Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Joseph Samuel (politician)

2026-05-06T19:06:04Z

WandaX39006:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Joseph Samuel
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 5 May 2026
| constituency = [[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[V. Alexander]]
| successor = [[G. Balamurugan]]
| father = M. Joseph
| spouse = S. Padmavathi
| children = J. S. Jerena Christy J. S. Vino Christy J. S. Jerold Sylvin
}}

'''Joseph Samuel''' is an Indian Politician [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070052/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC008.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC008.pdf|access-date= 26 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ambattur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a008|access-date= 26 Apr 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Ambattur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Ambattur Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samuel, Joseph}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Mohan Subramanian

2026-04-24T01:24:59Z

WandaX39006: started new page

{{Short description|Senior officer of the Indian Army}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| name = Mohan Subramanian
| image = File:Lieutenant General Subramanian Mohan.png
| image_size = 230
| caption = Lt. Gen. Mohan Subramanian
| office = Force Commander, [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan|UNMISS]]
| term_start = 5 July 2022
| predecessor = [[Shailesh Tinaikar]]
| allegiance = [[India]]
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| service_years = 1986–present
| rank = [[Lieutenant General]]
| unit = [[Corps of Army Air Defence]]
| commands = * Commandant [[Defence Services Staff College]]
* General Officer Commanding Military Region (Operational and Logistic Readiness Zone), Central India
* Force Commander, [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan|UNMISS]]
| awards = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Sena Medal]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
'''Mohan Subramanian''' is a senior officer of the [[Indian Army]], with a military career since 1986. He was appointed Force Commander of the [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (UNMISS) on 5 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General Mohan Subramanian of India |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/profiles/lieutenant-general-mohan-subramanian |website=United Nations |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> He previously served as Commandant of the [[Defence Services Staff College]]<ref name="The Hindu BusinessLine-2022">{{cite web |title=Lt General Mohan Subramanian to lead UN Mission in South Sudan |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lt-general-mohan-subramanian-to-lead-the-united-mission-in-south-sudan/article65608155.ece |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> and held operational and staff appointments in India and on United Nations missions.

== Early life and education ==
Subramanian attended [[Sainik School, Amaravathinagar]]<ref name="ThePrint-2022">{{cite web |title=Lt General Mohan Subramanian appointment profile |url=https://theprint.in/india/top-army-officer-lt-gen-mohan-subramanian-appointed-force-commander-of-un-mission-in-south-sudan/1027361/ |website=ThePrint |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> and later graduated from the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name="The Hindu BusinessLine-2022"/> He holds two [[Master of Philosophy]] degrees in Defence and Management Studies as well as [[Social Science]]s. In addition to Tamil, he is fluent in English and Hindi.

== Military career ==
Subramanian was commissioned into the [[Corps of Army Air Defence]] in June 1986.<ref name="The Hindu BusinessLine-2022"/> He has commanded an Air Defence regiment in a desert sector, a [[Brigade|mountain brigade]], and an [[infantry division]] in the eastern theatre. He served as Deputy General Officer Commanding of an infantry division, [[General Officer Commanding]] of a Strike Infantry Division and Additional Director General for Procurement and Equipment Management at the Integrated Headquarters of the [[Ministry of Defence]].<ref name="UN in India-2022">{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General Mohan Subramanian appointed as Force Commander of UN Mission in South Sudan |url=https://india.un.org/en/192618-lieutenant-general-mohan-subramanian%C2%A0-india-appointed-as-force-commander-un-mission-south-sudan |website=UN in India |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

He served as General Officer Commanding of the Military Region (Operational and Logistic Readiness Zone) in Central India,<ref name="ThePrint-2022"/> and later as Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College.<ref name="The Hindu BusinessLine-2022"/>

He also served as [[Defence Attaché]] to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 2008–2012,<ref name="UN in India-2022"/> and as a staff officer with the [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=UN chief Guterres appoints Lt Gen Subramanian as Force Commander of UN Mission in South Sudan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lt-gen-subramanian-appointed-as-force-commander-of-un-mission-in-south-sudan-101657086165193.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

On 5 July 2022, United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] appointed Subramanian as Force Commander of UNMISS, succeeding Lieutenant General [[Shailesh Tinaikar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen M. Subramanian appointed Force Commander of UN Mission in South Sudan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/united-nations-chief-antonio-guterres-appoints-lt-gen-subramanian-as-force-commander-of-un-mission-in-south-sudan/article65605624.ece |website=The Hindu |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

== Honours and decorations ==
Subramanian has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Sena Medal]], and [[Vishisht Seva Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Force Commander Visits UNMISS |url=https://www.army.lk/news/force-commander-visits-unmiss |website=Sri Lanka Army |date=16 May 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=UNMISS leadership: Force Commander |url=https://unmiss.unmissions.org/leadership |website=United Nations Mission in South Sudan |access-date=10 October 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, Mohan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:United Nations operations in Sudan]]
[[Category:Commandants of Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:Military attachés for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]

Zaku Zachariah Tsükrü

2026-04-23T01:26:00Z

WandaX39006: Added the stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian public and student leader}}
{{Family name hatnote|Tsükrü|lang=Angami}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Zaku Zachariah Tsükrü
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Naga Students' Federation|President of Naga Students' Federation]]
| term_start = October 1973
| term_end = October 1974
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| order2 =
| office2 = [[Naga People's Front|Vice President of Naga People's Front]]
| term_start2 = May 2013
| term_end2 = September 2017
| appointer2 =
| predecessor2 =
| office3 = [[Angami Public Organisation|President of Angami Public Organisation]]
| term_start3 = 1990
| term_end3 = 1992
| appointer3 =
| predecessor3 =
| birth_name = Zaku Zachariah Tsükrü
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1947|03|11|2017|09|17}}
| birth_place = [[Viswema]], [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]], [[Assam Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] ''{{small|(Now in [[Nagaland]], India)}}''
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|09|17|1947|03|11}}
| death_place = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| party =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children = 3
| education = [[John Government Higher Secondary School|John Government High School]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}
'''Zaku Zachariah Tsükrü''' (11 March 1947 – 17 September 2017) was an Indian public and student leader. He served as the president of the [[Naga Students' Federation]] from 1973 to 1974 and the president of the [[Angami Public Organisation]] from 1990 to 1992. Tsükrü also served as the vice-president of the [[Naga People's Front]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/npf-senior-vice-president-zaku-tsukru-passes-away|title=NPF senior Vice President Zaku Tsukru passes away|date=17 September 2017|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Zaku Zachariah Tsükrü was born on 11 March 1947 to an [[Angami Naga]] family from [[Viswema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/a-memorable-funeral-service-for-late-zaku-zachariah/|title=A memorable funeral service for late Zaku Zachariah|date=18 September 2017|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> Tsükrü did his early education from [[John Government Higher Secondary School|John Government High School]] in Viswema and later completed his graduation from St. Anthony College in [[Shillong]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Career ==
Tsükrü served as president of Naga Students' Union, Shillong. Later, he served as the President of the [[Angami Public Organization]] and the [[Naga Students' Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/cm-dr-shurho-rio-condole-tsukrus-demise/|title=CM, Dr. Shürho, Rio condole Tsukru's demise|date=17 September 2017|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/nsf-asu-ayo-mourn-zaku-tsukrus-demise|title=NSF, ASU, AYO mourn Zaku Tsukru's demise|date=17 September 2017|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>

In May 2013, Tsükrü was appointed as the vice-president of the [[Naga People's Front]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/npf-central-office-bearers-new-assignment/|title=NPF central office bearers' new assignment|date=9 May 2013|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=4 July 2023}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Death ==
Tsükrü died on 17 September 2017 at [[Kohima]]'s Bethel Medical Centre, aged 70.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/nagaland/nagaland-condolences-pour-in-over-demise-of-npf-senior-vp/cid2541819.htm|title=Nagaland: Condolences pour in over demise of NPF senior VP Zaku Tsukru|date=18 September 2017|website=[[The Northeast Today]]|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704100745/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/nagaland/nagaland-condolences-pour-in-over-demise-of-npf-senior-vp/cid2541819.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tsükrü, Zaku Zachariah}}
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kohima]]
[[Category:People from Viswema]]

The Marina Mall Chennai

2026-04-20T04:05:19Z

WandaX39006:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = The Marina Mall Chennai
| logo = Marina Mall Chennai logo.pdf
| image = Marina Mall Chennai.jpg
| caption = Picture of The Marina Mall
| location = [[Old Mahabalipuram Road (OMR)|OMR]], Egattur, [[Chennai]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.8359|80.2291|display=inline,title}}
| address = [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]], Egattur, [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu 603103
| opening_date = 15 February 2019
| developer = OMR Mall Developers Pvt Ltd
| owner = Syed Abdul Kader and Family
| number_of_stores = 120 +
| floor_area = 550,000 sq ft
| floors = 3 Basements Parking floors
6 [[Shopping]] and [[Entertainment]] floors
1 [[office]] floor
| parking = 1,200 parking lots for both cars and bikes
| website = http://marinamallchennai.com/
}}

'''''The Marina Mall Chennai''''' (opened: 15 February 2019) is a [[Shopping center|shopping centre]] located in [[Old Mahabalipuram Road|OMR]] Egattur in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is the largest [[shopping mall]] located in OMR. It opened its doors to the public on 15 February 2019; it has a 550,000 sq ft leasable space which includes more than 120 shops and services and includes parking with 1,200 parking lots for both cars and bikes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=There is a new marina in town |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/feb/18/there-is-a-new-marina-in-town-1940467.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220161807/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/feb/18/there-is-a-new-marina-in-town-1940467.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2019 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRAdVaV8o64&ab_channel=TheMarinaMall |title=The grand opening of The Marina Mall |date=2020-01-28 |last=The Marina Mall |access-date=2025-04-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== History ==
Syed Abdul Kader also known as (HAC) in [[Kilakarai]], and his children Mohammed Mukrim], Aysha Fathima and Sayeed Aslam, [[Partnership|partnered]] with Allied Investments & Housing Limited a prominent [[real estate]] promoter in Tamil Nadu, constructed and established the [[shopping mall]] on a sizable piece of land that belonged to Mr. Syed Abdul Kader.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History - The Marina Mall |url=http://marinamallchennai.com/history/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
The mall is [[Promotion (marketing)|promoted]] by OMR mall developers which was founded in 2008 by Mohammed Mukrim Syed Habeeb and Mr Abdul Wadood. Mr Mukrim is the [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]], Director and Head of the Department of finance of OMR mall developers, and Mr Aslam is the [[managing director]] of OMR mall developer. Finally, Mr Abdul Wadood is [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of Allied Investments & Housing Ltd. Any major decisions related to the mall would be discussed and decided by these three partners.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership - The Marina Mall |url=http://marinamallchennai.com/leadership/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Amenties ==
The mall offers [[shopping]], and [[entertainment]]. It includes anchor tenants such as [[Lifestyle (department store)|Lifestyle]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrea Jeremiah launches 6th Lifestyle store in Chennai at The Marina Mall – Chennaionline |url=https://www.chennaionline.com/chennai-360/andrea-jeremiah-launches-6th-lifestyle-store-in-chennai-at-the-marina-mall/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=chennaionline.com}}</ref> [[Landmark Group|Home centre]], [[SPAR (retailer)|Spar Hypermarket]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPAR lights up shopper journey in a unique way |url=https://www.retail4growth.com/projects/spar-lights-up-shopper-journey-in-a-unique-way-4333 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.retail4growth.com/}}</ref> [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratna |first=Anagha R. |date=2023-09-25 |title=Decathlon launches first large-format store in Chennai |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2023/09/25/decathlon-launches-first-large-format-store-in-chennai/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=India Retailing |language=English}}</ref> [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Levi's Inaugurates Its First Indigo Format Store At The Marina Mall, Chennai |url=https://infashionbusiness.com/home/news_details/1518/15 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=infashionbusiness.com |language=en}}</ref> and other large and small [[brand]]s. It is also home to an eight screen [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] operated by [[INOX Leisure|INOX]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=INOX Leisure |title=INOX Opens its Third Multiplex in Chennai at OMR |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/inox-opens-its-third-multiplex-in-chennai-at-omr-882320125.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> cinemas with a total seating capacity of 1,750. One of the screens is nearly 25 meters wide and arguably the largest in India (Bigpix) . There is also an [[Australia]]n based [[Arcade game|gaming arcade]] known as [[Timezone (video arcades)|Timezone]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timezone Marina Mall - Bowling, Arcade, VR & More |url=https://www.timezonegames.com/en-in/locations/south/marina-mall-in-chennai/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.timezonegames.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> and a [[Trampoline|trampoline park]] located in the terrace on the 5th floor known as Dugout<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 things you can do in Chennai this Weekend! |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/5-things-you-can-do-in-chennai-this-weekend/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=JFW Just for women |language=en}}</ref> along with its very own small [[Cafeteria|cafetaria]]; and [[South India|South India's]] largest [[Inflatable castle|inflatable park]] known as [[Airborne Parks|Airborne Inflatable Park]] located in the 2nd floor of the mall was opened in late 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balasubramanian |first=Roshne |date=2023-09-19 |title=Adventure takes flight in South India as largest inflatable park opens its doors to the public in Chennai |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/featured/adventure-takes-flight-in-south-india-as-largest-inflatable-park-opens-its-doors-to-the-public-in-chennai/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paitandy |first=Priyadarshini |date=2023-10-12 |title=You've tried trampoline. Now try Chennai's new inflatable parks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/youve-tried-trampoline-now-try-chennais-new-inflatable-parks/article67344150.ece |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The mall has nine fine dining [[restaurant]]s and 18 [[Food booth|food stalls]] on the 2nd floor located in the [[food court]]. It has more than 1,200 [[parking lot]]s for both [[Motorcycle|2 wheelers]] and [[Car|4 wheelers]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-19 |title=There is a new marina in town |url=https://www.kgbuilders.com/there-is-a-new-marina-in-town/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=KG Developers & Promoters |language=en-US}}</ref> Furthermore, the shopping center has an in-mall hotel known as Regenta Central RS owned by [[Royal Orchid Hotels]] which was opened in mid 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regenta & Royal Orchid Hotels to Open 3 New Properties in Chandigarh, Chennai and Kullu-Manali |url=https://www.bwhotelier.com/article/regenta-royal-orchid-hotels-to-open-3-new-properties-in-chandigarh-chennai-and-kullu-manali--171791 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=BW Hotelier |language=en}}</ref> Moreover, the mall is also known for organising engaging and convival events every few months such as dinoland or creating a large puzzle art of the former [[President of India|President]] of India, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-07-27 |title=Remembering a late President with a picture puzzle |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/27/remembering-a-late-president-with-a-picture-puzzle |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-06-15 |title=Experience the Dino Land at Marina Mall |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Jun/15/experience-the-dino-land-at-marina-mall-2585051.html |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title =
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| perrow =
| mode =
| whitebg =
| noborder =
| captionstyle =
| File:Marina Mall Inside.jpg
| Inside the Marina Mall
| class1=
| alt1=
| File:Lifestyle Outlet in Marina Mall.jpg
| Lifestyle Outlet in Marina Mall
| class2=
| alt2=
| File:HomeCenter MM.jpg
| Homecenter Outlet in Marina Mall
| class3=
| alt3=
| File:INOX MM.jpg
| Inox Cinema in Marina Mall
| class4=
| alt4=
}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{commons category|Marina Mall Chennai}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Chennai]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2019]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in India]]

Rowdy Alludu

2026-04-17T15:30:02Z

WandaX39006:

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rowdy Alludu
| image = Rowdy Alludu.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]] Dr. K. Venkateswara Rao Panja Prasad
| writer = [[Satyanand (writer)|Satyanand]] (story & dialogues)
| studio = [[Geetha Arts#Sri Sai Ram Arts (Venkateswara Rao, Aravind)|Sri Sai Ram Arts]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl| [[Chiranjeevi]]|[[Divya Bharti]]|[[Shobana]]|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]}}
| music = [[Bappi Lahari]]
| cinematography = K. S. Hari
| editing = Vellaiswamy
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts]]
| released = {{film date|1991|10|18|df=yes|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Rowdy Alludu''''' ({{translation|Rowdy son-in-law}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film|action comedy]] film directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. The film was produced by [[Allu Aravind]], Dr. K. Venkateswara Rao and Panja Prasad under the banner, which is named, [[Geetha Arts|Sri Sai Ram Arts]]. It stars [[Chiranjeevi]] in a [[dual role]], with [[Shobana|Sobhana]] and [[Divya Bharti]]. The film received positive reviews and was a [[box office]] success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2007 |title=Mega Blockbuster of 1991 'Gang Leader' |url=https://archive.today/20130624205346/http://www.cinegoer.net/gangleader.htm#selection-557.124-557.137 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=CineGoer.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kalyan is an industrialist, whose conniving enemy Venkat Rayudu and his partners, replace him with his doppelgänger Johnny, an [[Mumbai]]-based auto driver. They manage to frame Kalyan for murder, but Johnny realizes Kalyan's innocence and saves him. The duo manages to prove Kalyan's innocence, and also defeat Venkat Rayudu and his partners.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Kalyan and Johnny (dual role)
* [[Divya Bharti]] as Rekha (Voice Dubbed by Roja Ramani)
* [[Shobhana]] as Sita (Voice Dubbed by Rohini)
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Venkat Rayudu
* [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]] as Papi Kondalu
* [[Captain Raju]] as Ranjith Kumar
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Mental Doctor/ Photographer
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Kalyan's father
* [[J. V. Somayajulu]] as Madhavaiah
* [[Ironleg Sastri]] as Jeetendra
* [[Disco Shanthi]] in an [[item number]]
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Peon in Kalyan's Office
* [[Radha Kumari]] as Venkat Rayudu's wife
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Kalyan's mother
}}

== Production ==
''Rowdy Alludu'' was conceived as a mass entertainer with a focus on commercial appeal.<ref name="5 best">{{cite news |last=M. L. Narasimham |date=4 November 2012 |title=I cherish that compliment |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/i-cherish-that-compliment/article4063138.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107231930/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/i-cherish-that-compliment/article4063138.ece |archive-date=7 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Initially, [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] raised concerns about using the word "Rowdy" as a prefix in the title, but director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], lead actor [[Chiranjeevi]], and writer [[Satyanand (writer)|Satyanand]] convinced him to retain the name.<ref name="5 best" />

For the casting, [[Divya Bharti|Divya Bharati]], a popular actress at the time, was signed for the role of Rekha, while [[Shobana]] was cast as Sita. The film was notable for being one of the first Telugu films to be shot in [[Switzerland]]. Due to budget constraints, the production team was limited in size, which required the producer, [[Allu Aravind]], to take on additional roles, including serving as a costume and makeup assistant for Chiranjeevi. Shobana, meanwhile, handled her own makeup.<ref name="5 best" />

The filming of the song "Chiluka Kshemama" was particularly challenging due to the limited crew. The actors and director improvised choreography based on the natural light and scenic locations during their three-day shoot. Key locations for the song included the [[Rhine Falls]], the Interlaken Casino (where [[Yash Chopra]]'s statue now stands), and [[Zurich]].<ref name="5 best" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rowdy Alludu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bappi Lahari]] And Saluri Vasu Rao
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1991
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 36:35
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =

}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Track listing<ref name = "Rowdy Alludu Songs">{{cite web | url = https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rowdy-alludu/d8EkY0HXRtw_ | title = Rowdy Alludu | website = [[JioSaavn]] | date = 31 August 2014 | access-date = 8 December 2020}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:35
| all_music = [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref name = "Rowdy Alludu Songs" />
| title1 = Amalapuram Bullodu
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Radhika (singer)|Radhika]]
| length1 = 7:12
| title2 = Chiluka Kshemama
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 5:34
| title3 = Kori Kori Kalutundhi
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 3:58
| title4 = Love Me My Hero
| lyrics4 = Bhuvanachandra
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 5:16
| title5 = Prema Geema Tassadiyya
| lyrics5 = Bhuvanachandra
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 5:08
| title6 = Slowly Slowly
| lyrics6 = Bhuvanachandra
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 4:39
| title7 = Thadinaka Tappadika
| lyrics7 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 4:48
}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Pokkiri Mappilai
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 30:42
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =

}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Track listing<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pokkiri-mappilai/lzrTXJUNr1U_|title=Pokkiri Mappilai(Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=January 2006}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:42
| title1 = Aasai Vanthu
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length1 = 3:57
| title2 = Azhage Nilamma
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length2 = 6:01
| title3 = Bolo Bolo
| extra3 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 5:30
| title4 = Love Me
| extra4 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 5:14
| title5 = Onnukkulla Onnu
| extra5 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 5:07
| title6 = Sanjanakka
| extra6 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 4:39
}}

== Reception ==
Reviewing its Tamil dubbed version ''Pokkiri Mappilai'', K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote that "director Raghavendra Rao has concentrated his efforts on pure entertainment with disco songs, sexy dances, beautiful actresses, lots of action and filming in the snow capped mountains of Switzerland".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdxaAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22tamil%22+new+straits+times+film+review&pg=PA46&article_id=4558,1815009|title=If you want to see girls and lots of action|first=K.|last=Vijiyan|website=[[New Straits Times]]|date=25 July 1992|page=Arts 24}}</ref>

== Box office ==
''Rowdy Alludu'' was a "Blockbuster" at the box office and completed 100 days in almost every theatre it was shown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-02-13|title=NonstopCinema.com » Box Office » Chiru 100 days housefull films|url=http://www.nonstopcinema.com/nsc/boxoffice/display.php?id=105|access-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040213232303/http://www.nonstopcinema.com/nsc/boxoffice/display.php?id=105|archive-date=13 February 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0246203}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic comedy films]]

Narasannapeta Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:05Z

WandaX39006: started a stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narasannapeta
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (8-Narasannapeta highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Narasannapeta Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Baggu Ramanamurthy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1951
| constituency_no = 8
| electors = 208,469
| type = SLA
}}

'''Narasannapeta Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Srikakulam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Baggu Ramanamurthy]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narasannapeta Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Baggu Ramanamurthy of TDP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/narasannapeta-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916852.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 208,469 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==

The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Narasannapeta]]
|-
| [[Jalumuru]]
|-
| [[Saravakota]]
|-
| [[Polaki, Srikakulam district|Polaki]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Narasannapeta Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58339190,Q59834160,Q59834195,Q59834170"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| H. Satyanarayana Dora
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| rowspan=3 |Simma Jagannadham
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Baggu Sarojanamma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Dola Seetaramulu
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |Simma Prabhakara Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Lakshmanarao Baggu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Dharmana Prasada Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Baggu Ramanamurthy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Dharmana Krishna Das
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Baggu Ramanamurthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Baggu Ramana Murthy]]
|votes = 99,951
|percentage = 46.04
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
|votes = 70,580
|percentage = 32.51
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Narasimhamurthy Mantri]]
|votes = 2,225
|percentage = 1.02
|change = --
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 1,320
|percentage = 0.61
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,300
|percentage = 1.52
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,77,376
|percentage = 81.7
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,17,094
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,371
|percentage = 13.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
|votes = 86,797
|percentage = 41.24
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Baggu Ramana Murthy]]
|votes = 67,242
|percentage = 31.95
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dola Udayabhaskara Rao]]
|votes = 5,266
|percentage = 2.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 4,733
|percentage = 2.25
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,491
|percentage = 1.66
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,529
|percentage = 79.6
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,10,451
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,555
|percentage = 9.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Ramanamurty Baggu]]
|votes = 76,559
|percentage = 38.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
|votes = 71,759
|percentage = 36.54
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagan Mohana Rao Dola]]
|votes = 2,156
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 3,863
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 819
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,156
|percentage = 79.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,96,379
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,800
|percentage = 2.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Satyanarayana Dora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,650 |percentage=26.60% |change=26.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasira Basava Raju |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=7,498 |percentage=20.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muddada Latchunaiudu |party=Independent politician |votes=6,569 |percentage=18.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karimi Lakshmi Narayana Naiudu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=5,958 |percentage=16.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinna Jagannathan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=5,196 |percentage=14.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chana Bappaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,408 |percentage=3.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,152 |percentage=5.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,279 |percentage=46.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,396 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Krishikar Lok Party|candidate=Simma Jagannadham|votes=9,902|percentage=40.83|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Vandana Satyanarayana|votes=6,847|percentage=28.24|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Muddada Latchunnaidu|votes=6,598|percentage=27.21|change={{increase}}9.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pudipeddi Subbarao|votes=903|percentage=3.72|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,055|percentage=12.59|change={{increase}}6.66}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=24,250|percentage=44.96|change={{decrease}}1.91}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Krishikar Lok Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Simma Jagannadham
|votes = 20,879
|percentage = 56.88
|change = {{increase}} 16.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ponnana Veerannaidu
|votes = 15,822
|percentage = 16.05
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,057
|percentage = 13.77
|change = {{increase}}1.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 36,701
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Swatantra Party|candidate=Simma Jagannadham|votes=21,866|percentage=49.76|change={{decrease}}7.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M.V.V. Appalanaidu|votes=12,756|percentage=29.03|change={{decrease}}14.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=T.V.K. Gupta|votes=7,841|percentage=17.84|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K.V. Murty|votes=1,480|percentage=3.37|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,110|percentage=20.73|change={{increase}}6.96}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=43,943|percentage=72.50|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Baggu Sarojanamma|votes=19,441|percentage=42.58|change={{increase}}13.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Jagannadham Simma|votes=16,987|percentage=37.20|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Swatantra Party|candidate=Dharmana Lajapatiraiv|votes=9,230|percentage=20.22|change={{decrease}}29.54}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,454|percentage=12.4|change={{decrease}}8.33}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=45,658|percentage=65.34|change={{decrease}}7.16}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Dola Seetaramulu|votes=28,123|percentage=43.6|change={{increase}}1.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Simma Jagannadham|votes=22,397|percentage=34.7|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Baggu Sarojinamma|votes=12,844|percentage=19.9|change={{decrease}}22.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gudiya Ramulu|votes=1,194|percentage=1.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,726|percentage=8.6|change={{increase}}3.22}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=66,507|percentage=79.1|change={{increase}}13.76}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Simma Prabhakara Rao
|votes = 38,627
|percentage = 58.1
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dola Seetaramulu
|votes = 27,911
|percentage = 42.0
|change = {{decrease}}1.6
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,716
|percentage = 15.7
|change = {{increase}}7.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 68,051
|percentage = 75.5
|change = {{decrease}}3.6
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Simma Prabhakara Rao
|votes = 37,653
|percentage = 51.5
|change = {{decrease}}6.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
|votes = 35,491
|percentage = 48.5
|change = {{increase}}6.5
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,162
|percentage = 2.9
|change = {{decrease}}12.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 74,697
|percentage = 79.9
|change = {{increase}}4.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
|votes = 50,580
|percentage = 58.6
|change = {{increase}}10.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Simma Prabhakara Rao
|votes = 35,688
|percentage = 41.4
|change = {{decrease}}7.1
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,892
|percentage = 16.7
|change = {{increase}}13.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89,132
|percentage = 79.3
|change = {{decrease}}0.6
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Lakshmanarao Baggu|votes=48,286|percentage=53.1|change={{increase}}11.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Indian National Congress|candidate=Dharmana Prasada Rao|votes=40,315|percentage=44.3|change={{decrease}}14.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Simma Chalapati Rao|votes=678|percentage=0.7|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Nagavarapu Nageswara Rao|votes=615|percentage=0.7|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=B.V. Reddy Babu|votes=574|percentage=0.6|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bongu Suryanarayana|votes=267|percentage=0.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chintada Dharmarao|votes=162|percentage=0.2|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kinjarapu Sriramulu|votes=116|percentage=0.1|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,971|percentage=8.6|change={{decrease}}8.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=93,002|percentage=77.4|change={{decrease}}1.9}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dharmana Prasada Rao|votes=48,328|percentage=52.6|change={{increase}}8.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Lakshmanarao Baggu|votes=42,558|percentage=46.3|change={{decrease}}6.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Ajeya Bharat Party|candidate=Boina Sumati|votes=810|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Appa Rao|votes=155|percentage=0.2|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kona Rao|votes=52|percentage=0.1|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,770|percentage=6.1|change={{decrease}}2.5}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=94,349|percentage=73.1|change={{decrease}}4.3}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}7.5
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
|votes = 52,312
|percentage = 53.5
|change = {{increase}}0.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Baggu Lakshmana Rao
|votes = 43,444
|percentage = 44.4
|change = {{decrease}}1.9
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,868
|percentage = 9.1
|change = {{increase}}3.0
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 97,660
|percentage = 81.4
|change = {{increase}}8.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}1.4
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dharmana Krishna Das]]|votes=60,426|percentage=44.2|change={{decrease}}9.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Baggu Lakshmana Rao|votes=42,837|percentage=31.3|change={{decrease}}13.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Dola Jagan|votes=25,280|percentage=18.5|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Tulasi Rao Pedada|votes=2,651|percentage=1.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Pyramid Party of India|candidate=Matta Satish Chakravarthi|votes=1,363|percentage=1.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajakumar Duvvara|votes=1,360|percentage=1.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Satta Party|candidate=Telugu Nageswara Rao|votes=1,103|percentage=0.8|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,589|percentage=12.8|change={{increase}}3.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,36,713|percentage=79.5|change={{decrease}}1.9}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}1.9
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Narasannapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Dharmana Krishna Das]]|votes=78,834|percentage=39.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dharmana Rama Das|votes=66,597|percentage=33.7|change={{decrease}}10.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=S. S. Babo|votes=32,401|percentage=23.2|change={{decrease}}8.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=S.R.T. Rao|votes=2,149|percentage=1.5|change={{decrease}}0.4}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,311|percentage=12.4|change={{decrease}}0.4}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,765|percentage=79.9|change={{increase}}0.4}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.42|84.05|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Tank Ram Verma

2026-04-12T14:43:47Z

WandaX39006: Added first stub w/ sources - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tank Ram Verma
| image =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Kiran Verma
| office = Minister of Sports and Youth Welfare of Chhattisgarh
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| term_start = 22 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Umesh Nandkumar Patel|Umesh Patel]]
| office1 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Pramod Kumar Sharma]]
| constituency1 = [[Baloda Bazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baloda Bazar]]
}}

'''Tank Ram Verma''' is an Indian politician. He is the current Minister of Department of Revenue & Disaster Management, Rehabilitation, and Higher Education in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22|title= विष्णु कैबिनेट में OBC वर्ग का दबदबा, कभी मंत्री के पीए रहे टंकराम आज मंत्री पद की लेंगे शपथ|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-cabinet-expansion-vishnu-deo-sai-obc-minister-tank-ram-verma-used-to-be-minister-personal-assistant-ann-2566448/amp |access-date=2024-07-02|website=Abp Live|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22|title=From minister's assistant to his cabinet colleague, Verma makes it to top 9 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/from-ministers-assistant-to-cabinet-colleague-the-inspiring-journey-of-tankram-verma/articleshow/106225268.cms|access-date=2024-07-02|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Mantrimandal|url=https://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/cabinet_new.htm|website=cgvidhansabha.gov.in|access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref>
He won from [[Baloda Bazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baloda Bazar]] Vidhan Sabha Constituency in 2023 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bjp Tank Ram Verma Candidate Baloda Bazar Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2023 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/chhattisgarh/candidates/tank-ram-verma-bjp-2023-baloda-bazar-45-chhattisgarh |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tank Ram Verma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BALODA BAZAR(BALODABAZAR- BHATAPARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=409 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Tank Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Baloda Bazar district]]

Shivaraj Sajjanar

2026-04-12T12:02:59Z

WandaX39006: Added the stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shivaraj Sajjanar
| term_end1 = 2008
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 4 November 2008
| term_end = 5 January 2016
| predecessor = [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
| successor = [[Pradeep Shettar]]
| constituency = Dharwad Local Authorities
| office1 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| image =
| successor1 = Neharu Olekar
| predecessor1 = Basavaraj Shivannanavar
| constituency1 = [[Haveri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Haveri]]
| birth_name = Shivaraj Sajjanar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|7|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Haveri district]], [[Karnataka]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]], [[Diploma in Pharmacy|D.Pharma]]
| father = Sharanappa Sajjanar
| spouse = Hema
| source = http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/ShivarajSajjanar.htm
}}

'''Shivaraj Sharanappa Sajjanar''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who was the member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] representing Dharwad Local Authorities constituency.

== Political career ==
Shivaraj contested [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004 Karnataka election]] from [[Haveri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Haveri]] and emerged victorious against Basavaraj Shivannanavar. However [[Haveri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Haveri]] became a reserved seat after delimitation and hence he didn't contest [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008 Karnataka election]]. He was then elected to [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] from Dharwad Local Authorities after the seat fell vacant due to [[Basavaraj Bommai]]'s election to [[Shiggaon (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shiggaon (Assembly constituency)]]. He quit the [[BJP]] and joined [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] led [[Karnataka Janata Paksha]] and contested from [[Byadgi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Byadgi]] seat in [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013 Karnataka election]] and lost to Basavaraj Shivannanavar of [[Indian National Congress]]. He was named [[BJP]] candidate for the by-polls to the [[Hangal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)]] which were necessitated after the death of the sitting MLA [[C. M. Udasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-07|title=BJP announces fielding Shivaraj Sajjanar, Ramesh Bhusanur in Assembly by-elections|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bjp-announces-fielding-shivaraj-sajjanar-ramesh-bhusanur-in-assembly-by-elections-7557476/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He was defeated by Srinivas Mane of Congress by a margin of 7373 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-02|title=Karnataka bypolls: BJP loses CM Bommai's backyard Hangal to Congress, wins big in Sindgi|url=https://theprint.in/politics/karnataka-bypolls-bjp-loses-cm-bommais-backyard-hangal-to-congress-wins-big-in-sindgi/760633/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]

Moti Singh (ruler)

2026-03-31T05:35:21Z

WandaX39006: started new biography

{{short description|Raja of Poonch from 1860 to 1892}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = Raja-i-Rajgan [[Raja]] Kalan Bahadur
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]]
| reign = {{circa|1860}} – 17 May 1892
| predecessor = Jawahir Singh
| successor = [[Baldev Singh (ruler)|Baldev Singh]]
| death_date = 17 May 1892
| father = [[Dhian Singh]]
}}
'''Moti Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]] from 1860 until his death in 1892.

==Early life==
He was born to [[Dhian Singh]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=Brigadier J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOl-EAAAQBAJ |title=Poonch: India's Invincible Citadel |date=2022-08-01 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-345-8 |pages=101–103, 105–107, 109–111 |language=en}}</ref> In 1848, a dispute arose between him, his elder brother Jawahir Singh, and [[Gulab Singh]]. At the time, he and his brother held the title of [[Mian (title)|Mian]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet|Frederick Currie]] mediated between them and facilitated a settlement, under which [[Gulab Singh]] granted them the title of [[Raja]] along with certain other concessions.<ref name=":1" /> They were required to pay a sum of Rs. 700 annually or provide one horse with gold trappings to [[Gulab Singh|Gulab]].<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, they were not to make any important decisions without consulting him.<ref name=":1" />

== Succession ==
He and his brother, Jawahir Singh, quarreled again in 1852.<ref name=":1" /> The Board of Administration for Punjab affairs intervened and facilitated a settlement between them.<ref name=":1" /> The board granted [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]] to him and reduced his share of the joint tribute payable to the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to one-third.<ref name=":1" /> As a result of this decision, [[Gulab Singh]] granted him [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]] for 1,05,000 Nanakshahi rupees.<ref name=":2" /> His coronation was held at [[Mubarak Mandi Palace]] in [[Jammu]] by [[Gulab Singh]]. He was provided with 600 soldiers and sent to [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]] to assume control. At that time, there was no proper administrative setup in [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]].<ref name=":2" /> However, the formal orders appointing him as the [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]] were not issued until 1860, the year his elder brother, Jawahir Singh, died.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35689 |title=Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1907 |date=1908 |pages=177–178}}</ref> These orders were issued by [[Gulab Singh|Gulab]]’s successor, [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Reign ==
When he assumed the reins of the government, there was no proper administrative setup in [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]].<ref name=":2" /> He introduced a series of economic reforms and improvements to the administrative infrastructure he had inherited.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khosla K. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1706/ |title=The States Estates and Who's Who In India and Burma |date=1942 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co., Railway Road, Lahore |pages=105}}</ref> In the early years of his reign, special messengers carried his correspondence between his administrative seat and [[Jammu]], while another line of runners delivered official and private papers from the central offices to the three [[tehsil]]s of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRxBAQAAMAAJ |title=The Philatelic Journal of India |date=1899 |publisher=Philatelic Society of India |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref> Over time, as trade increased, correspondence also grew.<ref name=":0" /> To accommodate this, he established a branch of his postal system in [[Kahuta]] and issued a set of four stamps in 1882.<ref name=":0" /> He facilitated people by providing them with loans on easy terms for reconstructing their houses, and for this purpose, wood was supplied free of cost.<ref name=":2" /> He also procured improved-quality seeds of wheat, maize, and rice from [[Punjab]] and distributed them to farmers in his dominions at no cost.<ref name=":2" /> He established both [[Pathasala|pathshalas]] and [[Madrasa|madrassas]].<ref name=":2" /> He subdivided [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]] into the following [[tehsil]]s: [[Haveli Tehsil, AK|Haveli]], [[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]], [[Bagh District|Bagh]], [[Sudhanoti District|Sudhnoti]], and [[Fatehpur Thakiala Tehsil|Thakiala]].<ref name=":2" /> These [[tehsil]]s were further divided into niabats and parganas, which had thanas and police chowkis.<ref name=":2" /> He increased the strength of his army from 600 to 1,200 soldiers.<ref name=":2" /> He held his [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] three times a year—on [[Vasant Panchami]], [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]], and his birthday.<ref name=":2" />

== Personality ==
He was known as a welfare-oriented ruler with a secular mindset.<ref name=":2" /> He was widely admired for his generosity, wisdom, shrewdness, and administrative efficiency.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
While in [[Jammu]] in 1892, he fell ill and did not recover.<ref name=":2" /> He died on 17 May 1892 and was cremated in [[Jammu]].<ref name=":2" /> He was succeeded by his son, [[Baldev Singh (ruler)|Baldev Singh]], to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir/ |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=202}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Raja of Poonch]]

Board of Control for Cricket in India

2026-03-25T03:53:59Z

WandaX39006:

{{Short description|National governing body of cricket in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Board of Control for Cricket in India
|native name =
|abbrev = BCCI
|logo = Board of Control for Cricket in India Logo (2024).svg
|logosize =
|sport = [[Cricket]]
|category =
|image =
|jurisdiction = {{IND}}
|founded = {{start date and age|1928|}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14|title=Board of Control for Cricket in India — History of cricket in India|website=icc-cricket.com|publisher=International Cricket Council|access-date=17 February 2023|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14}}</ref>
|aff = [[International Cricket Council]]
|affdate = {{start date and age|1926|}}<ref name="icc-cricket.com">{{cite web |title=Full member Board of Control for Cricket in India. |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|region = [[Asian Cricket Council]]
|headquarters = Cricket Centre, [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref name=ICC>{{cite web | url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 | title=International Cricket Council | access-date=4 October 2022 | archive-date=4 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|location= [[Mumbai]]
|president = [[Mithun Manhas]]
|vicepresident = [[Rajeev Shukla]]<ref name=agm22>{{cite news |title=Roger Binny elected 36th BCCI president |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/roger-binny-elected-36th-bcci-president-101666074122652.html |access-date=18 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018073154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/roger-binny-elected-36th-bcci-president-101666074122652.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|secretary = [[Devajit Saikia]]<ref>{{Cite news|title="BCCI secretary: Meet Devajit Saikia, former cricketer who replaces Jay Shah as BCCI secretary"|work=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/devajit-saikia-replaces-jay-shah-as-bcci-secretary/articleshow/117171456.cms}}</ref>
|jointsecretary = Rohan Desai
|treasurer = [[Raghuram Bhat]]
|IPLchairman = M Khairul Jamal Majumdar
|mensselector = [[Ajit Agarkar]]
|womensselector = Amita Sharma
|coach = [[Gautam Gambhir]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=Mr Gautam Gambhir appointed as Head Coach - Team India (Senior Men)
|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/hwzCqpTZ}}</ref>
|womenscoach = [[Amol Muzumdar]]<ref name=AA>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-jay-shah-india-womens-team-head-coach-full-fledged-staff-2358500-2023-04-11 | title=India women's team will get full-fledged coaching staff, says BCCI secretary Jay Shah | date=11 April 2023 | access-date=18 May 2023 | archive-date=18 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518154916/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-jay-shah-india-womens-team-head-coach-full-fledged-staff-2358500-2023-04-11 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|operating income ={{INRConvert|18700|c}}<ref name=":7" />
|membership =[[List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|38]]
|url = {{url|bcci.tv}}
|countryflag= India
|sponsor= {{ubl
| [[Apollo Tyres]]
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The '''Board of Control for Cricket in India''' ('''BCCI''') is the principal national governing body of the sport of [[cricket in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24861269/bcci-covered-india-right-information-rti-act-rules-top-appellate-body|title=BCCI covered under Australia's Right to Information Act, rules top appellate body|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002152001/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24861269/bcci-covered-india-right-information-rti-act-rules-top-appellate-body|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Its headquarters are situated at the Cricket Centre in [[Wankhede Stadium]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Control for Cricket in India, About us|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517071725/https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us |url-status=live }}</ref> BCCI is the wealthiest [[governing body]] of [[cricket]] in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI spearheading Covid-hit world? Listing revenues of top 10 richest cricket boards in 2021. |work=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/bcci-spearheading-covid-hit-world-listing-revenues-of-top-10-richest-cricket-boards-in/763329 |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120112022/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/bcci-spearheading-covid-hit-world-listing-revenues-of-top-10-richest-cricket-boards-in/763329 |archive-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> It has a revenue of more than {{INRconvert|9700|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-18 |title=BCCI’s total income shoots up to ₹9,741.71 crore in FY24; IPL alone contributes ₹5,761 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bccis-total-income-shoots-up-to-9741-71-crore-in-fy24-ipl-alone-contributes-5761-crore/articleshow/122748816.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

It is involved in talent development through grassroots programs and cricket academies. Its initiatives include coaching, infrastructure development, and player welfare programs designed to maintain and enhance India's competitive performance internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Explained: ... board set to earn per ICC revenue ... |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/icc-revenue-share-model-2024-27-each-board-bcci-ecb-ca-pcb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602155204/https://wisden.com/stories/news-stories/icc-revenue-share-model-2024-27-each-board-bcci-ecb-ca-pcb/amp%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiZ37Tu9KT_AhUpzTgGHZKECTwQFnoECCkQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1qiCenmCvI1ZYD_nZGK-hz |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=[[Wisden]]}}</ref>

BCCI was established on 1 December 1928 in [[Madras]] under Act XXI of 1860 of Madras and was subsequently reregistered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act, 1975.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://documents.bcci.tv/documents/bcci/documents/1638281851_BCCI-%20Constitution-.pdf|title=BCCI Constitution|page=16|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> It is a consortium of [[List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|state cricket associations]] that select their representatives who elect the BCCI president. It joined the [[International Cricket Council|Imperial Cricket Conference]] in 1926 which later became the International Cricket Council.<ref name="icc-cricket.com"/> The BCCI is an autonomous, private organization that does not fall under the purview of the [[Government of India]] and does not receive any grants from the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. The BCCI is influential in international cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life changing... |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/life-changing-womens-premier-league-teams-sold-for-806-million-ahead-of-inaugural-tournament/news-story/f6fe3556d127bd40ae68046f47ff0711 |website=Fox sports Australia |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206104649/https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/life-changing-womens-premier-league-teams-sold-for-806-million-ahead-of-inaugural-tournament/news-story/f6fe3556d127bd40ae68046f47ff0711 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |last=Krishna B |first=Venkata |title=BCCI comes under NADA code, but not National Sports Federation yet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/aug/10/bcci-comes-under-nada-code-but-not-national-sports-federation-yet-2016906.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129075418/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/aug/10/bcci-comes-under-nada-code-but-not-national-sports-federation-yet-2016906.html |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=10 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite news |title=BCCI monopoly... |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 January 2015 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/BCCI-monopoly-and-judicial-review/article62119580.ece |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001072439/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/BCCI-monopoly-and-judicial-review/article62119580.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The International Cricket Council shares the largest part of its revenue with the BCCI. Organised by the BCCI, the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) is one of the wealthiest sports leagues in the world.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Explained. The IPL business model and how it compares to sports leagues globally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/explained-the-ipl-business-model-and-how-it-compares-to-sports-leagues-globally/article65547025.ece |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=The Hindu |date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415160141/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/explained-the-ipl-business-model-and-how-it-compares-to-sports-leagues-globally/article65547025.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In financial year 2023–2024, BCCI earned {{INR convert|18700|c|lk=on|year=2024|to=USD}}.<ref name=":7" /> BCCI paid {{INRConvert|4298|c|lk=on|year=2024|to=USD}} in taxes for the financial year 2022–23.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=BCCI paid INR 4298 Cr income tax in last 5 years – MoS Finance |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/127498/bcci-paid-inr-4298-cr-income-tax-in-last-5-years-mos-finance |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AT" />{{refn|group=details|For detail information see [[#Tax payment]].}}

[[R. E. Grant Govan]] was the first BCCI president and [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony De Mello]] was its first secretary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/about/2019/history|title=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330171615/http://www.bcci.tv/about/2019/history|archive-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

BCCI has hosted multiple [[Cricket World Cup]]s,{{Efn|It hosted the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]] [[Cricket World Cup]]s, the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006 Champions Trophy]],the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016 T20 World Cup]],and the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]]. In the context of women tournaments it also hosted [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]].}} It will also host the 2029 Champions Trophy and the [[2031 Cricket World Cup]].{{Efn|the [[2031 Cricket World Cup]] is scheduled to take place in India, but Bangladesh will also serve as a co-host.<ref name=C2/>}}<ref>{{cite web |title=...2024–31 men's tournament hosts confirmed. |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/usa-to-stage-t20-world-cup-2024-2031-icc-mens-tournament-hosts-confirmed |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=icc-cricket |date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The BCCI manages four squads that represent India in international cricket; the [[India national cricket team|men's national cricket team]], the [[India women's national cricket team|women's national cricket team]], the [[India national under-19 cricket team|men's national under-19 cricket team]] and the [[India women's national under-19 cricket team|women's national under-19 cricket team]]. It also governs the developmental squads; the [[India A cricket team|India A team]], the [[India B cricket team|India B team]] and the [[India women's national cricket team|India A women's team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.jagran.com/lite/cricket/bcci-names-shweta-sehrawat-as-captain-of-india-a-squad-for-acc-emerging-womens-asia-cup2023-10080802%26ved%3D2ahUKEwi2vNnmg6X_AhWNslYBHUi4AQsQ0PADKAB6BAgSEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw33w8hhkXGgFzGW7JEIS5uZ|title=India A squad for...|access-date=2 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602164602/https://english.jagran.com/lite/cricket/bcci-names-shweta-sehrawat-as-captain-of-india-a-squad-for-acc-emerging-womens-asia-cup2023-10080802%26ved%3D2ahUKEwi2vNnmg6X_AhWNslYBHUi4AQsQ0PADKAB6BAgSEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw33w8hhkXGgFzGW7JEIS5uZ|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its national selection committee, which is led by chief national selector, selects players for these teams.{{Efn|Senior national selection committee led by 'chief national selector' select players and skipper for India men's national cricket team, India A, B and president's XI teams, while Junior national selection committee of men's and women's selects players and skipper for 'India U19 team', India women's U19 team respectively.}} As part of its duties, the BCCI organises and schedules matches to be played by each of these teams, and schedules, sanctions and organises domestic cricket in India.<ref name=":5">{{cite news|title=T20 World Cup: 'High time BCCI looks into their scheduling' – Ex-Indian captain backs Kohli and co. after loss to NZ|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/high-time-bcci-looks-into-their-scheduling-ex-indian-captain-backs-team-india-players-after-loss-to-nz-in-t20-world-cup-101635765456000.html|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120102946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/high-time-bcci-looks-into-their-scheduling-ex-indian-captain-backs-team-india-players-after-loss-to-nz-in-t20-world-cup-101635765456000.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/bcci-announces-schedule-for-indias-2022-23-domestic-cricket-season/1074333/|title=BCCI announces schedule for India's 2022-23 domestic cricket season|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=8 August 2022|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205744/https://theprint.in/sport/bcci-announces-schedule-for-indias-2022-23-domestic-cricket-season/1074333/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kadam |first=Sandip |script-title=mr:विश्लेषण: क्रिकेट निवड समिती अध्यक्षपदी पुन्हा चेतन शर्मा यांची नियुक्ती कशी? त्यांच्याकडून कोणत्या अपेक्षा असतील? |trans-title=How Chetan Sharma got appointed as chief-selector again? What we should expect from him? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/explained/know-all-about-announcement-of-chetan-sharma-as-president-of-bcci-selection-committee-print-exp-pbs-91-3385670/ |newspaper=Loksatta |date=9 January 2023 |language=mr |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205743/https://www.loksatta.com/explained/know-all-about-announcement-of-chetan-sharma-as-president-of-bcci-selection-committee-print-exp-pbs-91-3385670/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Further|Cricket in India|Sport in India|label1=Overview of cricket in India|label2=Overview of sports in India|History of cricket in India to 1918|History of cricket in India from 1918–19 to 1945}}
{{See also|Category:Cricket in India by decade|label 1=History of cricket in India by decades|History of the Indian cricket team|Cricket in India # History|India national cricket team # History}}

The first game of cricket was played in India by European sailors, who played the sport as a recreational activity in the first half of the 18th century. These sailors played cricket near their coastal settlements. The first recorded match in India was played between the British army and British settlers in 1751. The world's second-oldest cricket club, [[Calcutta Cricket Club]], was founded in 1792 in present-day Kolkata. The [[Parsis]] were the first civilian community to accept cricket as a sport and play it in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzztribe.news/the-oldest-cricket-clubs-in-the-world/|title=The oldest Cricket Clubs in the world. The pride of sport and the spirit are still alive|date=5 August 2022|access-date=19 October 2022|website=Buzztribe News|first=Nirtika|last=Pandita|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123309/https://www.buzztribe.news/the-oldest-cricket-clubs-in-the-world/|archive-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> In 1848, they set up the [[Oriental Cricket Club]] in present-day Mumbai. In 1850, they founded the Young Zoroastrian Cricket Club. In 1886, Hindus founded the [[Hindu Gymkhana, Mumbai|Hindu Gymkhana]] sports club.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |url=https://www.bcci.tv/about%26ved%3D2ahUKEwi0hsfz6Kf6AhVU7TgGHeNyDncQFnoECC0QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1LsDuX6lwoANGd0nCZePwC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229073549/https://www.bcci.tv/about%26ved%3D2ahUKEwi0hsfz6Kf6AhVU7TgGHeNyDncQFnoECC0QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1LsDuX6lwoANGd0nCZePwC |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 February 2024 |website=www.bcci.tv |access-date=22 September 2022 }}</ref>

In 1912, an all-India cricket team visited England for the first time, and were sponsored and captained by the [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Maharaja of Patiala]].<ref>https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1886-the-parsees-are-the-first-team-from-india-to#:~:text=Back,MCC%20triumphed%20by%20an%20innings.</ref> In 1926, two representatives of Calcutta Cricket Club traveled to London to attend meetings of the [[Imperial Cricket Conference]], the predecessor of the current [[International Cricket Council]].<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523360600802562#:~:text=Murray%20Robertson%20and%20William%20Currie,India's%20entry%20into%20the%20ICC.</ref>

Although technically not an official representative of Indian cricket, they were allowed to attend by [[Lord Harris]], chairman of the conference. The outcome of the meeting was the MCC's decision to send a team that was led by [[Arthur Gilligan]], who had captained England in [[The Ashes]], to India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of BCCI, Indian Cricket's Governing Body |url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/history |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>

===Founding and early years===

[[File:CK Nayudu 1930s scan.jpg|thumb|[[CK Nayudu]] (in the 1930s), former Indian cricketer, Indian cricket team's first captain in Test cricket|263x263px]]

In a meeting with the [[Maharaja of Patiala]], [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh Patiala |first=Randhir |last2=Singh |first2=Shubhranshu |date=26 August 2019 |title=Maharaja Bhupinder Singh’s sporting legacy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/maharaja-bhupinder-singh-s-sporting-legacy-822845/ |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> and others, Gilligan promised to press for its inclusion in the ICC if all of the game's promoters in the country united to establish a single controlling body. An assurance was given{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}{{By whom|date=October 2022}}and on 21 November 1927 a meeting was held in [[Delhi]], which was attended by delegates from [[Patiala]], Delhi, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[Rajputana]], [[Alwar]], [[Bhopal]], [[Gwalior]], [[Baroda]], [[Kathiawar]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]. The delegates agreed to create a board for control of cricket in India. On 10 December 1927, a unanimous decision to form a provisional board of control was taken, and the BCCI was formed in December 1928. [[R. E. Grant Govan]] was elected as its first president and Anthony de Mello was secretary.<ref name="maharaja">{{cite book|last=Dass|first=Jarmani|title=Maharaja; lives and loves and intrigues of Indian princes: Volume 56 of Orient paperbacks|year=1969|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhVuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092910/https://books.google.com/books?id=zhVuAAAAMAAJ&q=|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}Page 44</ref>

In 1926, the BCCI joined the Imperial Cricket Council, then the governing body for international cricket. In 1936, the BCCI started India's premier first-class cricket championship the [[Ranji Trophy]], which was named after the first Indian person who played international cricket, the King of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar state]] [[K.S. Ranjitsinhji]],<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=mr:भारतीय क्रिकेटमधील मैलाचा दगड |trans-title=The milestone in Indian cricket. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/indian-cricket-ranji-trophy-ranjit-singh-golden-jubilee-amy-95-3121584 |newspaper=[[Loksatta]] |date=11 September 2022 |language=mr |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205750/https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/indian-cricket-ranji-trophy-ranjit-singh-golden-jubilee-amy-95-3121584 |url-status=live }}</ref> who played for England in international cricket. The [[Mumbai cricket team]] is the most-successful team, winning 42 titles.

