarh]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|
| This series belongs to the Transport Commissioner in [[Chandigarh]]. It is meant for special out of turn VIP or special demand numbers. Also re-registered vehicles whose original number was from 1 to 100 (now retained by the original buyer for his new vehicle) or government auctioned vehicles and others are getting numbers from this series.
|-
| HR-71
| [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]]
| [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]]
| [[Yamunanagar district]]
|
|-
| HR-72
| [[Sohna]]
| [[Sohna]]
| [[Gurugram district]]
|
|-
| HR-73
| [[Palwal]]
| [[Palwal district]]
| [[Palwal district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-74
| [[Nuh district|Nuh]]
| [[Mewat district]]
| [[Mewat district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-75
| [[Indri, Haryana|Indri]]
| [[Indri, Haryana|Indri]]
| [[Karnal district]]
|
|-
| HR-76
| [[Pataudi]]
| [[Pataudi]], [[Farrukhnagar]]
| [[Gurugram district]]
|
|-
| HR-77
| [[Beri, Haryana|Beri]]
| [[Beri, Jhajjar|Beri]]
| [[Jhajjar district]]
|
|-
| HR-78
| [[Shahabad Markanda]]
| [[Shahabad Markanda]]
| [[Kurukshetra district]]
|
|-
| HR-79
| [[Kharkhoda (Haryana)|Kharkhoda]]
| [[Kharkhoda (Haryana)|Kharkhoda]]
| [[Sonipat district]]
|
|-
| HR-80
| [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]]
| [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]]
| [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]]
|
|-
| HR-81
| [[Bawal]]
| [[Bawal]]
| [[Rewari district]]
|
|-
| HR-82
| [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]]
| [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]]
| [[Mahendragarh district]]
|
|-
| HR-83
| [[Kalayat]]
| [[Kalayat]]
| [[Kaithal district]]
|
|-
| HR-84
| [[Charkhi Dadri]]
| [[Charkhi Dadri district]]
| [[Charkhi Dadri district]]
| commercial vehicles only
|-
| HR-85
| [[Ambala Cantt]]
| [[Ambala Cantt]]
| [[Ambala district]]
|
|-
| HR-86
| [[Narnaund]]
| [[Narnaund]]
| [[Hisar district]]
|
|-
| HR-87
| Badkhal (Faridabad West)
| Badkhal Tehsil
| [[Faridabad district]]
|
|-
| HR-88
| [[Badhra]]
| [[Badhra]]
| [[Charkhi Dadri district]]
|
|-
| HR-89
| [[Badli]]
| [[Badli]]
| [[Jhajjar district]]
|
|-
| HR-90
| [[Uchana]]
| [[Uchana]]
| [[Jind district]]
|
|-
| HR-91
| [[Gharaunda]]
| [[Gharaunda]]
| [[Karnal district]]
|
|-
| HR-92
| [[Radaur]]
| [[Radaur]]
| [[Yamunanagar district]]
|
|-
| HR-93
| [[Punhana]]
| [[Punhana]]
| [[Mewat district]]
|
|-
| HR-94
| [[Kalanwali]]
| [[Kalanwali]]
| [[Sirsa district]]
|
|-
| HR-95
| [[Sampla]]
| [[Sampla]]
| [[Rohtak district]]
|
|-
| HR-96
| [[Taoru]]
| [[Taoru]]
| [[Mewat district]]
|
|-
| HR-97
| [[Ladwa]]
| [[Ladwa]]
| [[Kurukshetra]]
|
|-
| HR-98
| [[Badshahpur]] (Gurugram South)
| New [[Gurgaon]] City (southern parts) including [[Badshahpur]] & [[Wazirabad, Gurgaon|Wazirabad]]
| [[Gurugram district]]
|
|-
| HR-99
|
| entire [[Haryana]]
|
| Temporary numbers for new vehicles
|}

==JH—Jharkhand==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| JH-01
|[[Ranchi]]
|[[Ranchi district]]
|
|-
| JH-02
|[[Hazaribagh]]
|[[Hazaribagh district]]
|
|-
| JH-03
|[[Daltonganj]]
|[[Palamu district]]
|
|-
| JH-04
|[[Dumka]]
|[[Dumka district]]
|
|-
| JH-05
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|[[East Singhbhum district]]
|
|-
| JH-06
|[[Chaibasa]]
|[[West Singhbhum district]]
|
|-
| JH-07
|[[Gumla]]
|[[Gumla district]]
|
|-
| JH-08
|[[Lohardaga]]
|[[Lohardaga district]]
|
|-
| JH-09
|[[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
|[[Bokaro district]]
|
|-
| JH-10
|[[Dhanbad]]
|[[Dhanbad district]]
|
|-
| JH-11
|[[Giridih]]
|[[Giridih district]]
|
|-
| JH-12
|[[Koderma]]
|[[Koderma district]]
|
|-
| JH-13
|[[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]]
|[[Chatra district]]
|
|-
| JH-14
|[[Garhwa]]
|[[Garhwa district]]
|
|-
| JH-15
|[[Deoghar]]
|[[Deoghar district]]
|
|-
| JH-16
|[[Pakur]]
|[[Pakur district]]
|
|-
| JH-17
|[[Godda]]
|[[Godda district]]
|
|-
| JH-18
|[[Sahibganj]]
|[[Sahebganj district]]
|
|-
| JH-19
|[[Latehar]]
|[[Latehar district]]
|
|-
| JH-20
|[[Simdega]]
|[[Simdega district]]
|
|-
| JH-21
|[[Jamtara]]
|[[Jamtara district]]
|
|-
| JH-22
|[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
|[[Seraikela Kharsawan district]]
|
|-
| JH-23
|[[Khunti]]
|[[Khunti district]]
|
|-
| JH-24
|[[Ramgarh, Jharkhand|Ramgarh]]
|[[Ramgarh district]]
|
|}

==JK—Jammu and Kashmir==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| JK-01
|[[Srinagar]]
|[[Srinagar District]]
|
|-
| JK-02
|[[Jammu]]
|[[Jammu District]]
|
|-
| JK-03
|[[Anantnag]]
|[[Anantnag District]]
|
|-
| JK-04
|[[Budgam]]
|[[Budgam District]]
|
|-
| JK-05
|[[Baramulla]]
|[[Baramulla District]]
|
|-
| JK-06
|[[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]
|[[Doda District]]
|
|-
| JK-08
|[[Lakhanpur, Jammu|Lakhanpur]], [[Kathua]]
|[[Kathua District]]
|
|-
| JK-09
|[[Kupwara]]
|[[Kupwara District]]
|
|-
| JK-11
|[[Rajouri]]
|[[Rajouri District]]
|
|-
| JK-12
|[[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]
|[[Poonch district, India]]
|
|-
| JK-13
|[[Pulwama]]
|[[Pulwama District]]
|
|-
| JK-14
|[[Udhampur]]
|[[Udhampur District]]
|
|-
| JK-15
|[[Bandipora]]
|[[Bandipora District]]
|
|-
| JK-16
|[[Ganderbal]]
|[[Ganderbal District]]
|
|-
| JK-17
|[[Kishtwar]]
|[[Kishtwar District]]
|
|-
| JK-18
|[[Kulgam]]
|[[Kulgam District]]
|
|-
| JK-19
|[[Ramban (Jammu and Kashmir)|Ramban]]
|[[Ramban District]]
|
|-
| JK-20
|[[Reasi]]
|[[Reasi District]]
|
|-
| JK-21
|[[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]]
|[[Samba District]]
|
|-
| JK-22
|[[Shopian]]
|[[Shopian District]]
|
|-
|}

==KA—Karnataka==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Office address
!Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| style="width:5em;" | KA-01
| Bengaluru Central, [[HSR Layout]] (Previously located in Koramangala)
| 21st Main Road, Agara, HSR Layout 1st Sector, Bengaluru (KA), 560102
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Central Bengaluru
|-
| KA-02
| Bengaluru West, [[Rajajinagar]]
| 12th Main Road, Rajajinagara 2nd Block, Bengaluru - 560010
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Western Bengaluru
|-
| KA-03
| Bengaluru East, Kasturinagar (Previously located in Indiranagar)
| 3rd D Main Road, east of NGEF Layout, Kasturinagara, Bengaluru - 560016
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Eastern Bengaluru
|-
| KA-04
| Bengaluru North, [[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantpur]]
| Subedarchatram Road, Dr. Ambedkar Nagara, Yeshwanthpura, Bengaluru - 560022
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Northern Bengaluru
|-
| KA-05
| Bengaluru South, [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bengaluru|Jayaprakash Nagara]] (Previously located in Jayanagar)
| 3rd Main Road, Royal Park Residency Layout 2, Jayaprakash Nagara 9th Phase, Bengaluru - 560108
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Southern Bengaluru
|-
| KA-06
| [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]]
|Bengaluru - Honnavara Road, Ashok Nagara, Tumakuru - 572103
|[[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru District]]
|
Covers Tumkur Town and Taluk, Kunigal and Gubbi Taluks
|-
| KA-07
| [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
|Rahmat Nagara Main Road, Kanakanapalya, Kolar - 563101
|[[Kolar district|Kolar District]]
|
Covers Kolar Town and Taluk, Srinivasapura and Mulbagal Taluks
|-
| KA-08
| [[Kolar Gold Fields|Kolar]] (KGF region)
|DK Halli Main Road, Henry Colony, Kolar Gold Fields, Kolar District (KA) - 563120
|[[Kolar district|Kolar District]]
|
Covers K.G.F. Town, Bangarpet and Malur Taluks
|-
| KA-09
| [[Mysuru]] West
|MG Road, Chamarajapura, Lakshmipura, Mysuru - 570004
|[[Mysore district|Mysuru District]]
|
Covers Western Mysuru City Suburbs, Western parts of Mysuru Taluk and Nanjangud Taluk
|-
| KA-10
| [[Chamarajanagar]]
|Chamarajanagara Bypass Road, Mallayanapura, Chamarajanagara - 571313
|[[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara District]]
|
Covers entire Chamarajanagar District
|-
| KA-11
| [[Mandya]]
|RTO Road, Subash Nagara, Mandya - 571401
|[[Mandya district|Mandya District]]
|
Covers Mandya Town and Taluk, Malavalli, Maddur, Srirangapatna and Pandavapura Taluks
|-
| KA-12
| [[Madikeri]]
|Abbey Falls Road, Madikeri, Kodagu District (KA) - 571201
|[[Kodagu district|Kodagu District]]
|
Covers entire Kodagu District
|-
| KA-13
| [[Hassan, India|Hassan]]
|Arsikere - Hassan Road, Sri Rama Nagara, Hassan - 573202
|[[Hassan district|Hassan District]]
|
Covers Hassan Town and Taluk, Arasikere, Holenarasipura, Channarayapatna and Arakalgud Taluks
|-
| KA-14
| [[Shivamogga]]
| Savlanga Road, Basavanagudi, Shivamogga - 577201
|[[Shimoga district|Shivamogga District]]
|
Covers Shivamogga Town and Taluk, Bhadravathi and Tirthahalli Taluks
|-
| KA-15
| [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]]
|Ikkeri Road, Sagara, Shivamogga District (KA) - 577401
|[[Shimoga district|Shivamogga District]]
|
Covers Sagara Town and Taluk, Soraba, Shikaripura, and Hosanagar Taluks
|-
| KA-16
| [[Chitradurga]]
|NH Service Road, Maniyuru, Chitradurga - 577501
|[[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga District]]
|
Covers entire Chitradurga District
|-
| KA-17
| [[Davanagere]]
|Kondajji Road, Devaraj Urs Layout B Block, Davanagere - 577004
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere District]]
|
Covers entire Davanagere District
|-
| KA-18
| [[Chikkamagaluru]]
|KM Road, Chikkamagaluru - 577101
|[[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru District]]
|
Covers Chikkamagaluru, Mudigere, Sringeri as well as parts of Narsimharaja and Koppa Taluks
|-
| KA-19
| [[Mangaluru]]
|Maidan Road, Attavara, Mangaluru, Dakshina Kannada District (KA) - 575001
|[[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada District]]
|
Covers Mangaluru City and Taluk
|-
| KA-20
| [[Udupi]]
|Dr. VS Acharya Road, Saralebettu, Manipal, Udupi District (KA) - 576104
|[[Udupi district|Udupi District]]
|
Covers entire Udupi District
|-
| KA-21
| [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]
|RTO Road, Bannur, Puttur, Dakshina Kannada District (KA) - 574203
|[[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada District]]
|
Covers Puttur and Sullia Taluks
|-
| KA-22
| [[Belagavi]]
| Bachi - Raichur Road, Khade Bazar, Raviwar Peth, Belagavi - 590016
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi District]]
|
Covers Belgaum Town and Taluk and Khanapur Taluk
|-
| KA-23
| [[Chikkodi]]
|Nippani Road, Chikkodi, Belagavi District (KA) - 591201
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi District]]
|
Covers Chikkodi, and parts of Hukkeri and Raibag Taluks
|-
| KA-24
| [[Bailhongal]]
|Devalapura Road, Bailhongal, Belagavi District (KA) - 591102
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi District]]
|
Covers Bailhongal, Kittur and parts of Saundatti Taluk
|-
| KA-25
| [[Dharwad]]
| Hubballi - Dharwad Road, Navanagara, Hubballi, Dharwad District (KA) - 580025
|[[Dharwad district|Dharwad District]]
|
Covers Northern suburbs of Hubli-Dharwad City, Dharwad and parts of Navalgund and Kalghatgi Taluks
|-
| KA-26
| [[Gadag]]
|Mulgund Road, Malasamudra, Gadag - 582103
|[[Gadag district|Gadag District]]
|
Covers entire Gadag District
|-
| KA-27
| [[Haveri]]
|PB Road, Haveri - 581110
|[[Haveri district|Haveri District]]
|
Covers Haveri Town and Taluk, Hanagal, Shiggaon and Savanoor
|-
| KA-28
| [[Bijapur|Vijayapura]]
|Bagalkote Road, Bammanajogi, Vijayapura - 586109
|[[Vijayapura district|Vijayapura District]]
|
Covers entire Vijayapura District
|-
| KA-29
| [[Bagalkote]]
|Navanagara Bypass Road, Vidyagiri, Bagalkote - 587103
|[[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote District]]
|
Covers Bagalkot Town and Taluk, Hunagund, Bilagi and Badami Taluks
|-
| KA-30
| [[Karwar]]
|Bypass Road, Kodibag, Karwar, Uttara Kannada District (KA) - 581301
|[[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada District]]
|
Covers Karwar Town and Taluk, Ankola and parts of Supa Taluks
|-
| KA-31
| [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
|Bashettikere Road, Basaveshwara Nagara, Sirsi, Uttara Kannada District (KA) - 581402
|[[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada District]]
|
Covers Sirsi, Siddapura, Yellapura, and Mundagod Taluks
|-
| KA-32
| [[Kalaburagi]]
|Sedam Road, Badepura Colony, Kalaburagi - 585101
|[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi District]]
|
Covers entire Kalaburagi District
|-
| KA-33
| [[Yadgir]]
|Yadgir - Chittapura Road, Yadgir - 585202
|[[Yadgir district|Yadgir District]]
|
Covers entire Yadgir District
|-
| KA-34
| [[Ballari]]
|Old Trunk Road, Cantonment, Ballari - 583104
|[[Ballari district|Ballari District]]
|
Covers entire Ballari District
|-
| KA-35
| [[Hospet|Hosapete]]
|Hosapete - Harihara Road, Vivekananda Nagara, Hosapete, Vijayanagara District (KA) - 583201
|[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara District]]
|
Covers entire Vijayanagara District
|-
| KA-36
| [[Raichur]]
|Mantralayam Road, Ashok Nagara, Raichur - 584103
|[[Raichur district|Raichur District]]
|
Covers entire Raichur District
|-
| KA-37
| [[Koppal]]
|Ballari - Hubballi Road, Kidadhal, Koppal - 583231
|[[Koppal district|Koppal District]]
|
Covers entire Koppal District
|-
| KA-38
| [[Bidar]]
|Naubad Road, Naubad, Bidar - 585402
|[[Bidar district|Bidar District]]
|
Covers Bidar Town and Taluk, as well as Aurad Taluk
|-
| KA-39
| [[Bhalki]]
|Udgir - Bidar Road, Gunj, Bhalki, Bidar District (KA) - 585328
|[[Bidar district|Bidar District]]
|
Covers Bhalki and Humnabad Taluks
|-
| KA-40
| [[Chikkaballapura]]
|Chitravathi Road, Honnenahalli, Chikkaballapura - 562101
|[[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura District]]
|
Covers Chikkaballapura Town and Taluk, Gauribidanur, Gudibande and parts of Sidlaghatta and Bagepalli Taluks
|-
| KA-41
| [[Bangalore University|Jnana Bharathi]] (Bengaluru Western Suburbs)
| Ullal Main Road, Jnana Bharathi, Ullal, Bengaluru - 560091
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Greater Bengaluru's western suburbs
|-
| KA-42
| [[Ramanagara]]
|Mysuru Road, Vijayanagara, Ramanagara - 562159
|[[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara District]]
|
Covers entire Ramanagara District
|-
| KA-43
| [[Devanahalli]]
|Nandi Hills Road, Kurubarakunte, Devanahalli, Bengaluru Rural District (KA) - 562110
|[[Bengaluru Rural District]]
|
Covers Devanahalli and Doddaballapura Taluks
|-
| KA-44
| [[Tiptur]]
|Halepalya Road, Krishnaraja Extension, Tiptur, Tumakuru District (KA) - 572201
|[[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru District]]
|
Covers Tiptur, Turuvekere and Chikkanayakanahalli Taluks
|-
| KA-45
| [[Hunsur]]
|RTO Road, Housing Board Colony, Hunsur, Mysuru District (KA) - 571105
|[[Mysore district|Mysuru District]]
|
Covers Hunsur, Piriyapatna, H.D. Kote and K.R. Nagar Taluks
|-
| KA-46
| [[Sakleshpura]], Hassan District
|Bengaluru - Mangaluru Road, Kollahalli, Sakleshpura, Hassan District (KA) - 573127
|[[Hassan district|Hassan District]]
|
Covers Sakleshpura, Alur and Belur Taluks
|-
| KA-47
| [[Honnavar]], Uttara Kannada District
|Honnavar - Areangadi Road, Rama Tirtha, Honnavar, Uttara Kannada District (KA) - 581341
|[[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada District]]
|
Covers Honnavara, Bhatkal and Kumta Taluks
|-
| KA-48
| [[Jamkhandi]], Bagalkote District
|Mudhol Road, Jamakhandi, Bagalkote District (KA) - 587301
|[[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote District]]
|
Covers Jamkhandi and Mudhol Taluks
|-
| KA-49
| [[Gokak]], Belagavi District
|Gokak Main Road, Gokak, Belagavi District (KA) - 591307
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi District]]
|
Covers Gokak and parts of Hukkeri Taluk
|-
| KA-50
| [[Yelahanka]], Bengaluru (Bengaluru Northern Suburbs)
| Singanayakanahalli Road, Singanayakanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560064
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Greater Bengaluru's northern suburbs
|-
| KA-51
| [[Electronic City]], Bengaluru (Bengaluru Southern Suburbs)
| 5th Main Road, BTM Layout 4th Stage, Bengaluru - 560076
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Greater Bengaluru's southern suburbs
|-
| KA-52
| [[Nelamangala]], Bengaluru Rural District
|Rahuthnahalli Main Road, Harokyathanahalli, Nelamangala, Bengaluru Rural District (KA) - 562162
|[[Bengaluru Rural District]]
|
Covers Nelamangala Taluk
|-
| KA-53
| [[Krishnarajapuram]], Bengaluru (Bengaluru Eastern Suburbs)
| Old Madras Road, Hosabasavanapura, Krishnarajapuram, Bengaluru - 560049
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]] and parts of [[Bengaluru Rural District]]
|
Covers Greater Bengaluru's eastern suburbs and Hoskote Taluk in Bengaluru Rural District
|-
| KA-54
| [[Nagamangala]], Mandya District
|Basaveshwara Nagara Road, Nagamangala, Mandya District (KA) - 571432
|[[Mandya district|Mandya District]]
|
Covers Nagamangala & K.R. Pet Taluks
|-
| KA-55
| [[Mysuru]] East
|Mysuru Ring Road, Hale Kesare, Mysuru - 570019
|[[Mysore district|Mysuru District]]
|
Covers Eastern Mysuru Suburbs, Eastern parts of Mysuru Taluk and T. Narasipura Taluk
|-
| KA-56
| [[Basavakalyan]], Bidar District
|Basavakalyan Main Road, Morkhandi, Basavakalyan, Bidar District (KA) - 585327
|[[Bidar district|Bidar District]]
|
Covers Basavakalyana Taluk
|-
| KA-57
| [[Shantinagar Bus Station|Shantinagara]], [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] and [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] buses
| BMTC Depot Road, Shanthinagara, Bengaluru - 560027
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Only for "KA-57 F" series exclusively for [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] and [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] buses. Autorickshaw permits are also available here, although registration has to be done from Bengaluru's other RTOs.
|-
| KA-59
| [[Chandapura]], Bengaluru Urban District
|Anekal Road, Byagadadenahalli, Chandapura, Bengaluru Urban District (KA) - 562107
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
Covers Anekal Taluk. Suburbs part of the Taluk but under BBMP limits can also avail services from this RTO.
|-
| KA-63
| [[Dharwad]] East
| Hubballi - Dharwad Road, Gabbur, Hubballi, Dharwad District (KA) - 580028
|[[Dharwad district|Dharwad District]]
|
Covers Southern suburbs of Hubli-Dharwad City, Hubli, Kundgol and parts of Navalgund and Kalghatgi Taluks
|-
| KA-64
| [[Madhugiri]], Tumkur District
|Gauribidanuru Road, Madhugiri, Tumakuru District (KA) - 572132
|[[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru District]]
|
Covers Madhugiri, Sira, Koratagere and Pavagada Taluks
|-
| KA-65
| [[Dandeli]], Uttara Kannada District
|DFA Road, Dandeli, Uttara Kannada District (KA) - 581325
|[[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada District]]
|
Covers Dandeli, Supa and Haliyal Taluks
|-
| KA-66
| [[Tarikere]], Chikkamagaluru District
|Bengaluru - Shivamogga Road, Tarikere, Chikkamagaluru District (KA) - 577228
|[[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru District]]
|
Covers Tarikere, Kadur as well as parts of Narsimharaja and Koppa Taluks
|-
| KA-67
| [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]], Chikkaballapura District
|Hosakote - Chintamani Road, Kanampalli Layout, Chintamani, Chikkaballapura District (KA) - 563125
|[[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura District]]
|
Covers Chintamani and parts of Sidlaghatta and Bagepalli Taluks
|-
| KA-68
| [[Ranebennur]], Haveri District
|PB Road, Sangolli Rayanna Nagara, Ranebennuru, Haveri District (KA) - 581115
|[[Haveri district|Haveri District]]
|
Covers Ranebennur Town and Taluk, Hirekerur and Byadagi Taluks
|-
| KA-69
| [[Ramdurg]], Belagavi District
|Belagavi Road, Radhapurapete, Ramdurga, Belagavi District (KA) - 591123
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi District]]
|
Covers Ramdurg and parts of Saundatti Taluks
|-
| KA-70
| [[Bantwal]], Dakshina Kannada District
|Bengaluru - Mangaluru Road, Melkar, Bantwal, Dakshina Kannada District (KA) - 574231
|[[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada District]]
|
Covers Bantwal and Belthangady Taluks
|-
| KA-71
| [[Athani, Belgavi|Athani]], Belagavi District
|Gokak Road, Haluvalli, Athani, Belagavi District (KA) - 591304
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi District]]
|
Covers Athnani and Raibag taluks
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|+ Specifics in the KA series
|-
! scope="col" style="width:34%" | Alphabets
! scope="col" style="width:66%" | Meaning
|-
| (No alphabet) Example: '''KA 09 2418'''
| This series is reserved for all types of commercial vehicles. (Yellow Board)
|-
| '''A''', '''B''', '''C''', '''D'''
| These four letters are reserved for all types of commercial vehicles. (Yellow Board)
|-
| '''E''', '''H''', '''J''', '''K''', '''L''', '''Q''', '''R''', '''S''', '''U''', '''V''', '''W''', '''X''', '''Y'''
| These letters are reserved for private two wheelers.
|-
| '''F''', '''FA'''
| The letter '''F''' is reserved for [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]], [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|KKRTC]], [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|NWKRTC]] and [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] buses.
|-
| '''G'''
| The letter '''G''' is reserved for all Karnataka government vehicles including police vehicles, ambulances, legislative assembly vehicles, municipal corporation vehicles, etc.
|-
| '''M''', '''N''', '''P''', '''Z'''
| These letters are reserved for private passenger vehicles. Excavators, bulldozers and boring rigs also use these registrations.
|-
| '''T'''
| The letter '''T''' is reserved for tractors and trailers.
|-
| '''I''', '''O'''
| These two letters are not offered as they can lead to confusion with '''1''' (one) and '''0''' (zero).
|-
|}

==KL—Kerala==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:30%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| KL-01
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]], Thiruvananthapuram Taluk Southern Areas
| Most [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] vehicles, including [[Kerala Police|Police]] are registered here.
|-
| KL-02
| [[Kollam]]
| [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]], Panayam, Thrikkovilvattom, Adichanallur, Chirakkara, Paravur, Poothakulam, Umayanallur, Kalluvathukkal, Perayam
|
|-
| KL-03
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| Pathanamthitta Town, Kaipattoor, Omallur, Malayalapuzha, Mylapra, Naranganam, Sabarigiri, Aranmula, Kozhencherri
|
|-
| KL-04
| [[Alappuzha]]
| Alappuzha Town, Ambalappuzha, Aryad, Komalapuram, Kommadi, Polathai, Thumboli, Punnapra, Kalavur, Ananthanarayanapuram
|
|-
| KL-05
| [[Kottayam]]
| Kottayam Town, Kodimatha, Manarcaud, Pampady, Tirunnakara, Nattakom, Tiruvarppu, Tiruvathikkal, Sankranthi, Vijayapuram, Pallickathodu, Ettumanoor
|
|-
| KL-06
| [[Idukki]]
| Idukki Twp, Painavu
|
|-
| KL-07
| [[Kochi]], Ernakulam District.
| Areas of [[Kochi metropolitan area|Greater Kochi]] covered by the [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]], [https://kalamasserymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en Kalamassery Municipality], Infopark Phase 2, [https://thrikkakaramunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en Thrikkakara Municipality], Cheranallur Grama Panchayat
| Covers parts of Greater Kochi, including those outside Kochi Corporation limits
|
|-
| KL-08
| [[Thrissur]]
| Thrissur Corporation, Ollur, Kuriachira, Ammaddam, Ramavarmapuram, Parvattani, Kuttanellur
|
|-
| KL-09
| [[Palakkad]]
| Palakkad municipality,Parli,Pirayiri,Kongad,Mankara,Mundur,Malampuzha,Puduppariyaram,Keralasseri Grama Panchayat areas
|
|-
| KL-10
| [[Malappuram]] (part of Ernad, Perintalmanna & Tirur Taluks)
| Malappuram, Manjeri, Anakkayam, Pookkoottor, Kavanur, Pulpetta, Edavanna, Pandikkad, Thrikkalangode, Koottilangadi, Kodur, Ponmala
|
|-
| KL-11
| [[Kozhikode]]
| [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]] limits, Elathur, Peruvazhal, Mavoor
|
|-
| KL-12
| [[Kalpetta]], Wayanad District
| Kalpetta Township, Chitragiri, Vythiri
|
|-
| KL-13
| [[Kannur]]
| [[Kannur Municipal Corporation]] limits, Valapattanam, Papinnisheri, Kannapuram, Dharmadam, Parashinikadavu
|
|-
| KL-14
| [[Kasaragod]]
| Kasaragod, Chandragiri, Manjeshwaram, Uppala, Mogral Puttur, Kumbla
|
|-
| KL-15
| Nationalised Sector I, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| Used exclusively for [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] and [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation|KURTC]] buses
|[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]]
|-
| KL-16
| [[Attingal]], Thiruvananthapuram District
| Chirayinkeezhu Taluk
|
|-
| KL-17
| [[Muvattupuzha]], Ernakulam District
| [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Vazhakulam]], [[Koothattukulam]], [[Piravom]]
|
|-
| KL-18
| [[Vadakara]], Kozhikode District
| Vadakara, Nadapuram
|
|-
| KL-19
| [[Parassala]], Thiruvananthapuram District
| Padmanabhapuram, Tiruvattar, Tiruparappu, Kulasekaram, Amaravilla, Dhanuvachapuram, Marthandam Poovaar
|
|-
| KL-20
| [[Neyyattinkara]], Thiruvananthapuram District
| [[Neyyattinkara]], Balaramapuram, Vedivachankovil, Pravachambalam, Pallichal
|
|-
| KL-21
| [[Nedumangad]], Thiruvananthapuram District
| Nedumangad, Arruvikara, Bhartheeswaram, Palode, Vithura, Ponmudi, Karakulam, Perrorkada
|
|-
| KL-22
| [[Kazhakoottam|Kazhakkoottam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]], Thiruvananthapuram Taluk Northern Areas
|
|
|-
| KL-23
| [[Karunagappalli]], Kollam District
| Karunagapalli, Oachira, Mynagapalli, Chavara, Amrithapuri, Thazhava, Paavumba
|
|-
| KL-24
| [[Kottarakkara]], Kollam District
| Kottarakara, Malanada, Enathu, Pavitreeswaram, Chengamanad. Mavadi
|
|-
| KL-25
| [[Punalur]], Kollam District
| Punalur, Thenmala, Aryankavu, Bhagavathipuram, Anchal, Kulathuppuzha, Achankovil
|
|-
| KL-26
| [[Adoor]], Pathanamthitta District
| Adoor Taluk
|
|-
| KL-27
| [[Tiruvalla]], Pathanamthitta District
| Tiruvalla, Tirumoolapuram, Othera, Manjadi, Parumala, Valanjavattom
|
|-
| KL-28
| [[Mallappally]], Pathanamthitta District
| Mallappally, Kaviyoor
|
|-
| KL-29
| [[Kayamkulam]], Alappuzha District
| Karthikapalli, Kayankulam Town, Krishnapuram, Harippad, Shaktipuram, Karuvatta, Manarssala
|
|-
| KL-30
| [[Chengannur]], Alappuzha District
| Chengannur, Cheriyanad, Budhannur, Pandanad, Venmani-kalyathra
|
|-
| KL-31
| [[Mavelikkara]], Alappuzha District
| Mavelikara, Chettikulangara, Kattanam, Mannar, Charummod, Adhikattukulangara, Aakanattukara, Vallikonam, Vathukonam, Vettiyar
|
|-
| KL-32
| [[Cherthala]], Alappuzha District
| Cherthala, Tiruvizha, Pattanakkad, Vayalar, Turavur, Aroor, Eramalloor, Varanad, Mannancherry, Panavally, Varanam
|
|-
| KL-33
| [[Changanassery]], Kottayam District
| Changanassery, Nalukodi, Kurichi, Chingavanam, Karukachal, Perunna, Vazhoor, Kangazha, Vellavoor
|
|-
| KL-34
| [[Kanjirapalli]], Kottayam District
| Kanjirapalli, Erumelli, Mundakayam, Ponkunnam, Chirrakadavu, Anchillappa, Anakkal, Koottickal
|
|-
| KL-35
| [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], Kottayam District
| Meenachil, Erattupetta, Poonjar, Bharananganam, Kadanad, Kidangoor, Mutholi, Poovarani, Melukavu, Thalanad, Teekoi, Moonnilavu, Thalappulam, Thidanad
|
|-
| KL-36
| [[Vaikom]], Kottayam District
| Vaikom, Talayolaparambu, Udayanapuram, Vadayar, Kaduthuruthi, Vechoor
|
|-
| KL-37
| [[Vandiperiyar]], Idukki District
| Peerumed, Elappara, Kuttikanam, Vandiperiyar, Kumili, Kattappana, Kambammedu, Mangaladevi
|
|-
| KL-38
| [[Thodupuzha]], Idukki District
| Thodupuzha, Kumaramangalam .Vengannur, Muttum, Uravvappara, Malankara, Moolamattam
|
|-
| KL-39
| [[Thripunithura]], Ernakulam District
| Thripunithura, Udayamperoor, Cheppanam-Chattamma, Kanjiramattom, Mulanthuruthy, Chottanikkara
| Covers parts of Greater Kochi outside Kochi Corporation limits
|
|-
| KL-40
| [[Perumbavoor]], Ernakulam District
| Kunnathunad, Nellad, Valayanchirangara, Chellamattom, Thottuva, Rayamangalam, Pattimattam
|
|-
| KL-41
| [[Aluva]], Ernakulam District
| Aluva Municipality limits, [[Edathala|Edathala Grama Panchayat]] limits, Vazhakulam Grama Panchayat, Choornikkara Grama Panchayat
| Covers parts of Greater Kochi outside Kochi Corporation limits
|
|-
| KL-42
| [[North Paravur]], Ernakulam District
| North Paravur, Munambam, Cherrai, Vypin, Puthuvype
| Covers parts of Greater Kochi outside Kochi Corporation limits
|
|-
| KL-43
| [[Fort Kochi]] & [[Mattancherry]], Ernakulam District
| Kochi Corporation Area, Pallurthi, Kumbalangi
| Covers parts of Greater Kochi, including those outside Kochi Corporation limits
|
|-
| KL-44
| [[Kothamangalam]], Ernakulam District
| Kothamangalam Taluk, Odakkali, Neriyamangalam, Bhootathankettu
|
|-
| KL-45
| [[Irinjalakuda]], Thrissur District
| Mukundapuram Taluk, Ashtamichira, Annammanada, Mala, Cherppu, Kandassamkadavu
|
|-
| KL-46
| [[Guruvayur]], Thrissur District
| Guruvayur Taluk, Chhavakad, Chettuva, Pavaratti
|
|-
| KL-47
| [[Kodungallur]], Thrissur District
| Kodungallur, Methala, Sringapuram
|
|-
| KL-48
| [[Wadakkancherry]], Thrissur District
| Wadakkancherry, Thiruvilwamala, Pazhayannur, Chelakkara, Anthimahal, Uthralikavu, Mulangunathukavu, Deshamangalam, Chittada, Malakha, Akamalavaram
|
|-
| KL-49
| [[Alathur]], Palakkad District
| Alathur, Vadakkenchery, Kavassery, Kuzhalmannam, Thenkurissi, Kottayi, Mathur, Peringottukurissi
|
|-
| KL-50
| [[Mannarkkad]], Palakkad District
| Mannarkkad, Attapadi, Tachampara, Karimba, Kanjirapuzha
|
|-
| KL-51
| [[Ottapalam]], Palakkad District
| Ottapalam and Shoranur Municipalities, Ambalapara,Cherpulasseri municipality,Sreekrishnapuram,Karimpuzha,Pookkottukave,Trikkaderi,Katambazhipuram,Karimpuzha,Ananganadi,Vaniyamkulam and Chalavara Grama Panchayats of Ottapalam Taluk.
|
|-
| KL-52
| [[Pattambi]], Palakkad District
| Pattambi, Thrithala, Koottanad, Vallapuzha, Koppam
|
|-
| KL-53
| [[Perinthalmanna]], Malappuram District
| Perinthalmanna, Edappatta, Keezhattur, Aliparamba, Elamkulam, Thazhekode, Vettathur, Pulamanthole, Melattur, Angadippuram, Kuruva, Mankada, Puzhakkattiri, Moorkkanad, Makkaraparamba
|
|-
| KL-54
| [[Ponnani]], Malappuram District
| Ponnani, Edappal, Alankode, Marancheri, Nannammukku, Perumpadappu, Veliynakode, Thavanur, Kaladi, Vattamkulam
|
|-
| KL-55
| [[Tirur]], Malappuram District
| Tirur, Tirunnavaya, Tanur, Valancheri, Kalapancheri, Valavannur, Vettam, Thalakkad, Athavanad, Ponmundam, Cheriyamundam, Ozhur, Nirmaruthur, Thanalur, Edayur, Irimbiliyma, Marakkara, Kuttippuram, Purathur, Mangalam, Thrippangode
|
|-
| KL-56
| [[Koyilandy]], Kozhikode District
| Koyilandy, Payyoli, Chemancheri
|
|-
| KL-57
| [[Koduvally]], Kozhikode District
| Mukkam, Kunnamangalam, Koduvally, Thamarasseri, Elettiyil, Vattoli, Mavoor, Thiruvambadi, Kattangal
|
|-
| KL-58
| [[Thalassery]], Kannur District
| Thalassery, Anjarakandy, Koothuparamba, Gopalpet, Chokli, Pinarayi, Pathirayad, Sivapuram
|
|-
| KL-59
| [[Taliparamba]], Kannur District
| Taliparamba, Sreekandapuram, Alakkode, Karthikapuram, Payyavoor, Irikkur, Chemperi, Mayyil
|
|-
| KL-60
| [[Kanhangad]], Kasargod District
| Hosdurg, Balla, Nileshwaram, Trikkarippur, Cheruvathur
|
|-
| KL-61
| [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]], Kollam District
| Sasthamkotta, Bharanikkavu, Kallada, Anayadi
|
|-
| KL-62
| [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], Pathanamthitta District
| Ranni Perinad, Kuravamoozhi, Mandamaruthi
|
|-
| KL-63
| [[Angamaly]], Ernakulam District
| Angamaly, Karukutti, Tirumoozhikulam, Malayathur, Kodannad, Yordhanapuram
|
|-
| KL-64
| [[Chalakkudy]], Thrissur District
| Chalakkudy, Athirapalli, Malakkapara, Poringu, Potta, Kodakara
|
|-
| KL-65
| [[Tirurangadi]], Malappuram District
| Tirurangadi, Thenhipalam, Parappanangadi, Kottakkal, Edarikode, Parappur, Othukkungal, Oorakam, Vengara, Kannamangalam, Peruvalloore, AR Nagar, Perumanna Klari, Thennala, Nannambra, Moonniyur, Vallikkunnu
| Covers the entirety of Tirurangadi taluk & parts of Tirur taluk
|
|-
| KL-66
| [[Kuttanad]], Alappuzha District
| Champakulam, Kainakari, Puthukari, Mithrakari, Ramankari, Champakulam, Thayankary, Nedumudi, Takazhi, Vezhapra, Edathua, Thalavadi, Mancompu, Pulincunnoo, Koduppunna, Kavalam, Neelamperoor, Veliyanad, Veeyapuram, Muttar, Chennamkary, Kidangara
|
|-
| KL-67
| [[Uzhavoor]], Kottayam District
| Uzhavur, Ramapuram, Njeezhoor, Kuravilangad, Monipalli, Aandoor, Kuruppanthara
|
|-
| KL-68
| [[Devikulam]], Idukki District
| Devikulam, Munnar, Marayur, Chinnar, Boddimettu, Mattupetti, Vatavada, Kanthaloor, Chinnakanal
|
|-
| KL-69
| [[Udumbanchola]], Idukki District
| Udumbancholla, Nedumkandam, Rajakumari, Rajakkad, Bison Valley, Chithirapuram, Vellathooval
|
|-
| KL-70
| [[Chittur]], Palakkad District
| Chittur-Thathamangalam Municipality,Meenakshipuram, Gopalapuram, Govindapuram, Kollengode, Koduvayur, Pudunagaram, Nenmara, Neliyampathy areas of Chittur Taluk

|
|-
| KL-71
| [[Nilambur]], Malappuram District
| Nilambur, Wandoor, Chaliyar, Vazhikkadavu, Edakakra, Pothukkallu, Chungathara, Mothedam, Amarambalam, Karulai, Thiruvali, Mampad, Porur, Kalikavu, Chokkad, Karuvarakundu, Thuvvoor
|
|-
| KL-72
| [[Mananthavady]], Wayanad District
| Manathawadi, Ambalavayal, Kottiyur, Tirunelli, Tholpetti, Bramhagiri
|
|-
| KL-73
| [[Sulthan Bathery]], Wayanad District
| Sulthan Bathery, Muthanga, Meenangadi
|
|-
| KL-74
| [[Kattakada]], Thiruvananthapuram District
| Kattakada, Malayankeezh, Vilappil, Otasekharamangalam, Amboori, Vellarda, Vilvoorkal
|
|-
| KL-75
| [[Thriprayar]], Thrissur District
| Thriprayyar, Vadannapalli, Valappad, Nattikka
|
|-
| KL-76
| [[Nanmanda]], Kozhikode District
| Balusseri, Atholli, Chelannur, Kakkodi, Kuruvattur
|
|-
|KL-77
| [[Perambra]], Kozhikode District
| Perambra, Kuttiyadi
|
|-
| KL-78
| [[Iritty]], Kannur District
| Iritty, Padiyoor, Ulikkal, Aralam, Payam, Ayyankunnu, Mattannur, Peravoor, Kottiyoor, Kelakam, Kanichar, Muzhakkunnu, Thillenkery
|
|-
| KL-79
| [[Vellarikundu]], Kasargod District
| Vellarikundu, Chittarikkal, Rajapuram, Ranipuram, Bandadukka, Cheruppuzha, Parappa, Konnakkad, Bovikanam
|
|-
| KL-80
| [[Pathanapuram]], Kollam District
| Pathanapuram, Manchaloor, Pattazhi, Pakalkuri, Avaneeswaram
|
|-
| KL-81
| [[Varkala]], Thiruvananthapuram District
| Varkala, Sivagiri, Anchuthengu, Edavai
|
|-
| KL-82
| [[Chadayamangalam]], Kollam District
| Chadayamangalam, Elamadu, Velinallur, Ittiva, Kottukkal, Nilamel, Kadakkal, Chithara, Mankode, Kummil
|
|-
| KL-83
| [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]], Pathanamthitta District
| Konni, Koodal-Rajagiri, Gavi
|
|-
| KL-84
| [[Kondotty]], Malappuram District
| Karippur, Kondotty, Pallikkal, Chelembra, Kuzhimanna, Cherukavu, Muthuvallore, Vazhayur, Vazhakkad, Pulikkal, Chekkode, Morayur, Keezhuparmab, Areekode, Orgnatteeri
| Covers the entirety of [[Kondotty taluk]] & parts of [[Eranad taluk]]
|-
| KL-85
| [[Ramanattukara|Ramanattukara-Feroke]], Kozhikode District
| Feroke, Ramanattukara, Kadalundi Beypore, Nallalam, Olavanna, Perumanna
|
|-
| KL-86
| [[Payyannur]], Kannur District
| Payyannur, Ramanthali, Cherupuzha, Peringome, Kankole, Kadannappally-Panapuzha, Eramam-Kuttoor, Karivellur
|
|-
| KL-90
| Nationalised Sector II
[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| Used exclusively for Government Vehicle's<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala introduces KL 90 series for government vehicles, MV rules amended |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/10/30/kl-90-registration-kerala.html |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
|'''KL-90A''': [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]], '''KL-90B''': [[Government of India|Central Government]], '''KL-90C''': [[Local government in Kerala|Local body]], '''KL-90D''': [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|Public sector undertakings]]
|-
|KL-99
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Used exclusively for State Transport Authority vehicles
|Limited in circulation
|}