In [[Indian cricket team in England in 1932|1932]], India played its maiden Test match under the captaincy of [[C. K. Nayudu]] against England at [[Lord's cricket ground]] in London. During [[English cricket team in India in 1933-34|England's 1933-34 tour of India]], on 17 December 1933, [[Lala Amarnath]] became the first Indian batsman to score a test century, scoring 118 on his debut, at [[Bombay Gymkhana]].<ref>{{cite web|title= भारताचे पहिले कसोटी शतकवीर कोण, तुम्हाला माहित आहेत का?|date= 11 September 2018|url= https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/do-you-know-who-was-indias-first-test-centurion/|access-date= 4 October 2022|archive-date= 4 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221004135732/https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/do-you-know-who-was-indias-first-test-centurion/|url-status= live}}</ref> In [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1967–68|1967–68]], India won its first-ever Test cricket series outside Asia. Previously it had defeated [[Pakistan]], [[New Zealand]] and [[England]], and won series in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Full member ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1945–1987===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1945–46 to 1960|History of cricket in India from 1960–61 to 1970|History of cricket in India from 1970–71 to 1985}}

In 1952, the England team [[English cricket team in India, Pakistan and Ceylon in 1951–52|toured India]]; it was their first tour of India after its [[Partition of India|Independence]]. [[Nigel Howard]] was the captain of touring team.<ref name=T>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/the-rise-of-the-bcci-since-indian-independence/ | title=The rise of the BCCI since Indian independence | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=6 August 2017 | access-date=24 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924113720/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/the-rise-of-the-bcci-since-indian-independence/ | url-status=live | last1=Times | first1=Economic }}</ref> The former India captain Vijaya Ananda Gajapathi Raju, also known as [[Vizzy]], was the BCCI president in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-sir-vizzy-ganguly-2nd-indian-capt-to-be-bcci-prez/articleshow/71728355.cms | title=After Sir Vizzy, Ganguly 2nd Indian capt to be BCCI prez | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 October 2019 | access-date=4 October 2022 | archive-date=4 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004182739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-sir-vizzy-ganguly-2nd-indian-capt-to-be-bcci-prez/articleshow/71728355.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1975, the BCCI paid {{INR|2500}} per match to the test cricketers. Banks, Indian railways and private enterprises would recruit players.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/mar/23/todays-indian-cricketers-earn-600-times-more-than-players-of-1970s-1584946.html | title=Today's Indian cricketers earn 600 times more than players of 1970s | date=23 March 2017 | access-date=24 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924113721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/mar/23/todays-indian-cricketers-earn-600-times-more-than-players-of-1970s-1584946.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The board appointed [[Ajit Wadekar]] captain [[Indian cricket team in England in 1971|in 1971]], the Indian team won their first test series against England on English soil, and against [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 1970–71|the West Indies]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]] made his test debut in latter series.

India won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], defeating the defending champions the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] by 43 runs in the [[1983 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] at Lord's. India also won the [[World Championship of Cricket]] in 1985, defeating Pakistan by eight wickets in the [[1985 World Championship of Cricket Final|final]] at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. The BCCI hosted the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 World Cup]]; it was the first time the event was organised outside England.<ref>{{cite web |title=History|website=Bcci.tv |url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/www.bcci.tv/about/history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229141857/https://www.bcci.tv/about/www.bcci.tv/about/history|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 February 2024|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

===1987–2000===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1985–86 to 2000}}

Through the 1980s and early 1990s, BCCI paid {{INR|5 [[lakh]]}} per match to terrestrial television network [[Doordarshan]] to broadcast the Indian cricket team's matches.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2017 |title=How a cash-strapped BCCI in the early 90s became the world's wealthiest board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Economic Times Blog |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922080835/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

It hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup competitions in [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]].<ref name=C2 />{{Efn|Sri Lanka–Pakistan co-hosted 1996 ODI ICC Cricket world cup with India.}}

In 1991, BCCI proposed South Africa's readmission to international cricket at the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Viswanath |first1=G. |title=Dalmiya enriched Indian cricket: Bacher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-chief-Jagmohan-Dalmiya-enriched-Indian-cricket-says-Ali-Bacher/article60204103.ece |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 September 2015 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205808/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-chief-Jagmohan-Dalmiya-enriched-Indian-cricket-says-Ali-Bacher/article60204103.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> After the proposal succeeded, the BCCI sold television broadcast rights for the first time; [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] purchased the rights to broadcast the [[South African cricket team in India in 1991–92|South African cricket tour of India]], South Africa's first official international tour after the [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era|21-year boycott]] from international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.economictimes.com/definition/bcci |title=What is BCCI? |website=Economic Times |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172421/https://m.economictimes.com/definition/bcci/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time, South Africa joined the "Asian bloc" of the BCCI and its South-Asian neighbours.

In 1993, the BCCI signed a deal with ''[[Trans World International|TransWorld International]]'' (TWI), which would pay the BCCI to televise [[English cricket team in India in 1992–93|England's tour of India]] on satellite television and Doordarshan would pay TWI for the rights to televise the matches in India.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |title=1993: BCCI puts a price on telecast of its cricket matches |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/20030818-1993-bcci-puts-a-price-on-telecast-of-its-cricket-matches-792084-2003-08-17 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=India Today |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205808/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/20030818-1993-bcci-puts-a-price-on-telecast-of-its-cricket-matches-792084-2003-08-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How a cash-strapped BCCI in the early 90s became the world's wealthiest board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Economic Times Blog |date=4 September 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922080835/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[1993 Hero Cup]] was broadcast on [[STAR (India)|Star TV]], which made it the first cricket series to be broadcast on satellite television in India and broke the monopoly of Doordarshan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doordarshan's intransigent attitude sends the Hero Cup for a six |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19931130-doordarshan-intransigent-attitude-sends-the-hero-cup-for-a-six-811887-1993-11-29 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=India Today |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104203558/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19931130-doordarshan-intransigent-attitude-sends-the-hero-cup-for-a-six-811887-1993-11-29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> A lengthy legal battle between Doordarshan and the BCCI—which was led by [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]] and president [[I. S. Bindra]]—ensued. In February 1995, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled the television rights of India's matches were a commodity belonging to the BCCI, for which the broadcaster must pay BCCI and not the other way around.<ref name="icon">{{cite news |title=Cricket's canny iconoclast |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jagmohan-dalmiya-cricket-s-canny-iconoclast-922183 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205808/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jagmohan-dalmiya-cricket-s-canny-iconoclast-922183 |url-status=live }}</ref>

BCCI, in a joint bid with Pakistan and Sri Lanka, won the rights to host the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]], defeating the England-and-Australia bloc. The tournament was a commercial success,<ref name="gorilla"/> yielding the ICC a profit of $50 million.<ref name="icon"/>

In 1997, Dalmiya became the [[List of International Cricket Council presidents|president of the ICC]].<ref name="gorilla">{{cite news |last1=Ananth |first1=Venkat |title=How BCCI became the 800-pound gorilla of cricket |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pVdCJRSBBid7eVxuCwfqcK/How-India-became-the-800-pound-gorilla-of-cricket.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Mint |date=8 December 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205808/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pVdCJRSBBid7eVxuCwfqcK/How-India-became-the-800-pound-gorilla-of-cricket.html |url-status=live }}</ref> With Dalmiya at the head of the ICC, the BCCI led a successful proposal to grant [[Test status]] to [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] in 1999–2000.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Indian power play helped Bangladesh rise |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/060217/how-indian-power-play-helped-bangladesh-rise.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205808/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/060217/how-indian-power-play-helped-bangladesh-rise.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===21st century===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 2000–01}}

{{See also|Category:Indian_cricket_in_the_21st_century|label1=Indian cricket in 21st centuary}}
Since 2000, the BCCI has hosted and organised multiple ICC cricket World Cups competitions that is men's [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 ODI world cup]],{{Efn|Bangladesh and Sri Lanka served as Co-host with India.}} the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 ODI world cup]], the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016 T20 world cup]], the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]] and [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021 T20 world cups]];{{Efn|2021 ICC T20 world cup was scheduled to take place in India but it was moved to [[UAE]] due to [[COVID-19]] outbreak in India but hosting rights and commercial benefits remained with India's BCCI.<ref name=C2>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2180451|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 to move to UAE and Oman|website=www.icc-cricket.com|access-date=6 November 2022|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609200715/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2180451|url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup|2013]], [[2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2016]] Women's Cricket world cups.

In 2007, the BCCI established the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), an annual, franchise-based, [[Twenty20 cricket]] league. In 2008, the BCCI sold the ownership rights of eight city-based franchises to corporate groups and Bollywood celebrities in a closed auction for a total of {{USD}}723.49 million;<ref>{{cite news |title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418005531/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193 |url-status=live }}</ref> it also sold the tournament's global media rights for 10 years to [[World Sport Group]] for {{USD}}1.03 billion. The media deal was re-negotiated the following year to $1.6 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehra |first1=Priyanka |last2=Shukla |first2=Archna |title=The curious case of Indian cricket |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/vcpLvHXohDpOcco98G7WuO/The-curious-case-of-Indian-cricket.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Mint |date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104213244/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/vcpLvHXohDpOcco98G7WuO/The-curious-case-of-Indian-cricket.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the BCCI expanded the league to 10 teams, selling two new franchises for a total of {{USD}}703 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=For $703 million, Pune & Kochi join IPL season 4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/for-703-million-pune-kochi-join-ipl-season-4/articleshow/5710112.cms |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104213243/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/for-703-million-pune-kochi-join-ipl-season-4/articleshow/5710112.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the IPL's commercial success, similarly styled Twenty20 leagues appeared around the world, as did franchise-based leagues in other sports in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol |title=How did IPL become a success story? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/how-did-ipl-become-a-success-story/article24001697.ece |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=26 May 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104213243/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/how-did-ipl-become-a-success-story/article24001697.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=Bhanu |title=IPL impact: 5 new sports leagues come up in 18 months, non-cricket sports have no dearth of sponsors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/ipl-impact-5-new-sports-leagues-come-up-in-18-months-non-cricket-sports-have-no-dearth-of-sponsors/articleshow/12225965.cms |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104213245/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/ipl-impact-5-new-sports-leagues-come-up-in-18-months-non-cricket-sports-have-no-dearth-of-sponsors/articleshow/12225965.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A rebel league, [[Indian Cricket League]] (ICL) was owned and operated by [[Essel Group]]. BCCI banned Indian players who played in the ICL, including [[Hemang Badani]], [[Dinesh Mongia]], [[Rohan Gavaskar]] and [[Ambati Rayudu]], but later gave amnesty to these players and lifted theirs bans after they ended their ties with the ICL.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=BCCI lifts ban on Kapil Dev after he snaps ties with ICL |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/bcci-lifts-ban-on-kapil-dev-after-he-snaps-ties-with-icl-111018-2012-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508070637/https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/bcci-lifts-ban-on-kapil-dev-after-he-snaps-ties-with-icl-111018-2012-07-25 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=India Today }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2019 |title=Rayudu's ICL Ban to WC Snub – A Career That Never Really Took Off |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/ambati-rayudu-career-journey-icl-to-team-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508070637/https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/ambati-rayudu-career-journey-icl-to-team-india |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=TheQuint }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Cricket Board lifts ban on ICL players |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/indian-cricket-board-lifts-ban-on-icl-players-1599146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508071829/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/indian-cricket-board-lifts-ban-on-icl-players-1599146 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=NDTVSports.com }}</ref> The BCCI blacklisted Essel Group company [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] due to this league, and expelled it from the BCCI in 2021. Zee was prohibited from buying BCCI's media rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCCI to rope in KPMG for media rights bid process|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-rope-in-kpmg-for-media-rights-bid-process-7690532/|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 December 2021|access-date=6 November 2022|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106124537/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-rope-in-kpmg-for-media-rights-bid-process-7690532/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, the BCCI sold the Indian cricket team's media rights to Zee for the 2006-11 period but after Essel Group initiated the ICL, the BCCI terminated this deal. Zee fought a long legal battle with the BCCI; on 12 March 2018, a tribunal headed by three judges found BCCI guilty and asked them to pay Zee {{INR|140 crores}} for losses. The tribunal found blacklisting of Zee by BCCI was illegal and said in judgement; "To us it seems that BCCI was exploiting its dominating position in respect of game of cricket in India" and also added Zee and its affiliated companies to the blacklist and banning them from participating in the BCCI bidding process was illegal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2018 |title=Tribunal finds blacklisting of ZEE 'illegal', asks BCCI to pay Rs 140 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tribunal-finds-blacklisting-of-zee-illegal-asks-bcci-to-pay-rs-140-crore/article20529063.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118171844/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tribunal-finds-blacklisting-of-zee-illegal-asks-bcci-to-pay-rs-140-crore/article20529063.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2010, the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] criticized the BCCI and organizers of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] over the absence of Pakistani players,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/34224/pakistan-blames-india-for-lack-of-players-in-ipl|title=Pakistan blames India for lack of players in IPL}}</ref> after the Pakistani cricketers were not selected in auctions from the second season in 2009 and third season in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/pakistan-players-hurt-by-ipl-snub-65319-2010-01-18|title=Pakistan players hurt by IPL snub}}</ref> Media reports attributed the continued absence of Pakistani players to security concerns and geopolitical tensions following the [[2008 Mumbai Attacks|November 2008 terror attacks]] in [[Mumbai]], which were carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a Pakistan-based militant group.<ref>[https://www.sportingnews.com/uk/cricket/news/ipl-2023-why-arent-pakistan-players-indian-premier-league/fhamxhorobjqnxcioy8s5ipb#:~:text=Due%20to%20the%202008%20Mumbai,banned%20from%20joining%20the%20IPL. IPL 2023: Why aren't Pakistan players in the Indian Premier League?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121094650/https://www.sportingnews.com/uk/cricket/news/ipl-2023-why-arent-pakistan-players-indian-premier-league/fhamxhorobjqnxcioy8s5ipb#:~:text=Due%20to%20the%202008%20Mumbai,banned%20from%20joining%20the%20IPL. |date=21 November 2023 }} The Sporting News, 27 May 2023.</ref>

The BCCI does not allow its contracted, non-contracted, national and domestic players to participate in any cricket leagues abroad. Only players who have retired from all formats of Indian cricket can take part in foreign leagues. Players such as [[Adam Gilchrist]] have questioned this policy. Indian players such as [[Suresh Raina]] and [[Robin Uthappa]] have urged the board to allow non-contracted players like them to participate in foreign leagues.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=CSK can't use MS Dhoni as mentor in SA T20 League |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/no-indian-player-can-play-or-mentor-any-team-in-overseas-t20-leagues-bcci-8087141/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012144020/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/no-indian-player-can-play-or-mentor-any-team-in-overseas-t20-leagues-bcci-8087141/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Revealed: Why BCCI doesn't allow its players to participate in foreign leagues |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/revealed-why-bcci-doesnt-allow-its-players-to-participate-in-foreign-leagues/595643 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012152721/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/revealed-why-bcci-doesnt-allow-its-players-to-participate-in-foreign-leagues/595643 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[India Cements]]-[[Chennai Super Kings]] owner and former president [[N. Srinivasan]] was criticised for his alleged biased behaviour towards some state boards by awarding them ODI, Test and T20I matches while in office, possibly in violation of the board's rotation policy on venues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-go-back-to-rotation-policy/lite/&ved=2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3cra9ZL_wTYlwhdXl-jA3w&ampcf=1|title=BCCI to go back to rotation policy|website=Indianexpress.com|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145202/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-go-back-to-rotation-policy/lite/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECAQQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3cra9ZL_wTYlwhdXl-jA3w%26ampcf%3D1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stars">{{cite web |date=7 September 2010 |title=Australia stars in contract dispute after Cricket Australia makes IPL cash grab |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/indian-premier-league/australia-stars-in-contract-dispute-after-cricket-australia-makes-ipl-cash-grab/news-story/69aca1333b2bbc3e07df1a9d1192bd0e |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=Fox Sports |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115192541/https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/indian-premier-league/australia-stars-in-contract-dispute-after-cricket-australia-makes-ipl-cash-grab/news-story/69aca1333b2bbc3e07df1a9d1192bd0e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/22863942/venues-decided-rotation-policy-bcci-secretary&ved=2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECD0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1XYDcaKAJrYXX_5mkz_OI6|title=Venues decided by rotation policy – BCCI secretary|website=Espn.in|date=15 July 2008|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145244/https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/22863942/venues-decided-rotation-policy-bcci-secretary%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECD0QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1XYDcaKAJrYXX_5mkz_OI6|url-status=live}}</ref> During Srinivasan's tenure as treasurer in BCCI before he became the president, the board constitution was amended to facilitate him to buy an IPL franchise, through his company India Cements during the 2008 IPL team auction (an event held where 8 teams was sold through an open auction).<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=How Srinivasan changed BCCI rule book to own Chennai Super Kings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/srinivasan-changed-bcci-rule-book-to-own-chennai-super-kings-164231-2013-05-22 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=India Today |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130658/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/srinivasan-changed-bcci-rule-book-to-own-chennai-super-kings-164231-2013-05-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Srinivasan courted further controversy for appointing India national side's and Chennai Super Kings' (CSK) captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] as a vice-president of India Cements.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Mahendra Singh Dhoni named India Cements vice-president |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahendra-singh-dhoni-named-india-cements-vice-president/articleshow/18289774.cms |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Economic Times |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118161954/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahendra-singh-dhoni-named-india-cements-vice-president/articleshow/18289774.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He also interfered in national team's selection, in 2012 ex-BCCI selector [[Mohinder Amarnath]] revealed that selectors wanted to sack Dhoni from skipper post, after India lost 8 test in a row, including "disastrous series in Australia", they wanted to replace him, it was a unanimous decision by selectors, but Srinivasan didn't allow it to happen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2012 |title=Five selectors wanted to sack MS Dhoni but BCCI chief Srinivasan prevented it: Mohinder Amarnath |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/five-selectors-wanted-to-sack-ms-dhoni-but-bcci-chief-srinivasan-prevented-it-mohinder-amarnath/articleshow/17586651.cms |access-date=1 July 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701070216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/five-selectors-wanted-to-sack-ms-dhoni-but-bcci-chief-srinivasan-prevented-it-mohinder-amarnath/articleshow/17586651.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Srinivasan's son-in-law [[Gurunath Meiyappan]], who was team principal of CSK, was arrested for involvement in Spot-fixing and betting. Then unrecognised state association by BCCI, the [[Bihar Cricket Association]], filed a petition against it for mismanagement and conflict of interest in its investigation of [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case|2013 IPL corruption scandal]]. In 2013, Mumbai police arrested the Indian cricket team's regular player [[S. Sreesanth]], other players and IPL team owners of Chennai Super Kings and [[Rajasthan Royals]] for their dealings with the illegal betting industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court approves new BCCI constitution, with a couple of key tweaks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |website=ESPN |date=9 August 2018 |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173845/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015,
[[Supreme Court of India]] appointed a committee to make reforms in BCCI, headed by justice [[R. M. Lodha]], the [[Lodha Committee]] suspended CSK from the IPL for two years and suspended Meiyappan from cricket activities for life but many other suggested were not implemented by the BCCI and as a result the Supreme Court removed BCCI officials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court bars N Srinivasan, Niranjan Shah from attending BCCI SGM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/supreme-court-bars-n-srinivasan-niranjan-shah-from-attending-bcci-sgm-4765025/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721112343/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/supreme-court-bars-n-srinivasan-niranjan-shah-from-attending-bcci-sgm-4765025/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Mahendra Singh Dhoni named India Cements vice-president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/csk-rr-suspended-from-ipl-for-2-years-meiyappan-kundra-banned-for-life/articleshow/48067702.cms |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Times of India |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118161954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/csk-rr-suspended-from-ipl-for-2-years-meiyappan-kundra-banned-for-life/articleshow/48067702.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, [[Rupa Gurunath]]—N Shrinivasan's daughter and Gurunath Meiyappan's wife—who was then president of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]], was found guilty of conflict of interest by the BCCI's ethics officer Justice [[D. K. Jain]]. In 2015, the Supreme Court of India barred Srinivasan from the BCCI for contesting elections due to his conflict of interests; the court also struck down the amendments of BCCI constitution that had allowed him to own and operate an IPL team. However he still owns the CSK franchise. In January 2015, Supreme court quashed BCCI's rule, which allowed its administrators to have financial interests in cash rich leagues such as Championship league, IPL etc. The court barred individuals including N. Shrinivasan from BCCI election, who have financial interests in events organised by BCCI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=N Srinivasan can't contest BCCI elections, board functions public and amenable to judicial reviews, says Supreme Court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/gurunath-meiyappan-was-involved-in-betting-bcci-functions-are-public-supreme-court/ |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721120052/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/gurunath-meiyappan-was-involved-in-betting-bcci-functions-are-public-supreme-court/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 January 2017, The Supreme Court of India nominated a four-member 'Committee of Administrators' (COA) composed of [[Vinod Rai]], [[Ramachandra Guha]], [[Vikram Limaye]] and [[Diana Edulji]] to administer the BCCI to implement Lodha Committee's reforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jan/30/supreme-court-appoints-four-member-panel-to-run-bcci-1565082--1.html |title=Supreme Court appoints four-member panel to run BCCI |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053934/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jan/30/supreme-court-appoints-four-member-panel-to-run-bcci-1565082--1.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vinod Rai, a retired civil servant and the former [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], led the committee, which administered the board until elections could be conducted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ready-for-all-possible-scenarios-coa-head-rai-on-ct-future/articleshow/58420345.cms |title=Ready for all possible scenarios: COA head Rai on CT future. Cricket News |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 April 2017 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428235935/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ready-for-all-possible-scenarios-coa-head-rai-on-ct-future/articleshow/58420345.cms |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html |title='Stop confronting, start talking' |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103816/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html |archive-date=11 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html|title='Stop confronting, start talking'|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103816/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html|archive-date=11 May 2017|access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref>

In 2014, the BCCI, Cricket Australia and the England and Wales Cricket Board seized control of several of the ICC's key committees to form the "[[Big Three (cricket)|Big Three]]". The foundation of the "Big Three" would result in a complete remodelling of world cricket, with India, England, and Australia now commanding most of cricket's revenue for the foreseeable future.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramani |first=Srinivasan |date=2008 |title=Cricket, Excesses and Market Mania |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=13–15}}</ref>{{ISBN missing|date=May 2023}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/cricket/05iht-cricket05.html|title=No Easy Cure for Indian Cricket|last=Richards|first=Huw|date=4 June 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 March 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103054347/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/cricket/05iht-cricket05.html|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2017, the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (PCB) sent a legal notice and a compensation claim of US$60 million to the BCCI after bilateral series agreed through a 2014 Memorandum of Understanding did not take place, six of which were scheduled between 2015 and 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/bcci-served-with-legal-notice-from-pcb-for-not-playing-bilateral-series-with-pakistan-as-per-the-mou-276993.html|title=BCCI served with legal notice from PCB for not playing bilateral series with Pakistan as per the MoU}}</ref> The ICC Dispute Resolution Committee conducted a three-day hearing and concluded that the agreement was not binding and that the PCB’s compensation claim was unproven, ruling in favor of the BCCI.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/pcb-bcci-icc-compensation-case-india-vs-pakistan-bilateral-series-1392451-2018-11-20|title=ICC dismisses Pakistan Cricket Board's compensation case against BCCI}}</ref>

In 2019, the BCCI recognised retired players' union, the Indian Cricketers' Association (ICA), which was formed after the Supreme court appointed Lodha Committee's recommendation to form an independent organisation for welfare of nation's players. The board also includes this union's one person as "ICA representative" in BCCI and IPL's apex governing council.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BCI approves Indian cricketers association |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-approves-indian-cricketers-association/articleshow/70352373.cms |website=Times of India|date=23 July 2019 }}</ref>

In 2021 BCCI sacked [[Virat Kohli]] from ODI captaincy, then President Ganguly told media that the BCCI asked him to remain captain but Kohli was not interested. After which Kohli took a press conference and contradicted him (Ganguly), revealing that BCCI did not ask him to remain captain. In February 2023, in a sting operation of [[Zee News]], then chief national selector [[Chetan Sharma]], made shocking revelations, accusing Kohli of lying and in fact president Ganguly had told him to remain as captain, in a meeting in front of all the selectors. According to Sharma, Virat Kohli was considering himself bigger than BCCI and wanted to teach a lesson to the president of the BCCI. He also revealed that after Kohli resigned from T20 captaincy, BCCI decided to sack him from ODI captaincy as well because they did not want two separate captains for limited overs format.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/he-wanted-to-teach-ganguly-a-lesson-chetan-sharma-on-ego-clash-between-virat-kohli-and-ex-bcci-president-article-97942636 | title='He wanted to teach Ganguly a lesson': Chetan Sharma on 'ego clash' between Virat Kohli and ex-BCCI president | date=15 February 2023 | access-date=15 February 2023 | archive-date=15 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215150910/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/he-wanted-to-teach-ganguly-a-lesson-chetan-sharma-on-ego-clash-between-virat-kohli-and-ex-bcci-president-article-97942636 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 February 2022, it laid foundation stone for new [[National Cricket Academy]] (NCA) at [[Bengaluru]], which will replace old NCA located near [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |date=14 February 2022 |title=Work begins on new NCA in Bengaluru, foundation stone laid by BCCI brass |work=The Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/work-begins-on-new-nca-in-bengaluru-foundation-stone-laid-by-bcci-brass/articleshow/89566659.cms |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028090335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/work-begins-on-new-nca-in-bengaluru-foundation-stone-laid-by-bcci-brass/articleshow/89566659.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==National teams==

'''Men's Test team''': [[India national cricket team|India]] played their first Test match against England in 1932 and has since become one of the most dominant teams in Test cricket. India has been a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since its inception in 1909. As of June 2025, the position of Men's Test captain is held by [[Shubman Gill]].

'''Men's white-ball team''': [[India national cricket team|India]] played their first One-Day International against England in 1974, and their first Twenty20 International against South Africa in 2006. India won the Cricket World Cup for the first time in 1983 and secured their second title in 2011. India won the first T20 World Cup in 2007, followed by winning their second title in 2024 and a record third title in 2026. India won the Champions Trophy, a record three times, in 2002, 2013 and 2025. As of June 2025, the position of Men's ODI captain is held by [[Shubman Gill]] and the position of Men's T20I captain is held by [[Suryakumar Yadav]].

'''Women's team''': [[India women's national cricket team|India]] played their first Women's Test match against West Indies in 1976, and their first Women's One-Day International and Women's Twenty20 International against England in 1978 and 2006 respectively. India won the Women's Cricket World Cup for the first time in 2025. As of June 2025, the position of Women's team captain is held by [[Harmanpreet Kaur]].

'''Under-19 teams''': [[India national under-19 cricket team|India men's U-19]] and [[India women's national under-19 cricket team|India women's U-19]] teams regularly compete in the Under-19 Cricket World Cups, and have won it a record six and a record two times respectively. The most recent captains as of 2025 are Uday Saharan and Niki Prasad respectively.

'''Reserves' teams''': [[India A cricket team|India A]] is the second-tier men's team, focusing on developing players and providing them with exposure through tours and warm-up matches. The team plays in various formats to prepare players for the senior team. Similarly, [[India women's national cricket team|India A women's]] is the second-tier women's team, and [[India B cricket team|India B]] is the third-tier men's team.

'''Disability teams''': The BCCI is committed to growing cricket opportunities for people with disabilities in India. They govern the Physical Disability team,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/india/men/news/2679045/india-disability-cricket |title=India Disability Cricket |website=BCCI |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405021405/https://www.bcci.tv/india/men/news/2679045/india-disability-cricket |url-status=live }}</ref>
the Learning Disability team,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/news/408814/india-name-squad-for-learning-disability-tri-series |title=India name squad for Learning Disability Tri-Series |date=11 May 2017 |website=BCCI |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114113221/https://www.bcci.tv/news/408814/india-name-squad-for-learning-disability-tri-series |url-status=live }}</ref>
the [[India national blind cricket team|Visually Impaired team]],
and the [[India national deaf cricket team|Deaf team]].

== Association members ==
{{Main|List of member associations of the BCCI}}

==Domestic tournaments and teams ==
{{Main|List of BCCI domestic tournaments and teams}}

== Administration ==
{{Further|Category: Cricket administration in India|label1=Cricket administration in India}}

===Constitution===
The BCCI is governed by its constitution. The board has been prohibited by the [[Supreme Court of India]] from amending its own constitution without its approval.<ref name=C/>

=== Headquarters ===
The BCCI's headquarters is located at the Cricket Centre within the premises of the [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Qaiser Mohammad Ali New |date=27 May 2015 |title=BCCI spending more on insurance policies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |access-date=20 May 2022 |newspaper=India Today |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104453/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Legal status===
BCCI is registered as a society in Tamil Nadu under the societies registration act, is an autonomous body and does not receive any grants or funding from the Indian government.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI Under RTI: World's Richest Cricket Body Is Now Answerable To The People Of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bcci-under-rti-worlds-richest-cricket-body-is-now-answerable-to-the-people-of-india/317566 |website=www.outlookindia.com |date=2 October 2018 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720035607/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bcci-under-rti-worlds-richest-cricket-body-is-now-answerable-to-the-people-of-india/317566 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, in the Supreme Court of India, the BCCI stated that the Indian cricket team is the official team of BCCI and not the official team of India and it does not fly the national flag or uses any national emblem in the activities of the board. The BCCI recommends its players for prestigious awards such as the [[Arjuna award]] but says it is not a national sports federation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/yes-team-india-needs-bcci-to-be-a-public-body/|title=Yes, Team India needs BCCI to be a public body|date=19 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210035531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/yes-team-india-needs-bcci-to-be-a-public-body/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since its foundation, the BCCI has not been officially sanctioned by Government of India and after being started as a national governing body of cricket in India, it is the sole representative of India in [[International Cricket Council]].<ref name=":8">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/pil-to-prohibit-bcci-from-representing-india/articleshow/67203263.cms|title=bcci: PIL to prohibit BCCI from representing India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210034027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/pil-to-prohibit-bcci-from-representing-india/articleshow/67203263.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Logo===
The BCCI's logo is derived from the ''[[Star of India (flag)|Star of India]]'' emblem. According to [[Information Commissioner of India|Information Commissioner]] [[Madabhushi Sridhar|Sridhar Acharyulu]], the logo was designed by the [[British Raj|Government of India]] in 1928. It is 90% similar to the ''Star of India''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why Team India still uses British-era logo: CIC to PMO|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-cic-to-pmo/articleshow/59202742.cms|access-date=27 November 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127135158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-cic-to-pmo/articleshow/59202742.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why Team India still uses British-era logo: Central Information Commission to PMO|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-central-information-commission-to-pmo/articleshow/59202287.cms|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127133202/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-central-information-commission-to-pmo/articleshow/59202287.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The BCCI was alleged to use old official government emblem without prior permission from Government of India and it is an offence under the [[Emblems and Names (Prevention of improper use) Act 1950|Emblem and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.]]<ref name=":8" />

===National teams===
The BCCI manages four squads that represent India in international cricket; the [[India national cricket team|men's national cricket team]], the [[India women's national cricket team|women's national cricket team]], the [[India national under-19 cricket team|men's national under-19 cricket team]] and the [[India women's national under-19 cricket team|women's national under-19 cricket team]]. It also governs the developmental squads; the [[India A cricket team|India A team]], the [[India B cricket team|India B team]] and the [[India women's national cricket team|India A women's team]]. [[Shubman Gill]] is the Test and ODI captain of the Indian men's national cricket team. [[Suryakumar Yadav]] is the T20 captain of the Indian men's national cricket team. [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] is the captain of the Indian women's national cricket team. India won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]] and [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] Cricket World Cups, and the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]], [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] and [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] T20 World Cups. India have also won the Champions Trophy, a record three times, in [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy|2002]], [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy|2013]] and [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025]]. India have also won the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] Women's Cricket World Cup.

=== Anti-corruption unit ===
The BCCI has a special anti-corruption unit that is responsible for preventing malpractice in cricket within India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/anti-corruption|title=Anti Corruption|website=Bcci.tv|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123161548/https://www.bcci.tv/about/anti-corruption|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/dark-side-of-cricket-future-of-mini-ipls-looks-bleak-as-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-waves-a-red-flag/2188525/lite/|title=Dark side of Cricket! Future of mini-IPLs looks bleak as BCCI anti-corruption unit waves a red flag|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=5 February 2021|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127133644/https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/dark-side-of-cricket-future-of-mini-ipls-looks-bleak-as-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-waves-a-red-flag/2188525/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> This unit is responsible for investigating unlawful activities such as betting, spot-fixing, match-fixing and corrupt approaches to players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2020-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-starts-investigation-after-player-reports-corrupt-approach-1728071-2020-10-03|title=IPL 2020: BCCI Anti-corruption unit starts investigation after player reports corrupt approach|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=3 October 2020 |access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127134439/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2020-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-starts-investigation-after-player-reports-corrupt-approach-1728071-2020-10-03|url-status=live}}</ref> Shabir Hussein has been the head of this unit since April 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title= BCCI appoints former Gujarat DGP Shabir Hussein as its Anti-Corruption Unit chief ahead of IPL 2021|date= 5 April 2021|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-appoints-former-gujarat-dgp-shabir-hussein-as-its-anti-corruption-unit-chief-1787286-2021-04-05|access-date= 9 October 2022|archive-date= 9 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221009040833/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-appoints-former-gujarat-dgp-shabir-hussein-as-its-anti-corruption-unit-chief-1787286-2021-04-05|url-status= live}}</ref>

==== Ethics officer ====
Former Indian Supreme Court judge [[Vineet Saran]] is the BCCI's incumbent ethics officer and ombudsman. He was appointed in June 2022.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/former-sc-judge-vineet-saran-appointed-bcci-ethics-officer/article65659583.ece | title=Former SC judge Vineet Saran appointed BCCI ethics officer | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 July 2022 | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928152648/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/former-sc-judge-vineet-saran-appointed-bcci-ethics-officer/article65659583.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The board created this ethics officer post in 2017 due to increasing complaints of [[conflict of interest]] in the board's office holders, employees and associated people. The officer reviews complaints of conflict of interest.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI to have ethics officer to look into conflict of interest |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-bcci-to-have-ethics-officer-to-look-into-conflict-of-interest-2470133 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=DNA India |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928153706/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-bcci-to-have-ethics-officer-to-look-into-conflict-of-interest-2470133 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Anti-doping unit====
Dr. Abhijit Salvi is the head of BCCI's anti-doping unit. NADA sends qualified doctors to collect blood and urine sample of players and later analyse it in lab to find out performance-enhancing drugs or steroids in blood. After that BCCI takes appropriate actions if found doing violations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/news-detail-819625|title=BCCI wants docs to collect dope samples, be involved in testing : The Tribune India|access-date=4 April 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307210004/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/news-detail-819625|url-status=live}}</ref>

For many years the BCCI consistently opposed to adhere regulations of the [[National Anti-Doping Agency (India)|National Anti-Doping Agency, India]] (NADA). On 9 August 2019, it agreed to adhere the anti-doping mechanisms governed by the NADA.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI agrees to come under NADA ambit |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27354021/bcci-agrees-come-nada-ambit |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2019 |date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140135/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27354021/bcci-agrees-come-nada-ambit |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI finally comes under NADA, first step towards becoming National Sports Federation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-finally-comes-under-nada-officially-becomes-national-sports-federation/articleshow/70602918.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809183112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-finally-comes-under-nada-officially-becomes-national-sports-federation/articleshow/70602918.cms |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Former chief national selector [[Chetan Sharma]] has alleged that lots of Indian players take injections to expedite their return in the national team despite being 80 to 85% fit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/the-bcci-sting-kohli-vs-ganguly-performance-injections-more-what-chetan-sharma-revealed/2982546/ | title=The BCCI Sting: Kohli vs Ganguly, performance injections and more – What Chetan Sharma revealed. the Financial Express | date=15 February 2023 | access-date=15 February 2023 | archive-date=15 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215145353/https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/the-bcci-sting-kohli-vs-ganguly-performance-injections-more-what-chetan-sharma-revealed/2982546/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Chetan Sharma resigns as India's chairman of selectors after TV sting operation |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chetan-sharma-resigns-as-indias-chairman-of-selectors-after-sting-operation-1359379 |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217072259/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chetan-sharma-resigns-as-indias-chairman-of-selectors-after-sting-operation-1359379 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Television production ===
In 2012, the BCCI established its own [[Producing house|production house]]. The BCCI's broadcast service produces coverage of international matches of the Indian national cricket team those held in India and matches of leading domestic tournaments including the IPL. Until 2012, the BCCI paid the production costs to the company who purchased the [[Broadcasting contracts in cricket|media rights]] from them. [[Nimbus Communications]] did production for the BCCI for many years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-to-now-produce-all-its-matches-110982-2012-07-25|title=BCCI to now produce all its matches|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117114101/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-to-now-produce-all-its-matches-110982-2012-07-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The BCCI's production house holds production rights and copyrights of Indian cricket's content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-holds-firm-on-broadcaster-fees-588166|title=BCCI holds firm on broadcaster fees|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117114100/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-holds-firm-on-broadcaster-fees-588166|url-status=live}}</ref> The BCCI broadcasts video highlights of domestic and bilateral cricket series in India on its website.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power-packed: Hardik Pandya hammers 71*(30) |url=https://www.bcci.tv/videos/5557331/power-packed-hardik-pandya-hammers-7130 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922064216/https://www.bcci.tv/videos/5557331/power-packed-hardik-pandya-hammers-7130 |url-status=live }}</ref> Starting in July 2023, it will broadcast live, important domestic games form tournaments such as [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]] on its website.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2023 |title=BCCI wakes up finally, to... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-wakes-up-finally-to-live-stream-duleep-trophy-final-and-deodhar-games/articleshow/101646898.cms?_gl=1*5he996*_ga*MTYwMjgwNjU4Ny4xNjg5MDU2MzM3*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY4OTA1NjM0Mi4xLjEuMTY4OTA1NjM1Ni40Ni4wLjA. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024150006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-wakes-up-finally-to-live-stream-duleep-trophy-final-and-deodhar-games/articleshow/101646898.cms?_gl=1%2A5he996%2A_ga%2AMTYwMjgwNjU4Ny4xNjg5MDU2MzM3%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTY4OTA1NjM0Mi4xLjEuMTY4OTA1NjM1Ni40Ni4wLjA.&from=mdr |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Officials===
Politicians from multiple political parties have held positions within BCCI; [[Sharad Pawar]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Madhavrao Scindia]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Anurag Thakur]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) were BCCI presidents, {{as of|2023}}, latter's brother Arun Singh Dhumal is the IPL chairman. Jay Shah, the son of the Home Minister of India [[Amit Shah]], is BCCI's secretary. [[Rajiv Shukla]] of the Congress party is its vice-president, he is in BCCI continuously since 2000s and held various top positions, he was IPL president from 2011 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI revamp: Rajeev Shukla, for whom grass is always. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajeev-shukla-congress-mp-cricket-administrator-bcci-ipl-bjp-8213504/ |website=[[Indian express]] |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624183501/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajeev-shukla-congress-mp-cricket-administrator-bcci-ipl-bjp-8213504/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ashish Shelar]] of BJP is the treasurer.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=State association and long hist of politicians in BCCI |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/state-associations-bcci-and-the-long-history-of-politicians-in-cricket--news-225003/amp&ved=2ahUKEwiVldLm_Ob7AhUiT2wGHYPdDokQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1sFXmGIdOJfUQqffPdfNK- |magazine=Outlook}}</ref>

==== President ====
President is an elected position, and is considered the most-powerful position in the BCCI administration. Due to the president's financial power and the popularity of cricket in India, it is considered as a highly prestigious position. The President of the BCCI presides over the meeting of the apex council and the general body. He signs audited annual accounts and financial statements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly to head BCCI: What is the role of BCCI President? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121510/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly to head BCCI: What is the role of BCCI President? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170758/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The full-member state boards can vote in the presidential election. Gujarat and Maharashtra have more than one full member but as per the Lodha Committee, supreme court guidelines state any state can have only one vote in the election at any time.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=18 July 2019 |title=Cricket Association of Pondicherry is a Full Member of BCCI |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |access-date=19 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920190913/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Former Indian cricketer [[Mithun Manhas]] is the incumbent President of the BCCI. He succeeded [[Roger Binny]].