==LA—Ladakh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="colstyle="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Jurisdiction
! scope="col" style="width:30%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| LA-01
| [[Kargil]]
| [[Kargil District]]
|Previously JK-07
|-
| LA-02
| [[Leh]]
| [[Leh District]]
|Previously JK-10
|}

==LD—Lakshadweep==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| LD-01
| [[Kavaratti]]
| [[Kavaratti]]
|
|-
| LD-02
| [[Agatti]]
| [[Agatti]]
|
|-
| LD-03
| [[Amini, India|Amini]]
| [[Amini, India|Amini]]
|
|-
| LD-04
| [[Andrott|Androth]]
| [[Andrott|Androth]]
|
|-
| LD-05
| [[Kadmat]]
| [[Kadmat]]
|
|-
| LD-06
| [[Kiltan]]
| [[Kiltan]]
|
|-
| LD-07
| [[Kalpeni]]
| [[Kalpeni]]
|
|-
| LD-08
| [[Kalpeni]]
| [[Kalpeni]]
|
|-
| LD-09
| [[Minicoy]]
| [[Minicoy]]
|
|}

== MH—Maharashtra==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Location
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:23%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| MH-01
| [[Mumbai]] Central
| Location: Tardeo, Mumbai City District
| Jurisdiction: Nariman Point, Colaba to Mahim, Sion, Wadala in Mumbai City District, Kurla (parts) in Mumbai Suburban District and Elephanta (Raigad Distt.)
| BEST buses (MCGM Owned), MCGM, Government vehicles serving Mumbai jurisdiction are also registered here.

|-
| MH-02
| [[Mumbai]] West
| Location: Versova Road, Andheri (W), Mumbai Suburban District
| Jurisdiction: Bandra to Jogeshwari in Mumbai Suburban District (also included Goregaon to Dahisar until 2015)
|
|-
| MH-03
| [[Mumbai]] East
| Location: Wadala Truck Terminal, Mumbai City District
| Jurisdiction: Kurla to Mulund, Mankhurd in Mumbai Suburban District
|
|-
| MH-04
| [[Thane]]
| Location: near Central Jail, Thane
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Thane (Thane, Mira-Bhayandar), Bhiwandi and Shahapur (Also covered Palghar district until 2014)
|
|-
| MH-05
| [[Kalyan]], Thane District
| Location: Sahyadri Nagar, Kalyan West
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Kalyan (Kalyan-Dombivli), Murbad, Ulhasnagar (Town and Taluka), Ambernath (Town and Taluka, including Badlapur Town)
|
|-
| MH-06
| [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| Location: Utkarsh Nagar, Pen (Town and Taluka)
| Jurisdiction: Taluks of Pen, Alibag, Roha, Murud, Shrivardhan, Mangaon, Mhasala, Poladpur, Tala, Mahad, Sudhagad
|
|-
| MH-07
| [[Sindhudurg]]
| Location: Oros Town, Kudal Taluka
| Jurisdiction: Entire Sindhudurg District
|
|-
| MH-08
| [[Ratnagiri]]
| Location: Kuwarbav, Ratnigiri
| Jurisdiction: Entire Ratnagiri District
|
|-
| MH-09
| [[Kolhapur]]
| Location: Tarabai Park, Kolhapur
| Jurisdiction: Kolhapur City and Talukas of Karvir, Panhala, Shahuwadi, Gaganbavda, Radhanagari, Bhudargad, Ajra, Chandgad, Kagal and Gadhinglaj
|
|-
| MH-10
| [[Sangli]]
| Location: Madhav Nagar Road, Sangli City
| Jurisdiction: Entire Sangli District
|
|-
| MH-11
| [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
| Location: Camp, Satara
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Satara, Jaoli, Mahabaleshwar, Wai, Khandala, Koregaon and Khatav
|
|-
| MH-12
| [[Pune]]
| Location: Sangam Bridge, Raja Bahadur Mills Road, Pune
| Jurisdiction: Pune City and Talukas of Haveli, Bhor, Velha, Indapur, Purandar, Shirur. Parts of Mulshi Taluka are also covered by this RTO
|
|-
| MH-13
| [[Solapur]]
| Location: Vijapur Road, Solapur
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Solapur North, Solapur South, Mangalvedha, Barshi, Mohol, Pandharpur, Akkalkot
|
|-
| MH-14
| [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]], Pune District
| Location: Sector 6, Pradhikaran, Nigdi, Pimpri-Chinchwad
| Jurisdiction: [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]] and [[Hinjawadi]], parts of Mulshi Taluka, Talukas of Junnar, Khed, Maval, Ambegaon
|
|-
| MH-15
| [[Nashik]]
| Location: Panchavati, Nashik
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Nashik, Dindori, Trimbakeshwar, Surgana, Yevla, Chandvad, Niphad, Sinnar, Peth, Igatpuri
|
|-
| MH-16
| [[Ahilyanagar]]
| Location: Wambori Road, Ahilyanagar
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Nagar, Jamkhed, Shrigonda, Pathardi, Parnet, Karjat, Shevgaon
|
|-
| MH-17
| [[Shrirampur]], [[Ahilyanagar District]]
| Location: Nevasa Road, Shrirampur
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Shrirampur, Nevasa, Rahuri, Rahta, Kopargaon, Sangamner, Akole
|
|-
| MH-18
| [[Dhule]]
| Location: Mumbai Agra Road, Dhule
| Jurisdiction: Entire Dhule District
|
|-
| MH-19
| [[Jalgaon]]
| Location: Adarsh Nagar, Jalgaon
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Jalgaon, Bhusawal, Jamner, Yaval, Bodwad, Muktainagar and Raver
|
|-
| MH-20
| [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
| Location: Railway Station Road, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar
| Jurisdiction: Entire [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]]
|
|-
| MH-21
| [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]
| Location: Nagewadi, Jalna
| Jurisdiction: Entire Jalna District
|
|-
| MH-22
| [[Parbhani]]
| Location: Manvat Road, Parbhani
| Jurisdiction: Entire Parbhani District
|
|-
| MH-23
| [[Beed]]
| Location: Jalna Road, Beed
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Beed, Ashti, Gevrai, Patoda, Shirur Kasar
|
|-
| MH-24
| [[Latur]]
| Location: Babhalgaon Road, Latur
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Latur, Ausa, Nilanga, Renapur and Chakur
|
|-
| MH-25
| [[Dharashiv]]
| Location: MIDC, Dharashiv
| Jurisdiction: Entire Dharashiv District
|
|-
| MH-26
| [[Nanded]]
| Location: CIDCO, Nanded
| Jurisdiction: Entire Nanded District
|
|-
| MH-27
| [[Amravati]]
| Location: Collectorate Camp, Amaravati
| Jurisdiction: Entire Amaravati District
|
|-
| MH-28
| [[Buldhana]]
| Location: Malkapur Road, Buldhana
| Jurisdiction: Tehsil including Buldhana, Motala, Chikhali, Mehkar, Lonar, Sindkhed Raja and Deulgaon Raja
|
|-
| MH-29
| [[Yavatmal]]
| Location: Nagpur Road, Yavatmal
| Jurisdiction: Entire Yavatmal District
|
|-
| MH-30
| [[Akola]]
| Location: Murtijapur Road, Akola
| Jurisdiction: Entire Akola District
|
|-
| MH-31
| [[Nagpur]] West
| Location: opposite Giripeth Post Office, Nagpur
| Jurisdiction: Western Suburbs of Nagpur City
|
|-
| MH-32
| [[Wardha]]
| Location: Sevagram Road, Wardha
| Jurisdiction: Entire Wardha District
|
|-
| MH-33
| [[Gadchiroli]]
| Location: near Collector Office, Gadchiroli
| Jurisdiction: Entire Gadchiroli District
|
|-
| MH-34
| [[Chandrapur]]
| Location: Jal Nagar Ward, Chandrapur
| Jurisdiction: Entire Chandrapur District
|
|-
| MH-35
| [[Gondia]]
| Location: Fulchurtola, Gondia
| Jurisdiction: Entire Gondia District
|
|-
| MH-36
| [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]
| Location: National Highway 6, Bhandara
| Jurisdiction: Entire Bhandara District
|
|-
| MH-37
| [[Washim]]
| Location: Lakhala, Washim
| Jurisdiction: Entire Washim District
|
|-
| MH-38
| [[Hingoli]]
| Location: Limbala Matka, Hingoli
| Jurisdiction: Entire Hingoli District
|
|-
| MH-39
| [[Nandurbar]]
| Location: Sakri Road, Nandurbar
| Jurisdiction: Entire Nandurbar District
|
|-
| MH-40
| [[Nagpur]] Rural
| Location: Indora, Nagpur
| Jurisdiction: Entire Nagpur District except Nagpur Urban Taluka
|
|-
| MH-41
| [[Malegaon]], Nashik District
| Location: Camp, Malegaon
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Malegaon, Satana, Kalwan, Deola, Nandgaon
|
|-
| MH-42
| [[Baramati]], Pune District
| Location: Bhigwan Road, Baramati
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Baramati, Indapur, Daund
|
|-
| MH-43
| [[Navi Mumbai]], Thane District
| Location: [[Vashi]] Sector 19B, Navi Mumbai
| Jurisdiction: Airoli to CBD Belapur and surrounding areas in Thane Taluka
|
|-
| MH-44
| [[Ambajogai]], Beed District
| Location: Morewadi, Ambajogai
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Ambajogai, Kaij, Vadvani, Majalgaon, Parli, Dharur
|
|-
| MH-45
| [[Akluj]], Solapur District
| Location: Anand Nagar, Akluj, Malshiras Taluka
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Malshiras, Madha, Sangola, Karmala
|
|-
| MH-46
| [[Panvel]], Raigad District
| Location: Kalamboli, Panvel
| Jurisdiction: Kharghar to Panvel suburbs in Navi Mumbai, Talukas of Panvel, Uran, Khalapur, Karjat
|
|-
| MH-47
| [[Mumbai]] North (Borivali)
| Location: Dahisar West, Mumbai Suburban District
| Jurisdiction: Goregaon to Dahisar in Mumbai Suburban District
|
|-
| MH-48
| Vasai, [[Palghar]]
| Location: Bhatpara, Virar East
| Jurisdiction: Vasai-Virar City Limits and whole of Palghar District
|
|-
| MH-49
| [[Nagpur]] East
| Location: Chikhali Layout, Nagpur
| Jurisdiction: Eastern Suburbs of Nagpur City
|
|-
| MH-50
| [[Karad]], Satara District
| Location: Supane, Karad Town
| Jurisdiction: Karad and Patan Talukas
|
|-
| MH-51
| [[Ichalkaranji]], Kolhapur District
| Location: Vikash Nagar, Ichalkaranji
| Jurisdiction: Ichalkaranji Town and Talukas of Hatkanangle and Shirol
|
|-
| MH-52
| [[Chalisgaon]], Jalgaon District
| Location: Shastri Nagar, Bhadgaon Road, Chalisgaon
| Jurisdiction: Chalisgaon Taluka
|
|-
| MH-53
| [[Phaltan]], Satara District
| Location: Sanmati Nagar, Shinganpur Road, Shivaji Nagar, Phaltan
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Phaltan and Man
|
|-
| MH-54
| [[Bhadgaon]], Jalgaon District
| Location: Mauje Tongaon, Bhadgaon - Pachora Marg, Opp. Ashirwad Jining, Bhadgaon, Jalgaon
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Bhadgaon, Pachora, Parola, Amalner, Chopada, Erandol, Dharangaon
|
|-
| MH-55
| [[Udgir]], Latur District
| Location: Venkatesh Nagar, Ramchandra Nagar, Udgir
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Udgir, Deoni, Jalkot, Shirur Anantpal and Ahmadpur
|
|-
| MH-56
| [[Khamgaon]], Buldhana District
| Location: Near JV Mehta New Era High School, Khamgaon
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Khamgaon, Nandura, Shegaon, Malkapur, Jalgaon Jamod and Sangrampur
|
|-
| MH-57
| [[Vaijapur]], Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District
| Location: Valmik Nagar, Vaijapur
| Jurisdiction: Talukas of Vaijapur and Gangapur
|
|-
| MH-58
| [[Mira-Bhayander]], Thane District
| Location: Ghodbunder Rd, Kashimira, Mira Bhayander
| Jurisdiction: Mira-Bhayandar City
|
|-
| MH-59
| [[Jath]], Sangli District
| Location:
| Jurisdiction:
| Yet to appear on Vahan Website
|-
| MH-60
| [[Palghar]], Palghar District
| Location: Umroli (Speculative)
| Jurisdiction: Entire Palghar District excluding Vasai Taluka (Speculative)
| Announced by Maharashtra's Transport Minister, yet to appear on Vahan Website
|}

==ML—Meghalaya==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| ML-01
| Meghalaya Government vehicles
| N/A
|
|-
| ML-02
| [[Meghalaya Police]] vehicles
| N/A
|
|-
| ML-04
| Jowai
| [[Jaintia Hills]]
|
|-
| ML-05
| [[Shillong]]
| [[Shillong]]
|
|-
| ML-06
| Nongstoin
| [[West Khasi Hills]]
|
|-
| ML-07
| William Nagar
| [[East Garo Hills]]
|
|-
| ML-08
| Tura
| [[West Garo Hills]]
|
|-
| ML-09
| [[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]]
| [[South Garo Hills]]
|
|-
| ML-10
| [[Nongpoh]]
| [[Ri-Bhoi]]
|
|}

== MN—Manipur==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| MN-01
| [[Imphal]] West
| [[Imphal]] West
|
|-
| MN-02
| [[Churachandpur]]
| [[Churachandpur]]
|
|-
| MN-03
| [[Kangpokpi]]
| [[Kangpokpi]]
|
|-
| MN-04
| [[Thoubal]]
| [[Thoubal]]
|
|-
| MN-05
| [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]
| [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]
|
|-
| MN-06
| [[Imphal]] East
| [[Imphal]] East
|
|-
| MN-07
| [[Ukhrul]]
| [[Ukhrul]]
|
|}

==MP—Madhya Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| MP-01
|[[Bhopal]]
|entire Madhya Pradesh
|vehicles of the [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| MP-02
|[[Bhopal]]
|entire Madhya Pradesh
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh|MP Government]] vehicles
|-
| MP-03
|[[Bhopal]]
|entire Madhya Pradesh
|[[Madhya Pradesh Police|MP Police]] vehicles
|-
| MP-04
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]
|
|-
| MP-05
|[[Hoshangabad]]
|[[Hoshangabad district|Hoshangabad]]
|
|-
| MP-06
|[[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]
|[[Morena district|Morena]]
|
|-
| MP-07
|[[Gwalior]]
|[[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
|
|-
| MP-08
|[[Guna, India|Guna]]
|[[Guna district|Guna]]
|
|-
| MP-09
|[[Indore]]
|[[Indore district|Indore]]
|
|-
| MP-10
|[[Khargone]]
|[[Khargone district|Khargone]]
|
|-
| MP-11
|[[Dhar]]
|[[Dhar district|Dhar]]
|
|-
| MP-12
|[[Khandwa]]
|[[Khandwa district|Khandwa]]
|
|-
| MP-13
|[[Ujjain]]
|[[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
|
|-
| MP-14
|[[Mandsaur]]
|[[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]]
|
|-
| MP-15
|[[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
|[[Sagar district|Sagar]]
|
|-
| MP-16
|[[Chhatarpur]]
|[[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
|
|-
| MP-17
|[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
|[[Rewa District|Rewa]]
|
|-
| MP-18
|[[Shahdol]]
|[[Shahdol district|Shahdol]]
|
|-
| MP-19
|[[Satna]]
|[[Satna district|Satna]]
|
|-
| MP-20
|[[Jabalpur]]
|[[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
|
|-
| MP-21
|[[Katni]]
|[[Katni district|Katni]]
|
|-
| MP-22
|[[Seoni]]
|[[Seoni district|Seoni]]
|
|-
| MP-28
|[[Chhindwara]]
|[[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
|
|-
| MP-30
|[[Bhind]]
|[[Bhind district|Bhind]]
|
|-
| MP-31
|[[Sheopur]]
|[[Sheopur district|Sheopur]]
|
|-
| MP-32
|[[Datia]]
|[[Datia district|Datia]]
|
|-
| MP-33
|[[Shivpuri]]
|[[Shivpuri district|Shivpuri]]
|
|-
| MP-34
|[[Damoh]]
|[[Damoh district|Damoh]]
|
|-
| MP-35
|[[Panna, India|Panna]]
|[[Panna district|Panna]]
|
|-
| MP-36
|[[Tikamgarh]]
|[[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]
|
|-
| MP-37
|[[Sehore]]
|[[Sehore district|Sehore]]
|
|-
| MP-38
|[[Raisen]]
|[[Raisen district|Raisen]]
|
|-
| MP-39
|[[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]]
|[[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]
|
|-
| MP-40
|[[Vidisha]]
|[[Vidisha district|Vidisha]]
|
|-
| MP-41
|[[Dewas]]
|[[Dewas district|Dewas]]
|
|-
| MP-42
|[[Shajapur]]
|[[Shajapur district|Shajapur]]
|
|-
| MP-43
|[[Ratlam]]
|[[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
|
|-
| MP-44
|[[Neemuch]]
|[[Neemuch district|Neemuch]]
|
|-
| MP-45
|[[Jhabua]]
|[[Jhabua district|Jhabua]]
|
|-
| MP-46
|[[Barwani]]
|[[Barwani district|Barwani]]
|
|-
| MP-47
|[[Harda]]
|[[Harda district|Harda]]
|
|-
| MP-48
|[[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]]
|[[Betul district|Betul]]
|
|-
| MP-49
|[[Narsinghpur]]
|[[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]]
|
|-
| MP-50
|[[Balaghat]]
|[[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]
|
|-
| MP-51
|[[Mandla]]
|[[Mandla district|Mandla]]
|
|-
| MP-52
|[[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]]
|[[Dindori district|Dindori]]
|
|-
| MP-53
|[[Sidhi]]
|[[Sidhi district|Sidhi]]
|
|-
| MP-54
|[[Umaria]]
|[[Umaria district|Umaria]]
|
|-
| MP-65
|[[Anuppur]]
|[[Anuppur district|Anuppur]]
|
|-
| MP-66
|[[Singrauli]]
|[[Singrauli district|Waidhan]]
|
|-
| MP-67
|[[Ashoknagar (Madhya Pradesh)|Ashoknagar]]
|[[Ashoknagar district|Ashoknagar]]
|
|-
| MP-68
|[[Burhanpur]]
|[[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]]
|
|-
| MP-69
|[[Alirajpur]]
|[[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]]
|
|-
| MP-70
|[[Agar, Madhya Pradesh|Agar]]
|[[Agar Malwa district|Agar Malwa]]
|
|-
| MP-71
|[[Niwari, Madhya Pradesh|Niwari]]
|[[Niwari district|Niwari]]
|
|-
| MP-72
|[[Mauganj]]
|[[Mauganj district|Mauganj]]
|
|-
| MP-73
|[[Maihar]]
|[[Maihar district|Maihar]]
|
|-
| MP-74
|[[Pandhurna]]
|[[Pandhurna district|Pandhurna]]
|
|}

==MZ—Mizoram==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| MZ-01
| [[Aizawl]]
|
|
|-
| MZ-02
| [[Lunglei]]
|
|
|-
| MZ-03
| [[Saiha]]
|
|
|-
| MZ-04
| [[Champhai]]
|
|
|-
| MZ-05
| [[Kolasib]]
|
|
|-
| MZ-06
| [[Serchhip]]
|
|
|-
| MZ-07
| [[Lawngtlai]]
|
|
|-
| MZ-08
| [[Mamit, India|Mamit]]
|
|
|}

==NL—Nagaland==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| NL-01
| [[Kohima]]
| [[Kohima district|Kohima District]]
|
|-
| NL-02
| [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]]
| [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]]
|
|-
| NL-03
| [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]]
| [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]]
|
|-
| NL-04
| [[Mon district|Mon District]]
| [[Mon district|Mon District]]
|
|-
| NL-05
| [[Wokha district|Wokha District]]
| [[Wokha district|Wokha District]]
|
|-
| NL-06
| [[Zunheboto district|Zünheboto District]]
| [[Zunheboto district|Zünheboto District]]
|
|-
| NL-07
| [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]] [[Niuland district|Niuland District]]
| [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]] [[Niuland district|Niuland District]]
|
|-
| NL-08
| [[Phek district|Phek District]]
| [[Phek district|Phek District]]
|
|-
| NL-09
| entire Nagaland
| entire Nagaland
| [[Government of Nagaland]] vehicles (Non-Transport)
|-
| NL-10
| entire Nagaland
| entire Nagaland
| Government of Nagaland vehicles (Transport)
|}

==OD—Odisha==
Due to the official respelling of the state name in English (from "Orissa" to "Odisha"),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxQHTN0wGaU6x_Ux?e=VwyO2n|title=Odisha Name Alteration Act, 2011|publisher=eGazette of India|access-date=23 September 2011|language=en}}</ref> the Transport Department modified the state letter on the plates with OD substituting OR on 1 September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxNEhxnSHCuc9SOD?e=BRHfWE|title=OD Vehicle Registration Mark, Amendment in the Notification No. S.O. 444(E) dated 12th June, 1989|publisher=eGazette of India|access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| OD-01
| [[Balasore]]
| [[Balasore district]]
|
|-
| OD-02
| [[Bhubaneswar South]]
| [[Khurda district]]
|
|-
| OD-03
| [[Bolangir]]
| [[Bolangir district]]
|
|-
| OD-04
| [[Chandikhol]]
| [[Jajpur district]]
|
|-
| OD-05
| [[Cuttack]]
| [[Cuttack district]]
|
|-
| OD-06
| [[Dhenkanal]]
| [[Dhenkanal district]]
|
|-
| OD-07
| [[Chatrapur, Odisha|Chatrapur]]
| [[Ganjam district]]
|
|-
| OD-08
| [[Bhawanipatna]]
| [[Kalahandi ditstrict]]
|
|-
| OD-09
| [[Keonjhar]]
| [[Keonjhar district]]
|
|-
| OD-10
| [[Koraput]]
| [[Koraput district]]
|
|-
| OD-11
| [[Baripada]]
| [[Mayurbhanj district]]
|
|-
| OD-12
| [[Phulbani]]
| [[Khandhamal district]]
|
|-
| OD-13
| [[Puri]]
| [[Puri district]]
|
|-
| OD-14
| [[Rourkela]]
| [[Sundargarh district]]
|
|-
| OD-15
| [[Sambalpur]]
| [[Sambalpur district]]
|
|-
| OD-16
| [[Sundargarh]]
| [[Sundargarh district]]
|
|-
| OD-17
| [[Bargarh]]
| [[Bargarh district]]
|
|-
| OD-18
| [[Rayagada]]
| [[Rayagada district]]
|
|-
| OD-19
| [[Angul]]
| [[Angul district]]
|
|-
| OD-20
| [[Paralakhemundi]]
| [[Gajapati district]]
|
|-
| OD-21
| [[Jagatsinghpur]]
| [[Jagatsinghpur district]]
|
|-
| OD-22
| [[Bhadrak]]
| [[Bhadrak district]]
|
|-
| OD-23
| [[Jharsuguda]]
| [[Jharsuguda district]]
|
|-
| OD-24
| [[Nabarangpur]]
| [[Nabarangpur district]]
|
|-
| OD-25
| [[Nayagarh]]
| [[Nayagarh district]]
|
|-
| OD-26
| [[Nuapada]]
| [[Nuapada district]]
|
|-
| OD-27
| [[Boudh]]
| [[Boudh district]]
|
|-
| OD-28
| [[Debagarh]]
| [[Debagarh district]]
|
|-
| OD-29
| [[Kendrapara]]
| [[Kendrapara district]]
|
|-
| OD-30
| [[Malkangiri]]
| [[Malkangiri district]]
|
|-
| OD-31
| [[Subarnapur, Odisha|Subarnapur]]
| [[Subarnapur district]]
|
|-
| OD-32
| [[Bhanjanagar]]
| [[Ganjam district]]
|
|-
| OD-33
| [[Bhubaneswar North]]
|
|
|-
| OD-34
| [[Jajpur]]
| [[Jajpur district]]
|
|-
| OD-35
| [[Talcher]]
| [[Angul district]]
|
|}

==PB—Punjab==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| PB-01
| Rented cars, self drive cars in [[Chandigarh]] & taxi vehicles from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|
|
|-
| PB-02
| [[Amritsar]] (1)
|
|
|-
| PB-03
| [[Bathinda]]
|
|
|-
| PB-04
| [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
|
|
|-
| PB-05
| [[Ferozpur]]
|
|
|-
| PB-06
| [[Gurdaspur]]
|
|
|-
| PB-07
| [[Hoshiarpur]]
|
|
|-
| PB-08
| [[Jalandhar]] (1)
|
|
|-
| PB-09
| [[Kapurthala]]
|
|
|-
| PB-10
| [[Ludhiana]] (West)
|
|
|-
| PB-11
| [[Patiala]]
|
|
|-
| PB-12
| [[Rupnagar]]
|
|
|-
| PB-13
| [[Sangrur]]
|
|
|-
| PB-14
| [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]]
|
|
|-
| PB-15
| [[Abohar]]
|
|
|-
| PB-16
| [[Anandpur Sahib]]
|
|
|-
| PB-17
| [[Baba Bakala]]
|
|
|-
| PB-18
| [[Batala]]
|
|
|-
| PB-19
| [[Barnala]]
|
|
|-
| PB-20
| [[Balachaur]]
|
|
|-
| PB-21
| [[Dasuya]]
|
|
|-
| PB-22
| [[Fazilka]]
|
|
|-
| PB-23
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib]]
|
|
|-
| PB-24
| [[Garhshankar]]
|
|
|-
| PB-25
| [[Jagraon]]
|
|
|-
| PB-26
| [[Khanna (City)|Khanna]]
|
|
|-
| PB-27
| [[Kharar, Mohali|Kharar]]
|
|
|-
| PB-28
| [[Malerkotla]]
|
|
|-
| PB-29
| [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]
|
|
|-
| PB-30
| [[Muktsar]]
|
|
|-
| PB-31
| [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]]
|
|
|-
| PB-32
| [[Nawanshahar]]
|
|
|-
| PB-33
| [[Nakodar]]
|
|
|-
| PB-34
| [[Nabha]]
|
|
|-
| PB-35
| [[Pathankot]]
|
|
|-
| PB-36
| [[Phagwara]]
|
|
|-
| PB-37
| [[Phillaur]]
|
|
|-
| PB-38
| [[Patti, Punjab|Patti]]
|
|
|-
| PB-39
| [[Rajpura]]
|
|
|-
| PB-40
| [[Rampura Phul]]
|
|
|-
| PB-41
| [[Sultanpur Lodhi]]
|
|
|-
| PB-42
| [[Samana, India|Samana]]
|
|
|-
| PB-43
| [[Samrala]]
|
|
|-
| PB-44
| [[Sunam]]
|
|
|-
| PB-45
| [[Talwandi Sabo]]
|
|
|-
| PB-46
| [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]
|
|
|-
| PB-47
| [[Zira, India|Zira]]
|
|
|-
| PB-48
| [[Amloh]]
|
|
|-
| PB-49
| [[Khamanon]]
|
|
|-
| PB-50
| [[Budhlada]]
|
|
|-
| PB-51
| [[Sardulgarh]]
|
|
|-
| PB-52
| [[Bassi Pathana]]
|
|
|-
| PB-53
| [[Malout]]
|
|
|-
| PB-54
| [[Mukerian]]
|
|
|-
| PB-55
| [[Payal, India|Payal]]
|
|
|-
| PB-56
| [[Raikot]]
|
|
|-
| PB-57
| [[Bhulath]]
|
|
|-
| PB-58
| [[Dera Baba Nanak]]
|
|
|-
| PB-59
| [[Dhuri]]
|
|
|-
| PB-60
| [[Gidderbaha]]
|
|
|-
| PB-61
| [[Jalalabad, Fazilka|Jalalabad]]
|
|
|-
| PB-62
| [[Jaitu]]
|
|
|-
| PB-63
| [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
|
|
|-
| PB-64
| [[Moonak]]
|
|
|-
| PB-65
| [[Mohali]]
|
|
|-
| PB-66
| [[Nihal Singh Wala]]
|
|
|-
| PB-67
| [[Shahkot (India)|Shahkot]]
|
|
|-
| PB-68
| [[Dhar Kalan]]
|
|
|-
| PB-69
| [[Bagha Purana]]
|
|
|-
| PB-70
| [[Dera Bassi]]
|
|
|-
| PB-71
| [[Chamkaur Sahib]]
|
|
|-
| PB-72
| [[Pattran]]
|
|
|-
| PB-73
| [[Tappa, Punjab|Tappa Mandi]]
|
|
|-
| PB-74
| [[Nangal]]
|
|
|-
| PB-75
| [[Lehragaga]]
|
|
|-
| PB-76
| [[Dharamkot, Moga|Dharamkot]]
|
|
|-
| PB-77
| [[Guru Har Sahai]]
|
|
|-
| PB-78
| [[Banga, India|Banga]]
|
|
|-
| PB-79
| [[Kotkapura]]
|
|
|-
| PB-80
| [[Maur Mandi|Maur]]
|
|
|-
| PB-81
| [[Majitha]]
|
|
|-
| PB-82
| [[Ahmedgarh]]
|
|
|-
| PB-83
| Dudhan Sadhan
|
|
|-
| PB-84
| [[Bhawanigarh]]
|
|
|-
| PB-85
| [[Kalanaur, Punjab, India|Kalanaur]]
|
|
|-
| PB-86
| [[Dirba]]
|
|
|-
| PB-87
| [[Morinda]]
|
|
|-
| PB-88
| [[Bhikhiwind]]
|
|
|-
| PB-89
| [[Amritsar]] (2)
|
|
|-
| PB-90
| [[Jalandhar]] (2)
|
|
|-
| PB-91
| [[Ludhiana]] (East)
|
|
|-
| PB-92
| [[Amargarh, Punjab|Amargarh]]
|
|
|-
| PB-93
| Lopoke
|
|
|-
| PB-99
| [[Dinanagar]]
|
|
|}

==PY—Puducherry==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| PY-01
| [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|
|
|-
| PY-02
| [[Karaikal]]
|
|
|-
| PY-03
| [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahe]]
|
|
|-
| PY-04
| [[Yanam district|Yanam]]
|
|
|-
| PY-05
| [[Puducherry district|Oulgaret]]
|
|
|}

==RJ—Rajasthan==
[[File:Administrative map of Rajasthan with RTO codes for vehicle registration.png|thumb|left|300px|Districts of Rajasthan with RTO codes]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | DTO/RTO(Office) (Location & Name)
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | District
! scope="col" style="width:34%" class="unsortable" | Old Code(s), Pre 1989
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Old Taxi Series, Pre 1989
|-
| RJ-01
|[[Ajmer]]
| [[Ajmer district]]
| RJZ, RSZ, RRZ, RNW, RNZ, RPZ
| RRT (7001-8000)
|-
| RJ-02
| [[Alwar]]
| [[Alwar district]]
| RJA, RSA, RRA, RNA, RPD
| RST (1-500)
|-
| RJ-03
| [[Banswara]]
| [[Banswara district]]
| RJB, RPB
| RST (501-750)
|-
| RJ-04
| [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]]
| [[Barmer district]]
|RJC
| RST (751-1000)
|-
| RJ-05
|[[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
|[[Bharatpur district]]
| RJD, RSD, RRD
| RST (1001-1500)
|-
| RJ-06
| [[Bhilwara]]
| [[Bhilwara district]]
| RJE, RSE, RRE
| RST (1501-2000)
|-
| RJ-07
| [[Bikaner]]
|[[Bikaner district]]
| RJF, RSF, RRF
| RST (2001-2250)
|-
| RJ-08
|[[Bundi]]
| [[Bundi district]]
| RJG
| RST (2251-2500)
|-
| RJ-09
|[[Chittorgarh]]
| [[Chittorgarh district]]
| RJH, RSH, RRH
| RST (2501-3000)
|-
| RJ-10
|[[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]
|[[Churu district]]
| RJI, RSI, RPI
| RST (3001-3250)
|-
| RJ-11
| [[Dholpur]]
| [[Dholpur district]]
| RNT
| RRT (8001-9000)
|-
| RJ-12
| [[Dungarpur]]
| [[Dungarpur district]]
|RJJ
| RST (3251-3500)
|-
| RJ-13
| [[Sri Ganganagar]]
| [[Sri Ganganagar district]]
| RJK, RSK, RRK, RSC, RRC, RNC,
RNK, RNU
| RST (3501-4500)
|-
| RJ-14
| [[Jaipur]] (South)
| [[Jaipur district]]
| Goods vehicles -
RJL, RSL, RRL, RSM, RRM, RSG,
RRG, RSB, RRB, RNB, RND, RNE,
RNH, RNI, RNL, RNV, RNX, RNG,

Others vehicles - RNP, RPE, RPH, RPI, TPG, RPP
| RST (1-4000)
|-
| RJ-15
| [[Jaisalmer]]
| [[Jaisalmer district]]
|RJM
| RRT (4501-4750)
|-
| RJ-16
| [[Jalore]]
| [[Jalore district]]
|RJN
| RRT (4751-5000)
|-
| RJ-17
| [[Jhalawar]]
| [[Jhalawar district]]
|RJO
| RRT (5000-5250)
|-
| RJ-18
| [[Jhunjhunu]]
| [[Jhunjhunu district]]
| RJP, RSP, RRP
| RRT (5251-5500)
|-
| RJ-19
| [[Jodhpur]]
| [[Jodhpur district]]
| RJQ, RSQ, RRQ, RSN, RRN, RNJ,
RNM, RNN, RNQ, RNS, RPK, RPL
| RST (4001-5000)
|-
| RJ-20
| [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
| [[Kota district]]
| RJR, RSR, RRR, RSO, RRQ, RNO,
RNR, RPF, RPM, RPN
| RST (5001-6000)
|-
| RJ-21
| [[Nagaur]]
| [[Nagaur district]]
| RJS, RSS
| RRP (5501-6000)
|-
| RJ-22
| [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]
| [[Pali district]]
| RJT, RPA, RPC
| RRT (6001-6500)
|-
| RJ-23
| [[Sikar]]
| [[Sikar district]]
| RJB, RSB, RRB
| RRT (6751-7000),(7751-8200)
|-
| RJ-24
| [[Sirohi]]
|[[Sirohi district]]
| RJW, RSW, RRW
| RRT (7001-7500)
|-
| RJ-25
| [[Sawai Madhopur]]
| [[Sawai Madhopur district]]
| RJU, RSU, RRU
| RRT (6501-6750)
|-
| RJ-26
| [[Tonk, India|Tonk]]
| [[Tonk district]]
|RJX, RSX
| RRT (7501-7750)
|-
| RJ-27
| [[Udaipur]]
| [[Udaipur district]]
| RJY, RSY, RRY, RSJ, RRJ, RNY,
RPJ, RPO
| RST (6001-7000)
|-
| RJ-28
| [[Baran, Rajasthan|Baran]]
| [[Baran district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-29
| [[Dausa]]
| [[Dausa district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-30
| [[Rajsamand]]
| [[Rajsamand district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-31
| [[Hanumangarh]]
| [[Hanumangarh district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-32
| [[Kotputli]]
|[[Kotputli-Behror district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-33
| [[Ramganj Mandi]]
|[[Kota district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-34
| [[Karauli]]
| [[Karauli district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-35
| [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
| [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-36
| [[Beawar]]
| [[Beawar District]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-37
| [[Didwana]]
| [[Didwana-Kuchaman district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-38
| [[Abu Road]]
| [[Sirohi district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-39
| [[Balotra]]
| [[Balotra district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-40
| [[Bhiwadi]]
| [[Khairthal-Tijara district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-41
| [[Chomu]]
| [[Jaipur district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-42
| [[Kishangarh]]
| [[Ajmer district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-43
| [[Phalodi]]
| [[Phalodi district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-44
| [[Sujangarh]]
| [[Churu district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-45
| [[Jaipur]] (North)
| [[Jaipur district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-46
| [[Bhinmal]]
| [[Jalore district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-47
| [[Dudu, Rajasthan|Dudu]]
| [[Jaipur district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-48
| [[Kekri, Rajasthan|Kekri]]
| [[Ajmer district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-49
| [[Nohar]]
| [[Hanumangarh district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-50
| [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]]
| [[Bikaner district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-51
| [[Shahpura, Bhilwara|Shahpura]]
| [[Bhilwara district]]
| -
| -
|-
| RJ-52
| [[Shahpura, Jaipur District|Shahpura]]
| [[Jaipur district]]
| -
| -
|-
|RJ-53
| [[Khetri]]
| [[Jhunjhunu district]]
| -
| -
|-
|RJ-54
| [[Piparcity]]
| [[Jodhpur district]]
| -
| -
|-
|RJ-55
| [[Pokhran]]
| [[Jaisalmer district]]
| -
| -
|-
|RJ-56
| [[Sadulshahar]]
| [[Sri Ganganagar district]]
| -
| -
|-
|RJ-57
| [[Sumerpur]]
| [[Pali district]]
| -
| -
|-
|RJ-58
| [[Salumbar tehsil|Salumbar]]
| [[Salumbar|Salumbar district]]
| -
| -
|-
|RJ-59
| [[Shahpura, Jaipur District|Shahpura]]
| [[Jaipur district]]
| -
| -
|-
|RJ-60
| [[Jaipur]](Additional)
| [[Jaipur district]]
| -
| -
|-
|}

==SK—Sikkim==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:50%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| SK-01
| [[Gangtok]]
| [[Gangtok]]
|
|-
| SK-02
| [[Gyalshing]]
| [[Gyalshing district]]
|
|-
| SK-03
| [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
| [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
|
|-
| SK-04
| [[Jorethang]]
| [[Namchi district]]
|
|-
| SK-05
| [[Namchi]]
| [[Namchi district]]
|
|-
| SK-06
| [[Soreng]]
| [[Soreng district]]
|
|-
| SK-07
| [[Pakyong]]
| [[Pakyong district]]
|
|-
| SK-08
| [[Singtam]]
|
|
|-
|}

==TG—Telangana==

[[File:Telangana RTO Codes.png|thumb|left|300px|Telangana RTO codes before the reorganization of districts]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| TG-01
| [[Adilabad]]
| [[Adilabad district]]
|
|-
| TG-02
| [[Karimnagar]]
| [[Karimnagar district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Huzurabad]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-03
| [[Warangal]]
| [[Hanamkonda district]]
|
|-
| TG-04
| [[Khammam]]
| [[Khammam district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Sathupalli]] (AMVI), [[Wyra]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-05
| [[Nalgonda]]
| [[Nalgonda district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Miryalaguda]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-06
| [[Mahbubnagar]]
| [[Mahbubnagar district]]
|
|-
| TG-07
| [[Attapur]] (Hyderabad)*
| [[Ranga Reddy]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district|Ibrahimpatnam]] (RTO), [[Shadnagar]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-08
| [[Medchal]] (Hyderabad)*
| [[Medchal district|Medchal-Malkajgiri District]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Uppal Kalan]] (Hyderabad)* (RTO), [[Kukatpally]] (Hyderabad)* (MVI)
|-
| TG-09
| [[Khairtabad]] (Hyderabad)
| Hyderabad Central
|
|-
| TG-10
| [[Secunderabad]] (Hyderabad)
| Hyderabad North
|
|-
| TG-11
| [[Malakpet]] (Hyderabad)
| Hyderabad East
|
|-
| TG-12
| Kishanbagh (Hyderabad)
| Hyderabad South
|
|-
| TG-13
| [[Tolichowki]] (Hyderabad)
| Hyderabad West
|-
| TG-14
| [[Hyderabad]]
| Reserved for Hyderabad
|
|-
| TG-15
| [[Sangareddy]]
| [[Sangareddy district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Patancheru]] (Hyderabad)* (MVI), [[Zaheerabad]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-16
| [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| [[Nizamabad district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Armoor]] (MVI), [[Bodhan]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-17
| [[Kamareddy]]
| [[Kamareddy district]]
|
|-
| TG-18
| [[Nirmal]]
| [[Nirmal district]]
|
|-
| TG-19
| [[Mancherial]]
| [[Mancherial district]]
|
|-
| TG-20
| [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]]
| [[Komaram Bheem district]]
|
|-
| TG-21
| [[Jagtial]]
| [[Jagtial district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Korutla|Koratla]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-22
| [[Peddapalli, Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
| [[Peddapalli district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Ramagundam]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-23
| [[Sircilla]]
| [[Sircilla district]]
|
|-
| TG-24
| [[Warangal]]
| [[Warangal district]]
|
|-
| TG-25
| [[Bhupalpalle]]
| [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district]]
|
|-
| TG-26
| [[Mahabubabad]]
| [[Mahabubabad district]]
|
|-
| TG-27
| [[Jangaon]]
| [[Jangaon district]]
|-
| TG-28
| [[Kothagudem]]
| [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Bhadrachalam]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-29
| [[Suryapet]]
| [[Suryapet district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Kodad]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-30
| [[Bhongir|Bhuvanagiri]]
| [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]
| Hyderabad Border District
|-
| TG-31
| [[Nagarkurnool]]
| [[Nagarkurnool district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Kalwakurthy]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-32
| [[Wanaparthy]]
| [[Wanaparthy district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Pebbair]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-33
| [[Gadwal]]
| [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]]
|
|-
| TG-34
| [[Vikarabad]]
| [[Vikarabad district]]
| Sub-agencies: [[Parigi, Vikarabad district|Parigi]] (MVI)
|-
| TG-35
| [[Medak]]
| [[Medak district]]
|
|-
| TG-36
| [[Siddipet]]
| [[Siddipet district]]
|
|-
| TG-37
| [[Mulugu]]
| [[Mulugu district]]
|
|-
| TG-38
| [[Narayanpet]]
| [[Narayanpet district]]
|
|}

Note '''*''' Part of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC Hyderabad]] but not part of Hyderabad Dist.

The two-letter state code for Telangana Region in [[United Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] was '''AP''' until the State Bifurcation and after the formation of Telangana State, the state was chosen as '''TS'''. It continued up to May 2024 before it was changed to '''TG'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=S. N. V. |title=Telangana to use 'TG' abbreviation henceforth, replacing 'TS' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/telangana-to-use-tg-abbreviation-henceforth-replacing-ts-3027672 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
The AP and TS codes, however, remain valid.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|+ Specifics in the Telangana series
|-
! scope="col" style="width:34%" | Scheme and/or example
! scope="col" style="width:66%" | Meaning
|-
| TG XX '''A''' 1234 to TG XX '''SZ''' 1234
| The letters '''A''' to '''S''' are reserved for passenger vehicles.
|-
| TG-'''09'''-'''P'''x : TG '''09 PA''' 1234, TG '''09 PB''' 1234
| '''TG-09-P''' of Hyderabad Central RTO is specifically used for [[Telangana Police]] vehicles.
|-
| TG XX '''T''' 1234 to TG XX '''YZ''' 1234
| The letters '''T''', '''U''', '''V''', '''W''', '''X''', '''Y''' are reserved for commercial vehicles.
|-
| TG-xx-'''Z''' : TG XX '''Z''' 1234 to TG XX '''ZZ''' 1234
| The letter '''Z''' is reserved for the State Road Transport ([[TSRTC|TGSRTC]]) buses..
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|+ Older Registrations of Telangana till 2014 (Before Bifurcation from Andhra Pradesh)
|-
! scope="col" style="width:34%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:66%" | Jurisdiction
|-
| AP 01
| Adilabad District
|-
| AP 09
| Hyderabad Central (Khairatabad)
|-
| AP 10
| Hyderabad North (Secunderabad)
|-
| AP 11
| Hyderabad East (Malakpet)
|-
| AP 12
| Hyderabad South (Kishanbagh)
|-
| AP 13
| Hyderabad West (Mehdipatnam)
|-
| AP 15
| Karimnagar District
|-
| AP 20
| Khammam District
|-
| AP 22
| Mahabubnagar District
|-
| AP 23
| Medak District
|-
| AP 24
| Nalgonda District
|-
| AP 25
| Nizamabad District
|-
| AP 28
| Rangareddy District (Attapur, Hyderabad)*
|-
| AP 29
| Rangareddy District (Uppal, Hyderabad)*
|-
| AP 36
| Warangal District
|-
|}

==TN—Tamil Nadu==
In Tamil Nadu, specific series are exclusively used for certain type of vehicles
* All State Transport Corporation vehicles start the series with 'N' or 'AN'
* All Government owned vehicles start the series with 'G', 'AG', 'BG', 'CG' or 'DG', Etc., (all Combination of G)
No RTO is assigned with number that would add up to '8'. There is no 08,17,26,35,44,53,62,71.80.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Location
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | District
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Zone
! scope="col" style="width:45%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| TN-01
| [[Chennai]] (Central): [[Ayanavaram]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai North
| [[State Express Transport Corporation|SETC]] & [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]] busses are registered here under TN 01 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-02
| [[Chennai]] (North West): [[Anna Nagar]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai North
|
|-
| TN-03
| [[Chennai]] (North East): [[Tondiarpet]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai North
|
|-
| TN-04
| [[Chennai]] (East): [[Royapuram]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai North
|
|-
| TN-05
| [[Chennai]] (North): [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai North
|
|-
| TN-06
| [[Chennai]] (South East): [[Mandavelli]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-07
| [[Chennai]] (South): [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-09
| [[Chennai]] (West): [[K. K. Nagar, Chennai|K. K. Nagar]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-10
| [[Chennai]] (South West): [[Virugambakkam]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-11
| [[Tambaram]]
| [[Chengalpattu]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-12
| [[Poonamallee]]
| [[Tiruvallur]]
| Chennai North
|
|-
| TN-13
| [[Ambattur]]
| [[Tiruvallur]]
| Chennai North
|
|-
| TN-14
| [[Sholinganallur]]
| [[Chengalpattu]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-15
| [[Ulundurpet]]
| [[Kallakurichi]]
| Villupuram
|
|-
| TN-15M
| [[Kallakurichi]]
| [[Kallakurichi]]
| Villupuram
| Shared series with Ulunderpettai
|-
| TN-16
| [[Tindivanam]]
| [[Villupuram]]
| Villupuram
|
|-
| TN-16Z
| [[Gingee]]
| [[Villupuram]]
| Villupuram
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-18
| [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]]
| [[Tiruvallur]]
| Chennai North
|
|-
| TN-18Y
| [[Gummidipoondi]]
| [[Tiruvallur]]
| Chennai North
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-19
| [[Chengalpattu]]
| [[Chengalpattu]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-19Y
| [[Thirukazhukundram|Thirukazhugundram]]
| [[Chengalpattu]]
| Chennai South
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-19Z
| [[Madurantakam]]
| [[Chengalpattu]]
| Chennai South
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-20
| [[Tiruvallur]]
| [[Tiruvallur]]
| Chennai North
| TNSTC-Villupuram / Thiruvallur Region busses are registered here under TN 20 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-20X
| [[Thiruthani]]
| [[Tiruvallur]]
| Chennai North
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-21
| [[Kanchipuram]]
| [[Kanchipuram]]
| Chennai South
| TNSTC-Villupuram / Kanchipuram Region busses are registered here under TN 21 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-22
| [[Meenambakkam]]
| [[Chennai]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-23
| [[Vellore]]
| [[Vellore]]
| Vellore
| TNSTC-Villupuram / Vellore Region busses are registered here under TN 23 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-23T
| [[Gudiyatham]]
| [[Vellore]]
| Vellore
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-24
| [[Krishnagiri]]
| [[Krishnagiri]]
| Vellore
|
|-
| TN-25
| [[Thiruvannamalai District|Thiruvannamalai]]
| [[Thiruvannamalai District|Thiruvannamalai]]
| Villupuram
| TNSTC-Villupuram / Thiruvannamalai Region busses are registered here under TN 25 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-27
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| [[Salem district|Salem]]
|
| Not in use
|-
| TN-28
| [[Namakkal]] (North)
| [[Namakkal]]
| Erode
|
|-
| TN-28Z
| [[Rasipuram]]
| [[Namakkal]]
| Erode
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-29
| [[Dharmapuri]]
| [[Dharmapuri]]
| Salem
| TNSTC-Salem / Dharmapuri Region busses are registered here under TN 29 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-29W
| [[Palacode]]
| [[Dharmapuri]]
| Salem
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-29Z
| [[Harur]]
| [[Dharmapuri]]
| Salem
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-30
| [[Salem district|Salem]] (West)
| [[Salem district|Salem]]
| Salem
| TNSTC-Salem / Salem Region busses are registered here under TN 30 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-30W
| [[Omalur]]
| [[Salem district|Salem]]
| Salem
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-31
| [[Cuddalore]]
| [[Cuddalore]]
| Villupuram
| TNSTC-Villupuram / Cuddalore Region busses are registered here under TN 31 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-31Y
| [[Neyveli]]
| [[Cuddalore]]
| Villupuram
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-31Z
| [[Panruti]]
| [[Cuddalore]]
| Villupuram
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-32
| [[Villupuram]]
| [[Villupuram]]
| Villupuram
| TNSTC-Villupuram / Villupuram Region busses are registered here under TN 32 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-33
| [[Erode]] (East)
| [[Erode]]
| Erode
| TNSTC-Coimbatore / Erode Region busses are registered here under TN 33 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-34
| [[Tiruchengode]]
| [[Namakkal]]
| Erode
|
|-
| TN-34M
| [[Kumarapalayam]]
| [[Namakkal]]
| Erode
| Shared series with Tiruchengode
|-
| TN-36
| [[Gobichettipalayam]]
| [[Erode]]
| Erode
|
|-
| TN-36W
| [[Bhavani, Tamil Nadu|Bhavani]]
| [[Erode]]
| Erode
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-36Z
| [[Sathyamangalam]]
| [[Erode]]
| Erode
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-37
| [[Coimbatore]] (South)
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
|
|-
| TN-37Z
| [[Sulur]]
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-38
| [[Coimbatore]] (North)
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
| TNSTC-Coimbatore / Coimbatore Region busses are registered here under TN 38 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-39
| [[Tirupur]] (North)
| [[Tirupur]]
| Coimbatore
| TNSTC-Coimbatore / Tirupur Region busses are registered here under TN 39 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-39Z
| [[Avinashi]]
| [[Tirupur]]
| Coimbatore
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-40
| [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]]
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
|
|-
| TN-41
| [[Pollachi]]
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
|
|-
| TN-41W
| [[Valparai]]
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-42
| [[Tirupur]] (South)
| [[Tirupur]]
| Coimbatore
|
|-
| TN-42Y
| [[Kangayam]]
| [[Tirupur]]
| Coimbatore
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-43
| [[Ooty]]
| [[Nilgiris]]
| Coimbatore
| TNSTC-Coimbatore / Ooty Region busses are registered here under TN 43 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-43Z
| [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]]
| [[Nilgiris]]
| Coimbatore
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-45
| [[Tiruchirapalli]] (West)
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Tnstc-Kumbakonam / Tiruchirapalli Region busses are registered here under TN 45 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-45Z
| [[Manapparai]]
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-46
| [[Perambalur]]
| [[Perambalur]]
| Tiruchirapalli
|
|-
| TN-47
| [[Karur]]
| [[Karur]]
| Tiruchirapalli
|
|-
| TN-47X
| [[Manmangalam]]
| [[Karur]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-47Y
| [[Aravakurichi]]
| [[Karur]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-47Z
| [[Kulithalai]]
| [[Karur]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-48
| [[Srirangam]]
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| Tiruchirapalli
|
|-
| TN-48X
| [[Lalgudi]]
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-48Y
| [[Musiri]]
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-48Z
| [[Thuraiyur]]
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-49
| [[Thanjavur]]
| [[Thanjavur]]
| Thanjavur
|
|-
| TN-49Y
| [[Pattukottai]]
| [[Thanjavur]]
| Thanjavur
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-50
| [[Tiruvarur]]
| [[Tiruvarur]]
| Thanjavur
|
|-
| TN-50Y
| [[Thiruthuraipoondi]]
| [[Tiruvarur]]
| Thanjavur
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-50Z
| [[Mannargudi]]
| [[Tiruvarur]]
| Thanjavur
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-51
| [[Nagapattinam]]
| [[Nagapattinam]]
| Thanjavur
|
|-
| TN-52
| [[Sankagiri]]
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| Salem
|
|-
| TN-54
| [[Salem district|Salem]] (East)
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| Salem
|
|-
| TN-55
| [[Pudukottai]]
| [[Pudukottai]]
| Thanjavur
| TNSTC-Kumbakonam / Pudukottai Region busses are registered here under TN 55 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-55BQ
| [[Alangudi, Pudukkottai|Alangudi]]
| [[Pudukottai]]
| Thanjavur
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
|-
| TN-55Y
| [[Iluppur]]
| [[Pudukottai]]
| Thanjavur
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-55Z
| [[Aranthangi]]
| [[Pudukottai]]
| Thanjavur
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-56
| [[Perundurai]]
| [[Erode]]
| Erode
|
|-
| TN-57
| [[Dindigul]]
| [[Dindigul]]
| Madurai
| TNSTC-Madurai / Dindigul region busses are registered here under TN 57 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-57W
| [[Natham]]
| [[Dindigul]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-57V
| [[Vedasandur]]
| [[Dindigul]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-57W
| [[Batlagundu]]
| [[Dindigul]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-58
| [[Madurai]] (South)
| [[Madurai]]
| Madurai
| TNSTC-Madurai / Madurai region busses are registered here under TN 58 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-58Y
| [[Usilampatti]]
| [[Madurai]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-58Z
| [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Thirumangalam]]
| [[Madurai]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-59
| [[Madurai]] (North)
| [[Madurai]]
| Madurai
|
|-
| TN-59V
| [[Vadipatti]]
| [[Madurai]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-59Z
| [[Melur]]
| [[Madurai]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-60
| [[Theni]]
| [[Theni]]
| Madurai
|
|-
| TN-60Z
| [[Uthamapalayam]]
| [[Theni]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-61
| [[Ariyalur]]
| [[Ariyalur]]
| Tiruchirapalli
|
|-
| TN-63
| [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| Virudhunagar
|
|-
| TN-63Z
| [[Karaikudi]]
| [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| Virudhunagar
| Unit office of the RTO. TNSTC-Kumbakonam / Karaikudi region busses are registered here under TN 63 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-64
| [[Madurai]] (Central)
| [[Madurai]]
| Madurai
|
|-
| TN-65
| [[Ramanathapuram]]
| [[Ramanathapuram]]
| Virudhunagar
|
|-
| TN-65Z
| [[Paramakudi]]
| [[Ramanathapuram]]
| Virudhunagar
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-66
| [[Coimbatore]] (Central)
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
|
|-
| TN-67
| [[Virudhunagar]]
| [[Virudhunagar]]
| Virudhunagar
| TNSTC-Madurai / Virudhunagar Region busses are registered here under TN 67 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-67W
| [[Aruppukottai]]
| [[Virudhunagar]]
| Virudhunagar
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-68
| [[Kumbakonam]]
| [[Thanjavur]]
| Thanjavur
| TNSTC-Kumbakonam / Kumbakonam Region busses are registered here under TN 68 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-69
| [[Thoothukudi]]
| [[Thoothukudi]]
| Tirunelveli
|
|-
| TN-70
| [[Hosur]]
| [[Krishnagiri]]
| Vellore
|
|-
| TN-72
| [[Tirunelveli]]
| [[Tirunelveli]]
| Tirunelveli
| TNSTC-Tirunelveli / Tirunelveli Region busses are registered here under TN 72 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-72V
| [[Valliyur]]
| [[Tirunelveli]]
| Tirunelveli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-73
| [[Ranipet]]
| [[Ranipet]]
| Vellore
|
|-
| TN-73Z
| [[Arakkonam]]
| [[Ranipet]]
| Vellore
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-74
| [[Nagercoil]]
| [[Kanniyakumari]]
| Tirunelveli
| TNSTC-Tirunelveli / Nagercoil region busses are registered here under TN 74 N XXXX.
|-
| TN-75
| [[Marthandam]]
| [[Kanniyakumari]]
| Tirunelveli
|
|-
| TN-76
| [[Tenkasi]]
| [[Tenkasi]]
| Tirunelveli
|
|-
| TN-76Y
| [[Ambasamudram]]
| [[Tirunelveli]]
| Tirunelveli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-77
| [[Attur]]
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| Salem
|
|-
| TN-77Z
| [[Vazhapadi]]
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| Salem
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-78
| [[Dharapuram]]
| [[Tirupur]]
| Coimbatore
|
|-
| TN-78M
| [[Udumalpet]]
| [[Tirupur]]
| Coimbatore
| Shared series with Dharapuram
|-
| TN-79
| [[Sankarankovil]]
| [[Tenkasi]]
| Tirunelveli
|
|-
| TN-81
| [[Tiruchirapalli]] (East)
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| Tiruchirapalli
|
|-
| TN-81Z
| [[Thiruverumbur]]
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| Tiruchirapalli
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-82
| [[Mayiladuthurai]]
| [[Mayiladuthurai]]
| Thanjavur
|
|-
| TN-82Z
| [[Sirkazhi]]
| [[Mayiladuthurai]]
| Thanjavur
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-83
| [[Vaniyambadi]]
| [[Tirupattur district|Thirupattur]]
| Vellore
|
|-
| TN-83M
| [[Tirupattur|Thirupattur]]
| [[Tirupattur district|Thirupattur]]
| Vellore
| Shared series with Vaniyambadi
|-
| TN-83Y
| [[Ambur]]
| [[Tirupattur district|Thirupattur]]
| Vellore
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-84
| [[Srivilliputhur]]
| [[Virudhunagar]]
| Virudhunagar
|
|-
| TN-84U
| [[Rajapalayam]]
| [[Virudhunagar]]
| Virudhunagar
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-85
| [[Kundrathur]]
| [[Kanchipuram]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-86
| [[Erode]] (West)
| [[Erode]]
| Erode
|
|-
| TN-87
| [[Sriperumbudur]]
| [[Kanchipuram]]
| Chennai South
|
|-
| TN-88
| [[Namakkal]] (South)
| [[Namakkal]]
| Erode
|
|-
| TN-88Z
| [[Paramathi Velur (Namakkal district)|Paramathi Velur]]
| [[Namakkal]]
| Erode
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-90
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] (South)
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| Salem
|
|-
| TN-91
| [[Chidambaram]]
| [[Cuddalore]]
| Villupuram
|
|-
| TN-91Z
| [[Virudhachalam]]
| [[Cuddalore]]
| Villupuram
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-92
| [[Thiruchendur]]
| [[Thoothukudi]]
| Tirunelveli
|
|-
| TN-93
| [[Mettur]]
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| Salem
|
|-
| TN-94
| [[Palani]]
| [[Dindigul]]
| Madurai
|
|-
| TN-94Z
| [[Oddanchatram]]
| [[Dindigul]]
| Madurai
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-95
| [[Sivakasi]]
| [[Virudhunagar]]
| Virudhunagar
|
|-
| TN-96
| [[Kovilpatti]]
| [[Thoothukudi]]
| Tirunelveli
|
|-
| TN-97
| [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]]
| [[Tiruvannamalai]]
| Villupuram
|
|-
| TN-97Z
| [[Cheyyar]]
| [[Tiruvannamalai]]
| Villupuram
| Unit office of the RTO
|-
| TN-99
| [[Coimbatore]] (West)
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
|
|-
|}

==TR—Tripura==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| TR-01
|[[Agartala]]
|[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
|
|-
| TR-02
|[[Kailasahar]]
|[[Unakoti district|Unakoti]]
|
|-
| TR-03
|[[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]]
|[[Gomati district|Gomati]]
|
|-
| TR-04
|[[Ambassa]]
|[[Dhalai district|Dhalai]]
|
|-
| TR-05
|[[Dharmanagar]]
|[[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
|
|-
| TR-06
|[[Teliamura]]
|[[Khowai district|Khowai]]
|
|-
|TR-07
|[[Bishramganj]]
|[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
|
|-
|TR-08
| [[Santirbazar]]
|[[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
|
|}

==UK—Uttarakhand==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable"| Annotations
|-
| UK-01
| [[Almora]]
| [[Almora district]]
|
|-
| UK-02
| [[Bageshwar]]
| [[Bageshwar district]]
|
|-
| UK-03
| [[Champawat]]
| [[Champawat district]]
|
|-
| UK-04
| [[Haldwani]]
| [[Nainital district]]
|
|-
| UK-05
| [[Pithoragarh]]
| [[Pithoragarh district]]
|
|-
| UK-06
| [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
| [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
|-
| UK-07
| [[Dehradun]]
| [[Dehradun district]]
|
|-
| UK-08
| [[Haridwar]]
| [[Haridwar district]]
|
|-
| UK-09
| [[Tehri]]
| [[Tehri Garhwal district]]
|
|-
| UK-10
| [[Uttarkashi]]
| [[Uttarkashi district]]
|
|-
| UK-11
| [[Chamoli Gopeshwar|Gopeshwar]]
| [[Chamoli district]]
|
|-
| UK-12
| [[Pauri]]
| [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
|
|-
| UK-13
| [[Rudraprayag]]
| [[Rudraprayag district]]
|
|-
| UK-14
| [[Rishikesh]]
| [[Dehradun district]]
|
|-
| UK-15
| [[Kotdwar]]
| [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
|
|-
| UK-16
| [[Vikasnagar]]
| [[Dehradun district]]
|
|-
| UK-17
| [[Roorkee]]
| [[Haridwar district]]
|
|-
| UK-18
| [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]]
| [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
|
|-
|UK-19
|[[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]
|[[Nainital District]]
|
|-
|UK-20
|[[Ranikhet]]
|[[Almora District]]
|
|-
|}

==UP—Uttar Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| UP-1 to UP-10
| Defunct
| Defunct
| Codes were allocated to districts which are now part of [[Uttarakhand]].
|-
| UP-11
| [[Saharanpur]]
| [[Saharanpur district]]
|
|-
| UP-12
| [[Muzaffarnagar]]
| [[Muzaffarnagar district]]
|
|-
| UP-13
| [[Bulandshahr]]
| [[Bulandshahr district]]
|
|-
| UP-14
| [[Ghaziabad]]
| [[Ghaziabad district]]
|
|-
| UP-15
| [[Meerut]]
| [[Meerut district]]
|
|-
| UP-16
| [[Noida]]
| [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
|
|-
| UP-17
| [[Baghpat]]
| [[Bagpat district]]
|
|-
| UP-19
| [[Shamli]]
| [[Shamli district]]
|
|-
| UP-20
| [[Bijnor]]
| [[Bijnor district]]
|
|-
| UP-21
| [[Moradabad]]
| [[Moradabad district]]
| 21G for government vehicles, 21N for commercial vehicles
|-
| UP-22
| [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
| [[Rampur district]]
| 22G for government vehicles, 22T for commercial vehicles
|-
| UP-23
| [[Amroha]]
| [[Amroha district]]
|
|-
| UP-24
| [[Badaun]]
| [[Badaun district]]
|
|-
| UP-25
| [[Bareilly]]
| [[Bareilly district]]
|
|-
| UP-26
| [[Pilibhit]]
| [[Pilibhit district]]
|
|-
| UP-27
| [[Shahjahanpur]]
| [[Shahjahanpur district]]
|
|-
| UP-30
| [[Hardoi]]
| [[Hardoi district]]
|
|-
| UP-31
| [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]]
| [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
|
|-
| UP-32
| [[Lucknow]]
| [[Lucknow district]]
| [[Trans-Gomti area|Trans Gomti Vistar Patal Lucknow]]
|-
| UP-33
| [[Raebareli]]
| [[Raebareli district]]
|
|-
| UP-34
| [[Sitapur]]
| [[Sitapur district]]
|
|-
| UP-35
| [[Unnao]]
| [[Unnao district]]
|
|-
| UP-36
| [[Amethi]]
| [[Amethi district]]
|
|-
| UP-37
| [[Hapur]]
| [[Hapur district]]
|
|-
| UP-38
| [[Bahjoi]]
| [[Sambhal district]]
|
|-
| UP-40
| [[Bahraich]]
| [[Bahraich district]]
|
|-
| UP-41
| [[Barabanki]]
| [[Barabanki district]]
|
|-
| UP-42
| [[Ayodhya]]
| [[Ayodhya district]]
|
|-
| UP-43
| [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]
| [[Gonda district]]
|
|-
| UP-44
| [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
| [[Sultanpur district]]
|
|-
| UP-45
| [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]
| [[Ambedkar Nagar]]
|
|-
| UP-46
| [[Shravasti]]
| [[Shravasti district]]
|
|-
| UP-47
| [[Balrampur]]
| [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]]
|
|-
| UP-50
| [[Azamgarh]]
| [[Azamgarh district]]
|
|-
| UP-51
| [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]
| [[Basti district]]
|
|-
| UP-52
| [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]
| [[Deoria district]]
|
|-
| UP-53
| [[Gorakhpur]]
| [[Gorakhpur district]]
|
|-
| UP-54
| [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]]
| [[Mau district]]
|
|-
| UP-55
| [[Siddharthnagar]]
| [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharth Nagar]]
|
|-
| UP-56
| [[Mahrajganj, Uttar Pradesh|Maharajganj]]
| [[Maharajganj district]]
|
|-
| UP-57
| [[Padrauna]]
| [[Kushinagar district]]
|
|-
| UP-58
| [[Khalilabad, India|Khalilabad]]
| [[Sant Kabir Nagar]]
|
|-
| UP-60
| [[Ballia]]
| [[Ballia district]]
|
|-
| UP-61
| [[Ghazipur]]
| [[Ghazipur district]]
|
|-
| UP-62
| [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
| [[Jaunpur district]]
|
|-
| UP-63
| [[Mirzapur]]
| [[Mirzapur district]]
|
|-
| UP-64
| [[Robertsganj]]
| [[Sonbhadra district]]
|
|-
| UP-65
| [[Varanasi]]
| [[Varanasi district]]
|
|-
| UP-66
| [[Gyanpur]]
| [[Bhadohi district]]
|
|-
| UP-67
| [[Chandauli]]
| [[Chandauli district]]
|
|-
| UP-70
| [[Prayagraj]]
| [[Prayagraj district]]
|
|-
| UP-71
| [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]
| [[Fatehpur district]]
|
|-
| UP-72
| [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]]
|
|-
| UP-73
| [[Manjhanpur]]
| [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|
|-
| UP-74
| [[Kannauj]]
| [[Kannauj district]]
|
|-
| UP-75
| [[Etawah]]
| [[Etawah district]]
|
|-
| UP-76
| [[Farrukhabad]]
| [[Farrukhabad district]]
|
|-
| UP-77
| [[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]
| [[Kanpur Dehat district]]
|
|-
| UP-78
| [[Kanpur]]
| [[Kanpur Nagar district]]
|
|-
| UP-79
| [[Auraiya]]
| [[Auraiya district]]
|
|-
| UP-80
| [[Agra]]
| [[Agra district]]
|
|-
| UP-81
| [[Aligarh]]
| [[Aligarh district]]
|
|-
| UP-82
| [[Etah]]
| [[Etah district]]
|
|-
| UP-83
| [[Firozabad]]
| [[Firozabad district]]
|
|-
| UP-84
| [[Mainpuri]]
| [[Mainpuri district]]
|
|-
| UP-85
| [[Mathura]]
| [[Mathura district]]
|
|-
| UP-86
| [[Hathras]]
| [[Hathras district]]
|
|-
| UP-87
| [[Kasganj]]
| [[Kasganj district]]
|
|-
| UP-90
| [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
| [[Banda district, India|Banda district]]
|
|-
| UP-91
| [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]
|
|-
| UP-92
| [[Jalaun]]
| [[Jalaun district]]
|
|-
| UP-93
| [[Jhansi]]
| [[Jhansi district]]
|
|-
| UP-94
| [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]
| [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur district]]
|
|-
| UP-95
| [[Mahoba]]
| [[Mahoba district]]
|
|-
| UP-96
| [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot Dham]]
| [[Chitrakoot district]]
|
|}

==WB—West Bengal==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! Code || style="width:30%; | Office location || Jurisdiction area || style="width:30%;" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
|WB-01
|Beltala (two Wheelers)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|however series starting from WB-01BB is new series for both Commercial and Private vehicles under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-02
|Beltala (four Wheelers private vehicles)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|Discontinued, as WB-01BB is new code for all types of Commercial and Private vehicles under Beltala RTO
|-
|WB-03
|Beltala (commercial goods carriages)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|Discontinued, as WB-01BB is new code for all types of Commercial and Private vehicles under Beltala RTO
|-
|WB-04
|Beltala (commercial passenger vehicles)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|WB-01BB is new code for all types of Commercial and Private vehicles under Beltala RTO
|-
|WB-05
|[[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|however, WB-05B is the new code for both Commercial and Private vehicles under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-06
|[[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]] (private vehicles)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|series starts from (WB-06K); however, from WB-06 until WB-06J registered in Beltala RTO as private four-wheelers; series discontinued after WB-06AC
WB-05B is the new code for both Commercial and Private vehicles under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-07
|[[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|series starts from (WB-07J); however, from WB-07 until WB-07H registered in [[Kolkata]] RTO as two-wheelers; series discontinued after WB-07K as it has been replaced by WB-07V
|-
|WB-08
|[[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] (private vehicles)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|Series replaced by WB-07V (after WB-08S) as WB-07V is the new code for both Commercial and Private vehicles; some government vehicles have been registered under WB-08T
|-
|WB-09
|[[Behala]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|however, series replaced by WB-09B under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-10
|[[Behala]] (private vehicles)
|[[Kolkata district]]
|however, series replaced by WB-09B under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-11
|[[Howrah]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Howrah district]]
|however, series replaced by WB-11H under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-12
|[[Howrah]] (private vehicles)
|[[Howrah district]]
|however, series replaced by WB-11H under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-13
|[[Uluberia]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Howrah district]]
|however, series replaced by WB-13B under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-14
|[[Uluberia]] (private vehicles)
|[[Howrah district]]
|series starts from (WB14K); however from WB-14E until WB-14L Two-wheelers are registered under [[Howrah]] RTO
however, series replaced by WB-13B under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-15
|[[Chinsurah]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Hooghly district]]
|Replaced by series starting with WB-15E under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-16
|[[Chinsurah]] (private vehicles)
|[[Hooghly district]]
|discontinued and replaced by series starting with WB-15E under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-17
|[[Serampore]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Hooghly district]]
|From WB17N it is [[Arambagh]] ARTO
|-
|WB-18
|[[Serampore]] (private vehicles)
|[[Hooghly district]]
|series starts from (WB18K); however from WB-18 until WB-18G registered in [[Chinsurah]] RTO as private vehicles.
WB-18 series discontinued after WB-18AM and replaced by series starting with WB-17B under One RTO One Code initiative.
Series from WB-18TA registered in [[Arambagh]] arto as private vehicles WB-18TA series discontinued after WB-18TF and replaced by WB-17N under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-19
|[[Alipore]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[South 24 Parganas district]]
|however, series starting with WB-19P is now used for both Private and Commercial vehicles under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-20
|[[Alipore]] (private vehicles)
|[[South 24 Parganas district]]
|Discontinued and replaced by series starting with WB-19P
|-
|WB-21
|[[Basirhat]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|Common series for private and commercial vehicles starts from WB-21A under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-22
|[[Basirhat]] (private vehicles)
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|Common series for private and commercial vehicles starts from WB-21A under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department,
however WB-22U registered in [[Alipore]] RTO as private vehicle
|-
|WB-23
|[[Barrackpore]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|series starting from WB-23H applies for both Private and Commercial vehicles
|-
|WB-24
|[[Barrackpore]] (private vehicles)
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|Now discontinued and replaced by series starting from WB-23H
|-
|WB-25
|[[Barasat]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|however, series replaced by WB-25N for both Commercial and Private vehicles under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-26
|[[Barasat]] (private vehicles)
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|however, series replaced by WB-25N for both Commercial and Private vehicles (after WB-26CC) under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-27
|[[Bangaon]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|
|-
|WB-28
|[[Bangaon]] (private vehicles)
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|
|-
|WB-29
|[[Tamluk]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Purba Medinipur district]]
|
|-
|WB-30
|[[Tamluk]] (private vehicles)
|[[Purba Medinipur district]]
|
|-
|WB-31
|[[Contai]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Purba Medinipur district]]
|However series starts from WB-31N are registered under [[Haldia]] ARTO as commercial vehicles; WB-31 discontinued in Contai and replaced by WB-32 for both Private and Commercial vehicles
|-
|WB-32
|[[Contai]] (private vehicles)
|[[Purba Medinipur district]]
|However series starts from WB-32N are registered under [[Haldia]] ARTO as private vehicles; WB-32 now applies for both Private and Commercial vehicles under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-33
|[[Medinipur]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Paschim Medinipur district]]
|
|-
|WB-34
|[[Medinipur]] (private vehicles)
|[[Paschim Medinipur district]]
|
|-
|WB-35
|[[Kharagpur]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Paschim Medinipur district]]
|
|-
|WB-36
|[[Kharagpur]] (private vehicles)
|[[Paschim Medinipur district]]
|
|-
|WB-37
|[[Asansol]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
|
|-
|WB-38
|[[Asansol]] (private vehicles)
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
|
|-
|WB-39
|[[Durgapur]] (commercial vehicles), also [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]] buses are registered here.
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
|
|-
|WB-40
|[[Durgapur]] (private vehicles)
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
|
|-
|WB-41
|[[Bardhaman]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|
|-
|WB-42
|[[Bardhaman]] (private vehicles)
|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|
|-
|WB-43
|[[Kalna, India|Kalna]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|
|-
|WB-44
|[[Kalna, India|Kalna]] (private vehicles)
|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|However WB44-44D is registered at [[Asansol]] ARTO.
|-
|WB-45
|[[Rampurhat]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Birbhum district]]
|
|-
|WB-46
|[[Rampurhat]] (private vehicles)
|[[Birbhum district]]
|
|-
|WB-47
|[[Bolpur]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Birbhum district]]
|
|-
|WB-48
|[[Bolpur]] (private vehicles)
|[[Birbhum district]]
|
|-
|WB-49
|[[Jhargram]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Jhargram district]]
|However series starts from WB-49N are registered under [[Ghatal]] arto as commercial vehicles
|-
|WB-50
|[[Jhargram]] (private vehicles)
|[[Jhargram district]]
|However series starts from WB-50N are registered under [[Ghatal]] as private vehicles
|-
|WB-51
|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Nadia district]]
|
|-
|WB-52
|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] (private vehicles)
|[[Nadia district]]
| However series starts from WB-52JA is registered at [[Tehatta]] ARTO
|-
|WB-53
|[[Birbhum]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Birbhum district]]
|
|-
|WB-54
|[[Birbhum]] (private vehicles)
|[[Birbhum district]]
|
|-
|WB-55
|[[Purulia]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Purulia district]]
|
|-
|WB-56
|[[Purulia]] (private vehicles)
|[[Purulia district]]
|
|-
|WB-57
|[[Murshidabad]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Murshidabad district]]
|
|-
|WB-58
|[[Murshidabad]] (private vehicles)
|[[Murshidabad district]]
|
|-
|WB-59
|[[Raiganj]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Uttar Dinajpur district]]
|
|-
|WB-60
|[[Raiganj]] (private vehicles)
|[[Uttar Dinajpur district]]
|
|-
|WB-61
|[[Balurghat]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
|
|-
|WB-62
|[[Balurghat]] (private vehicles)
|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
|
|-
|WB-63
|[[Cooch Behar]] (commercial vehicles), also [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation|NBSTC]] buses are registered here.
|[[Cooch Behar district]]
|
|-
|WB-64
|[[Cooch Behar]] (private vehicles)
|[[Cooch Behar district]]
|
|-
|WB-65
|[[Malda City]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Malda district]]
|
|-
|WB-66
|[[Malda City]] (private vehicles)
|[[Malda district]]
|
|-
|WB-67
|[[Bankura]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Bankura district]]
|
|-
|WB-68
|[[Bankura]] (private vehicles)
|[[Bankura district]]
|
|-
|WB-69
|[[Alipurduar]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Alipurduar district]]
|
|-
|WB-70
|[[Alipurduar]] (private vehicles)
|[[Alipurduar district]]
|
|-
|WB-71
|[[Jalpaiguri]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Jalpaiguri district]]
|
|-
|WB-72
|[[Jalpaiguri]] (private vehicles)
|[[Jalpaiguri district]]
|
|-
|WB-73
|[[Siliguri]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Darjeeling district]]
|Replaced by series starting with WB-73K under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-74
|[[Siliguri]] (private vehicles)
|[[Darjeeling district]]
|Replaced by series starting with WB-73K under One RTO One Code initiative
|-
|WB-75
|[[Katwa]] (private and commercial vehicles)
|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|
|-
|WB-76
|[[Darjeeling]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Darjeeling district]]
|
|-
|WB-77
|[[Darjeeling]] (private vehicles)
|[[Darjeeling district]]
|
|-
|WB-78
|[[Kalimpong]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Kalimpong district]]
|
|-
|WB-79
|[[Kalimpong]] (private vehicles)
|[[Kalimpong district]]
|
|-
|WB-80
|[[Manbazar]] (private and commercial vehicles)
|[[Purulia district]]
|
|-
|WB-81
|[[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Purulia district]]
|
|-
|WB-82
|[[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]] (private vehicles)
|[[Purulia district]]
|
|-
|WB-83
|[[Chanchal]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Malda district]]
|
|-
|WB-84
|[[Chanchal]] (private vehicles)
|[[Malda district]]
|
|-
|WB-85
|[[Mathabhanga]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Cooch Behar district]]
|
|-
|WB-86
|[[Mathabhanga]] (private vehicles)
|[[Cooch Behar district]]
|
|-
|WB-87
|[[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Bankura district]]
|
|-
|WB-88
|[[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] (private vehicles)
|[[Bankura district]]
|
|-
|WB-89
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Nadia district]]
|
|-
|WB-90
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] (private vehicles)
|[[Nadia district]]
|
|-
|WB-91
|[[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Uttar Dinajpur district]]
|
|-
|WB-92
|[[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] (private vehicles)
|[[Uttar Dinajpur district]]
|
|-
|WB-93
|[[Jangipur, West Bengal|Jangipur]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[Murshidabad district]]
|
|-
|WB-94
|[[Jangipur, West Bengal|Jangipur]] (private vehicles)
|[[Murshidabad district]]
|
|-
|WB-95
|[[Baruipur]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[South 24 Parganas district]]
|Common series for private and commercial vehicles starts from WB-95C under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-96
|[[Baruipur]] (private vehicles)
|[[South 24 Parganas district]]
|Common series for private and commercial vehicles starts from WB-95C under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-97
|[[Diamond Harbour]] (commercial vehicles)
|[[South 24 Parganas district]]
|Common series for private and commercial vehicles starts from WB-97B under One RTO One Code initiative of WB Transport Department
|-
|WB-98
|[[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]] (All vehicles)
|[[South 24 Parganas district]]
|Series start from WB-98AA registered under Canning ARTO From July 2025
|-
|WB-99
|[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]] (Private and Commercial vehicles)
|[[Murshidabad district]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://transport.assam.gov.in/about-us/our-branchesoffices|title = Our Divisions/Field Offices | Transport | Government of Assam, India}}

== Sources ==
{{Commons category|RTO maps of India}}
* for India as whole: [https://sarathi.nic.in:8443/nrportal/sarathi/HomePage.jsp Ministry of Road Transport and Highways] (click on "List of RTO's in a State")
* for Andhra Pradesh: [http://aptransport.org/ Government of Andhra Pradesh – Transport Department]
* for Delhi: [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Transport/transport/home/vehicle+registration/ Department of Transport]
* for Gujarat: [http://rtogujarat.gov.in/ Transport Department Gujarat]
* for Himachal Pradesh: [http://himachal.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&dpt_id=3&level=1&lid=3648&sublinkid=3078 Transport Department]
* for Karnataka: [http://rto.kar.nic.in/ Government of Karnataka – Transport Department]
* for Kerala: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232624/http://www.keralamvd.gov.in/index.php?Itemid=117&id=71 Motor Vehicles Department], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614054911/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/18/stories/2006061811810100.htm Newspaper article in the Hindu: "New Registering Authority Codes from July 1"]
* for Madhya Pradesh: [https://www.kotakgeneral.com/blog/motor-insurance/rto-office-madhya-pradesh RTO Offices in MP]
* for Maharashtra: [http://mahatranscom.in/pdf/OfficeList2015Final_New.pdf Motor Vehicle Department]
* for Orissa: [http://www.orissa.gov.in/commerce%26transport/RTOoffice.htm Orissa Commerce & Transport Department]
* for Punjab: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140528084316/http://pbtransport.gov.in/html/registration.htm Government of Punjab – Department of Transport]
* For Rajasthan: transport.Rajasthan.gov
* for Tamil Nadu: [http://tnsta.gov.in/transport/rtoStartNoListActUpdated.do Department of Transport], [http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/a2.pdf State Transport Authority], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120423053637/http://tngis1.tn.nic.in/gis-rto/rto.php GIS representation]
* for Telangana: [http://www.transport.telangana.gov.in/ Telangana Transport Information Portal]
* for Uttarakhand: [http://transport.uk.gov.in/pages/display/68-district-registration-numbers Uttarakhand Transport Department].