====Secretary====
'BCCI secretary' is the second most powerful and important post after president. Secretary signs all the contracts and carries correspondence on behalf of BCCI. [[Jay Shah]] was the incumbent secretary till 30 November 2024 as he took charge as the [[Chairman]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] on 1 December 2024 succeeding [[Greg Barclay]]. The secretary have power to take action or defend office bearers, employees of the BCCI.<ref name=C>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-cricket-what-the-supreme-court-judgment-means-for-the-bcci-sourav-ganguly-and-jay-shah-1335253|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920021157/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-cricket-what-the-supreme-court-judgment-means-for-the-bcci-sourav-ganguly-and-jay-shah-1335253?platform=amp|title=Reform rollback - What the Supreme Court judgment means for the BCCI|archive-date=20 September 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jay-shah-likely-to-become-bcci-secretary-here-are-the-responsibilities-of-secretary | title=Jay Shah likely to become BCCI secretary; here are the responsibilities of Secretary | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171035/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/india/jay-shah-likely-to-become-bcci-secretary-here-are-the-responsibilities-of-secretary | url-status=live }}</ref> Shah was also the president of the [[Asian Cricket Council]] until 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Shah takes over as Asian Cricket Council President |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/jay-shah-appointed-president-of-asian-cricket-council/articleshow/80603164.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130131348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/jay-shah-appointed-president-of-asian-cricket-council/articleshow/80603164.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2021 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

==== National selectors ====
{{Main|India national cricket team selectors}}

National selectors are responsible for selecting national men's senior team. It also select male junior teams [[India A]] and [[India B cricket team|India B]], which represent India in second-and-third tiers of international cricket. The selection committee is composed of five former cricketers from five different zones of the country, [[Shiv Sunder Das|Shivasundar Das]], [[Sridharan Sharath]], [[Salil Ankola]] and [[Subroto Banerjee]] are its present members. Chief selector's position is vacant as of 22 May 2023<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/sports/cricket/cricket-news/bcci-announces-new-selection-committee-chetan-sharma-back-as-chairman/articleshow/96816051.cms|title=New Selection Committee: नव्या निवड समितीची घोषणा करताना BCCIने दिला मोठा धक्का, चार नवे चेहरे|website=Maharashtra Times|access-date=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011811/https://maharashtratimes.com/sports/cricket/cricket-news/bcci-announces-new-selection-committee-chetan-sharma-back-as-chairman/articleshow/96816051.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> BCCI's junior national selection committee selects players for junior teams such as India U19 and U15 men. Sharath Sridharan is its chairman since 17 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-appointment-of-junior-selection-committee-members-7515183/|title=BCCI announces appointment of Junior Selection Committee members|date=17 September 2021|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011821/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-appointment-of-junior-selection-committee-members-7515183/|url-status=live}}</ref>

BCCI gives chief national selector ₹1.25 crore per year for his job.<ref>{{Cite news |title=चेतन शर्मा यांच्या वक्तव्यामुळे बीसीसीआय मध्ये भूकंप! |trans-title=Due to Chetan Sharma's statement, BCCI suffering earthquake! |pages=8 |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230216_16_6 |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216050258/http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230216_16_6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The All India women's selection committee selects players for Indian female cricket team. It consists of five female former players from five zones of the nation, who have represented India at international level. {{As of|2020}}, former left-arm spinner [[Neetu David]] is the head of this committee since her appointment on 26 September 2020. The committee consists of Neetu David (head), [[Arati Vaidya|Aarti Vaidya]], [[Renu Margrate]], [[Mithu Mukherjee (cricketer)|Mithu Mukharjee]], [[Venkatacher Kalpana|Venkatechar Kalpana.]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former India cricketer Neetu David appointed as the head of BCCI's All-India Women's Selection Committee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-cricket-india-women-national-selection-committee-head-neetu-david-1725727-2020-09-26 |newspaper=India Today |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113073037/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-cricket-india-women-national-selection-committee-head-neetu-david-1725727-2020-09-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Cricket Advisory Committee====
This committee has three members. CAC is responsible for selecting head coach for men's and women's national senior team.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/perks-of-bccis-honorary-job-first-class-travel-suite-room-and-usd-1000-per-day-on-foreign-trips-7511029.html | title=Perks of BCCI's Honorary Job: First Class Travel, Suite Room and USD 1000 per Day on Foreign Trips | access-date=10 April 2023 | archive-date=10 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410114414/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/perks-of-bccis-honorary-job-first-class-travel-suite-room-and-usd-1000-per-day-on-foreign-trips-7511029.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Past office bearers==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Presidents===
{{Main|List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India}}
The following is a list of presidents of BCCI:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/heres-a-complete-list-of-bcci-presidents/20191023.htm|title=Complete list of BCCI Presidents|publisher=Rediff|date=23 October 2019|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!No.
!Image
!President
!Term
|-
|1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[R. E. Grant Govan]]
|1928–33
|-
|2
|[[File:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan.png|100px]]
|[[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
|1933–35
|-
|3
|[[File:Nawab hmidulla khan.jpg|100px]]
|[[Hamidullah Khan]]
|1935–37
|-
|4
|[[File:Jam-Shri-Digvijaysinhji-Ranjitsinhji-Jadeja-Maharaja-Jam-Saheb-of-Nawanagar.jpg|100px]]
|[[K. S. Digvijaysinhji]]
|1937–38
|-
|5
|[[File:P Subbarayan 1989 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|[[P. Subbarayan]]
|1938–46
|-
|6
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony de Mello]]
|1946–51
|-
|7
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|J. C. Mukherji
|1951–54
|-
|8
|
|[[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram]]
|1954–56
|-
|9
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Sardar Surjit Singh Majithia|Surjit Singh Majithia]]
|1956–58
|-
|10
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|R. K. Patel
|1958–60
|-
|11
|[[File:M. A. Chidambaram.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. A. Chidambaram]]
|1960–63
|-
|12
|[[File:Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad.jpg|100px]]
|[[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad]]
|1963–66
|-
|13
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Zal Irani]]
|1966–69
|-
|14
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|A. N. Ghose
|1969–72
|-
|15
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Purshottam M. Rungta
|1972–75
|-
|16
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Ramprakash Mehra]]
|1975–77
|-
|17
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[M. Chinnaswamy]]
|1977–80
|-
|18
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[S. K. Wankhede]]
|1980–82
|-
|19
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[N. K. P. Salve]]
|1982–85
|-
|20
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[S. Sriraman]]
|1985–88
|-
|21
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Biswanath Dutt
|1988–90
|-
|22
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Madhavrao Scindia]]
|1990–93
|-
|23
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[I. S. Bindra]]
|1993–96
|-
|24
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Raj Singh Dungarpur]]
|1996–99
|-
|25
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[A. C. Muthiah]]
|1999–2001
|-
|26
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]
|2001–04
|-
|27
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Ranbir Singh Mahendra]]
|2004–05
|-
|28
|[[File:Sharad Pawar addressing the National Conference on Cooperatives for the celebration of International Year of Cooperatives, 2012, in New Delhi on May 15, 2012 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|2005–08
|-
|29
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Shashank Manohar]]
|2008–11
|-
|30
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[N. Srinivasan]]
|2011–13{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|-
|(26)
|
|[[Jagmohan Dalmiya]] ''(Interim)''
|2013
|-
|(30)
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[N. Srinivasan]]
|2013–14{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|-
|31
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Shivlal Yadav]] ''(Interim)''
|2014
|-
|32
|[[File:Sunny Gavaskar Sahara.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sunil Gavaskar]] ''(Interim)''
|2014
|-
|(26)
|
|[[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]
|2015{{ref label|†|†|†}}
|-
|(29)
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Shashank Manohar]]{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|2015–16
|-
|33
|[[File:Shri Anurag Singh Thakur in March 2023.jpg|100px]]
|[[Anurag Thakur]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|title=SC orders removal of BCCI president Anurag Thakur|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/SC-orders-removal-of-BCCI-president-Anurag-Thakur/article16977216.ece|access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>
|2016–17{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|-
|34
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|C. K. Khanna ''(Interim)''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=14 October 2019|title=Matter of great pride that Sourav Ganguly is set to lead BCCI: Interim chief CK Khanna |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sourav-ganguly-set-to-become-new-bcci-president-interim-boss-ck-khanna-1609163-2019-10-14|publisher=India Today|language=en|access-date=14 October 2019|agency=Asian News International}}</ref>
|2017–19
|-
|35
|[[File:Sourav Ganguly closeup.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sourav Ganguly]]
|2019–22
|-
|36
|[[File:Roger Binny 2018.jpg|100px]]
|[[Roger Binny]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 October 2022|title=Roger Binny elected 36th BCCI President, replaces Sourav Ganguly |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/roger-binny-elected-36th-bcci-president-replaces-sourav-ganguly/article66025542.ece |access-date=18 October 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|2022–2025
|-
|37
|[[File:Mithun_manhas.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mithun Manhas]]
|2025-present
|}
{{col-2}}

===Honorary Secretaries===
The following is a list of secretaries of BCCI:
{|class="wikitable"
!No.
!Image
!Honorary Secretary
!Term
|-
|1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony de Mello]]{{ref label|β|β|β}}
|1928–38
|-
|2
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|K. S. Ranga Rao
|1938–46
|-
|3
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Pankaj Gupta
|1946–48
|-
|4
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|M. G. Bhave
|1948–51
|-
|5
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|A. N. Ghose{{ref label|β|β|β}}
|1951–60
|-
|6
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[M. Chinnaswamy]]{{ref label|β|β|β}}
|1960–65
|-
|7
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[S. Sriraman]]
|1965–70
|-
|8
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|M.V. Chandgadkar
|1970–75
|-
|9
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Ghulam Ahmed
|1975–80
|-
|10
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|A.W. Kanmadikar
|1980–85
|-
|11
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Ranbir Singh Mahendra]]{{ref label|β|β|β}}
|1985–90
|-
|12
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]{{ref label|β|β|β}}
|1990–91{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|-
|13
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|C. Nagaraj
|1991–93
|-
|14
|
|Jagmohan Dalmiya{{ref label|β|β|β}}
|1993–97
|-
|15
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Jaywant Y. Lele
|1997–99
|-
|16
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Niranjan S. Shah
|1999–2003
|-
|17
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|S. K. Nair
|2003–04
|-
|18
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Niranjan S. Shah
|2004–08
|-
|19
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
||[[N. Srinivasan]]{{ref label|β|β|β}}
|2008–11
|-
|20
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Sanjay Jagdale
|2011–13
|-
|21
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Sanjay Patel
|2013–15
|-
|22
|[[File:Shri Anurag Singh Thakur in March 2023.jpg|100px]]
|[[Anurag Thakur]]{{ref label|β|β|β}}
|2015–16
|-
|23
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Ajay Shirke
|2016–17{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|-
|24
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|Amitabh Choudhary
|2017–19
|-
|25
|[[File:JayAmitbhaiShah.jpg|100px]]
|[[Jay Shah]]
|2019–2025
|-
|26
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Devajit Saikia]]
|2025–present
|}

{{col-end}}
;Key
* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Sacked or removed from office
* {{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{note label|β|β|β}} Later become President

==Finance==
=== Earnings ===
The BCCI is a private entity; it does not depend on the Government of India for its finances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bcci-income-surplus-decline-in-200809/509551/|title=Decline in BCCI income during 2008-09s|access-date=19 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325160616/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bcci-income-surplus-decline-in-200809/509551|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, with US$405 million out of US$1,534 million, India had 26% share in the ICC FTP income disbursed to 10 Test playing nations, while the England and Wales Cricket Board received US$139 million as the second-highest earner.<ref name=savior1/> In the same year, to refinance other boards after the global economic decline and the significantly reduced income of most boards due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ICC changed its FTP schedule to organise more international matches with India.<ref name=savior1/>

ICC will share 38.5% of its total annual income with BCCI from 2023 to 2027, the board could earn [[USD|$]]1.15 bn plus in this cycle. BCCI will receive biggest share of ICC's income than any other board.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title='बीसीसीआय'ला मिळणार अब्जावधीचा हिस्सा |trans-title=BCCI will receive share of billions |url=https://www.loksatta.com/krida/bcci-will-get-revenue-share-from-international-cricket-council-zws-70-3648397/&ved=2ahUKEwjDt8fgyvH-AhW_U2wGHcHcBiQQu7wFegQILRAG&usg=AOvVaw0E-GmjcN2Il7nQkFJt0irQ |website=[[Loksatta]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Income===
In [[Financial year#India|financial year]] (FY) 2019–2020, the BCCI's total annual income was estimated to be over {{INR|3,730 crore}} (US$535 million), including {{INR|2,500 crore}} (US$345 million) from the IPL, {{INR|950 crore}} (US$139 million) from bilateral cricket with other nations, and {{INR|380 crore}} (US$51 million per year or total US$405 million for eight years) from India's share of ICC revenue.<ref name=savior1>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bailout-plan-play-more-matches-with-india/story-VRqndyDqK1aBAy0bT21qoO.html |title=BCCI bailout plan: Play more matches with India |website=Hindustantimes.com |date=26 April 2020 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426040601/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bailout-plan-play-more-matches-with-india/story-VRqndyDqK1aBAy0bT21qoO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In financial year 2021-2022 the BCCI earned ₹4542 Cr, in FY 2022-2023 earned ₹6558 Cr.<ref name=V>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/board-of-control-for-cricket-in-india-bcci-paid-rs-1159-crore-income-tax-in-2021-22-37-higher-than-last-year-a-a593/ |title=Bcci ने २०२१-२२ मध्ये किती इन्कम टॅक्स भरला? राज्यसभेत विचारला गेला प्रश्न अन् उत्तर मिळालं |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808234403/https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/board-of-control-for-cricket-in-india-bcci-paid-rs-1159-crore-income-tax-in-2021-22-37-higher-than-last-year-a-a593/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=HK>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/bcci-28-times-richer-than-cricket-australia-report-lists-indian-boards-net-worth-at-4648547|website=Jagran josh|title=BCCI AGM...|date=10 December 2023|access-date=10 December 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210093548/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/bcci-28-times-richer-than-cricket-australia-report-lists-indian-boards-net-worth-at-4648547#:~:text=A%20report%20highlighted%20the%20gulf,billion%20(INR%2018%2C700%20crore).|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==== ICC Income share ====
In 2020, as per the present eight-year Future Tours Program (FTP), India receives US$405 million from the ICC, as contrasted with US$139 million to the England and Wales Cricket Board, while US$128 million for each of Cricket Australia, Cricket South Africa, Pakistan Cricket Board, New Zealand Cricket, Sri Lanka Cricket, Cricket West Indies and Bangladesh Cricket Board, and US$94 million for Zimbabwe.<ref name=savior1/>

In FY 2023–2027, ICC going to share 38.5% of its annual revenue with the BCCI.<ref name=":9" />

==== Media rights ====
On 16 January 2023, the board sold the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL's]] [[media rights]] in {{INRConvert|951|c|year=2023}} for the period of 2023–2027 to [[Viacom18]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Women's IPL agrees £95m broadcast rights deal before a ball is bowled |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jan/16/womens-indian-premier-league-agrees-95m-broadcast-rights-deal-cricket&ved=2ahUKEwjq74XbpfeAAxX4zjgGHdtiBf4QFnoECC4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw07x88JhCNl7pg7Rs9CjrgR |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 31 August 2023, [[Viacom18]] has acquired the media rights of "India cricket" as a result Viacom18 has exclusive rights to broadcast all the bilateral matches of India national women's–men's cricket team's which will take place in India and right to air all the domestic tournaments such as [[Ranji Trophy]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], [[Irani Cup]], [[Duleep Trophy]] and many more. The {{INR|5,963 crores}} deal will last from Sept 2023 to March 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces the successful bidder for acquiring the Media Rights for the BCCI International Matches and Domestic Matches for September 2023 – March 2028 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556034/bcci-announces-the-successful-bidder-for-acquiring-the-media-rights-for-the-bcci-international-matches-and-domestic-matches-for-september-2023-march-2028 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902231955/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556034/bcci-announces-the-successful-bidder-for-acquiring-the-media-rights-for-the-bcci-international-matches-and-domestic-matches-for-september-2023-march-2028 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[IPL]] is the BCCI's largest source of income by medium of media rights. From 2018 to 2022, global rights were awarded to [[STAR India|Star India]] for ₹16,347.5 crore (US$2.0 billion). In 2022, BCCI sold IPL media rights for a staggering ₹48,390 crore (equivalent to ₹510 billion or US$6.4 billion in 2023), comprising television rights of ₹23,575 crore and digital rights of ₹20,500 crore, which were won by Disney and Viacom18 respectively. This deal includes 410 matches from 2023 to 2027. Viacom 18 won the exclusive digital rights for the Indian subcontinent and for streaming to the UK, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa; while Times Internet won global streaming rights in the Middle East, North Africa and the United States. Due to this deal, the IPL became the second-richest league in the world behind [[National Football League]] (NFL).<ref name=":15">{{cite web |date=15 June 2022 |title=IPL Media Rights: It's a deal! – Everything you need to know about final IPL media rights figures |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-a-deal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-final-ipl-media-rights-figures/articleshow/92222684.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921023514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-a-deal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-final-ipl-media-rights-figures/articleshow/92222684.cms |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

'''History of BCCI's media rights'''

In 2018, satellite broadcaster [[STAR India|Star India]] won the BCCI's exclusive media rights from 2018 to 2023. Star India won the rights to broadcast the Indian cricket team's matches on their television channels, and the rights to broadcast on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] for {{INR|6138.10 crore}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gollapudi |first=Nagraj |date=5 April 2018 |title=Star India buys Indian cricket rights for USD 944 million |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/star-india-buys-indian-cricket-rights-for-usd-944-million-1142530 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=espncricinfo.com}}</ref>

On average, Star Sports pays {{INR|60.1 crore}} per match to the BCCI.<ref>{{cite news|title=STAR India wins BCCI media rights for Rs 6138.10 crore from 2018 to 2023|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/star-india-wins-bcci-media-rights-for-rs-6138-10-crore-from-2018-to-2023-1205396-2018-04-05|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117123033/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/star-india-wins-bcci-media-rights-for-rs-6138-10-crore-from-2018-to-2023-1205396-2018-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref> The deal also include rights to broadcast men's domestic tournaments such as the Vijay Hazare Trophy, Ranji Trophy, [[Irani Cup]], [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]; and women's international cricket matches in India on Star Sport and Disney+ Hotstar.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==== Sponsorship rights ====
[[Apollo Tyres]] is the current team sponsor of National Cricket team (2025—2027). [[Viacom18|Viacom18's]] [[Sports18]] TV channel and its [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT]] platform [[JioCinema]] is the current (2023–2027) official broadcaster of the BCCI. Adidas is kit sponsor (since June 2023), September 2023 onwards [[IDFC First Bank]] is title sponsor for all the bilateral series in India and for all the domestic tournaments, excluding the IPL and [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] because their title sponsor is TATA for 2022–23 season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First acquires title sponsorship rights for all BCCI international and domestic home matches |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556033/idfc-first-acquires-title-sponsorship-rights-for-all-bcci-international-and-domestic-home-matches |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902232036/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556033/idfc-first-acquires-title-sponsorship-rights-for-all-bcci-international-and-domestic-home-matches |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TATA group replaces vivo as IPL's title sponsor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tata-group-replaces-vivo-as-ipls-title-sponsor/articleshow/88830192.cms?from=mdr |website=Economic times | date=11 January 2022 |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111090032/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tata-group-replaces-vivo-as-ipls-title-sponsor/articleshow/88830192.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Campa Cola|Campa]], [[Ambuja Cements|Ambuja]] and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] are official partners.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/history|url-status=live|website=Bcci.tv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017174201/https://www.bcci.tv/about/history |archive-date=17 October 2019 }}</ref>

====Ticketing rights====

BCCI sold [[IPL 2022]] ticket-selling rights to Book My Show. The deal includes management of spectator entry at stadium gates.<ref>{{cite news |title=BookMyShow. IPL 2022 Tickets: BookMyShow bags exclusive ticketing rights for IPL 2022 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/bookmyshow-bags-exclusive-ticketing-rights-for-ipl-2022/articleshow/90391205.cms |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019001110/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/bookmyshow-bags-exclusive-ticketing-rights-for-ipl-2022/articleshow/90391205.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paytm|Paytm Insider]] app also often sells bilateral series' tickets.

=== Expenditure ===
==== Match fees paid by the BCCI ====

===== Men's International Cricket =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Format !! Match Fee
|-
| Test Match || ₹15,00,000
|-
| ODI Match || ₹6,00,000
|-
| T20I Match || ₹3,00,000
|}

===== Women's International Cricket =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Format !! Match Fee
|-
| Test Match || ₹15,00,000
|-
| ODI Match || ₹6,00,000
|-
| T20I Match || ₹3,00,000
|}

===== Men's Domestic Cricket =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Format !! Match Fee
|-
| Ranji Trophy (41+ matches) || ₹240,000 per match <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Hike bonanza for Baroda Ranji players |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/baroda-ranji-players-receive-hike-bonanza/articleshow/110161224.cms |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Ranji Trophy (21–40 matches) || ₹200,000 per match<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Pay rise: BCCI announces hike in match fee for domestic cricketers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-hike-in-match-fee-for-ranji-trophy-domestic-cricketers-7522100/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Ranji Trophy (less than 20 matches) || ₹160,000 per match<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=BCCI announces salary hike for Test players up to Rs 45 lakh; unveils new reward scheme |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bcci-announces-salary-hike-for-test-players-up-to-rs-45-lakh-unveils-new-reward-scheme-here-are-details/articleshow/108348225.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| Vijay Hazare Trophy || ₹25,000–₹60,000 per match (based on experience)
|-
| Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy || ₹20,000–₹50,000 per match (based on experience)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Hike bonanza for Baroda Ranji players |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/baroda-ranji-players-receive-hike-bonanza/articleshow/110161224.cms |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Duleep Trophy || ₹14,000 per match<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Hike bonanza for Baroda Ranji players |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/baroda-ranji-players-receive-hike-bonanza/articleshow/110161224.cms |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

===== Women's Domestic Cricket =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Format !! Match Fee
|-
| Senior Women's Domestic (ODI & T20) || ₹30,000 per match
|-
| Women’s Under-23 (ODI) || ₹20,000 per match<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=BCCI announces salary hike for Test players up to Rs 45 lakh; unveils new reward scheme |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bcci-announces-salary-hike-for-test-players-up-to-rs-45-lakh-unveils-new-reward-scheme-here-are-details/articleshow/108348225.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|}

===== Men's Youth Cricket =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Format !! Match Fee
|-
| Under-19 (ODI & T20) || ₹10,000 per match<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Pay rise: BCCI announces hike in match fee for domestic cricketers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-hike-in-match-fee-for-ranji-trophy-domestic-cricketers-7522100/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Under-23 (ODI & T20) || ₹15,000 per match
|}

===== Women's Youth Cricket =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Format !! Match Fee
|-
| Under-19 (ODI & T20) || ₹5,000 per match<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Pay rise: BCCI announces hike in match fee for domestic cricketers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-hike-in-match-fee-for-ranji-trophy-domestic-cricketers-7522100/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Under-23 (ODI & T20) || ₹10,000 per match
|}

===== Indian Premier League (IPL) =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Match Fee
|-
| Playing XI (per match) || ₹7,50,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Pay rise: BCCI announces hike in match fee for domestic cricketers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-hike-in-match-fee-for-ranji-trophy-domestic-cricketers-7522100/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Full league season (14 matches) || ₹1,05,00,000
|-
| Team match-fee pool (per season) || ₹12.60 crore
|}
==== Cricketing infrastructure development ====
On 12 September 2006, the BCCI announced it would spend {{INR|1,600 crore}} over the next year to upgrade cricket stadiums in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/259270.html |title=BCCI to invest $347 million on domestic facilities. Cricket News. Global. ESPNcricinfo.com |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207092441/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/259270.html |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2022|reason=This info is very old, should move in hist section.}}

In the early 2000s, it established the [[National Cricket Academy]] at Bangalore to train future cricketers. On 17 February 2022, the BCCI president Sourav Ganguly founded a new NCA facility at Bangalore, which occupies {{cvt|40|acre}} of land near an airport. On completion, it will have three cricket grounds, 40 practice pitches, residential rooms, a swimming pool and a gymnasium. Construction will cost {{INR|200 crore}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI plans NCA contracts for fresh bowling talent, both men and women |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 February 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-plans-nca-contracts-for-fresh-bowling-talent-both-men-and-women/articleshow/89605892.cms |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106125444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-plans-nca-contracts-for-fresh-bowling-talent-both-men-and-women/articleshow/89605892.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 September 2006, the BCCI announced it would spend ₹1,600 crore over the next year to upgrade cricket stadiums in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/259270.html |title=BCCI to invest $347 million on domestic facilities |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207092441/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/259270.html |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2022|reason=This info is very old, should move in hist section.}}

In the early 2000s, it established the [[National Cricket Academy]] (NCA) at Bangalore to train future cricketers. On 17 February 2022, the BCCI president Sourav Ganguly founded a new NCA facility at Bangalore, which occupies {{cvt|40|acre}} of land near an airport. On completion, it will have three cricket grounds, 40 practice pitches, residential rooms, a swimming pool and a gymnasium. Construction will cost ₹200 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI plans NCA contracts for fresh bowling talent, both men and women |website=The Times of India |date=16 February 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-plans-nca-contracts-for-fresh-bowling-talent-both-men-and-women/articleshow/89605892.cms |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106125444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-plans-nca-contracts-for-fresh-bowling-talent-both-men-and-women/articleshow/89605892.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2024, the BCCI inaugurated the new National Cricket Academy in Bengaluru, now called the BCCI Centre of Excellence. The facility spans 40 acres and includes three international-standard cricket grounds, 86 practice pitches, a 16,000 square-foot gymnasium, advanced sports science and rehabilitation centers including jacuzzis, underwater therapy pools, and recovery labs.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI's new National Cricket Academy: All you need to know about the Centre of Excellence in Bengaluru |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/bccis-new-national-cricket-academy-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-centre-of-excellence-in-bengaluru-key-features/articleshow/113786946.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI Inaugurates New National Cricket Academy In Bengaluru |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/bcci-inaugurates-new-national-cricket-academy-in-bengaluru-6676214 |website=NDTV Sports |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

Ahead of the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023, the BCCI initiated Phase 1 of a nationwide stadium upgrade plan. Major renovations included ₹127.47 crore for Eden Gardens (Kolkata), ₹117.17 crore for Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Hyderabad), ₹100 crore for Arun Jaitley Stadium (Delhi), ₹79.46 crore for PCA Stadium (Mohali), and ₹78.82 crore for Wankhede Stadium (Mumbai).<ref>{{cite news |title=With fans complaining of poor facilities, BCCI plans massive upgrade of stadiums ahead of ODI World Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/with-fans-complaining-of-poor-facilities-bcci-plans-massive-upgrade-of-stadiums-ahead-of-odi-world-cup/articleshow/99403988.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

In May 2024, the BCCI laid the foundation stone for a state-of-the-art indoor training facility in the North East India to serve cricketers from Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Sikkim. This facility will include indoor nets, swimming pools, and modern fitness centers.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI to prioritise North East; lays foundation stone for state-of-the-art facility |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-prioritise-north-east-lay-foundation-stone-for-state-of-the-art-facility-2541475-2024-05-20 |website=India Today |date=20 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

====Stadium security====
The BCCI hires police for security and crowd control in arenas during IPL, bilateral and ICC tournaments, unlike Australian or English cricket boards who hire private security agencies. In Maharashtra from June 2023 onwards they have to pay ₹35, ₹50, ₹60 lakhs for Test, ODI and T20 per game respectively to the [[Maharashtra government]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=क्रिकेट आयोजकांवर राज्य... |trans-title=State gov on cricket administrators... |pages=8 |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230627_8_2 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627054125/http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230627_8_2 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Efn|In India state police forces comes under their state governments.}}

====Donations====
In March 2020, BCCI President [[Sourav Ganguly]] announced a donation of {{INR|51 crore}} to the [[PM CARES Fund]] to combat the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI donates Rs 51 crore to Prime Minister's Relief Fund |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/mar/28/covid-19-bcci-donates-rs-51-crore-to-prime-ministers-relief-fund-2122788.html |access-date=16 April 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330162559/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/mar/28/covid-19-bcci-donates-rs-51-crore-to-prime-ministers-relief-fund-2122788.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2021, the media reported that the BCCI would donate 2,000 {{convert|10|litre|adj=on}} [[Oxygen concentrator]]s to help India fight COVID.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI to donate 2000 oxygen concentrators of 10-litre capacity each to help India fight COVID-19 |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/bcci-to-donate-2000-oxygen-concentrators-of-10-litre-capacity-each-to-help-india-fight-covid-19/ |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=SportsTiger |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524090425/https://www.sportstiger.com/bcci-to-donate-2000-oxygen-concentrators-of-10-litre-capacity-each-to-help-india-fight-covid-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI to donate 10-Litre 2000 Oxygen concentrators |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/bcci-to-donate-10-litre-2000-oxygen-concentrators/articleshow/82905501.cms |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524090954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/bcci-to-donate-10-litre-2000-oxygen-concentrators/articleshow/82905501.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2022|reason=Does they donated or not?}}

In 2021, the BCCI announced, it will donate ₹10 Cr to Olympic bound Indian contingent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI to support Olympic-bound Indian contingent with Rs 10 crore donation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/bcci-to-support-olympic-bound-indian-contingent-with-rs-10-crore-donation-271497 |website=[[The Tribune (India)]] |access-date=25 August 2023 |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825204647/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/bcci-to-support-olympic-bound-indian-contingent-with-rs-10-crore-donation-271497 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2023, it paid {{INRConvert|2.25|c|lk=crore|year=2023}} to the Constitution Club of India based in New Delhi, to buy gym equipments. The club is an exclusive club for members of parliament of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=BCCI donated Rs 2.25 crores to club for Parliamentarians |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-donated-rs-2-25-crores-to-club-for-parliamentarians/articleshow/102495223.cms |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Times of India |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024150005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-donated-rs-2-25-crores-to-club-for-parliamentarians/articleshow/102495223.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Encouragement to other sports ====
{{Further|India at the 2020 Summer Olympics}} BCCI announced rewards to the Indian olympians who won medals at the [[Tokyo Olympics 2020|Tokyo Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=7 August 2021|title=BCCI announces cash rewards for Olympic medallists, Neeraj Chopra to get Rs 1 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/bcci-announces-cash-rewards-for-olympic-medallists-neeraj-chopra-to-get-rs-1-crore/articleshow/85131646.cms|department=Sports|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212031545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/bcci-announces-cash-rewards-for-olympic-medallists-neeraj-chopra-to-get-rs-1-crore/articleshow/85131646.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Players' contracts and welfare====


==== Contracts ====
The BCCI created four grades for contracted male players—A+, A, B and C; and three grades for contracted female players—A, B and C. Male players who are in A+ grade get {{INR|7 crore}} a year. Players of A-grade get {{INR|5 crore}}, B-grade's players get {{INR|3 crore}} and C-grade players receive {{INR|1 crore}} per year. Female players who are in A grade get {{INR|50 lakh}} a year, B-grade players get {{INR|30 lakh}} a year and C-grade players get {{INR|10 lakh}} a year.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=भारत में रिटायर्ड क्रिकेट खिलाडियों को कितनी पेंशन मिलती है?|trans-title=Who much pension the retired cricketers got in India ?|work=Jagaran josh|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/pension-to-retired-cricket-players-in-india-in-hindi-1539600031-2|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120101803/https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amp/pension-to-retired-cricket-players-in-india-in-hindi-1539600031-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

As per new changes made in February 2026, only three players are placed in Grade A - [[Shubman Gill]], [[Jasprit Bumrah]], and [[Ravindra Jadeja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI annual contract: Meet players no longer in central contract list |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/bcci-annual-contract-meet-players-no-longer-in-central-contract-list-1770696588721 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

==== Pension schemes ====
The BCCI gives pensions to former domestic and international players who played for India.<ref name=":0" /> On 31 December 1993 BCCI decided to give {{INR|50,000}} pension to the players, who played more than 25 International Test match for the nation. The board gives {{INR|15,000}} pensions to the players who played in the Ranji Trophy before the 1957-to-1958 season.<ref name=":0" /> In 2013, the BCCI gave one-time benefits to domestic players who played in more than 75 first-class matches.<ref>{{cite news|title=BCCI proposes big raise in pension|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-proposes-big-raise-in-pension/articleshow/69608298.cms|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602211344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-proposes-big-raise-in-pension/articleshow/69608298.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> For female cricketers, the board give a {{INR|22,500}}-per-month pension to players who played 10 or more Tests for India; and {{INR|15,000}} per month for those who played between five and nine Tests.<ref name=":0" />

==== Insurance ====
The BCCI has taken insurance for nearly everything related to them; they covered health insurance of their employees, they have insured international and domestic players for loss of fees due to injury, matches, their old office and new office at the Wankhede stadium and IPL matches. In case of cancellation of IPL, domestic and international cricket matches due to poor weather, riot, or fire. The BCCI receives payments from insurance companies.<ref>{{cite news |author=Qaiser Mohammad Ali |date=27 May 2015 |title=BCCI spending more on insurance policies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |newspaper=India Today |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104453/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The BCCI provides {{INR|5 lakh}} insurance to players who played under the board.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Cricketers Association Wants Players Pension, Insurance Doubled|work=[[News 18]]|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/indian-cricketers-association-wants-players-pension-insurance-doubled-2364475.html|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120103305/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/indian-cricketers-association-wants-players-pension-insurance-doubled-2364475.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tax payments ===
In 2018, {{INR|472.22 crore}} of tax was outstanding till 1 April 2018, this sum was cleared along with interest in September 2018. However the [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]] issued a notice for tax evasion to the BCCI, they also demanded the BCCI for another outstanding income-tax payment of {{INR|1,303 crore}}; according to details submitted by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of finance]] in the Parliament in February 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bcci-issued-notice-in-tax-evasion-case-by-revenue-119031901200_1.html |title=BCCI issued notice in tax evasion case by revenue |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard News |date= 19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913142218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bcci-issued-notice-in-tax-evasion-case-by-revenue-119031901200_1.html |archive-date=13 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since IPL began [[Income Tax Department]] (IT department) refused to give income tax exemption for IPL, said it is an annual commercial activity. Since financial year 2007-2008 to 2017-2018, BCCI paid ₹3,500 crore to IT department, out of around ₹12000 Cr it earned from the IPL.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=9 February 2018 |title=Since IPL launch, BCCI has paid Rs 3,500cr in tax |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/since-ipl-launch-bcci-has-paid-rs-3500cr-in-tax/articleshow/62845645.cms |access-date=23 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823081723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/since-ipl-launch-bcci-has-paid-rs-3500cr-in-tax/articleshow/62845645.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007–08, although the IT department withdrew this exemption{{Which|date=August 2023}}, BCCI only paid tax amounting to {{INRConvert|41.9|c}} against its tax liability of {{INRConvert|413|c}} in the 2009–2010 financial year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cricket/news/article322195.ece|title=BCCI owes Rs. 373 crore to Income Tax dept|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 February 2012|access-date=28 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308113947/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cricket/news/article322195.ece|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2012, BCCI paid no income tax, claimed they are a charitable organisation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|title=BCCI not a 'charitable organisation'|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 February 2012|access-date=28 February 2012|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222235222/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|archive-date=22 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, then [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance minister]] [[Jayant Sinha]] said, ministry collected ₹2140.58 Cr from BCCI, 2004–05 onwards, but tax payment still pending, 53 Cr is from assessment year 2008–09, ₹100 Cr from 2010 to 11, ₹100 Cr from 2011 to 12, ₹116.89 Cr of year 2012–13 from BCCI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2015 |title=Government collected Rs 2,140 crore as tax from BCCI since 2004-05 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/government-collected-rs-2140-crore-as-tax-from-bcci-since-2004-05/articleshow/47249305.cms |access-date=23 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823092643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/government-collected-rs-2140-crore-as-tax-from-bcci-since-2004-05/articleshow/47249305.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014–15, the BCCI paid ₹864.78 Cr income tax by leaving outstanding tax of ₹462.52 Cr, which income tax department want from it, also demanded ₹400 Cr from FY 2015–16.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2018 |title=Outstanding tax demand of BCCI may go up to over Rs 860 crore: RTI reply |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/outstanding-tax-demand-of-bcci-may-go-up-to-over-rs-860-crore-rti-reply/articleshow/62571140.cms |access-date=23 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823092644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/outstanding-tax-demand-of-bcci-may-go-up-to-over-rs-860-crore-rti-reply/articleshow/62571140.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

BCCI has avoided paying taxes to the government on numerous occasions. One such instance was when it claimed itself to be a "charitable organisation", to avoid paying taxes and often disguises itself as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|title=The Hindu : Sport / Cricket : BCCI not a 'charitable organisation'|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220093127/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece |archive-date=20 February 2012 }}</ref> In 2014, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of finance]] revealed that, there were as many as 213 cases of tax evasions of BCCI/IPL from 2009–10 to 2014, involving 261.64 Cr rupees.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/213-cases-of-service-tax-evasion-against-bcciipl/article6708377.ece | title=213 cases of service tax evasion against BCCI, IPL | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 December 2014 | access-date=9 February 2023 | archive-date=9 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209101326/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/213-cases-of-service-tax-evasion-against-bcciipl/article6708377.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2010s, almost every year the [[Income Tax Department]] demanded the 'outstanding income tax' from the BCCI. Frequently till 2012, the board got exemptions for tax under the IT Act 1961 (section 11) but later Income tax department declared BCCI's earnings as commercial and listed them as business incomes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/bcci-income-tax-evasion-revenue-department | title=BCCI Issued Notice in Tax Evasion Case by Revenue Department | date=19 March 2019 | access-date=9 February 2023 | archive-date=9 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209101327/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/sports/cricket/bcci-income-tax-evasion-revenue-department | url-status=live }}</ref> During 2016 T20 world cup, [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]] gave them 10% exemption.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india.com/sports/bcci-must-pay-tax-host-t20-world-cup-in-india-ex-treasurer-kishore-rungta-4331934/ | title=BCCI Must Pay Tax & Host T20 World Cup in India: Ex-Treasurer Kishore Rungta | access-date=9 February 2023 | archive-date=9 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209101326/https://www.india.com/sports/bcci-must-pay-tax-host-t20-world-cup-in-india-ex-treasurer-kishore-rungta-4331934/ | url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[Deccan Herald|Deccan Herald's]]'' article on 19 December 2021, even though BCCI is one of the world's richest sports bodies and earns thousands of millions of rupees per year, it shows unwillingness to pay income taxes and finds loopholes in laws to avoid paying taxes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BCCI must pay tax |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/second-edit/bcci-must-pay-tax-1062630.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307212453/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/second-edit/bcci-must-pay-tax-1062630.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''The following table contains the information of BCCI's tax payment :''' <ref name="AT">{{cite news |date=10 August 2023 |title=बीसीसीआयने किती कर भरला? |script-title= |language=mr |trans-title=Tax payment of BCCI? |pages=17 |website=Lokmat |location=[[Mumbai]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230810_12_10 |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230143/http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230810_12_10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class= wikitable
!FY
! Amount
|-
|2013–14
|₹50<ref>{{Cite news |title=BCCI paid rs 50 crore as income tax last month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-paid-rs-50-crore-as-income-tax-last-month/article8466905.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823092645/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-paid-rs-50-crore-as-income-tax-last-month/article8466905.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> or ₹100 Cr<ref name=":13" />
|-
|2014–15
|₹864.78 Cr<ref name=":14" />
|-
|2017–18
|₹596.21 Cr
|-
|2018–19
| ₹815.08 Cr
|-
|2019–20
|₹882.29 Cr
|-
|2020–21
|₹844.92 Cr
|-
|2021–22
|₹1159 Cr
|-
|2022–23
|₹4000 Cr
|}

==See also==
* [[Cricket in India]]
* [[BCCI Awards]]
* [[BCCI Corporate Trophy]]
* [[Sport in India]]
* [[:Category:Sports governing bodies in India|List of national level sport governing bodies in India]]
* [[:Category:Films about cricket in India|List of films about cricket in India]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=details}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bcci.tv/ Official Website]

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{BCCI Members}}
{{Asian Cricket Council}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cricket|1920s}}

[[Category:Cricket administration in India| ]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket governing bodies in India| ]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1928]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]

Uttarakhand cricket team

2026-03-19T17:59:34Z

WandaX39006: formatting fix

{{short description|Uttarakhand men's cricket team}}
{{About|the men's team|the women's team|Uttarakhand women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Uttarakhand
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| nickname =
| league = [[Ranji Trophy]] (FC) [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] (LA) [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] (T20)
| conference =
| association = [[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand]]
| captain = [[Kunal Chandela]]
| coach = Manish Jha
| founded = 2018
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]
| capacity = 25,000
| owner =
| first_fc = vs. [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]]; 1–4 November 2018
| first_la = vs. [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]], Shastri Maidan, [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]; 20 September 2018
| first_t20 = vs. [[Services cricket team|Services]], [[Palam B Ground]], [[New Delhi]]; 21 February 2019
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| h_leftarm = FFFFFF
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| h_title = FC [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]]
| a_pattern_la =
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The '''Uttarakhand cricket team''' is a [[cricket]] team that represents the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in Indian domestic competitions.<ref name="SM">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/uttarakhand-hoping-start-ranji-trophy-journey-impressive-note-1502664463.html |title=Uttarakhand hoping to start Ranji Trophy journey on impressive note |work=The Statesman |date=23 July 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

==Background==
In July 2018, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) named the team as one of the nine new sides that would compete in domestic tournaments for the 2018–19 season, including the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]], the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="CI39">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24129178/nine-new-teams-ranji-trophy-2018-19 |title=Nine new teams in Ranji Trophy 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="IE39">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="BCCI">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |title=BCCI to host over 2000 matches in the upcoming 2018–19 domestic season |work=BCCI |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

==Coaches==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Season
! Coach
! Ref.
|-
| 2018–19
| [[Bhaskar Pillai]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24532976/bcci-eases-entry-new-domestic-teams-logistical-challenges-emerge |title=BCCI eases entry for new domestic teams as logistical challenges emerge |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–20
| [[Gursharan Singh]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Lokapally |first1=Vijay |title=Gursharan Singh named Uttarakhand coach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/gursharan-singh-named-uttarakhand-coach/article29326434.ece |access-date=5 September 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=4 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–21
| [[Wasim Jaffer]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29343478/my-bengal-career-finished | title=Wasim Jaffer named Uttarakhand head coach |website=ESPN Cricinfo| date=23 June 2020| access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–present
| Manish Jha
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/manish-jha-former-head-coach-of-sikkim-named-replacement-of-wasim-jaffer-who-resigned-as-coach-of-ukhand-cricket-team/articleshow/80867574.cms | title= Manish Jha, former head coach of Sikkim, named replacement of Wasim Jaffer who resigned as coach of U'khand cricket team | website= Times of India| date= 12 February 2021 | access-date= 9 March 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Current squad==
{{see also|List of Uttarakhand cricketers}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Kunal Chandela]] || {{birth date and age|1994|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || '''Captain'''
|-
| Shashwat Dangwal || {{birth date and age|2003|9|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| [[Yuvraj Chaudhary]] || {{birth date and age|2001|10|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox ||
|-
| [[Bhupen Lalwani]] || {{birth date and age|1999|4|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| Aarav Mahajan || {{birth date and age|2006|6|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| Aanjaneya Suryavanshi || {{birth date and age|2003|1|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| Lakshya Raichandani || {{birth date and age|2008|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| [[Kamal Singh (Indian cricketer)|Kamal Singh]] || {{birth date and age|2000|11|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| Harsh Rana || {{birth date and age|2004|6|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | All-rounders
|-
| [[Jagadeesha Suchith]] || {{birth date and age|1994|1|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox ||
|-
| [[Avneesh Sudha]] || {{birth date and age|2001|11|20|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| [[Dikshanshu Negi]] || {{birth date and age|1990|10|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Saurabh Rawat]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Prashant Chopra]] || {{birth date and age|1992|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Sanskar Rawat || {{birth date and age|2005|6|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Mayank Mishra]] || {{birth date and age|1990|10|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox ||
|-
| [[Himanshu Bisht]] || {{birth date and age|1996|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Abhay Negi]] || {{birth date and age|1992|10|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| Devendra Bora || {{birth date and age|2000|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| Rajan Kumar || {{birth date and age|1996|7|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| Janmejay Joshi || {{birth date and age|2001|6|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| [[Agnivesh Ayachi]] || {{birth date and age|1995|6|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| Jagmohan Nagarkoti || {{birth date and age|2000|5|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| [[Akash Madhwal]] || {{birth date and age|1993|11|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| Aditya Rawat || {{birth date and age|2007|8|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| [[Agrim Tiwari]] || {{birth date and age|1996|4|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm medium ||
|}

''Updated as on 19 February 2026''

==Competitive record==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[Ranji Trophy]] ([[First-class cricket|First-class]])
|-
! Season
! Group
! Matches
! Wins
! Losses
! Draws
! No Result
! Performance
|-
| [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|2018–19]]
| [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]]
| 9
| 6
| 1
| 2
| 0
| Quarter-finals
|-
| [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy|2019–20]]
| [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy Group C|Group C]]
| 9
| 0
| 7
| 2
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2020–21 Ranji Trophy|2020–21]]
| colspan="7"|''Season cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]''
|-
| [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group E|Group E]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| Quarter-finals
|-
| [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy|2022–23]]
| [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy Group A|Group A]]
| 8
| 3
| 1
| 4
| 0
| Quarter-finals
|-
| [[2023–24 Ranji Trophy|2023–24]]
| Group D
| 7
| 2
| 2
| 3
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy|2024–25]]
| [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group B|Group B]]
| 5
| 1
| 2
| 2
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2025–26 Ranji Trophy|2025–26]]
| Group C
| 9
| 5
| 2
| 2
| 0
| Semi-finals
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
| '''51'''
| '''19'''
| '''17'''
| '''15'''
| '''0'''
| '''Win %: 37.25'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] ([[List A cricket|List A]])
|-
! Season
! Group
! Matches
! Wins
! Losses
! Ties
! No Result
! Performance
|-
| [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2018–19]]
| [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]]
| 8
| 7
| 1
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2019–20]]
| [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]]
| 9
| 5
| 1
| 0
| 3
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2020–21]]
| [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]]
| 6
| 5
| 1
| 0
| 0
| Eliminator Stage
|-
| [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group D|Group D]]
| 5
| 1
| 4
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2022–23]]
| [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group D|Group D]]
| 6
| 2
| 4
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2023–24 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2023–24]]
| Group C
| 7
| 5
| 2
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2024–25]]
| Group A
| 7
| 3
| 4
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2025–26]]
| Group C
| 7
| 3
| 4
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
| '''55'''
| '''31'''
| '''21'''
| '''0'''
| '''3'''
| '''Win %: 56.36'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] ([[Twenty20|T20]])
|-
! Season
! Group
! Matches
! Wins
! Losses
! Ties
! No Result
! Performance
|-
| [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2018–19]]
| [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group E|Group E]]
| 7
| 4
| 2
| 0
| 1
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2019–20]]
| [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group A|Group A]]
| 6
| 2
| 4
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2020–21]]
| [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group C|Group C]]
| 5
| 1
| 4
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group E|Group E]]
| 5
| 0
| 5
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2022–23]]
| [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group A|Group A]]
| 7
| 4
| 3
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2023–24 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2023–24]]
| Group D
| 6
| 2
| 3
| 1
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2024–25 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2024–25]]
| Group B
| 7
| 2
| 5
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| [[2025–26 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2025–26]]
| Group D
| 7
| 2
| 5
| 0
| 0
| Group Stage
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
| '''50'''
| '''17'''
| '''31'''
| '''1'''
| '''1'''
| '''Win %: 34.00'''
|}

In September 2018, they lost their opening fixture of the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], to [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]], by 5 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19-plate-group-wrap-wins-for-meghalaya-manipur-and-bihar-747703 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy 2018–19, Plate Group wrap: Wins for Meghalaya, Manipur and Bihar |work=Cricket Country |date=20 September 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156807.html |title=Plate Group, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Anand, Sep 20 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]] fixture between Uttarakhand and [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]], [[Karn Kaushal]] made the first double-century in the history of the Vijay Hazare Trophy, scoring 202 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24907980/karna-veer-kaushal-hits-first-vijay-hazare-double-century |title=Karna Veer Kaushal hits first Vijay Hazare double-century |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

In their first season in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, they finished in second place in the Plate Group, with seven wins and one loss from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8890/vijay-hazare-trophy |title=2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[Karn Kaushal]] finished as the leading run-scorer, with 489 runs, and [[Deepak Dhapola]] was the leading wicket-taker for the team, with eleven dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=6564;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19 – Uttarakhand: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, in their opening match of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], they beat [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] by ten wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/104876/ranji-highlights-mumbai-up-assert-dominance |title=Ranji Highlights: Mumbai, UP assert dominance; Mudhasir picks four in four balls |work=Cricbuzz |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-sikkim-record-innings-victory-over-manipur-5432889/ |title=Ranji Trophy: Sikkim record innings victory over Manipur |work=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2018 |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> They went on to win the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]] and advanced to the quarter-finals of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ranji-trophy-2018-19-round-9-plate-day-3-unbeaten-uttarakhand-qualify-for-knockouts-789222 |title=Ranji Trophy 2018–19, Round 9, Plate, Day 3: Unbeaten Uttarakhand qualify for knockouts |work=Cricket Country |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25764570/uttarakhand-rise-big-bang-chaos-ranji-quarterfinals |title=Uttarakhand's rise from Big-Bang chaos to the Ranji quarterfinals |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> However, in their quarter-final match they lost to [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] by an innings and 115 runs to be knocked out of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-domestic/ranji-trophy/ranji-trophy-vidarbha-rout-uttarakhand-to-reach-semifinals/articleshow/67598302.cms |title=Ranji Trophy: Vidarbha rout Uttarakhand to reach semifinals |work=The Times of India |date=19 January 2019 |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, Uttarakhand finished third in [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group E|Group E]] of the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], with four wins from their seven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8661/season/2019/india-dom-t20 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2019: Points Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Karn Kaushal]] was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 176 runs, and [[Sunny Rana]] was the leading wicket-taker, with nine dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12593;team=6564;type=tournament |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19 – Uttarakhand: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[India national cricket team]]
*[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team]]
*[[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Cricket in India]]
*[[Uttarakhand football team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in Uttarakhand}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Uttarakhand|C]]

State of Alwar

2026-03-15T07:18:14Z

WandaX39006: Added first post added tags

{{Short description|Indian princely state (est. 1775)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = {{lang|hi|रियासत-ए-अलवर}}
| common_name = Alwar State
| conventional_long_name = State of Alwar
| today = {{flag|India}}
| nation = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| capital = [[Alwar]]
| year_start = 1775
| event_end = [[Political integration of India|Accession to India]]
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 = 1941
| stat_pop1 = 823,055
| stat_pop2 =
| stat_year2 = 1945
| stat_area2 = 8331.992
| image_coat = Naruka_-_Coat_of_Arms_-_Alwar.png
| flag =
| image_flag = Alwar flag.svg
}}
The '''State of Alwar''', or '''Alwar State''', was a [[princely state]] that was ruled by the [[Rajput|Rajputs]] of the [[Naruka]] clan of the [[Kachhwaha]] dynasty.