{{Transport in India}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=India|portal2=Transport|portal3=Cars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rto Districts In India}}
[[Category:Road transport in India|India RTO districts]]
[[Category:India transport-related lists|RTO]]
[[Category:Districts of India-related lists]]
[[Category:India government-related lists]]

Mannina Doni

2026-03-03T22:05:32Z

WardDrayton2: minor added references for clarity additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mannina Doni
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[M. S. Rajashekar]]
| screenplay = T. N. Narasimhan
| story = [[T. K. Rama Rao]]
| based_on = {{Based on|Mannina Doni|[[T. K. Rama Rao]]}}
| starring = [[Ambareesh]] [[Sudharani]]
| producer = Sandesh Nagaraj
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = Sandesh Combines
| distributor = R. F. Productions
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Mannina Doni''''' ({{lit|Earthen Boat}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance drama film]] directed by [[M. S. Rajashekar]] based on a novel of the same name by [[T. K. Rama Rao]]. The film stars [[Ambareesh]] and [[Sudharani]]. [[Chi. Guru Dutt]], [[Vanitha Vasu]], [[Vajramuni]], [[Jai Jagadish]] and [[Umashree]] feature in supporting roles. The film was appreciated for its songs by [[Hamsalekha]] and lead actors performances upon release.

==Plot synopsis==
Karthik, a novelist, meets Sowbhagya, a young woman, on his visit to the meadows, and both fall in love. Despite her father's disapproval, the two get married and head to Mysuru, where a mystery begins to unfold.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ambareesh]] as Karthik
* [[Sudharani]] as Sowbhagya a.k.a. Padmavathi
* [[Vanitha Vasu]] as Sharmila
* [[Vajramuni]] as Bernard a.k.a. Ramayya
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as advocate
* [[Jai Jagadish]] as Jagadish
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Mallikarjuna
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt]] as Sudhakar
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Pradeep
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Chandrashekhaiah
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Veerabhadra
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Karthik's mother
* [[Umashree]] as Meenakshi
* Ashalatha as Kanakamma
* [[Girija Lokesh]] as Janaki
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]], and the entire soundtrack was well received extremely well.<ref>[http://connect.hungama.com/music-album-Mannina%20Doni-399053 Mannina Doni songs] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130703115403/http://connect.hungama.com/music-album-Mannina%20Doni-399053 |date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> Audio was released on [[Lahari Music]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kogileye Kshemave
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Rajanu Rani
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title3 = Male Male Male Male
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title4 = Nandu Nindu Indu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title5 = Megha Banthu Megha
| extra5 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], Chorus
| title6 = Theme Humming (Background)
| extra6 = [[Manjula Gururaj]]
}}

==Reception ==
''[[The Hindu]]'' listed this film alongside five other films for which [[Ambareesh]] earned critical acclaim for his acting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-cinemas-own-angry-young-man/article25589028.ece|title=Kannada cinema's own 'angry young man'|date=25 November 2018|first1=Muralidhara|last1=Khajane|first2=K. V. Aditya|last2=Bharadwaj|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access= subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222211725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-cinemas-own-angry-young-man/article25589028.ece|archive-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29255142}}

{{M. S. Rajashekar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannina Doni}}
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. S. Rajashekar]]
[[Category:1992 romantic drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1990s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Mumbai (film)

2026-03-03T21:29:33Z

WardDrayton2: Made A Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|2017 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mumbai
| image = Mumbai 2017 film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = S. R. Ramesh
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Ramu
| starring = [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] Teju
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Sridhar Sambram
| studio = Ramu International
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|1|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mumbai''''' is a 2017 Indian Kannada-language film directed by S. R. Ramesh and starring [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] and Teju. The film follows a cashier who becomes a gangster in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-darling-krishna-from-madarangi-to-love-mocktail-a-look-at-the-best-movies-in-the-actors-career/photostory/76341906.cms|title=Happy Birthday Darling Krishna: From ‘Madarangi’ to ‘Love Mocktail’, a look at the best movies in the actor's career|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 June 2020|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221122321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-darling-krishna-from-madarangi-to-love-mocktail-a-look-at-the-best-movies-in-the-actors-career/photostory/76341906.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]]
*Teju as Aishu<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/teju-lands-lead-role-in-mumbai/articleshow/56741591.cms|title=Teju lands lead role in ‘Mumbai’|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=24 January 2017|last=S|first=Nischith|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322080557/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/teju-lands-lead-role-in-mumbai/articleshow/56741591.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*Kaddipudi Chandru
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*[[Ashish Vidhyarthi]]
*Kote Prabhakar}}

== Production ==
Teju, who previously starred in ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'' (2012), made her lead debut with this film.<ref name="B"/> The film finished shooting in November of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mumbai-kannada-movie-finish-kannada-news-170324|title='Mumbai' finish|date=1 November 2016|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322080840/https://www.indiaglitz.com/mumbai-kannada-movie-finish-kannada-news-170324|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Sridhar Sambram.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/mumbai-kannada/23094158/|title=Mumbai -Kannada|work=[[Bollywood Hungama|Hungama]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Singer(s)
|-
|"Dasavalad Hoova"|| [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
|-
|"Lovvingu Hudugiru"|| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
|"Bombay Mitai"|| [[Shashank Sheshagiri|Shashank]], [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]]
|-
|"Mumbai Theme Music"|| Instrumental
|-
|"Nanna Mana Palayana"|| [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
|-
|"Ajanabi Shehar"|| Ankita Kundu, Santhosh Venky
|-
|"Yarali Kelali"|| Ankita Kundu, Santhosh Venky
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Mumbai is a film made without inspiration and does not leave a good impression".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-mumbai/articleshow/56799393.cms|title=Movie Review: Mumbai|last=S|first=Shyam Prasad|date=26 January 2017|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322122907/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-mumbai/articleshow/56799393.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "The film is not for those who are looking for a heartwarming tale, but for audiences who are excited by a hero who gets a slow build up and demands undivided attention when he is in full swing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/28/review-mumbai---a-mass-formula-that-never-dies-1564368.html|title=Review: Mumbai - A mass formula that never dies|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=28 January 2017|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322080554/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/28/review-mumbai---a-mass-formula-that-never-dies-1564368.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Watch Mumbai if you like your dose of old school commercial cinema, but be warned that the film seems rather long and can test your patience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mumbai/movie-review/56797371.cms|title=MUMBAI MOVIE REVIEW|first=Sunayana|last=Suresh|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 January 2017|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224140802/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mumbai/movie-review/56797371.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=tt13243538}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Meerabai Not Out

2026-03-03T11:54:28Z

WardDrayton2: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meerabai Not Out
| image = Meerabainotout.JPG
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
| producer = [[Pritish Nandy]]
| writer = Soumik Sen
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Rao]]
| starring = [[Mandira Bedi]] [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] [[Anupam Kher]]
| editing = Hemal Kothari
| music = [[Sandesh Shandilya]]
| studio = Pritish Nandy Communications DQ Entertainment International
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Networks India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/sony-india-boards-meerabai-110698/|title=Sony India boards 'Meerabai'|first=Nyay|last=Bhushan|date=1 May 2008|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020225222/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/sony-india-boards-meerabai-110698/|url-status=live|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2008|12|05|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Meerabai Not Out''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] starring [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Mandira Bedi]], [[Eijaz Khan]], and [[Anupam Kher]]. The film was released in India on 5 December 2008.

==Plot==
Meera Achrekar lives a middle-class lifestyle in a Shivaji Park Chawl, along with her widowed mother, brother Manoj, his wife, Neelima, and their son, Mayank. After the passing of their father, Anant, Manoj, who was just 18 at the time, took over the financial reins of this family, while she, herself, got employed as a math teacher with Vishwa-Prem Vidyalaya and heads the 'Meera XI' cricket team in the colony. Her mother and Manoj are on the lookout for a suitable groom, but her obsession with cricket along with the 'bahenji' bespectacled looks turn to her disadvantage. Things start to look up after she dramatically meets with heart specialist Dr. Arjun Awasthi, who lives in a mansion with his widower dentist father. The two families meet and decide to get the couple married. On the day of the formal engagement, however, things spiral out of control when Meera does not show up.

==Cast==
* [[Mandira Bedi]] as Meera A. Achrekar
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Manoj Anant Achrekar
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Dr. Awasthi
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Dr. Arjun Awasthi
* [[Vandana Gupte]] as Mrs. Achrekar / Aai
* [[Prateeksha Lonkar]] as Neelima M. Achrekar
* [[Anil Kumble]] as Himself

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by Sandesh Shandilya and Sukhwinder Singh. The lyrics were written by Irfan Siddique, R. N. Dubey and Soumik Sen

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Hai Rama" || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Neha Kakkar]]
|-
| 2 || "Meerabai Not Out" || [[Neeraj Shridhar]] and [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| 3 || "O Dil Sambhal" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 4 || "Chal De Rapat" || Vijay Prakash and [[Sandesh Shandilya]]
|-
| 5 || "Kaisi Yeh Shaam" || [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
| 6 || "O Dil Sambhal" - Remix || Shaan and Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
| 7 || "Chal De Rapat" - Remix || Vijay Prakash and Sandesh Shandilya
|}

==Release==
The film was scheduled to release in 2007, coinciding with the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] but was released an year later on 5 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/not-without-my-noodle-strap/articleshow/15684994.cms|title=Not without my noodle strap|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|last=Shah|first= Kunal M|date=27 February 2007|access-date=7 April 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407040407/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/not-without-my-noodle-strap/articleshow/15684994.cms |archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=SGIE/>

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 1.5 out of 5, writing "Mandira acts her part well. She impresses more towards the finale. Eijaz is confident and if given an opportunity, can only go further. Mahesh Manjrekar doesn't really get scope, except towards the finale. Anupam Kher is efficient. Pratiksha Lonkar is wasted. The actress enacting the role of Manjrekar and Mandira's mother is perfect. Anil Kumble is passable. On the whole, MEERABAI NOT OUT is a below average fare. At the box-office, this maiden will be run-out in the initial days itself!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/meerabai-not-out/critic-review/meerabai-not-out-movie-review/ |author=[[Taran Adarsh]] |title=Meerabai Not Out Review 1.5/5 | Meerabai Not Out Movie Review | Meerabai Not Out 2008 Public Review | Film Review |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=5 April 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405223432/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/meerabai-not-out/critic-review/meerabai-not-out-movie-review/ |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> Gaurav Malani of [[The Economic Times]] gave the film 2 out of 5 calling the film "loosely edited" and camerawork "jaded".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/meerabai-not-out-movie-review/articleshow/3797847.cms?from=mdr |title=Meerabai Not Out: Movie Review|last=Malani |first=Gaurav |date=5 December 2008|website=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |access-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405213539/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/meerabai-not-out-movie-review/articleshow/3797847.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> Patcy N of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 2 out of 5, writing "Mandira Bedi and Eijaz Khan have done their job well but Anupam Kher and Mahesh Manjrekar are wasted. The film has some good comic scenes, and director Chandrakant Kulkarni does well. But the film is not a comedy, not a love story, nor a family drama, or even a sports film. But it entertains you in bits and parts. And if you're a Mandira fan, watch the film!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/05meerabai-not-out-entertains.htm|title=Meerabai Not Out entertains in parts|website=[[Rediff.com]]|author=Patcy N|date=5 December 2008|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325075337/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/05meerabai-not-out-entertains.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] gave the film 1 out of 5, writing "There's a running joke in the film which involves random people telling Meera, our protagonist, that she resembles Mandira Bedi, to which she angrily responds that it's Mandira who resembles her and not the other way around. The punch-line to that self-deprecating joke is delivered by Meera again who says: 'Aur main pure kapde pahenti hoon', meaning: 'Unlike her, I am always fully dressed.' This is possibly the only smart moment in this dumb, regressive film in which Meera's fate is left to the outcome of a cricket match between her brother and her fiancé. Anil Kumble makes a series of short appearances in this film as the object of Meera's crush; it's the kind of embarrassing cameo that the poor chap's not likely to live down in a hurry. A thumbs down and one out of five for director Chandrakant Kulkarni's Meerabai Not Out. This is a film that must be seen to be believed. But wait, that's too high a price to pay!"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Masand|first=Rajeev|author-link=Rajeev Masand|url=http://rajeevmasand.com/admin/reviews/our-films/meerabai-not-out-review/|title=Over and out!|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606000145/https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/reviews/our-films/meerabai-not-out-review/|url-status=live|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|via=rajeevmasand.com}}</ref>

[[Hindustan Times]] wrote "This is a wannabe Hrishikesh Mukherji movie, a kind of a [[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]] 2008ish.. If [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bhaduri]] was nuts about [[Dharmendra]] once, here Mandira Bedi is apricots about Anil Kumble."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/review-meerabai-not-out/story-0vsW7krxugJhGR4uQaGSSL.html|title=Review: Meerabai Not Out|date=6 December 2008|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407195719/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/review-meerabai-not-out/story-0vsW7krxugJhGR4uQaGSSL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] wrote "As cricket-crazy Meera, Mandira's not half bad: her 'chashme wali seedhi saadhi' girl is believable. So is TV actor Eijaz, making his film debut, as the second fiddle who knows he will always be trumped by a famous cricketing star. But there's not enough drama in the telling. Anil Kumble makes nano-second appearances. And the only time you see Mandira in her trademark noodle straps is in the item song right towards the end, when the credits are rolling. If you stay that long."<ref name=SGIE>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/meerabai-not-out/395042/|title=Meerabai Not Out - Indian Express|website=[[The Indian Express]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207055632/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/meerabai-not-out/395042/ |archive-date=7 December 2008|last=Gupta |first=Shubhra|author-link=Shubhra Gupta|date=6 December 2008|quote=Meerabai Not Out was meant to release last year, during the World Cup, but was held back because of the Indian team’s lousy performance.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.meerabainotout.com|Meerabai Not Out}}
*{{IMDb title|1024852}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]

Pune–Bengaluru Expressway

2026-03-03T06:47:40Z

WardDrayton2: expand citations for clarity and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Expressways in Maharashtra and Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox road
|header_type=UC
|country=IND
|name = Pune–Bengaluru Expressway
|map=
|map_notes=
|length_km= 700
|direction_a= North
|direction_b= South
|terminus_a= [[Pune]]
|junction=
|terminus_b= [[Bengaluru]]
|formed=
|state=
|maint=
}}
'''Pune–Bengaluru Expressway'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms|title=Bharatmala 2.0 to focus on expressways, add 4000 km greenfield roads|work=TOI|access-date=5 November 2022|language=en}}</ref> is a planned 700 km long, 8 lane, Greenfield access-controlled expressway in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref Name=indiatimes>{{cite web |author1=Chittaranjan Tembhekar |title=Bengaluru to be closer to Pune, Mumbai with this new expressway |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/bengaluru-to-be-closer-to-pune-mumbai-with-this-new-expressway/articleshow/95072030.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=5 November 2022 |language=en |date=25 October 2022}}</ref> It is to be part of [[Bharatmala Pariyojana]]. The expressway will pass through 12 districts, of which three are in [[Maharashtra]] and nine are in [[Karnataka]].<ref Name=indiatimes/><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web |title=Bengaluru to Mumbai, Pune in 7 hours, thanks to this new expressway: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-to-mumbai-pune-in-7-hours-thanks-to-this-new-expressway-report-101666757447643.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |access-date=5 November 2022 |language=en |date=26 October 2022}}</ref> It connects [[Pune]] with [[Bengaluru]]. The Bengaluru-Pune Expressway will reduce the distance between the two cities by about 95 km. It is estimated that time to drive from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] to [[Pune]] will reduce from the current 15 hours to 7 hours after the completion of this expressway.<ref name="hindustantimes"/><ref name="eisamay">{{cite web |title=৭ ঘণ্টায় বেঙ্গালুরু থেকে মুম্বই, ৫০ হাজার কোটি খরচ করে এক্সপ্রেসওয়ে তৈরি করছে কেন্দ্র |url=https://eisamay.com/nation/national-highway-authority-would-construct-expressway-from-bengaluru-to-mumbai-and-pune-project-cost-is-50-thousand-crore/articleshow/95106361.cms |website=www.eisamay.com |access-date=5 November 2022 |language=en |date=26 October 2022}}</ref> At [[Pune]], the expressway will also connect with the [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Pune–Mumbai Expressway]]. It is reported that the expressway is targeted to be completed by 2028.<ref name="eisamay"/>

This greenfield expressway under Bharatmala Pariyojna Phase 2 will run parallel to [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]]. Also, the Greenfield Expressway will serve as an alternative and faster route to the NH-48.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Pune Bengaluru Expressway - Route, Map, Cost, Progress, and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/pune-bengaluru-expressway-route-map-cost-progress/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The proposed expressway, under Phase-II of the Prime Minister's flagship [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala project]], is estimated to be developed at a cost of Rs ₹50,000 crore.<ref name="hindustantimes"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Transport Ministry starts preparing Bengaluru-Pune Expressway, 5205 hectares land required for project |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/transport-ministry-starts-preparing-bengaluru-pune-expressway-5205-hectares-land-required-for-project-1157928.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |access-date=5 November 2022 |language=en |date=30 October 2022}}</ref>

== Route ==
=== Maharashtra ===
In Maharashtra, this expressway starts on the [[Outer Ring Road, Pune|Pune Outer Ring Road]] in [[Pune Metropolitan Region]]. It crosses [[Pune district]], [[Satara district]], [[Sangli district]] in [[Maharashtra]], and enters the state of [[Karnataka]].<ref Name=indiatimes/>

=== Karnataka ===
In Karnataka, this expressway enters [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura district]] and crosses [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkote district]], [[Gadag district]], [[Koppal district]], [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Davanagere district]], [[Chitradurga district]], [[Tumakuru district]] and [[Bengaluru North district]].<ref Name=indiatimes/> The expressway ends at [[Satellite Town Ring Road|Bengaluru Satellite Town Ring Road]] in [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bengaluru Metropolitran Region]].<ref Name=indiatimes/>

==See also==
* [[Expressways of India|Expressways in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Expressways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Expressways in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Proposed expressways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune-Bengaluru Expressway}}

People's Liberation Army of Manipur

2026-02-27T03:04:38Z

WardDrayton2: enhance formatting for consistency and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Militant organization}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{infobox war faction
| name = People's Liberation Army of Manipur
| native_name = Yawoll lanme
| native_name_lang =
| image = [[File:Bandera FPRM Manipur.svg|200px]]
| caption = Flag of the People's Liberation Army of Manipur
| active = September 1978-Present
| ideology = [[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]<ref>https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..191121.nov21</ref> [[Mao Zedong Thought]] [[Separatism]]
| leaders = N. Bisheshwar Singh {{POW}} (1978–1981) Thoudam Kunjabehari {{KIA}} (1981–1982) Irengbam Chaoren{{Natural Causes}}(1982–2023) Manoharmayum Ngouba (2023–present)
| clans = Salai Taret 7 clans
| headquarters = [[Manipur]]
| area = [[Northeast India]]
| size = 3,800 (2008) 
2,000 (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/politics/irengbam-chaoren-elusive-chief-of-manipur-terror-outfit-rpf-believed-talks-cant-win-freedom/1368666/ | title=Irengbam Chaoren, elusive chief of Manipur terror outfit RPF, believed 'talks can't win freedom' | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=13 February 2023 }}</ref>
| predecessor =
| motives = Establish an independent state of [[Manipur]]
| successor =
| allies = [[NSCN-K]], [[Corcom]], [[ULFA]]
| opponents = {{flag|India}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx |title=Banned Terrorist Organisations |publisher=National Investigation Agency (NIA) |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110115355/http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx |archivedate=10 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| battles =
| war = {{tree list}}
* [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
** [[Insurgency in Manipur]]
*** [[2023-2025 Manipur violence]]
* [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]
** [[2026 ukhural violence]]
{{tree list/end}}
| url = {{url|https://plamanipur.com/about/}}
}}

The '''People's Liberation Army of Manipur''' ('''PLA-MP''' or '''PLAM'''), often shortened to the '''People's Liberation Army''', is a [[Separatism|separatist]] [[militant]] group fighting for the creation of an independent and socialist [[Manipur]], a state in northeastern [[India]]. It has been waging an [[Insurgency in Manipur|armed insurgency]] against the Indian state. It has a political wing called '''Revolutionary People's Front'''.

== History ==
The group founded by N. Bisheshwar Singh on 25 September 1978. Since its founding, it has been waging [[guerrilla warfare]] as part of the [[Insurgency in Manipur]] against the [[Indian Armed Forces]], and has targeted the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Paramilitary Forces]] and the [[State Police#India|State Police Force]]. However, during the late nineties, it declared a unilateral decision not to target the [[Manipur Police]].

The death of some top leaders in combat (like President Thoudam Kunjabehari in 1982), and the arrest of others (like N. Bisheshwar, arrested in 1981) decreased its military activity in the eighties. In 1989, a political wing called the Revolutionary People's Front (RPF) was formed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=People's Liberation Army: Incidents and Statements involving People's Liberation Army: 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2000-2012 |publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/pla.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121181158/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/pla.htm |archive-date=21 January 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The RPF formed a government in exile in Bangladesh, led by Irengbam Chaoren, and began a restructuring of the organisation. The Organisation become very active. Its operation was divided into four sections: Sadar Valley West Hill areas of Manipur, Sadar Hill areas in the east Valley, Hill areas of Manipur and Imphal valley, each with a commander, and other ranks.

On July 13th, 2025, the PLA announced an alliance with the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] and a faction of the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]].<ref>https://plamanipur.com/pla-ulfa-i-amasung-nscn-ya-punna-leiminaba-lansang-amada/</ref>

== Organisation ==
The PLA has an estimated strength of some 3,800 as of 2008.{{Cn|date=October 2023}}

PLA-MP is also a member of the [[Manipur Peoples Liberation Front]], an umbrella organization of several Manipur secessionist groups; namely, the [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]] and [[PREPAK]].
On 29 July 2020, three Indian soldiers in the [[Assam Rifles]] were killed and six injured in an ambush in Manipur's Chandel district near the Indo-Myanmar border.{{Cn|date=October 2023}}

In 2019, a confession by a PLAM member suggested that PLAM was in touch with [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese People's Liberation Army]]. Sixteen platoons of PLAM returned to Manipur after receiving their training in China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=How Manipur conflict fits into broader game plan of China |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/how-manipur-conflict-fits-into-broader-game-plan-of-china-13119162.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

Through the [[2023 Manipur violence]], the separatist PLAM as well as [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL) witnessed a surge in recruitment of new and previously surrendered soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=2023-09-02 |title=The return of Meitei insurgents marks a new turn in Manipur conflict |url=https://scroll.in/article/1055257/the-return-of-meitei-insurgents-marks-a-new-turn-in-manipur-conflict |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 25 February 2023, after the original chairman Irengbam Chaoren died of illness, Vice Chairman Manoharmayum Ngouba took over Irengbam's position as chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=MM Ngouba the new president of RPF |url=https://wesealiberation.com/mm-ngouba-the-new-president-of-rpf/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Wesea Liberation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
* [[Maoist Communist Party of Manipur]]
* [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]]
* [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=6001 Description of the Organisation at Start Center: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/rpf.htm History and Organisation details at Global Security.org]
{{Indian political parties}}
{{Terror outfits}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:People's Liberation Army Of Manipur}}
[[Category:1978 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Far-left politics in India]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organizations]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1978]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Naxalite groups]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Manipur]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1978]]
[[Category:Political parties in Manipur]]
[[Category:Secessionist organizations in Asia]]
[[Category:Separatism in India]]

Appa Rao Podile

2026-02-25T04:30:58Z

WardDrayton2: added the bio initial version - done

{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Appa Rao Podile
| image = Appa Rao Podile.jpg
| caption = Professor Appa Rao Podile
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|03|03}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/detail.php?id=349 | title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Borupalem village]], [[Thullur mandal]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Sardar Patel University]] (PhD)
| doctoral_students =
| field = [[Life Sciences]]
| work_institution = {{Nowrap|[[University of Hyderabad]] (1989–present)}}
| prizes = [[Millennium Plaque of Honour]] (2017) [[Indian National Science Academy]] Fellowship (2001)
}}

'''Appa Rao Podile''' (born 3 March 1960) is an Indian scientist, educator and former Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/p-appa-rao-is-new-uoh-vc/article7676119.ece|title=P. Appa Rao is new UoH V-C|date=2015-09-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was awarded the Millennium Plaques of Honour for his achievements in Life Sciences by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] in 2017.

A police case was filed against him under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]] against in the case of suicide of [[Rohith Vemula]].

==Education==
Podile obtained his MSc, and then completed his Ph.D. in 1987 from the [[Sardar Patel University]] in Gujarat. He was a [[postdoctoral fellow]] (1998) of the Institute of Botany, [[Academia Sinica]], Taipei, Taiwan and subsequently was a visiting scientist (2000), at the Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica. Podile also completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Department of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, [[University of Münster]], Germany in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=Ykd1QyUAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Professor Dr. Appa Rao Podile - Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.co.in|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitin2015.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Appa_Rao_Podile-Profile-ICCC_Feb_2015.pdf|title=13th International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan|last=Moerschbacher|first=Bruno|date=2018-03-26|website=Chitosan|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>
In 2015, he became the [[Chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]] of the [[University of Hyderabad]] where he served till 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-expert-at-networking-Appa-Rao-outsmarted-35-others-to-become-VC/articleshow/50661857.cms|title=An expert at networking, Appa Rao outsmarted 35 others to become VC {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|last=|first=|last2=|date=21 January 2016|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-09|last3=|first3=}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Fellow, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/271017/professor-appa-rao-podile-gets-insa-fellowship.html|title=Professor Appa Rao Podile gets INSA fellowship|date=2017-10-27|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en}}</ref>
* Millennium Plaques of Honour, [[Indian Science Congress Association]], Jan 2017 (presented by Prime Minister of India)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.sakshi.com/news/2017/01/03/uoh-vice-chancellor-appa-rao-honoured-at-science-congress|title=UoH Vice Chancellor Appa Rao Honoured At Science Congress|work=Sakshipost|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en}}</ref>
* President Elect, Association of Microbiologists of India, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amiindia.info/office_bearer.php|title=OFFICE BEARER {{!}} AMI {{!}} Association of Microbiologists of India|website=www.amiindia.info|language=en|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>
* Elected Fellow, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naasindia.org/detail.php?id=349|title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|website=naasindia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>
* Tata Innovation Fellowship, Department of Biotechnology, April 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/1970-01-01/Prof-Appa-Rao-new-VC-of-UoH/177041|title=Prof Appa Rao new VC of UoH|website=The Hans India|date=22 September 2015 |language=en|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>
* Fellow, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Jan 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/ref3.php|title=INSA :: Indian Fellows Elected|website=www.insaindia.res.in|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Podile, Appa Rao}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Murder of Nitish Katara

2026-02-19T09:35:54Z

WardDrayton2: Made Initial Data W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|2002 Indian murder case}}
{{COI|date=October 2016}}{{cleanup reorganize|date=August 2015}}

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[File:Nitish Katara, d. 2002.jpg|thumb|Nitish Katara (1978 – 17 February 2002)]]

'''Nitish Katara''' was a 23-year-old Indian business executive in [[Delhi]] who was murdered in the early hours of 17 February 2002 by [[Vikas Yadav (murderer)|Vikas Yadav]]. Yadav was the son of an influential politician [[D. P. Yadav]]. Katara had recently graduated from the [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad|Institute of Management Technology]] in [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]], where he had fallen in love with his classmate Bharti Yadav, sister of Vikas Yadav.
The trial court held that Katara's murder was an [[honour killing]] because the family did not approve of their relationship.<ref name="honour">
{{cite news
| title = Trial court sees Katara murder as honour killing
| author = Abhinav Garg
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/delhi/27779831_1_nitish-katara-katara-murder-vikas-and-vishal
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121021131503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/delhi/27779831_1_nitish-katara-katara-murder-vikas-and-vishal
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 October 2012
| date = 31 May 2008
| accessdate = 2008-05-31
}}</ref> Vikas and [[Vishal Yadav]] were later found guilty by the trial Court and both were given life sentences on 30 May 2008.<ref name="S.C. No. 78/2002">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiajudgments.com/resources/Nitish%20Katara-Trial%20Court%20Judgment.PDF |title=''State vs. Vikas Yadav & Vishal Yadav'', S.C. No. 78/2002 |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024005/http://www.indiajudgments.com/resources/Nitish%20Katara-Trial%20Court%20Judgment.PDF |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = Wealthy Indian killer sentenced
| publisher = BBC News
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7427999.stm
| date = 30 May 2008
}}</ref>

On 2 April 2014, the [[Delhi High Court]] upheld the trial court's verdict of life imprisonment for the accused.<ref name="Crl2008">[http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/GM/judgement/01-04-2014/GM02042014CRLA7412008.pdf ''Vishal Yadav vs. State of U.P.'', Crl.A. 741/2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045018/http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/GM/judgement/01-04-2014/GM02042014CRLA7412008.pdf |date=29 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="HT"/> On 6 February 2015, Delhi High Court on re-appeal on death sentence, extended the convicts' sentence to 25 years' rigorous life imprisonment without remission.<ref name="HT"/><ref name="ndtv15">{{cite web| title = Nitish Katara's Killers Won't Hang, But Jail Sentence is Made Tougher | url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-nitish-katara-case-death-sentence-rejected-for-yadav-brothers-737461?pfrom=home-lateststories | accessdate = 2016-09-09 |work=NDTV|date=6 February 2015 }}</ref> On 9 September 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] rejected a plea by Neelam Katara seeking enhancement of sentence to death for Vishal and Vikas Yadav.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/nitish-katara-killing-sc-declines-death-sentence-plea-081633503.html | title=Yahoo Search - Web Search }}</ref> On 3 October 2016, the Supreme Court sentenced Vikas and Vishal Yadav, as well as Sukhdev Pehelwan, the third accused, to 25 years' imprisonment without remission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-katara-murder-sc-awards-25-years-jail-to-convict-vikas-yadav/article9179385.ece|title=Nitish Katara murder case: SC upholds 25-year sentence without remission to Vikas Yadav|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2016-10-03|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-03}}</ref>

The Yadav family never approved of the relationship between the two, and Katara received threats several times.<ref name="depose"/> However, he was an idealist and believed in "standing up to injustice".<ref>{{cite news
| title = Fighting Fate and Dirty Power
| author = Aman Khanna
| publisher = Neelam Katara’s sole struggle
| url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main6.asp?filename=Ne090411fighting_fate.asp
| date = 11 September 2004
| access-date = 27 July 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205933/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main6.asp?filename=Ne090411fighting_fate.asp
| archive-date = 27 September 2007
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> On the night of 16 February 2002, the couple attended a common friend's wedding, where Yadav's brother, Vikas, and a cousin were present as well. From there, Katara was taken for a drive by Yadav's brother Vikas Yadav and Vishal Yadav, and never returned. Three days later, Katara's body was found beside the highway; he had been battered to death with a hammer, diesel poured on him, and set aflame. Forensic pathologist [[Tirath Das Dogra|T D Dogra]] collected the blood samples of parents for [[DNA profiling]] to establish the identity of deceased Nitish Katara at AIIMS New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/33215738/Judgement-Nitish-Katara|title=Judgement Nitish Katara murder case|publisher=Delhi Court|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref>

==Background==
By 2002, Katara and Bharti Yadav were an established couple; they had been seeing each other for over four years. In her court testimony in 2006, Bharti Yadav denied any relationship beyond friendship.<ref name="india-today">
{{cite news
| title = Evil Impulse (Crime: Katara Killing)
| author = Sayantan Chakravarty
| work = [[India Today]]
| url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20020311/crime.shtml
| date = 11 March 2002
| accessdate = 2007-07-25
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120153829/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20020311/crime.shtml
| archive-date = 20 November 2008
| url-status = dead }}
</ref>

In his confession to the police, Vikas Yadav stated that "The affair was damaging our family's reputation".<ref name="ndtv"/> Nitish was threatened several times,<ref name="depose">
{{cite news
| title = Katara Case: Bharti to depose within two weeks
| author = Poonam Agarwal
| publisher = [[NDTV]]
| url = http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/vikas-yadav-admits-killing-nitish-katara/3647
| date = 27 September 2006
| accessdate = 2007-07-25
}}</ref> and Bharti was tense about how her family might react.<ref name="ginnie">{{cite news|title=No mother should face a situation like mine |author=Ginnie Mahajan |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1069638 |date=16 December 2006 |accessdate=2007-07-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200902/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1069638 |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

==The murder==
On 16 February 2002, Yadav and Katara attended a friend's wedding in [[Ghaziabad]]. Bharti's mother, her brother Vikas and sister Mitalee were also there.

After the wedding, four people told of having seen Vikas Yadav and his cousin Vishal Yadav take Katara into their [[Tata Safari]] [[SUV]].{{citation needed|date = July 2011}} His friends thought he would be returning soon, but when they had not returned till well past midnight, Bharat Divakar, who had accompanied Nitish to the wedding in a taxi, went to their house. It was 3 am when Neelam Katara opened the door, and she immediately called Bharti. It turned out that Bharti herself was trying to find out Nitish's whereabouts. She asked Neelam "to go to the police, adding that maybe her brothers—Vikas and Vishal—had taken Nitish to Punjab".<ref name="ginnie"/><ref>{{dead link|date = July 2011}}</ref> Bharti is thought to have called her sister Bhavna Yadav, whose registered mobile phone number was used all night to call many friends of the couple, as well as Neelam Katara.<ref name="anasuya">
{{cite news
|title = Vikas Yadav's sister summoned in court
|author = Anasuya Roy
|publisher = [[NDTV]]
|url = http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070000890
|date = 18 January 2007
|accessdate = 2007-07-25
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140833/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070000890
|archivedate = 29 September 2007}}</ref>

Yadav also gave Neelam Katara her father's number, and after a fruitless visit to the police, at 8 in the morning, Neelam called D. P. Yadav, who did not know where Vikas or Nitish might be.<ref name="india-today"/>

The next morning, the police found a battered and burned body at [[Khurja]], 80 km from the wedding venue. The body had been so badly beaten that "the digestive system had fallen out".<ref name="india-today"/> At 11 a.m., Neelam Katara filed a [[First Information Report]]. Based on initial statements by her and Bharti Yadav, warrants were issued for Vikas and Vishal.<ref name="london">{{cite news
|title = Politician's daughter on run as her brother faces 'honour murder' charge
|work = The Evening Standard
|url = http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23371069-details/Politician's+daughter+on+run+as+her+brother+faces+'honour+murder'+charge/article.do
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505064444/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23371069-details/Politician's+daughter+on+run+as+her+brother+faces+'honour+murder'+charge/article.do
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 5 May 2013
|date = 17 October 2006
|accessdate = 2006-10-18
}}</ref>

==Arrest and confessions==
Inspector Ashok Bhadoria arrested Vikas and Vishal Yadav in [[Dabra]], [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]], and in his original statement to the court, he said that the Yadavs had confessed having kidnapped Katara from Kavi Nagar, Ghaziabad.<ref name="ndtv2">
{{cite web
|url = http://origin.ndtv.com/topstories/showtopstory.asp?slug=Vikas+admitted+twice+to+killing+Katara&id=19514
|title = Vikas Yadav admitted twice to killing Katara
|author = Poonam Agarwal
|accessdate = 2006-10-18
|date = 2 June 2006
|publisher = NDTV
}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, under cross-examination the inspector changed his stand saying the accused persons made no confessional statements in his presence.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Another police constable, Brij Mohan Mishra, who was at the Dabra police station where the Yadavs were brought after being arrested, said in court, "The accused persons themselves said that they had murdered Nitish Katara after kidnapping him. He added that he had told inspector Bhadoria about the disclosure, but Bhadoria 'did not produce me before any magistrate to get my statement recorded'." It was reported that Bhadoria is a business associate of D P Yadav, but he denied that this fact may have had any bearing on his actions.<ref name="ndtv2"/>

After being handed over to the U.P. police, they gave a more detailed confession on having kidnapped and killed Nitish Katara, which the Police recorded on audiotape. In May 2006, the [[NDTV]] news channel managed to obtain the tape and broadcast it. In this confession, Yadav admitted to taking Katara from the party, murdering him, and burning the body.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news
|url = http://origin.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?id=19485&template=nitishkataramurder&callid=0&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=vikas%2Cyadav%2Cconfession
|title = Vikas Yadav admits killing Nitish Katara
|author = Poonam Agarwal
|accessdate = 2006-10-18
|date = 28 May 2006
|publisher = [[NDTV]]
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Although this confession, which was made a week or so after the murder, was not formalised before a magistrate, and was therefore not admissible as evidence in court, the fact that the hammer and watch were found based on this deposition may have weighed with the trial court when it reached its verdict.<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Bharti's testimony was crucial
|author = Naziya Alvi
|work = [[Hindustan Times]]
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Redir.aspx?ID=1481d4df-c0d5-428b-91b8-6da34727404c&ParentID=043da40f-dbca-4bd3-8f64-3503e47934fe
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130125073210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Redir.aspx?ID=1481d4df-c0d5-428b-91b8-6da34727404c&ParentID=043da40f-dbca-4bd3-8f64-3503e47934fe
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 25 January 2013
|date = 28 May 2008
|accessdate = 2008-05-30
}}</ref>

Bharti Yadav, whose testimony was being sought in the trial, moved to London for an extended period shortly after the murder. From there, she apparently sent some e-mails to Katara's brother, which blame her father D. P. Yadav for sanctioning the murder.<ref name="london"/> In her subsequent court testimony, however, she has claimed that the account was not hers.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}

==Witnesses and testimonies==

===Bharti Yadav===
Considerable drama and media attention focused on the protracted struggle (over four-and-a-half years) to obtain the testimony of Bharti Yadav. Her reluctance to testify only highlighted media speculation that the family was worried her testimony might go against her own brother.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Yadavs jittery after Bharati's return
| author = Brajesh Kumar
| work= [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1066357
| date = 26 November 2006
| accessdate = 2007-07-25
}}</ref>
Lawyers on her behalf made 39 appeals that she be relieved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indlawnews.com/9aeda8d64fb8641940933804d17275c4 |title=Take Coercive Measures To Bring Bharti To Depose in Katara Case:Delhi High Court |accessdate=2006-10-18 |date=4 October 2006 |publisher=indlawnews.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326180509/http://www.indlawnews.com/9aeda8d64fb8641940933804d17275c4 |archivedate=26 March 2006 }}
</ref> In March 2005, the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state prosecution counsel also moved that she not be called.

Initially, Bharti told a policewoman of her love for Nitish.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Nitish was a close friend: Bharti
| author = PTI
| work= [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] | location = Kolkata
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061202/asp/nation/story_7080131.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203211237/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061202/asp/nation/story_7080131.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 February 2013
| date = 2 December 2006
| accessdate = 2007-07-25
}}</ref> But in March 2002, within two weeks of this initial verbal statement, a team of the Ghaziabad police headed by Dr Dharam Veer Singh and Anil Samanya met Bharati Yadav and D. P. Yadav, at his [[Rajya Sabha]] residence. She told them that "her relationship with Nitish was like that of a classmate and there was nothing special about them."<ref>{{cite news
| title = Bharati Yadav denies affair
| work = The Hindu
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/03/stories/2002030305050300.htm
| date = 3 March 2002
| access-date = 27 July 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080531130736/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/03/stories/2002030305050300.htm
| archive-date = 31 May 2008
| url-status = usurped
}}</ref>

Immediately after this, Bharti Yadav went to London to study and "was believed to have been working as a staff nurse".<ref name="whereabouts"/> The family strongly resisted her being called as a witness. She could not be contacted, and repeated warrants and non-bailable warrants were not heeded to.

By March 2004, all other witnesses in the case had been examined, except for Bharti Yadav.<ref name="sikri"/> Pressure mounted on getting Bharti Yadav to testify. After a year without success, the UP prosecuting team dropped her as a prosecution witness, which was challenged by Neelam Katara,<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Plea against Bharti Yadav filed
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042219510300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050428041423/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042219510300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 28 April 2005
| date = 22 April 2005
| accessdate = 2006-06-21
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> saying that she was a material witness, and in dropping her, the prosecution may have been influenced by D. P. Yadav.
Delhi prosecutor Mukta Gupta in September 2005 said that
"it showed the malafide intention of the Uttar Pradesh Prosecutor to request for dropping of Bharti as witness".<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Bharti Yadav is material evidence in Katara murder case: Prosecution
| work = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050930/delhi.htm
| date = 30 September 2005
}}</ref>
In October 2005, the court ruled that she was a material witness and would be required to testify.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Court notice to U.P. Police in Katara murder case
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/08/stories/2005100810850400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051214225026/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/08/stories/2005100810850400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 14 December 2005
| date = 8 October 2005
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref>

In August 2006, the Supreme Court, responding to an appeal from Nitish Katara's mother, shifted the trial from Ghaziabad to [[Delhi]] because of D. P. Yadav's considerable influence in the area, including its administration and judiciary.<ref name="tribune">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020824/ncr1.htm#3
|title=SC orders transfer of Katara case to Delhi
|accessdate=2006-10-18
|date= 24 August 2002
|work = The Tribune
}}</ref>

Meanwhile, despite several court warrants, Bharti still could not be traced. In May 2006, Bharti Yadav's passport was revoked by the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]],<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Counsel's help sought to ensure presence of Bharti Yadav
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/04/stories/2006050414040400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055508/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/04/stories/2006050414040400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2 November 2007
| date = 4 May 2006
| accessdate = 2007-07-25
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> so that her stay in UK was technically illegal. Furthermore, her visa was expiring on 30 November, making it difficult for her to continue living in the UK.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Court summons D. P. Yadav in Katara murder case
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/17/stories/2006051717290100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001021224/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/17/stories/2006051717290100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 1 October 2007
| date = 17 May 2006
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref>
In May 2006, [[D. P. Yadav]] stated in court that he did not know his daughter's whereabouts.<ref name="whereabouts">{{cite news
| title = D P Yadav given eight weeks to find Bharti's whereabouts
| publisher = Oneindia
| url = http://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/22/d-p-yadav-given-eight-weeks-to-find-bhartis-whereabouts-1148306849.html
| date = 22 May 2006
| access-date = 2007-07-25
| archive-date = 30 September 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182640/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/05/22/d-p-yadav-given-eight-weeks-to-find-bhartis-whereabouts-1148306849.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

On 22 July 2006, an application was moved by Bharti's maternal uncle [[Bharat Singh]] (a member of the UP [[Vidhan Parishad|Legislative Council]]), requesting that she be permitted to testify via [[video conferencing]].<ref name="neelam-bar">
{{cite news
| title = Bharti seeks bar on Neelam Katara' presence
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/22/stories/2006112209030400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001061832/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/22/stories/2006112209030400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 1 October 2007
| date = 22 November 2006
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> However, the court turned down this request noting that "since she has chosen to stay away from the court, thereby delaying the proceedings substantially, the court was satisfied that she had absconded by avoiding appearance before the court despite having sufficient knowledge of the proceedings pending in the court where her presence as a witness was required".<ref name="sikri">
{{cite news
| title = Bharti Yadav vs. State of Uttar Pradesh
| author = Justice A.K. Sikri
| publisher = Delhi High Court Judgement
| url = http://www.delhidistrictcourts.nic.in/Nov06/BHARATI%20YADAV%20VS.%20STATE%20OF%20UP.pdf
| date= 14 November 2006
| accessdate = 2007-07-25
}}</ref>

In danger of being declared ''proclaimed offender'', under which circumstance she could have been arrested and deported from London, Bharti finally returned to depose before the court. Based on her convenience, 25 November 2006 was set for her testimony, and she was assured that she would not be detained upon arrival. The trial court permitted her to testify [[in camera]], ruling out the media, but permitting the defendant's parents, as well as Neelam Katara, to attend.

In her actual testimony, Yadav denied any romantic attachment to Katara, and said that they had simply been close friends. She also denied having sent certain emails. However, she acknowledged having sent the cards and gifts.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/30katara.htm Nitish Katara and I were just friends: Bharti Yadav] – Rediff, 30 November 2006</ref> The prosecution stated that this evidence was key in obtaining the eventual conviction, as it established motive.

===Hostile witnesses===
Of the four people at the wedding who had initially said they saw Nitish go into the car with Vikas, three had already withdrawn their testimony. Only Rohit Gaur, brother of Shivani Gaur, whose wedding it was, was left as having seen Vikas and Vishal taking Nitish in his car. However, on 26 September 2006, he made the following statement in court:

:It is incorrect to suggest that I informed the police that on the day of the marriage, around midnight, Vishal came near Nitish Katara and had a conversation with him and took him outside where Vikas Yadav was present and that both Vikas and Vishal took Nitish in their vehicle.<ref name="depose"/>

He also denied having stated that Bharti and Nitish were lovers.

Another constable, Inderjeet, who had initially testified to seeing Vikas, Vishal, and Sukhdev Pehalwan with Nitish in the Tata Safari on the night of 16 February, now denied this in language remarkably similar to other retractions:
"it was wrong to suggest that he had seen the three accused with the victim in a Tata Safari". <ref> "It is correct/incorrect to suggest" sentences during witness testimonies are suggestions put forth by the lawyers conducting cross-examination of the witnesses are not actual sentences by the witnesses, and only states whether the witness has agreed to the suggestion or not.
{{cite news
| title = UP cop retracts statement
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761910300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001010452/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761910300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 1 October 2007
| date = 7 July 2007
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref>

===Ajay Katara===
In a decision refusing bail to Sukhdev Pehalwan in April 2007, Justice B.D. Ahmed pointed to the relevance of the testimony of passerby Ajay Kumar, who had seen them on the fateful night:

: Ajay Kumar who, in his Section 161 Cr. P.C. Statement, is reported to have stated that on the intervening night 16–17 February 2002, he was traveling on his two wheeler (Scooter) from 47th Battalion, PAC Quarters towards Delhi when, around 12:30 a.m. at the Hapur Toll Tax Crossing his scooter broke down. Shortly thereafter, a Tata Safari driven by the accused Vikas Yadav came from behind from the direction of Police Station Kavi Nagar, Ghaziabad and the said Vikas Yadav asked him to remove his scooter immediately. It is stated that the said Ajay Kumar saw one person who had a round face and a fair complexion and was wearing a red Kurta and who had covered his shoulder with a white shawl sitting next to Vikas Yadav in the Tata Safari. The said witness (Ajay Kumar) has also reported to have seen Vishal Yadav and the petitioner on the back seat.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Sukhdev Yadav Pehalwan vs. the State of U.P.
| author = Justice Badar Durrez Ahmed
| publisher = High Court of Delhi
| url = http://www.delhicourts.nic.in/Apr07/Sukhdev%20Yadav%20Vs.%20State.pdf
| date = 24 April 2007
| archive-date = 20 October 2007
| access-date = 27 July 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071020092047/http://www.delhicourts.nic.in/Apr07/Sukhdev%20Yadav%20Vs.%20State.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In June 2007, Ajay Kumar (also referred to as Ajay Katara, but not a relative)<ref name="poison"/> had filed a complaint to the police that "he was under pressure to withdraw from the case" and that "his life was in danger".<ref name="ill"/> He was then assigned four personal security officers (PSOs) on the orders of the trial court.<ref name="poison">
{{cite news
| title = Katara witness 'poisoned'
| author =
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-13/delhi/27983726_1_ajay-katara-nitish-katara-d-p-yadav
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121021131511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-13/delhi/27983726_1_ajay-katara-nitish-katara-d-p-yadav
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 October 2012
| date= 13 July 2007
| accessdate = 2007-07-25
}}</ref>
On 12 July 2007, two brothers, Manoj and Anuj Sharma, called him to the Mohan Nagar temple saying he could meet his separated wife there to sort out his domestic problems. Three more people were apparently waiting nearby in a car. But his wife never showed up and the Sharmas bought him some [[chaat]].<ref name="poison"/> Right after eating it, Ajay suddenly took very ill, vomiting and complaining of stomach cramps.<ref name="ill">NOT GUILTY
{{cite news
|title = Katara case: Key witness taken ill
|publisher = [[NDTV]]
|url = http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070018664
|location = New Delhi
|date = 12 July 2007
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135940/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070018664
|archivedate = 29 September 2007}}</ref> He immediately went to hospital, where he was treated for food poisoning. A case has been registered against D. P. Yadav and four others on suspicion of having poisoned Ajay Kumar.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Katara 'poison'
| work = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070713/asp/nation/story_8053476.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203172159/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070713/asp/nation/story_8053476.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 February 2013
| date = 13 July 2007
}}</ref>

===Kumar Diwan===
In July 2007, one Pawan Kumar Diwan suddenly showed up for the defence, saying that Vikas Yadav had come to his house in [[Karnal]], at 3 am on the night of 16–17 February 2002, for attending a ceremony the following day. He also submitted photographs showing Vikas Yadav at the ceremony.<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Vikas was in Karnal on fateful night
|work = [[The Indian Express]]
|url = http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=89439
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130122164454/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=89439
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 22 January 2013
|date = 12 July 2007
}}</ref>

Vikas and Vishal were found guilty by the trial court on 28 May 2008. Both were awarded life imprisonment on 30 May 2008. The convicts have stated that they would appeal against the decision in the higher courts.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Katara-murder-case-Vikas-Vishal-Yadav-held-guilty/articleshow/3078948.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021131518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-28/india/27782608_1_vishal-yadav-nitish-katara-vikas-yadav | url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Katara murder case: Vikas, Vishal Yadav held guilty | date=28 May 2008}}</ref>

==Judgement==
On 30 May 2008 New Delhi fast-track court-sentenced Vikas and Vishal Yadav to life sentences for the kidnap and murder of Nitish Katara. Both were also fined Rs. 160,000 each.<ref name="S.C. No. 78/2002"/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7427000/7427999.stm Wealthy Indian killer sentenced]{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[BBC News]], 30 May 2008.</ref><ref>[http://abclive.in/abclive_national/vikas-yadav-vishal-yadav.html Vikas and Vishal Yadav Get Life Imprisonment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531131331/http://abclive.in/abclive_national/vikas-yadav-vishal-yadav.html |date=31 May 2008 }}</ref>

In November 2009, Vikas was granted bail to attend the arranged marriage of Bharti to a local businessman.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article37758.ece Court allows Vikas Yadav to attend Bharati’s marriage ceremony]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bharti-yadav-marries-with-vikas-in-attendan/536022/ Bharti Yadav marries, with Vikas in attendance] ''Indian Express'', 2 November 2009</ref> Vikas Yadav was granted bail 66 times in the first two years of his incarceration, often with no clear reason documented.<ref name=ie>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vikas-yadav-out-of-tihar-66-times-for-treatment/653029/1 Vikas Yadav out of Tihar 66 times for treatment] ''Indian Express'' 28 July 2010</ref> Nitish Katara's mother accused the jail authorities of colluding with Yadav's influential family and requested a formal investigation.<ref name="ie"/> The Delhi High Court accused Vikas Yadav of repeatedly becoming involved in criminal activities whilst out on bail, including involvement in the [[Murder of Jessica Lal|Jessica Lal case]],<ref name=oe>[http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?668074 Katara Case: Vikas Faces Tough Time for Bail in HC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024037/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?668074 |date=15 July 2011 }} ''Outlook'', 20 October 2009</ref> as well as absconding on two occasions.<ref name="oe"/>

On 2 April 2014, [[Delhi High Court]] upheld the trial court verdict sentencing life imprisonment to Vikas Yadav, Vishal Yadav and the contract killer Sukhdev Pehalwan.<ref name="Crl2008"/> An appeal by Katara's mother and prosecution seeking death sentence to the convicts, pending before the High Court was to be heard on 25 April 2014. The Delhi High Court on Friday 6 February 2015 sentenced Vikas Yadav and his cousin Vishal Yadav to 30 years in prison for the murder of Nitish Katara.<ref name="HT">{{cite web|title=Nitish Katara Murder: Delhi High Court upholds life term for Killers|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-upholds-conviction-of-3-convicts-in-nitish-katara-murder-case/article1-1203268.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402193434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-upholds-conviction-of-3-convicts-in-nitish-katara-murder-case/article1-1203268.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2014 |accessdate=2 April 2014|date=2 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Crl.Rev.P. 369/2008">[http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/dhc_case_status_oj_list.asp?pno=101825 ''Nilam Katara vs. State & Ors.'', Crl.Rev.P. 369/2008]</ref>

On 18 August 2015, [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the High Court verdict.<ref>{{cite web | title = Nitish Katara case: SC upholds conviction of Vikas Yadav, Vishal Yadav |work= The Indian Express | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/nitish-katara-murder-case-sc-upholds-conviction-of-vikas-vishal-yadav/ |date=18 August 2015| accessdate = 2015-08-20 }}</ref> On 9 October 2015 Supreme Court rejected the appeal filed by the sister of Nitish Katara for death penalty of the Yadav brothers. Hon'ble Supreme Court of India upheld the conviction for 25 years.

On 3 October 2016, the Supreme Court of India sentenced Vishal and Vikas Yadav to 25 years in prison. The Delhi High Court had earlier sentenced the convicts to 25 years in jail for the murder, plus five years for destruction of evidence, with both sentences to run consecutively. However, the Supreme Court allowed their sentences to run concurrently rather than consecutively, meaning the Yadavs would spend 25 years behind bars, rather than 30. A third convict in the case, Sukhdev Pehalwan, was sentenced to 20 years in jail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/-Nitish-Katara-murder-case-Convicts-Vikas-and-Vishal-Yadav-get-25-years-in-jail/articleshow/54651486.cms|title=Nitish Katara murder: Convicts Vikas, Vishal Yadav get 25 yrs in jail - The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 October 2016 |access-date=2016-10-03}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Murder of Jessica Lal]]
*[[2008 Noida double murder case]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katara, Nitish}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:2002 murders in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:February 2002 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Honor killing victims]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Murder in Delhi]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:Violence against men in India]]

Nilanjan Chatterjee

2026-02-11T06:01:03Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up New Info First Draft

{{short description|Indian-American Biostatistician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nilanjan Chatterjee
| image = Nilanjan_Chatterjee.png
| birth_date = {{abbr|c.|circa}} {{birth year and age|1972}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|citizenship = [[Americans|American]]
| fields = [[Epidemiology]] [[Statistics]] [[Biostatistics]] [[Oncology]]
| workplaces = [[Johns Hopkins University]] (current) [[National Institutes of Health]] (1999-2015)
| alma_mater = [[University of Washington]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) [[Indian Statistical Institute]] ([[Master of Science|M.S]]) ([[Bachelor of Sciences|BS]]) [[Ballygunge Government High School]]
| known for =
| awards = [[Mortimer Spiegelman Award]] (2010) [[Snedecor Award]] (2011) [[COPSS Presidents' Award]] (2011) [[Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships]] (2015)
| website =
| spouse =
| academic_advisors = [[Norman Breslow]] [[Jon A. Wellner]]
| thesis_title = Semiparametric inference based on estimating equations in regressions models for two phase outcome dependent sampling
|thesis_url = https://stat.uw.edu/research/theses/phd/semiparametric-inference-based-estimating-equations-regressions-models-two-phase-outcome-dependent
}}

'''Nilanjan Chatterjee''' is an [[Indian-Americans|Indian-American]] [[statistician]] who is the [[Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships|Bloomberg Distinguished Professor]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships|url= http://web.jhu.edu/administration/provost/BDP}}</ref> of [[Biostatistics]] and [[Genetic epidemiology|Genetic Epidemiology]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]]. He also has appointments in the Department of Biostatistics in the [[Bloomberg School of Public Health]] and in the Department of Oncology in the [[Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Messersmith, Julie [http://hub.jhu.edu/2015/11/10/chatterjee-named-bloomberg-distinguished-professor "Nilanjan Chatterjee named Bloomberg Distinguished Professor"], ''JHU Hub'', Baltimore, 11 November 2015. Retrieved on 11 November 2015.</ref> He was formerly the chief of the Biostatistics Branch of the [[National Cancer Institute]]'s Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics.

==Biography==
Chatterjee was born in Kolkata, India, to parents Aditya Nath and Pranati Chatterjee. He attended [[Ballygunge Government High School]] and [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School|Saint Xavier's College]]. He received his bachelor's degree in statistics from the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in 1993, and his master's in 1995.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Nilanjan Chatterjee Wins COPSS Awards|url=https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2011/10/01/chatterjee-oct11/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=Amstat News|date=October 2011|language=en-US}}</ref> Chatterjee earned his PhD in Statistics from the [[University of Washington]], Seattle in 1999.<ref name="NCI">{{cite web|title=Nilanjan Chatterjee, Ph.D.|url=http://dceg.cancer.gov/about/staff-directory/biographies/K-N/chatterjee-nilanjan|website=National Cancer Institute|date=January 1980}}</ref> His PhD thesis, titled "Semiparametric Inference Based on Estimating Equations in Regression Models for Two-Phase Outcome-Dependent Sampling," was advised by [[Norman Breslow]] and [[Jon A. Wellner]].<ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=58927|title=Nilanjan Chatterjee}}</ref>

Chatterjee joined the National Cancer Institute (NCI) as a postdoctoral fellow in the biostatistics branch of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG) in 1999, and became a tenure-track investigator in 2001 and a senior investigator in 2004. He served as chief of the biostatistics branch from 2008 until 2015.<ref name=":2" /> He remains a Special Volunteer at the NCI.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1980-01-01|title=Nilanjan Chatterjee, Ph.D. - Special Volunteer, biographical sketch and research interests - National Cancer Institute|url=https://dceg.cancer.gov/about/staff-directory/chatterjee-nilanjan|access-date=2020-07-15|website=dceg.cancer.gov|language=en}}</ref>

==Research==
Chatterjee is known for his work in [[quantitative genetics]], [[cancer research]], [[big data]], [[statistical]] [[methodology]], [[genomics]], [[gene-environment interaction]], [[genetic association]] and [[Genome-wide association study|genome-wide association studies]].

Chatterjee developed a model for predicting breast cancer risk that combines individual-level data on risk factors such as smoking and age with genetic variations associated with higher risk of breast cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-26|title=Healthy lifestyle choices can help women overcome genetic breast cancer risk|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2016/05/26/healthy-lifestyle-breast-cancer-risk/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Hub|language=en}}</ref> He led a large collaboration of experts from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the [[Whiting School of Engineering]] that used [[big data]] and [[machine learning]] to develop tools for autism risk prediction and intervention.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-11|title=30 interdisciplinary research teams receive Johns Hopkins Discovery Awards|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2018/06/11/30-teams-receive-discovery-awards/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Hub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Johns Hopkins Discovery Awards: 2018 Awardees|url=https://research.jhu.edu/major-initiatives/discovery-awards/2018-awardees/|website=Johns Hopkins Office of Research|date=11 June 2018}}</ref>

Chatterjee has participated in the Johns Hopkins Individualized Health Initiative (Hopkins inHealth), which aims to improve individual and population health outcomes through innovative collaborations among experts in biomedical and data science.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Signature Initiatives|url=https://research.jhu.edu/major-initiatives/signature-initiatives/|website=Johns Hopkins Office of Research|date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Chatterjee's contributions to the initiative involved research on using genetic markers for risk prediction models as well as their applications to personalized medicine and public health interventions.<ref name=":1" />

Through his quantitative studies of gene-environment and gene-gene interactions, Chatterjee has also made fundamental contributions to theoretical and methodological approaches in epidemiology and biostatistics.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Using statistics from [[Genome-wide association study|genome-wide association studies]] to appraise the number of DNA variations that contribute to different physical traits and diseases, Chatterjee and colleagues developed a method for estimating the number of individual samples needed in order to identify genetic bases of traits, such as height or [[Body mass index|body mass index (BMI)]], or diseases, such as [[diabetes]] or [[bipolar disorder]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yan|last2=Qi|first2=Guanghao|last3=Park|first3=Ju-Hyun|last4=Chatterjee|first4=Nilanjan|title=Estimation of complex effect-size distributions using summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies across 32 complex traits|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/08/11/175406.full.pdf|journal=Nature Genetics|year=2018|language=en|volume=50|issue=9|pages=1318–1326|doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0193-x|pmid=30104760|s2cid=51979576|issn=1546-1718}}</ref> This method can be used for designing genetic studies and understanding genetic risk prediction.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Robin |last=Scullin|date=2018-08-13|title=Understanding genetic architecture of different traits and diseases could lead to better-designed studies, researchers say|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2018/08/13/genetics-and-disease/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Hub|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Fellow of the [[American Statistical Association]] (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nilanjan Chatterjee was elected Fellow of the American Statistical Society|url=https://www.stat.washington.edu/news-resources/articles/nilanjan-chatterjee-was-elected-fellow-american-statistical-society|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.stat.washington.edu}}</ref>
*[[Mortimer Spiegelman Award]] (2010)
*[[Snedecor Award|George W. Snedecor Award]] (2011)
*[[COPSS Presidents' Award]] (2011)
*Gertrude Cox Award (2011)<ref name=":2" />
*Elected Member of the American Epidemiologic Society (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nilanjan Chatterjee|url=https://www.jhsph.edu/faculty/directory/profile/1826/nilanjan-chatterjee|access-date=2020-07-15|website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|language=en}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Chatterjee has more than 40,000 citations in Google Scholar and an h-index of 98.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nilanjan Chatterjee, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor|url=https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=vErFKeAAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2021-05-11|website=scholar.google.co.uk}}</ref>

* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chatterjee+N&cauthor_id=30554720 Pubmed citations]
* [https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=vErFKeAAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar citations]

'''Highly Cited Articles (''more than 1000 citations'')'''

* 2010 with EK Speliotes, [[Cristen Willer|CJ Willer]], SI Berndt, KL Monda, G Thorleifsson, AU Jackson, et al, ''Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index'', in: ''[[Nature Genetics]]. Vol. 42, nº 11; 937-948.''
* 2010 with HL Allen, K Estrada, G Lettre, SI Bernd, MN Weedon, F Rivadeneira, et al, ''Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height'', in: ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''. Vol. 467, ''nº 7317; 832-838.''
* 2007 with DJ Hunter, P Kraft, KB Jacobs, DG Cox, M Yeager, SE Hankinson, ''A genome-wide association study identifies alleles in FGFR2 associated with risk of sporadic postmenopausal breast cancer'', in: ''Nature Genetics''. Vol. 39, ''nº 7; 870-874.''
* 2007 with M Yeager, N Orr, RB Hayes, KB Jacobs, P Kraft, S Wacholder, et al, ''Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer identifies a second risk locus at 8q24'', in: ''Nature Genetics''. Vol. 39, ''nº 5; 645-649.''
* 2008 with G Thomas, KB Jacobs, M Yeager, P Kraft, S Wacholder, N Orr, K Yu, et al, ''Multiple loci identified in a genome-wide association study of prostate cancer'', in: ''Nature Genetics''. Vol. 40, ''nº 3; 310-315.''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Nilanjan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Statistical Institute alumni]]
[[Category:University of Washington alumni]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Biostatisticians]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Health people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:American scientists of Asian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American statisticians]]
[[Category:20th-century statisticians]]

Micromax Informatics

2026-01-02T05:06:27Z

WardDrayton2: cleaned up content for clarity and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|Indian multinational electronics company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Micromax
| logo = Micromax logo.svg
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Micromax headquarters in [[Gurgaon]]
| trading_name = Micromax
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| ISIN = INE720K01014
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Electronics]]
*[[Consumer electronics]]
*[[Computer hardware]]s
*[[Home appliances]]}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|2000|3|29}}<ref name="mobilephone.co.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mobilephone.co.in/tag/micromax-revenue|title=संग्रहीत प्रति|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117132500/http://www.mobilephone.co.in/tag/micromax-revenue|archive-date=17 January 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref>
| founder = Rahul Sharma
| area_served = Worldwide
| location_city = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = Rahul Sharma {{small|([[Organizational founder|Co-founder]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Smartphone]]s
*[[Tablet computer|Tablet]]s
*[[Air conditioner]]s
*[[LED-backlit LCD|LED TV]]s
*[[Laptop]]s
*[[Power bank]]s
*[[Sound bar]]s
*[[Refrigerator]]s
*[[Washing machine]]s}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|22368.79|c}}
| revenue_year = 2020
| net_income =
| operating_income =
| num_employees = 20,000+
| equity =
| owner =
| assets =
| website = {{official URL}}
| subsid = {{plainlist|
*[[YU Televentures]]
*Bhagwati Products Limited
*Mobi Serve
*Micromax Informatics FZE}}
}}

'''Micromax Informatics''' is an Indian multinational manufacturer of [[consumer electronics]] and [[home appliance]]s, headquartered in [[Gurgaon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Micromax becomes number one mobile phone company in India|url=http://www.patrika.com/article/micromax-beomes-number-one-mobile-phone-company-in-india/48249|access-date=5 August 2014|work=Patrika Group|issue=5 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054045/http://www.patrika.com/article/micromax-beomes-number-one-mobile-phone-company-in-india/48249|archive-date=8 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was established in March 2000 as an [[technology company|IT software company]] operating in [[embedded system]]s. It entered the [[mobile phone]] business in 2008 and, by 2010, became one of the largest companies making low-cost feature phones in India.

In 2014, Micromax was the [[Mobile phone#By manufacturer|tenth largest smartphone vendor]] in the world.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NJWeTcXovj8YC7d7VN2TSN/Micromax-worlds-10th-largest-mobile-phone-brand-in-Q1-Gart.html|title=Micromax world's 10th largest mobile phone brand in Q1: Gartner|author=PTI|work=Livemint|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> In the subsequent years, the company faced stiff competition from Chinese companies that began penetrating the Indian market.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-micromax-management/indias-micromax-once-a-rising-star-struggles-idUSKCN0WF00M|title=India's Micromax, once a rising star, struggles|date=13 March 2016|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> The company also owns YU Televentures, which sells its products under the brand name YU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yuplaygod.com/|title=Official website of YU| website=YuPlayGod |language=en |access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref>

==History==
Micromax was incorporated as Micromax Informatics Ltd. in the year 2000 by Rahul Sharma and Rohit Patel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tofler.in/micromax-informatics-limited/company/U00000DL2000PLC104823|title=Micromax Informatics Ltd.|publisher=tofler.in}}</ref> It began selling mobile phones in 2008,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Limaye|first1=Jayesh|title=Micromax, An Indian Mobile Phone Company That Got It Right|url=http://www.techtree.com/content/features/2941/micromax-indian-mobile-phone-company.html|access-date=17 March 2015|work=Techtree|date=13 February 2013}}</ref> focusing on democratising technology for masses to compete with international players.<ref name="singh1">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=A.|title=Micromax: Capitalising on innovation and pricing|url=https://www.currentaffairspdf.in/news/793_Micromax:-Capitalising-on-innovation-and-pricing|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>

The company also introduced handsets (budget and flagship). After Micromax's co-founder Rahul Sharma once saw a public call office being powered by a truck battery because of frequent power cuts in its locale. This prompted him to launch a feature mobile phone with a long battery life<ref name="fonearena.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fonearena.com/iqindia2012/speakers.html |title=IQ India 2012 Speakers and Panelists|website=Fonearena|access-date=28 November 2013}}</ref> called the X1i phone, Micromax's first [[mobile phone]] with a month-long battery back-up.<ref name="forbesindia.com">{{cite news | url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/10472?id=10472|work=forbesindia.com| title=Micromax Mobile Advantage |author= Dharmakumar, Rohin |date=27 February 2010}}</ref>

In 2014, Micromax's sales in India exceeded those of [[Samsung]]. It became the largest mobile phone supplier in India in the second quarter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Micromax-beats-Samsung-becomes-Indias-No-1-mobile-vendor-Report/articleshow/39630245.cms| title=Micromax beats Samsung, becomes India's No. 1 vendor: Report|work=The Times of India|date=8 August 2014|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> On 24 January 2014, Micromax became the first Indian mobile company to sell in Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bgr.in/news/indian-mobile-phone-brand-micromax-launches-in-russia-aims-to-release-14-smartphones-in-2014/ | title=Indian mobile phone brand Micromax launches in Russia, aims to release 14 smartphones in 2014 | first=Sambit | last=Satpathy | work=BGR India | date=23 January 2014 | publisher=BGR | access-date=1 May 2016 }}</ref> In 2020, Micromax made a comeback in the Indian mobile industry with a new sub-brand "IN".<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 16, 2020|title=Micromax prepares to make a comeback in India with new sub-brand 'in'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/micromax-prepares-to-make-a-comeback-in-india-with-new-sub-brand-in/articleshow/78703891.cms|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Segments ==

=== Mobile handsets ===
*[[Feature phone]]s
*[[Smartphone]]s

=== Consumer electronics ===
*[[Television]]s
*[[Air conditioning|Air Conditioning]]
*[[Refrigerator]]s
*[[Washing machine|Washing Machines]]

Known for mobile handsets and LED TV panels, Micromax is also expanding its portfolio in the consumer electronics segment, targeting the "[[premium economy class]]" consumers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/consumer-durables-and-information-technology/consumer-electronics/micromax-forays-into-refrigerator-washing-machine-segments/63241837| title= Micromax forays into refrigerator, washing machine segments | date=10 March 2018 | publisher= retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Products==
===Funbook series===
Micromax entered the tablet computer market with the debut of the Funbook series.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.intellectdigest.in/micromax-canvas-series-india-3724/|work=intellectdigest.in| title=Micromax Canvas Series India- Evolution And How It Affected Indian Smartphone Market| publisher=intellectdigest.in|author= Khurana, Rohit |date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

Funbook Pro (HD display, finger print sensor) with Snapdragon processor & 1 GB RAM, runs Android One

===Canvas Knight A350 and Canvas A1===

Micromax launched its first eight-core flagship smartphone, Canvas Knight A350, in March 2014 for the Russian market. In the same year on September, Micromax launched the [[Android One]] smartphone, [[Micromax Canvas A1|Canvas A1]].

===Canvas Silver 5, Canvas Win W092 and Canvas Win W121===

Micromax launched Micromax Canvas Silver 5, which it claimed was the slimmest telephone in the world on 17 June 2015.<ref name="canvas silver 5">[http://www.newsexprezz.com/micromax-canvas-sliver-5-launched-at-rs-17999-worlds-slimmest-phone-011880/ Micromax Canvas Sliver 5 Launched, world slimmest phone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619115126/http://www.newsexprezz.com/micromax-canvas-sliver-5-launched-at-rs-17999-worlds-slimmest-phone-011880/ |date=19 June 2015 }}, ''News Exprezz'', 19 June 2015.</ref> The company is an official [[Windows Phone 8.1]] hardware partner.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Microsoft-announces-Windows-Phone-8-1-Micromax-new-hardware-partner/articleshow/33143920.cms|title=Microsoft announces Windows Phone 8.1, Micromax new hardware partner|work=The Times of India|date=3 April 2014 |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> In June 2014, it launched two Windows smartphones, the Micromax Canvas Win W092 and the Micromax Canvas Win W121.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.microsoft.com/en-in/micromax-introduces-canvas-win-series-launches-two-windows-based-phones-canvas-win-w121-and-canvas-win-w092/|title=Micromax introduces Canvas Win series; Launches two Windows-based phones- Canvas Win W121 and Canvas Win W092!|publisher=Microsoft|work=Microsoft News Center India|date=16 June 2014|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref>

===Canvas Amaze 2===

On 8 June 2015, Micromax announced the launch of Micromax Amaze 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/micromax-canvas-amaze-2-launch-specs-price-2841428/|title=Micromax Canvas Amaze 2 launched with a 5-inch display at Rs 7,499
|date=8 June 2016
|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> The device has a 5-inch [[IPS panel|IPS display]] with resolution of 1280 × 720 pixels. The smartphone is powered by a 1.4 GHz quad-core [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|Snapdragon processor]] with 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage.

===Canvas Unite 4 and Canvas Unite 4 Pro===
A year later, Micromax announced the launch of Micromax Canvas Unite 4 and Canvas Unite 4 Pro.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mobigyaan.com/micromax-canvas-unite-4-and-unite-4-pro-launched-in-india|title=Micromax Canvas Unite 4 and Canvas Unite 4 Pro launched in India with Indus OS 2.0
|date=27 June 2016
|publisher=MobiGyaan|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> Both these smartphones run on [[Indus OS|Indus OS 2.0]]. The Canvas Unite 4 is powered by a 1.0 GHz quad-core processor with 1 GB RAM. The Micromax Canvas Unite 4 Pro had more powerful specifications, featuring a 1.3 GHz quad-core processor with 2 GB RAM.

===Canvas Mega 2===
In 2016, Micromax Canvas Mega 2 was launched and shipped.

===Bharat series===
Micromax has rolled out basic smartphones with 4G capabilities under the Bharat series. So far, the company has already launched Bharat 2 - which is considered one of India's cheapest 4G mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/micromax-bharat-5-to-launch-in-india-today/articleshow/61875343.cms|title=Micromax Bharat 5 to launch in India today {{!}} Gadgets Now|website=Gadget Now|access-date=2017-12-02}}</ref>

===Dual 4 & Dual 5===
Micromax has announced the entry of Micromax Dual 5 and Micromax Dual 4 in India.

===Canvas Infinity===
Later in August 2017, Micromax launched its first bezel-less smartphone with an aspect ratio of 18:9. This device called Canvas Infinity still fell within the budget category.

=== Infinity N11 ===

Micromax Infinity N11 smartphone was launched in December 2018.

=== YU ACE TV ===
Following the latest 18:9 trend, the smartphone features a 5.4-inch HD+ Full View display with the screen resolution of 720 pixels. Powered by a 1.5 GHz quad-core MediaTek 6739 processor, the device runs on the latest [[Android Oreo]] operating system. Furthermore, backed up by 2 GB RAM + 16 GB internal storage, the handset will later be launched in 3 GB RAM + 32 GB storage variants as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themobileindian.com/news/micromax-yu-ace-launched-in-india-at-a-price-tag-of-rs-5999-23545|title=Micromax Yu Ace launched in India at a price tag of Rs 5,999|website= themobileindian.com | date=26 Dec 2018 }}</ref>

=== Canvas 3 TV ===
Running [[Android Nougat]] OS, Micromax Canvas 3 allows media sharing and wireless smartphone control. The TV comes in different screen sizes: 32-inch, 40-inch and 50-inch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/micromax-canvas-3-android-based-smart-tv-announced-price-in-india-specifications-5352446/|title=MiMicromax Canvas 3 Android-based Smart TV announced: Price in India, specifications|website= indianexpress.com |date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

=== IN Series ===
Micromax launched its IN Series on 2020 with the introduction of two models IN 1B and IN Note 1. They promised two years of Android Security Updates and assured to always use Clean Stock Android in this Series.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!SOC
!CPU cores
!GPU
!RAM
!Storage
!Cameras
!Display
!OS(Launch)
|-
|[[Micromax IN 1B|IN 1B]]
|[https://www.mediatek.com/products/smartphones/mediatek-helio-g35 Mediatek Helio G35]
|8x ARM Cortex A53 @ 2.3 GHz
|IMG PowerVR GE8320 @ 680 MHz
|2 GB/4 GB LPDDR4X
|32 GB/64 GB eMMC5.1
|Rear:13+2 MP
Front:8 MP
|6.52 inch IPS LCD HD+ 720x1600
|Stock Android 10(Q) for the 4 GB RAM variant ( Upgradeable to Android 11 )
Stock Android 10(Q) Go Edition for the 2 GB RAM variant ( Upgradeable to Android 11 )
|-
|[[Micromax IN Note 1|IN Note 1]]
|[https://www.mediatek.com/products/smartphones/mediatek-helio-g85 Mediatek Helio G85]
|Total: 8
2x ARM Cortex A75 @ 2.0 GHz

6x ARM Cortex A55 @ 1.8 GHz
|ARM Mali-G52 MC2 @ 1 GHz
|4 GB LPDDR4X
|64 GB/128 GB eMMC5.1
|Rear:48+5+2+2 MP
Front:16 MP
|6.67 inch IPS LCD FHD+ 1080x2400
|Stock Android 10(Q)
|-
|IN 1
|[https://www.mediatek.com/products/smartphones/mediatek-helio-g80 Mediatek Helio G80]
|Total: 8
2x ARM Cortex A75 @ 2.0 GHz

6x ARM Cortex A55 @ 1.8 GHz
|ARM Mali-G52 MC2 @ 950 MHz
|4 GB/6 GB LPDDR4X
|64 GB/128 GB eMMC5.1
|Rear:48+2+2 MP
Front:8 MP
|6.67 inch IPS LCD FHD+ 1080x2400
|Stock Android 10(Q)
|-
|IN 2B
|[https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/#/home/prodList?id=1279984297012424706&pid=1342032560510795778&cdx=3&t=0 UNISOC Tiger T610]
|Total: 8
2x ARM Cortex A75 @ 1.8 GHz

6x ARM Cortex A55 @ 1.8 GHz
|ARM Mali-G52 3EE (2-cores) @ 614.4 MHz
|4 GB/6 GB LPDDR4X
|64 GB eMMC5.1
|Rear:13+2 MP Samsung Sensor
Front:5 MP
|6.52 inch IPS LCD HD+ 720x1600
|Stock Android 11(R)
|-
| IN Note 2
|
[https://www.mediatek.com/products/smartphones-2/mediatek-helio-g95 Mediatek Helio G95]
| Total: 8
2x ARM Cortex A76 @ 2.05 GHz

6x ARM Cortex A55 @ 2.0 GHz
|ARM Mali G76 MC4 (2-Cores) @ 900 MHz
|4 GB LPDDR4X
|64 GB UFS2.1
|Rear:48+5+2+2 MP
Front:16 MP
|6.43 inch AMOLED FHD+ 1080x2400
|Stock Android 11
|}

== Manufacturing in India ==
=== Products manufactured ===
Mobile phones, LED TVs, [[LED lamp|LED Lamp]] and Tablets. The [[Government of India|government]] would be providing land to Micromax for setting up the centre, which has a capacity to produce 10 [[lakh]] devices a month, which include mobile phones, LED TVs, LED lights and Tablets. It presently employs 700 people. The firm's first facility in [[Uttarakhand]] has a capacity to produce 16 lakh devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/micromax-to-invest-2000-cr-in-manufacturing/article8475193.ece|title=Micromax to invest ₹2,000 cr in manufacturing|website= thehindubusinessline |date=20 January 2018}}</ref>

=== Manufacturing hubs ===
Micromax has three factories - [[Bhiwadi]] ([[Rajasthan]]), [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]] (Uttarakhand) and Telangana. In Bhiwadi, the [[Surface-mount technology|surface Mount Technology]] (SMT) line is already operational and trials are running in Rudrapur. For Telangana, the machinery is under import. Altogether, Micromax will have a capacity of about 30 lakh a month for mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/interview-micromax-will-grow-steadily-organically-says-co-founder-vikas-jain-2658480|title=Micromax will grow steadily, organically, says co-founder Vikas Jain|website= dnaindia.com |date=3 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Manufacturing ===
Micromax started manufacturing LED televisions and tablets at its factory in Rudrapur (SIDCUL), Uttarakhand, in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-23/news/49347930_1_micromax-tablet-pc-market-smartphone-market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606002337/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-23/news/49347930_1_micromax-tablet-pc-market-smartphone-market|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2014|work=[[The Economic Times]]|title=Micromax starts manufacturing smartphones in India|date=23 April 2014}}</ref> {{As of|August 2015}}, Micromax was set to start a {{INRConvert|500|c}} manufacturing plant in [[Rajasthan]]'s [[Alwar]] district after the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the [[Government of Rajasthan]] and Bhagwati Products Ltd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/micromax-plant-worth-rs-500-crore-to-come-up-in-rajasthan-255604.html|title=Micromax plant worth Rs 500 crore to come up in Rajasthan|newspaper=[[Firstpost]]|date=24 August 2015}}</ref>

===YU Televentures===
The first product, to be launched under a newly floated wholly owned unit, YU Televentures, is a smartphone with operating system from US-based Cyanogen Inc. through which Micromax aims to move beyond the business of mobile phone hardware that has become more or less standardised.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/micromax-plans-to-do-a-xiaomi-launches-new-brand-yu/articleshow/45190996.cms|title=Micromax plans to do a Xiaomi, launches new brand 'Yu'|newspaper= The Economic Times | date=19 Nov 2014 }}</ref>

== Projects and Partnerships ==

In November 2014, Micromax partnered with [[CyanogenMod#Cyanogen Inc.|Cyanogen Inc.]] to provide [[CyanogenMod|Cyanogen]]-based smartphones in India, under the brand name [[YU Televentures|YU]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyanogen Inc Announces Micromax Partnership In India, Forming The YU smartphone brand|url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/11/18/cyanogenmod-inc-announced-micromax-partnership-in-india-first-phone-to-be-called-yu/|access-date=14 Dec 2014|work=Micromax Co.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Micromax's YU brand handset to be launched next month|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/micromaxs-yu-brand-handset-to-be-launched-next-month/article6611225.ece|work=The Hindu|date=18 November 2014|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Micromax Launches New Phone Brand YU, Powered by Cyanogen OS|url=http://micromaxcanvas.co.in/mmx-yu-televentures-phones-cyanogenmod-news/|access-date=14 Dec 2014|work=Micromax Co.|issue=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115815/http://micromaxcanvas.co.in/mmx-yu-televentures-phones-cyanogenmod-news/|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 10 April 2016, Micromax announced a strategic partnership with digital payments company TranServ and major global payments technology company [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] to offer the next generation of payment solutions{{buzzword inline|date=November 2019}} in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Micromax, TranServ, Visa form strategic partnership|url=http://www.abplive.in/gadgets/micromax-transerv-visa-form-strategic-partnership-319673|access-date=20 April 2016|work=ABP Live|date=10 April 2015}}</ref>

== Joint ventures ==
In 2024, Micromax Informatics and [[Phison]] formed a joint venture business, MiPhi, to design fabless chips with the goal of creating state-of-the-art [[Flash memory|NAND storage]] solutions. Micromax owns a majority interest of 55% in the business, while Phison owns the remaining 45%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singal |first=Nidhi |date=2024-12-08 |title=Micromax joins forces with Taiwan's Phison to enter Semicon design space with MiPhi |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/micromax-joins-forces-with-taiwans-phison-to-enter-semicon-design-space-with-miphi/119629 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref> On February 17, 2025, the MiPhi introduced the Storm 1100X external SSD, its first consumer product, for professionals, gamers, and creators in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-17 |title=MiPhi launches Storm 1100X external SSD for creators and gamers in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/gadgets/miphi-launches-storm-1100x-external-ssd-for-creators-and-gamers-in-india/article69229807.ece |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
Actors [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Twinkle Khanna]] were the first celebrities to endorse Micromax Mobiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1240361/Twinkle-Khanna-chosen-to-endorse-Micromax-Mobiles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120706/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1240361/Twinkle-Khanna-chosen-to-endorse-Micromax-Mobiles|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2015|title=Twinkle Khanna chosen to endorse Micromax Mobiles?|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> [[Hugh Jackman]] was the brand ambassador of Micromax and appeared in a commercial in 2013 for its first flagship smartphone, the Canvas Turbo A250,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hugh-jackman-to-be-face-of-micromax/article5247881.ece?homepage=true Hugh Jackman to be face of Micromax]. The Hindu (18 October 2013). Retrieved on 28 November 2013.</ref> and for the Canvas 4 and Canvas Sliver 5 thereafter. In July 2013, actress [[Chitrangada Singh]] posed for the Canvas 4 smartphone in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/technology/mobile/chitrangada-singh-sizzles-at-micromax-canvas-4-launch-88513.html|title=Chitrangada Singh Sizzles at Micromax Canvas 4 Launch!|work=[[Times Internet]]|date=13 July 2013|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> Vighnesh Pande endorsed Micromax Canvas Unite 4 line of smartphones in 2017.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Key awards and achievements ==
In 2011, Micromax was recognized as an Emerging Company of the Year by V&D 100 Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.voicendata.com/v-d-100-awards-emerging-company-year-micromax-informatics/|title=V&D 100 Awards: Emerging Company of the Year-Micromax Informatics|website= voicendata.com | date=23 Aug 2011 }}</ref>

In 2017, Rahul Sharma was conferred the Transformational Business Leader of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/f6UNt5FPpoYM7rAQA0gTLK/Hero-MotoCorp-named-Indian-MNC-of-the-Year.html|title=Hero MotoCorp named 'Indian MNC of the Year'|last=Laha|first=Rozelle|work=[[LiveMint]]|date=28 April 2017|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Patent litigation===

In March 2013, [[Ericsson]] sued Micromax for infringement of Ericsson's eight patents registered in India that were essential to the 2G and 3G standards. The [[Delhi High Court]] ordered Micromax to pay royalty amounts to Ericsson based on the percentages of the net selling prices of the devices incorporating 2G and 3G standards. Around the time that Ericsson filed its patent infringement suit, Micromax filed a concurrent complaint with the [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI), alleging that Ericsson had abused its allegedly dominant position by imposing exorbitant royalties for the use of its SEPs, thus violating [[The Competition Act, 2002|The Competition Act of 2002]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=FRAND in India: The Delhi High Court's Emerging Jurisprudence on Royalties for Standard-Essential Patents | author=J. Gregory Sidak | journal=[[Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice]] | year=2015 | volume=10 | issue=8 | pages=609–618 | doi=10.1093/jiplp/jpv096| doi-access=free }}</ref> As of February 2016, the CCI had yet to issue a final determinative ruling on the basis of Micromax's allegations.