== History ==
Bar Singh, the eldest son of Udaikaran, the [[Raja]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], took offence when his father became interested in a woman Bar Singh was meant to marry.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Powlett |first=P. W. (Percy William) |url=http://archive.org/details/gazetteerofulwur00powliala |title=Gazetteer of Ulwur |date=1878 |publisher=London : Trübner & co. |others=University of California Libraries |pages=13–18}}</ref> He asked his father to marry her instead and relinquished his claim to the throne of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] in favour of any offspring from that union.<ref name=":6" /> Nar Singh, the son born from that union, succeeded to the throne of Amber after Udaikaran's death, while Bar Singh received an estate of 84 villages as his appanage.<ref name=":6" /> Bar Singh was succeeded by his son Mairaj, who in turn was succeeded by Naru.<ref name=":6" /> It was after Naru that his descendants came to be known as [[Naruka]].<ref name=":6" />

Naru had five sons: Lala, Dasa, Tejsi, Jeta, and Chitar.<ref name=":6" /> The descendants of Lala came to be known as Lalawat, and the rulers of Alwar are descended from him.<ref name=":6" /> Although Lala was the eldest son of his father, he was not treated accordingly and received only Jhak and twelve villages as his patrimony.<ref name=":6" /> Lala received from him the title of [[Rao (title)|Rao]] and a banner in recognition of the loyal spirit he displayed towards his chief, [[Bharmal]].<ref name=":6" /> Lala's son, Udai Singh, served under [[Bharmal]] and usually led the vanguard in battle.<ref name=":6" /> Udai's son, Lar, was often with [[Man Singh I]] and is said to have received the title of [[Khan (title)|Khan]] from [[Akbar]].<ref name=":6" /> Lar Khan had a son, Fateh Singh, who in turn had four sons: Kalyan Singh, Karan Singh, Akhai Singh, and Ranchor Das.<ref name=":6" />

{{hidden begin|border=1px #aaa solid|title=Sons of Fateh Singh|ta1=center}}
{{Tree list}}
* Fateh Singh
** Kalyan Singh
** Karan Singh
** Akhai Singh
** Ranchor Das{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}

After the death of his father, Kalyan succeeded to his ancestral estate.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> However, when he did not support Jai Singh I against a rival, his estate was confiscated, and he was banished to Macheri.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> He later served at [[Kaman, Rajasthan|Kama]], which had originally been conferred on Jai Singh I by [[Aurangzeb]], and tried to take control of it.<ref name=":5" /> His attempt failed, and a son of [[Jai Singh I]] succeeded his father in [[Kaman, Rajasthan|Kama]], forcing Kalyan to return to Macheri.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />

Kalyan’s son, Anand Singh, had two grandsons, Zorawar Singh and Zalim Singh, who divided Macheri between them.<ref name=":6" /> Zorawar, the elder, received Macheri, and from him the rulers of Alwar claim descent, while Zalim, the younger, received Bijawar in his appanage.<ref name=":6" /> Zorawar Singh's grandson, [[Sawai Pratap Singh Naruka|Pratap Singh]], received an estate comprising two and a half villages and, with the permission of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], built a fort at [[Rajgarh, Alwar|Rajgarh]].<ref name=":6" /> In the years that followed, he constructed several forts and maintained cordial relations with [[Mirza Najaf Khan]].<ref name=":6" /> When the rulers of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] failed to pay the arrears for the [[Alwar fort]], [[Sawai Pratap Singh Naruka]] was summoned by the fort commandant to take possession of the fort, and following his acquisition, his kin began to pay homage and present him with nazars, or offerings.<ref name=":6" /> One Swarup Singh opposed Pratap, and when Andha Naik brought him as a prisoner before Pratap, the latter asked Swarup to present the nazar.<ref name=":6" /> When he failed to comply, Pratap put him to death and took possession of his estates.<ref name=":6" /> Pratap was granted the [[Mahi Maratib]], and he renounced his allegiance to [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name=":6" /> He established the State of Alwar in 1775.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Melia Belli |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Royal_Umbrellas_of_Stone_Memory_Politics/6dR0CgAAQBAJ |title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art |date=2015-08-25 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30056-9 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ḍaṇḍiyā |first=Milāpacanda |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rajasthan_Year_Book_Who_s_who/eZE2AQAAIAAJ |title=Rajasthan Year Book & Who's who |date=1976 |publisher=Samriddhi Publications. |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Under the British Empire ===
In the year 1803, during the reign of Bakhtawar Singh, Alwar entered into a mutual offensive and defensive alliance of permanent friendship with the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36026 |title=The Administration Report Of The Alwar State |date=1916 |pages=1–4}}</ref> By doing so, Alwar became the first state in [[Rajputana]] to enter into permanent treaty relations with the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":8" />

=== Accession ===
On 3 June 1947, [[Lord Mountbatten]] announced that the [[British Empire|British]] would transfer power to the representatives of the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] on 15 August 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Amiya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Constitutional_Development_of_India/N1nGL4qH1ccC |title=The Constitutional Development of India: 1937-1947: With a Foreword [!] |date=1958 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=143–145 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Princely state|princely states]] were given the following options: depending on their geographical location and demographic composition, they could either accede to the [[Dominion of India]] or the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], or remain independent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Services |first=United States Department of State Office of Media |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_Pakistan_and_Bangladesh/dyidamzcpdgC |title=India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |date=1972 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Serena |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Society_and_Politics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmi/s70LEAAAQBAJ |title=Society and Politics of Jammu and Kashmir |date=2020-11-27 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-56481-0 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref> Following the [[partition of India]] in 1947, [[Sawai Tej Singh Naruka|Tej Singh Prabhakar]] acceded the Alwar State to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=EduGorilla Prep |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rajasthan_Police_Sub_Inspector_Paper_II/--8_EAAAQBAJ |title=Rajasthan Police Sub Inspector Paper-II Exam (RPSC SI) {{!}} 1100+ Solved Questions (10 Mock Tests + 1 Previous Year Paper) |date=2022-08-03 |publisher=EduGorilla Community Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-93-91464-65-3 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meena |first=R. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/RPSC_RAS_Prelims_History_of_Rajasthan_Co/RH--DwAAQBAJ |title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ |publisher=New Era Publication |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Merger ===
Alwar State was merged on 18 March 1948 with three other princely states, namely [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur state|Dholpur]], and [[Karauli state|Karauli]], to form the [[Matsya States Union|Matsya Union]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=India Planning |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rajasthan_Development_Report/l0g3FZYnkLIC |title=Rajasthan Development Report |date=2006 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-464-3 |pages=239 |language=en}}</ref> On 15 May 1949, the [[Matsya States Union|Matsya Union]] was merged with [[History of Rajasthan#Unification of Rajasthan|Greater Rajasthan]] to create the [[History of Rajasthan#Unification of Rajasthan|United State of Greater Rajasthan]], which later became [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chouhan |first=T. S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Space_Technology_and_GIS_for_Disaster_Mo/C6-gDwAAQBAJ |title=Space Technology and GIS for Disaster Monitoring and Mitigation |date=2018-12-01 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87869-90-5 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Alwar State covered an area of 3,217 square miles, with an extreme length of 80 miles and a breadth of 60 miles.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36154 |title=Report The Administration Alwar State |date=1945 |pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kachhawaha |first=O. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Famines_in_Rajasthan_1900_A_D_1947_A_D/CzEuAAAAMAAJ |title=Famines in Rajasthan, 1900 A.D.-1947 A.D. |date=1985 |publisher=Hindi Sahitya Mandir |pages=218 |language=en}}</ref> Of the total area, approximately 2,627 square miles consisted of plains, while the remaining 590 square miles comprised hilly tracts.<ref name=":3" />

It lay between 27° 5′–28° 10′ N and 76° 10′–77° 15′ E, and was bounded on the north by [[Gurgaon]], [[Bawal]] of [[Nabha State]], and [[Kotkasim]] of Jaipur State; on the east by [[Bharatpur State]] and [[Gurgaon]]; on the south by [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]]; and on the west by [[Nabha State]], [[Patiala State]], and [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur State]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" />

== Composition ==
For administrative purposes, the Alwar State was divided into ten nizamats, or administrative sub-areas, which were distributed between the Northern District and the Southern District.<ref name=":8" /> The Northern District consisted of the following nizamats: [[Alwar]], [[Behror]], [[Mandawar, Rajasthan|Mandawar]], [[Kishangarh Bas|Kishangarh]], and [[Tijara]].<ref name=":8" /> The Southern District consisted of the following nizamats: Ramgarh, Lachhmangarh, [[Rajgarh, Alwar|Rajgarh]], Thanagazi, and [[Bansur]].<ref name=":8" />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
!No,
! width="5%" |Name of District
! width="12%" |Name of Nizamat
! width="80px" |Principal Towns
!Number of villages
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="12" |1
| rowspan="12" |Northern District
| rowspan="2" |[[Alwar]]
|[[Alwar]]
| rowspan="2" |249
| rowspan="24" |<ref name=":8" />
|-
|Malakhera
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Behror]]
|[[Behror]]
| rowspan="3" |152
|-
|Mandhan
|-
|[[Barrod]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mandawar, Rajasthan|Mandawar]]
|[[Mandawar, Rajasthan|Mandawar]]
| rowspan="2" |133
|-
|Ajarka
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kishangarh Bas|Kishangarh]]
|[[Kishangarh Bas|Kishangarh]]
| rowspan="3" |167
|-
|Harsauli
|-
|[[Khairthal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tijara]]
|[[Tijara]]
| rowspan="2" |208
|-
|Tapukara
|-
| rowspan="11" |2
| rowspan="11" |Southern District
| rowspan="2" |Ramgarh
|Ramgarh
| rowspan="2" |175
|-
|Govindgarh
|-
| rowspan="3" |Lachhmangarh
|Lachhmangarh
| rowspan="3" |259
|-
|[[Kathumar]]
|-
|Kherli
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajgarh, Alwar|Rajgarh]]
|[[Rajgarh, Alwar|Rajgarh]]
| rowspan="2" |239
|-
|Tehla
|-
| rowspan="2" |Thanagazi
|Thanagazi
| rowspan="2" |175
|-
|Pratapgarh
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bansur]]
|[[Bansur]]
| rowspan="2" |101
|-
|Narayan Pur
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total number of villages'''
|1858
|}

== Population ==
According to the 1941 census, the population of Alwar was 823,055.<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" |Population of Alwar in 1941
! rowspan="3" |Reference
|-
! colspan="3" |Hindus
! colspan="3" |Muslims
! colspan="3" |Christians
! rowspan="2" |Grand Total
|-
! width="5%" |Males
! width="12%" |Females
! width="80px" |Total
!Males
! width="28%" |Females
! width="30%" |Total
!Males
!Females
!Total
|-
|3,17,530
|2,85,052
|6,02,582
| rowspan="2" |1,17,828
| rowspan="2" |1,02,507
| rowspan="2" align="left" |2,20,335
| rowspan="2" |53
| rowspan="2" |85
| rowspan="2" |138
| rowspan="2" |8,23,05
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
| colspan="3" |(Include Sikhs)
|}

== Forces ==
Alwar had one Lancer regiment, the Mangal Lancers, and two infantry battalions, namely, the Alwar Jey Paltan, and the Alwar Pratap Paltan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=England) |first=Society for Army Historical Research (London |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Society_for_Army_Historic/FkkiAQAAIAAJ |title=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |date=1990 |publisher=Society for Army Historical Research. |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref> The Mangal Lancers, the Alwar Jey Paltan, and the Alwar Pratap Paltan continued in the Class-A<ref group=Note name=Note01/> category of the [[Indian States Forces]] up to October, 1939.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35929 |title=The Alwar State Administration Report |date=1940 |pages=22–31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="9" |Expenditure on the maintenance of the State's Forces
(All figures are in Rupees)
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sr.
! rowspan="2" |Item
! colspan="6" |Financial Year
! rowspan="2" |References
|-
!1938–39
!1939–40
!1940–41
!1942–43
!1943–44
!1944–45
|-
|1
|Establishment
|355563
|364096
|257743
|745927
|824487
|811708
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36018 |title=The Alwar Stae Administration Report |date=1941 |pages=26–33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36154 |title=Report The Administration Alwar State |date=1945 |pages=68–73}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Ammunition and Equipment
|24961
|24933
|22040
|10,890
|15677
|14147
|-
|3
|Other contingent expenditure
|72361
|59322
|160104
|1,05,511
|122567
|128221
|-
|4
|Extra grant for replacement of equipment
|
|
|9978
|
|
|
|-
|5
|Emergency Commissioned Officers
|
|
|1960
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|452885
|448351
|451825
|862328
|962731
|954076
|}

=== Mangal Lancers ===
This unit was raised in [[Alwar]] in 1884.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36050 |title=Rajputana And Ajmere Merwara |date=1937 |pages=58–60}}</ref> It was reorganised as [[Imperial Service Troops]] in 1884 and as [[Indian States Forces]] in 1922.<ref name=":9" /> Its officers wore red uniforms with blue facings.<ref name=":9" /> It was composed of both [[Rajput|Rajputs]] and [[Muslims]].<ref name=":9" />

=== Alwar Jey Paltan ===
This unit, originally known as '''Fateh Paltan''', was raised in 1825.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Jaipur) |first=Man Singh (Maharaja of |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Indian_State_Forces/Zso8AQAAIAAJ |title=A History of the Indian State Forces |date=1967 |publisher=Orient Longmans |pages=one–two |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nevins |first=Edward M. |url=http://archive.org/details/forcesofbritishe0000nevi |title=Forces of the British Empire--1914 |date=1992 |publisher=Arlington, Va. : Vandamere Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-918339-18-8 |pages=271}}</ref> It was reorganised as [[Imperial Service Troops]] in 1888 and as [[Indian States Forces]] in 1922.<ref name=":9" /> Its officers wore scarlet uniforms with white facings.<ref name=":9" />

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], it assisted the [[East India Company]] in quelling the insurgents at [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]].<ref name=":10" /> It later took part in the [[Boxer Rebellion]].<ref name=":10" /> During [[World War I]], it served in [[Egypt]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and during [[World War II]], in the [[Middle East]].<ref name=":10" />

=== Alwar Pratap Paltan ===
This unit was raised after [[World War I]], at [[Alwar]], in 1919, by [[Jai Singh Prabhakar]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> It was reorganised as the [[Indian States Forces]] in 1922.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
== Rulers ==
The rulers of Alwar belong to the [[Naruka]] branch of the [[Kachhwaha]] clan of the [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=2,71–73,80–83}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India/3kwoAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> Like the royal house of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], the royal house of Alwar claims descent from [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]], the eldest son of [[Rama]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<ref name=":8" /> The ancestors of the family eventually settled in [[Amber, India|Amber]], from where the house later divided into two branches: Alwar and [[Amber, India|Jaipur]].<ref name=":8" /> Alwar represented the senior branch of [[Amber, India|Amber]].<ref name=":8" /> The ruler of the state was entitled to a permanent [[gun salute]] of 15 .<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Provincial_Series/tORAAQAAMAAJ |title=Provincial Series: Central Provinces |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Gevernment Printing |pages=424–430 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |No.
! width="12%" |Name
! width="80px" |Portrait
! width="28%" |Reign
! width="30%" |Notes
!References
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Rao Raja'''
| rowspan="10" |<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_states_in/wfUvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=43–45 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2021-07-20 |title=Alwar (Princely State) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/alwar/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=ALWAR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/a/alwar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703190645/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/a/alwar.html |archive-date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>
|-
|1
|[[Sawai Pratap Singh Naruka| Pratap Singh]]
|
|c. 1775 – c. 1791
| align="left" |
|-
|2
|Bakhtawar Singh
|
|c. 1791 – c. 1815
| align="left" |
|-
|3
|Vinay Singh
|
|c. 1815 – c. 1857
| align="left" |
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Maharao Raja'''
|-
|4
|Shivdan Singh
|[[File:Sheodan Singh of Alwar.png|161x161px]]
|c. 1857 – 11 October 1874
| align="left" |
|-
|5
|[[Mangal Singh Prabhakar|Mangal Singh]]
|[[File:Mangol Sing Rajah of Ulwar (cropped).tif|135x135px]]
|11 October 1874 – 22 May 1893
| align="left" |
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Maharaja'''
|-
|6
|[[Jai Singh Prabhakar|Jai Singh]]
|[[File:Maharaja Jai Singh of Alwar State.jpg|132x132px]]
|22 May 1893 – 20 May 1937
| align="left" |
|-
|7
|[[Sawai Tej Singh Naruka|Tej Singh]]
|
|20 May 1937 – 15 February 2009
| align="left" |
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Pretender'''
|-
|8
|[[Bhanwar Jitendra Singh|Jitendra Singh]]
|[[File:Maharaja Jitendra Singh Naruka of Alwar.jpg|165x165px]]
|15 February 2009 – present
| align="left" |
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|}

=== Titles and styles ===
The ruler of Alwar bore the title ''[[Rajarshi|Raj Rishi]] [[Shri]] Sawai [[Maharaja]] (personal name) Singhji Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur, [[Maharaja]] of Alwar'', with the style of [[His Highness]].<ref name=":7" />

== Bara Kotri ==
''Bara Kotri'', meaning the twelve fiefs or houses, was a term Alwar took from its parent state, [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tod (Lieutenant-Colonel.) |first=James |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annals_and_Antiquities_of_Rajast_han_Or/7E-bVxsALaIC |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, Or The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India |date=1832 |publisher=Smith, Elder, and Company |pages=435 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Faulkner |first=Alexander Samuel |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Historical_Sketch_of_the_Naruka_State/dFIoAAAAYAAJ |title=An Historical Sketch of the Naruka State of Ulwar in Rajputana |date=1895 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=5–10,21,41 |language=en}}</ref> It referred to the families closely related to the ruler of Alwar on his paternal side.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajputana (Agency) |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rajputana_Gazetteer/mYtYhoiaiYQC |title=The Rajputana Gazetteer |date=1880 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. |pages=179,190–191 |language=en}}</ref> Rao Kalyan Singh had five sons, and those sons established five families, collectively known as the ''panch thikanas'' or five fiefs, while the offshoots of these families are referred to as ''bara kotri''.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> In all, twenty-five families belong to this class.<ref name=":4" /> Succession in these families followed the rule of primogeniture, and suitable provisions were made for the younger sons out of the income of the estates.<ref name=":4" />
{{hidden begin|border=1px #aaa solid|title=Sons of Kalyan Singh|ta1=center}}
{{Tree list}}
* Kalyan Singh
** Anand Singh
** Shyam Singh
** Jodh Singh
** Amar Singh
** Ishri Singh
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="6" |Panch Thikanas
! width="5%" |No.
! width="12%" |Name
! width="80px" |Founder
! width="28%" |Notes
! width="30%" |Reference
|-
|1
|Macheri
|Anand Singh
|
| rowspan="5" align="left" |<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
|2
|Para
|Shyam Singh
|
|-
|3
|Pai
|Jodh Singh
|
|-
|4
|Khora
|Amar Singh
|
|-
|5
|Palwa
|Ishri Singh
|
|}
They were hereditary nobles of Alwar and would, in durbar, take their seats to the right of the ruler.<ref name=":4" /> In times when there was no heir to succeed in Alwar, they also decided collectively who should become the new ruler.<ref name=":5" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note01>Class-A referred to troops that were organised according to the Indian Army system and establishment and, with some exceptions, were armed with the same weapons as the corresponding units of the regular Indian Army.</ref>
}}
== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 1775]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Alwar]]

Prema Kiran

2026-03-15T03:54:43Z

WandaX39006: new

{{Short description|Indian actress (1961–2022)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prema Kiran
| image = Prema Kiran.jpg
| caption = Kiran in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1961}}
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2022|5|1|61}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1985–2022
| known_for = {{ubl| ''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]'' (1985) | ''[[De Dana Dan]]'' (1986) }}
}}

'''Prema Kiran''' (1961 – 1 May 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Popular Marathi Actress Prema Kiran Passes Away At 61 in Mumbai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/popular-marathi-actress-prema-kiran-passes-away-at-61-in-mumbai-5097643.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=News18}}</ref> was an Indian film actress and producer who mainly worked in [[Marathi cinema]]. Prema Kiran was known for role ''Ambakka'' in 1985 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language film ''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=Prema Kiran: 'धूमधडाका'मध्ये 'अंबाक्का' साकारणाऱ्या अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण काळाच्या पडद्याआड |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/veteran-marathi-actress-prema-kiran-passes-away-698888.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=दुःखद! जेष्ठ अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण यांचं निधन, ६१ व्या वर्षी घेतला अखेरचा श्वास |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/veteran-marathi-actress-prema-kiran-died-because-if-heart-attack-141651380024854.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> She also works in ''[[De Danadan]]'' (1987)'', Utavala Navra'' (1989)'', Madness'' (2001)'', Arjun Deva'' (2001)'', Kunku Jhale Vairi'' (2005)''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=Marathi actress Prema Kiran dies at the age of 61 |url=https://noidanewsindia.in/bollywood/celebrity-news/marathi-actress-prema-kiran-dies/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Noida News India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title='धुमधडाका' चित्रपटातील 'अंबाक्का' काळाच्या पडद्याआड, अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण यांचं निधन |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-veteran-actress-prema-kiran-passes-away-due-to-heart-attack-1055095 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref> In the last few years Prema appeared on [[Zee Marathi]] Channel's program ''[[He Tar Kahich Nay]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Some time ago, Prema appeared on Zee Marathi Channel's program 'Hei Tar Kahich Nahi' |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/veteran-marathi-actress-prema-kiran-died-because-if-heart-attack-141651380024854.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title= 'हे तर काहीच नाय' च्या मंचावर येणार अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण, प्रेक्षकांना ऐकायला मिळणार 'दे दणादण' च्या शूटींगच्या वेळी घडलेले किस्से |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/prema-kiran-will-be-present-in-he-tar-kahich-nay-show-of-zee-marathi-nrsr-218998/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण यांनी दिला 'दे दणादण' चित्रपटाच्या आठवणींना उजाळा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/actress-prema-kiran-reminisced-about-movie-de-dana-dan-a603/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kiran was started her film career with the 1985 Marathi movie ''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]''. Later, she played lead roles in ''[[De Danadan]]'', ''Irsal Karti'', ''[[Paagalpan|Pagalpan]]'', ''Arjun Deva'', ''Kunku Jhale Vairi'' and ''Lagnachi Varaat Londonachya Gharat''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2022-05-02 |title=Death: Only 4 actors reached for the last glimpse of this senior actress, who entertained the audience with her acting for 40 years. |url=https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/death-only-4-actors-reached-for-the-last-glimpse-of-this-senior-actress-who-entertained-the-audience-with-her-acting-for-40-years/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=News NCR |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=Prema Kiran Passes Away {{!}} Veteran actress Prema Kiran dies of heart attack, film industry mourns - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines |url=https://news8plus.com/prema-kiran-passes-away-veteran-actress-prema-kiran-dies-of-heart-attack-film-industry-mourns/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Also ''Mahercha Aher'', ''Gadbad Ghotala'', ''Saubhagyavati Sarpanch'' are among his films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Popular Marathi Actress Prema Kiran Passes Away At 61 in Mumbai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/popular-marathi-actress-prema-kiran-passes-away-at-61-in-mumbai-5097643.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Irshad |title=Marathi Actress Prema Kiran Passes Away – Marathi Actress Prema Kiran Passes Away |url=https://pipanews.com/marathi-actress-prema-kiran-passes-away-marathi-actress-prema-kiran-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Along with acting, Prema Kiran has also produced films like ''Uthavala Navara'' (1989), ''Tharkaap''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=2022-12-30 |title=Marathi actress Prema Kiran dies at the age of 61 |url=https://noidanewsindia.in/bollywood/celebrity-news/marathi-actress-prema-kiran-dies/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Noida News India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online Lokmat |date=2022-05-01 |title=Prema Kiran: ज्येष्ठ अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण काळाच्या पडद्याआड |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/veteran-actress-prema-kiran-passed-away-a301/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Apart from this, she also acted in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Banjari language|Banjara]] language films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Kiran Passes Away: मनोरंजन विश्वावर शोककळा! ज्येष्ठ अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण यांचे निधन |url=https://www.india.com/marathi/entertainment/breaking-marathi-actress-prema-kiran-passed-away-latest-marathi-news-5368083/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=India.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|1985
|''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]''
|Ambakka Rede
| rowspan="9" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhoom Dhadaka full cast |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/dhoom-dhadaka/cast/2000207058/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ज्येष्ठ मराठी अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण यांचं निधन |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-actress-prema-kiran-passed-away-in-mumbai-sgy-87-2910274/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|1986
|''[[Gadbad Ghotala]]''
|Chitra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Kiran as Chitra in Gadbad Ghotala (1986) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/gadbad-ghotala-1986 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |1987
|[[De Danadan|''De Dana Dan'']]
|Aavdakaa
|
|
|-
|''Chhakke Panje''
|Maya
|
|
|-
|''Bhatak Bhavani''
|Kondiba's wife
|
|
|-
|''Kaltay Pan Valat Nahi''
|Prema
|
|
|-
|''Kashasathi Premasathi''
|Phulwa
|
|
|-
|''Irasaal Karti''
|Sundari
|
|
|-
|''Khatyal Sasu Nataal Navra''
|Manju
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|[[Hum Intezaar Karenge|''Hum Intezar Karenge'']]
|Savitri
|[[Hindi]]
|Hindi film
|
|-
|''Gavran Gangu''
|Gangu
| rowspan="35" |Marathi
|
|
|-
|1993
|''Maheracha Aher''
|Jyoti Deshmukh
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Hirwa Chauda Suwasanicha''
|Mira
|Tv Film
|
|-
|1999
|''Saubhagyawati Sarpanch''
|Prema
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=मराठी चित्रपटातील 'आवडाक्का' काळाच्या पडद्याआड, अभिनेत्री प्रेमा किरण यांचे निधन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-actress-prema-kiran-passes-away/articleshow/91227558.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''Tuch Majhi Bhagyalakshmi''
|Ranjana Yashwantrao Patil
|
|
|-
|''Tochi Ek Samrat''
|Widower
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|''[[Paagalpan]]''
|Macchiwali (Fisher lady)
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Kiran Complete Movies List from 2001 to 2001 |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/filmography/prema-kiran/31772 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.bollywoodmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Boond''
|
|
|
|-
|''Arjun Deva''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiran is best remembered for starring in films such as Dhoom Dhadak (1985), Madness (2001), Arjun Deva (2001) and |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/veteran-actress-prema-kiran-passes-away-at-61-333902.html |website=Filmibeat}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''Ata Lagnala Chala''
|
|
|
|-
|''Chatur Navara Chikni Baiko''
|Mother of Raja
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Me Tulas Tujhya Angani''
|Sasubai
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''Kunku Jhale Vairi''
|
|
|
|-
|''Pahili Sher, Dusri Savvasher, Navara Pavsher''
|Saku
|
|
|-
|''Lalbaugcha Raja''
|
|
|
|-
|2007
|''Honar Sun Mi Tya Gharachi''
|Aaisaheb
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''Saasar Majhe He Mandir''
|Aaisaheb
|
|
|-
|''[[Full 3 Dhamaal]]''
|Traveller
|
|
|-
|''Mahima Khandobacha''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''Vairi Mangalsutracha''
|Laxmi Shriraman
|
|-
|''Lagnachi Varat Londonchya Gharat''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Ek Dav Sattecha''
|
|
|
|-
|''Kalubai Bhakt Satyacha Dhavjee Patil''
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Tambayacha Vishnubala''
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Chandrapurchi Devi Mahakali''
|
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Vishesh Mhanje Hi Majhi Misses''
|
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Ghungarachya Nadat''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''[[Gaon Thor Pudhari Chor]]''
|Parvatibai Teltumbe
|
|
|-
|''Premache Nate''
|
|
|
|-
|''Wakya''
|
|
|
|-
|''Sasuchya Gharat Javyachi Varaat''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018
|''[[Aa Bb Kk|AA BB KK]]''
|Indu Mavshi
|
|
|-
|''Friendship Band''
|
|
|
|-
|''Bal Bhimrao''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Truckbhar Swapna]]''
|Lady in slumdog
|
|
|-
|''Win Marathon''
|Aaliya's Mother
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Aai Chi Saath Kari Jagyavar Maath''
|
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Valan''
|
|
|
|-
|2020
|''Khel Ayushyacha''
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|''Lockdown to Unlock''
|
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Story of Laagir]]''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|}

== Death ==
Prema Kiran died in the early hours of May 1, 2022 in [[Mumbai]] due to a [[heart attack]] aged 61.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disheartening! Veteran Marathi actress Prema Kiran breathed her last on Sunday suffering from a heart attack |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/disheartening-veteran-marathi-actress-prema-kiran-breathed-her-last-sunday |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=1189897|name=Prema Kiran}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]

Sampurna Lahiri

2026-03-14T14:00:28Z

WandaX39006: fixed issues

{{short description|Bengali film and television actress (born 1986)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sampurna Lahiri
| image = Sampurna Lahiri.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 21 February 1991
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2012- present
| known_for =
}}
'''Sampurna Lahiri''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film and television actress. She made her big screen debut in the 2012 film ''Goray Gondogol''. In the same year she acted in the films ''Accident'' and ''[[Paanch Adhyay]]''.<ref name="Tolly impasse resolved">{{cite news |title=Tolly impasse resolved |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111220/jsp/calcutta/story_14903014.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629010930/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111220/jsp/calcutta/story_14903014.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |accessdate=16 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |date=20 December 2011}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director
!Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''Goray Gandogol'' || [[Pratim D. Gupta|Aniket Chattopadhyay]]
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]'' || [[Nandita Roy]], [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Paanch Adhyay]]'' || [[Aniket Chattopadhaya|Pratim D. Gupta]]
|
|-
| 2014 || ''Take One'' ||Mainak Bhowmik
|Guest Appearance
|-
| 2014 || ''Byomkesh Phire Elo''|| [[Anjan Dutta]]
|
|-
| 2016 ||''Janbaaz'' ||Sumit Dutta
|
|-
| 2016 ||''Jenana'' ||Barshali Chatterjee
|
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Sangabora]]''||Bulan Bhattacharya
|
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Parobash]]'' ||Niladri Lahiri
|
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Antarleen]]'' ||Arindam Bhattacharya
|
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Durga Sohay]]''|| [[Arindam Sil]]
|
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Harpada Haribol]]''|| [[Subir Saha]]
|
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Amar Sahor]]''||[[Jenny and Dipayan]]
|
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Shankar Mudi]]'' ||Aniket Chattopadhyay
|Guest Appearance
|-
|TBA ||''Kolkata 2012''||Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay
|
|-
|TBA ||''Pied Piper'' ||Vivek Budhakoti
|Hindi film
|-
| TBA ||''Tritio'' ||Animesh Bose
|
|}

'''As Producer'''
* [[Mini 2022 bengali film|Mini]] (2022)

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Director
!Platform
!Note
!{{Refh}}
|-
|2018
|''Dark Web''
|[[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Hoichoi]]
|Marked her web series debut
|
|-
|2019
|''Bou Keno Psycho''
|[[Debaloy Bhattacharya]]
|
|
|}

== Television ==
* ''Tare Ami Chokhe Dekhini''<ref name="Sampurna Lahiri debut">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Sampurna-Lahiri-of-Tare-Ami-Chokhe-Dekhini-fame-is-making-her-Tollywood-feature-film-debut-in-Accident-Says-Rudranil-who-plays-a-driver-in-the-film-Sampurna-plays-the-mother-of-the-boy-who-gets-run-over-in-Accident-/articleshow/7185711.cms |title=Sampurna Lahiri debut |date=29 December 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=16 October 2012}}</ref> ([[Star Jalsha]])
* ''[[Bigg Boss Bangla]]''"Contestant" ([[ETV Bangla]])
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi|''Byomkesh'']] ( Chiriakhana) ([[Colors Bangla]])
* ''Robi Thakurer Golpo'' ( Nauka Dubi) ([[Colors Bangla]])
*''[[Byomkesh (2014 TV series)]]''
*''[[Nojor|Najor]]'' as Daayan/Maya ([[Star Jalsha]])
*''[[Bangla Medium]] as Sohana ([[Star Jalsha]]) (Later replaced by Misty Singh)''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4857355}}
Official Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/iamsampurna

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahiri, Sampurna}}
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Malerkotla State

2026-03-09T13:16:06Z

WandaX39006: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian princely state}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Malerkotla State
| common_name = Malerkotla
| government_type = [[Absolute Monarchy]]
| year_start = 1454
| year_end = 1948
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event_end = [[Partition of India]]
| date_end = 15 August 1947
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| s1 = Dominion of India
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_coat = Coat of Arms of Malerkotla.gif
| image_map = Detail of Malerkotla State from a map of British and native states in the Cis-Sutlej Division between 1847–51, by Abdos Sobhan, 1858.jpg
| image_map_caption = Detail of Malerkotla State from a map of British and native states in the Cis-Sutlej Division between 1847–51, by Abdos Sobhan, 1858
| capital = [[Malerkotla|Malerkotla city]]
| national_motto = ''Heaven's Light Our Guide''<ref>The motto of the [[Order of the Star of India]]</ref>
| national_anthem =
| common_languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| title_leader = Nawab of Malerkotla
| leader1 = Muhammad Bayazid Khan ''(First)''
| year_leader1 = 1657 - 1659
| leader2 = Ghulam Hussain Khan
| year_leader2 = 1710 or 1712 - 1717
| leader3 = Jamal Khan
| year_leader3 = 1717 - 1762
| leader4 = Bhikan Khan
| year_leader4 = 1762 - 1763/64
| leader5 = [[Ahmad Ali Khan of Malerkotla|Ahmad Ali Khan]] ''(Last)''
| year_leader5 = 23 August 1908 – 15 August 1947
| stat_year1 =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_pop1 = 77,506
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today =
}}

The '''State of Malerkotla''' or '''Maler Kotla''' was a [[princely state]] of [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] origin in the [[Punjab region]] established in the medieval era and lasting to the era of [[British India]]. It has been described as being a princely enclave.<ref name=":2222">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurharpal |title=Sikh Nationalism |last2=Shani |first2=Giorgio |date=Nov 25, 2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781009213448 |pages=42}}</ref>

Its rulers belonged to a [[Sarwani]] and [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] dynasty from Afghanistan, and its capital was in [[Malerkotla]].<ref name=":2222" /> In the 19th century, the Muslim-ruled state was surrounded by Sikh states.<ref name=":2222" /> The state belonged to the [[Punjab States Agency]]. During the partition of Punjab in 1947, the state was mostly spared from bloodshed from Sikh mobs owing to the role the former ruler of the polity played in attempting to safeguard the sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name=":2222" /> The last [[Nawab]] of Maler Kotla signed the [[instrument of accession]] to join the [[Dominion of India]] on 20 August 1948.

==History==

=== Origins ===
The area, which was known as Maler, was received as a jagir in 1454 A.D. by [[Sheikh Sadruddin|Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahān]], a pious man of the [[Shirani (Pashtun tribe)|Sherwani]] tribe of [[Afghanistan]], and was ruled by his descendants.<ref name="Tribune2006">{{cite news | first = Sushil | last = Goyal | title = 'Malerkotla has Guru's blessings' | date = 19 August 2006 | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060819/saturday/main1.htm | work = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date = 24 March 2013}}</ref>

Local tradition says that [[Bahlul Lodi]] (1451–1489), the Afghan king who had most of western [[Indian subcontinent|India]] under his control, desired to rule [[Delhi]] and on his way, he was caught in a sand drift.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> In the darkness the King spotted a dim light of a lamp still burning in the wind. It was the hut of [[Sheikh Sadruddin]] and when the king found out he came to the hut to show his respect and asked the holy man to pray for him to bear a son and have victory.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India">{{cite web|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml |title=Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India |publisher=Khyber |access-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514122925/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2008 }}</ref> During 1451 and 1452, the king married off his daughter [[Taj Murassa]] to [[Sheikh Sadruddin]] after being enthroned in Delhi, and also gave him the area of Maler as a ''[[jagir]]''.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/>

The descendants of [[Sheikh Sadruddin]] branched into two groups. One started ruling the state and were given the title of ''[[Nawab]]'' when the [[Mughal Empire]] arose.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> The other branch lived around the Shrine of Sheikh Sadruddin, controlling the revenue from pilgrims.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/>

=== 17th century ===
The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. After saving the life of [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in a tiger attack, Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state.He was First Nawab of state

=== 18th century ===
[[File:Illustration of Nawab Sher Muhammad Khan Bahadur of Malerkotla State (b. 1640, d. 1712, r. 1672–1712).jpg|thumb|Illustration of Nawab Sher Muhammad Khan Bahadur of Malerkotla State (b. 1640, d. 1712, r. 1672–1712)]]
The roots of communal harmony in the area date back to 1705, when [[Sahibzada Fateh Singh|Fateh Singh]] and [[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh|Zorawar Singh]], the 9- and 7-year-old sons of 10th [[Sikh]] Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], were ordered to be bricked alive by the governor of [[Sirhind]], [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]]. His close relative, Sher Mohammed Khan, Nawab of Malerkotla, who was present in the court, lodged a vehement protest against this inhuman act and said it was against the teachings of Islam. Wazir Khan nevertheless had the boys bricked into a section of wall while still alive. At this, the Nawab of Malerkotla walked out of the court in protest. Guru Gobind Singh on learning this approach profusely thanked the Nawab of Malerkotla and blessed him with his [[hukamnama]] and [[kirpan]]. [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Singh Bahadur's]] avoidance of attacking Malerkotla has been attributed to the actions of Sher Mohammed Khan, however [[J. S. Grewal|J.S. Grewal]] notes that Banda's passivity towards the state was due to his prescribed route taking him elsewhere. Wars between Malerkotla state (originally siding with the Mughals, and later the forces of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] and the Rohilla Afghans, both of whom repeatedly raided Punjab during the eighteenth century) and the Sikh powers in Punjab resumed shortly after. Relations between the two oscillated during this period- involving events of intermittent warring as well as interventions of mutual defense against certain extra-local Sikh invaders.

Nawab Bikhan Khan had assisted the [[Durrani Empire|Durranis]] and participated in ''[[Vadda Ghalughara|Vadda Ghulaghara]]'' genocide of Sikhs on 5 February 1762.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=4: S–Z |pages=395–397}}</ref> The triump of the Sikhs after the [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]] attracted the hostilities of the Malerkotla ruler Bhikhan Khan, whom was anxious about a similar fate for Malerkotla, as Malerkotla had assisted Zain Khan in the ''[[Vadda Ghalughara]]'' massacre.<ref name=":7222">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url= |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=77–82}}</ref> Amar Singh of Patiala and Bhikhan Khan later would fight at Kakra, with Patiala prevailing and capturing the settlements of Sherpur and Bhasaur, and the Malerkotla ruler being killed.<ref name=":7222" /> Also, Amar Singh obtained an Afghan sword of the Malerkotla ruler as war-booty.<ref name=":7222" />

In 1795, [[Sahib Singh Bedi]], a descendant of Guru Nanak, attacked Malerkotla,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bigelow |first=Anna |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |date=Sep 8, 2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400831388 |editor-last=Metcalf |editor-first=Barbara D. |pages=150}}</ref> in part due to the issue of cow slaughter taking place in the city as well as other motivations influencing the expedition including the role of the nawab in the killing of a relative of Guru Gobind, as well as the contemporary nawab's ostensible role in the Vadda Ghallugura- a massacre in which twenty five thousand Sikhs were said to have been killed. His forces were stopped and repelled, with assistance coming from the rulers of Patiala.

The state was also under the suzeranity of [[Mahadaji Shinde]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Malerkotla State from a map created by the British East India Company of the Malwa region of Punjab showing the various polities, borders, and settlements of the area, ca.1829–1835.jpg|thumb|Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Malerkotla State from a map created by the British East India Company, ca.1829–1835.]]
In 1808, Ranjit Singh, arrived at the town and demanded an extortionate tribute of one million rupees from the state. Upon the nawab's inability to accumulate this wealth, [[Ranjit Singh]] attacked, forcing the nawab to take loans from wealthier Sikh neighbors to pay the due. The nawab subsequently appealed to the British and shortly after ceded to British suzerainty.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wellman |first1=James K. Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mC-6JtOUiC4C&pg=PA97 |title=Religion and Human Security: A Global Perspective |last2=Lombardi |first2=Clark |date=2012-08-16 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-982773-2 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bigelow |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfexkkZbJ7AC&pg=PA71 |title=Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India |date=2010-02-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536823-9 |pages=68–72 |language=en}}</ref> On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a [[British protectorate]] and was made part of the [[Cis-Sutlej states]] until 1862. Malerkotla ranked 12th in the Punjab [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] in 1890.

=== Partition of India ===
[[File:Punjab 1909.jpg|thumb|1909 Malerkotla State Located in the Punjab Agency bordered by [[Patiala State]] and [[Ludhiana district]]]]
During the [[Partition of India|1947 riots]] when Punjab was in flames, the State of Malerkotla did not witness a single incident of violence; through it all, it remained a lone island of peace.<ref name="Tribune2006" /><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514114047/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/112003/gratitude.htm A people's gratitude]}} ''The Sikh Review'', Issue No. 14, November 2003</ref> The State of Malerkotla experienced relatively insignificant communal violence due to the aforementioned objections of Sher Mohammed Khan to [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]]'s handling of [[Gobind Singh]]'s sons.<ref name="Tribune2006" /> Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago
The ruling family of Sheikh Sadr-ud-Din Sherwani migrated to Pakistan and lived mostly in Model Town, Lahore, Muzaffargarh, Khangarh.[8.<ref>[https://www.nationalfilmnetwork.com/Store/ProductDetails.aspx?productID=644&Title=The%20Legend%20of%20Malerkotla:%20A%20Tale%20from%20the%20Punjab&RefPage=ProductsList.aspx&CategoryID=79 The Legend of Malerkotla: A Tale from the Punjab (2004)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019094523/https://www.nationalfilmnetwork.com/store/ProductDetails.aspx?productID=644&Title=The%20Legend%20of%20Malerkotla:%20A%20Tale%20from%20the%20Punjab&RefPage=ProductsList.aspx&CategoryID=79 |date=19 October 2007 }} 48 min, DVD, {{ISBN|978-0-8026-0761-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Anna B | last = Bigelow | title = Malerkotla: A heritage going to seed | date = 2 December 2000 | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001202/windows/main1.htm | work = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date = 24 March 2013}}</ref>

=== Post-independence ===
Following [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]] and the signing of the [[instrument of accession]] to the [[Dominion of India]] in 1948, Maler Kotla joined the newly established state of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU) until its merger with [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in 1956.

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Malerkotla State ([[British Punjab province]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881A">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |pages=14 |last1=Edward Maclagan |first1=Sir |volume=2 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 28,931
| {{Percentage | 28931 | 71051 | 2 }}
| 7,625
| {{Percentage | 7625 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 10,495
| {{Percentage | 10495 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 21,018
| {{Percentage | 21018 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 21,828
| {{Percentage | 21828 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 28,982
| {{Percentage | 28982 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 30,320
| {{Percentage | 30320 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 24,616
| {{Percentage | 24616 | 71051 | 2 }}
| 26,866
| {{Percentage | 26866 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 27,229
| {{Percentage | 27229 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 25,942
| {{Percentage | 25942 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 28,413
| {{Percentage | 28413 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 31,417
| {{Percentage | 31417 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 33,881
| {{Percentage | 33881 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 16,178
| {{Percentage | 16178 | 71051 | 2 }}
| 39,973
| {{Percentage | 39973 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 38,409
| {{Percentage | 38409 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 22,902
| {{Percentage | 22902 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 29,459
| {{Percentage | 29459 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 21,252
| {{Percentage | 21252 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 23,482
| {{Percentage | 23482 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 1,323
| {{Percentage | 1323 | 71051 | 2 }}
| 1,276
| {{Percentage | 1276 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 1,361
| {{Percentage | 1361 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 1,268
| {{Percentage | 1268 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 585
| {{Percentage | 585 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 1,286
| {{Percentage | 1286 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 310
| {{Percentage | 310 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 71051 | 2 }}
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 37
| {{Percentage | 37 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 135
| {{Percentage | 135 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 116
| {{Percentage | 116 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71051 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71051 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71051 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75755 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 77506 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71144 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 80322 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 83072 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 71,051
! {{Percentage | 71051 | 71051 | 2 }}
! 75,755
! {{Percentage | 75755 | 75755 | 2 }}
! 77,506
! {{Percentage | 77506 | 77506 | 2 }}
! 71,144
! {{Percentage | 71144 | 71144 | 2 }}
! 80,322
! {{Percentage | 80322 | 80322 | 2 }}
! 83,072
! {{Percentage | 83072 | 83072 | 2 }}
! 88,109
! {{Percentage | 88109 | 88109 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}
|}

==List of rulers==

===Chiefs===

The chiefs were the holders of the jagir of Malerkotla.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan =2|Name
! Reign Began
! Reign Ended
|-
! 1
| [[Sheikh Sadruddin]] (b. 1434 - d. 1515)
| 1454
| 1508
|-
! 2
| [[Sheikh Muhammad Isa]] (d. 1538)
| 1508
| 1538
|-
! 3
| Khan Muhammad Shah (d. 1545)
| 1538
| 1545
|-
! 4
| Khan Muhammad Ishaq Khan (d. 1556)
| 1545
| 1556
|-
! 5
| Khan Fateh Muhammad Khan (d. 1600)
| 1556
| 1600
|-
! 6
| Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur (b. 1593 - d. 1659)
| 1600
| 1657
|}

===Rulers===

The rulers were titled '[[Nawab]]'. They had the right to an 14 gun [[salute state|salute]].
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan =2|Name
! Reign Began
! Reign Ended
|-
! 1
| Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur (b. 1593 - d. 1659)
| 1657
| 1659
|-
! 2
| Feroz Khan (b. 1616 - d. 1672)
| 1659
| 1672
|-
! 3
| Sher Muhammad Khan Bahadur (b. 1640 - d. 1710 or 1712)
| 1672
| 1710 or 1712<ref name="Ganda Singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Life Of Banda Singh Bahadur Based On Contemporary And Original Records |date=1935 |publisher=The Sikh History Research Dettart^pjpnt, Khalsa College, AmritsaiS |pages=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/LifeOfBandaSinghBahadurBasedOnContemporaryAndOriginalRecordsDr.GandaSingh/page/n91/mode/1up?q=sher+ |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
! 4
| Ghulam Hussain Khan (d. 1734)
| 1710 or 1712
| 1717
|-
! 5
| Jamal Khan (d. 1762)
| 1717
| 1762
|-
! 6
| Bhikan Khan (d. 1763/64)
| 1762
| 1763/64
|-
!
|Khan Sahib Khan Bahadur Khan (d. 1766) - ''Regent''
|1764
|1766
|-
! 7
|Khan Sahib Umar Khan (d. 1780)
| 1766
| 1 November 1780
|-
! 8
| Khan Sahib Asadullah Khan (d. 1784)
| 1 November 1780
| Apr 1784
|-
! 9
| Khan Sahib Ataullah Khan (d. 1809)
| Apr 1784
| 14 August 1809
|-
! 10
| Muhammad Wazir Ali Khan (b. 17.. - d. 1821)
| 14 August 1809
| 4 September 1821
|-
! 11
| [[Amir Ali Khan|Amir Ali Khan Bahadur]] (d. 1846)
| 4 September 1821
| 8 April 1846
|-
! 12
| Mahbub Ali Khan Bahadur (d. 1857) "Sube Khan"
| 8 April 1846
| 25 November 1857
|-
! 13
| Sikandar Ali Khan Bahadur (d. 1871)
| 25 November 1857
| 16 July 1871
|-
! 14
| Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan (b. 1857 - d. 1908)
| 16 July 1871
| 23 August 1908
|-
!
| Sir Ahmad Ali Khan ''Regent''
| 1 February 1905
| 23 August 1908
|-
! 15
| [[Ahmad Ali Khan of Malerkotla|Ahmad Ali Khan]] (b. 1881 - d. 1947) – Acceded to the Dominion of India
| 23 August 1908
| 15 August 1947
|-
|}

====Titular Rulers====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Name
! Reign Began
! Reign Ended
! Notes
|-
| [[Iftikhar Ali Khan of Malerkotla|Iftikhar Ali Khan]] (d. 1982)
| 15 August 1947
| 20 November 1982
| Retained official recognition until 1971 under the [[26th Amendment to the Constitution of India]] by [[Indira Gandhi]]'s government.
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Malerkotla]]
* [[Malerkotla district]]
* [[Punjab States Agency]]
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
* [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{EB1911 |wstitle=Maler Kotla |volume=17 |page=487}}

==External links==
* [https://pashtunhistory.com/nawabs-of-maler-kotla/ Nawabs of Maler Kotla]

{{Coord|30|32|N|75|59|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Princely states of Punjab]]
[[Category:Malerkotla district]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Malerkotla|*]]
[[Category:1657 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

[[fr:Maler Kotla]]

SuperSport (South African broadcaster)

2026-03-05T06:19:55Z

WandaX39006:

{{short description|South African sports television channel}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}
{{how-to|date=June 2021}}
{{Recentism|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = SuperSport
| logo = Supersport2012.jpg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_caption = Logo used since 1995, This is a remodeled version introduced in 2012
| image =
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1988}} (as Sports segment on [[M-Net]]) 1995 (as a single complete channel)
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[4K resolution|4K]], [[1080i]] [[16:9]], [[4:3]] ([[HDTV]]) {{small|Downscaled to [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed}}
| network = DStv
| owner = [[MultiChoice]] ([[Canal+ S.A.]])
| country = [[South Africa]]
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[Afrikaans]]
* [[Amharic]]
* [[South African English|English]]
* [[Nigerian Pidgin language|Pidgin]]
* [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
* [[Sotho language|Sotho]]
* [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]
* [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
}}
| area = [[Africa]]
| affiliates = {{Plainlist|
* [[ESPN]]
* [[Eurosport]]
* [[Fox Sports Australia]]
* [[Sky Sports]]
* [[Sony TEN]]
}}
| headquarters = [[Johannesburg]]
| former_names = M-Net SuperSport (1988–1994)
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels = {{Plainlist|
* [[1Magic]]
* [[1Max]]
* Abol TV
* [[Africa Magic]]
* [[Akwaaba Magic]]
* [[Channel O]]
* [[kykNET]]
* [[M-Net]]
* [[M-Net Movies]]
* [[M-Net City|Me]]
* Maisha Magic
* [[Mzansi Magic]]
* Novela Magic
* OneZed
* [[Pearl Magic]]
* [[Zambezi Magic]]
* Maningue Magic
* Kwenda Magic
}}
| timeshift_service =
| website = {{URL|supersport.com}}
| terr_serv_1 = [[M-Net]]
| terr_chan_1 = [[M-Net]] (as a sports feed during important events)
| terr_serv_2 = [[GOtv Africa|GOtv]]
| terr_chan_2 = 60–69 (Bantu Africa) 160–169 (Ghana) 360–369 (Uganda)
| terr_chan_3 = CSN
| sat_radio_serv_1 =
| sat_radio_chan_1 =
| adsl serv 1 =
| adsl chan 1 =
| online_serv_1 = SuperSport.com
| online_chan_1 = Live SuperSport Streaming online
| online_serv_2 = [[DStv]] Stream App
| online_chan_2 = Available to Subscribers
| online_serv_3 = [[Showmax]]
| online_chan_3 = Live SuperSport Streaming
}}

'''SuperSport''' is a South African-based group of television channels carried on the [[DStv]] & [[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] satellite platforms alongside the [[GOtv Africa | GOtv]] terrestrial platform and [[Showmax]] for live sports programming. It provides sports content in South Africa, Nigeria and all Sub-Saharan Africa countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ten Sports, Supersport sign multi-year digital content partnership|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/186518.html|access-date=4 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012055039/http://www.ameinfo.com/186518.html|archive-date=12 October 2010}}</ref>

SuperSport broadcasts a wide range of major sporting events and leagues, including [[association football]], [[rugby football|rugby]], [[cricket]], [[tennis]], [[golf]], [[motorsport]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], [[boxing]], [[wrestling]], [[field hockey]], and [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]. At its peak, it was the world's largest broadcaster of live rugby and cricket, though it has since been overtaken by [[Sky Sports]]. It also held the position of the second-largest [[Premier League]] broadcaster globally, offering live matches and, when possible, high-definition broadcasts through the Premier League's Content Service.<ref>{{cite web|title=SuperSport wins South African contracts|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/events/tv/news/newsid=800528.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830033755/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/events/tv/news/newsid=800528.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2010|access-date=4 September 2010}}</ref>

In addition to its satellite channels, SuperSport provides content to [[M-Net]], CSN, and occasionally M-Net HD. Following the model of Sky Sports, in September 2020, SuperSport began operating thematic channels, dedicating specific channels to major sports.