In late 2014, [[Delhi High Court]] ruled that sales of the [[OnePlus One]] smartphone are blocked in India because Cyanogen OS signed an exclusive deal to sell Micromax mobile telephones only in India, although OnePlus One had a worldwide licensing deal. This move was seen as a monopoly to stem the sales of OnePlus One and other smartphone brands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.androidauthority.com/oneplus-one-india-575171/|title=OnePlus One is banned in India, Cyanogen-Micromax deal to blame|date=17 December 2014}}</ref> However, the High Court lifted the ban, allowing OnePlus One to be sold in India as the licensing deals with Cyanogen are different for both parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsmarena.com/delhi_high_court_lifts_the_ban_on_the_oneplus_one_sales_in_india-news-10585.php|title = Delhi High Court lifts the ban on the OnePlus One sales in India}}</ref>

===Stealthy installation of adware===
In early 2015, a [[Reddit]] user found [[adware]] installing itself stealthily on their Micromax Canvas Fire A093 telephone without permission. The adware was also using excess telephone resources such as data, memory storage, and battery life. Further investigations by the [[XDA Developers|XDA]] community found the advertisements were created by Adups, an AdPush company based in China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Micromax Remotely Installing Unwanted Apps on Devices: Reports|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/micromax-remotely-installing-unwanted-apps-on-devices-reports-649823|access-date=2020-10-21|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=16 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Prabhu|first1=Vijay|title=Micromax Remotely Installing Adware on its Smartphones causing unwanted downloads and popups|url=http://www.techworm.net/2015/01/micromax-remotely-installing-adware-smartphones.html|access-date=1 January 2016|publisher=Techworm|date=18 January 2015|location=India|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|Technology}}
* [[YU Televentures]]
*[[Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}


{{Electronics industry in India}}
{{Major mobile device companies}}

[[Category:Micromax Mobile]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Information technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]
[[Category:Mobile phone manufacturers]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics brands]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Haryana]]

Kaliya Mardan

2026-01-01T21:24:20Z

WardDrayton2: updated formatting additionally and added references after review

{{For|other articles with the same name|Mardan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaliya Mardan
| image = Kaliya Mardan, The Childhood of Krishna, 1919.webm
| caption = Kaliya Mardan
| director = [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]
| producer = Hindustan Cinema Films
| writer = Dadasaheb Phalke
| narrator =
| starring = Neelkanth, Mandakini Phalke
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1919}}
| runtime = 47 min / 6000 ft
| country = India
| language = [[Silent film]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kaliya Mardan''''' (also known as ''The Childhood of Krishna'') is a 1919 [[Indian film|Indian]] [[silent film]] directed by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]. It contains Marathi subtitles.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema]</ref> Only 4441 ft are still available.

[[File:Kaliya Mardan.jpg|thumb|A still from the film ''Kaliya Mardan'' showing child Krishna vanquishing the venomous serpent Kaliya.]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0253174}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPKGBPmy-ZE Full movie on YouTube]

{{Dadasaheb Phalke}}

[[Category:1919 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1910s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dadasaheb Phalke]]
[[Category:Films about Krishna]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films about children]]
[[Category:1919 Indian films]]

{{Marathi-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Heliotropium keralense

2025-12-22T09:37:28Z

WardDrayton2: Stub!

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the borage family}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Heliotropium keralense flowers.jpg
|genus = Heliotropium
|species = keralense
|authority = Sivar. & Manilal
}}

'''''Heliotropium keralense''''' is a small erect herb with a pubescent stem, ovate leaves and white flowers.<ref>Jose, T. and Antony, V.T., 2021. Heliotropium indicum L. and Heliotropium keralense Sivar. & Manilal, J.: DNA Barcoding Studies for Species Identity. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 10(1), pp.pp-116.</ref>

==Distribution==
This species is native to South India, occurring in Karnataka (Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts) and Kerala (Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Thrissur, Kottayam, and Alappuzha districts).<ref>Sankara Rao, K., Raja K Swamy, Deepak Kumar, Arun Singh R. and K. Gopalakrishna Bhat (2019). Flora of Peninsular India. http://peninsula.ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Heliotropium keralense. Downloaded on 2 October 2025.</ref>

==Uses==
A paste made from the leaves is traditionally applied to treat scorpion stings.<ref>Silja, V.P., Varma, K.S. and Mohanan, K.V., 2008. Ethnomedicinal plant knowledge of the Mullu kuruma tribe of Wayanad district, Kerala. Indian journal of Traditional knowledge, 7(4), pp.604-612.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q16133808}}

[[Category:Heliotropium|keralense]]
[[Category:Flora of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Flora of Kerala]]

{{Boraginales-stub}}

Rauvolfia micrantha

2025-11-25T10:38:22Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up First Info First Draft - done

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|image_caption =
|genus = Rauvolfia
|species = micrantha
|authority = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |id=81586-1 |title=''Rauvolfia micrantha'' Hook.f. |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|synonyms =
{{Species list
| Rauvolfia indosinensis | Pichon
| Rauvolfia membranifolia | Kerr
| Rauvolfia vietnamensis | Lý
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}

'''''Rauvolfia micrantha''''', the '''small-flowered snakeroot''',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Taxonomic Information for Rauvolfia Micrantha- Biological Classifications & Names- Encyclopedia of Life|url=https://eol.org/pages/6849493/names|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Life|access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> is a plant that is indigenous to southwestern India, southern Thailand, and Vietnam. It has a woody, shrub-like appearance and attractive flowers.

==Distribution and habitat==
The general habitat of plants in the genus ''[[Rauvolfia]]'' is semi-evergreen and evergreen forest distributed along tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and America. The plant is endemic to the evergreen forest of the [[Tinnevelly]] and [[Travancore]] hills in the Indian Western [[Ghats]] (states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Patil|first=V.M.|author2=Jayanthi |title=Micropropagation of Two Species of Rauvolfia (Apocynaceae)|journal=Current Science|date=1997|volume=72|issue=12|pages=961–965}}</ref> It flowers and fruits between March and October.<ref name=Kulloli>{{cite journal|last=Kulloli|first=S.K.|author2=Sreekala |title=Pollination Ecology of Rauvolfia Micrantha Hook.F. (Apocynaceae): A Critically Endangered Medicinal Plant from the Southern Western Ghats|journal=Phytomorphology|date=2009|volume=59|issue=3 & 4|pages=96–101}}</ref>

==Conservation==
''Rauvolfia micrantha'' is a critically endangered plant. The species has scanty distribution in the wild due to habitat degradation, fragmentation of population and narrow environmental niche.<ref name=Kulloli/> Efforts toward its conservation involve [[cryopreservation]] of seeds and in-vitro methods.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sudha|first=G.G.|author2=S. Seeni |title=In Vitro Propagation of Rauwolfia Micrantha, a Rare Medicinal Plant|journal=Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture|date=1996|volume=44|issue=3|pages=243–248|doi=10.1007/bf00048530|s2cid=6951195}}</ref> [[Organogenesis]]is the standardized protocol for regeneration of ''R. micrantha'' in culture. Nodes of the plant are used as explants.<ref name=Krishnan>{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=Peringattulli Narayanan |author2=S.W. Decruse |author3=R.K. Radha|title=Conservation of Medicinal Plants of Western Ghats, India and Its Sustainable Utilization through in Vitro Technology|journal=In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant|date=2011|volume=41|issue=1|pages=110–122|doi=10.1007/s11627-011-9344-9 |s2cid=23645571 }}</ref> Cryopreservation of the seeds has proven to be slightly difficult. The seeds of ''R. micrantha'' are of intermediate type and hence require strict conditions during this process.<ref name=Krishnan/>

==Morphology, flowers and fruits==
The plant is a perennial woody [[shrub]] that grows at elevations up to about {{convert|600|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. Branches are slender and glabrous (having no trichomes or "hair"). The leaves are approximately {{convert|8–13|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} x {{convert|2–5|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, elliptic, membranous, abruptly acuminate at both ends; petiole 1 cm long.<ref name=indiabiodiversity>{{cite web|title=Rauvolfia Micrantha|url=http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230900|publisher=India Biodiversity Portal|access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Youngken|first=Heber W.|title=Malabar Rauwolfia, Rauwolfia Micrantha Hook.F.|journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association|date=1954|volume=43|issue=3|pages=141–143|doi=10.1002/jps.3030430305|pmid=13142931}}</ref> Flowers are arranged in axillary long-peduncled congested cymes; [[sepals]] are {{convert|1.5|mm|abbr=on}} long, triangular, acute and basely connate. The [[corolla (flower)|corolla]] is colored white with reddish color at throat, and is about {{convert|8|mm|abbr=on}} long, glabrous, with acute ovate lobes. [[Capsule (botany)|Capsule]] is {{convert|7|mm|abbr=on}} x {{convert|5|mm|abbr=on}}, ovoid acute, and glabrous.<ref name=indiabiodiversity/> Fruits are obliquely ovate and pointed.

''Rauvolfia micrantha'' is related to the [[Rauvolfia serpentina|snakeroot plant]] (''Rauvolfia serpentina'') which is used as a traditional herbal medicine. However, isoenzyme analysis reveals that it is more closely related to ''[[Rauvolfia tetraphylla]] L''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nanthini|first=A. U. |author2=M. Johnson |author3=F.M. Franco |author4=T.R. Malar|title=Assessing the Genetic Relationship Between Three Selected Species of Rauvolfia Using Isoenzyme Profiles and Morphological Characters|journal=Journal of Phytology|date=2011|volume=3|issue=9|pages=48–54}}</ref>

==Reproduction==
Flowering reaches its peak in the month of May and anthesis occurs between 5:00 am and 8:30 am with a peak at 7:00 am. Dehiscence occurs between 6:00 am and 10:30 am on the day of the anthesis. The stigmas are receptive the day before [[anthesis]], however, become increasingly receptive on the day of anthesis.<ref name=Kulloli/> The major insect pollinators included ''[[Apis florea]]'' (honeybee), ''[[Oecophylla smargadina]]'' (red ant), ''[[Tetragonula iridipennis]]'' (pollen bee) and butterflies such as ''[[Pachliopta aristolochaea]]'', ''[[Pachliopta hector]]'', ''[[Delias eucharis]]'' and ''[[Euploea core]]''.<ref name=Kulloli/>

===Alkaloids===
Hairy root induction of the plant is achieved in culture by using infection with ''[[Agrobacterium rhizogenes]]'' strains.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sudha |first1=C. G. |last2=Obul Reddy |first2=B. |last3=Ravishankar |first3=G. A. |last4=Seeni |first4=S. |title=Production of Ajmalicine and Ajmaline in Hairy Root Cultures of Rauvolfia Micrantha Hook F., a Rare and Endemic Medicinal Plant |journal=Biotechnology Letters |date=2003 |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=631–636 |pmid=12882157 |doi=10.1023/A:1023012114628|s2cid=11855109 }}</ref>
* Hairy root: [[ajmaline]], [[ajmalacine]], [[reserpine]], [[reserpiline]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pillay|first=P.P. |author2=D.S. Rao |author3=S.B. Rao|title=Chemical Investigation of Rauvolfia Micrantha Hook F.|journal=Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research|date=1960|volume=19B|pages=135–137}}</ref> [[sarpagine]], and [[serpentine (chemical)|serpentine]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sudha|first=C.G.|author2=S. Seeni |title=Spontaneous Somatic Embryogenesis on in Vitro Root Segment Cultures of Rauvolfia Micrantha Hook, F.- A Rare Medicinal Plant|journal=In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant|date=2006|volume=42|issue=2|pages=119–123|doi=10.1079/ivp2005738|s2cid=13172437}}</ref>
* Root bark: [[aunamine]] and [[neosarpagine]]
Other nutrients and chemicals in the plant include [[Phenols|phenolics]], [[flavonoid]]s, [[vitamin]]s and [[carotenoid]]s. The extracts also had antioxidant properties ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nair|first=Vadakkemuriyil |author2=Rajaram Panneerselvam |author3=Ragupathi Gopi|title=Studies on Methanolic Extract of Rauvolfia Species from Southern Western Ghats of India- In Vitro Antioxidant Properties, Characterization of Nutrients and Phytochemicals|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|date=2012|volume=39|pages=17–25|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.02.006}}</ref>

===Uses===
The plant is used as a substitute for ''R. serpentina'' in [[Ayurvedic]] practices in Kerala, India for nervous disorders such as insomnia and insanity.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15376032}}

[[Category:Rauvolfia|micrantha]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1882]]

Padmavati Rao

2025-10-21T11:15:05Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up The Bio From Scratch - done

{{short description|Indian actress, theatre personality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmavati Rao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names = Akshatha Rao, Pinty
| birth_date = 1963{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
| birth_place =Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|theatre activist}}
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| honours =
| years_active = 1978 - present
| family = [[Arundathi Nag]] (sister)
| height =
}}

'''Padmavati Rao''', credited as '''Akshatha Rao''' in [[Kannada]] films, is an Indian actress, theatre personality, poet, dancer and translator.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/this-refrigerator-made-by-padmavati-rao-does-not-run-on-electricity/article31501959.ece |title=This refrigerator made by Padmavati Rao does not run on electricity |work=The Hindu |author=Ranjan Govind |date=4 May 2020 |access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="ACTRESS">{{Cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read//articleshow/52811938.cms |title=I lead my life in disbelief |work=Bangalore Mirror |author=Vidya Iyengar |date=19 June 2016 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020102742/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read//articleshow/52811938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She is known for her theatre activities and performances in ''[[Ondanondu Kaladalli]]'' (1978), ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]'' (1981), ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]] (1997)'', ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (2018), and ''[[Tanhaji]]'' (2020).

==Personal life==
Padmavati was born in Delhi. She is the sister of actress [[Arundhati Nag]].<ref name="ACTRESS"/>

==Career==

;Film career
Rao's debut movie was 1978 Kannada film [[Ondanondu Kaladalli]], directed by [[Girish Karnad]]. In 1981, she played the title role of Geetha in the film [[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]], directed by [[Shankar Nag]]. She went on to appear in movies including [[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]] and [[Padmaavat]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/padmaavat-film-review/article22503940.ece |title=Padmaavat' review: an insipid love letter to Rajputs |work=The Hindu |author=Namrata Joshi |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040553/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/padmaavat-film-review/article22503940.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She played [[Amitabh Bacchan]]'s wife in the critically acclaimed film [[Te3n]], directed by [[Ribhu Dasgupta]]. She performed as Jijabai, mother of Shivaji, in the 2020 film [[Tanhaji]].

;Theatre career
Rao's career was started with theatre activities. She has conducted and performed plays and workshops across India. She first acted in theatre under the direction of [[Shankar Nag]]. She assisted him in [[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]] as assistant director, also acted and dubbed for the same project.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/how-shankar-nags-malgudi-days-came-to-life-835811.html |title=How Shankar Nag's Malgudi Days come into life |work=Deccan Herald |author=Nina C George |date=20 May 2020 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018053048/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/how-shankar-nags-malgudi-days-came-to-life-835811.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In her theatre career, Rao has worked with [[Girish Karnad]], [[M. S. Sathyu]], ''Ramesh Talwar'', ''Shaukat Azmi'', ''A. K. Hanagal'' and many other theatre personalities.<ref name="RAO">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/558309/from-stage-stage.html |title=From stage to stage |work=Deccan Herald |author=Bindu Gopal Rao |date=17 July 2016 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017160208/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/558309/from-stage-stage.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her theatre work ''Kitchen Poems'', a solo performance, was much appreciated.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-kitchen-katha/article7738812.ece |title=A Kitchen Katha |work=The Hindu |author=Deepa Ganesh |date=8 October 2015 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017210047/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-kitchen-katha/article7738812.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She has been doing theatre activities for children.<ref name="RAO"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/237323/a-bagful-tales.html |title=A bagful of tales... |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 March 2012 |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/185999/metrolife-city.html |title=Metrolife in the city |work=Deccan Herald |date=24 August 2011 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090439/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/185999/metrolife-city.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year!! Film || Role !! Language ||Notes
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Ondanondu Kaladalli]]'' || Savanthri || [[Kannada]] || Debut film
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]'' || Geetha || Kannada ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'' || Narmada || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Te3n]]'' || Nancy || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2018 || ''Ek Sangaychay'' || || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Padmaavat]]'' || Kunwar Baisa || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Phamous]]'' || Lall's mother || Hindi ||
|-
| 2019||''[[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal]]'' || Bini Noorjehan || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |2020|| ''[[Tanhaji]]'' || [[Jijabai]] || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]'' || Pramila Singh || Hindi ||
|-
| 2021||''[[Maara]]'' || Meenakshi/Mary Aunty || Tamil|| [[Amazon Prime Video]] Film
|-
| 2023||''[[Sweet Kaaram Coffee]]'' || Deva || Tamil|| [[Amazon Prime Video]] Web Series
|-
| 2025||''[[Nodidavaru Enanthare]]'' || Kranti Devi|| Kannada ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title=‘Nodidavaru Enantare’ movie review: A superb Naveen Shankar anchors a moving story of finding oneself |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nodidavaru-enantare-movie-review-naveen-shankar-moving-story-finding-oneself/article69163646.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=31 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1360611}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Padmavati}}
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

QRSAM

2025-09-27T13:22:37Z

WardDrayton2: correct section also and added references for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Anant Shastra]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad

2025-08-22T22:21:23Z

WardDrayton2:

{{refimprove|date=December 2022}}
{{Travel guide|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[File:Charminar-Pride of Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charminar]]]]
[[File:A white Marble stone Birla Mandir Hyderabad Telangana.jpg|thumb|right|Birla Mandir Hyderabad]]

'''[[Hyderabad]]''' is the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] and largest city of the [[South India]]n state of [[Telangana]]. It was ruled by the [[Qutub Shahis]], [[Mughals]] and the [[Nizams]] which shaped its [[History of Hyderabad, India|history]]. The city is noted for its monuments which includes the masterpiece of [[Charminar]] and the fort of [[Golkonda|Golconda]]. There are a multitude of masjids, temples, churches and bazaars in the city.

The tourism industry forms an important role in the economy of Hyderabad. Tourism-related fairs are held regularly,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2213470.ece| title=Travel, tourism fair begins|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|date=9 July 2011}}</ref> and in 2010, the city was listed among the [[World City|Beta- World City]] by the global city index produced by [[GaWC]],<ref name="GaWC 2010">{{cite web| title=The World According to GaWC 2010|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html | publisher=lboro.ac.uk | year=2011| access-date=26 December 2011}}</ref> and in 2011 the city was rated 19th in the world by ''[[The New York Times]]'' in ''The list of 41 Places to Go in 2011''.<ref name="travelNYT">{{cite news|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/travel/09where-to-go.html?pagewanted=all |title=The 41 Places to go in 2011 |work=The New York Times |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> As of 2011, the tourism promotion budget for the city was increased to {{INR}} 520&nbsp;million. Telangana, which is India's top domestic tourist destination, receives up to 157&nbsp;million visits,<ref name="timesofindia_tourism">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/CM-to-allocate-Rs-10-crore-to-promote-tourism/articleshow/8698245.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204151307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-02/hyderabad/29612350_1_tourism-promotion-heli-tourism-tourist-destinations|url-status=live|archive-date=4 December 2011|title=CM to allocate Rs 10 crore to promote tourism|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 June 2011}}</ref> and reached 1.5&nbsp;million international tourists, which generated {{US$}}23&nbsp;million in revenue.<ref name="timesofindia_tourism" /> The city houses famous historical sites including [[Charminar]], [[UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage site]] of the [[Chowmahalla Palace]],<ref name="UNESCO_Asia">{{cite web| title=UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation| url=http://www.unescobkk.org/unit-archive-folders/clt-archive-folder/heritage/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/| publisher=[[UNESCO]]| year=2010| access-date=8 October 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403002556/http://www.unescobkk.org/unit-archive-folders/clt-archive-folder/heritage/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/| archive-date=3 April 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Salar Jung Museum]] (among the world's largest private collection museums) as well as art galleries, libraries, sports complexes, museums and theaters. It is the place of nawabs.

Hyderabad is known as ''The City of Pearls'', as once it was the only global centre for trade of large diamonds, emeralds and natural pearls.<ref name="city of pearls">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-in-NYT-2011-list-of-must-see-places/articleshow/7363573.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909135720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/hyderabad/28362599_1_hyderabad-list-nizam|url-status=live|archive-date=9 September 2011|title=Hyderabad in NYT 2011 list of must see places |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 January 2011|access-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> Many traditional and historical [[bazaar]]s are located around the city.<ref name="TheHindu_LB"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/10/stories/2004031000490300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050201020508/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/10/stories/2004031000490300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2005|title=Glory of the gates|date=10 March 2004 |access-date=11 October 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The [[Laad Bazaar]] situated near Charminar has shops that sell pearls, jewellery<ref name="TheHindu_LB">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/22/stories/2008022257980200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226172413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/22/stories/2008022257980200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2008|title=Laad Bazaar traders cry foul|access-date=22 February 2008|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 February 2008}}</ref> and products such as silverware, [[Nirmal]], [[Qalamkari|Kalamkari]] paintings and artefacts, [[bidriware]], [[lacquer]] [[bangle]]s studded with stones, [[sari]]s, handwoven materials in silk and cotton. The following is a '''list of tourist attractions in Hyderabad'''.

==Historical monuments==
[[File:CHARMINAR, Hyderabad 01.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Panorama of [[Hyderabad]]]]

* [[Charminar]] – a major landmark of Hyderabad with four graceful [[minaret]]s located in the old city. It was built by [[Muhammed Quli Qutb Shah]] as a memorial for plague victims and was the [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad#Timeline of tallest structures|tallest structure in Hyderabad]] for nearly 400 years. Charminar, on most occasions, is used to represent the city and the state and is hailed as a unique [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] monument. It is in the midst of Charkaman which are four archways to roads leading in all four directions from the Charminar monument.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charminar|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_ap_charminar.asp|access-date=2010-10-10|work=Ticketed Monuments – Andhra Pradesh|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI)}}</ref>
* [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] – A symbolic mosque, Mecca Masjid was built 400 years ago during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Qutub Shah, the 6th Qutub Shahi Sultan of Hyderabad. The three-arched facade has been carved from a single piece of granite, which took five years to quarry. More than 8,000 workers were employed to build the mosque. Muhammed Qutub Shah personally laid the foundation stone.

:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, the French explorer, in his travelogue observed, "It is about 50 years since they began to build a splendid pagoda in the town which will be the grandest in all India when it is completed. The size of the stone is the subject of special accomplishment, and that of a niche, which is its place for prayer, is an entire rock of such enormous size that they spent five years in quarrying it, and 500 to 600 men were employed continually on its work. It required still more time to roll it up on to conveyance by which they brought it to the pagoda; and they took 1400 oxen to draw it".
[[File:Tomb of Muhammad Qutb Shah in Hyderabad W IMG 4636.jpg|thumb|[[Qutb Shahi Tombs]] in Hyderabad, India]]
* [[Golkonda|Golconda Fort]] – Once abandoned by Qutub Shahis, Golconda Fort is one of the most magnificent fortress complexes in India. Seated on a hill on one side and spiraling fort on the other, its location and internal design made it one of the strongest forts in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_ap_golconda.asp|title=Golkonda Fort|work=Ticketed Monuments – Andhra Pradesh|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI)|access-date=2010-10-10}}</ref>
* [[Qutb Shahi Tombs]] – home to various tombs dedicated to Rulers of [[Qutub Shahi dynasty]], located at Shaikpet, near Golconda Fort. These are an example of Deccan architecture with large minarets, huge domes, delicate marble designs and multiple inner passages.
* [[Paigah Tombs]] – These are a recently discovered series of mausoleums with unique geometrical sculptures which were nowhere found in the world. These are located at Chandrayanagutta. Paigahs were noblemen under the reign of the [[Nizams]].
* [[Spanish Mosque]], Begumpet – This is one of several mosques in Secunderabad/Hyderabad. The mosque is of [[Moorish]] architecture and was constructed by [[Sir Vicar-ul-Umra]] a [[Paigah family|Paigah]] [[Nawab]] in 1906.
*[[Hayat Bakshi Mosque]], Hayathnagar – Built by one of the most prolific women during the rule of the Qutb Shahis, Hayat Begum (Ma Saheba), the mosque is located in a complex that houses a caravan sarai and large well popularly called the Hathi Bowli.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LeadWinner|title=Hayat Bakshi Begum Mosque|url=https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/monuments/hayat-bakshi-begum-mosque/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Department of Heritage Telangana|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Golkonda Fort.jpg|thumb|center|500px|[[Golconda Fort]] was originally built by Kakatiya as part of their western defenses.]]

===Palaces===

* [[Falaknuma Palace]] – built by an Italian architect through one of the [[Paigah family|Paigah]] nobles, [[Viqar-ul-Umra|Nawab Viqar al-Umra']], complete with Italian marble, [[Louis XIV]]-style decor, a Mughal ambience, Italian marble staircases and ornate fountains. It has now been undertaken by Taj group to develop this as a heritage hotel. It had taken 9 years to build the palace, from 1884 to 1893. The library in the Palace is said to be as majestic as the one in the Windsor Castle. One of the main attractions of the palace is the 100 seater table that is 108 feet long.
* [[Chowmahalla Palace]] – It was the seat of [[Asaf Jahi]] dynasty, where the [[Nizam]] entertained his official guests and royal visitors. Initiated in 1750 by Nizam [[Salabat Jung]] and designed along the lines of the [[Shah]]'s palace in [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], this actually consists of a group of palaces each used as a [[Durbar Hall]]. It has now been aesthetically renovated and is also a venue for conferences.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/weekend/story/0,,2222979,00.html The lost world]</ref>
* [[Asman Garh Palace]] – It was designed personally and built by the erstwhile Prime Minister of Hyderabad state Sir Asman Jah in 1885 on a hillock for his leisure. It is based on Gothic architecture and is in the shape of a European medieval castle. The palace presently hosts a museum displaying archaeological relics.
* [[Taramati Baradari]] – Taramati Baradari is a palace located near [[Gandipet lake]], that was built under the reign of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]], the Seventh Sultan of [[Golkonda]] as an ode to his favourite courtesan, Taramati. The baradari with 12 doorways were to allow cross ventilation, considered to be the most ingenious technique at the time. Similar structures like Premavati and Bhagmati can be seen from here.
* [[Purani Haveli]] – It was the official residence of the Nizam's parents.
* [[King Kothi Palace]] – The last Nizam, [[Osman Ali Khan|Mir Osman Ali Khan]] lived here.
* [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad]] - It was a royal palace of the Nizams built in 1910. It is an Indo-European building standing on a 10-acre (40,000 m2) verdant area. The building's French architect christened it as Bella Vista, meaning beautiful sight, since it overlooks the Hussain sagar lake. It is located in Saifabad suburb. It was modelled on [[Henley-on-Thames]] in [[England]]. It now houses the Administrative staff college of India.

==Religious places==
[[File:Mmclear.jpg|thumb|right|[[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]]]]
[[File:ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର, ହାଇଦ୍ରାବାଦ.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad]]]]
[[File:HyderabadMosque.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Spanish Mosque]], مسجد بايغا Begumpet, Secunderabad 1906]]
[[File: Statue of Equality (Ramanuja).jpg |thumb|upright|[[Statue of Equality (Ramanuja)| Statue of Equality]]]]
* [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] – a stone-buiue, which lies immediately southwest of [[Charminar]]. This Hyderabad mosque is remarkable for its architecture, size and its royal splendour. It is famous for its symmetry and the gateway bricks that are believed to be from [[Makkah]].
* [[Charminar]] – It is not well known that this is a mosque (masjid). It used to have a fountain on its roof, like [[Gulzar Houz]], nearby.
* [[Shahi Masjid]]: Is one of the oldest mosques built by [[Asaf Jah I]] which is a part of a public garden.
* [[Birla Mandir (Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh)|Birla Mandir]] – A Hindu temple made of white marble located on top of a hill overlooking the city.
* [[Sanghi Temple]] – A temple dedicated to Lord Venkateshwara graces a promontory overlooking Sanghi Nagar, near [[Ramoji Film City]].
* [[Chilkur Balaji Temple]] – It is located at Himayatnagar, west side of the Gandipet. It is a temple of Lord Venketeshwara.
* [[Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad|Jagannath Temple]] – Located near Banjara Hills at Road No. 12 in Hyderabad. It is famous for its annual Rathyatra festival.
* [[Yadagirigutta Temple|Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy Temple]] – Located 60&nbsp;km from Hyderabad is the Hindu Temple of Narasimha Swamy, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The annual brahmotsavam held in March includes Yedurkolu, The Celestial Wedding and Divya Vimana Rathotsavam.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/08/stories/2008030850690200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104042049/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/08/stories/2008030850690200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=All set for Brahmotsavam at Yadagirigutta | date=8 March 2008}}</ref> The birthday of Lord Narasimha is celebrated on 28 April. Lord Narasimha is also known as Yadagiri, hence the name.
* [[Wargal Saraswati Temple]] – Located 52&nbsp;km from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] is a temple of [[Goddess Saraswati]], the deity of education in [[Hinduism]].
* [[Statue of Equality (Ramanuja)| Statue of Equality]] - A statue of the 11th-century Indian philosopher [[Ramanuja]], located on the premises of the Chinna Jeeyar Trust at [[Muchintal]], [[Ranga Reddy district]] in the outskirts of Hyderabad. It is the second tallest sitting statue in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=9 December 2016|title=World's second biggest sitting statue coming up near Hyderabad|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/World%E2%80%99s-second-biggest-sitting-statue-coming-up-near-Hyderabad/article16784323.ece|url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208051651/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/World%E2%80%99s-second-biggest-sitting-statue-coming-up-near-Hyderabad/article16784323.ece|archive-date=8 February 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Spanish Mosque]]
* [[Dargah Yousufain]]
* [[Pahadi Shareef]]
*[[Khairtabad Mosque]]
*[[Toli Masjid]]

==Museums and planetarium==
[[File:125 feet Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad, Telangana (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|India's tallest statue of BR Ambedkar in Hyderabad]]
* The [[Statue of B. R. Ambedkar, Hyderabad]] – In 2023, The giant 125-foot-tall statue of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] has been installed on 11.4 acres, adjoining the banks of historic Hussain Sagar lake and the new [[Telangana Secretariat|Telangana state secretariat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-statue-br-ambedkar-april-14-8467597/|title=In Hyderabad, 125-foot-tall bronze statue of Dr B R Ambedkar to be unveiled on April 14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/125-ft-ambedkar-statue-to-come-up-in-hyderabad/articleshow/51750214.cms|title=125-ft Ambedkar statue to come up in Hyderabad}}</ref> The statue of Dr B R Ambedkar stands tall in his signature pose atop the country’s parliament house, which takes the overall height to 175 feet. It is the fourth tallest statue in India. The circular edifice resembling the parliament of India, also house a museum, library and an audio-visual hall across a 20,000 sq ft area to commemorate the life and times of Ambedkar. On 14 April 2023, Telangana Chief Minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] unveiled a 125-feet tall bronze statue of Dr [[B. R. Ambedkar]] at the Hussain Sagar lake on his 132nd birth anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/ambedkar-statue-telangana-kcr-8555733/|title=KCR unveils 125-ft tall bronze statue of Dr B R Ambedkar on his 132nd birth anniversary}}</ref>
[[File:Hyderabadmuseum.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Salar Jung Museum]]]]
* [[Salar Jung Museum]] – The museum houses the largest one-man collection of antiques in the world. Collections include ''The Veiled Rebecca'' and other huge collections of artefacts dating back several centuries. Apart from galleries, there is a reference library, reading room, publication and education section, chemical conservation lab, sales counter, cafeteria etc.
* [[City Museum, Hyderabad]] – This museum is newly inaugurated. Muffakham Jah, the grandson of the last ruler of Hyderabad State, said that "The history of Hyderabad was always over shadowed as most historians tended to focus on Moghul rule". The museum has brought nearly 4,000 years of history of the city, through archaeological evidence such as the [[Neolithic]] pots, megalithic sites, European styled terracotta figurines, coins of Satvahana period among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/city-gets-a-new-museum/238239-60-121.html |title=City gets a new museum |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010061420/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/city-gets-a-new-museum/238239-60-121.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-13/hyderabad/31158923_1_museum-showcases-city-museum-qutub-shahi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-13/hyderabad/31158923_1_museum-showcases-city-museum-qutub-shahi | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=An arresting slice of history | date=13 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2985506.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Muffakham Jah opens City Museum | date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum]] – This is an archaeological museum located inside public gardens.
* [[Surendrapuri]] – Surendrapuri is a museum located about 60&nbsp;km from Hyderabad. The museum is also known as Mythological Awareness Centre. As the name indicates, it was established to create an awareness of Indian mythology.
[[File:Birla Science Museum Hyd.jpg|thumb|Birla Science Museum Hyd]]
* [[Birla Science Museum]] – The science centre reflects the advances made in science and technology. The interior décor matches the architectural exterior of the centre built over {{convert|10000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. The centre is host to a number of divisions such as the Planetarium, the Science Museum, and the centre for Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences.
* [[Birla Planetarium, Hyderabad|Birla Planetarium]] – The Planetarium is a building with a big dome resembling that of the [[Gol Gumbaz]] in Bijapur and some of the earliest government structures in New Delhi. A special attraction are the shows which unveil the mysteries of the cosmos and the origins of the universe, comets, eclipses, unidentified flying objects and the clash of titans. The latest addition is the Dinosaurium, which houses a collection of dinosaur egg fossils. The highlight of the museum is a mounted ''[[Kotasaurus|Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis]]'', the remains of a 160-million-year-old dinosaur.
*[[Purani Haveli]] – located near afzal gunj bridge, is a single-storied building with European architecture. The museum's attractions include the nizam's walk-in wardrobe, hand-operated lift, etc. This was the residence of a peshwa of Quli qutub shah, which was later taken over by the Asaf Jah (the second nizam)
*[[Chowmahalla Palace]] – Renowned for its architectural beauty and intricately crafted walls, this was a building where the guests of the Asaf Jah dynasty were entertained.

==Lakes of Hyderabad==
[[File:Buddha statue 11102016.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] amidst the [[Hussain sagar|Hussain Sagar Lake]]]]
[[File:KhajagudaLake.jpg|thumb|Khajaguda Talab]]
* [[Hussain Sagar]] – It is a man-made lake famous for the 19-metre tall statue of Buddha in the middle of the lake. Located on its banks is [[Tank Bund]] which consists of gardens and statues of famous personalities. Boating and water sports are a regular feature at the lake.
* [[Gandipet|Osman Sagar, Gandipet Lake]] – Osman Sagar was created by a dam constructed in 1920 on the [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]] to provide a drinking water source for Hyderabad, and also for saving the city from floods; the city had witnessed a flood in 1908. It was constructed during the reign of the last [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad, [[Osman Ali Khan]], hence the name. Its parks, resorts, amusement park are a major attraction. Today, the lake is used for public recreation only.
* [[Durgam Cheruvu]] – also called The Secret Lake, it is a peaceful boulevard near the bustling [[Madhapur]].
* [[Himayat Sagar]] – It is the twin lake to Osman Sagar, Gandipet Lake.
* [[Shamirpet Lake]] – is situated 24&nbsp;km north of Secunderabad. It attracts bird watchers and weekend picnickers. There is also a deer park belonging to the state government near the lake.
* [[Rukn ud Daula Lake]] – The lake is named after Sharukh Khan, Nawab Rukn ud-Daula, the 10th Prime Minister (1765–1775) of The [[Nizam]], [[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III]] of [[Hyderabad Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Haydarabad | title=Indian Princely States before 1947 A-J}}</ref>
* [[Khajaguda Talab]] - linear-shaped lake situated near to [[Engineering Staff College of India]] and [[CARE Hospitals]].

==Parks and gardens==
[[File:NTRFlowers.jpg|thumb|upright|[[NTR Gardens]]]]
[[File:Love Hyderabad at Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Love Hyderabad Sculpture at People's Plaza on the banks of the picturesque Hussain Sagar lake]]
* [[NTR Gardens]] – This leisure spot is located beside the [[IMAX]] theatre. Situated on {{convert|36|acre|m2}} adjoining the Hussain Sagar, these gardens provide entertainment and recreation. There are tree-top restaurants and architecture.<ref name="inaugurated">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/12/20/stories/2001122003210300.htm|title=Public can visit NTR garden from 25 Dec.|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 December 2001|access-date=2008-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907033437/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/12/20/stories/2001122003210300.htm|archive-date=7 September 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="visitors">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/03/stories/2007010319700300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907075648/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/03/stories/2007010319700300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2009|title=Record number visit NTR Gardens|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 January 2007|access-date=2008-08-18|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="5acres_memorial">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990531/ige31029.html|title=Row erupts over NTR Memorial|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 May 1999|access-date=2008-08-18|agency=Press Trust of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907013434/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990531/ige31029.html|archive-date=7 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="AP_Govt_plans">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/12/01/stories/140139r2.htm|title=AP initiates move to develop Cyberabad |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=30 November 1999|access-date=2008-08-18|last=Kumar V.|first=Rishi|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="AP_Govt_projects">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/12/05/stories/140572r6.htm|title=AP hopeful of Rs 10,000-cr pvt funds in tourism projects|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=4 December 1999|access-date=2008-08-18|last=Gopal J.|first=Nanda|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="petition">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/25/stories/0425403f.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121121742/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/25/stories/0425403f.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 November 2004|title=Work on at NTR Gardens despite court orders|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 January 2001|access-date=2008-08-18|last=Venkateshwarlu|first=J.}}</ref><ref name="34acres">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/11/stories/2004071113160300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040712134842/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/11/stories/2004071113160300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2004|title=NTR Gardens floor foreign delegates |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2004|access-date=2008-08-18|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="40crores">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/NTR-Gardens-closed-for-peeping-Toms/articleshow/1120556010.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021143837/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-08/hyderabad/27227097_1_huda-plans-ntr-gardens-entry|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2012|title=NTR Gardens closed for peeping Toms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 December 2001|access-date=2008-08-18}}</ref>
* [[Indira Park]] – Indira Park is situated in the Lower Tank bund of Hyderabad city. This newly built park is spread over {{convert|76|acre|m2}} of lush green area and it lies alongside the Hussain Sagar.
* [[Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens]] – These gardens located at [[Kondapur, Ranga Reddy|Kondapur]] are spread across a sprawling area of {{convert|274|acre|km2}}, housing different varieties of herbs, plants, trees etc. with water bodies, meadows and rich grasslands. Night Safari Park is adjacent to the gardens.
* [[Lumbini Park]] – is a small public, urban park of 7.5&nbsp;acres (0.030 km2; 0.0117 sq mi) adjacent to Hussain Sagar lake in the busy [[Necklace Road]] area. It is being maintained by Buddha Purnima Project Authority since 2000.<ref name="lumbini house">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmdahyd.org/inside/bppa1.doc|title=BBPA|access-date=2009-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116221454/http://www.hmdahyd.org/inside/bppa1.doc|archive-date=16 November 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The main attractions of this park are the boat rides across the lake to give a closer glimpse of the Buddha statue of [[Hussain sagar lake]] and the 1500 seater Laserium, the first of its kind in the state. A major terrorist act took place here on 25 August 2007 in which 44 people were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/25hydblast.htm|title=Hyderabad: 42 killed, 50 injured in twin blasts|last=Syed Amin Jafri|date=25 August 2007|publisher=Rediff News|access-date=2009-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011414980300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214180440/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011414980300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2007|title=Trial run of laser show begins today|last=Staff Reporter|date=14 January 2005|access-date=2009-06-19|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* [[Lotus Pond, Hyderabad|Lotus Pond]] – is a garden built around a pond situated in [[Jubilee Hills]], said to have been designed by an Italian designer. This garden is currently maintained by the Municipal Corporation. It is also home to a few rare species of birds.
* [[Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park]] – Located near [[Vanasthalipuram]], previously it was a hunting (shikari) spot for Nizams; it is now a picnic spot. Nischalvan Eco-tourism project is located here.
*[[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]]

[[File:Photo from Nehru zoological park, Hyderabad 4178.JPG|thumb|right|[[Nehru Zoological Park]]]]
* [[Nehru Zoological Park]] – This zoo is a natural habitat, occupying 380 acres, housing a large variety of animals, birds, nocturnal species, aquatic and amphibian species. Located close to the zoo is the Mir Alam Sagar, which is proposed to be converted into an Aquarium similar to that in Sentosa, Singapore. Its unique feature is the 21 in-built masonry dams that are jewel-shaped, which were built in 1804 by Henry Russle, a French engineer in [[British Empire|British]] service.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Schnitter
| first = Niklaus
| editor-last = Garbrecht
| editor-first = Günther
| contribution = Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer
| title = Historische | publisher = Verlag Konrad Wittwer
| year = 1987b
| volume = 1
| pages = 57–74 (65)
| isbn = 978-3-87919-145-1
}}</ref>
* [[Mrugavani National Park]] – A sanctuary for deer and leopards, it is located en route to Chilkur. The [[Outer Ring Road (Hyderabad)|Outer Ring Road]] is a flyover through this [[national park]].
* [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park|KBR National Park]] – A sanctuary for peacocks and anteaters along with many other species including monkeys and snakes, the sanctuary is the green space of the richest area of the city, Jubilee Hills.

== Shopping Malls and modern places ==
[[File:IKEA showroom, Hyderabad 17032019.jpg|thumb|IKEA store in [[Hyderabad]], India]]
* [[Inorbit Mall]] - Inorbit Cyberabad (Hyderabad) has a gross leasable area of 800,000 square feet. It was launched in 2009 and is also the biggest of all the Inorbit malls. It is located at Mindspace, [[Madhapur]] in [[Hitech City]], [[Hyderabad]].
* [[HITEC City]] - The Hyderabad Information Technology and Engineering Consultancy City, abbreviated as HITEC City, is an Indian [[information technology]], [[engineering]], [[health informatics]], and [[bioinformatics]], [[Business district|financial business district]] located in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India.
[[File:View of Inorbit Mall from Durgamcheruvu Lake.jpg|right|thumb|View of Inorbit Mall from Durgam cheruvu Lake]]

==Others==
[[File:Ramojifilmcity hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Mughal gardens at [[Ramoji Film City]]]]
[[File:Wonderla.jpg|thumb|Wonderla Amusement Park, Raviryal, Hyderabad]]
[[File:Snowworldhyderabad.png|thumb|Snow World, Hyderabad]]
[[File:Hyd Shilparamam Entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Shilparamam]] is an arts and crafts exposition at Madhapur]]
* [[Ramoji Film City]] (RFC) – It is the world's largest integrated film studio cum theme park, covering 1666 acres. It is also one of Asia's most popular tourism and recreation centres. Recently, it made its way into the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for being the largest film studio in the world. Opened in 1996, it is about a 20-minute drive from Hyderabad on Vijayawada Highway.
* [[Ravindra Bharati]] – The stage for all performing arts, especially for those enhancing the state and Indian cultures. Shows are held almost every evening throughout the year which include musical and dance performances, drama, award ceremonies and special government events.
* [[Necklace road]] – This boulevard lies on the other side of the lake, linking the IMAX theatre and [[Sanjeevaiah park]]. This has become the-place-to-be for the Hyderabadis in the evenings. This strip has lush lawns and long rows of flower beds. The latest addition to this strip is the [[Jalavihar]], a mini water world designed to soothe the senses. PV Ghat is also situated here, in memory of the late Shri PV Narasimha Rao.
* Wonderla Amusement Park - It was launched on January 20, 2018 by Managing Director Arun K Chittilappilly and Chief Executive Officer DS Sachdeva.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=V. Rishi|title=Wonderla Holidays to open ₹250-cr facility in Hyderabad next month|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/wonderla-holidays-to-open-250cr-facility-in-hyderabad-next-month/article8384738.ece|access-date=2021-10-16|website=@businessline|date=22 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Its most notable ride is ''[[Recoil (Wonderla Hyderabad)|Recoil]],'' a reverse looping roller coaster.
* [[Snow World]] - It is an amusement park located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India located beside Indira Park and along the Hussain Sagar lake.
* [[Laad Bazaar]] – Also called [[Chudi Bazaar]], this is on the west of Charminar, and is known for its bangles, jewellery and pearls.
* [[Hyderabad Pearls]] – Hyderabad has always been referred to as the "city of pearls" even though it is far away from the sea. Some of the famous pearl shops in Hyderabad are in Charminar, Begumpet and M G Road.
* [[Shilparamam]]- located opposite Cyber Towers, [[HITEC city]], it is an arts and crafts village conceived for the preservation of traditional crafts such as sculpting from stone, weaving in cotton, silk and gold thread, Dhaka muslin, [[Kondapalli]] toys, Bankura horses, gudda-guddis of Punjab, temple arts and other Indian arts and crafts. Close to this is the [[Shilpakala vedika]], a conference hall built with ethnic decor. Mini Shilparamam, a smaller version of Hitec City's Shilparamam which is very near to Nagol metro Station is inaugurated in Uppal on 22 June 2019
* [[Keesara]] – located east of Hyderabad. One can see the ruins of Chalukyan Era on the hill and in the museum located here. It is presently famous for its Shiva temple.
* [[Rachakonda]] – Located 30&nbsp;km from Hyderabad, it was once the capital city of Velama kings who ruled during and after kakatiyas up to the rise of Qutubshahis. It is about 40&nbsp;km from Golkonda fort.
* [[Treasure Island]]
* [[Sudha Cars Museum]]

==Tourism of Telangana==
* [[Heritage structures in Hyderabad]]

==Outline of tourism in India==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in India]]
* [[List of national parks of India]]
* [[List of lakes of India]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in India]]
* [[List of beaches in India]]
* [[Incredible India]]
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]
* [[Medical tourism in India]]
* [[List of botanical gardens in India]]
* [[List of hill stations in India]]
* [[List of gates in India]]
* [[List of zoos in India]]
* [[List of protected areas of India]]
* [[List of aquaria in India]]
* [[List of forts in India]]
* [[List of forests in India]]
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of mountains in India]]
* [[List of ecoregions in India]]
* [[Coral reefs in India]]
* [[List of stadiums in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Portalbar|Hyderabad|India|Society}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Hyderabad, India-related lists|Tourist attractions]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Telangana|Hyderabad]]

Andolika

2025-08-05T09:23:52Z

WardDrayton2: fix formatting after review and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{moresources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Andolika
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|M1|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Andolika''' is a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] [[raga]], which is also sometimes written as ''Andholika''. This raga is a ''janya'' of the 22nd ''[[Melakarta]]'' raga [[Kharaharapriya]].<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref>

[[File:Madhyamavati scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ascending scale with C as ''Shadjam'' (tonic note), which is exactly same as [[Madhyamavati]] scale]]

== Structure and Lakshana ==
[[File:Andholika Avarohana scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Descending scale has D2 in place of P]]

This ragam is an asymmetric scale and is classified as an ''audava-audava'' ragam (five notes in the ascending and descending scale).<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|M1|R2|S|foot=yes}}

The notes in this scale are ''chatushruti rishabham, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, kaisiki nishadham'' in ''arohana'' and additional ''chatushruti dhaivatam'' in ''avarohanam'', in place of ''panchamam'' (see pictures). The avarohanam is Panchama Varjam. From ''Kharaharapriya'' scale (22nd melakarta), the ''gandharam'' is removed in this scale and the rest are used in asymmetrical manner. Since ''gandharam'' is removed this scale can also be considered a janya of 28th ''mela Harikambhoji'' scale,<ref name="raganidhi"/> but since 22 comes ahead many prefer to use the association with Kharaharapriya.

== Select compositions ==
*''Mahishasura'' a ''[[varnam]]'' set to ''Adi'' [[Tala (music)|talam]] composed by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
*''Needayarada'' a ''[[varnam]]'' set to ''Adi'' [[Tala (music)|talam]] composed by [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]
*''Thirumal Maruga'' a ''[[varnam]]'' set to ''Adi'' [[Tala (music)|talam]] composed by [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]]
*''Raga Sudha Rasa'' set to ''Adi'' [[Tala (music)|talam]] composed by [[Thyagaraja]]
*''Sevikka Vendumayya'' set to ''Adi'' [[Tala (music)|talam]] composed by [[Muthu Thandavar]]
*''Adimalarina Sharanam'' set to ''Adi'' [[Tala (music)|talam]] composed by Puthucode Krishnamurthy
*''Vajreshi Mathe'' set to ''Adi'' [[Tala (music)|talam]] composed by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]

== Film Songs ==
===Language:[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]===
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!Year
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
|Selai Kattum
|[[Kodi Parakuthu]]
|1988
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|}
=== Language : [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
| Raga Sudharasa Paanamu<ref name=MissammaRagaSudharasasong>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlRu6KdLEAM|title=Missamma Raga Sudharasa song|author=
Saregama Telugu|website=youtube(videostreaming)|access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>
|[[Missamma]]
|[[Thyagaraja]]||[[P. Leela]] & [[jikki]]
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

=== Scale similarities ===
*''[[Madhyamavati]]'' is a rāgam which has a symmetric scale matching the ascending scale of ''Andolika'' (descending scale also has ''panchamam'' instead of ''chatusruti dhaivatam''). Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 M1 P N2 S : S N2 P M1 R2 S
*''[[Kedaragaula]]'' is a rāgam which has the same ascending scale as ''Andolika'' and descending scale of ''Harikambhoji''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 M1 P N2 S : S N2 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
<references/>

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]
[[Category:Janya ragas (kharaharapriya)]]

Orthaga basalis

2025-06-23T10:31:38Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up New Bio Needs Work

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Orthaga basalis
| authority = ([[Frederic Moore|Moore]], 1888)
| synonyms =
*''Pannucha basalis'' Moore, 1888
}}
'''''Orthaga basalis''''' is a species of [[Pyralidae|snout moth]] in the genus ''[[Orthaga]]''. It was described by [[Frederic Moore]] in 1888 and is known from [[India]] (including [[Darjiling]]).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q7104326}}

[[Category:Moths described in 1888]]
[[Category:Epipaschiinae]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]

{{Epipaschiinae-stub}}

Paul David Devanandan

2025-06-17T02:05:21Z

WardDrayton2:

{{Short description|Indian Protestant theologian}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{infobox person
|name = P. D. Devanandan
|birth_name = Paul David Devanandan
|birth_date = {{birth date|1901|7|8}}
|birth_place = Madras, [[British India]]
|occupation = Protestant, theologian
|death_date = {{death date and age|1962|8|10|1901|7|8}}
|death_place = Deharadun, Uttar Pradesh
}}
'''Paul David Devanandan''' (1901–1962), spelt also as '''P.D. Devanandan''' or '''Paul D. Devanandan''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Theology|theologian]], [[Ecumenism|ecumenist]], and one of the notable pioneers in inter-[[religious]] dialogues in [[India]].<ref name="R1">{{cite book |last= Anderson |first= Gerald H. |title= Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&q=Paul+David+Devanandan%2C+Nizam+college%2C+Hinduism&pg=PA177|year= 1999 |page= 177 |isbn= 9780802846808}}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite book |last= J. |first= Gordon Melton|title= Encyclopedia of Protestantism|publisher= Infobase Publishing |year= 2005 |pages= 184–185 |isbn= 9780816069835}}</ref>

==Biography==

He was born in [[Madras]] (''present'' [[Chennai]]) on 9 July 1901, and graduated from [[Nizam College]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name=BU>[https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/c-d/devanandan-paul-david-1901-1962/ Boston University website, Missiology section, ''Devanandan, Paul David (1901-1962)'', article by Creighton Lacy]</ref> He did his [[Master of Arts|M.A]] from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], Madras. While studying at Madras, he was acquainted with [[K. T. Paul]], a prominent [[Activism|Social activist]], [[Christians|Christian]] and [[YMCA]] leader. He taught briefly at [[Jaffna College]], [[Ceylon]], [[Sri Lanka]]. With assistance from K.T. Paul, he flew [[United States]] in 1924 and studied [[theology]] at [[Pacific School of Religion]],<ref name=BU /> [[Berkeley, California]]. He received his [[doctorate]] in [[Comparative religion]] from [[Yale University]] in 1931 - for his [[dissertation]] on the concept of [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="strat">{{cite web |url= http://www.strategicnetwork.org/index.php?loc=kb&view=v&id=10943&fso=ef8914c01eafe90eeead2ba12a6a19a1&fby=e274feb6da57a0fe47f6acb25a5ea28a& |title= Devanandan, Paul David; History of missions: Asia |quote= A Group Writing… A Group Work… A Symposium…; Devanandan's name appears only as editor, usually along with that of M. M. Thomas - He was born on July 9, 1901, and graduated from Nizam College in Hyderabad - K. T. Paul who first took Devanandan to America as his personal secretary. Before that, however, Devanandan had taught briefly at Jaffna College in Ceylon and received an M.A. degree from Madras University.|publisher= strategicnetwork.org |access-date= 22 April 2012 }}</ref>

Upon his return to [[India]] in 1931, he was absorbed as a professor of [[philosophy]] and [[religion]]s at [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] for seventeen years<ref name=BU /> between 1932 and 1949. He had a lasting and long association with [[Young Men's Christian Association]] (YMCA); he worked as a secretary at the [[Delhi]] [[YMCA]], and later as national [[literature]] secretary at YMCA between 1949 and 1956.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="strat"/>

In 1954, he was [[ordained]] as a [[presbyter]] of the [[Church of South India]]. In 1956, he was appointed as the director of the new "Center for the study of Hinduism" - later renamed to "Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society"(CISRS), Bangalore.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/> He was the first person appointed to the post.<ref>[https://repository.globethics.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12424/220581/Christology.compressed_nocover.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Globethics website ''Christology'' by George Samuels (2013), page 74]</ref>

His address to the Third Assembly of the [[World Council of Churches]] at [[New Delhi]] in 1961, under the title "Called to Witness," was delivered a few months before his death and caught the attention of the large [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] church. He died on 10 August 1962 at [[Dehra Dun]], India, on his way to a conference at the Christian Retreat and Study Centre.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

==Bibliography==

While working at CISRS, he along with [[M. M. Thomas]], an associate and then-Chairman of the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches, edited ''Religion and Society'', a journal, which was published by CISRS to initiate and provoke a dialogue between Christians and people of other faiths - this journal contributed by him has been described as a '''''preparatory steps''''' for a dialogue, as the conversations among people of different faiths were mostly controversies or monologues, during that time. Devanandan is credited for initiating a series of dialogues with [[Hindu]] thinkers and scholars, whereby laying a foundation for a deeper understanding of religions based on the actual experience of dialogue - he was also instrumental in laying the foundation for CISRS and World Council of Churches dialogues with people of other faiths.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="strat"/>

He frequently lectured on theological topics, edited articles, participated and conducted seminars and conferences; he focused on the attention of Indian Christians involvement in nation-building (a favourite term), dialogues on ''Concept of Truth'' between Christians and Hindus - including, commonality on which Hinduism and Christianity might agree. He spent most of his lifetime working for YMCA and fighting for the missionary establishment; his views on how the Indian Christian community could fit into the national ethos became predominant in the post-missionary era. He initiated dialogues with leaders of other religious communities, based in a faith that [[Christ]] didn't limit his work to the church alone. He drew attention to "the surging new life manifest in other religions," and asserted that:{{Cquote|It would be difficult for the Christian to deny that these deep, inner stirrings of the human spirit are in response to the creative activity of the Holy Spirit.<ref name="R1"/>}}

He authored a number of books, notably, ''The Concept of Maya'' in 1950 and ''The Gospel and Renascent Hinduism'' in 1959; however, his name usually appears as an editor along with M.M. Thomas for most of the books he published, and the articles he contributed like ''The Changing Patterns of Family in India'', ''Christian Participation in Nation-Building'', ''Communism and Social Revolution in India'', ''Community Development in India's Industrial Urban Areas'', ''Cultural Foundations of Indian Democracy'', ''Human Person, Society and State'', ''India's Quest for Democracy'', ''Problems of Indian Democracy'', and alike.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="strat"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Devanandan|first= Paul David |author2=Madathilparampil M. Thomas |author3=Richard Warren Taylor |title= The changing pattern of family in India |publisher= Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m9YnAAAAYAAJ|year= 1966 }}</ref>

According to [[Stanley Jedidiah Samartha]], an Indian theologian; student of P.D. Devanandan; and editor of ''I Will Lift Up Mine Eyes Unto the Hills: Sermons and Bible Studies of P. D. Devanandan''<ref name="strat"/><ref>{{cite book |last= Devanandan |first=Paul David |editor1= JStanley J. Samartha |editor2=Nalini Devanandan |title= I Will Lift Up Mine Eyes Unto the Hills: Sermons and Bible Studies of P. D. Devanandan |publisher= Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_M0GHQAACAAJ|year= 1963 }}</ref><blockquote>Devanandan impressed me not only by his scholarly knowledge of Hinduism but also his attitude towards it. He was indeed critical of many aspects of Hinduism, as is evident in his book The Concept of Maya (1950). But instead of taking a negative attitude towards other religions, including Hinduism, he encouraged a positive attitude, even respect for the beliefs of others. At a time when almost every book on religions in the library, no matter how scholarly, ended with a chapter on "the uniqueness of Christianity", this attitude struck me, especially since I had been brought up to take a wholly negative view of other religions. That one could be a committed Christian and yet take a positive attitude towards other religions came to me as a surprising alternative. Devanandan contributed decisively to this change of attitude.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/interreligious/cd38-01.html |title= Excerpt from Between Two Cities - Part I: Early Years - by Stanley Samartha |quote= During three years at UTC I took almost all the courses offered by Marcus Ward, the British professor who taught us theology, and Paul David Devanandan, the Indian professor of religions.|work= World Council of Churches |publisher= wcc-coe.org |access-date= April 23, 2012 }}</ref>
</blockquote>

===Works===
His publications include the following;
* ''The Concept of Maya'', 1950.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=l24nzwEACAAJ Google Books, ''The Concept of Maya'']</ref>
* ''The Christian Attitude and Approach to Non-Christian Religions'', 1952.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="strat"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1= DEVANANDAN|first1= PAUL DAVID |title= The Christian Attitude and Approach to Non-Christian Religions |journal= International Review of Mission |volume= 41|issue= 2|pages= 177–184|doi= 10.1111/j.1758-6631.1952.tb03674.x|year= 1952 }}</ref>
* ''Communism and the social revolution in India: a Christian interpretation'', 1953.<ref name=OL />
* ''India's quest for democracy'', 1955.<ref name=OL>
[https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL261A/Paul_David_Devanandan Open Library website, ''Paul David Devanandan'']</ref>
* ''Cultural foundations of Indian democracy'', 1955.
* ''Foreign Aid and the Social and Cultural Life of India'', 1957.
* ''Human person, society, and state'', 1957.<ref name=OL />
* ''Religion and National Unity in India'', 1958.
* ''Resurgent Hinduism: review of modern movements'', 1959.
* ''The Gospel and Renascent Hinduism'', 1959.
* ''Living Hinduism: a descriptive survey'', 1959.
* ''The Dravida Kazhagam: A revolt against Brahminism'', 1959.<ref>[https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/paul-david-devanandan ABE Books website, ''Paul David Devanandan'' ]</ref>
* ''The Changing Pattern of Family in India'', 1960.<ref name=OL />
* ''Christian Concern in Hinduism'', 1961.
* ''Christian Issues in Southern Asia'', 1963.
* ''I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills: sermons and Bible studies'', 1963

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/religion-past-and-present/alpha/d?s.start=180 Devanandan, Paul David (8 July 1901, Madras - 10 August 1962, Dehra Dun), Protestant Indian theologian]
* [https://roxborogh.com/Biographies/biodevanandan.htm Devanandan, Paul David, Indian Christian theologian, born Madras, 9 July 1901, died, Dehra Dun, India, 10 August 1962.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111019193922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825039,00.html Religion: Can Christians Be Hindus?]
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2065/is_n1_v49/ai_19209008/ In memoriam: M.M. Thomas; Paulos Mar Gregorios - Obituary]
* [https://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/35-2_055.pdf Mission in The Indian Cultural Context : The Significance of Paul David Devanandan]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devanandan, Paul David}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:People in interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:YMCA leaders]]

Phagun Bou

2025-06-12T05:48:10Z

WardDrayton2: minor refine page for consistency also after review

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Phagun Bou.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Leena Gangopadhyay
| director = Saibal Banerjee Diganta Sinha
| creative_director = Leena Gangopadhyay
| presenter = Bright Advertising Pvt. Ltd.
| starring = [[Vikram Chatterjee]] Oindrila Sen
| theme_music_composer = Debojyoti Mishra
| open_theme = ''Fagun Hawai Hawai'' ''Phagun Bou-er Katha''
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 534
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Sumit Kumar Roy Satyajit Chakraborty (Magic Moments); Taniya Nilanjan ([[Star Jalsha]]).
| producer = Saibal Banerjee
| editor = Sameer Soumen
| location = [[Kolkata]] [[Asansol]] [[Kalimpong]]
| cinematography = Siddhartha Mukherjee
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| channel = [[STAR Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|03|19}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2019|11|29}}
}}

'''''Phagun Bou''''' is an Indian [[Bengali-language]] television [[soap opera]] that premiered on 19 March 2018 on [[Star Jalsha]]. It was produced under [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]] of Saibal Banerjee and Leena Gangopadhyay. The show starred [[Vikram Chatterjee]] and Oindrila Sen in lead roles and [[Koushik Roy]] in a negative role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/vikram-chatterjees-new-show-keeps-social-media-abuzz/articleshow/63092451.cms|title=Vikram Chatterjee's new show keeps social media abuzz|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=4 March 2018}}</ref>

The show was shot in parts of [[North Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/vikram-and-oindrilas-kalimpong-diaries/articleshow/63642819.cms|title=Vikram and Oindrila's Kalimpong diaries|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=6 April 2018}}</ref> In the third week of June 2018, ''Phagun Bou'' became the most watched show on its airing channel, [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/phagun-bou-most-watched-show-on-its-channel/articleshow/64584609.cms|title=Phagun Bou most watched show on its channel|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=14 June 2018}}</ref> It had a [[target rating point]] of 6.4 in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/phagun-bou-rakes-in-high-trps-in-opening-week/articleshow/63544119.cms|title=Phagun Bou rakes in high TRPs in opening week|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=30 March 2018}}</ref> [[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin|''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'']] from January 2025 to April 2025 was based on ''Phagun Bou''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Prerna |date=2025-01-06 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin to Follow Bengali Show Phagun Bou in Upcoming Leap |url=https://www.tellyexpress.com/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-to-follow-bengali-show-phagun-bou-in-upcoming-leap/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Tellyexpress |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Phagun Bou'' dealt with the whimsical nature of the relationship that develops between prestigious doctor, Dr. Ayandeep Ghosh, (nicknamed Roddur) and MA Law student and aspiring singer Mohul Bose, two strangers destined to be together for life. The series followed the blossoming love between the two after many ups and downs in their relationship, where Mohul was initially inclined towards Ayandeep's cousin, popular and arrogant singer Anurup despite her parents' Chandrajit and Amrapali's objections. However, their relationship takes a survival challenge when Chandrajit dies, Mohul, Amrapali and her brother Munna learn about Chandrajit's first wife and their daughter Bibi, and Ayandeep is coincidentally engaged to her cousin Mou. When Mohul is forced to marry Ayandeep after Mou runs away from the wedding, their relationship takes a huge turning point. Mohul doesn't accept him, Mou's parents become jealous about the marriage, Ayandeep's foster mother and aunt Mayurakshi doesn't accept Mohul because she apparently suffers from Chandrajit's rejection, and Anurup creates a misunderstanding that Mohul is having an extra-marital affair with him. However, Mohul gradually accepts Ayandeep and Anurup and Mayurakshi's misunderstandings are cleared. Ayandeep also discovers another secret that he is adopted and is the son of his uncle Anirudda, a struggling actor who kept a secret from his family that he married Malobika, a classic dancer and former lawyer and had a son named Babi who was presumed dead years ago. This causes a emotional time for him and the family even after they welcome Malobika into the family. Later, Mayurakshi becomes jealous of his relationship with Malobika. Bibi finally marries a man who is initially hesitant of her condition, accepts her. Anurup asks for forgiveness and moves on by marrying Brishtilekha, only to find out she is a terrorist. After much drama, he separates from her. A new love triangle forms between Roddur's sisters as Tuki marries Tultuli's estranged husband. This sours their relationship. As Roddur succeeds in his musical career, his record producer becomes closer to him, wowing him, much to Mohul's dislike. It's revealed that she was planted by Anurup who was only pretending to have repented. When his plan fails, he starts intoxicating Roddur's meals and bribes a doctor into making Roddur believe that he has [[cancer]] and has short amount of time left. The family is devastated with this news, their misery only increases when Mohul finds out that she will difficulty in conceiving. Jadabendra too dies some time later. Roddur asks Anurup to marry Mohul and take care of her after his demise. However, Anurup's plan fails as Mohul plays the recording of Anurup bribing the doctor in front of the whole family. She learns about this trick from the doctor himself and exposes Anurup. The family kicks Anurup out of the family.

==5 years later==
Tuki has become a mother of a girl. Whereas, Tultuli has divorced her husband again, moves out of the city and becomes a teacher in the hills. Mohul and Roddur happily tell the family that they're expecting a child. The show ends on a happy note

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Dr. Ayandeep Ghosh aka Roddur - A doctor and a singer, Mohul's husband<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/roddur-gets-married-to-mohul-in-phagun-bou/articleshow/64528198.cms|title=Roddur gets married to Mohul in Phagun Bou|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=10 June 2018}}</ref>
* Oindrila Sen as Mohul Ghosh; Anurup's ex-girlfriend; Ayandeep's wife

===Recurring===
* [[Koushik Roy]] as Anurup Mallick aka Roop – Roddur's younger cousin brother, a singer, and Mohul's ex-boyfriend turned archrival, Brishtilekha's estranged husband. Anurup is Mayurakshi's sororal nephew (her sister's son) and has been raised by her
* [[Ankita Chakraborty]] as Brishtilekha Mallick aka Brishti- Anurup's wife, Mohul's rival
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Chandrajit Bose aka Chandu – Bidhumukhi and Amrapali's husband; Bibi, Mohul and Munna's father (deceased)
* [[Anushree Das]] as Bidhumukhi Bose – Chandrajit's first wife, Bibi's mother, Mohul and Munna's stepmother
* [[Bidipta Chakraborty]] as Amrapali Bose<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bidipta-chakraborty-on-her-upcoming-serial-phagun-bou/articleshow/63344596.cms|title=Bidipta Chakraborty on her upcoming serial 'Phagun Bou'|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=17 March 2018}}</ref> – Chandrajit's second wife, Mohul and Munna's mother, Bibi's stepmother
* Debolina Mukherjee as Bibi Ghosh - Chandrajit and Bidhumukhi's daughter, Mohul and Munna's step-sister
* [[Santu Mukherjee]] as Jadabendra Ghosh aka Jodu – Roddur's eldest paternal uncle; Amitava, Anirudhha and Rajatava's elder brother; Barshan and Tultuli's father
* [[Bulbuli Panja]] as Simontika Dutta aka Tultuli (née Ghosh) - Jadabendra's daughter, Barshan's sister, Roddur's cousin sister
* [[Suman Banerjee]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-like-playing-negative-characters-suman-banerjee/articleshow/63594952.cms|title=I like playing negative characters: Suman Banerjee|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=3 April 2018}}</ref> as Gagandeep Ghosh aka Barshan – Jodu's son, Tultuli's elder brother, Roddur's elder cousin brother, a salaryman and Nilanjana's husband
* Sneha Chatterjee Bhowmick as Nilanjana Ghosh aka Nilu - Gagandeep's wife
* Lekha Chatterjee as Binapani Ghosh aka Bina - Roddur's younger sister; Amitava and Mayurakshi's daughter
* Ashmee Ghosh as Sampurna Ghosh - Roddur's younger sister; Amitava and Mayurakshi's daughter
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Amitava Ghosh aka Ankur – Roddur's foster father and elder paternal uncle, Mayurakshi's husband, Tuki's father, Anurup's maternal uncle
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Mayurakshi Ghosh – Roddur's foster mother and elder paternal aunt, Amitava's wife, Tuki's mother, Anurup's maternal aunt
* Madhubani Ghosh Goswami<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-actress-madhubani-goswami-shares-her-happiness-mantra/articleshow/63714108.cms|title=TV actress Madhubani Goswami shares her happiness mantra|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=11 April 2018}}</ref> as Madhuparna Ghosh aka Tuki – Roddur's younger cousin sister, Amitava and Mayurakshi's daughter, Nilanjan's second wife, Tota's mother
* [[Badshah Moitra]] as Nilanjan Dutta - Tultuli's second husband, Tuki's husband, Tota's father
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Aniruddha Ghosh aka Ani / Gulu – Malobika's husband, Roddur's biological father, an actor
* [[Malabika Sen]] as Malobika Ghosh (née Bose) - Aniruddha's wife, Roddur's biological mother, a classical dancer and former lawyer
* Diganta Bagchi as Rajatava Ghosh - Sonali's husband
* Rajashree Bhowmick as Sonali Ghosh - Rajatava's wife

==Development==
Screenwriter Leena Gangopadhyay<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/interview-of-leena-ganguly-1.603728|title=নিজের খেয়ালে দুম করে কোনও শো ছেড়ে দেওয়া আমার মতে একটা ক্রাইম|website=ebela.in|language=bn|date=27 April 2017}}</ref> who has previously written down the script for [[Bengali language|Bengali]] TV shows like [[ETV Bangla]]'s long-running drama series ''Sonar Horin'' and another daily soap ''[[Binni Dhaner Khoi]]'', [[Zee Bangla]]'s partition-themed love saga ''Keya Patar Nouko'', and [[Star Jalsha]]'s serials ''[[Ishti Kutum]]'' and ''[[Jol Nupur]]''; developed the central idea for ''Phagun Bou'', whose premise was initially based on a rivalrous [[love triangle]].

==Casting==
[[Vikram Chatterjee]] who had previously collaborated with Ganguly and Banerjee in their production ''[[Ichche Nodee]]'', was selected to portray the lead role of Dr. Ayandeep Ghosh aka Roddur. Oindrilla Sen who was seen opposite Chatterjee in the 2010 romance drama series ''"Saat Paake Bandha"'' (on [[Zee Bangla]]), was cast in to play the titular protagonist, Mohul aka "Phagun Bou"; taking into account her onscreen chemistry with Chatterjee. Actor [[Koushik Roy]], noted for his negative portrayal of "Krishnendu Sengupta" in the [[Romance (love)|romance]] saga ''[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]]''; was cast to portray Anurup, the other person aspiring for Mohul's love and the chief antagonist of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/the-most-desirable-women-2017-on-bengali-television/articleshow/63877439.cms|title=The Most Desirable women 2017 on Bengali television|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Original Release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Last aired
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]] गुम है किसी के प्यार में
| 30 January 2025
|[[StarPlus]]
| 4 May 2025
|}

==Broadcast and streaming services==
The series is telecast everyday on [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[General Entertainment Channel|GEC]] [[Star Jalsha]] and its corresponding channel with HD feed, [[Star Jalsha]] HD. It is available via optimum cable connection or by satellite TV connections. The show has been distributed by [[Star India]], in association with Novi Digital Entertainment. On the digital platform, ''Phagun Bou'' is available for viewing on the app [[Hotstar]]. New episodes are released earlier than on TV, and the service is available for viewers having a premium subscription plan.

==Filming==
The show has been filmed at several locations, the most prominent being [[Kalimpong]].

==Soundtrack==
The title song for the series ''Phagun Bou'' has been sung by singer Anwesha Dutta Gupta, who has frequently collaborated with the production house [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]] for recording theme songs for Bengali television serials. While, the original music has been given by [[Debojyoti Mishra]].

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| headline = Phagun Bou Soundtrack:
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Phagun Bou-er Katha
| length1 = 2:32
| extra1 = Anwesha Dutta Gupta
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt10050650}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/tv/phagun-bou/s-1433 Official Website] at [[Hotstar]]

{{Magic Moments Motion Pictures}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phagun Bou}}
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]

Qadi Pur

2025-05-13T12:47:38Z

WardDrayton2: Put Up Initial Info V1 - done

{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Qadi Pur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = Delhi
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North West Delhi|North West]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18,369
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/63913-qadi-pur-delhi.html|title=Census 2011, Qadi Pur town Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Qadi Pur''' is a [[census town]] in [[North West Delhi|North West district]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|territory]] of Delhi.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|28.773336|N|77.1593214|E||display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Cherkalam Abdullah

2025-05-11T10:19:27Z

WardDrayton2: Creating initial data basic info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Cherkalam Abdullah
| image = Cherkalam Abdullah.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Manjeshwar Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 1987
| term_end = 2006
| predecessor = K. P. Kunhikannan
| successor = C. H. Kunhambu
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|09|15}}
| birth_place = Cherkalam, [[Kasaragod district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|07|27|1942|09|15}}
| death_place = [[Kasaragod district]], Kerala, India
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse = Ayesha Cherkalam
| children = 4
}}

'''Cherkalam Abdullah''' (15 September 1942 – 27 July 2018) was an Indian politician associated with the [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. He served as a member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Manjeshwar Assembly constituency]] from 1987 to 2006. He was elected in four consecutive terms—in 1987, 1991, 1996, and 2001.

Abdullah served as the '''Minister for Local Self-Governments''' in the United Democratic Front (UDF) government led by [[A. K. Antony]] from 2001 to 2004. He was known for his efforts in streamlining [[Kudumbashree]]-initiated projects during his tenure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Kerala Minister Cherkalam Abdullah passes away - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/kerala/2018/jul/27/former-kerala-minister-and-iuml-kasargod-strongman-cherkalam-abdullah-passes-away-1849325.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m006.htm |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2018-07-27 |title=Cherkalam Abdulla passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cherkalam-abdulla-passes-away/article24534887.ece |access-date=2022-12-31 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-27 |title=Former minister and IUML leader Cherkalam Abdullah passes away |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/former-minister-and-iuml-leader-cherkalam-abdullah-passes-away-85512 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Kerala Minister Cherkalam Abdullah Dies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/former-kerala-minister-and-iuml-kasargod-strongman-cherkalam-abdullah-dies-1890850 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Abdullah was born on 15 September 1942 in Cherkalam, Kerala, to Barikad Muhammed Haji and Asyamma.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Personal life==
Abdullah was married to Ayesha Cherkalam. The couple had four children—two sons and two daughters. His family has been actively involved in politics.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdullah, Cherkalam}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]

Karan Ghelo

2024-11-01T13:03:02Z

WardDrayton2: Done

{{for|the king Karna who was known with epithet ''ghelo''|Karna (Vaghela dynasty)}}
{{short description|1866 Gujarati historical novel by Nandshankar Mehta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Karan Ghelo: Gujarat's Last Rajput King
| image = Karan Ghelo Book Cover.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Book cover of English translation
| author = [[Nandshankar Mehta]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = કરણ ઘેલો: ગુજરાતનો છેલ્લો રજપૂત રાજા
| title_working =
| translator = Tulsi Vatsal, Aban Mukherji
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Pia Hazarika
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Historical novel]], classics
| set_in = [[Gujarat]]
| published =
{{plainlist|
* 1866 (Gujarati)
* 2015 (English)
}} | publisher =
{{plainlist|
* Gurjar Granthratna Karyalaya (Gujarati)
*[[Penguin Books]] India (English)
}} | publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print and digital
| pages = 344
| awards =
| isbn = 978-93-5214-011-4
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 299885117
| dewey = 891.473
| congress =
| native_wikisource =કરણ ઘેલો
| orig_lang_code= gu
|external_url=
| wikisource =
}}
'''''Karan Ghelo: Gujarat's Last Rajput King''''' ({{langx|gu|કરણ ઘેલો: ગુજરાતનો છેલ્લો રજપૂત રાજા}}) is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[historical fiction|historical novel]] by [[Nandshankar Mehta]].<ref name="Nair 2015">{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Roshni | title=Book Review: 'Karan Ghelo'– Gujarat's 'Game of Thrones' | website=dna | date=21 June 2015 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-book-review-karan-ghelo-gujarat-s-game-of-thrones-2097459 | access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> It was published in 1866 and was the first original novel in Gujarati.<ref group=note>In 1862, Parsi author Sorabshah Dadabhai Munsafa published ''Hindustan Madhyeñun Jhumpadu'' (Gujarati:હિન્દુસ્તાન મધ્યેનું ઝૂંપડું), a sixty nine page story as a novel. It was a Gujarati translation of ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5T1WAAAAcAAJ The Indian Cottage or A Search After Truth]'' (1791), an English translation by [[Edward Augustus Kendall]] of the French work ''La Chaumière Indienne'' (1790) by [[Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre]]. As it was a translation of a translation, its claim as the first novel in Gujarati is disputed and ''Karan Ghelo'' is considered as the first original novel of Gujarati language. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&dq=karan+ghelo&pg=PA201 Page 386], History of Indian Literature.</ref><ref name="Das2000">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA201|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-006-5|pages=201, 386}}</ref><ref name="NGS2015">{{cite web | title=પહેલી ગુજરાતી નવલકથા'કરણ ઘેલો':ઉંમર વર્ષ 150 | website=NavGujarat Samay | date=31 May 2015 | url=http://navgujaratsamay.indiatimes.com/navgujarat-samay-supplementaries-gujarati-columnist/-/khabar-antar/articleshow/47489790.cms | language=gu | access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318205300/http://navgujaratsamay.indiatimes.com/navgujarat-samay-supplementaries-gujarati-columnist/-/khabar-antar/articleshow/47489790.cms|archive-date=18 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Vohra 2015">{{cite web | last=Vohra | first=Anirudh | title=Gujarat's Last Rajput King Karan Ghelo: A king's life | website=The Financial Express | date=27 June 2015 | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/jobs/gujarats-last-rajput-king-karan-ghelo-a-kings-life/91058/ | access-date=18 March 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310110159/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/jobs/gujarats-last-rajput-king-karan-ghelo-a-kings-life/91058/ | archive-date=10 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>Pollock, Sheldon. ''The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Premodern India''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. p. 297.</ref> The book was translated in [[English language|English]] in 2015.