Currently, more than 3.5 million households across Africa access SuperSport via the DStv platform.<ref name="sb1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsearch.superbrands.com/download/1108/south-africa-volume-3/95900/south-africa-edition-3-supersport.pdf|title=SuperSport super brands}}</ref>

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2014}}
In 1986, [[M-Net]] was launched as South Africa's first pay-television channel and, along with [[Canal+ (French TV channel)|Canal+]], only the second outside of the United States. The channel immediately showed its intention to include sport in its programming line-up, by securing exclusive rights of an important [[Currie Cup]] match between [[Golden Lions|Transvaal]] and [[Western Province (rugby team)|Western Province]] for its first ever broadcast. From 1988, sports coverage on M-Net ran under the banner of ''M-Net SuperSport''.

M-Net SuperSport expanded its range of coverage, including live overseas rugby, cricket, golf, boxing and cycling. Following South Africa's readmission into international cricket, SuperSport scored another marketing coup by securing exclusive rights to the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]].

When rugby turned professional in 1995, a deal was struck between the newly formed [[SANZAAR|SANZAR]] and [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]. In South Africa, SuperSport was awarded exclusive broadcasting rights of the [[Super 12]] competition, as well as the [[Tri Nations (rugby union)|Tri Nations]]. Following this deal, rugby gradually ceased broadcasting on the [[SABC]], while SuperSport became a carrier of live rugby broadcasts.

At the same time, [[Naspers]] expanded its pay-television operations to a satellite carrier. With the launch of DStv in 1995, SuperSport became a multi-channel network and an independent brand, although it was still primarily associated with M-Net.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=SuperSport goes hi-tech for soccer's greatest month |url=https://mg.co.za/special-reports/2022-11-16-supersport-goes-hi-tech-for-soccers-greatest-month/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> The network made full use of the satellite platform to expand its sports offering: For the Olympic Games, six channels are generally used for live events.

On 4 September 2001, SuperSport moved its locations on the DStv platform. All of the SuperSport channels were now located in the 21-29 range while SuperSport Zone moved to channel 20. SuperSport International was renamed SuperSport 3, with an emphasis on the "big 3" sports (soccer, athletics, boxing) carried by the network. The interactive service, SuperSport Zone, started in May 2001.<ref>"Major re-launch for Africa's sports on TV", ''Africa Film & TV Magazine'', nº. 32, February–April 2002</ref>

In 2007, the SABC lost its exclusive rights to the local [[Premier Soccer League]] (PSL) to SuperSport, in a deal worth R1.6 billion. The deal stipulated that some matches had to be shared with the SABC. In August 2011, SuperSport renewed its contract with the PSL for another five years.

Since 2011, SuperSport's association with M-Net began to fade, when M-Net split its terrestrial feed from its DStv channel. DStv viewers can no longer watch sports events on M-Net, although terrestrial subscribers still get feeds on the main channel, as well as the Community Services Network (CSN).

A [[Premier Soccer League]] team bears the channel's name. [[SuperSport United F.C.]] was originally known as Pretoria City but bought by M-Net in 1995 after which it was renamed. In July 2025, it was announced that [[Siwelele F.C.]] would buy the club.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SuperSport United sold to Siwelele Football Club |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/828782/SuperSport-United-sold-to-Siwelele-Football-Club|date=2025-07-04|access-date=2025-07-29 |website=African Football}}</ref>

On August 8, 2020, SuperSport announced a gradual makeover/revamp of its channels, meaning the numbering of the channels since the channel's commencement of expansion in 2003 such as ''SuperSport 3'' would be replaced with specific-sport TV channels which they "''enhances the sports viewers' experience''" and "''makes it easier to find and watch a favourite league, competition or sport''". The revamp would be operational from September 1, 2020, onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AsuquoE|date=2020-08-08|title=SuperSport channels are getting a new makeover to give your favourite sport a dedicated home of its own|url=https://talkmediaafrica.com/2020/08/08/supersport-channels-are-getting-a-new-makeover-to-give-your-favourite-sport-a-dedicated-home-of-its-own/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=TalkMedia Africa|language=en-US}}</ref>

On April 22, 2021, SuperSport got ownership of School Sport Live and rebranded it into SuperSport Schools. Under the new ownership, SuperSport Schools will continue to broadcast the best of School Sports online and also through SuperSport linear channels bringing it close to their other content. In this agreement, the brand is expected to get a mobile app later in the year.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.multichoice.com/media/news/supersport-to-invest-in-schools-sport/ | title=SuperSport to invest in Schools Sport | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819051324/https://www.multichoice.com/media/news/supersport-to-invest-in-schools-sport/ | archive-date=2022-08-19}}</ref>

===Random Factoids About SuperSport===
*In 2009, SuperSport broadcast nearly 8,000 hours of live sports across its channels.
*SuperSport’s total viewership across Africa exceeds ten million.
*The network receives around 300 live broadcast feeds from across the world each weekend.
*SuperSport hosts 420 outside broadcasts annually, excluding those in Africa.
*In February 2009, SuperSport became the first [[Africa]]n broadcaster to launch a 24-hour High Definition (HD) channel.
*The 26-camera broadcast of the [[Kaizer Chiefs]]/[[Orlando Pirates]] derby in 2009 set a new standard for local football coverage.
*The same year, SuperSport also became the first to broadcast a PSL derby in HD.<ref name="sb1"/>
*In 2021 SuperSport ventured into the Online gambling sphere by launching [[SuperSportBet]].

==List of channels==

SuperSport has 3 broadcast feeds on the African continent; [[South Africa]], [[Nigeria]] & Rest of Africa (ROA).

===South Africa===

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
!Channel Name
!Channel Number
!Packages
|-
|SuperSport WWE HD
|128
|DStv Family
|-
|SuperSport Events HD
|199
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|SuperSport Blitz HD
|200
|DStv Access
|-
|SuperSport Grandstand HD
|201
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport PSL HD
|202
|DStv Compact
|-
|SuperSport Premier League HD
|203
|DStv Compact
|-
|SuperSport LaLiga HD
|204
|DStv Access
|-
|SuperSport Football HD
|205
|DStv Family
|-
|SuperSport Variety 1 HD
|206
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|SuperSport Variety 2 HD
|207
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|SuperSport Variety 3 HD
|208
|DStv Compact
|-
|SuperSport Variety 4 HD
|209
|DStv Access
|-
|SuperSport Action HD
|210
|DStv Compact
|-
|SuperSport Rugby HD
|211
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Cricket HD
|212
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Golf HD
|213
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Tennis HD
|214
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Motorsport HD
|215
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Schools HD
|216
|DStv Easyview
|-
|SuperSport Máximo 1 HD
|241
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Play
|243
|DStv Free To View
|-
|SuperSport OTT 1
|244
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 5
|245
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 2
|246
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 3
|247
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 4
|248
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 6
|950
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 7
|951
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 8
|952
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport CSN
|490
|
|-
|M-Net Terrestrial
|491
|
|}

===Nigeria===

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
!Channel Name
!Channel Number
!Packages
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport WWE HD
|128 or 209
|DStv Confam
|-
|68
|GOtv Supa
|-
|SuperSport Events HD
|199
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Blitz Africa HD
|200
|DStv Padi
|-
|60
|GOtv Smallie
|-
|SuperSport Grandstand HD
|201
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Football Plus HD
|202
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Premier League HD
|203
|DStv Compact
|-
|65
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport LaLiga HD
|204
|DStv Confam
|-
|62
|GOtv Max
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Football HD
|205
|DStv Yanga
|-
|61
|GOtv Jolli
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Action HD
|206
|DStv Compact
|-
|66
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Africa HD
|207
|DStv Yanga
|-
|63
|GOtv Jinja
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Africa 2 HD
|208
|DStv Confam
|-
|64
|GOtv Max
|-
|SuperSport Variety 1 HD
|210
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|SuperSport Rugby
|211
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Cricket
|212
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Golf
|213
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Tennis HD
|214
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Motorsport HD
|215
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Máximo 1 HD
|241
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Máximo 2 HD
|242
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport OTT 1
|244
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 5
|245
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 2
|246
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 3
|247
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 4
|248
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 6
|950
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 7
|951
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 8
|952
|DStv App
|}

===Rest Of Africa===

Most of the channels for SuperSport Nigeria are shared with the Rest of African (ROA) Feed, excluding only 3 channels as SuperSport has catered for a separate ROA feed for these. They are SS Football Plus, SS Premier League & SS LaLiga. The Sub-Saharan African feed is divided into 2 zones, Anglophone Africa (English-speaking countries) & Lusophone Africa (Portuguese-speaking countries).

====Anglophone Africa====

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
!Channel Name
!Channel Number
!Packages
|-
|rowspan=3|SuperSport WWE HD
|128 or 229
|DStv Family
|-
|68
|GOtv Supa
|-
|725
|[[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus & TOUT CANAL+
|-
|SuperSport Events HD
|199
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|SuperSport PSL HD
|202
|DStv Compact (Southern Africa only)
|-
|SuperSport Schools HD
|216
|DStv Access (Southern Africa only)
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Blitz Africa HD
|220
|DStv Access
|-
|60
|GOtv Lite
|-
|SuperSport Grandstand HD
|221
|DStv Premium
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Football Plus HD
|222
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|110 or 253 or 78
|[[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus & TOUT CANAL+
|-
|rowspan=3|SuperSport Premier League HD
|223
|DStv Compact
|-
|65
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|112 or 255 or 80
|[[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus & TOUT CANAL+
|-
|rowspan=3|SuperSport LaLiga HD
|224
|DStv Family
|-
|62
|GOtv Max
|-
|113 or 256 or 81
|[[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus & TOUT CANAL+
|-
|rowspan=3|SuperSport Football HD
|225
|DStv Access
|-
|61
|GOtv Plus
|-
|111 or 254 or 79
|[[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus & TOUT CANAL+
|-
|rowspan=3|SuperSport Action HD
|226
|DStv Compact
|-
|66
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|726
|[[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus & TOUT CANAL+
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Africa HD
|227
|DStv Lite
|-
|63
|GOtv Value
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Africa 2 HD
|228
|DStv Family
|-
|64
|GOtv Max
|-
|SuperSport Variety 1 HD
|230
|DStv Compact Plus
|-
|SuperSport Rugby
|231
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Cricket
|232
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Golf
|233
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Tennis HD
|234
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Motorsport HD
|235
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Máximo 1 HD
|241
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Máximo 2 HD
|242
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Play
|243
|DStv Free To View (Southern Africa only)
|-
|SuperSport OTT 1
|244
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 5
|245
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 2
|246
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 3
|247
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 4
|248
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 6
|950
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 7
|951
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 8
|952
|DStv App
|}

====Lusophone Africa====
(Applies mainly in Angola & Mozambique)

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
!Channel Name
!Channel Number
!Packages
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Máximo 360
|600
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande, DStv Familia+, DStv Familia
|-
|50
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|SuperSport Máximo 1 HD
|601
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Máximo 2 HD
|602
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande, DStv Familia+
|-
|52
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Máximo 3 HD
|603
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande, DStv Familia+
|-
|51
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport WWE HD
|610 or 629
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande, DStv Familia+
|-
|68
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Blitz Africa HD
|620
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande, DStv Familia+, DStv Familia
|-
|60
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|SuperSport Grandstand HD
|621
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue
|-
|SuperSport Football Plus HD
|622
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Premier League HD
|623
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande, DStv Familia+
|-
|65
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport LaLiga HD
|624
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande, DStv Familia+, DStv Familia
|-
|62
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Football HD
|625
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande, DStv Familia+, DStv Familia, DStv Facil
|-
|61
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Action HD
|626
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+
|-
|66
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Africa HD
|627
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grande
|-
|63
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|rowspan=2|SuperSport Africa 2 HD
|628
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue, DStv Grande+,
|-
|64
|GOtv Supa Plus
|-
|SuperSport Variety 1 HD
|630
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue
|-
|SuperSport Rugby
|631
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Cricket
|632
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Golf
|633
|DStv Premium
|-
|SuperSport Tennis HD
|634
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue
|-
|SuperSport Motorsport HD
|635
|DStv Mega or DStv Bue
|-
|SuperSport OTT 1
|244
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 5
|245
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 2
|246
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 3
|247
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 4
|248
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 6
|950
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 7
|951
|DStv App
|-
|SuperSport OTT 8
|952
|DStv App
|}

===SuperSport Blitz (200)===
SuperSport Blitz (Blitz Africa outside South Africa), formerly known as SuperSport Update, was launched on 1 October 2006 featuring news, features, announcements, highlights, previews & sporting events all around the world. For some hours it relays [[Sky Sports News]] live from the UK.

===SuperSport Grandstand (201)===
SuperSport's channel which features the day's live content including events from tennis, rugby, cricket and live [[WWE]] pay-per-views. This channel is only available to DStv Premium subscribers.

===SuperSport PSL (202)===
SuperSport PSL focuses mainly on domestic soccer matches in South Africa and other African countries through live broadcasts, magazine shows and highlights. They now show [[Premier Soccer League]] (PSL) matches every Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday as part of their "Super Diski" shows. The channel also shows many PSL themed news and talk shows under the "PSL TV" brand. These shows air at least one new show nightly. They include Extra Time, Back Pages, Mzansi Legends, National First Division Show, PSL News, Thursday Night Live With [[Robert Marawa]], Love PSL and various club magazine shows. All local matches have [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and [[Sesotho]] commentary.

As this channel is locally oriented (South Africa), it is included on the Compact bouquet for South African & Southern African viewers.

===SuperSport Football Plus (202)===
SuperSport Football Plus is a 24-hour dedicated football/soccer channel, specifically made for as the new home of [[UEFA Champions League]] for ROA Viewers alongside featured soccer documentaries, shows, news & matches. It also acts as a soccer overflow channel broadcasting other live fixtures when other SuperSport channels are occupied with live events.

This channel is available for Nigeria (Ch. 202) & The Rest of African (ROA》Ch. 222/622) audiences on the DStv Compact Plus package as well as [[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus (Ch. 116) for Canal+ viewers.

===SuperSport Premier League (203)===
SuperSport Premier League is a 24-hour football/soccer channel. SuperSport has the exclusive rights of telecasting the [[Premier League]] as well as the [[UEFA Champions League]] (For South African Viewers), and other major football tournaments. It is available on the DStv Compact, GOtv Supa Plus (Nigeria & ROA) & [[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus packages.

===SuperSport LaLiga (204)===
Home of the Spanish [[La Liga]] & [[UEFA Europa League]] while also showcasing overflow matches from the [[UEFA Champions League]].

In South Africa, the channel is available on DStv Access while for The Rest of Africa, it is available to DStv Family customers, as well as DStv Confam (Nigeria), GOtv Max (Nigeria & ROA) and [[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus

===SuperSport Football (205)===
Primarily showcases Italy's Serie A while also broadcasting matches from the [[Premier League]], [[UEFA Champions League]] and [[UEFA Europa League]], and selected international matches. The channel is available for DStv Family and upper packages in South Africa

The Nigerian & ROA Channel usually broadcasts delayed as well as a select number of live matches from the [[Premier League]], [[La Liga]], [[Serie A]] and the [[Premier Soccer League]] (PSL) as well as [[UEFA Europa League]] & Ethiopian Football matches. The channel is available for DStv Access, GOtv Plus and [[Canal+ Afrique|CANAL+]] English Plus for Rest Of Africa customers & DStv Yanga and GOtv Jolli for Nigerian customers.

===SuperSport Variety 1 (206)===
Variety 1 focuses on cycling and swimming events while also functioning as an overflow channel for soccer, golf, tennis, rugby and cricket events.

As the channel includes involvement with overflow content with rugby, tennis and other Premium sports, the channel is available to DStv Compact Plus customers in South Africa & The Rest Of Africa (incl. Nigeria)

===SuperSport Variety 2 (207)===
Variety 2 features gymnastics, hockey, sailing and squash events while also functioning as an overflow channel for soccer matches.

The channel is available to DStv Compact Plus (South Africa) customers as part of the offering SuperSport gives

===SuperSport Variety 3 (208)===
Variety 3 broadcasts athletics events, marathons, [[UEFA Europa Conference League]], live WWE & UFC programming including pay-per-view events, and also functions as an overflow for some soccer matches from the PSL, Premier League & UEFA Champions League for South African viewers. The channel is available for DStv Compact subscribers.

===SuperSport Variety 4 (209)===
Variety 4 focuses on grassroot sports including varsity rugby, netball, BNL, DStv Diski Challenge, SRC, as well as WWE highlights in South Africa. The channel is offered under the DStv Access package.

===SuperSport Action (210)===
SuperSport Action broadcasts a range of extreme sports as well as major boxing matches, [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] and EFC mixed martial arts programming and overflow content from rugby, soccer and cricket.

Available to DStv Compact and GOtv Supa Plus (Nigeria & ROA) customers.

===SuperSport Rugby (211)===
SuperSport Rugby is the channel which focuses mainly on [[Rugby union|rugby]]. It shows all [[South Africa national rugby union team|national team]] rugby matches live, as well as all [[Super Rugby]] fixtures, the [[Currie Cup]], [[Varsity Rugby]] and certain top high school and club matches. Most matches have commentary in both English and Afrikaans, with a growing number also featuring a Xhosa feed.<ref>[https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/2014-07-23-xhosa-rugby-commentary-not-kicked-into-touch/ Xhosa rugby commentary not kicked into touch], ''[[The Sowetan]]'', 23 July 2014</ref>

As the world's second largest broadcaster of live rugby, SuperSport's current lead commentators in English are [[Matthew Pearce]], [[Hugh Bladen]], [[Gavin Cowley]], [[Owen Nkumane]] and [[Paul Stubbs]], while their analyst pool includes [[Joel Stransky]], [[Gcobani Bobo]], [[Bobby Skinstad]], [[Breyton Paulse]], [[Nick Mallett]], [[Ashwin Willemse]], [[Kobus Wiese]], [[Victor Matfield]], [[Jean de Villiers]] and [[Naas Botha]].

The channel is exclusively on DStv Premium.

===SuperSport Cricket (212)===
SuperSport Cricket primarily shows [[Cricket]]. All international cricket involving the South African national cricket team, as well as certain domestic cricket, is shown on this channel. The presentation and commentary team who cover South African home games include [[Mark Nicholas]], [[Mike Haysman]], [[Pommie Mbangwa]], [[Michael Holding]], [[Shaun Pollock]], [[Makhaya Ntini]], [[JP Duminy]] and guest pundits from the opposition team.

The channel is also available only on DStv Premium

===SuperSport Golf (213)===
SuperSport Golf is the home of the majors with coverage of the PGA tour and other major golfing events including the Open, [[The Masters]] and many more.

This channel is available only on DStv Premium

===SuperSport Tennis (214)===
SuperSport Tennis is a 24-hour dedicated tennis channel showcasing live tennis from Grand Slams to the ATP Tour, WTA & other major tennis events.

Available to DStv Premium customers.

===SuperSport Motorsport (215)===
SuperSport Motorsport features live and archive content including [[Formula One|Formula 1]], [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]], [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]], [[Superbike racing|Superbikes]], [[Formula E]], [[NASCAR]] and more.

Exclusive to DStv Premium

===SuperSport WWE (128)===
In addition to the [[WWE Network]] being made locally available, SuperSport's WWE channel features live broadcasts of WWE's flagship programming of [[WWE Raw]] and [[WWE SmackDown]], along with additional WWE Network content including pay-per-view events, [[WWE NXT]], WWE 24, WWE Ride Along and more.

===SuperSport Máximo (241)===
SuperSport Maximo is the [[Portuguese-language]] channel broadcasting the same events from the other SuperSport channels, mainly the [[UEFA Champions League]], [[Formula One|Formula 1]] and [[Premier League]] in some instances. It is available mainly in the countries of [[Lusophone Africa]], but also in other African countries including South Africa.

== See also ==
*[[M-Net]]
*[[Filmnet]]
*[[K-T.V.]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Supersport}}
[[Category:Television stations in South Africa]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in South Africa]]
[[Category:Sports television networks]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in South Africa]]

Killer Diary

2026-03-05T02:38:50Z

WandaX39006: Made Initial Entry More To Come - done

{{Short description|1995 Kannada film by Srinivas Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Killer Diary
| image = Killerdiary.jpg
| caption =
| director = Srinivas Reddy
| producer = {{plainlist|
* M. N. Muralikrishna
* K. B. Satish Kumar
* Smt. Gangammma
* V. K. Ramu
}}
| studio = Sri Durga Creations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/company/sri-durga-creations|title=Sri Durga Creations}}</ref>
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Srinivas Babu
* Srinivas Reddy
* Sri Durga Creations}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Devaraj]]
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* Tara
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]}}
| music = Vijayanand
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* N. Babu
* C. D. Raju}}
| editing = Narasaiah
| runtime = 132 minutes
| released = {{Film date|1995}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Killer Diary'''''{{efn|Though the film's name is Killer Diary a few websites have named it Killer Dairy.}} is a 1995 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Srinivas Reddy starring [[Devaraj]] and Shruti. The film was jointly produced by M. N. Muralikrishna, V. K. Ramu, K. B. Satish Kumar and Smt. Gangamma in the banner of Sri Durga Creations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Killer-Diary-Shruthi/dp/B07PMSB2HZ|title=Killer Diary film |website=Amazon }}</ref> Srinivas Babu wrote the story for which the screenplay was penned by Srinivas Reddy. The film edited<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/k-narasayya|title=Narasaiah}}</ref> by Narasaiah had musical score by Vijayanand<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/vijayanand|title=Vijayanand}}</ref> while cinematography was handled by N. Babu<ref>{{cite web|title=N. Babu|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/n-babu}}</ref> and C. D. Raju.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/c-d-raju|title=C. D. Raju}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/killer-diary|title=Killer Diary}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kavya, an author, resides in Prashanthi housing colony. Her close friends, who also reside in the same colony are Apsara, Maaji, Latha, Rajani and [[Tanuja]]. Her uncle moves into a house as he has begun a coffin manufacturing business in the vicinity and soon makes friends with an astrologer.

=== Killer Diary Part 1 ===
Kavya writes a thriller story titled Killer Diary which is published as a weekly serialisation in a magazine published by Kannada Dundhubi the proprietor of which is Mahanandi. The magazine is released every Thursday.

Next week Tuesday night, a few people in the housing colony are seen moving around suspiciously. A mysterious killer murders Rajani and drops her corpse in the water tank. The case is handed over to Special Crime Branch Officer Pratap. A man, meanwhile, confesses to an old lady to have committed the murder.

=== Killer Diary Part 2 ===
Sub-Inspector Bhrammappa and two constables are put in charge of the colony's security. Pratap who arrives in the colony finds that three of the colony's workers - Annamma, Channaiah and Kittappa are former criminals. Bhrammappa and his subordinates come across the corpse of the second victim, Tanuja.

=== Killer Diary Part 3 ===
It is revealed that the murder happens as depicted in the weekly series Killer Diary. Moreover, from the earlier two crime scenes two letters A and Y were obtained. Kavya begins to develop feelings for Pratap while Pratap is seen caring for his mentally unstable wife Kusuma. The same man from the earlier scene is shown making arrangements for another murder. The third victim is Maaji who is the area [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]. Pratap learns from the footprints obtained in the crime scene that the killer has limp and is shocked to find that these traits are similar to that of the commissioner.

=== Killer Diary Part 4 ===
The presumed killer is seen eagerly reading the latest chapter of Killer Diary. The fourth victim is Latha. After her death, Pratap concludes that Kavya might be the killer. From her house he catches the presumed killer who reveals that he is Kusuma's brother. An ex-military man he had a burning [[desire to punish]] the 5 women who were responsible for his sister being insane. He further reveals that someone had murdered them before him and he intended to steal the next copy's written material so as to kill the fifth person. The fifth person happens to be actress Apsara who despite almost tight security gets murdered on stage while performing at a major event. Three more letters — V, A and K are obtained which upon joining with the other two gives Kavya. Meanwhile, Kavya, who follows Pratap to a secret mansion gets enough evidence to prove that Pratap is the real murderer and gets him arrested before he could frame Kavya. When Pratap escapes, the commissioner moves Kavya to a safe house. However, Pratap reaches there and reveals why he targeted the six friends. Exactly an year before, the 6 friends driving their car recklessly hit a pregnant Kusuma standing beside the road leading to abortion and her losing sanity. They went away without helping her. Before he could kill her he is stopped by Pratap revealing that the killer is not Pratap but his look-alike. The real killer tried to frame Pratap since he felt in the presence of Pratap it would be difficult to kill Kavya. After a minor fight, the killer flees and later escapes with his wife. However, eventually, he is shot by the commissioner and before dying hands over Kusuma to Kavya. Kavya and Pratap unite.

== Cast ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor
! Character
|-
| [[Devaraj]]
| Special Crime Branch Officer Pratap / Golibar Govinda and Killer(Double Role)
|-
| [[Shruti]]
| Kavya
|-
| [[Sanketh Kashi]]
| Sub-Inspector Bhrammappa
|-
| [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
| Apsara
|-
| [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
| Kavya's uncle
|-
| [[Bank Janardhan]]
| Mahanandi
|-
| [[Shivaram]]
| Astrologer
|-
| [[Umashree]]
| Maaji
|-
| [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
| Kusuma's brother
|-
| [[Sarigama Viji]]
| Constable
|-
| M. S. Karanth
|
|}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Killer Diary
| artist = Vijayanand
| type = Soundtrack
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| language = Kannada
| released =
| label = Jhankar Music
| prev_title = Adhipathi
| prev_year = 1994
| next_year = 2000
| year = 1995
| next_title = Utthara Dhruvamdim Dakshina Dhruvaku
}}
The soundtrack album scored and composed by [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijayanand]] comprises 4 tracks.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Vijayanand/Killer+Dairy+%281995%29|title=Killer Dairy Songs}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Tracks ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Track name
! Singer(s)
|-
| Ammamma Enu
| [[Manjula Gururaj]]
|-
| Kele Kusumave
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]]
|-
| Bharatambe
| SPB
|-
| Haalu Kodu
| SPB, Rajesh
|}

== Release ==
The film was given a U certificate by the regional office of [[Censor Board]] at [[Bengaluru]] with the certificate dated 3 February 1995. The film had 12 cuts.<ref name="kd">{{cite web|title=Killer Diary Censor Report|url=http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/killer-dairy-celluloid|access-date=19 June 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621060749/http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/killer-dairy-celluloid|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1995 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]

Tulsidas

2026-03-05T02:29:07Z

WandaX39006: General cleanup and improvements

{{Short description|Hindu saint and poet (1511–1623)}}
{{For|the poetry work written by [[Suryakant Tripathi Nirala|Nirala]] based on Tulsidas|Tulsidas (poem)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| honorific_prefix=[[Sant (religion)|Sant]] [[Goswami]]
| name = Tulsidas
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| image = Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi Hindi Poet.jpg
| caption = Picture of Tulsidas published in the ''Ramcharitmanas'', by Sri Ganga Publishers, Gai Ghat, Benaras, 1949
| alt =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1511|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Rajapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rajapur]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| known_for = Composing the ''Ramcharitmanas'' and ''Hanuman Chalisa'' Reincarnation of [[Valmiki]]
| birth_name = Rambola Dubey
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1623|07|30|1511|08|11}}{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
| death_place = [[Banaras]], [[Oudh State|Awadh Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India)
| guru = Narharidas (Narharyanandacharya)
| father = Aatmaram
| mother = Hulsi Devi
| sect = [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]]
| philosophy = [[Vishishtadvaita]]
| honors = [[Gossain|Goswami]], ''[[Sant (religion)|sant]]'', ''Abhinavavālmīki'', ''Bhaktaśiromaṇi''
| literary_works = ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', ''[[Vinaya Patrika]]'', ''Geetawali'', ''Dohavali'', ''Sahitya Ratna'', ''[[Hanuman Chalisa]]'', ''Vairagya Sandipani'', ''Janaki Mangal'', ''Parvati Mangal'', and others
| footnotes =
| spouse = Ratnavali
}}
'''Rambola''' ({{IPA|hi|rɑːməboːlɑː d̪ubeː}}; 11 August 1511 – 30 July 1623<ref name="avinashray-tulsiprakash">pp. 23–34.{{citation needed|reason=Source name is unclear and is not linked to anywhere.|date=July 2020}}</ref>), popularly known as '''Goswami Tulsīdās''' ({{IPA|sa|tʊlsiːdaːsa}}),<ref name="frommer" /> was a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] ([[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]]) [[Hinduism|Hindu]] saint, devotee (भक्त) and poet, renowned for his devotion to the deity [[Rama]]. He wrote several popular works in [[Sanskrit]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], and [[Braj Bhasha]], but is best known as the author of the ''[[Hanuman Chalisa]]'' and of the epic ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', a retelling of the Sanskrit ''[[Ramayana]]'', based on Rama's life, in the vernacular Awadhi language.

Tulsidas spent most of his life in the cities of Banaras (modern [[Varanasi]]) and [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Prasad|2008|p=857}}, quoting Mata Prasad Gupta: Although he paid occasional visits to several places of pilgrimage associated with Rama, his permanent residence was in Kashi.</ref> The [[Tulsi Ghat]] on the [[Ganges]] in Varanasi is named after him.<ref name="frommer">{{cite book| last1=de Bruyn | first1=Pippa | last2=Bain | first2=Dr. Keith | last3=Allardice | first3=David | last4=Joshi | first4=Shonar | title=Frommer's India | year=2010 | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | isbn=9780470602645 | location=Hoboken, New Jersey, United States of America | page=471}}</ref> He founded the [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]] in Varanasi, believed to stand at the place where he had the sight of [[Hanuman|the deity]].<ref>{{cite book| last1=Callewaert | first1=Winand M. | last2=Schilder | first2=Robert | title=Banaras: Vision of a Living Ancient Tradition | year=2000 | publisher=Hemkunt Press | isbn=9788170103028 | location=New Delhi, India | page=90}}</ref> Tulsidas started the [[Ramlila]] plays, a folk-theatre adaptation of the ''Ramayana''.<ref name="handoo-ramlila">{{Harvnb|Handoo|1964|p=128}}: ... this book ... is also a drama, because Goswami Tulasidasa started his ''Ram Lila'' on the basis of this book, which even now is performed in the same manner everywhere.</ref>

Tulsidas has been acclaimed as one of the greatest poets in [[Hindi literature|Hindi]], [[Indian literature|Indian]], and [[world literature]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Prasad|2008|p=xii}}: He is not only the supreme poet, but the unofficial poet-laureate of India.</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Prasad|2008|p=xix}}: Of Tulasidasa's place among the major Indian poets there can be no question: he is as sublime as Valmiki and as elegant as Kalidasa in his handling of the theme.</ref><ref name="jonesryan-tulsi">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Constance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism (Encyclopedia of World Religions)|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|isbn=9780816054589|edition=Hardbound, Illustrated|location=New York City, United States of America|page=456|quote=It can be said without reservation that Tulsidas is the greatest poet to write in the Hindi language. Tulsidas was a Brahmin by birth and was believed to be a reincarnation of the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana, Valmikha singh.}}</ref><ref name="nirala-tulsi">{{cite book | last = Sahni | first = Bhisham | author-link=Bhisham Sahni | isbn=9788171789603 |title=Nilu, Nilima, Nilofara | location=New Delhi, India |language=hi |year=2000 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd | pages=78–80 }}</ref> The impact of Tulsidas and his works on the art, culture, and society in India is widespread and is seen today in the vernacular language, Ramlila plays, [[Hindustani classical music]], popular music, and television series.<ref name="handoo-ramlila"/><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lutgendorf|1991|p=11}}: ...&nbsp;–&nbsp;scores of lines from the ''Rāmcaritmānas'' have entered folk speech as proverbs&nbsp;–&nbsp;...</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Swati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NviJaunGDJMC&q=Good+Earth+Varanasi+City+Guide|title=Good Earth Varanasi City Guide|date=5 May 2002|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Publications|isbn=9788187780045|location=New Delhi, India|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NviJaunGDJMC&q=Good+Earth+Varanasi+City+Guide 216]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Subramanian|first=Vadakaymadam Krishnier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGBDxqoL8YIC|title=Hymns of Tulsidas|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2008|isbn=9788170174967|location=New Delhi, India|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kGBDxqoL8YIC&dq=Hymns+of+tulsidas&pg=PA181 181]|quote=Famous classical singers like Paluskar, Anoop Jalota and MS Subbulakshmi have popularised Tulsidas's hymns among the people of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lutgendorf|1991|p=411}}: The hottest-selling recording in the thriving cassette stalls of Banaras in 1984... was a boxed set of eight cassettes comprising an abridged version of the Manas sung by the popular film singer Mukesh... it is impossible to say how many of the sets were sold, but by 1984 their impact was both visible and audible. One could scarcely attend a public or private religious function in Banaras that year without hearing, over the obligatory loudspeaker system, the familiar strains of Murli Manohar Svarup's orchestration and Mukesh's mellifluous chanting.</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lutgendorf|1991|pp=411–412}}: On 25 January 1987, a new program premiered on India's government-run television network, Doordarshan... it was the first time that television was used to present a serialized adaption of a religious epic. The chosen work was the Ramayan and the major source for the screenplay was the Manas. Long before the airing of the main story concluded on 31 July 1988, the Ramayan had become the most popular program ever shown on Indian television, drawing an estimated one hundred million viewers and generating unprecedented advertising revenues. Throughout much of the country, activities came to a halt on Sunday mornings and streets and bazaars took on a deserted look, as people gathered before their own and neighbors' TV sets.... The phenomenal impact of the Ramayan serial merits closer examination than it can be given here, but it is clear that the production and the response it engendered once again dramatized the role of the epic as a principal medium not only for individual and collective religious experience but also for public discourse and social and cultural reflection.</ref>
{{Hinduism}}

==Transliteration and etymology==

The Sanskrit of Tulsidas can be transliterated in two ways. Using the original Sanskrit, the name is written as ''Tulasīdāsa''. Using the [[Hunterian transliteration]] system, it is written as ''Tulsidas'' or ''Tulsīdās'' reflecting the vernacular pronunciation (since the written Indian languages maintain the vestigial letters that are no longer pronounced). The lost vowels are an aspect of the [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages]] and can vary between regions. The name is a [[Sanskrit compounds|compound]] of two Sanskrit words: [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulasī]], which is an Indian variety of the [[basil]] plant considered auspicious by [[Vaishnava]]s (devotees of god [[Vishnu]] and his [[avatar]]s like Rama),<ref>{{cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin D.|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2003|isbn=9780631215356|edition=Illustrated|location=Hoboken, New Jersey, United States of America|page=331|author-link=Gavin Flood}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Simoons | first=Frederick J. | title=Plants of life, plants of death | publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press | location=Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America | year=1998 | edition=1st | pages=7–40 | isbn=9780299159047}}</ref> and [[Dasa#Dasa.2C in Hinduism|Dāsa]], which means ''slave'' or ''servant'' and by extension, ''devotee''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Sir Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC&q=A+Sanskrit-English+dictionary:+etymologically+and+philologically+arranged+with+special+reference+to+cognate+Indo-European+languages|title=A Sanskrit-English dictionary: etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2005|isbn=9788120831056|location=New Delhi, India|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC 477]|author-link=Monier Monier-Williams|orig-year=1899}}</ref>

===Sources===

Tulsidas himself has given only a few facts and hints about events of his life in various works. Till the late nineteenth century, the two widely known ancient sources on Tulsidas' life were the ''[[Bhaktamal]]'' composed by [[Nabha Dass|Nabhadas]] between 1583 and 1639, and a commentary on ''Bhaktamal'' titled ''Bhaktirasbodhini'' composed by Priyadas in 1712.<ref name="lutgengorf-tulsi">{{cite book| last=Lutgendorf | first=Philip | year=1994 | editor1-first=Winand M. | editor1-last=Callewaert | editor2-first=Rupert | editor2-last=Snell | title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | isbn=9783447035248 | location=Wiesbaden, Germany | pages=65–85 | chapter=The quest for the legendary Tulsidās}}</ref> Nabhadas was a contemporary of Tulsidas and wrote a six-line stanza on Tulsidas describing him as an incarnation of Valmiki. Priyadas' work was composed around a hundred years after the death of Tulsidas and had eleven additional stanzas, describing seven miracles or spiritual experiences from the life of Tulsidas.<ref name="lutgengorf-tulsi"/> During the 1920s, two more ancient biographies of Tulsidas were published based on old manuscripts – the ''Mula Gosain Charit'' composed by Veni Madhav Das in 1630 and the ''Gosain Charit'' composed by Dasanidas (also known as Bhavanidas) around 1770.<ref name="lutgengorf-tulsi"/> Veni Madhav Das was a disciple and contemporary of Tulsidas and his work gave a new date for Tulsidas' birth. The work by Bhavanidas presented more narratives in greater detail as compared to the work by Priyadas. In the 1950s a fifth ancient account was published based on an old manuscript, the ''Gautam Chandrika'' composed by Krishnadatta Misra of Varanasi in 1624.<ref name="lutgengorf-tulsi"/> Krishnadatta Misra's father was a close companion of Tulsidas. The accounts published later are not considered authentic by some modern scholars, whereas some other scholars have been unwilling to dismiss them.These five works form a set of traditional biographies on which modern biographies of Tulsidas are based.<ref name="lutgengorf-tulsi"/>

===Incarnation of Valmiki===

He is believed by many to be a reincarnation of [[Valmiki]].<ref name="jonesryan-tulsi"/> In the Hindu scripture ''[[Bhavishya Purana|Bhavishyottar Purana]]'', the god [[Shiva]] tells his wife [[Parvati]] how Valmiki, who received a boon from Hanuman to sing the glory of Rama in vernacular language, will incarnate in future in the [[Kali Yuga]] (the present and last [[yuga]] or epoch within a cycle of four yugas).<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-birth">Rambhadracharya 2008, p. xxv.</ref>
<blockquote>
{| style="margin: auto" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[Devanagari]]
|| IAST
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| वाल्मीकिस्तुलसीदासः कलौ देवि भविष्यति ।
|| vālmīkistulasīdāsaḥ kalau devi bhaviṣyati ।
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| रामचन्द्रकथामेतां भाषाबद्धां करिष्यति ॥
|| rāmachandrakathāmetāṃ bhāṣābaddhāṃ kariṣyati ॥
|}
{{Cquote|O Goddess [Parvati]! Valmiki will become Tulsidas in the Kali age, and will compose this narrative of Rama in the vernacular language. Bhavishyottar Purana, Pratisarga Parva, 4.20.}}
</blockquote>

Nabhadas writes in his ''Bhaktamal'' (literally, ''the Garland of bhakt or devotee'') that Tulsidas was the re-incarnation of [[Valmiki]] in the [[Kali Yuga]].<ref name="lutgendorf-tulsi"/><ref>Growse 1914, p. v.</ref><ref name="Prasad 2008, p. xix">Prasad 2008, p. xix.</ref><ref name="lamb-p38">Lamb 2002, p. 38</ref> The [[Ramanandi]] sect believes that it was Valmiki himself who incarnated as Tulsidas in the Kali Yuga.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-birth"/>

According to a traditional account, Hanuman went to Valmiki numerous times to hear him sing the Ramayana, but Valmiki turned down the request saying that Hanuman being a monkey was unworthy of hearing the epic.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-birth"/> After the victory of Rama over [[Ravana]], [[Hanuman]] went to the Himalayas to continue his worship of Rama. There he scripted a play version of the Ramayana called ''Mahanataka'' or ''Hanuman Nataka'' engraved on the Himalayan rocks using his nails.<ref name="kapoor-mahanataka">{{cite book | year=2004 | title = A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature and Pantheon | editor-last=Kapoor | editor-first=Subodh | publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd | location=New Delhi, India | isbn=9788177558746 | page=159}}</ref> When Valmiki saw the play written by Hanuman, he anticipated that the beauty of the ''Mahanataka'' would eclipse his own Ramayana. Hanuman was saddened at Valmiki's state of mind and, being a true [[bhakta]] without any desire for glory, Hanuman cast all the rocks into the ocean, some parts of which are believed to be available today as ''Hanuman Nataka''.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-birth"/><ref name="kapoor-mahanataka"/> After this, Valmiki was instructed by Hanuman to take birth as Tulsidas and compose the Ramayana in the vernacular.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-birth"/>

==Early life==

[[File:Tulsighat.jpg|thumb|The birthplace of Tulsidas in Soron, Uttarpradesh, India ]]

===Birth===
Tulsidas was born on [[Saptami]], the seventh day of [[Shukla Paksha]], the bright half of the lunar [[Hindu calendar]] month [[Shraavana]] (July–August).<ref name="lochtefeld"/><ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-birth">Gita Press Publisher 2007, p. 25.</ref> This correlates with 11 August 1511 of the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Although as many as three places are mentioned as his birthplace, most scholars identify [[Soron]] in Kasganj, [[Uttar Pradesh]], a city on the banks of the river [[Ganga]]. In 2012 [[Rajapur, Uttar Pradesh]] was declared officially by the government of Uttar Pradesh as the birthplace of Tulsi Das.<ref name="avinashray-tulsiprakash" /><ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-birth"/><ref name="sivananda">{{cite web | url=http://www.divyajivan.org/articles/siva/tulsidas_article.htm | title=Goswami Tulsidas By Swami Sivananda | access-date=12 July 2011 | last=Sivananda | first=Swami | publisher=Sivananda Ashram, Ahmedabad}}</ref> His parents were Hulsi and Atmaram. These biographers include Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, Ramghulam Dwivedi, James Lochtefeld, [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swami Sivananda]] and others.<ref name="avinashray-tulsiprakash" /><ref name="lochtefeld"/><ref name="sivananda"/> The year 1497 appears in many current-day biographies in India and in popular culture. Biographers who disagree with this year argue that it makes the life span of Tulsidas equal 126 years, which in their opinion is ''unlikely if not impossible''. In contrast, Ramchandra Shukla says that an age of 126 is not impossible for a [[Mahatma]] (''great soul'') like Tulsidas. The [[Government of India]] and provincial governments celebrated the 500th birth anniversary of Tulsidas in the year 2011 CE, according to the year of Tulsidas' birth in popular culture.<ref name="avinashray-tulsiprakash" />

====Childhood====

Legend goes that Tulsidas was born after staying in the womb for twelve months, he had all thirty-two teeth in his mouth at birth, his health and looks were like that of a five-year-old boy, and he did not cry at the time of his birth but uttered ''Ram'' instead.<ref name="sivananda"/><ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-early">Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. xxvi–xxix.</ref><ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-early">Gita Press Publisher 2007, pp. 25–27.</ref><ref name="tripathi-early">Tripathi 2004, pp. 47–50.</ref> He was therefore named ''Rambola'' (literally, ''he who uttered Rama''), as Tulsidas himself states in ''[[Vinaya Patrika]]''.<ref name="vp76">Poddar 1997, pp. 112–113 (Stanza 76).</ref> As per the ''Mula Gosain Charita'', he was born under the Abhuktamūla constellation, which according to [[Hindu astrology]] causes immediate danger to the life of the father.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-early"/><ref name="tripathi-early"/><ref name="pandey-tulsiearly">Pandey 2008, pp. 34–44.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bhat | first=M. Ramakrishna | title=Fundamentals of Astrology | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ | year=1988 | edition=3rd | page=52 | isbn=9788120802766 | location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> Due to the inauspicious astrological configurations at the time of his birth, on the fourth night he was sent away by his parents with Chuniya (some sources call her Muniya), a female house-help of Hulsi.<ref name="ralhan-early">Ralhan 1997 pp. 187–194.</ref><ref name="shukla-early">Shukla 2002, pp. 27–30.</ref><ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-early"/> In his works ''Kavitavali'' and ''Vinayapatrika'', Tulsidas attests to his family abandoning him after birth.<ref name="lamb-p38">Lamb 2002, p. 38</ref><ref>Lutgendorf 1991, p. 6.</ref><ref>Indradevnarayan 1996, pp. 93–94, 101–102 (Quatrains 7.57, 7.73).</ref><ref>Poddar 1997, pp. 285–286, 337–338 (Stanzas 227, 275).</ref>

Chuniya took the child to her village of Haripur and looked after him for five and a half years, after which she died.<ref name="shukla-early"/><ref name="tripathi-early"/><ref name="pandey-tulsiearly"/> Rambola was left to fend for himself as an impoverished orphan, and wandered from door to door for menial jobs and alms.<ref name="ralhan-early"/><ref name="tripathi-early"/> It is believed that the [[Parvati|goddess Parvati]] assumed the form of a Brahmin woman and looked out for Rambola every day.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-early"/><ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-early"/> or alternately, the disciple of Anantacharya.<ref name="tripathi-early"/><ref name="pandey-tulsiearly"/> Rambola was given the ''Virakta Diksha'' (Vairagi initiation) with the new name of Tulsidas.<ref name="shukla-early"/> Tulsidas narrates the dialogue that took place during the first meeting with his guru in a passage in the ''Vinayapatrika''.<ref name="ralhan-early"/><ref name="vp76"/> When he was seven years old, his [[Upanayana]] ("sacred thread ceremony") was performed by Narharidas on the fifth day of the bright half of the month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] (January–February) at [[Ayodhya]], the birthplace of Sri Rama. Tulsidas started his learning at Ayodhya. After some time, Narharidas took him to a particular ''Varaha Kshetra'' [[Soron]] (a holy place with temple dedicated to [[Varaha]] – the boar avatar of Vishnu), where he first narrated the Ramayana to Tulsidas.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-early"/> Tulsidas mentions this in the Ramcharitmanas.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 80.</ref>
<blockquote>
{| style="margin: auto" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Devanagari
|| IAST
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| मैं पुनि निज गुर सन सुनी कथा सो सूकरखेत।
|| maı&#784; puni nija gura sana sunī kathā so sūkarakheta ।
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| समुझी नहिं तस बालपन तब अति रहेउँ अचेत॥
|| samujhī nahi&#784; tasa bālapana taba ati raheu&#784; aceta ॥
|}
{{Cquote|And then, I heard the same narrative from my Guru in a Sukarkhet (Varaha Kshetra) [[Soron]]. I did not understand it then, since I was totally without cognition in childhood. Ramcharitmanas 1.30 (ka).}}
</blockquote>
Most authors identify the Varaha Kshetra referred to by Tulsidas with the Sookarkshetra is the [[Soron]] Varaha Kshetra in modern-day [[Kasganj District|Kasganj]],<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-early"/> Tulsidas further mentions in the Ramcharitmanas that his guru repeatedly narrated the Ramayana to him, which led him to understand it somewhat.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-early"/>

Tulsidas later came to the sacred city of Varanasi and studied [[Vyākaraṇa|Sanskrit grammar]], four [[Veda]]s, six [[Vedanga]]s, Jyotisha and the six schools of [[Hindu philosophy]] over a period of 15–16 years from the guru Shesha Sanatana who was based at the Pancaganga Ghat in Varanasi.<ref name="shukla-early"/> Shesha Sanatana was a friend of Narharidas and a renowned scholar on literature and philosophy.<ref name="tripathi-early" /><ref name="pandey-tulsiearly" /><ref name="shukla-early"/><ref name="ralhan-testament">Ralhan 1997 pp. 197–207.</ref>

===Marriage and renunciation===

There are two contrasting bards regarding the marital status of Tulsidas. According to the ''Tulsi Prakash'' and some other works, Tulsidas was married to Ratnavali on the eleventh day of the bright half of the [[Kārtika (month)|Kartik]] month (October–November) in Vikram 1604 (1561 CE).<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-early"/> Ratnavali was the daughter of Dinbandhu Pathak, a Brahmin of the [[Parashar]] [[gotra]], who belonged to narayanpur village of [[Gonda district]].<ref name="shukla-early"/><ref name="pandey-marriage">Pandey 2008, pp. 44–49.</ref><ref name="tripathi-later">Tripathi 2004, pp. 51–55</ref> They had a son named Tarak who died as a toddler.<ref name="tripathi-later"/> Once when Tulsidas had gone to a Hanuman temple, Ratnavali went to her father's home with her brother. When Tulsidas learned of this, he swam across the Sarju river in the night to meet his wife.<ref name="pandey-marriage"/> Ratnavali chided Tulsidas for this, and remarked that if Tulsidas was even half as devoted to God as he was to her body of flesh and blood, he would have been redeemed.<ref name="shukla-early"/><ref>Pandey 2008 p. 49: As per the Mula Gosain Charita, Ratnavali said, "हाड़ माँस की देह मम तापर जितनी प्रीति। तिसु आधी जो राम प्रति अवसि मिटिहिं भवभीति॥." Acharya Ramchandra Shukla gives a slightly different version as "अस्थि चर्म मय देह मम तामे जैसी प्रीति। तैसी जो श्री राम मँह होत न तो भवभीति॥""</ref> Tulsidas left her instantly and left for the holy city of [[Allahabad|Prayag]]. Here, he renounced the [[Gṛhastha|grihastha]] (householder's life) stage and became a [[sadhu]] (ascetic).<ref name="ralhan-early"/><ref name="pandey-marriage"/>