The novel depicts [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karan]], the last [[Vaghela (Gurjar clan)|Vaghela]] ruler of Gujarat (c. 1296–1305) who was defeated by the Turkish forces of [[Allauddin Khilji]] in 1298. The novel was written for educational purpose. It was based on variety of historical sources but author took liberty in depiction of some incidents. The novel deals with social as well as religious issues.

The book was well received and was translated in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and English. It was adapted into plays and films.

==Plot==
The [[Rajput]] king Karan Vaghela rules [[Anhilwad Patan]], a large kingdom located in north Gujarat, and is well-served by his prime minister, Madhav. It happens one day that he comes face-to-face with Madhav's wife, Roopsundari (who, like all well-born women, lives in [[purdah|seclusion]]) and has a chat with her. The king becomes besotted by her and, after pondering for a long time, decides to set aside all considerations of decency and propriety in order to avail himself of the woman. He sends the minister away on a mission and, in his absence, abducts Roopsundari. Madhav's brother is killed by the king's men while making a heroic but vain attempt to protect his sister-in-law. Later the same day, his wife Gunasundari commits [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] by immolating herself on the funeral pyre of her valiant husband. The hapless Roopsundari, after being abducted and taken to the palace, kills herself before it is possible for the king to ruin her virtue. She dies with her chastity intact, and the king has gained nothing but infamy for his despicable deed.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

He has also made a dangerous and relentless enemy. His former minister Madhav has escaped the devastation of his family. He abandons Anhilwad Patan for good and makes his way to Delhi. On his way, he experiences many adventures, including several wonderful ones at the almost mystical [[Mount Abu]]. Madhav eventually reaches Delhi, where he persuades the [[Muslim]] sultan [[Allauddin Khilji]] to invade Gujarat, promising him all help in the venture and much plunder at the end of it. As former minister, Madhav is a knowledgeable and influential man. With his help, Khilji invades Gujarat, destroys Patan fort and plunders the treasures of that kingdom and of several others. On his part, King Karan Vaghela performs many heroic feats on battlefield, but eventually loses not just his kingdom but also his wife, Kaularani.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

After the defeat, Karan gathers what remains of his family and followers and flees to Baglan in south Gujarat, to seek refuge with his old friend Ramdev, the [[Maratha]] ruler of [[Devgiri|Deogadh]]. With him is his unwed daughter, [[Deval Devi]], still only a child. As the dust settles and negotiations for peace are set afoot, Karan is required to face one more horror: the hateful Khilji wants Karan to give his daughter in marriage to his own son and heir, Khizr Khan. The proposal is abominable to Karan, and after he returns an insulting refusal, a second battle becomes inevitable. As he prepares for war, Karan is extremely concerned about the security of his daughter and the preservation of her virtue and her future. He therefore bestows his daughter upon Shankaldev, the son and heir of his host and old friend Ramdev. Their betrothal is performed shortly before the battle with Khilji commences. Nevertheless, that battle is lost, and the daughter is also lost with the battle. It is depicted in the book that Karan Vaghela dies a martyr on the field of battle and does not live to witness invasion of his motherland by invaders. His defeat results in the end of Rajput (Hindu) rule and the beginning of Muslim rule in Gujarat.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

==Origin==
[[Nandshankar Mehta]] was the headmaster of an English-medium school in [[Surat]]. The British administrators of [[Bombay Presidency]] were encouraging local Indians to write books for educational purpose.<ref name="NGS2015"/><ref name="VM2016">{{cite web | last1=Vatsal | first1=Tulsi | last2=Mukherji | first2=Aban | title='Karan Ghelo': Translating a Gujarati classic of love and passion, revenge and remorse | website=Scroll.in | date=15 March 2016 | url=http://scroll.in/article/764549/karan-ghelo-translating-a-gujarati-classic-of-love-and-passion-revenge-and-remorse | access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328131018/http://scroll.in/article/764549/karan-ghelo-translating-a-gujarati-classic-of-love-and-passion-revenge-and-remorse|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

Mehta had written in the preface to the first edition,<ref name="VM2016"/> {{quote|Most people of this [Gujarat] province are fond of reading stories set in poetic form, but only a very few examples of these stories are readily available in prose; and the available ones are not well known. In order to fulfil this lacuna and to recreate versions of English narratives and stories in Gujarati, the former Educational Inspector of this province, Mr Russell Sahib, urged me to write a story along these lines. On that basis, in approximately three years, I wrote the book.}}

He started writing in 1863 and completed the novel in 1866.<ref name="NGS2015"/> According to his son and biographer Vinayak Mehta, he wanted to write a historical novel on the pivotal incident in the history of Gujarat. He had considered to write a novel on the fall of [[Champaner]] and the destruction of [[Somnath]] temple but finally decided to write about the conquest of Gujarat by Turkish forces of Allauddin Khilji in 1298. The conquest ended the Hindu Rajput rule in Gujarat and started the Muslim rule in the state. The defeat gained the epithet, ''Ghelo'' (foolish or crazy<ref name="Das2000"/>) to Karan Vaghela. He used western style of novel writing with local style of inclusion of stories within stories in narrative.<ref name="VM2016"/>

He was interested in the history and used several historical materials including indigenous histories, bard tales, [[Jain]] chronicles or [[Persia]]n sources for the novel. The invasion by Khilji, the story of Madhav's revenge, the defeat of Karan Vaghela and the fall of Patan had been subjects of the oral traditions of bards, the [[Bhat|Bhats]] of Gujarat. Many contemporary Jain chronicles such as the ''Prabandhachintamani'' of [[Merutunga]] (1305), ''Dharmaranya'' (written between 1300 and 1450), and ''Tirthakalpataru'' of Jinaprabha Suri gave accounts of the invasion. It is also recorded in Padmanabha's medieval epic, ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'', written in 1455.<ref name="VM2016"/>

Mehta had drawn the core story of Karan Vaghela as well several detailed description of the historical time from the ''Rasamala''; a collection of bard tales, Persian texts, Jain chronicles, folklore of Gujarat; published by [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes]] with help of [[Dalpatram]] in 1858.<ref name="VM2016"/>

For scenes in Delhi, he had used Persian texts such as the works of [[Amir Khusrau]], Khilji's court poet, and the accounts of [[Ziauddin Barni]]. Karan Vaghela's second battle with Khilji's forces and the capture of his daughter Devaldevi were described by Amir Khusrau in the masnavi ''Deval Devi Khizr Khan'', popularly known as ''Ishqia''. The 16th-century historian [[Ferishta]] had also written prose on the romance between Deval Devi and Khizr Khan.<ref name="VM2016"/>

==Themes==
Nandshankar Mehta was a social and religious reformer so he had discussed several social and religious ideas throughout the novel. He had discussed issues of arranged marriage and child marriage in particularly through the love story of Devaldevi and Shankaldev. He had advocated marriage based on consent, commitment, hard work and mutual respect. Through the reunion between Madhav and Roopsundari, he had portrayed that "fallen women" are accepted. He had also put his arguments against [[Sati (practise)|Sati]] and [[Jauhar]] traditions by the immolation of Gunsundari, the wife of Madhav's brother.<ref name="VM2016"/>

==Historical accuracy==
Mehta had written in the first edition,<ref name="VM2016"/> {{quote|My intention in writing the book was to draw as accurately as possible a picture of how things were at the time of the story – the manners of the men and women of the time and their way of thinking; the principles of government of the Rajput kings of Gujarat and the Muslim emperors of Delhi; the heroism and the pride of caste of the men and women of Rajasthan, and the passion and the religious fanaticism of the Muslims.}}

His use of several types of historical sources gives detailed and accurate account of the historical times as described in the sources. He has taken liberty to depict Karan Vaghela fighting heroically and being defeated though the sources describe that he fled.<ref name="VM2016"/>

The Persian sources describe the conquest of Gujarat as a mere campaign which succeeded without much efforts. ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' describes the destructive effect of invasion and blames Madhav. The Rajput sources blame Madhav and also consider it as divine retribution for not following the rules of [[Kshatriya]]. Mehta had described the invasion as the result of Karan Vaghela's own deeds.<ref name="VM2016"/>

==Release and reception==
Nandshankar Mehta published ''Karan Ghelo'' in 1866. It was the first original novel in Gujarati.<ref name="Kothari2014">{{cite book|author=Rita Kothari|title=Translating India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|access-date=5 August 2014|date=8 April 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-64216-9|pages=73–74}}</ref> It was an immediate success. It was very popular and had nine reprints between 1866 and 1934. It was revived and reprinted in 1986 and last in 2007. It was the only novel written by Mehta.<ref name="Nair 2015"/><ref name="NGS2015"/><ref name="Vohra 2015"/><ref name="VM2016"/>

[[Sisir Kumar Das]] notes that the story became very popular due to evocation of the glory of ancient town of Surat, the residence of Mehta. He also notes that the story has fine descriptive passages but it fails to qualify as fine narrative. He considers the novel as a foundation of the historical novel in Gujarati.<ref name="Das2000"/> It was described as "a colonial moment from Gujarat" depicting time of 1860s by Arshia Sattar of ''Open'' magazine.<ref name="Sattar 2016">{{cite web | last=Sattar | first=Arshia | title=At the court of the foolish king | website=OPEN Magazine | date=18 March 2016 | url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/at-the-court-of-the-foolish-king | access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Radhika Herzberger of ''The Caravan'' magazine had praised the English translation.<ref name="The Caravan 2015">{{cite web | title=A Fine Balance: Nandshankar's Karan Ghelo and the Downfall of Gujarat's Last Rajput Ruler | website=The Caravan | date=19 July 2015 | url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/fine-balance-nandshankar-karan-ghelo-downfall-gujarat-last-rajput-ruler | access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref>

==Adaptations and translations==
The lyrics written in Lalit [[metre (poetry)|metre]] from the novel, ''Karan Raj! Tu, Kyah Re Gayo; Nagar Chhodine Shidne Rahyo; Karam Futiyu, Pran Jay Re; Sukh Sada Gayu, Hay Hay Re'' (Gujarati: "કરણ રાજ ! તું, ક્યાંહ રે ગયો; નગર છોડીને શીદને રહ્યો; કરમ ફૂટિયું, પ્રાણ જાય રે; સુખ સદા ગયું, હાય હાયરે") (English: "Karan Raja, O husband mine, why have you left me, where do you hide?") was composed with music and was immensely popular. Two years after the publication, in 1868, the novel was adapted into the play ''Gujarat No Chhello Raja Karan Ghelo'' (English: "Karan Ghelo, the Last King of Gujarat") by [[Parsis|Parsi]] theatre of [[Bombay]]. The novel was translated into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and serialised in a magazine ''Vividh Jananan Vistara''.<ref name="NGS2015"/><ref name="VM2016"/> [[Mulshankar Mulani]] adapted the novel into the play ''Karanghelo'' in 1896 for [[Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી રંગભૂમિ: રિદ્ધિ અને રોનક (Gujarati Rangbhoomi: Riddhi Ane Ronak)|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2004|editor-last=Choksi|editor-first=Mahesh|location=Ahmedabad|pages=117|trans-title=Compilation of Information regarding professional theatre of Gujarat|editor-last2=Somani|editor-first2=Dhirendra}}</ref>

The story was also the subject of the [[silent film]], ''Karan Ghelo'' (1924) by [[S. N. Patankar]].<ref name="Nair 2015"/>

It was translated in English by Tulsi Vatsal and [[Abani Mukherji|Aban Mukherji]]; and was published in Viking by [[Penguin Books]] India in 2015.<ref name="Nair 2015"/><ref name="VM2016"/>

==Legacy==
The story of [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karan Vaghela]] has endured in the public memory of Gujarat. It is considered as the foundation of the historical fiction in [[Gujarati language]].<ref name="Das2000"/> It was taught in Gujarati medium schools as textbook. [[Chandravadan Mehta]] also wrote a play, ''[[Ramacharitam|Sandhyakal]]'' on the same subject. The story also inspired two novels during the period of [[Mahagujarat Movement]], the movement for the separate linguistic state of Gujarat; ''Bhagnapaduka'' (1955) by [[K. M. Munshi]] and ''Rai, Karan Ghelo'' (1960) by [[Dhumketu (writer)|Dhumketu]]. The novel is also studied in academics to trace the roots of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] regional identity.<ref name="NGS2015"/><ref name="VM2016"/>

==Notes and references==

===Note===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisourcelang|gu|કરણ ઘેલો}}
* {{Google Books|id=4vydCAAAQBAJ}}
* {{GujLit book}}{{dead link|date=October 2024}}
* [https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/gu/ghp_booksection_detail/MTI0My0xNTc1LTEx#page/1/mode/2up ''Karan Ghelo''] (abridged version)

[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels]]
[[Category:1866 novels]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

1951 Punjab Legislative Assembly election

2024-08-21T19:58:01Z

WardDrayton2: put up a entry

#REDIRECT [[1951 Punjab provincial election]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

The Voice (Indian TV series) season 1

2024-03-30T14:52:58Z

WardDrayton2: Adding new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television season
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = {{Plainlist |
* [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
* [[Mika Singh]]
* [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
* [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]}}
| host = [[Karan Tacker]] [[Meet Jain]] (backstage)
| finals_venue =
| winner = [[Pawandeep Rajan]]
| winner_coach = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| runner_up = Deepesh Rahi
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2015|6|6|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2015|8|30|df=y}}
| network = [[&TV]]
}}

The '''first season''' of '''''[[The Voice (Indian TV series)|The Voice]]''''', the [[India]]n [[reality television|reality]] [[talent show]], premiered on 6 June 2015 and concluded on 30 August 2015, with Pawandeep Rajan being crowned as the winner.

==Coaches and hosts==
In April 2015, &TV and show producer [[Endemol India]] announced leading [[Bollywood]] singers [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Mika Singh]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] as the coaches for the first season<ref name="'The Voice' Gets Indian Version">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/voice-gets-indian-version-792507|title='The Voice' Gets Indian Version|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=30 April 2015|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref> and [[Karan Tacker]] as the host.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Tacker-to-host-desi-version-of-The-Voice/articleshow/46716167.cms|title=Karan Tacker to host desi version of 'The Voice'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 March 2015|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref> Endemol India announced that [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] would be choreographing the opening act for the premiere of the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/The-Voice-India-to-start-with-Terence-Lewiss-moves/articleshow/47510316.cms|title='The Voice India' to start with Terence Lewis’s moves|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 June 2015|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>

Sunidhi Chauhan during the premiere of the show on 6 June 2015, flaunted a dress worth {{INRConvert|0.3|m}}. The dress was especially created for her by internationally acclaimed Indian fashion designers Falguni and Shane Peacock. Chauhan wore the dress for a two minute-performance. Chauhan in a statement said, "Everything about the evening was just so grand - right from the spectacular production, the choreography, and my look."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/bollywood/sunidhi-to-flaunt-rs-300-000-outfit/67830.html|title=Sunidhi to flaunt Rs.300,000 outfit|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/The-Voice-India-premiere-Sunidhis-Rs-3-lakh-dress-and-Shaans-swollen-face/articleshow/47572576.cms|title=The Voice India premiere: Sunidhi's Rs. 3 lakh dress and Shaan's swollen face|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 June 2015|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>

==Season overview==
;Key
{{center|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
: {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Winner
{{col-4}}
: {{Color box|silver|border=silver}} Runner-up
{{col-4}}
: {{Color box|tan|border=silver}} Third place
{{col-4}}
: {{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} Fourth place
{{col-end}}
}}

Each coach was allowed to advance seven top to the live shows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; width:70%;"
|-
| style="width:13%;" scope="col" bgcolor="#d0f0c0"| '''{{nowrap|Team Himesh}}'''
| style="width:13%;" scope="col" bgcolor="#FFE5B4"| '''{{nowrap|Team Shaan}}'''
| style="width:13%;" scope="col" bgcolor="FFC0CB"| '''{{nowrap|Team Sunidhi}}'''
| style="width:13%;" scope="col" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"| '''{{nowrap|Team Mika}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| Deepesh Rahi
| bgcolor="gold"| '''[[Pawandeep Rajan]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"| Rishabh Chaturvedi
| bgcolor="tan"| [[Sachet–Parampara|Parampara Thakur]]
|-
| [[Sachet–Parampara|Sachet Tandon]]
| Snigdhajit Bhowmik
| Vishva Shah
| Sahil Solanki
|-
| Piyush Ambhore
| Akash Ojha
| Parth Doshi
| Tanvir Singh
|-
| Sanjana Bhola
| Ritu Agarwal
| Shristi Bhandari
| Passang Doma
|-
| Anish Matthew
| Varsha Krishnan
| Oishwaryaa Chattui
| [[Jyotica Tangri]]
|-
| Sakshi Chauhan
| Arpita Khan
| Pragya Patra
| Harjot Kaur
|-
| Mona Bhatt
| Sana Aziz
| Gopal Dass
| Akshay Ghanekar
|-
|}

==Teams==
;Color key
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|Yellow|border=silver}} Winner
* {{Color box|#B0E0E6|border=silver}} Runner-up
* {{Color box|#B2EC5D|border=silver}} Third place
* {{Color box|#FBCEB1|border=silver}} Fourth place
}}
{{col-2}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#E8CCD7|border=silver}} Eliminated in Live shows
* {{Color box|#FDFD96|border=silver}} Eliminated in Battle rounds
}}
{{col-end}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:17px; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" width="16%" | Coach
! scope="col" width="84%" colspan="10" | Artists
|-
! rowspan="3" | Himesh Reshammiya
| colspan="7" style="background:#555555" |
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6" | Deepesh Rahi
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | [[Sachet–Parampara|Sachet Tandon]]
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Piyush Ambhore
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sanjana Bhola
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Anish Matthew
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sakshi Chauhan
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Mona Bhatt
|-
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Kushal Chokshi
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Nalini Krishnan
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Sayan Chaudhary
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Rohan Pathak
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Jaysinh Gadhavi
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Varsha Singh
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Shuchi Arora
|-
! rowspan="3" | Shaan
| colspan="7" style="background:#555555" |
|-
| style="background:yellow" | [[Pawandeep Rajan]]<ref name="Pawandeep Rajan wins first season of ‘The Voice India’">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/pawandeep-rajan-wins-the-voice-india/|title=Pawandeep Rajan wins first season of ‘The Voice India’|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 August 2015|accessdate=25 July 2016}}</ref>
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Snigdhajit Bhowmik
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Akash Ojha
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Ritu Agarwal
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Varsha Krishnan
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Arpita Khan
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sana Aziz
|-
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Amrapali
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Saurav Sharma
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Sai Bisoi
| style="background:#FDFD96" | [[Meet Jain]]
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Aishwarya Anand
| style="background:#FDFD96" |[[Mohit Pathak]]
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Deepmala Halder
|-
! rowspan="3" | Sunidhi Chauhan
| colspan="7" style="background:#555555" |
|-
| style="background:#FBCEB1" width="14%" | Rishabh Chaturvedi
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Vishwa Shah
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Parth Doshi
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Shristi Bhandari
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Oishwaryaa Chattui
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Pragya Patra
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Gopal Dass
|-
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Sargam
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Anshuman Paul
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Premnath Kotwal
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Garima Khiste
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Shrinidhi Ghatate
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Atit Kumar Pandey
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Niyam Kanungo
|-
! rowspan="3" | Mika Singh
| colspan="7" style="background:#555555" |
|-
| style="background:#B2EC5D" | [[Sachet–Parampara|Parampara Thakur]]
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sahil Solanki
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Tanvir Singh
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Passang Doma Lama
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Harjot Kaur Arora
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Akshay Ghanekar
|-
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Tanu Srivastava
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Manisha Chakraborty
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Abhik Ghosh
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Deepa Vishwakarma
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Dushyant Rupolia
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Deepak Malik
| style="background:#FDFD96" | Vinti Singh
|-
|}

==The Blind Auditions==
{| class="wikitable" style="height:2.6em"
|-
!Key
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]] {{small|Coach hit his or her "I WANT YOU" button}}
|{{legend|darkgrey|{{small|Contestant eliminated with no coach pressing his/her "I WANT YOU" button}}}}
|{{legend|orange|{{small|Contestant defaulted to this coach's team}}}}
|{{legend|gold|{{small|Contestant elected to join this coach's team}}}}
|}

===Week 1===
====Episode 1: 6 June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-1-june-6-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 1|work=&TV|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
!width="70"|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
!width="70"|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
!width="70"|[[Mika Singh]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Sargam
|"[[Tere Bina (song)|Tere Bina]]"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Sahil Solanki
|"Tashan Main"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|Kushal Chokshi
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Mere Naina"
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Shaheen Khan
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Lambi Judaai"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|Amrapali
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Aage Bhi Jaane Na Tu"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|Rishabh Chatruvedi
|"Saanwre"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

====Episode 2: 7 June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-2-june-7-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 2|work=&TV|date=7 June 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Sanjana Bhola
|Chaap Tilak - Folk song
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Anshuman Paul
|"Sajda"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|Piyush Ambhore
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Khalbhali"
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|Shristi Bhandari
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Jiya Lage Naa"
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|Varsha Krishnan
|style="background:text-align:left;"|Saathi Re Bhool Na Jaana Mera Pyar
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Kabul Bukhari
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Haal E Dil"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
|Tanu Srivastava
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Aan Milo Sajana"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

===Week 2===
====Episode 3: 13 June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-3-june-13-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 3|work=&TV|date=13 June 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Nalini Krishnan
|"Jallah Wallah"
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Sayan Chaudhary
|"Har Kisi Ko Nahin Milta"
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|Tanvir Singh
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Sawan Main Lag Gayi Aag"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|Manisha Chakraborty
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Darling"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|Ritu Agarwal
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Main Kahan Phassi"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Atul Kumar Dwivedi
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Saanson Ki Zaroorat" & "Dard Karara"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
|Parth Doshi
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Kaun Mera"
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

====Episode 4: 14 June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-4-june-14-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 4|work=&TV|date=14 June 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Parampara Thakur
|"Jhoom Jhoom Jhoom Baba"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Rohan Pathak
|"Dil Haara Re"
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|Pawandeep Rajan
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Ye Tune Kya Kiya"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|Premnath Kotwal
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Mast Magan"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|Jyotica Tangri
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Jugni"
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Sam Chandel
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Itni Si Hassi"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
|Sakshi Chauhan
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Phir Le Aaya Dil"
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

===Week 3===
====Episode 5: 20 June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-5-june-20-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 5|work=&TV|date=20 June 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Snigdhajit Bhowmik
|"Dhan Te Nan"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Garima Khiste
|"Ek Tara"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|Saurav Sharma
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Kyun Kisi Ko"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|Akash Ojha
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Bang Bang"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Aamir Khan
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Ab Jaoon Kahan"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|Shrinidhi Ghatate
|"Raat Akeli Hain"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Sanjeet Thomas
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Kesariya Balam"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''8'''
|Anish Matthew
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Sakoon Mila"
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

====Episode 6: 21 June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-6-june-21-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 6|work=&TV|date=21 June 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Abhik Ghosh
|"Mujhe Raat Din"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Jaysinh Gadhavi
|"Ishq Sufiana"
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|Mona Bhatt
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Sun Raha Hai"
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|Sai Bisoi
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Lagan Lagi"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Shyam Ghediya
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Aaoge Jab Tum"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|Meet Jain
|"O Re Piya"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
|Oishwaryaa Chatui
|"Kahe Ched Mohe"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|}

===Week 4===
====Episode 7: 27 June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-7-june-27-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 7|work=&TV|date=27 June 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Passang Doma Lama
|Gana Nayakaya - Bhajan song
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Vishva Shah
|"Tu Hi Re"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Deepak Gupta
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Chand Sifarish"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Bharti Gupta
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Aa Zara"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|Varsha Singh
|"Kamli"
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|Arpita Khan
|"Niyaat Kharab Hai"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
|Deepa Vishwakarma
|"[[Tum Hi Ho]]"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

====Episode 8: 28 June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-8-june-28-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 8|work=&TV|date=28 June 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Harjot Kaur Arora
|Jo Bheji Thi Dua
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Dushyant Rupolia
|"[[Mitwa]]"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Mou Chatterjee
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Piya Bavari"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|Aishwarya Anand
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Dil Mera Muft Ka"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|Shuchi Arora
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Challa"
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|Atit Kumar Pandey
|"Sajde"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
|Akshay Ghanekar
|"Muskurane ki Wajah"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

===Week 5===
====Episode 9: 4 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-9-july-4-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 9|work=&TV|date=4 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Deepak Malik
|Allah Waariyan
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|[[Mohit Pathak]]
|"Aye Khuda"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Joanne Fernandes
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Khoya Khoya Chand"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|Sanchet Tandon
|"Kabira"
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|Deepmala Halder
|"Bahara"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|Niyam Kanungo
|"Khamoshiyaan"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

====Episode 10: 5 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-10-july-5-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 10|work=&TV|date=5 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
!rowspan=2|Contestant
!rowspan=2|Song
!colspan=4|Coaches' and Contestants' Choices
|-
!width="70"|Himesh Reshammiya
!width="70"|Shaan
!width="70"|Sunidhi Chauhan
!width="70"|Mika Singh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
|Pragya Patra
|"Samjhawan"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
|Deepesh Rahi
|"Hum Jo Chalne Lage"
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"| [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|Chandra Subramanium
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:left;"|"Haal Kaisa Hai Janab Ka"
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|style="background:darkgrey;text-align:center;" | —
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
|Gopal Dass
|style="background:text-align:left;"|"Teri Jhuki Nazar"
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
|Sana Aziz
|style="background:text-align:left;"|NA
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
|Vinti Singh
|Moh Moh Ke Dhaage - Female
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|style="background:orange;text-align:center;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20px]]
|}

==The Battle Rounds==
===Week 6===
====Episode 11: 11 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-11-july-11-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 11|work=&TV|date=11 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
;Key:
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} Battle Winner
:{{Color box|pink|border=silver}} Eliminated Artist

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|-
! Coach
! colspan="2"|Artists
! Song
|-
| Shaan
| style="background:palegreen" | Snighdajit
| style="background:pink" | Meet
| "Sree Ganesha Deva"
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan
| style="background:palegreen" | Srishti
| style="background:pink" | Sargam
| "Swing"
|-
| Mika Singh
| style="background:palegreen" | Passam
| style="background:pink" | Tanu
| "Bayan Na Dharo O Balma"
|-
| Himesh Reshammiya
| style="background:palegreen" | Sachet
| style="background:pink" | Sayan
| "[[Jeena Jeena]]"
|}

====Episode 12: 12 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-12-july-12-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 12|work=&TV|date=12 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|-
! Coach
! colspan="2"|Artists
! Song
|-
| Shaan
| style="background:palegreen" | Pawandeep Rajan
| style="background:pink" | Sai Shastri
| "Aaj Din Chadiya"
|-
| Himesh Reshammiya
| style="background:palegreen" | Mona Bhatt
| style="background:pink" | Shuchi Arora
| "Soniye Je Tere Naal"
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan
| style="background:palegreen" | Rishabh Chaturvedi
| style="background:pink" | Atit Kumar Pandey
| "Haule Haule"
|-
| Mika Singh
| style="background:palegreen" | Harjot Kaur Arora
| style="background:pink" | Vinti Singh
| "Hungama Ho Gaya"
|-
| Shaan
| style="background:palegreen" | Arpita Khan
| style="background:pink" | Saurav Sharma
| "Woh Hai Zara Khafa Khafa"
|}

===Week 7===
====Episode 13: 18 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-13-july-18-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 13|work=&TV|date=18 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|-
! Coach
! colspan="2"|Artists
! Song
|-
| Mika Singh
| style="background:palegreen" | Jyotica Tangri
| style="background:pink" | Deepa Vishwakarma
| "Duniya Main Logon Ko"
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan
| style="background:palegreen" | Pragya Patra
| style="background:pink" | Garima Khiste
| "Mohe Pangat Pe"
|-
| Himesh Reshammiya
| style="background:palegreen" | Piyush Ambhore
| style="background:pink" | Kushal Chokshi
| "Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai"
|-
| Shaan
| style="background:palegreen" | Sana Aziz
| style="background:pink" | Amrapali
| "Humma"
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan
| style="background:palegreen" | Gopal Dass
| style="background:pink" | Premnath Kotwal
| "Tere Naina"
|}

====Episode 14: 19 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-14-july-19-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 19|work=&TV|date=19 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|-
! Coach
! colspan="2"|Artists
! Song
|-
| Himesh Reshammiya
| style="background:palegreen" | Sanjana Bhola
| style="background:pink" | Varsha Singh
| "[[Ram Chahe Leela]]"
|-
| Mika Singh
| style="background:palegreen" | Sahil Solanki
| style="background:pink" | Dushyant Rupolia
| "Titli Dabochli"
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan
| style="background:palegreen" | Vishwa Shah
| style="background:pink" | Anshuman Paul
| "Arziyan"
|-
| Mika Singh
| style="background:palegreen" | Akshay Ghanekar
| style="background:pink" | Abhik Ghosh
| "Jab Se Tere Naina"
|-
| Shaan
| style="background:palegreen" | Ritu Agarwal
| style="background:pink" | Aishwarya Anand
| "Kyun"
|}

===Week 8===
====Episode 15: 25 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-15-july-25-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 25|work=&TV|date=25 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|-
! Coach
! colspan="2"|Artists
! Song
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan
| style="background:palegreen" | Parth Doshi
| style="background:pink" | Niyam Kannungo
| "Wallah Re Wallah"
|-
| Himesh Reshammiya
| style="background:palegreen" | Anish Matthew
| style="background:pink" | Rohan Pathak
| "O Hum Dum Suniyo Re"
|-
| Mika Singh
| style="background:palegreen" | Parampara Thakur
| style="background:pink" | Manisha Chakraborty
| "Pataka Guddi"
|-
| Shaan
| style="background:palegreen" | Varsha Krishnan
| style="background:pink" | Deepmala Halder
| "Bhare Naina"
|-
| Himesh Reshammiya
| style="background:palegreen" | Sakshi Chauhan
| style="background:pink" | Nalini Krishnan
| "[[Malang]]"
|}

====Episode 16: 26 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-16-july-26-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 16|work=&TV|date=26 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|-
! Coach
! colspan="2"|Artists
! Song
|-
| Mika Singh
| style="background:palegreen" | Tanvir Singh
| style="background:pink" | Deepak Malik
| "Humko Peeni Hai"
|-
| Himesh Reshammiya
| style="background:palegreen" | Deepesh Rahi
| style="background:pink" | Jaysinh Gadhavi
| "Bichdann"
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan
| style="background:palegreen" | Oishwarya Chatui
| style="background:pink" | Shrinidhi Ghatate
| "Pyar Ki Ye Ek Kahani Suno"
|-
| Shaan
| style="background:palegreen" | Akash Ojha
| style="background:pink" |[[Mohit Pathak]]
| "Surili Ankhiyon Wale"
|}

==The Live Shows==
===Week 9===
====Episode 17: 1 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-17-august-1-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 17|work=&TV|date=1 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
:{{Color box|#98FB98|border=silver}} – Contestant saved by the public vote
:{{Color box|#87CEFA|border=silver}} – Contestant saved by coach
:{{Color box|#FFB6C1|border=silver}} – Contestant eliminated

{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=7|Mika Singh
| Tanvir Singh
| "Tarki Chokro"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 2
| Jyotica Tangri
| "[[Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan]]"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 3
| Sahil Solanki
| "London Thumakda"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 4
| Akshay Ghanekar
| "Bin Tere"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 5
| Parampara Thakur
| "[[Paani Da Rang|Paani Da]]"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 6
| Passang Doma Lama
| "Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Ye"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 7
| Harjot Kaur Arora
| "Pareshaan"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 8
| rowspan=7|Himesh Reshammiya
| Mona Bhatt
| "Albela Sajan Aiyoni"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 9
| Sanjana Bhola
| "Jugni Ji"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 10
| Piyush Ambhore
| "[[Raabta (song)|Raabta]]"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 11
| Anish Matthew
| "[[Ilahi]]"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 12
| Sakshi Chauhan
| "Main Jahan Rahoon"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 13
| Sachet Tandon
| "Milne Hai Mujhse Aayi"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 14
| Deepesh Rahi
| "Dagabaaz Re"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|}

====Episode 18: 2 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-18-august-2-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 18|work=&TV|date=2 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=7|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Rishabh Chaturvedi
| "[[Bachna Ae Haseeno (song)|Bachna Ae Haseeno]]"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 2
| Oishwarya Chatui
| "Mohabbat Buri Bimari"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 3
| Shristi Bhandari
| "Halla Machchaye Re"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 4
| Pragya Patra
| "[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 5
| Vishwa Shah
| "Saree Ka Fall Sa"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 6
| Gopal Dass
| "Pehli Baar"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 7
| Parth Doshi
| "Tune Maari Entriyaan"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 8
| rowspan=7|Shaan
| Arpita Khan
| "O Meri Jaan"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 9
| Pawandeep Rajan
| "Phir Se Udd"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 10
| Snigdhajit Bhowmik
| "Jhoom Barabaar"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 11
| Varsha Krishnan
| "Banarasiya"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 12
| Akash Ojha
| "Locha E Ulfat"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 13
| Sana Aziz
| "Noor E Khuda"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 14
| Ritu Agarwal
| "Rang Lagade"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|}

===Week 10===
====Episode 19: 8 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-19-august-8-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 19|work=&TV|date=8 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====

{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=1|Shaan
| Snigdhajit Bhowmik
| "Jabse Mere Dil Ko Uff"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 2
| rowspan=1|Mika Singh
| Sahil Solanki
| "Hud Hud Dabangg"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 3
| rowspan=3|Shaan
| Varsha Krishnan
| "Tere Naina"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 4
| Akash Ojha
| Title tack of ''[[Kill Dil]]''
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 5
| Pawandeep Rajan
| "Ye Laal Ishq"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 6
| rowspan=3|Mika Singh
| Parampara Thakur
| "[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 7
| Tanvir Singh
| "Rabba Main Toh Mar Gaya"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 8
| Jyotica Tangri
| "Joganiya"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 9
| rowspan=1|Shaan
| Ritu Agarwal
| "Jiya Re"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 10
| rowspan=1|Mika Singh
| Passang Doma Lama
| "Tere Mast Mast Do Nain"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|}

====Episode 20: 9 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-20-august-9-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 20|work=&TV|date=9 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=2|Himesh Reshammiya
| Piyush Ambhore
| "Sadda Haq"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 2
| Sanjana Bhola
| "Mann Ki Lagan"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 3
| rowspan=1|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Rishabh Chaturvedi
| "Pichle Saath Dino Main"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 4
| rowspan=1|Himesh Reshammiya
| Sachet Tandon
| "Tera Naam Japdi Firan"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 5
| rowspan=1|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Parth Doshi
| "Ishaaqzade"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 6
| rowspan=1|Himesh Reshammiya
| Deepesh Rahi
| "Ainvayi Ainvayi"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 7
| rowspan=3|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Shristi Bhandari
| "Ambarsariya"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 8
| Vishwa Shah
| "Maahi Ve"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 9
| Oishwarya Chatui
| "[[Balam Pichkari]]"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 10
| rowspan=1|Himesh Reshammiya
| Anish Matthew
| "[[Kabhi Jo Baadal Barse]]"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|}

===Week 11===
====Episode 21: 15 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-21-august-15-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 21|work=&TV|date=15 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====

{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=1|Shaan
| Pawandeep Rajan
| "Maula Mere Lele Meri Jaan"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 2
| rowspan=4|Himesh Reshammiya
| Sachet Tandon
| "Rubaroo"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 3
| Sanjana Bhola
| "Zor Ka Jhatka"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 4
| Piyush Ambhore
| "Chunar"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 5
| Deepesh Rahi
| "‘Jee Karda"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 6
| rowspan=3|Shaan
| Ritu Agarwal
| "Beedi Jalaeile"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 7
| Snigdhajit Bhowmik
| "Ab Tumhare Hawaale Watan Saathiyo"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 8
| Akash Ojha
| "Teri Meri Kahani"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|}

====Episode 22: 16 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-22-august-16-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 22|work=&TV|date=16 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=1|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Rishabh Chaturvedi
| ?
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 2
| rowspan=2|Mika Singh
| Tanvir Singh
| "Mast Kalandar"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 3
| Parampara Thakur
| "Ye Tumhari Meri Baatein"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 4
| rowspan=1|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Vishwa Shah
| "Shayarana"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 5
| rowspan=1|Mika Singh
| Sahil Solanki
| "Awara"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 6
| rowspan=2|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Parth Doshi
| "Tadap Tadap Ke"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 7
| Shristi Bhandari
| "Main Tumko Nahin Chodungi"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 8
| rowspan=1|Mika Singh
| Passang Doma Lama
| "Chalo Tumko Lekar Chale"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|}

===Week 12===
====Episode 23: 22 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-23-august-22-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 23|work=&TV|date=22 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====

{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=1|Mika Singh
| Sahil Solanki
| "Aahun Aahun"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 2
| rowspan=2|Shaan
| Pawandeep Rajan
| "Tujhe Bhula Diya"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 3
| Akash Ojha
| "Meri Adhuri Kahani"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 4
| rowspan=1|Mika Singh
| Parampara Thakur
| "Koi Yahan Naache Naache"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 5
| rowspan=1|Shaan
| Snigdhajit Bhowmik
| "Slow Motion Angreza"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 6
| rowspan=1|Mika Singh
| Tanvir Singh
| "Laung Da Lashkara"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|}

====Episode 24: 23 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-24-august-23-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 24|work=&TV|date=23 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=1|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Rishabh Chaturvedi
| "Aaja Aaja Main Hoon Pyar Tera"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 2
| rowspan=3|Himesh Reshammiya
| Sachet Tandon
| "Pehla Nasha"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 3
| Piyush Ambhore
| "Ek Haseena Thi"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 4
| Deepesh Rahi
| "[[Mast Kalandar]]"
| bgcolor="87CEFA"|Saved
|-
! 5
| rowspan=2|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Parth Doshi
| ?
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 6
| Vishwa Shah
| "Kun Faya Kun"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|}

==Live Semi-Final and Finale==
===Week 13===
====Episode 25: 29 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-25-august-29-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 25|work=&TV|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====
The coaches were not allowed to save anyone anymore now-onwards.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="040"|Order
! width="060"|Coach
! width="150"|Contestant
! width="250"|Song
! width="070"|Result
|-
! 1
| rowspan=2|Mika Singh
| Parampara Thakur
| "[[Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu]]" & "Badtameez Dil"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 2
| Sahil Solanki
| "Jalwa" & "Marjaani"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 3
| rowspan=2|Shaan
| Snigdhajit Bhowmik
| "Gallan Goodiyan"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 4
| Pawandeep Rajan
| "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 5
| rowspan=2|Sunidhi Chauhan
| Vishwa Shah
| "Saiyaan"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|-
! 6
| Rishabh Chaturvedi
| NA
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 7
| rowspan=2|Himesh Reshammiya
| Deepesh Rahi
| "Piya Re"
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Advanced
|-
! 8
| Sachet Tandon
| "Tera Hero Idhar Hai"
| bgcolor="FFB6C1"|Eliminated
|}

====Episode 26: 30 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/the-voice-india-episode-26-august-30-2015-full-episode.html|title=Episode 26|work=&TV|date=30 August 2015|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>====

The last episode was started an hour before and aired for 2 hours.

;Key:
:{{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Winner
:{{Color box|silver|border=silver}} Runner-up
:{{Color box|tan|border=silver}} Third place
:{{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} Fourth place

;Competition performances
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|-
! Artist
! Coach
! Order
! Song
! Result
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
| rowspan="1" | Pawandeep Rajan
| rowspan="1" | Shaan
| 1
| "Selfie Le Le Re"
| rowspan="1" | '''Winner'''
|-
|-bgcolor=Tan
| rowspan="1" | Parampara Thakur
| rowspan="1" | Mika Singh
| 2
| Title song from ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| rowspan="1" | Third place
|-
|-bgcolor=lightgreen
| rowspan="1" | Rishabh Chaturvedi
| rowspan="1" | Sunidhi Chauhan
| 3
| "Sooraj Dooba Hai"
| rowspan="1" | Fourth place
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
| rowspan="1" | Deepesh Rahi
| rowspan="1" | Himesh Reshammiya
| 4
| "Mauja Hi Mauja"
| rowspan="1" | Runner-up
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.thevoiceindia.in}}

{{The Voice (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Voice (Indian season 1), The}}
[[Category:The Voice (Indian TV series)]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television seasons]]

Education in Patna

2023-05-28T02:27:39Z

WardDrayton2: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of educational institutions in Patna]]

Indian English spelling

2023-05-26T08:06:09Z

WardDrayton2: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Indian English#Spelling and national differences]]