Some authors consider the marriage episode of Tulsidas to be a later interpolation and maintain among that he was celibate.<ref name="tripathi-early"/> These include Rambhadracharya, who cite two verses in the ''Vinayapatrika'' and ''Hanuman Bahuka'' that Tulsidas never married and was a sadhu from childhood.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-early"/>

==Later life==
[[File:Raja Sansar Chand and saint Tulsidas paying homage to Rama and Sita.jpg|thumb|Raja Sansar Chand and Tulsidas (back left) pay homage to Rama and Sita along with Hanuman (left)]]

=== Travels ===
After renunciation, Tulsidas spent most of his time at Varanasi, Prayag, Ayodhya, and Chitrakuta but visited many other nearby and far-off places. He travelled across India to many places, studying with different people, meeting saints and sadhus, and meditating.<ref name="ralhan-quest">Ralhan 1997, pp. 194–197.</ref> The ''Mula Gosain Charita'' gives an account of his travels to the [[Char Dham|four pilgrimages]] of Hindus ([[Badrinath]], [[Dwarka]], [[Puri]] and [[Rameshwaram]]) and the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref name="shukla-later">Shukla 2002, pp. 30–32.</ref> He visited [[Lake Manasarovar]] in current-day [[Tibet]], where tradition holds he had [[Darshan (Indian religions)|Darshan]] (sight) of [[KaagBushundi]],<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-later">Gita Press Publisher 2007, pp. 27–29.</ref> the crow Bushundi who is one of the four narrators in the ''Ramcharitmanas''.<ref name="lutgendorf-narrators">Lutgendorf 1991, p. 25.</ref>

=== Darshan of Hanuman ===
Tulsidas hints at several places in his works, that he had met face to face with Hanuman and Rama.<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref>Pradas 2008, p. 878, quoting J. L. Brockington: ... for in his more personal ''Vinayapatrika'' Tulasi alludes to having visions of Rama.</ref> The detailed account of his meetings with Hanuman and Rama are given in the ''Bhaktirasbodhini'' of Priyadas.<ref name="lutgendorf-darshan">Lutgendorf 1991, pp. 49–50.</ref> According to Priyadas' account, Tulsidas used to visit the woods outside Varanasi for his morning ablutions with a water pot. On his return to the city, he used to offer the remaining water to a certain tree. This quenched the thirst of a [[Preta]] (a type of ghost believed to be ever thirsty for water), who appeared to Tulsidas and offered him a boon.<ref name="lutgendorf-darshan"/><ref name="growse-darshan">Growse 1914, p. ix.</ref> Tulsidas said he wished to see Rama with his eyes, to which the Preta responded that it was beyond him. However, the Preta said that he could guide Tulsidas to Hanuman, who could grant the boon Tulsidas asked for. The Preta told Tulsidas that Hanuman comes every day disguised as a leper to listen to his Katha, he is the first to arrive and last to leave.<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref name="lutgendorf-darshan"/>

That evening Tulsidas noted that the first listener to arrive at his discourse was an old leper, who sat at the end of the gathering. After the Katha was over, Tulsidas quietly followed the leper to the woods. In the woods, at the spot where the [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]] stands today,<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-later">Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. xxix–xxxiv.</ref> Tulsidas firmly fell at the leper's feet, shouting "I know who you are" and "You cannot escape me".<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref name="lutgendorf-darshan"/><ref name="growse-darshan"/> At first the leper feigned ignorance but Tulsidas did not relent. Then the leper revealed his original form of Hanuman and blessed Tulsidas. When granted a boon, Tulsidas told Hanuman he wanted to see Rama face to face. Hanuman told him to go to Chitrakuta where he would see Rama with his own eyes.<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-later"/><ref name="lutgendorf-darshan"/><ref name="growse-darshan"/>

At the beginning of the Ramcharitmanas, Tulsidas bows down to a particular Preta and asks for his grace (''Ramcharitmanas'', Doha 1.7). According to Rambhadracharya, this is the same Preta which led Tulsidas to Hanuman.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-later"/>

=== Darshan of Rama ===
As per Priyadas' account, Tulsidas followed the instruction of Hanuman and started living in an Ashram at [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)#Ramghat|Ramghat]] in [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot Dham]]. One day Tulsidas went to perform the [[Parikrama (religious practice)|Parikrama]] (circumambulation) of the [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)#Kamadgiri|Kamadgiri]] mountain. He saw two princes, one dark and the other fair, dressed in green robes pass by mounted on horsebacks. Tulsidas was enraptured at the sight, however he could not recognise them and took his eyes off them. Later Hanuman asked Tulsidas if he saw Rama and his brother [[Lakshmana]] on horses. Tulsidas was disappointed and repentful. Hanuman assured Tulsidas that he would have the sight of Rama once again the next morning.<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-later"/><ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-later"/> Tulsidas recalls this incident in a song of the ''Gitavali'' and laments how "his eyes turned his own enemies" by staying fixed to the ground and how everything happened in a trice.<ref name="ralhan-quest"/>

On the next morning, Wednesday, the new-moon day of Magha, Vikram 1607 (1551 CE) or 1621 (1565 CE) as per some sources, Rama again appeared to Tulsidas, this time as a child. Tulsidas was making sandalwood paste when a child came and asked for a sandalwood [[tilaka]] (a religious mark on the forehead). This time Hanuman gave a hint to Tulsidas and he had a full view of Rama. Tulsidas was so charmed that he forgot about the sandalwood. Rama took the sandalwood paste and put a tilaka himself on his forehead and Tulsidas' forehead before disappearing. This famous incidence is described in the verse "{{Langx|hi|चित्रकूट के घाट पर हुई संतन की भीर तुलसीदास चन्दन घिसे तिलक देते रघुबीर|label=none}}".<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref name="shukla-later"/><ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-later"/><ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-later"/>

In a verse in the ''Vinayapatrika'', Tulsidas alludes to a certain "miracle at Chitrakuta", and thanks Rama for what he did for him at Chitrakuta.<ref>Poddar 1997, pp. 338–339 (Stanza 276).</ref> Some biographers conclude that the deed of Rama at Chitrakuta referred to by Tulsidas is the Darshan of Rama.<ref name="ralhan-quest"/><ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-later"/>

=== Darshan of Yajnavalkya and Bharadvaja ===
In Vikram 1629 (1572 CE), Tulsidas left Chitrakuta for Prayag where he stayed during the [[Magh Mela]] (the annual festival in January). Six days after the Mela ended, he had the Darshan of the sages [[Yajnavalkya]] and [[Bharadwaja|Bharadvaja]] under a banyan tree.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-later"/> In one of the four dialogues in the ''Ramcharitmanas'', Yajnavalkya is the speaker and Bharadvaja the listener.<ref name="lutgendorf-narrators"/> Tulsidas describes the meeting between Yajnavalkya and Bharadvaja after a Magha Mela festival in the Ramcharitmanas, it is this meeting where Yajnavalkya narrates the Ramcharitmanas to Bharadvaja.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 48–49 (Ramcharitmanas 1.44.1–44.6)</ref>

=== Attributed miracles ===
[[File:A Prince Visits the Poet Tulsidas.jpg|thumb|A Mughal prince visits Tulsidas. Early 18th century Sisodia dynasty painting from Udaipur, Mewar.]]
Most stories about Tulsidas tend to be [[Apocrypha|apocryphal]], and have been carried forward by word of mouth. None of them were related by Tulsi himself, thus making it difficult to separate fact from lore and fiction. In Priyadas' biography, Tulsidas is attributed with the power of working miracles.<ref name="lutgendorf-tulsi"/><ref name="macfie-miracles">Macfie 2004, p. xxiv</ref> In one such miracle, he is believed to have brought a dead Brahmin back to life.<ref name="macfie-miracles"/><ref name="growse-miracle">Growse 1914, p. ix–x.</ref><ref name="jpm-miracle1">Mishra 2010, pp. 22–24.</ref><ref name="singh-miracle">Singh 2008, pp. 29–30.</ref> While the Brahmin was being taken for cremation, his widow bowed down to Tulsidas who addressed her as ''Saubhagyavati'' (a woman whose husband is alive).<ref name="growse-miracle"/> The widow told Tulsidas her husband had just died, so his words could not be true.<ref name="jpm-miracle1"/> Tulsidas said that the word has passed his lips and so he would restore the dead man to life. He asked everyone present to close their eyes and utter the name of Rama. On doing so, the dead man was brought back to life. Also one who was with him for a certain period of their life received [[moksha]] (spiritual liberation) from [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] (illusory world).<ref name="growse-miracle"/><ref name="jpm-miracle1"/>

Tulsidas was acclaimed in his lifetime to be a reincarnation of Valmiki, the composer of the original Ramayana in Sanskrit.<ref>Lutgendorf 2007, p. 293.</ref>

In another miracle described by Priyadas, the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]] summoned Tulsidas on hearing of his bringing back a dead man to life.<ref name="macfie-miracles"/><ref name="growse-miracle"/><ref name="jpm-miracle2">Mishra 2010, p. 28–32</ref><ref name="pinch-miracle">{{cite book| last=Pinch | first=William R. | title=Warrior ascetics and Indian empires | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, United Kingdom | year=2006 | isbn=9780521851688 | page=218}}</ref> Tulsidas declined to go as he was too engrossed in creating his verses but he was later forcibly brought before Akbar and asked to perform a miracle, which Tulsidas declined by saying "It's a lie, all I know is Rama.". The emperor imprisoned Tulsidas at [[Fatehpur Sikri]], saying "We will see this Rama.".<ref name="pinch-miracle"/> Tulsidas refused to bow to Akbar and created a verse in praise of Hanuman, the ''Hanuman Chalisa'', and chanted it for forty days.<ref name=jj>{{cite book|title=Hanuman: an introduction by Devdutt Pattanaik|year=2001|publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simons|pages=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m47XAAAAMAAJ&q=AKBAR+TULSIDAS+IMPRISONED|isbn=9788187111474}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey | first=Philip | last=Lutgendorf | year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2023}} Suddenly an army of monkeys descended upon the town and wreaked havoc in all corners of Fatehpur Sikri,<ref name=jj/> entering each home and the emperor's harem, scratching people, and throwing bricks from ramparts.<ref name="pinch-miracle"/> An old [[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]] told the emperor that this was the miracle of the imprisoned Tulsidas.<ref name="jpm-miracle2"/> The emperor fell at Tulsidas' feet, released him, and apologised.<ref name="singh-miracle"/> Tulsidas stopped the menace of monkeys and asked the emperor to abandon the place. The emperor agreed and moved back to Delhi.<ref name="macfie-miracles"/><ref name="growse-miracle"/><ref name="jpm-miracle2"/><ref name="pinch-miracle"/> Ever since Akbar became a close friend of Tulsidas and he also ordered a [[firman]] that followers of Rama, Hanuman, and other Hindus, were not to be harassed in his kingdom.<ref>The Din-I-Ilahi, or, The religion of Akbar by Makhan Lal Roy Choudhury. Oriental Reprint, 1985</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2023}}

Priyadas narrates a miracle of Tulsidas at Vrindavan, when he visited a temple of [[Krishna]].<ref name="singh-miracle"/><ref name="jpm-miracle3">Mishra 2010, pp. 37–38</ref> When he began bowing down to the idol of Krishna, the [[Mahant]] of the temple named Parshuram decided to test Tulsidas. He told Tulsidas that he who bows down to any deity except their [[Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)|Ishta Devata]] (cherished form of divinity) is a fool, as Tulsidas' Ishta Devata was Rama.<ref name="jpm-miracle3"/><ref name="jagran-miracle">{{cite web | publisher=Jagran Yahoo | title=जब श्रीकृष्ण को बनना पड़ा श्रीराम | url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/dharm/?page=article&articleid=4549&category=10 | access-date=11 September 2011 | language=hi |trans-title=When Shri Krishna had to become Shri Rama}}</ref> In response, Tulsidas recited the following extemporaneously composed couplet:<ref name="singh-miracle"/><ref name="jpm-miracle3"/><ref name="jagran-miracle"/>
<blockquote>
{| style="margin: auto" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Devanagari &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|| IAST
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| काह कहौं छबि आजुकि भले बने हो नाथ । &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|| kāha kahau&#784; chabi ājuki bhale bane ho nātha ।
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| तुलसी मस्तक तब नवै धरो धनुष शर हाथ ॥ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|| tulasī mastaka taba navai dharo dhanuṣa śara hātha ॥
|}
{{Cquote|O Lord, how shall I describe today's splendour, for you appear auspicious. Tulsidas will bow down his head when you take the bow and the arrow in your hands.}}
</blockquote>
When Tulsidas recited this couplet, the idol of Krishna holding the flute and stick in hands changed to the idol of Rama holding the bow and arrow in hands.<ref name="singh-miracle"/><ref name="jpm-miracle3"/><ref name="jagran-miracle"/> Some authors have expressed doubts on the couplet being composed by Tulsidas.<ref name="singh-miracle"/><ref name="jpm-miracle3"/>

===Literary life===

[[File:Gosvami Tulsidas.jpg|thumb|Tulsidas composes one of his works. Statue at Sant Tulsidas Municipal Inter College, [[Soron]], [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]], India.]]

Tulsidas started composing poetry in Sanskrit in Varanasi on the Prahlada Ghat. Tradition holds that all the verses that he composed during the day, would get lost in the night. This happened daily for eight days. On the eighth night, Shiva – whose famous [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] is located in Varanasi – is believed to have ordered Tulsidas in a dream to compose poetry in the vernacular instead of Sanskrit. Tulsidas woke up and saw both Shiva and Parvati who blessed him. Shiva ordered Tulsidas to go to Ayodhya and compose poetry in Awadhi. Shiva also predicted that Tulsidas' poetry would fructify like the [[Sama Veda]].<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-poetry">Gita Press Publisher 2007, pp. 29–32.</ref> In the Ramcharitmanas, Tulsidas hints at having the Darshan of Shiva and Parvati in both dream and awakened state.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 66 (Ramcharitmanas 1.15).</ref>

Tulsidas is also credited with having composed a number of wise sayings and ''dohas'' containing lessons for life. A popular maxim among them is: Don't go there, even if a mountain of gold is showered ({{Langx|hi|आवत ही हरषै नहीं, नैनन नहीं सनेह । तुलसी तहाँ न जाइये, चाहे कञ्चन बरसे मेघ ॥ सिया पति राम चन्द्र जी की जय, जय जय बजरंगबली ।।|lit=A place where people are not happy or welcoming when you come, where their eyes have no affection for you|translit=Aawat hi harshai nahin, nainan nahin saneh. Tulsi tahan na jaiye, chahe kanchan barse megh}}).

====Composition of ''Ramcharitmanas''====
[[File:Tulusidas 17th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Goswami Tulsi Das from the 17th century. Kept in the collection of Akhara Goswami Tulsidas at Tulsi Ghat, Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Sandeep |date=11 August 2014 |title=17th century Ramayana manuscript under lock and key after theft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/17th-century-ramayana-manuscript-under-lock-and-key-after-theft/article6301530.ece |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>]]
In the year Vikram 1631 (1574 CE), Tulsidas started composing the ''Ramcharitmanas'' in Ayodhya on Sunday, [[Rama Navami|Ramnavami]] day (ninth day of the bright half of the [[Chaitra]] month, which is the birthday of Rama). Tulsidas himself attests this date in the ''Ramcharitmanas'' .<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 38–39: संबत सोरह सै एकतीसा। करउँ कथा हरि पद धरि शीसा॥ नौमी भौम बार मधु मासा। अवधपुरी यह चरित प्रकासा॥ जेहि दिन राम जनम श्रुति गावहिं। तीरथ सकल इहाँ चलि आवहिं॥ (Ramcharitmanas, 1.34.4–1.34.6)</ref> He composed the epic over two years, seven months and twenty-six days, and completed the work in Vikram 1634 (1577 CE) on [[Vivaha Panchami]], which commemorates the wedding day of Rama and [[Sita]].<ref name="tripathi-later"/><ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-poetry"/>

Tulsidas came to Varanasi and recited the ''Ramcharitmanas'' to Shiva (Vishwanath) and Parvati ([[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]) at the Kashi Vishwanath Temple. A popular legend goes that the Brahmins of Varanasi, who were critical of Tulsidas for having rendered the Sanskrit Ramayana in the Awadhi, decided to test the worth of the work. A manuscript of the ''Ramcharitmanas'' was kept at the bottom of pile of Sanskrit scriptures in the sanctum sanctorum of the Vishvanath temple in the night, and the doors of the sanctum sanctorum were locked. In the morning when the doors were opened, the ''Ramcharitmanas'' was found at the top of the pile. The words ''Satyam Shivam Sundaram'' ({{Langx|sa|सत्यं शिवं सुन्दरम्|lit=truth, auspiciousness, beauty}}) were inscribed on the manuscript with the signature of Shiva. The words were also heard by the people present.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-poetry"/><ref>Lutgendorf 1991, pp. 9–10</ref><ref>Lamb 2002, p. 39</ref>

Per traditional accounts, some Brahmins of Varanasi were still not satisfied, and sent two thieves to steal the manuscript.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-poetry"/><ref name="macfie-theft">Macfie 2004, pp. xxiii–xxiv.</ref> The thieves tried to break into the Ashram of Tulsidas, but were confronted by two guards with bows and arrows, of dark and fair complexion.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-poetry"/> The thieves had a change of heart and came to Tulsidas in the morning to ask who the two guards were.<ref name="macfie-theft"/> Believing that the two guards could be none other than Rama and [[Lakshmana]], Tulsidas was aggrieved to discover that they were guarding his home at night.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-poetry"/> He sent the manuscript of ''Ramcharitmanas'' to his friend [[Todar Mal]], the finance minister of [[Akbar]], and donated all his money.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-poetry"/> The thieves were reformed and became devotees of Rama.<ref name="macfie-theft"/>

====Last compositions====
Around Vikram 1664 (1607 CE), Tulsidas was afflicted by acute pain all over his body, especially in his arms. He then composed the ''Hanuman Bahuk'', where he describes his bodily pain and suffering in several stanzas.<ref name="pandey-tulsilater">Pandey 2008, pp. 51–58.</ref> He was relieved of his pain after this composition. Later he was also afflicted by ''Bartod'' boils ({{Langx|hi|बरतोड़|links=no}}, furuncles caused by pulling out of the hair), which may have been the cause of his death.<ref name="pandey-tulsilater"/>

The [[Vinaya Patrika|Vinaypatrika]] is considered as the last compositions of Tulsidas, believed to be written when Kali Yuga started troubling him.<ref name="gp-rcm-tulsi-poetry"/> In this work of 279 stanzas, he beseeches Rama to give him Bhakti ("devotion"), and to accept his petition. Tulsidas attests in the last stanza of ''Vinaypatrika'' that Rama himself signed the manuscript of the work.<ref>Poddar 1997, pp. 341–342 (Stanza 279): मुदित माथ नावत बनी तुलसी अनाथकी परी रघुनाथ हाथ सही है (Tulsidas bows his head with elation, the orphan has been redeemed, for the signature of Rama's hand has been made [on the Vinaypatrika]).</ref> The 45th stanza of the ''Vinaypatrika'' is sung as the evening [[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]] by many Hindus.<ref>Poddar 1997, pp. 64–65.</ref>

=== Death ===
Tulsidas died at the age of 111 on 30 July 1623 (Shravan month of the year Vikram 1680) in [[Assi Ghat]] on the bank of the river [[Ganges|Ganga]]. Traditional accounts and biographers do not agree on the exact date of his death.<ref>Pandey 2008, pp. 58–60: संवत् सोरह सै असी असी गंग के तीर। श्रावण शुक्ला सत्तमी तुलसी तज्यो शरीर॥ quoting Mata Prasad Gupta, and also संवत् सोरह सै असी असी गंग के तीर। श्रावण श्यामा तीज शनि तुलसी तज्यो शरीर॥ quoting the Mula Gosain Charita.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. xxxiv: संवत् सोरह सै असी असी गंग के तीर। श्रावण शुक्ला तीज शनि तुलसी तज्यो शरीर॥</ref>

==Works==
{{wikisourcelang|1|तुलसीदास|Tulsidas}}

Twelve works are widely considered by biographers to be written by Tulsidas, six major works and six minor works.<ref name="lutgendorf-rcm"/> Based on the language of the works, they have been classified into two groups as follows–<ref name="pandey-works">Pandey 2008, pp. 54–58</ref>
* '''Awadhi works''' – Ramcharitmanas, Ramlala Nahachhu, Barvai Ramayan, Parvati Mangal, Janaki Mangal and Ramagya Prashna.
* '''[[Braj Bhasha|Braja]] works''' – Krishna Gitavali, Gitavali, Sahitya Ratna, Dohavali, Vairagya Sandipani and Vinaya Patrika.
Aside from the aforementioned works, Tulsidas is also known to have composed the [[Hanuman Chalisa]], Hanuman Ashtak, Hanuman Bahuk, Bajrang Baan and Tulsi Satsai.<ref name="pandey-works"/>

[[File:Tulsidas Home in Varanasi.jpg|thumb|alt=Tulsidas Home in Varanasi Where Ramacharitra Manas Hanuman Chalisa was written located near Tulsi Ghat Varanasi |Tulsidas Home in Varanasi where Ramacharitra Manas Hanuman Chalisa was written located near Tulsi Ghat Varanasi]]
[[File:Tulsi Das Home from the Ganga River near Hanuman Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|alt=Tulsidas Home view near Tulsi Ghat, Varanasi near Ganga River |Tulsidas House near Tulsi Ghat, Varanasi on the banks of river Ganga where Hanuman Chalisa and Ramacharitramanas were written. Temple also exists at this location]]

===Ramcharitmanas===
{{main|Ramacharitamanas}}
''Ramacharitamanas'' (रामचरितमानस, 1574–1576), "The [[Lake Manasarovar|Mānasa]] lake brimming over with the exploits of Lord Rāma"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindudharmicsabha.com/Sri-Ram-Charit-Manas-Hindi-Text-with-English-Translation%20.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 September 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104015022/http://www.hindudharmicsabha.com/Sri-Ram-Charit-Manas-Hindi-Text-with-English-Translation%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Olive Classe (2000), Encyclopedia of literary translation into English: M-Z, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|978-1-884964-36-7}}, "... Rāmcāritmānas, composed in the Avadhi dialect of Hindi, is an epic of some 13,000 lines divided into seven kandas or 'books.' The word mānas (which Hindi speakers often use as an abbreviation of the longer title) alludes to a [[sacred lake]] in the Himalayas, and so the title may be rendered 'the divine lake of Ram's deeds' ..."</ref> is an Awadhi rendering of the Ramayana narrative.<ref name="lochtefeld" /> It is the longest and earliest work of Tulsidas, and draws from various sources including the Ramayana of Valmiki, the [[Adhyatma Ramayana]], the ''Prasannaraghava'' and Hanuman Nataka.<ref name="lutgendorf-rcm">Lutgendorf 1991, pp. 3–12.</ref> The work consists of around 12,800 lines divided into 1073 stanzas, which are groups of [[Chaupai (poetry)|Chaupai]]s separated by [[Doha (poetry)|Doha]]s or Sorthas.<ref name="lutgendorf-rcm-metres">Lutgendorf 1991, pp. 13–18.</ref> It is divided into seven books (Kands) like the Ramayana of Valmiki, and is around one-third of the size of Valmiki's Ramayana.<ref name="lutgendorf-rcm-metres"/> The work is composed in 18 metres which include ten Sanskrit meters (''Anushtup'', ''Shardulvikridit'', ''Vasantatilaka'', ''Vamshashta'', ''Upajati'', ''Pramanika'', ''Malini'', ''Sragdhara'', ''Rathoddhata'' and ''Bhujangaprayata'') and eight Prakrit metres (''Soratha'', ''[[Doha (Indian literature)|Doha]]'', ''Chaupai'', ''Harigitika'', ''Tribhangi'', ''Chaupaiya'', ''Trotaka'' and ''Tomara'').<ref>{{cite journal | first=Swami | last=Rambhadracharya | title=श्रीरामचरितमानस में वृत्त मर्यादा | editor-first=Surendra Sharma | editor-last=Sushil |trans-title=Prosodic propriety in Ramcharitmanas | volume=14 | issue=7 | journal=Shri Tulsi Peeth Saurabh | publisher=Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas | language=hi | place=Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India | date=December 2010 | pages=15–25}}</ref><ref>Prasad 2008, p. xix, footnote 3.</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher=Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas | title=Metres in the Rāmacaritamānasa | url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/NM2011RamacaritamanasaProsody.pdf | access-date=15 September 2011 | date=14 August 2011 | last=Miśra | first=Nityānanda | author-link=Nityanand Misra | archive-date=6 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506091215/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/NM2011RamacaritamanasaProsody.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> It is popularly referred to as ''Tulsikrit Ramayana'', literally ''The Ramayana composed by Tulsidas''.<ref>Mishra 2010, Title.</ref> The work has been acclaimed as "the living sum of Indian culture", "the tallest tree in the magic garden of medieval Indian poesy", "the greatest book of all devotional literature", "the Bible of Northern India", and "the best and most trustworthy guide to the popular living faith of its people." But, as he has said "The story of the lord is endless as are his glories" ({{Langx|hi|हरि अनंत हरि कथा अनंता।|links=no}}).<ref>Lutgendorf 1991, p. 1.</ref>

Several manuscripts of the ''Ramcharitmanas'' are claimed to have been written down by Tulsidas himself. Grierson noted that two copies of the epic were said to have existed in the poet's own handwriting. One manuscript was kept at [[Rajapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rajapur]], of which only the ''Ayodhyakand'' is left now, which bears watermarks. According to legend, the manuscript was stolen and thrown into Yamuna river. When the thief was being pursued, only the second book of the epic could be rescued.<ref name="prasad-sgg">Prasad 2008, p. 850, quoting George Grierson.</ref> Grierson wrote that the other copy was at [[Malihabad]] in [[Lucknow]] district, of which only one leaf was missing.<ref name="prasad-sgg"/> Another manuscript of the ''Ayodhyakanda'' claimed to be in the poet's own hand exists at Soron in Kasganj district, one of the places claimed to be Tulsidas' birthplace. One manuscript of ''Balakanda'' is found in Ayodhya. It is dated back to Samvat 1661, and claimed to have been corrected by Tulsidas.{{sfn|Lyall|1911|p=369}} Some other ancient manuscripts are found in Varanasi, including one in possession of the Maharaja of Benares that was written in Vikram 1704 (1647), twenty-four years after the death of Tulsidas.<ref name="prasad-sgg"/>

===Other major works===

The five major works of Tulsidas apart from Ramcharitmanas include:<ref name="pandey-works"/>
* ''Dohavali'' (दोहावली, 1581), literally ''Collection of Dohas'', is a work consisting of 573 miscellaneous Doha and Sortha verses mainly in Braja with some verses in Awadhi. The verses are aphorisms on topics related to tact, political wisdom, righteousness and the purpose of life. 85 Dohas from this work are also found in the Ramcharitmanas, 35 in Ramagya Prashna, two in Vairagya Sandipani and some in ''Rama Satsai'', another work of 700 Dohas attributed to Tulsidas.
* ''Sahitya ratna'' or ''ratna Ramayan'' (1608–1614), literally ''Collection of Kavittas'', is a Braja rendering of the Ramayana, composed entirely in metres of the ''Kavitta'' family – Kavitta, Savaiya, Ghanakshari, and Chhappaya. It consists of 325 verses including 183 verses in the Uttarkand. Like the Ramcharitmanas, it is divided into seven Kands or books and many episodes in this work are different from the Ramcharitmanas.
* ''Gitavali'' (गीतावली), literally ''Collection of Songs'', is a Braja rendering of the Ramayana in songs. All the verses are set to [[Raga]]s of Hindustani classical music and are suitable for singing. It consists of 328 songs divided into seven Kands or books. Many episodes of the Ramayana are elaborated while many others are abridged.
* ''Krishna Gitavali'' or ''Krishnavali'' (कृष्णगीतावली, 1607), literally ''Collection of Songs to Krishna'', is a collection of 61 songs in honour of [[Krishna]] in Braja. There are 32 songs devoted to the childhood sports (''Balalila'') and [[Rasa Lila]] of Krishna, 27 songs form the dialogue between Krishna and [[Uddhava]], and two songs describe the episode of disrobing of [[Draupadi]].
* ''[[Vinaya Patrika]]'' (विनयपत्रिका), literally ''Petition of Humility'', is a Braja work consisting of 279 stanzas or hymns. The stanzas form a petition in the court of Rama asking for [[Bhakti]]. It is considered to be the second best work of Tulsidas after the ''Ramcharitmanas'', and is regarded as important from the viewpoints of philosophy, erudition, and eulogistic and poetic style of Tulsidas. The first 43 hymns are addressed to various deities and Rama's courtiers and attendants, and remaining are addressed to Rama.

===Minor works===
Minor works of Tulsidas include:<ref name="pandey-works"/>
* ''Barvai Ramayana'' (बरवै रामायण, 1612), literally ''The Ramayana in Barvai metre'', is an abridged rendering of the Ramayana in Awadhi. The works consists of 69 verses composed in the ''Barvai'' metre, and is divided into seven ''Kands'' or books. The work is based on a psychological framework.
* ''Parvati Mangal'' (पार्वती मंगल), literally ''The marriage of Parvati'', is an Awadhi work of 164 verses describing the penance of Parvati and the marriage of Parvati and Shiva. It consists of 148 verses in the ''Sohar'' metre and 16 verses in the ''Harigitika'' metre.
* ''Janaki Mangal'' (जानकी मंगल), literally ''The marriage of Sita'', is an Awadhi work of 216 verses describing the episode of marriage of Sita and Rama from the Ramayana. The work includes 192 verses in the ''Hamsagati'' metre and 24 verses in the ''Harigitika'' metres. The narrative differs from the Ramcharitmanas at several places.
* ''Ramalala Nahachhu'' (रामलला नहछू), literally ''The Nahachhu ceremony of the child Rama'', is an Awadhi work of 20 verses composed in the ''Sohar'' metre. The Nahachhu ceremony involves cutting the nails of the feet before the Hindu [[Saṃskāra|Samskaras]] (rituals) of [[Chudakarana]], Upanayana, [[Vedarambha]], [[Samavartana]] or [[Vivaha]]. In the work, events take place in the city of Ayodhya, so it is considered to describe the Nahachhu before Upanayana, Vedarambha and Samavartana.<ref>Singh 2005, p. 44.</ref>
* ''Ramajna Prashna'' (रामाज्ञा प्रश्न), literally ''Querying the Will of Rama'', is an Awadhi work related to both Ramayana and [[Jyotisha]] (astrology). It consists of seven ''Kand''s or books, each of which is divided into seven ''Saptaka''s or Septets of seven Dohas each. Thus it contains 343 Dohas in all. The work narrates the Ramayana non-sequentially, and gives a method to look up the [[Hora (astrology)|Shakuna]] (omen or portent) for astrological predictions.
* ''Vairagya Sandipini'' (वैराग्य संदीपनी, 1612), literally ''Kindling of Detachment'', is a philosophical work of 60 verses in Braja which describe the state of [[Jnana]] (realisation) and [[Vairagya]] (dispassion), the nature and greatness of saints, and moral conduct. It consists of 46 Dohas, 2 Sorathas and 12 Chaupai metres.

===Popularly attributed works===
The following four works are popularly attributed to Tulsidas–<ref name="pandey-works"/>
* ''Hanuman Chalisa'' (हनुमान चालीसा), literally, ''Forty Verses to Hanuman,'' is a text that sings the glory of Hanuman. It is written in the Awadhi vernacular and composed of 40 ''chaupais'' and two ''dohas.'' Popular belief holds the work to be authored by Tulsidas, and it contains his signature, though some authors do not think the work was written by him.<ref name="lutgen-hc">Lutgendorf 1991, p. 11.</ref> It is one of the most popular read short religious texts in India, and is recited by millions of Hindus on Tuesdays and Saturdays.<ref name="lutgen-hc"/> It is believed to have been uttered by Tulsidas in a state of [[Samadhi]] at the [[Kumbh Mela]] in [[Haridwar]].<ref name="pandey-works"/>
* ''Sankatmochan Hanumanashtak'' (संकटमोचन हनुमानाष्टक), literally ''Eight verses for Hanuman, the Remover of Afflictions'', is an Awadhi work of eight verses in the ''Mattagajendra'' metre, devoted to Hanuman. It is believed to have been composed by Tulsidas on the occasion of the founding of the Sankatmochan Temple in Varanasi. The work is usually published along with ''Hanuman Chalisa''.
* ''Hanuman Bahuka'' (हनुमान बाहुक), literally ''The Arm of Hanuman'', is a Braja work of 44 verses believed to have been composed by Tulsidas when he suffered acute pain in his arms at an advanced age. Tulsidas describes the pain in his arms and also prays to Hanuman for freedom from the suffering. The work has two, one, five and 36 verses respectively in the ''Chhappaya'', ''Jhulna'', ''Savaiya'' and ''Ghanakshari'' metre.
* ''Tulsi Satsai'' (तुलसी सतसई), literally ''Seven Hundred Verses by Tulsidas'', is a work in both Awadhi and Braja and contains 747 Dohas divided in seven ''Sarga''s or cantos. The verses are same as those in ''Dohavali'' and ''Ramagya Prashna'' but the order is different.
Tulsidas mentioned about destruction of [[Ram Janmabhumi]] temple by [[Mir Baqi]] in his work ''Tulsi Doha Shatak'' (lit. Hundred couplets of Tulsi) and the same was quoted by [[Rambhadracharya]] during the proceedings of the [[Ayodhya dispute]] in the Allahabad High court that influenced its judgment in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jain |first=Sandhya |date=18 August 2020 |title=Tulsidas' testimony |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/columnists/tulsidas----testimony.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |publisher=Daily Pioneer |quote="Babur came with sword in hand in the summer months of Vikram Samvat 1585 (1528 AD) and created havoc (anarth). The beautiful Ram Janmabhumi temple was ruined and a mosque built; Tulsi felt aggrieved (Tulsi kinhi hai).” Further, Mir Baqi destroyed the temple and the murtis of Ram Darbar (family of infant Ram) as a broken-hearted Tulsi cried for protection (Trahi trahi Raghuraj). Tulsi continued, “Where there was a temple on Ram’s birthplace, in the middle of Awadh, Mir Baqi built a mosque.” In Kavitavali, Tulsidas laments, where are the ascetics (dhoot, avadhoot), the Rajputs and the weavers? He expresses detachment from society. Tulsi, he avers, is devoted to Ram, will eat by begging, will sleep in mosque (masit mein saibo).}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2024 |editor=TOI Lifestyle Desk |title=Guru Rambhadracharya, Who Deposed On Behalf Of Lord Ram In Allahabad HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/guru-rambhadracharya-who-deposed-on-behalf-of-lord-ram-in-allahabad-hc/photostory/107051619.cms?picid=107051630 |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Doctrine==
The philosophy and principles of Tulsidas are found across his works, and are especially outlined in the dialogue between Kakbhushundi and [[Garuda]] in the Uttar Kand of the ''Ramcharitmanas''.<ref name="prasad-tulsi-principles">Prasad 2008, pp. xiii–xv.</ref> Tulsidas' doctrine has been described as an assimilation and reconciliation of the diverse tenets and cultures of Hinduism.<ref>Prasad 2008, p. xv: Probably the most marvellous thing about the life of Tulasidasa... is his capacity for assimilating diverse tenets, Vaishnava, Shaiva, Advaita, Sankhya, etc.</ref><ref>Prasad 2008, p. xx: ... the ''Ramacharitamanasa'' interprets the period allegorically and from the Vaishnavite angle of a poet who "attempted to reconcile the Advaita Vedanta point of view with the Ramaite teachings of Ramananda's disciples".</ref><ref>Dwivedi 2008, p. 99: उनका सारा काव्य समन्वय की विराट चेष्टा है। लोक और शास्त्र का समन्वय, गार्हस्थ्य और वैराग्य का समन्वय, भक्ति और ज्ञान का समन्वय, भाषा और संस्कृत का समन्वय, निर्गुण और सगुण का समन्वय, कथा और तत्त्व ज्ञान का समन्वय, ब्राह्मण और चांडाल का समन्वय, पांडित्य और अपांडित्य का समन्वय – रामचरितमानस शुरु से आखिर तक समन्वय का काव्य है।</ref> At the beginning of the Ramcharitmanas, Tulsidas says that his work is in accordance with various scriptures – the [[Purana]]s, [[Veda]]s, [[Vedas#Upaveda|Upavedas]], [[Tantra]] and [[Smriti]].<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 3: नानापुराणनिगमागमसम्मतं ...</ref> Ram Chandra Shukla in his critical work ''Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihaas'' elaborates on Tulsidas' ''Lokmangal'' as the doctrine for social upliftment which made this great poet immortal and comparable to any other world littérateur.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

===Nirguna and Saguna Brahman===

[[File:Ramcharitmanas Verses - II.jpg|thumb|right|Verses from Ramcharitmanas equating the Saguna Brahman and Nirguna Brahman, at the entrance of a temple in [[Bhopal]].|250px]]
As per Tulsidas, the [[Para Brahman|Nirguna Brahman]] (quality-less impersonal absolute) and [[Saguna brahman|Saguna Brahman]] (personal God with qualities) are one and the same. Both, Saguna (qualified Brahman) and Aguna (or Nirguna - unqualified Brahman) are Akath (unspeakable), Agaadh (unfathomable), Anaadi (without beginning, in existence since eternity) and Anupa (without parallel) (अगुन सगुन दुइ ब्रह्म सरूपा। अकथ अगाध अनादि अनूपा॥).<ref>Ramcharitmanas 1.23.1</ref> It is the devotion (Bhakti) of the devotee that forces the Nirguna Brahman which is quality-less, formless, invisible and unborn, to become Saguna Brahman with qualities. Tulsidas gives the example of water, snow and hail to explain this – the substance is the same in all three, but the same formless water solidifies to become hail or a mountain of snow – both of which have a form.<ref>Prasad 2008, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 149 (Ramcharitmanas 1.116.1–1.116.3): सगुनहि अगुनहि नहिं कछु भेदा। गावहिं मुनि पुरान बुध बेदा॥ अगुन अरूप अलख आज जोई। भगत प्रेम बश सगुन सो होई॥ जो गुन रहित सगुन सोइ कैसे। जल हिम उपल बिलग नहिं जैसे॥.</ref> Tulsidas also gives the simile of a lake – the Nirguna Brahman is like the lake with just water, while the Saguna Brahman is a lake resplendent with blooming lotuses.<ref>Prasad 2008, pp. 520–521.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 647 (Ramcharitmanas 4.17.2): फूले कमल सोह सर कैसे। निर्गुन ब्रह्म सगुन भए जैसे॥.</ref> In the Uttar Kand of ''Ramcharitmanas'', Tulsidas describes in detail a debate between Kakbhushundi and Lomasa about whether God is Nirguna (as argued by Lomasa adhering to monism) or Saguna (as argued by Kakbhushundi adhering to dualism). Kakbhushundi repeatedly refutes all the arguments of Lomasa, to the point when Lomasa becomes angry and curses Kakbhushundi to be a crow. Lomasa repents later when Kakbhushundi happily accepts the curse but refuses to give up the Bhakti of Rama, the Saguna Brahman.<ref>Prasad 2008, pp. 767–771.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 943–948 (Ramcharitmanas 7.111.1–7.114.7)</ref> Though Tulsidas holds both aspects of God to be equal, he favours the qualified Saguna aspect and the devotees of the highest category in the Ramcharitmanas repeatedly ask for the qualified Saguna aspect of Rama to dwell in their mind.<ref>Dwivedi 2009, p. 132.</ref> Some authors contend from a few couplets in ''Ramcharitmanas'' and Vinay Patrika that Tulsidas has vigorously contradicted the denial of Avatar by [[Kabir]].<ref name="singh-tulsi-kabir">Singh 2008, pp. 200–201: उन्होंने उत्तेजित होकर कबीर के मत का ओजस्वी शब्दों में प्रतिकार किया ... कबीर का अवतार विरोधी कथन था ... तुलसी ने "आना" और "अंधा" शब्दों को लक्ष्य करके शिव से मुँहतोड़ उत्तर दिलाया ...</ref> In several of his works, Kabir had said that the actual Rama is not the son of [[Dasharatha]]. In the Balkand of ''Ramcharitmanas'', Shiva tells Parvati – those who say that the Rama whom the Vedas sing of and whom the sages contemplate on is different from the Rama of Raghu's race are possessed by the devil of delusion and do not know the difference between truth and falsehood.<ref name="singh-tulsi-kabir"/><ref>Prasad 2008, p. 84.</ref> However, such allusions are based on interpretations of the text and do not hold much water when considered in the context of ''Ramcharitmanas''. Tulsidas, in none of his works, has ever mentioned [[Kabir]].

===The name of Rama===

[[File:Ramcharitmanas Verses - III.jpg|thumb|right|Verses from Ramcharitmanas at the beginning of ''Nam-vandana'' (Extolling the name of Rama), at the Manas Mandir, Chitrakoot, India.|250px]]
At the beginning of the ''Ramcharitmanas'', there is a section devoted to the veneration of the name of Rama.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 24–32.</ref> As per Tulsidas, repeating the name of Rama is the only means to attain God in the Kali age where the means suited for other ages like meditation, [[Karma]], and [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] are ineffective.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 31–32 (Ramcharitmanas 1.27.3, 1.27.7): ध्यान प्रथम जुग मख बिधि दूजे। द्वापर परितोषत प्रभु पूजे॥ ... नहिं कलि करम न भगति बिबेकू। राम नाम अवलंबन एकू॥</ref> He says in Kavitavali that his own redemption is because of the power, glory and majesty of the name of Rama.<ref name="kavitavali-nama"/> In a couplet in the Gitavali, Tulsidas says that wishing for liberation without refuge in the name of Rama is like wishing to climb to the sky by holding on to the falling rain.<ref>Poddar 1996, p. 14 (Dohavali 20): राम नाम अवलंब बिनु परमारथ की आस। बरषत बारिद बूँद गहि चाहत चढ़न अकास॥</ref> In his view, the name of Rama is greater than both Nirguna and Saguna aspects of God – it controls both of them and is illuminates both like a bilingual interpreter.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 27–28 (Ramcharitmanas 1.21.8, 1.23.3): अगुन सगुन बिच नाम सुसाखी। उभय प्रबोधक चतुर दुभाखी॥ ... मोरे मत बड़ नाम दुहूँ ते। किए जेहिं जुग निज बस निज बूते॥</ref> In a verse in the Dohavali, Tulsidas says that the Nirguna Brahman resides in his heart, the Saguna Brahman resides in his eyes and the name of Rama resides on his tongue, as if a radiant gemstone is kept between the lower and upper halves of a golden casket.<ref>Poddar 1996, p. 10–11 (Dohavali 7): हियँ निर्गुन नयननि सगुन रसना राम सुनाम। मनहुँ पुरट संपुट लसत तुलसी ललित ललाम॥</ref> He holds that ''Rama'' is superior to all other names of God,<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 623–624 (Ramcharitmanas 3.44.7–3.44): जद्यपि प्रभु के नाम अनेका। श्रुति कह अधिक एक तें एका॥ राम सकल नामन्ह ते अधिका। होउ नाथ अघ खग गन बधिका॥ राका रजनी भगति तव राम नाम सोइ सोम। अपर नाम उडगन बिमल बसहुँ भगत उर ब्योम॥ एवमस्तु मुनि सन कहेउ कृपासिंधु रघुनाथ। तब नारद मन हरष अति प्रभु पद नायउ माथ॥</ref> and argues that ''ra'' and ''ma'' being are the only two consonants that are written above all other consonants in the conjunct form in Sanskrit because they are the two sounds in the word ''Rama''.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 26 (Ramcharitmanas 1.20): एक छत्र एक मुकुटमनि सब बरनन पर जोउ। तुलसी रघुबर नाम के बरन बिराजत दोउ॥</ref>

===Rama as Brahman===
At several places in Tulsidas' works, Rama is seen to be the higher than Vishnu and not as an [[avatar]] of Vishnu, which is the general portrayal of Rama.<ref>Prasad 2008, p. 875, quoting Frank Whaling: Theologically, Tulasidasa continues the process, begun in the ''Adhyatma [Ramayana]'', whereby Rama is seen to be higher than Vishnu. We see this in Tulasi's stress upon the Name of Rama; we see it also in Tulasi's assertions that Rama is Brahman whereas Vishnu is not. ... Tulasi uses the word Rama in the sense of God, ... The usual comparison has been between Rama and Christ, but perhaps an apter comparison is between Rama and the Christian God, for in terms of Ramology, Rama is equivalent to God the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bakker| first=Freek L. | isbn=9789004168619 | title = The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad: Volume 1 of Studies in religion and the arts | edition=Illustrated | location=Leiden, The Netherlands | year=2009 | publisher=BRILL | page=123 | quote=It is clear that Rama transcends Vishnu in the Manas. He is ''Brahman'' and becomes God in any conceivable form ... It is significant that at the end of Tulsidas' work Rama does not return to his form as Vishnu but continues to rule over Ayodhya.}}</ref><ref name="ubs-tulsi">Singh 2005, p. 180</ref>

In the episode of the delusion of Sati in ''Ramcharitmanas'', Sati sees many a Shiva, Brahma and Vishnu serving Rama and bowing at his feet.<ref>Prasad 2008, p. 45 (Ramcharitmanas 1.45.7–8).</ref> When [[Sraddhadeva Manu|Manu]] and [[Shatarupa]] perform penance, they crave to see that Supreme Lord "from a part of whose being emanate a number of Shivas, Brahmas and Vishnus."<ref name="prasad-manu-shatarupa">Prasad 2008, pp. 102–104.</ref> Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva come to them many times tempting them with a boon, but Manu and Shatarupa do not stop their penance. They are finally satisfied only by the appearance of Rama, on whose left side is Sita, from a part of whom are born "countless Lakshmis, Umas (Parvatis) and Brahmanis (Sarasvatis)."<ref name="prasad-manu-shatarupa"/> In the episode of marriage of Sita and Rama in Balkand, the trio of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva is present – Brahma is astounded as he finds nowhere anything that is his own handiwork, while Vishnu is enchanted with Lakhmi on seeing Rama.<ref>Prasad 2008, pp. 210, 212 (Ramcharitmanas 1.314.8, 1.317.3).</ref> In the [[Sundarkand]], Hanuman tells Ravana that Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva can create, preserve and destroy by the might of Rama.<ref>Prasad 2008, p. 549 (Ramcharitmanas 5.21.3).</ref> In the Lankakand, Tulsidas presents the universe as the cosmic form of Rama, in which Shiva is the consciousness, Brahma is the reason and Vishnu is his intelligence.<ref>Prasad 2008, p. 589 (Ramcharitmanas 6.15 Ka).</ref> As per Tulsidas, Rama is not only an avatar, but also the source of avatars – Krishna is also an Avatar of Rama.<ref>Singh 2008, p. 230: तुलसीदास द्वारा किया गया इतिवृत्त वर्णन तीन कथानायकों पर केन्द्रित है – राम, शिव और कृष्ण। ... राम अवतार मात्र नहीं हैं, वे अवतारी भी हैं। कृष्ण राम के ही अवतार हैं। अतः उनकी अवतार-लीला भी रूपांतर से राम की ही अवतार लीला है।</ref> Thus, Tulsidas clearly considers Rama as supreme brahman and not an avatar of [[Vishnu]].

In the opinion of Urvashi Soorati, the Rama of Tulsidas is an amalgamation of Vishnu who takes [[Dashavatara|avatars]], Vishnu in the abode of Ksheera Sagara, [[Brahman]] and the Para manifestation of the [[Pañcaratra|Pancharatra]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Soorati | first = Urvashi | title = कबीर: जीवन और दर्शन | location=Allahabad, India | language=hi | year=2008 | page=176 |trans-title=Kabir: Life and Philosophy | publisher=Lokbharti Publication | isbn=9788180312397 | quote=ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि 'उपास्य ब्रह्म राम' अवतार ग्रहण करने वाले विष्णु, क्षीरशायी विष्णु, ब्रह्म और पांचरात्र के 'परविग्रह' – इन सबका समन्वित रूप है।}}</ref> Macfie concludes that Tulsidas makes a "double claim", i.e. Rama is an incarnation of both Vishnu and Brahman.<ref>Macfie 2004, p. 93: The poet's claim is that he is not only an incarnation of Vishnu, the second member of the Triad, but of Brahm, the uncreated, invisible, all-pervading Brahm, the Supreme Spirit of the universe, who has taken on himself a visible form.</ref><ref>Macfie 2004, ''Chapter IX: Rama, the incarnation of Vishnu, and of Brahm, the Supreme God'', pp. 93–160.</ref> In the words of Lutgendorf, Tulsidas' Rama is at once "Valmiki's exemplary prince, the cosmic Vishnu of Puranas, and the transcendent brahman of the Advaitins."<ref>Lutgendorf 1991, p. 10.</ref>

===Vedanta, World and Maya===

In the Sundarkand of ''Ramcharitmanas'', Tulsidas says that Rama is knowable by [[Vedanta]].<ref>Prasad 2008, p. 533.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 660</ref>

As per Tulsidas, Rama is the efficient and material cause (''Nimitta'' and ''Upadana'') of the world, which is real since Rama is real.<ref name="singh-jagat">Singh 2008, pp. 272–273.</ref> In several verses of the ''Ramcharitmanas'', Tulsidas says that the animate and inanimate world is a manifestation of Rama, and the universe is the cosmic form of Rama. Authors interpret these verses to mean that the world is real according to Tulsidas, in keeping with the [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosophy of [[Ramanuja]].<ref>Shukla 2002, pp. 50–51.</ref><ref>Prasad 2008, pp. 510, 588–589.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 632–633, 728–729.</ref> However, at some places in the ''Ramcharitmanas'' and ''Kavitavali'', Tulsidas compares the world to a night or a dream and says it is ''Mithya'' (false or unreal). Some commentators interpret these verses to mean that in Tulsidas' opinion the world is unreal as per the ''Vivartavada'' doctrine of [[Adi Shankara]], while some others interpret them to mean that the world is transient yet real as per the Satkhyativada doctrine of Ramananda.<ref>Prasad 2008, pp. 82, 307, 500.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 101, 377–378, 621.</ref> Uday Bhanu Singh concludes that in Tulsidas' view, the world is essentially the form of Rama and appears to be different from Rama due to [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]. Its visible form is transient, which is what Tulsidas means by ''Mithya''.<ref name="singh-jagat"/>

In the Vinayapatrika, Tulsidas says that the world in itself is neither true (''Satya''), nor false (''Asatya''), nor both true and false together (''Satyasatya'') – one who casts aside all these three illusions, knows oneself. This has been interpreted to mean that as per Tulsidas, the entire world is a [[Lila (Hinduism)|Lila]] of Rama.<ref>Poddar 1997, pp. 144–145 (Stanza 111).</ref> At the beginning of the Ramcharitmanas, Tulsidas performs Samasti Vandana (obeisance to all beings) in which he bows down to the world also, saying it is "pervaded by" or "born out of" Sita and Rama.<ref>Lutgendorf 1991, p. xi.</ref><ref>Prasad 2008, p. 8.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 12.</ref> As per some verses in Ramcharitmanas and Vinaypatrika, when a [[Jiva]] (living being) knows the self, Maya, and Rama, it sees the world as being pervaded by Rama.<ref name="singh-jagat"/>

In the Balkand episode of the marriage of the princes of Ayodhya with the princesses of Mithila, Tulsidas presents a metaphor in which the four brides are compared with the four states of consciousness – the waking state (''Jagrat''), sleep with dreams (''Swapna''), dreamless sleep (''Sushupti'') and the fourth self-conscious state ([[Turiya]]). The four grooms are compared with the presiding divinity (''[[Vibhu]]'') of the four states – ''Vishva'', ''Taijasa'', ''Prajna'' and ''Brahman''. Tulsidas says as the four states of consciousness with their presiding divinities reside in the mind of a Jiva, so the four brides with their grooms are resplendent in the same pavilion.<ref>Prasad 2008, p. 221.</ref><ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 275.</ref>

Tulsidas identifies Maya with Sita, the inseparable energy of Rama which takes avatar along with Rama.<ref name="singh-maya">Singh 2008, p. 272.</ref> In his view, Maya is of two types – Vidya and [[Avidya (Hinduism)|Avidya]]. ''Vidya Maya'' is the cause of creation and the liberation of Jiva. Avidya Maya is the cause of illusion and bondage of the Jiva. The entire world is under the control of Maya.<ref name="singh-maya"/> Maya is essentially the same but the two divisions are made for cognitive purposes, this view of Tulsidas is in accordance with [[Vaishnava]] teachers of Vedanta.<ref name="singh-maya"/>

===Views on other Hindu deities===

As per Tulsidas, there is no incompatibility between devotion to Rama and attachment to Shiva.<ref>Prasad 2008, p. 579 (Ramcharitmanas 6.2): Those who are devoted to Shankara and are hostile to me, and those who are opposed to Shiva but would fain be my servants, shall have their abode in the deepest hell for a full aeon.</ref><ref>Lutgendorf 1991, p. 48: I have noted that a major theme of Tulsi's epic is the compatibility of the worship of Ram/Vishnu with that of Shiva.</ref> Tulsidas equates the Guru as an incarnation of Shiva,<ref name="Prasad 2008, p. 1">Prasad 2008, p. 1</ref> and a considerable part of the Balkand of Ramcharitmanas is devoted to the narrative of Shiva including the abandonment of Sati, the penance of Parvati, the burning of Kamadeva and the marriage of Parvati and Shiva.<ref>Prasad 2008, pp. 40–77 (Ramcharitmanas 1.48–1.104).</ref> In addition, Tulsidas venerates the whole Hindu pantheon. The Ramcharitmanas begins with reverence of Ganesh, Sarasvati, Parvati, Shiva, the Guru, Valmiki and Hanuman.<ref name="Prasad 2008, p. 1"/> At the beginning of the Vinayapatrika, he bows to Ganesh, Surya, Shiva, Devi, Ganga, Yamuna, Varanasi and Chitrakoot, asking them for devotion towards Rama.<ref>Poddar 1997, pp. 1–24 (Stanzas 1–24).</ref>

===Bhakti===
The practical end of all his writings is to inculcate bhakti addressed to Rama as the greatest means of salvation and emancipation from the chain of births and deaths, a salvation which is as free and open to men of the lowest caste.

==Critical reception==
[[File:Tulsidas.jpg|thumb|right|One anna stamp issued by India Post on Tulsidas|150px]]
From his time, Tulsidas has been acclaimed by Indian and Western scholars alike for his poetry and his impact on the Hindu society. Tulsidas mentions in his work Kavitavali that he was considered a ''great sage'' in the world.<ref name="kavitavali-nama">Indradevnarayan 1996, pp. 100–101 (Quatrain 7.72): राम नाम को प्रभाउ पाउ महिमा प्रताप तुलसी सो जग मनियत महामुनि सों। (It is the power, glory and majesty of the name of Rama due to which the likes of Tulsidas are considered like great sages in the world).</ref> [[Madhusūdana Sarasvatī]], one of the most acclaimed philosophers of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition based in Varanasi and the composer of ''Advaitasiddhi'', was a contemporary of Tulsidas. On reading the Ramcharitmanas, he was astonished and composed the following Sanskrit verse in praise of the epic and the composer.<ref name="rambhadracharya-tulsi-later"/><ref>Shukla 2002, p. 33.</ref>
<blockquote>
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आनन्दकानने कश्चिज्जङ्गमस्तुल्सीतरुः । 
कविता मञ्जरी यस्य रामभ्रमरभूषिता ॥ 

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ānandakānane kaścijjaṅgamastulsītaruḥ । 
kavitā mañjarī yasya rāmabhramarabhūṣitā ॥ 

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{{Cquote|In this place of Varanasi (Ānandakānana), there is a moving [[Tulsi]] plant (i.e., Tulsidas), whose branch of flowers in the form of [this] poem (i.e., Ramcharitmanas) is ever adorned by the bumblebee in the form of Rama.}}
</blockquote>
[[Sur (poet)|Sur]], a devotee of [[Krishna]] and a contemporary of Tulsidas, called Tulsidas as ''Sant Shiromani'' (the highest jewel among holy men) in an eight-line verse extolling ''Ramcharitmanas'' and Tulsidas.<ref>Shukla 2002, p. 34.</ref> [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Abdur Rahim Khankhana]], famous Muslim poet who was one of the [[Navaratnas]] (nine-gems) in the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar, was a personal friend of Tulsidas. Rahim composed the following couplet describing the ''Ramcharitmanas'' of Tulsidas –<ref>Shukla 2002, p. 35.</ref><ref>Pandey 2008, pp. 11–12.</ref>
<blockquote>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
रामचरितमानस बिमल संतनजीवन प्रान । 
हिन्दुवान को बेद सम जवनहिं प्रगट कुरान ॥ 
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
rāmacaritamānasa bimala santanajīvana prāna । 
hinduvāna ko beda sama javanahi&#784; pragaṭa kurāna ॥ 
</div>
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{{Cquote|The immaculate ''Ramcharitmanas'' is the breath of the life of saints. It is similar to the [[Veda]]s for the Hindus, and it is the [[Quran]] manifest for the Muslims.
}}
</blockquote>
The historian [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent Smith]], the author of a biography of Tulsidas' contemporary Akbar, called Tulsidas "the greatest man of his age in India and greater than even Akbar himself".<ref name="lutgendorf-tulsi">Lutgendorf 1991, pp. 29.</ref><ref name="dwivedi-mahattva">Dwivedi 2009, p. 125.</ref><ref name="prasad-intro-acclaim"/> The Indologist and linguist Sir George Grierson called Tulsidas "the greatest leader of the people after the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]" and "the greatest of Indian authors of modern times"; and the epic Ramcharitmanas "worthy of the greatest poet of any age."<ref name="lutgendorf-tulsi"/><ref name="dwivedi-mahattva"/> The work Ramcharitmanas has been called "the Bible of North India" by both nineteenth century Indologists including [[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Ralph Griffith]], who translated the four Vedas and Valmiki's Ramayana into English, and modern writers.<ref name="lochtefeld">{{cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |year=2001 |isbn=9780823931804 |location=New York City, United States of America |pages=558–559 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>Growse 1914, p. Cover: "The Ramayan of Tulsi Das is more popular and more honoured by the people of North-Western provinces than the Bible is by the corresponding classed in England", Griffith.</ref><ref>Macfie 2004, p. vii: The choice of the subtitle is no exaggeration. The book is indeed the Bible of Northern India.</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] held Tulsidas in high esteem and regarded the Ramcharitmanas as the "greatest book in all devotional literature".<ref>{{cite book | last = Gandhi | first = Mohandas Karamchand | title = The Story of My Experiments with Truth | location=Ahmedabad, India | year=1927 | publisher=Navajivan Trust | chapter=X. Glimpses of Religion | quote=Today I regard the Ramayana of Tulasidas as the greatest book in all devotional literature. | chapter-url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap10.htm | access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> The Hindi poet [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']] called Tulsidas "the most fragrant branch of flowers in the garden of the world's poetry, blossoming in the creeper of Hindi".<ref name="nirala-tulsi"/> Nirala considered Tulsidas to be a greater poet than [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and in the same league as [[Kalidasa]], [[Vyasa]], Valmiki, [[Homer]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] and [[William Shakespeare]].<ref name="nirala-tulsi"/> Hindi litterateur [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] wrote that Tulsidas established a "sovereign rule on the kingdom of [[Dharma]] in northern India", which was comparable to the impact of Buddha.<ref>{{cite book | last=Dwivedi | first=Hazari Prasad | title=हिंदी साहित्य की भूमिका |trans-title=Introduction to Hindi literature | language=hi | page=57 | access-date=9 September 2013 | isbn=9788126705795 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N82LZeQD7BMC&pg=PT45 | quote=बुद्धदेव के बाद उत्तर भारत के धार्मिक राज्य पर इस प्रकार एकच्छत्र अधिकार किसी का न हुआ (Nobody since Buddha had established such a sovereign rule on the kingdom of Dharma in northern India.)| date=September 2008 | publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan }}</ref> Edmour J. Babineau, author of the book ''Love and God and Social Duty in Ramacaritmanasa'', says that if Tulsidas was born in Europe or the Americas, he would be considered a greater personality than William Shakespeare.<ref>Pandey 2008, p. 12.</ref> In the words of the archaeologist [[Raymond Allchin|F. R. Allchin]], who translated Vinaypatrika and Kavitavali into English,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Petition-Ram-Hindi-Devotional-Hymns/dp/B000VAYGZY/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&qid=1312106402&sr=8-11 | title=Amazon.com: Petition To Ram Hindi Devotional Hymns: F R Allchin: Books | date=January 1966 | publisher=Allen & Unwin | access-date=31 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Amazon.com: Kavitavali: Tulsidas, F R Allchin: Books |isbn = 0042940117}}</ref> "for people of a large part of North India Tulsidas claims reverence comparable to that accorded to Luther as translator of the Bible into the native German". Allchin also mentions that the work Ramcharitmanas has been compared to not only the Ramayana of Valmiki, but the [[Vedas]] themselves, the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the [[Quran]] and the [[Bible]].<ref name="Prasad 2008, p. xix">Prasad 2008, p. xix.</ref> [[Ernest Wood]] in his work ''An Englishman Defends Mother India'' considered the ''Ramcharitmanas'' to be "superior to the best books of the Latin and Greek languages."<ref name="prasad-intro-acclaim">Prasad 2008, p. xxiv.</ref> Tulsidas is also referred to as ''Bhaktaśiromaṇi'', meaning the highest jewel among devotees.<ref name="shukla-bs">Shukla 2002, p. 27</ref>

Specifically about his poetry, Tulsidas has been called the "emperor of the metaphor" and one who excels in similes by several critics.<ref>Prasad 2008, p. xx: Kalidasa's ''forte'' is declared to lie in similes, Tulasidasa excels in both metaphors and similes, especially the latter.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Pandey | first = Sudhaker | isbn=9788171194391 | title = रामचरितमानस (साहित्यिक मूल्यांकन) | location=New Delhi, India | language=hi | year=1999 |trans-title=Ramcharitmanas (Literary evaluation) | publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd | page=24 | quote=स्वर्गीय दीनजी तुलसीदास को रूपकों का बादशाह कहा करते थे।}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Misra | first = Ramaprasada | title = विश्वकवि तुलसी और उनके काव्य | location=New Delhi, India | language=hi | year=1973 |trans-title=The Universal Poet Tulasi and his works | publisher=Surya Prakashan | quote=कालिदास उपमा के सम्राद हैं; तुलसीदास रूपक के सम्राट हैं।}}</ref> The Hindi poet [[:hi:अयोध्यासिंह उपाध्याय 'हरिऔध'|Ayodhyasingh Upadhyay 'Hariaudh']] said of Tulsidas –<ref>Pandey 2008, p. 10.</ref><ref>Singh 2008, p. 339.</ref>
<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<div style="text-align: center;">
कविता करके तुलसी न लसे 
कविता लसी पा तुलसी की कला । 
</div>
{{Col-break}}
<div style="text-align: center;">
kavitā karake tulasī na lase 
kavitā lasī pā tulasī kī kalā । 
</div>
{{col-end}}
{{Cquote|Tulsidas did not shine by composing poetry, rather it was Poetry herself that shone by getting the art of Tulsidas.}}
</blockquote>
The Hindi poet [[Mahadevi Varma]] said commenting on Tulsidas that in the turbulent Middle Ages, India received enlightenment from Tulsidas. She further went on to say that the Indian society as it exists today is an edifice built by Tulsidas, and the Rama as we know today is the Rama of Tulsidas.<ref>Pandey 2008, p. 11: इस सन्दर्भ में सुप्रसिद्ध कवयित्री महादेवी वर्मा का कथन द्रष्टव्य है – हमारा देश निराशा के गहन अन्धकार में साधक, साहित्यकारों से ही आलोक पाता रहा है। जब तलवारों का पानी उतर गया, शंखों क घोष विलीन हो गया, तब भी तुलसी के कमंडल का पानी नहीं सूखा ... आज भी जो समाज हमारे सामने है वह तुलसीदास का निर्माण है। हम पौराणिक राम को नहीं जानते, तुलसीदास के राम को जानते हैं।</ref>

==See also==

* ''[[Hanuman Chalisa]]''
* ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''
* [[Shri Ramachandra Kripalu]]
* [[Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra]]
* [[Bhakti movement]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book | title=''हिन्दी साहित्य की भूमिका'' | last=Dwivedi |trans-title=Introduction to Hindi Literature | first=Hazari Prasad | publisher=[[Rajkamal Prakashan]] Pvt Ltd | year=2008 | language=hi | location=New Delhi, India | isbn=9788126705795}}
* {{cite book | title=''हिन्दी साहित्य: उद्भव और विकास'' | last=Dwivedi |trans-title=Hindi Literature: Beginnings and Developments | first=Hazari Prasad | publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd | year=2009 | language=hi | location=New Delhi, India | isbn=9788126700356}}
* {{cite book | year=1914 | title=The Rámáyana of Tulsi Dás | last=Growse | first=Frederic Salmon | publisher=Ram Narain Lal Publisher and Bookseller | location=Allahabad, India | edition=Sixth, revised and corrected | url=https://archive.org/details/rmyanaoftuls00tulauoft | access-date=10 July 2011 }}
* {{cite book | last=Indradevnarayan | title=''कवितावली'' |trans-title=Collection of Kavittas | publisher=Gita Press | year=1996 | orig-year=1937 | edition=47th | id=108 | location=Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
* {{cite book | title=Tulasīdāsa: Poet, Saint and Philosopher of the Sixteenth Century | first=Chandra Kumari | last=Handoo | publisher=Orient Longmans | year=1964 | location=Bombay, Maharashtra, India | id=ASIN B001B3IYU8}}
* {{cite book | date=July 2002 | title=Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India | last=Lamb | first=Ramdas | publisher=State University of New York Press | location=Albany, New York, United States of America | isbn=9780791453858}}
* {{cite book | date=23 July 1991 | title=The Life of a Text: Performing the 'Ramcaritmanas' of Tulsidas | last=Lutgendorf | first=Philip | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley, California, United States of America | isbn=9780520066908}}
* {{cite book | last=Lutgendorf | first=Philip | isbn=9780195309218 | title=Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey | edition=Illustrated | location=New York City, United States of America | year=2007 | publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Tulsī Dās|volume=27|pages=369–370|first=Charles James|last=Lyall|author-link=Charles James Lyall}}
* {{cite book | last=Macfie | first=J. M. | isbn=9781417914982 | title=The Ramayan of Tulsidas or the Bible of Northern India | location=Whitefish, Montana, United States of America | date=23 May 2004 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbG4yfdE1b4C | access-date=24 June 2011 }}
* {{cite book| last=Mishra | first=Jwalaprasad | title=''श्रीगोस्वामितुलसीदासजीकृत रामायण: विद्यावारिधि पं० ज्वालाप्रसादजीमिश्रकृत संजीवनीटीकासहित'' |trans-title=The Ramayana composed by Goswami Tulsidas: With the Sanjivani commentary composed by Vidyavaridhi Pandit Jwalaprasad Mishra | publisher=[[Khemraj Shrikrishnadass]] | location=Mumbai, India | date=September 2010 | orig-year=1858 | language=hi}}
* {{cite book |trans-title=The Birthplace of Tulasidasa: Investigative Research | title=''तुलसी जन्म भूमि: शोध समीक्षा'' | first=Ram Ganesh | last=Pandey | publisher=Bharati Bhavan Publication | language=hi | year=2008 | edition=Corrected and extended | location=Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh, India | orig-year=2003}}
* {{cite book | edition=37th | title=''दोहावली'' |trans-title=Collection of Dohas | last=Poddar | first=Hanuman Prasad | publisher=Gita Press | id=107 | year=1996 | orig-year=1940 | location=Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India | language=hi}}
* {{cite book | edition=47th | title=''विनयपत्रिका'' |trans-title=Petition of Humility | last=Poddar | first=Hanuman Prasad | publisher=Gita Press | id=105 | year=1997 | orig-year=1921 | location=Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India | language=hi}}
* {{cite book | title=Tulasidasa's Shri Ramacharitamanasa: The Holy Lake Of The Acts Of Rama | first=Ram Chandra | last=Prasad | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=2008 | edition=Illustrated, reprint | location=Delhi, India | isbn=9788120804432 | orig-year=1988}}
* {{cite book | last=Publisher | first=Gita Press | year=2004 | title=Śrīrāmacaritamānasa or The Mānasa lake brimming over with the exploits of Śrī Rāma (with Hindi text and English translation) | publisher=Gita Press | location=Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India | isbn=8129301466}}
* {{cite book | last=Publisher | first=Gita Press | language=hi |trans-title=Śrīrāmacaritamānasa Original Booklet (Special Edition) | title=''श्रीरामचरितमानस मूल गुटका (विशिष्ट संस्करण)'' | publisher=Gita Press | location=Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India | year=2007 | id=1544 | isbn=978-8129310903 | edition=9th}}
* {{cite book | title=The great gurus of the Sikhs, Volume 1 | first=O. P. | last=Ralhan | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd | year=1997 | location=New Delhi, India | isbn=9788174884794}}
* {{cite book | last=Rambhadracharya | first=Swami | title=''श्रीरामचरितमानस – भावार्थबोधिनी हिन्दी टीका (तुलसीपीठ संस्करण)'' | trans-title=Śrīrāmacaritamānasa – The Bhāvārthabodhinī Hindi commentary (Tulasīpīṭha edition) | edition=3rd | publisher=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University | location=Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh, India | date=7 April 2008 | language=hi | url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JR2008Bhavarthabodhini.pdf | access-date=11 July 2011 | archive-date=19 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085742/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JR2008Bhavarthabodhini.pdf | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | title=Rāmacaritamānasa in South Africa | first=Usha Devi| last=Shukla | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=2002 | location=New Delhi, India | isbn=9788120818934 | chapter=Gosvāmī Tulasīdāsa and the Rāmacaritamānasa}}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=Uday Bhanu | title=''तुलसी'' | location=New Delhi, India | language=hi | year=2005 |trans-title=Tulsidas | publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd | isbn=9788171197361}}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=Uday Bhanu | title=''तुलसी काव्य मीमांसा''| location=New Delhi, India | language=hi | year=2008 |trans-title=Investigation into the poetry of Tulsidas | publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd | isbn=9788171196869}}
* {{cite book | title=A Garden of Deeds: Ramacharitmanas, a Message of Human Ethics | first=Shiva Kumar | last=Tripathi | publisher=iUniverse | year=2004 | location=Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America | isbn=9780595307920 | chapter=Who and What was Tulsidas?}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisourcelang|hi|लेखक:तुलसीदास|Works of Tulasidas (in Hindi)}}
*{{Internet Archive author}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130922023438/http://www.gitapress.org/BOOKS/1318/1318_Sri%20Ramchritmanas_Roman.pdf The Ramcharitmanas of Tulasidas, published by Gita Press]
*[http://www.varanasi.org.in/tulsi-das Tulsidas Biography]

{{good article}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tulsidas}}
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[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Translators of the Ramayana]]
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Keshav Srushti

2026-03-03T22:06:14Z

WandaX39006: Made Basic Page First Draft - done

{{Short description|Natural retreat in Uttan, Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind in a group photograph at the inauguration of the Economic Democracy Conclave, at Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP), Keshav Srushti, Uttan Village, Thane, in Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|President Kovind at the inauguration of Economic democracy conclave in the Keshav Srushti Campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1516657 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>]]
'''Keshav Srushti''' is a nature retreat of about {{cvt|150-200|acres|ha}}, located at [[Uttan]] village, in the northern [[Mumbai]] suburb of [[Bhayander]], [[India]]. It is a unified campus of several organisations, run by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], in the memory of its founder Dr. [[Keshav Baliram Hegdewar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=Field trip to Keshav Srushti |url=https://www.jbcnschool.edu.in/field-trip-keshav-srushti/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=JBCN International School |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshav Shrusti Nature and Adventure Picnic, Bhayandar West, Mumbai-Fun-Places-To-Go {{!}} Adventure Sports, Nature Camp, {{!}} Mycity4kids |url=https://www.mycity4kids.com/Mumbai/Fun-Places-To-Go/Keshav-Shrusti-Nature-and-Adventure-Picnic_Bhayandar-West/59349_bd |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.mycity4kids.com |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307083846/https://www.mycity4kids.com/Mumbai/Fun-Places-To-Go/Keshav-Shrusti-Nature-and-Adventure-Picnic_Bhayandar-West/59349_bd |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Keshav Srushti |url=http://www.keshavsrushti.in/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.keshavsrushti.in}}</ref>

Several environmental orientation activities are conducted in the Keshav Srushti campus. The nature trail in the campus has over {{formatnum:3100}} species of trees ranging from Teak, Palm, Ain, Kinjal, Arjun, Casurina, Jamun, Palas, Bamboo, Wad, Ashoka, Silver Oak, Babhul, Acassia, Kadamb, Shankasur, Umbar etc. The campus also has over 500 species of medicinal plants planted over a 22-acre area which are used in the development [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] formulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshavshrushti Vanaushadhi |url=https://uttan-vanaushadhi.org/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KESHAV SRUSHTI |url=http://tourindiatravels.in/scpackages/keshav-srushti/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Tour India |language=en-US}}</ref> The Keshav Srushti talav has been listed as a heritage site by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Heritage Conservation Society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keshav Srushti |first=Talav |url=http://mmrhcs.org.in/images/documents/projects/heritage-listning/02-Thane-Urban-Proformas-compressed.pdf |title=Keshav Srushti Talav}}</ref>

== Initiatives ==
=== Social initiatives ===
Keshav Srushti has adopted 75 villages in the region, taking care of various initiatives like education, water conservation and skill development through its volunteers and donors, for the people in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of Dongripada: A little drop of love that flooded the lives of an isolated hamlet with joy |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2021/7/20/Story-of-Dongripada.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.newsbharati.com |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2019, Keshav Srushti collaborated with the MBMC for a waste management exercise to turn organic waste into farm compost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Care for environment: No dustbin, please; crematorium's initiative to turn flowers and garlands into compost |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/environment-crematorium-flowers-garlands-compost-dustbin-mira-bhayander-keshav-srushti/386725 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> In January 2015, the Suryakumbh, an event on social justice and environmental project, was organized at Keshav Srushti. The Suryakumbh event saw over 3639 students, from over 62 schools in Mumbai, participate to set the record for the largest solar cooking class.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai NGO to hold Maha Suryakumbh with 25,000 students |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-ngo-to-hold-maha-suryakumbh-with-25000-students-2009258 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Maha Suryakumbh' to be held at Thane in January 2015 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maha-suryakumbh-to-be-held-at-thane-in-january-2015/articleshow/39868095.cms |access-date=2022-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshav Srushti opens 'Maha Suryakumbh' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/keshav-srushti-opens-maha-suryakumbh |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai kids take part in largest solar cooking session, set Guinness record |url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news//2346 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=www.psuconnect.in |language=en}}</ref> The waste management initiative has seen participation from thousands of people, and several people have requested the extension of the initiative for their respective housing societies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waste Management Exhibition at Keshav Srushti |url=https://greencf.org/2017/01/10/waste-management-exhibition-at-keshav-srushti/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Green Communities Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Gau Seva Parishad, at Keshav Srushti, is home to 220 cows, bulls, oxen and calves that are a part of the 4 acre gaushala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cow Retirement Homes Are Booming in India — Here's Why |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/cow-retirement-homes-are-booming-in-india-heres-why/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2017, the Indian Institute of Democratic leadership was set up at the Keshav Srushti Campus. It offers a 9 month program for people aspiring to join politics.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Rakesh Ranjan |date=18 June 2017 |title=RSS-affiliate sets up Indian Institute of Democratic Leadership to train young guns for politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/rss-rambhau-mhalgi-prabodhini-indian-institute-of-democratic-leadership-983302-2017-06-18 |access-date=2022-03-09 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Keeping in mind the need to conserve and expand our green cover, Keshav Srushti works with several corporations, like PWC and others, through its seedball initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PricewaterhouseCoopers |title=A visit to Keshav Shruti |url=https://www.pwc.in/pwc-india-foundation/my-experience/a-visit-to-keshav-shruti.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=PwC |language=en-in}}</ref>

=== Rural development initiatives ===
The rural development initiative of Keshav Srushti also known as the ''gram vikas yojna'' involves several initiatives. One of them is engaging rural children, who don't have access to the internet, with educational books. For this, a mobile library collection, of over 1100 books, called Knowledge on Wheels, has been set up. They also have a trained teacher on board who works with the rural children on their learning needs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-08 |title=Palghar's 'school on wheels' helping children stay in touch with books |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/Palghar-school-on-wheels-helping-children-stay-in-touch-with-books-23030215 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en}}</ref> Another initiative called Urban Rural Connect<ref>{{Cite web | date=2021-12-14 |title=Swayamsevak – The Change Maker |url=https://vskodisha.com/swayamsevak-the-change-maker/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=ବିଶ୍ୱ ସମ୍ବାଦ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଓଡିଶା |language=en-US}}</ref> involves training rural households especially womenfolk from tribal communities in the skill of crafting bamboo products. Starting with small beginnings the initiative now has around 90 products being manufactured at the Tetwali village of Vikramgad taluka in [[Palghar district]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NYOOOZ |title=A village in Palghar gets fame for bamboo with Keshav Srushti {{!}} Mumbai NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/mumbai/1533295/a-village-in-palghar-gets-fame-for-bamboo-with-keshav-srushti/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=NYOOOZ |language=en}}</ref>

=== Motivational initiatives ===
Awards are given by Keshav Srushti to deserving social workers, to appreciate and promote their efforts. In 2019, this award was given to Sagar Reddy of Ekta Niradhar Sangh for his outstanding contribution to the cause of orphaned children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Orphaned as infant, this engineer is now a messiah to others |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/mumbai-orphaned-as-infant-this-engineer-is-now-a-messiah-to-others |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

=== Environmental initiatives ===
In 2017, Keshav Srushti organised the waste management exhibition, which was attended by over 5,000 people, and around 50 expressed their interest in making their society waste-free.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waste Management Exhibition at Keshav Srushti |url=https://greencf.org/2017/01/10/waste-management-exhibition-at-keshav-srushti/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Green Communities Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2018 the organization led by Ms Savitha Rao planted the first mini forest in Mumbai at Goregaon.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Namita Devidayal|date=17 Jun 2018 |title=Meet Mumbai's guerrilla gardeners {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-mumbais-guerrilla-gardeners/articleshow/64618015.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, Keshav Srushti in collaboration with [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BrihanMumbai Municipal Corporation]] planted 7000 saplings in the suburb of Versova that included native saplings, medicinal herbs and butterfly shrubs. The plantation was done over an area of 1800 square metres at the Bala Guste garden Versova using the Akira Miyawaki technique of planting dense forests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Over 7000 native saplings planted in Versova using Miyawaki technique |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-over-7000-native-saplings-planted-in-versova-using-miyawaki-technique |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> In June 2022, the environmental initiative of Keshav Srushti called City forests started the work of planting urban forest in the garbage dumpyard area of the Dhaavgi village in Uttan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mira Bhayandar: Fragrant trees in urban forest to mask smell at Uttan dumpyard |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mira-bhayandar-fragrant-trees-in-urban-forest-to-mask-smell-at-uttan-dumpyard |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City Forest- Keshav Srushti |url=https://cityforests.in/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=cityforests.in}}</ref>

=== Entrepreneurship development initiatives ===
The Keshav Srushti campus also hosts Atal Incubation Centre for start ups and entrepreneurship education and development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atal Incubation Centre- Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini - Contact us |url=https://aic-rmp.org/contact-us.php |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=aic-rmp.org}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 relief initiatives ===
During the COVID pandemic, in 2020, Keshav Srushti My Green Society along with Jankalyan Samiti undertook the 'Annapurna Scheme' to serve meals to 1.2 lakh needy people, in 24 wards of Mumbai city, through 17 community kitchens. The food packets were distributed through the BMC, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] network of [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] and other volunteer organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-06 |title=RSS serves food to over 1 lakh Mumbaikars during COVID-19 lockdown |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/rss-serves-food-to-over-1-lakh-mumbaikars-during-covid-19-lockdown-821880.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maha Guv presents Keshav Srushti awards to COVID-19 warriors |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2021/01/08/bes28-mh-virus-guv-awards.html |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Later in August 2021, Keshav Srushti collaborated with an Young Volunteers Organization to channelize their funds and relief efforts towards COVID-19 relief for 70 families and orphan children who lost their family members in the COVID pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazir |first=Tashafi |date=2021-08-22 |title=This Mumbai Based Organisation Raises Over 1 Crore To Support Orphaned Kids Impacted By Covid-19 |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/uplifting/organisation-raises-1-cr-for-orphaned-kids-covid-19-30356 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Events ==
In the year 2000 the Vishwa Adhyayan Kendra hosted 568 delegates from 38 countries at the Keshav Srushti campus for the Vishwa Sangh Shivir. Keshav Srushti hosted the [[President of India]], Ramnath Kovind, at the Economic Democracy Conclave organised by the [[Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini]], in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwa Adhyayan Kendra (VAK) Mumbai |url=http://www.vakmumbai.org/milestone.php |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=www.vakmumbai.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-14 |title=Encourage Youth to be 'Job-giver 'and not 'Job-seeker': Ram Nath Kovind |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/encourage-youth-job-giver-not-job-seeker-ram-nath-kovind/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-14 |title=President Kovind arrives in Mumbai, to inaugurate conclave |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/president-kovind-arrives-in-mumbai-to-inaugurate-conclave-5023652/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Keshav Srushti has also instituted the Keshav Srushti awards, that are conferred upon prominent people, for their efforts in the field of social work. In January 2021, the 11th edition of the Keshav Srushti awards were presented to 13 corona warriors, who were felicitated by the Governor of Maharashtra, [[Bhagat Singh]] Koshiyari, at this residence at Raj Bhavan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=08.01.2021 : Governor presents 11th Keshav Srushti Awards to Corona Warriors {{!}} Raj Bhavan Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/08-01-2021-governor-presents-11th-keshav-srushti-awards-to-corona-warriors/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.keshavsrushti.com/}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Mira-Bhayandar]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thane district]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

Jaynagar II

2026-03-02T16:38:20Z

WandaX39006: Made Initial Post And Citations - done

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaynagar II
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Joynagar-II in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Jaynagar II community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1751965|N|88.4200762|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Nimpith]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Baishata, Beledurganagar, Chuprijhara, Futigoda, Gardoani, Manirtat, Mayahauri, Mayda, Nalgora, Sahajadapur
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]], [[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 186.25
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 252,164
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 12,380
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 69.71 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 957 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Jaynagar II''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Baruipur subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
The Jaynagar II CD block is located at {{coord|22.1751965|N|88.4200762|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|m}}.

The Jaynagar II CD block is bounded by the [[Jaynagar I]] CD block in the north, the [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]] CD block in the east and south, the [[Mathurapur II]], [[Mathurapur I]] and [[Mandirbazar (community development block)|Mandirbazar]] CD blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

The [[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Jaynagar II CD block has an area of {{cvt|186.25|km2}}. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 122 gram sansads (village councils), 49 [[mouza]]s and 49 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'' for the South Twenty-four Parganas district. [[Jaynagar Majilpur#Police station|Jaynagar]] and [[Kultali#Police station|Kultali]] police stations serve this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Nimpith]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= p. 725 – Map of Jaynagar II CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 21 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Jaynagar II CD block has 42 km of embankments. Embankments raised along rivers are of critical importance for the safety of lives and protection of crops, against daily tides and tidal surges.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Intro: pp 218–221, Chapter 7.4: Vulnerability to Natural Disasters | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The [[Gram Panchayat]]s of Jaynagar II CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Baishata, Beledurganagar, Chuprijhara, Futigoda, Gardoani, Manirtat, Mayahauri, Mayda, Nalgora and Sahajadapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Jaynagar II CD block had a total population of 252,164, of which 239,784 were rural and 12,380 were urban. There were 128,858 (51%) males and 123,306 (49%) females. There were 38,872 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 85,587 (33.94%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,046 (0.41%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Jaynagar II CD block had a total population of 209,136, out of which 108,059 were males and 101,077 were females. The Jaynagar II CD block registered a population growth of 17.93 per cent during the 1991–2001 decade. Decadal growth for the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. The [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 78,652 formed over one-third the population. The [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,407.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010–11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-date =21 January 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in the Jaynagar II CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Nimpith]] (8,014) and [[Tulshighata]] (4,366).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Jaynagar II CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Kalinagar, Jaynagar|Kalinagar]] (6,600), [[Bijaynagar]] (6,274), [[Khaiyamara]] (10,804), [[Mayahauri]] (19,604), [[Gordoani]] (20,984), [[Mallar Chak]] (4,928), [[Jautia]] (5,749), [[Baishata]] (6,245), [[Pat Pukur]] (5,290), [[Purba Raghunathpur]] (4,575), [[Beladurganagar]] (6,106), [[Rupnagar, Jaynagar|Rupnagar]] (8,561), [[Taranagar, Jaynagar|Taranagar]] (4,340), [[Karibaria]] (4,971), [[Manirtala]] (17,711), [[Radhaballabhpur]] (14,884), [[Nalgora]] (10,373), [[Sonatikri]] (15,536), [[Bhubankhali]] (6,949) and [[Chuprijhara]] (11,738).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Jaynagar II CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Phutigoda]] (2,654), [[Sahajadapur]] (2,383) and [[Mayda, Jaynagar|Mayda]] (2,736).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Jaynagar II CD block was 148,676 (69.71% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 84,612 (77.48% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 64,064 (61.55% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 15.94%.<ref name=census2011/>

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Jaynagar II CD block had a total literacy of 59.23 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 72.08 per cent female literacy was 45.35 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jaynagar II CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.94 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.03 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.94% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.03% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jaynagar II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|51.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|48.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.55}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.19}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Muslims numbered 131,704 and formed 51.23% of the population in the Jaynagar II CD block. Hindus numbered 121,591 and formed 48.03% of the population. Others numbered 1,869 and formed 0.74% of the population. Among the others, Christians numbered 1,381.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus and Muslims were 51.47% and 47.84% of the population respectively, whiles Christians were 0.53% of the population.

The proportion of Hindus in the South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = pp. 52–53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Jaynagar II CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 42.60%. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all the thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= pp. 42–43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Jaynagar II CD block'''
|value1 = 15.88
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 36.41
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 13.10
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 34.60
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Jaynagar II CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,804 and formed 15.88%, agricultural labourers numbered 33,952 and formed 36.41%, household industry workers numbered 12,219 and formed 13.10% and other workers numbered 24,467 and formed 34.60%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 93,240 and formed 36.98% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 158,924 and formed 63.02% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the CD blocks of the region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarbans settlements, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= p. 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/ government/ institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, p. 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 47 inhabited villages in the Jaynagar II CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook, South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011''. 100% villages have power supply. 47 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 20 villages (42.55%) have post offices. 45 villages (95.74%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 8 villages (17.02%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 15 villages (31.91%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 1 village (2.13%) has an agricultural credit society and 5 villages (10.64%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = p. 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In the Jaynagar II CD block 2,264.89 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 2,034.12 acres or 89.88% of the vested land was distributed. The total number of patta (document) holders was 1,342.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pp. 7–9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pp. 32–33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= pp. 28–30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = p. 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 57 fertiliser depots, 9 seed stores and 54 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Jaynagar II CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the Jaynagar II CD block produced 27,359 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 13,254 hectares, 461 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 148 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Irrigation===
In the Jaynagar II CD block, in 2013–14, 16.59 hectares were irrigated by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Poor irrigation and high soil salinity results in the mono-cropping pattern of cultivation in a major portion of the South 24 Parganas district. As a result of its closeness to the Bay of Bengal, the river waters are mostly saline and are unsuitable for irrigation. Added to the rather gloomy irrigation scenario is the problem of frequent floods.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= p. 62, Chapter 4.3.1: Occupational Diversification, The District Level | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Pisciculture===
In the Jaynagar II CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 1,885 hectares, engaging 31,645 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 67,827 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in the South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans settlements.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= pp. 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, the Jaynagar II CD block had offices of 8 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
The Jaynagar II CD block has 1 ferry service and 2 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 3 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013–14, the Jaynagar II CD block had 113 primary schools with 19,970 students, 5 middle schools with 920 students, 7 high schools with 2,603 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 14,447 students. Jaynagar II CD block had 445 institutions for special and non-formal education with 20,436 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Jaynagar II CD block, among the 47 inhabited villages, 3 villages did not have a school, 27 villages had two or more primary schools, 19 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = pp. 931–932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, the Jaynagar II CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres and 1 NGO/ private nursing home with total 57 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 47 family welfare subcentres. 5,075 patients were treated indoor and 176,634 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

According to the 2011 census, in the Jaynagar II CD block, 3 villages had primary health centres, 16 villages had primary health subcentres, 1 village had a maternity and child welfare centre, 10 villages had medicine shops and out of the 47 inhabited villages 17 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = pp. 927–929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Sri Ramakrishna Rural Hospital at [[Nimpith]] with 30 beds is the major government medical facility in the Jaynagar II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Naya Pukuria (with 6 beds), [[Mayahauri]] (with 6 beds), [[Nalgora]] (PO [[Sonatikri]]) (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Sundarbans CD Blocks}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Geography of Jaynagar Majilpur]]

Happy Bhag Jayegi

2026-03-02T10:06:09Z

WandaX39006: small changes

{{short description|2016 Indian film directed by Mudassar Aziz}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Happy Bhag Jayegi
| image = Happy Bhag Jayegi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = Four young, Indian people—three men and one woman—standing. The man (left) and woman wear colourful, traditional Indian dress. In the background one man (left) wears a long, yellow overcoat and the other (right) wears Western casual clothes (shirt and jeans).
| director = [[Mudassar Aziz]]
| producer = [[Aanand L. Rai]] [[Krishika Lulla]]
| writer = Mudassar Aziz
| studio = [[Colour Yellow Productions]] [[Eros International]]
| distributor = Eros International
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Diana Penty]]|[[Abhay Deol]]|[[Jimmy Sheirgill]]|[[Ali Fazal]]|[[Momal Sheikh]]}}
| music = [[Sohail Sen]]
| cinematography = [[Saurabh Goswami]]
| editing = Ninad Khanolkar
| released = {{Film date|2016|8|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}20 crore
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}46.5 crore<ref name="wwgross" />
}}

'''''Happy Bhag Jayegi''''' ({{Translation|Happy will run away}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film, written and directed by [[Mudassar Aziz]], and produced by [[Aanand L. Rai]] and [[Krishika Lulla]]. It stars [[Diana Penty]] as the eponymous character; a free-spirited bride-to-be from [[Amritsar]] who runs away from her wedding ceremony and inadvertently arrives in [[Lahore]], Pakistan. The production features an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of Penty, [[Abhay Deol]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Ali Fazal]], and [[Momal Sheikh]].

Aziz began writing for the film in 2012 and later approached Rai to produce it. ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' was conceived as a "cross-border" romantic comedy and was originally titled ''Dolly Lahore Mein''. Although a large part of the film is set in Lahore, the film was primarily shot in [[Chandigarh]] and Amritsar with Saurabh Goswami working as the [[director of photography]]. The film featured Pakistani actors [[Javed Sheikh]] and his daughter [[Momal Sheikh]]. The film is Momal Sheikh's [[Bollywood]] debut. The music for ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' was composed by [[Sohail Sen]] and released under the label of [[Eros Music]]. [[Eros International]] acquired the worldwide distribution rights for the production, which runs for 126 minutes in its [[Final cut (film editing)|final cut]].

''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' was released theatrically in India on 19 August 2016; it opened to mixed responses from film critics, who appreciated the performances of the ensemble cast and the humour. Criticism was focused on its scattered screenplay, inconsistent tone, and relatively poor characterisation of the central character. Despite mixed reviews, the film was an average grosser at the box office, collecting {{INR}}465 million against a budget of {{INR}}200 million. It was considered a [[sleeper hit]] by media outlets in India. A sequel titled ''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]'' was released on 24 August 2018.

== Plot ==
Harpreet "Happy" Kaur is supposed to marry Corporator Daman Singh Bagga in [[Amritsar]], India, but has planned to [[elope]] with her musician boyfriend Guddu. She inadvertently finds herself aboard a lorry destined for [[Lahore, Pakistan|Lahore]]; she is trapped inside a fruit basket that is delivered to the house of Bilal Ahmed, the ex-local governor's son. Meanwhile, in Amritsar, Guddu is taken hostage by Bagga.

After fleeing Bilal's house, Happy creates a ruckus at a local marketplace and is arrested by police officer Usman Afridi. The officer informs Bilal, who decides to arrange for Happy's deportation. Unwilling to return to Amritsar, Happy blackmails Bilal into helping her using a contrived story about her being abducted by Bilal and his father. Bilal is then confronted by his fiancée Zoya, who initially suspects him of having an affair with Happy. Zoya later suggests bringing Guddu to Lahore, having him marry Happy there, and deporting them together. Bilal begrudgingly agrees to help Happy but has difficulty keeping her a secret from his father and struggles to keep Happy reined in. Bilal finds himself attracted to Happy, who develops a close friendship with him and Zoya.

When Bilal's father travels to China for two weeks, he decides to go to India with Afridi to rescue Guddu. They pose as members of a Lahore-based music company and persuade Bagga they want Guddu to perform for their production in Lahore. Bagga realises their subterfuge and helplessly watches them board a bus to Lahore from [[Attari]]. He hires goons who abduct Happy from Bilal's house and sets off to Lahore along with Happy's father. Afridi arrests Bagga upon arrival and Happy's father escapes.

Afridi rescues Happy, who re-unites with Guddu. Completely smitten with Happy, Bilal begins to avoid Zoya but reconciles with her later. Happy's father, in his desperate attempts to find his daughter, is mistaken for an Indian spy who is planning to kill Bilal's father. Bilal arranges for Happy's marriage to Guddu at a mass wedding event. Having escaped prison, Bagga also arrives at the mass wedding disguised as a groom. The event turns chaotic when Happy's father makes a frenzied attempt to get the governor's attention using a police officer's gun. Happy marries Guddu and they head to the airport chased by Happy's father, Bilal and Zoya, and Bagga and his goons who lose track of the group. Before boarding the flight to Amritsar, Happy seeks validation from her father, who obliges. She embraces Zoya and Bilal and departs.

[[Diana Penty|In]] a [[post-credits scene]], Bagga seeks support for his election campaign at a public rally with Happy and Guddu in attendance; he declares himself the couple's saviour. Onlookers react with complete bafflement, much to the duo's amusement.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Diana Penty]] as Harpreet Kaur aka Happy
* [[Abhay Deol]] as Bilal Ahmed
* [[Ali Fazal]] as Gurdeep Singh aka Guddu
* [[Momal Sheikh]] as Zoya
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Daman Singh Bagga
* [[Lankesh Bhardwaj]] as Rajinder
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Happy's Father
* [[Javed Sheikh]] as Javed Ahmed, Bilal's Father
* [[Piyush Mishra]] as Usman Afridi
* [[Jagat Rawat]] as Fakhru
* [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Rifat Bi
* [[Ashu Sharma]] as Winkle
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{quote box|width=22em|Happy is a crazy character. She's is fun, she is loud, she wears her heart on her sleeve. She's impulsive, she says what is on her mind. And it is all these quirks that make her very endearing.|source={{emdash}}[[Diana Penty]] on Happy's characterisation.<ref name="roles">{{cite web |url=https://pandolin.com/a-story-for-the-run-the-lead-cast-on-happy-bhaag-jayegi/ |title=A Story for the Run – The Lead Cast on Happy Bhaag Jayegi |work=Pandolin |last=Aswani |first=Shradha|access-date=22 January 2018 |date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073646/https://pandolin.com/a-story-for-the-run-the-lead-cast-on-happy-bhaag-jayegi/|archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>}}

[[Mudassar Aziz]] had been working on the script for ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' since 2012; pre-production work for the project began when [[Aanand L. Rai]] agreed to produce it under the label [[Colour Yellow Productions]] with Aziz as the director. It was Rai's first venture as a producer and Aziz's first as a director in over four years.{{efn|Although ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' was Rai's first production effort, ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]'', also produced by Rai's Colour Yellow Productions, was released in April 2016, before the former.<ref>{{cite web |title='Nil Battey Sannata' Declared Tax-free in Delhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2016/apr/22/nil-battey-sannata-declared-tax-free-in-delhi-927606.html |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|access-date=26 April 2016 |date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202144356/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2016/apr/22/Nil-Battey-Sannata-Declared-Tax-free-in-Delhi-927606.html|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The film was conceived as a "cross-border" [[romantic comedy]] and was originally titled ''Dolly Lahore Mein'', a reference to film's setting, [[Lahore, Pakistan]]. The title was later changed to the current one because the central character was renamed Harpreet "Happy" Kaur. Rai talked about his transition from a director to producer, saying that being associated with a project as a producer would help him become "a complete filmmaker".<ref name="romance">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Abhay-Deol-to-romance-Diana-Penty-in-Happy-Bhaag-Jayegi/articleshow/45963232.cms |title=Abhay Deol to romance Diana Penty in Happy Bhaag Jayegi |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 October 2015 |date=21 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920053620/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Abhay-Deol-to-romance-Diana-Penty-in-Happy-Bhaag-Jayegi/articleshow/45963232.cms|archive-date=20 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lulla">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Happy-Bhag-Jayegi-is-a-cross-border-comedy-with-a-twist/articleshow/53651317.cms |title='Happy Bhag Jayegi' is a cross-border comedy with a twist |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2018 |date=27 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203123937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Happy-Bhag-Jayegi-is-a-cross-border-comedy-with-a-twist/articleshow/53651317.cms|archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref> Rai said he would not interfere with Aziz's creative process and would give him complete freedom as a director.<ref name="romance" /> Aziz also wrote the film's dialogue.<ref name="cast" />

[[File:Abhay Deol at Ficci Frames.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Rai had wanted to work with Deol since the completion of their [[Raanjhanaa|last project]]|alt=A middle-aged Indian man wearing a black-and-red-striped shirt smiling at the camera. He has short, black hair; a short, face-hugging beard and a moustache.]]

[[Abhay Deol]] had previously collaborated with Rai for the 2013 romantic drama ''[[Raanjhanaa]]''; the latter was impressed by Deol's performance in that film and expressed his interest in working with him again. Subsequently, Rai offered Deol the role of Bilal Ahmed.<ref name=pakistan>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tanu-Weds-Manu-director-wants-to-shoot-in-Pakistan/articleshow/48292050.cms |title='Tanu Weds Manu' director wants to shoot in Pakistan |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823001342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tanu-Weds-Manu-director-wants-to-shoot-in-Pakistan/articleshow/48292050.cms |archive-date=23 August 2016}}</ref> [[Diana Penty]] was cast as the central character; it was Penty's first project since her screen debut in the romantic comedy ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012). Penty said she was instantly attracted to the film's script and the character, which was nothing like her previous role and described Happy as a "very confident and ... quite a forthcoming character".<ref name="penty">{{cite web |title=Was waiting for the right role, script: Diana Penty |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/was-waiting-for-the-right-role-script-diana-penty-116031601372_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|access-date=22 January 2018 |date=16 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072131/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/was-waiting-for-the-right-role-script-diana-penty-116031601372_1.html|archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Before filming began, Penty spent considerable time in Amritsar to acclimatise to the environment. [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] actor Nilima Sharma helped Penty further prepare for the role; she said, "I picked up a lot from [Sharma], especially things like her diction and body language".<ref name="roles" />

''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' marks the [[Bollywood]] debut of Pakistani actor [[Momal Sheikh]], who was cast as Deol's fiancée. The production team approached Sheikh's father [[Javed Sheikh]] for a part in the film and sought his help with casting the role of Zoya. After auditioning, the actors suggested by Javed were unsuitable; the team then contacted Momal, who read through the script multiple times before agreeing to work on the production.<ref name="sheikh">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/character-takes-decisions-everyone-else-film-pakistani-actress-momal-sheikh-happy-bhag-jayegi/ |title="My character takes decisions for everyone else in the film" – Pakistani actress Momal Sheikh on Happy Bhag Jayegi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder|access-date=22 January 2018 |date=12 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235041/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/character-takes-decisions-everyone-else-film-pakistani-actress-momal-sheikh-happy-bhag-jayegi/|archive-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> [[Ali Fazal]] was offered the role of Guddu, an unsuccessful musician and Penty's love interest in the film. Faza described the character as "a very boy-next-door, vulnerable kind".<ref name="roles" /> [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], who was one of the last actors to join the cast, said he was attracted to the film's "novel" concept.<ref name="roles" /> ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' also features [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]], [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Jagat Rawat]], Ayesha Raza Mishra, and [[Ashu Sharma]] in supporting roles.<ref name="cast">{{cite web |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/happy-bhag-jayegi/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 August 2016 |access-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235055/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/happy-bhag-jayegi/cast/|archive-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>

=== Filming and post-production ===
[[File:Open Hand monument, Chandigarh (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Filming was primarily done in [[Chandigarh]], Punjab]]

[[Principal photography]] for ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' began in September 2015; it took place in Amritsar, [[Chandigarh]], and [[Mumbai]] in separate schedules.<ref>{{cite web |title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' director Aanand L Rai begins shooting 'Happy Bhaag Jayegi' with Abhay Deol |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-director-aanand-l-rai-shooting-happy-bhaag-jayegi-abhay-deol/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=17 September 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003095852/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-director-aanand-l-rai-shooting-happy-bhaag-jayegi-abhay-deol/ |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="vetticad">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-diana-penty-brims-with-potential-film-is-funny-but-forgettable-2964790.html |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi review: Diana Penty brims with potential; film is funny, but forgettable |work=[[Firstpost]] |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M. M. |authorlink=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=19 August 2016|access-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073702/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-diana-penty-brims-with-potential-film-is-funny-but-forgettable-2964790.html|archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Saurabh Goswami worked as the [[director of photography]] and the [[production design]] was handled by [[Wasiq Khan]]. The costumes, which included [[Clothing in India#Traditional clothing|traditional Indian clothing]] for Penty, and [[Perahan tunban#Pathani suit|Pathani suits]] for Deol were designed by Ankita Jha and Nidhi Gambhir.<ref name="cast" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/abhay-deol-diana-penty-go-traditional-in-happy-bhaag-jayegi/ |title=Abhay Deol, Diana Penty go traditional in 'Happy Bhaag Jayegi' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|access-date=23 January 2018 |date=25 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606102032/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/abhay-deol-diana-penty-go-traditional-in-happy-bhaag-jayegi/|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> While a large part of ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' is set in Lahore, Pakistan, the film was shot at locations in various cities of Punjab, India.<ref name="vetticad" /> Most of the filming was done outdoors and the crew faced difficulties managing the sets at crowded locations such as Amritsar's Inter-state Bus Terminal and at ISBT sector 17 Chandigarh<ref>{{cite web |title='Happy Bhaag Jayegi' shoot brings traffic to a halt |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/-happy-bhaag-jayegi-shoot-brings-traffic-to-a-halt/137952.html |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=26 September 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003154557/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/-happy-bhaag-jayegi-shoot-brings-traffic-to-a-halt/137952.html|archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref>

The filming process for ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' was completed in March 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/abhay-deol-wraps-up-happy-bhaag-jayegi-celebrates-birthday-with-diana-penty/ |title=Abhay Deol wraps up Happy Bhaag Jayegi, celebrates birthday with Diana Penty |work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=23 January 2018 |date=16 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073038/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/abhay-deol-wraps-up-happy-bhaag-jayegi-celebrates-birthday-with-diana-penty/|archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> The production's [[rough cut]] was edited by the Mumbai-based editor and technician Ninad Khanolkar and the sound mixing was done by Arun Nambiar. Co-produced by Rai under his label [[Colour Yellow Productions]] and [[Krishika Lulla]] of [[Eros International]], the film was made on an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|200|m}}. Its [[final cut (film)|final cut]] runs for 126 minutes. The international distribution rights for ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' were acquired by Eros International.<ref name="cast" /> Lulla released a statement discussing the project's "local milieu" and the universal theme; she said the film "brings out flavours of real India [and] highlights intricacies of human emotions and will touch everyone's heart".<ref name="Lulla" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Happy Bhag Jayegi (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack for ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' was composed by music director and singer [[Sohail Sen]].<ref name="itunes">{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/happy-bhag-jayegi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1138732153 |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126103422/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/happy-bhag-jayegi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1138732153|archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> The lyrics were written by Mudassar Aziz, with the exception of the song "Gabru Ready To Mingle Hai", which features a [[Rapping|rap]] segment with English lyrics written by Dee MC.<ref name="devesh">{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/music-review-happy-bhag-jayegi-14952.amp |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi Movie Review |work=[[Filmfare]] |last=Sharma |first=Devesh|access-date=24 January 2018 |date=6 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015544/https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/music-review-happy-bhag-jayegi-14952.amp|archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> [[Harshdeep Kaur]], [[Shahid Mallya]], [[Mika Singh]], [[Neeti Mohan]], Tarannum Malik, Danish Sabri, [[Arijit Singh]], and Altamash Faridi provided vocals for the album's songs.<ref name="itunes" /> The soundtrack was released on 1 August 2016 on the label [[Eros International#Film music produced by Eros Music|Eros Music]].<ref name="itunes" />

== Marketing and Promotion ==
A promotional first-look poster for ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' showing Penty and Deol wearing traditional [[salwar kamiz]] and [[sneakers]], and a pathani suit and a [[Nehru jacket]] respectively, was released on 19 July 2016. Fazal and Shergill are visible in the background.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/first-look/happy-bhag-jayegi/happy-bhag-jayegi-11/ |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 July 2016 |access-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202085741/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/first-look/happy-bhag-jayegi/happy-bhag-jayegi-11/|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> The trailer for the film was released by the cast and crew during an episode of ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'', an Indian television [[sketch comedy]] series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Trailer-of-Happy-Bhag-Jayegi-released-in-Mumbai/articleshowprint/53319714.cms |title=Trailer of 'Happy Bhag Jayegi' released in Mumbai |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 January 2018 |date=22 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180202085455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Trailer-of-Happy-Bhag-Jayegi-released-in-Mumbai/articleshowprint/53319714.cms|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> Upon release, the three-minute trailer received positive comments from reviewers; a writer from ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' said it had "a lot of commotion and funny moments that'll tickle you ... our heart goes out to Abhay who is simply at his best".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Happy-Bhag-Jayegis-trailer-evokes-a-great-response/articleshowprint/53433022.cms |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi's trailer evokes great response |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 January 2018 |date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180202085457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Happy-Bhag-Jayegis-trailer-evokes-a-great-response/articleshowprint/53433022.cms|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-diana-penty-and-abhay-deol-starrer-happy-bhag-jayegi-trailer-launched-on-the-kapil-sharma-show-2236733 |title=Watch: Diana Penty and Abhay Deol starrer 'Happy Bhag Jayegi' trailer launched on 'The Kapil Sharma Show' |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=31 January 2018 |date=21 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202085758/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-diana-penty-and-abhay-deol-starrer-happy-bhag-jayegi-trailer-launched-on-the-kapil-sharma-show-2236733|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
During the ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' musical event in 2016, [[Mika Singh]] cracked a joke on Penty's surname, that did not go well with her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi: Diana Penty hits out at Mika Singh's sexist 'Panty-Kachcha' jibe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-bhag-jayegi-diana-penty-mika-singh-panty-kachcha-gabru-song-334496-2016-08-10 |access-date=20 August 2017 |work=India Today|date=10 August 2016 }}</ref> After much prodding, the actress opened up on the matter and said, "I don’t find these jokes funny. I don’t even understand how people laugh at such comments."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Mika Singh cracks 'dirty joke' on Diana Penty! Here's how she reacted |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-mika-singh-dirty-comment-diana-penty-reaction-342991 |access-date=12 September 2017 |work=India TV News}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' was released theatrically in India on 19 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-diana-penty-abhay-deol-336016-2016-08-19 |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi movie review: Diana Penty and Abhay Deol's film is an inoffensive entertainer |work=[[India Today]] |last=Ghosh |first=Devarshi|access-date=31 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202085751/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-diana-penty-abhay-deol-336016-2016-08-19|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===

''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' received a mixed response from film critics.<ref name="roundup">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-round-here-what-critics-have-say-about-abhay-deol-diana-690301 |title='Happy Bhag Jayegi' review round-up: Here is what critics have to say about Abhay Deol and Diana Penty's film |work=[[International Business Times]] |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |date=19 August 2016|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306034527/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-round-here-what-critics-have-say-about-abhay-deol-diana-690301|archive-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> Rohit Vats of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the film, writing that the "supply of situational comedy won't end till you leave the theatre", and added that although the idea initially seems "far-fetched", the build-up to the film's climax dispelled his doubts.<ref name="vats">{{cite web |last1=Vats |first1=Rohit |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi review: Abhay Deol, Diana Penty return in full form |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-abhay-deol-returns-to-form-with-a-surprisingly-good-film/story-3GJj6e8eByDOzAmGNsfxbP.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=20 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919094129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-abhay-deol-returns-to-form-with-a-surprisingly-good-film/story-3GJj6e8eByDOzAmGNsfxbP.html|archive-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in similarly said the film "survives its manufactured premise", "has enough momentum to steer it through even its most unmanageable manoeuvres", and "sprints hilariously to the victory podium".<ref name="ramnath">{{cite web |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title=Film review: Cross-border comedy 'Happy Bhag Jayegi' sprints hilariously to the victory podium |url=https://scroll.in/article/814395/film-review-cross-border-comedy-happy-bhag-jayegi-sprints-hilariously-to-the-victory-podium |publisher=Scroll.in|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201184927/http://scroll.in/article/814395/film-review-cross-border-comedy-happy-bhag-jayegi-sprints-hilariously-to-the-victory-podium|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> The view was also shared by [[Rajeev Masand]] who was appreciative of the film's comic elements in his review for [[News18]]; he wrote that the film is "mostly fun despite its shortcomings, because the humor [was] earned".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-the-film-is-is-mostly-fun-despite-its-shortcomings-1283224.html |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi Review: The Film Is Mostly Fun Despite Its Shortcomings |publisher=[[News18]] |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |authorlink=Rajeev Masand|access-date=1 February 2018 |date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202145307/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-the-film-is-is-mostly-fun-despite-its-shortcomings-1283224.html|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Rohit Bhatnagar dubbed the production a "perfect family entertainer" and called it Aziz's best work.<ref name="bhatnagar">{{cite web |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Rohit |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi movie review: A perfect family entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/190816/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-a-perfect-family-entertainer.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225939/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/190816/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-a-perfect-family-entertainer.html|archive-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> Similarly, ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' critic Tanul Thakur attributed the film's appeal to Aziz's "honest" writing and attention to detail, noting it showed that "[Aziz] is invested and, more importantly, cares about his story".<ref name="thakur">{{cite web |last1=Thakur |first1=Tanul |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi isn't Perfect, But Its Honesty Makes it Pleasant |url=https://thewire.in/60120/happy-bhag-jayegi-review/ |website=[[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005215407/http://thewire.in/60120/happy-bhag-jayegi-review/|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Both ''[[India Today]]''{{'}}s Suhani Singh and ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'}}s [[Namrata Joshi]] also praised the refreshing treatment of [[India–Pakistan relations|relationship between India and Pakistan]] in the film.<ref name="suhani">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Suhani |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi review: The supporting characters shine in this film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-abhay-deol-diana-penty-jimmy-sheirgill-336346-2016-08-21 |website=[[India Today]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=21 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126103422/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-abhay-deol-diana-penty-jimmy-sheirgill-336346-2016-08-21|archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="joshi">{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi: It's all about loving your neighbour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Happy-Bhag-Jayegi-It%E2%80%99s-all-about-loving-your-neighbour/article14581934.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103122411/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Happy-Bhag-Jayegi-It%E2%80%99s-all-about-loving-your-neighbour/article14581934.ece|archive-date=3 January 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Diana Penty promotes 'Cocktail' 04 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Penty's character and performance garnered a largely polarised response from critics|alt=A young Indian woman with long, dark hair smiles at the camera.]]

Commentators including Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' and Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' were critical of the film's scattered narrative;<ref name="bhatia">{{cite web |last1=Bhatia |first1=Uday |title=Film review: Happy Bhag Jayegi |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FgN7zrTZcITokWr1rAh7DI/Film-review-Happy-Bhag-Jayegi.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411015428/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FgN7zrTZcITokWr1rAh7DI/Film-review-Happy-Bhag-Jayegi.html|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="gupta">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi movie review: A comedy that loses the plot |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-abhay-deol-diana-penty-star-rating-2984719/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=20 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627153710/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-abhay-deol-diana-penty-star-rating-2984719/|archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> the latter noted the script's intermittent humour, saying, "despite its occasional throwaway lines, and nice touches, it never comes together".<ref name="gupta" /> Bhatia also praised the comical aspect, writing that despite the film's silly premise he "still found [him]self laughing".<ref name="bhatia" /> Saibal Chatterjee criticised Aziz's direction in his review for [[NDTV]]; he wrote that Aziz did not use the "narrative pieces ... consistently enough to be able to deliver an outright winner". Chatterjee also responded negatively to the change in tone of the narrative in the film's latter half. He was enthusiastic about the film's inoffensive nature, calling it a rarity in comedy films and saying its inoffensiveness "add[s] up to a lot".<ref name="chatterjee">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi Movie Review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-1303 |publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618131800/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-1303|archive-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] was largely dismissive of the "witless and flimsy" plot. She was also critical of the poor characterisation of the title character, calling her a "sloppy protagonist who's neither convincing in her mischief nor original in her exploits", and added that the character is further weighed down by a script "that sees odd virtue in her cantankerous ways".<ref name="verma">{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi Review: Too few laughs, too much mess |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-too-few-laughs-too-much-mess/20160819.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824081249/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-too-few-laughs-too-much-mess/20160819.htm|archive-date=24 August 2016}}</ref>

The performances of most of the cast were well received by film critics.<ref name="roundup" /> Penty was variously dubbed as "brimming with potential" and a "misfit".<ref name="vetticad" /><ref name="gupta" /> Her performance was also a subject of contrasting opinions; Bhatnagar wrote that "she steals the spotlight in every frame" but Singh said she "lacks the thespian skills to uplift the spirited character". Deol, however, was widely praised for his performance in the film, with Ramnath writing, "he superbly brings out Bilal's nuances, steering the character expertly through both the quieter and the laugh-out-loud scenes".<ref name="ramnath" /> He was also described by ''[[Firstpost]]''{{'}}s [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] and Chatterjee as "charamatic" and "the anchor around which [the film] pivots", respectively.<ref name="vetticad" /><ref name="chatterjee" /> The supporting cast also received a largely positive response; Fazal was lauded by Singh for his "measured performance" and Sheikh was deemed a "revelation" by Vats.<ref name="vats" /><ref name="suhani" /> Shergill was singled out by Thakur, who described his performance as "a man high on testosterone, low on intelligence, a delightful lowlife".<ref name="thakur" />

=== Box office ===
''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' was released on about 1,000 screens but had a relatively poor opening collection of about {{INRConvert|23|m}}. The slow start was attributed to the film's marketing and competition faced from the big-budget productions including ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' and ''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]''.<ref name="opening">{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/352979/happy-bhag-jayegi-box-office-collections-abhay-deol-diana-penty-starrers-opening-day-take-at-rs-2-32-cr/3/ |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi collections: Abhay Deol, Diana Penty movie's day 1 take rises to Rs 2.32 crore |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=21 August 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825213436/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/352979/happy-bhag-jayegi-box-office-collections-abhay-deol-diana-penty-starrers-opening-day-take-at-rs-2-32-cr/3/|archive-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> The collections grew over the course of the weekend; the film earned {{INRConvert|38|m}} on Saturday and {{INRConvert|46|m}} on Sunday to bring the first-weekend total to {{INRConvert|107|m}}; the increase in its earnings was credited to positive [[word of mouth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-bhag-jayegi-box-office-collection-day-3-diana-penty-film-shows-growth-despite-rustom-2990627/ |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi box office collection day 3: Diana Penty film shows growth despite Rustom |work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=22 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030200906/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-bhag-jayegi-box-office-collection-day-3-diana-penty-film-shows-growth-despite-rustom-2990627/|archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> Collections held steady throughout the week with the film grossing a total of {{INRConvert|178|m}}. ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' did particularly well in urban areas such as Mumbai and the [[National Capital Region]], where it collected {{INRConvert|85|m}} and {{INRConvert|77|m}}, respectively. Despite a slow start, the film grossed a total of {{INRConvert|391|m}} at the domestic box office in its theatrical run and was a considered a [[sleeper hit]] by media outlets.<ref name="boi">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3359 |title=Happy Bhaag Jayegi |publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=20 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065944/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3359|archive-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160924/jsp/t2/story_109827.jsp |title=Diana is happy |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |last=Upadhyay |first=Karishma |date=24 September 2016|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306032739/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160924/jsp/t2/story_109827.jsp|archive-date=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-sonakshi-sinha-bags-happy-bhag-jayegi-returns-diana-penty-also-retained/ |title=Revealed: Sonakshi Sinha bags Happy Bhag Jayegi Returns; Diana Penty also retained |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=2 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126103423/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/revealed-sonakshi-sinha-bags-happy-bhag-jayegi-returns-diana-penty-also-retained/|archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/021017/sonakshi-sinha-to-star-in-happy-bhag-jayegi-sequel.html |title=Sonakshi Sinha-Diana Penty teams up for Happy Bhag Jayegi sequel |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=2 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085147/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/021017/sonakshi-sinha-to-star-in-happy-bhag-jayegi-sequel.html|archive-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' earned {{INRConvert|23.5|m}} at the North American box office and about {{INRConvert|40|m}} in the such other international markets as the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The film has grossed {{INRConvert|465|m}} worldwide.<ref name="wwgross">{{Cite web |title=Special Features: Box Office: Worldwide collections of Happy Bhag Jayegi – Box Office |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 August 2016 | access-date = 3 September 2016 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/813 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160826143804/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/813/ | archive-date = 26 August 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi}}
Penty confirmed her involvement in a sequel to ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'' through her Twitter account. Rai and Eros Now were also confirmed as producers, and Aziz was retained as director for the sequel. The sequel, entitled ''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]'' was released on 24 August 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-bhag-jayegi-sequel-to-release-on-august-24-1668015.html |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi Sequel to Release on August 24 |publisher=[[News18]]|access-date=21 February 2018 |date=21 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225607/http://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/happy-bhag-jayegi-sequel-to-release-on-august-24-1668015.html|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|happy-bhag-jayegi}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sohail Sen]]
[[Category:Films set in Lahore]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Colour Yellow Productions films]]

Belavadi

2026-03-01T11:05:07Z

WandaX39006: Creating Basic Article Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Belavadi
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi.JPG
| image_caption = Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.284134|N|75.997893|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikmagalur District|Chikmagalur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 843
| population_total = 2002
| population_as_of = 1983
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = Auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chikmagalur]]
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

'''Belavadi''' is a village, located at a distance of 29 km from [[Chikmagalur]] town and about 12 km from [[Halebidu]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The place is described as Ekachakranagara of [[Mahabharata]] and the village is known for Veeranarayana temple of Hoysala architecture.

==Description==
A festival called ''Bandi-Bana'' is celebrated annually by villagers in memory of Bhima killing Bakasura. There is a big tank ascribed to one Dhanakaraya, a local chief in whose honor a temple has also been constructed on the bank. It was originally a Jaina centre. later [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar II]] gave this village as a grant to the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Matha]].

The [[Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi]] temple is one of the unique [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala]] monuments. The hoysala temple is in trikutachala form and is located at that village centre. The main presiding deity is veeranaryana along with yoga narasimha and kolalu gopala. This kolalu gopala is a beautiful statue in India according to archaeological dept of India. On 23 March (when day and night are of 12 hours each) every year sun light directly enters the [[sanctum sanctorum]] of Veeranarayana temple.

There is a Ganapati temple and the main deity is variously known as Huttada (ant hill) Ganapati, Udhbhava Ganapati and Varada (boon) Ganapati. This temple is being maintained by [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Matha]] and also a free high school is run by the mutt where free mid-day meal is given to students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharath |first=Lakshmi |date=2008-02-08 |title=Belavadi - the Hoysala Trail continues .. |url=https://lakshmisharath.com/belavadi-the-hoysala-trail-continues-3/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Lakshmi Sharath |language=en-US}}</ref>

Near this temple is another temple of Shankareshwara. The ruined temple of Basaveshwara has been reconstructed recently. The other temples of Belavadi are Beeredevru, Kariyamma and Bindigamma.

== References ==

Page 39, Places of interest, Gazetteer Department, Karnataka [1983]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175826/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-12 }}</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/tour_bv_m.htm Info about Belavadi in Chikmgalur dist. website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914074714/http://chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/tour_bv_m.htm |date=14 September 2017 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHJwtd4l_EU Veeranarayana temple]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090413181639/http://templesofkarnataka.com/navigation/details.php?id=3 Temples of belavadi]}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chikmagalur district]]

Yagna Shetty

2026-02-12T06:20:26Z

WandaX39006: Added new entry initial version - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yagna Shetty
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Yagna Shetty
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kudremukh]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sandeep Shetty <ref name="marriage">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kannada-actor-yagna-shetty-marries-entrepreneur-sandeep-shetty-2368313.html|title=Kannada Actor Yagna Shetty Marries Entrepreneur Sandeep Shetty|date=31 October 2019|website=News18|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>|2019}}
| occupation = Actress
| alma_mater = [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]]
| years_active = 2006–present
| known_for =
}}

'''Yagna Shetty''' is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. She made her debut in the 2007 film ''Ondu Preethiya Kathe'', following which she appeared in ''[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]'', a performance that won her a [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Award]]. She got noticed for her performances in ''[[Sugreeva (film)|Sugreeva]]'' (2010) and ''[[Allide Nammane Illi Bande Summane]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-allide-nammane-illibande-summane-399739.html|title=Kannada Review: Allide Nammane Illibande Summane|date=11 September 2011|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=[[News18]]}}</ref> Known for portraying deglamorous and serious roles, she went on to appear in other critical and commercial successes such as ''[[Love Guru (2009 film)|Love Guru]]'' (2009), ''[[Kalla Malla Sulla]]'' (2011) and ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]'' (2014). Her performance in ''[[Act 1978]]'' (2020), won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Yagna is not just serious|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140319/entertainment-sandalwood/article/yagna-not-just-serious|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=19 March 2014|access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Yagna Shetty was born to Umesh Shetty and Jayanti Shetty, into the [[Tulu people|Tuluva community]] in [[Kudremukh]], [[Karnataka]]. She has three siblings – Mahalaxmi, Gayatri and Ashwini. She completed her schooling at the Kendriya School in [[Panambur]], [[Bachelor of Business Management]] (BBM) course at the SDM College in [[Mangalore]] and later pursued [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) in Finance at the [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Mangalore: ' I didn't Intend to Act in Movies' Yajna Shetty |url= http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=480 |website= daijiworld.com |date= 15 November 2006 |access-date= 21 January 2015 |archive-date= 21 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150121130205/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=480 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Film and finance for Yagna Shetty |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/film-and-finance-for-yagna-shetty-kannada-news-25686 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150409141931/http://www.indiaglitz.com/film-and-finance-for-yagna-shetty-kannada-news-25686 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 9 April 2015 |website= indiaglitz.com |date= 29 September 2006 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
===2007–2013===
Shetty auditioned for her debut role in the 2007 [[Kannada language]] film ''Ondu Preethiya Kathe'' in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] due to her non fluency in Kannada at the time. She was cast as the female lead opposite Shanker Aryan.<ref>{{cite news |title= Yagna Shetty makes her presence felt |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Yagna-Shetty-makes-her-presence-felt/articleshow/33180950.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 3 April 2014 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics, with Shetty's performance receiving praise. ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' in its review called it a "promising debut".<ref>{{cite web |title= Ondu Preethiya Kathe: A promising debut |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssondu/20070402.htm |website= rediff.com |date= 2 August 2007 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref> In 2009, she starred in two films, ''[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]'' and ''[[Love Guru (2009 film)|Love Guru]]'', and received critical acclaim for her performances in both the films. For her portrayal of Gowri in the comedy film ''Eddelu Manjunatha'', the wife of Manjunatha (played by [[Jaggesh]]), a hard working woman struggling to make ends meet, she received the [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Award]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Filmfare Awards night at South |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/Filmfare-Awards-night-at-South/articleshow/6275279.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 9 August 2010 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref> For her performance in the latter film, received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] nomination.

Shetty had two releases in 2010. Her first role was in ''[[Sugreeva (film)|Sugreeva]]'', in which she was cast opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as his wife and of a mother to a wannabe [[Michael Jackson]]. ''Rediff'' called her performance in the film "convincing".<ref>{{cite web |title= Watch Sugreeva for Shivarajkumar |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-sugreeva/20100226.htm |website= rediff.com |date= 26 February 2010 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref> In her next release ''[[Kari Chirathe]]'', she played the role of Bharathi, who falls in love with a mentally unstable person (played by [[Duniya Vijay]]). 2011 saw three releases of Shetty, among which was the comedy film ''[[Kalla Malla Sulla]]'', a performance for which she received critical acclaim, playing the role of the wife of a media baron (played by [[Ramesh Arvind]]).<ref>{{cite web |title= Kannada Review: 'Kalla Malla Sulla' is a must watch |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-review-kalla-malla-sulla-is-a-must-watch/185529-8-71.html |archive-url= https://archive.today/20150121105750/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-review-kalla-malla-sulla-is-a-must-watch/185529-8-71.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 21 January 2015 |website= ibnlive.in.com |date= 12 October 2011 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref>

===2014–present===
Shetty's first release of 2014 was ''Kwatle'', a film that was received largely negative reviews from critics. ''[[The Times of India]]'' in its review called her performance "a complete failure".<ref>{{cite news |title= Kwatle Movie Review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Kwatle/movie-review/30475817.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 15 February 2014 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref> In her next film, she starred in a supporting role as Sharada, a fishwife and the love interest of Munna (played by [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]) in ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]'', a critical success but a commercial failure. In her final release of 2014, she played Yagna in ''Sadagara'', which received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |title= Revelling in small pleasures of life |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/397054/revelling-small-pleasures-life.html |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 6 April 2014 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref> She worked on the thriller film ''[[Octopus (2015 film)|Octopus]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= 'Octopus' to be a mystery thriller |url= http://www.sify.com/movies/octopus-to-be-a-mystery-thriller-news-kannada-ojfmB8ggejibh.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140906124139/http://www.sify.com/movies/octopus-to-be-a-mystery-thriller-news-kannada-ojfmB8ggejibh.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 September 2014 |website= [[Sify]] |date= 5 September 2014 |access-date= 30 March 2015}}</ref> As of March 2015, Shetty has the delayed project ''Love Junction''and ''H/34 Pallavi Talkies'' up for release.<ref>{{cite web |title= NBT fair reminded me of my school days: Yagna Shetty |url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=211757 |website= daijiworld.com |date= 9 January 2014 |access-date= 21 January 2015 |archive-date= 21 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150121130041/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=211757 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Yagna Shetty to romance Tilak in her next film |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Yagna-Shetty-to-romance-Tilak-in-her-next-film/articleshow/34374625.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 30 April 2014 |access-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref> She is currently filming with ''Ramabai'', playing the titular role, a biographical film on the life of Ramabai, the first wife of social reformer [[B. R. Ambedkar]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Yagna shetty is smt ramabai |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/yagna-shetty-is-smt-ramabai-kannada-news-128011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150626154301/http://www.indiaglitz.com/yagna-shetty-is-smt-ramabai-kannada-news-128011 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 June 2015 |website= indiaglitz.com |date= 17 March 2015 |access-date= 27 March 2015}}</ref> and [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' as [[Muthulakshmi]], the wife of slain forest brigand, [[Veerappan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Parul, Yagna in Killing Veerappan|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Parul-Yagna-in-Killing-Veerappan/2015/06/18/article2871991.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121804/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Parul-Yagna-in-Killing-Veerappan/2015/06/18/article2871991.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2015|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=18 June 2015|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, Shetty made her debut in television with the soap opera, ''Vaarasdaara''. Dealing with the issue of [[female infanticide]], she plays the role of a mother in the soap.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yagna Shetty to play mother in Vaarasudaara|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Yagna-Shetty-to-play-mother-in-Vaarasudaara/articleshow/55615065.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=28 January 2017|date=25 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=A. Sharadhaa|title=Yagna shetty to make her small screen debut|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/nov/30/yagna-shetty-to-make-her-small-screen-debut-1544309.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 January 2017|date=25 November 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Yagna Shetty married Sandeep Shetty<ref name="marriage"/> on 30 October 2019 in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/photos-yagna-shetty-marries-sandeep-shetty-in-a-grand-ceremony/articleshow/71821680.cms|title=Photos: Yagna Shetty marries Sandeep Shetty in a grand ceremony|date=30 October 2019 |website=Times Of India |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''Ondu Preethiya Kathe'' || Sakshi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]'' || Gowri || [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Award for Best Actress - Kanmada]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Love Guru (2009 film)|Love Guru]]'' || || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Sugreeva (film)|Sugreeva]]'' || Pooja ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Kari Chirathe'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Panchamrutha]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Allide Nammane Illi Bande Summane]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Kalla Malla Sulla]]'' || Ramya ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Kwatle'' || Nagi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]'' || Sharadha ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Sadagara'' || Yagna ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Octopus (2015 film)|Octopus]]'' || Danya ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' || [[Muthulakshmi]] || Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role – Kannada
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Ramabai (film)|Ramabai]]'' || Ramabai ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kalathur Gramam]]'' ||Selvamba || Tamil film
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Operation 2019]]'' || Umadevi || Telugu film
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Lakshmi's NTR]]'' || [[Lakshmi Parvathi]] || Telugu film
|-
| 2019 || ''Operation Nakshatra'' || Smitha ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]'' || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[ACT 1978]]'' || Geetha ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Kannada]]
|-
| 2022 || ''H/34 Pallavi Talkies'' || ||
|-
|}

===Television===

* ''Vaarasdaara'' (2016–2017)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5754202}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Yagna}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Tulu actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Kartika (knife)

2026-02-12T00:21:30Z

WandaX39006: Made New Post With Sources

{{Short description|Buddhist ceremonial flaying knife}}
[[File:Clevelandart 1978.9.3.jpg|thumb|''Kartika'' flaying knife, with [[vajra]] handle, made in [[Beijing]] in 1407]]
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
A '''kartika''' or '''drigug''' ({{langx|sa|kartari}}; {{bo|w=gri-gug|t=གྲི་གུག་}},{{sfnp|Beer|2003|p=112}} or ''kartrika'' in Nepal{{sfnp|Huntington|Bangdel|2004|p=327}}) is a small, crescent-shaped, hand-held ritual [[flaying]] knife used in the [[tantra techniques (Vajrayana)|tantric]] ceremonies of [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]]. The kartari is said to be "one of the quintessential attributes of the [[fierce deities|wrathful Tantric deities]]".{{sfnp|Huntington|Bangdel|2004|p=356}} It is commonly known as the "knife of the [[dakini]]s".{{sfnp|Beer|2003|p=112}} Its shape is similar to the Inuit [[ulu]] or woman's knife, which is used for many things including cleaning skins.

While the kartika is normally held in the right hand of a [[dakini]] in Vajrayana iconography and spiritual practice, occasionally it can be seen being held by esoteric male deities,{{sfnp|Beer|2003|p=114}} such as certain forms of [[Yamantaka]].{{sfnp|Anon|2020}} It is also found frequently in the iconography of the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] spiritual practice of [[Chöd]].

==Iconography==
In terms of iconography,

{{quote|The [[dakini]]'s knife has a flat sharpened blue iron blade with a curved hook at its outer extremity, which enables the flaying activities of cutting, scraping, and pulling. Its faceted or eight-sided handle is attached to the upper edge of the blade by either a leaf-shaped golden mount or the wide-open mouth of a golden [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|''makara'']], and the handle's top is sealed by a half-''[[vajra]]''.{{sfnp|Beer|2003|p=114}} }}

The same way that the [[Ghanta|bell]] and [[vajra]] are usually paired ritual items in [[Vajrayana]] spiritual practice and iconography (one is held in the right hand and the other simultaneously held in the left), the kartika usually appears as a pair with the [[kapala]] (skull-cup), symbolizing the union of [[Tögal|wisdom]] (kartika) and [[Trekchö|method]] (kapala).{{sfnp|Harderwijk|2011}}

The shape of the kartika or drigug, with its crescent shape and the hook on the end, is derived from the shape of a traditional [[India]]n butcher's knife.{{sfnp|Huntington|Bangdel|2004|p=356}}

Depictions of [[Vajrayogini]] typically contain the kartika as one of her attributes. In the iconography of the enlightened [[dakini]]s and tantric female [[yidam]]s, it is common to find the hooked kartika knife in her right hand and the [[kapala|skull cup]] in her left, representing "the inseparable union of [[Wisdom#Buddhism|wisdom]] and [[Upaya|skillful means]]."{{sfnp|Huntington|Bangdel|2004|p=356}}

==Meanings==
As one author writes about the meaning of the kartika:{{quote|The traditional interpretation of the hook in Tibetan Buddhist imagery is that of the hook of compassion. It is the hook which pulls beings out of the cycles of transmigration. The hooked crescent-shaped knife of the dakini with its vajra handle pulls one forth from suffering, chops up the ego-centred self and is guided by the diamond clarity of the vajra.{{sfnp|Allione|1986|p=32}} }}

The kartika is used to symbolize the severance of all material and worldly bonds and is often crowned with a [[vajra]], which is said to destroy ignorance, and thus leading to [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]]. Another more nuanced interpretation says that "the ''kartika'' represents the severing of the two [[Buddhist]] obscurations of defilements (''[[Kleshas (Buddhism)|klesha]] avarana'') and knowledge (''jneya avarana'') that obstruct the path of enlightenment".{{sfnp|Huntington|Bangdel|2004|p=356}}{{sfnp|Beyer|1973|p=111}}{{sfnp|Beer|2003|p=114}} The kartika is also used to cut through human obscurations to progress on the spiritual path including "pride, lack of belief, lack of devotion, distraction, inattention, and boredom".{{sfnp|Beer|2003|p=114}}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|File:Drigug (vajra Kartri) symbol.svg|[[Vajra]] kartari
|File:Vajrayogini from Thangka.jpg|[[Vajrayogini]] from [[thangka]], holding kartari in her right hand
|File:Kartika.jpg|Example of a miniature kartari worn as adornment in contemporary times
|File:Kartrika-MA 5211-IMG 8444-gradient.jpg|Quartz kartari on display at [[Guimet Museum]], 18-19th century
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book |last=Allione |first=Tsultrim |title=Women of Wisdom |publisher=Arkana |location=London |date=1986 |isbn=1-85063-044-5}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.yamantaka.org/ |title=About Yamantaka/Vajrabhairava |author=Anon |website=Yamataka.org |year=2020 |access-date=2021-07-26}}
*{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Beer |title=The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols |publisher=Shambhala |location=Boston |year=2003}}
*{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Beyer |title=The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973}}
*{{cite web |url=http://viewonbuddhism.org/tantra_symbols.html |title=Tantric Symbols |last=Harderwijk |first=Rudy |website=A View on Buddhism |year=2011 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}
*{{cite book |first1=John |last1=Huntington |first2=Dina |last2=Bangdel |title=The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art, ''Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, Ohio'' |publisher=Serindia Publications |location=Chicago |year=2004}}


[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist ritual implements]]
[[Category:Weapons in Buddhist mythology]]
[[Category:Ritual weapons]]
[[Category:Vajrayana]]

Mukti Mohan

2026-02-08T17:55:30Z

WandaX39006: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Indian dancer, actress (active 2007– )}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukti Mohan
| image = Mukti Mohan at celebrations for World Dance Day 3 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mohan at celebrations for World Dance Day 3, 2018
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Dancer|actress}}
| years_active = 2007–2017, 2021–present
| relatives = {{Ubl
| [[Neeti Mohan]] (oldest sister)
| Nihar Pandya (brother-in-law)
| Kriti Mohan (younger sister)
| [[Shakti Mohan]] (older sister) }}
| spouse = {{marriage|Kunal Thakur|10 December 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Fame And Dancer Mukti Mohan Ties The Knot With Animal Actor Kunal Thakur; Shares Dreamy Pictures |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-fame-and-dancer-mukti-mohan-ties-the-knot-with-animal-actor-kunal-thakur-shares-dreamy-pictures/articleshow/105878350.cms |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>
}}
'''Mukti Mohan''' is an Indian dancer and actress. She participated in [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]'s dance reality show ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha | Zara Nachke Dikha 2]]'' and emerged as the winner. She also appeared on the comedy show ''[[Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. She hosted ''[[Dil Hai Hindustani 2]]'' along with [[Raghav Juyal]]. She was a contestant on ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''<ref>{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707015724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-03/tv/40350403_1_jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-dance-karan-patel |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=Mukti Mohan too good to be on 'Jhalak...': Mantra |date=3 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 August 2013}}</ref> and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''. She appeared in the films ''[[Blood Brothers (2007 Indian film)|Blood Brothers]]'', ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster]]'', ''[[Hate Story]]'' and ''[[Daruvu]]'' and a [[YouTube]] web series ''Inmates''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mukti-Mohan-is-now-Chikni-Chameli/articleshow/11822511.cms |title=Mukti Mohan is now Chikni Chameli |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Television==
* ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha | Zara Nachke Dikha 2]]'' (2010) - Contestant
* ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]'' (2013) - Contestant
* ''[[Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo]]'' (2013) - Contestant <ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-pics-kapil-sharma-hugs-mukti-mohan-mohit-raina-maintains-distance-from-mouni-roy-4413308-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614172450/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-pics-kapil-sharma-hugs-mukti-mohan-mohit-raina-maintains-distance-from-mouni-roy-4413308-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2015 |title=Pics: Kapil Sharma hugs Mukti Mohan, Mohit Raina maintains distance from Mouni Roy |date=24 October 2013 |website=daily.bhaskar.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Nach Baliye 7]]'' (2015) - Guest<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/nach-baliye-7-new-twist-karishma-tanna-upen-patel-rasahmi-desai-nandish-sandhu-kunwar-amar-chetan-bhagat-star-plus-257241-2015-06-12 |title=New twist in Nach Baliye 7: Get set for 'three much' fun.}}</ref>
* ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]'' (2016) - Contestant<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colorstv.com/in/khatronkekhiladi/contestants/mukti-mohan-754.html#nav |title=Mukti Mohan Khatron ke khiladi Season 7 Contestants, Participants Mukti Mohan Videos, Full Episodes, Photos, Mini Clips, Promos & Contestants News - Colors TV Shows |website=colorstv.com |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915124748/http://www.colorstv.com/in/khatronkekhiladi/contestants/mukti-mohan-754.html#nav |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Dil Hai Hindustani 2]]'' (2017) - Host
* ''[[Gyaarah Gyaarah]]'' (2024) - Palak
* ''[[Life Hill Gayi]]'' (2024) - Hima

==Filmography==
* ''[[Blood Brothers (2007 Indian film)|Blood Brothers]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Muran (film)|Muran]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Daruvu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Hate Story]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Topiwala]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Kaanchi: The Unbreakable]]'' (2014)
* ''Born Free'' (2017)
*''Dil Hai Hindustani: The Movie'' (2021)
*''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]'' (2022) ([[Netflix]] film)
* ''[[Lust Stories 2]]'' (2023) ([[Netflix]] Anthology film)
* ''[[Gyaarah Gyaarah]]'' (2024) ([[Zee5]] Web series)
* ''[[Life Hill Gayi]]'' (2024) ([[Hotstar]] Web series)
* ''[[A Wedding Story]]'' (2024)

==See also==
* [[List of dancers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2777351}}
* {{Instagram|muktimohan}}

{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Mukti}}
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]

Mohan (actor)

2026-02-01T09:43:45Z

WandaX39006: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan
| image = Mohan at IIFA Utsavam Chennai Press Meet.jpg
| birth_name = Mohan Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|05|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysuru State]] (now [[Karnataka]]), [[India]]
| othername = Kokila Mohan Mic Mohan Silver Jubilee Star<ref name="unsung">{{cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=21 May 2019 |title=Mohan: The unsung phenomenon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-unsung-phenomenon/article26598463.ece |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 1977–1999 2008–2009 2016 2023–present
| spouse = Gowri
| children = 1
| occupation = Actor, Film producer
}}

'''Mohan''' (born 10 May 1956) is an Indian actor, known for his works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]]. Besides [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films, he has also acted in some [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] films. Mohan is also known as "Kokila Mohan" after his debut film ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]'' (1977),<ref name="Back to acting" /> and "Mic Mohan" from numerous roles playing singers using microphones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Arvind |first=T. |date=2 November 2017 |title=The numbers game: Tamil cinema's numerical titles |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-numbers-game-tamil-cinemas-numerical-titles/article19967003.ece |access-date=3 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2017 |title=Mike Mohan to make a comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Mike-Mohan-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/17139789.cms |access-date=27 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=25 December 2017 |title='Mike' Mohan still in demand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mike-mohan-still-in-demand/article6725254.ece |access-date=27 November 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 1982, he received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor]] for his work in ''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]''.<ref name="Back to acting">{{Cite news |date=28 December 2007 |title=Back to acting, again! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-acting-again/article2285161.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2010 |title=Grill Mill: S. N. Surendar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grill-mill-s-n-surendar/article528365.ece |access-date=28 January 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> One of the most successful Tamil film stars of the 1980s, he faced career setbacks in the 1990s and his film appearances have been intermittent since.

== Career ==
After Kannada movie ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]'', Mohan starred in a Malayalam movie titled ''[[Madalasa]]'' (1978). Furthermore, immediately after the success of the Malayalam movie, Mohan went on to sign a Telugu film by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] titled ''[[Thoorpu Velle Railu]]'' (1979), which was a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]''. Then, he featured in ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' (1980), which is based on psychology. It made a good collection in the box-office of Tamil industry. Mohan attained the status of a Silver Jubilee Star. He was recognized as the [[Rajendra Kumar]] of Tamil cinema during the 1980s after his success.<ref name="unsung" />

After that Mohan was introduced in the Tamil film ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]'' (1980) by director [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 December 2007 |title=Mr. Simple is back |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/28/stories/2007122850200400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109231714/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/28/stories/2007122850200400.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=30 July 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film ran for a year and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=28th National Film Awards (1980) |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm28thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=28NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170352/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm28thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=28NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=30 July 2013 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> After his films began to be either silver jubilee or over 200 days most of the time. He became a star in ''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]'' (1982) winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 December 2007 |title=Back to acting, again! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-acting-again/article2285161.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209092201/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-acting-again/article2285161.ece |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=31 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

He donned one of his best performances in the critically acclaimed Tamil romantic drama film, ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986) directed by [[Mani Ratnam]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=30 years since 'Mouna Ragam': The Mani Ratnam we miss |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/30-years-mouna-ragam-mani-ratnam-we-miss-49133}}</ref>

He tried hard to stage a comeback by producing, directing besides playing the lead role in a movie titled ''[[Anbulla Kadhalukku]]'' (1999). Unfortunately, his bad luck continued and the movie disappeared from the box office without any trace. Mohan stated that when not acting, he is busy producing television serials like ''Acham Madam Nanam'', ''Selvangal'', ''Hasiyaramayana'' and ''Brindavanam''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kollywood Movie Actor Mohan Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/mohan}}</ref>

He declined to do the role of [[Jayam Ravi]]'s father in ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006), which was later played by [[K. Bhagyaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2024 |title=சில்க் ஸ்மிதா கிளாமராக நடித்தாலும்... நிஜத்தில் அவர் இப்படிபட்டவர் தான் - நடிகர் மோகன் பகிர்ந்த சீக்ரெட் |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/actor-mike-mohan-shares-nostalgic-memories-about-actress-silk-smitha-gan-sehqec |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603061247/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/actor-mike-mohan-shares-nostalgic-memories-about-actress-silk-smitha-gan-sehqec |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Mohan again played the hero after a hiatus of 9 years in ''[[Sutta Pazham]]'' released in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2008 |title=Kokila back in Kannada |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kokila-back-in-kannada/articleshow/22409068.cms |publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> The film was a low budget fare which helped the producer and distributors enjoy the profit. Mohan also done ''Ashokavana'' (2017), a Kannada film as hero, but the film remain unreleased.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashokavana Movie Details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/ashokavana/movieshow/61983707.cms |access-date=22 September 2024 |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Mohan's Civic Cinema has already produced ''[[Thalappavu]]'' (2008), the [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]]-[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] starrer, the debut directorial venture of popular actor [[Madhupal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Thalappavu,' 'Thirakkatha' best films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/jan/31/thalappavu-thirakkatha-best-films-22218.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Mohan made a comeback to Tamil cinema after 13 years with ''[[Haraa (film)|Haraa]]'', an action drama (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2022 |title=Mohan's Haraa team releases a special glimpse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohans-haraa-team-releases-a-special-glimpse/articleshow/91463175.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> and later appeared along with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024) and received praises for his acting as the main antagonist.<ref name="goat cast" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manu |first=Hridyambika A |date=20 October 2023 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 68: Mic Mohan to play antagonist in the Venkat Prabhu directorial? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijays-thalapathy-68-mic-mohan-to-play-antagonist-in-the-venkat-prabhu-directorial/afecd4eec7667 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207001741/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijays-thalapathy-68-mic-mohan-to-play-antagonist-in-the-venkat-prabhu-directorial/afecd4eec7667 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mohan married Gowri in 1987, and they have a son and his name is PRASHANTH .<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் மைக் மோகன் சிங்கிள் இல்லங்க...அவரோட மனைவி யாருனு தெரியுமா? இப்போ தெரிஞ்சிக்கங்க... |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/lifestyle/relationship/actor-actor-mohan-family-and-love-rumours/articleshow/93738959.cms |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Tamil films ===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mohan Tamil-language film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980 || ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]'' || Ram ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1981 || ''Panchami'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchami (EMI) [1981-EPRip-WAV] |url=https://www.tamilflac.com/product/panchami-emi-1981-eprip-wav/}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kilinjalgal]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1982 || ''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]'' || Ravi Kumar || {{Won}}–[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| ''Thambathyam Oru Sangeetham'' || Ramesh||
|-
| ''Kaatrukkenna Veli'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai'' || Kannan / Sekhar || Dual Role
|-
| ''Lottery Ticket'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''Iniyavale Vaa'' || Prabhu ||
|-
| ''[[Archanai Pookal]]''|| Karthik ||
|-
| ''[[Gopurangal Saivathillai]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Chinnan Chirusugal]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1983 || ''[[Jothi (1983 film)|Jothi]]'' || Vijayakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Thoongatha Kannindru Ondru]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Antha Sila Naatkal]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjamellam Neeye]]''|| Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
|''[[Saranalayam (1983 film)|Saranalayam]]''|| Prabhu ||
|-
| ''[[Manaivi Solle Manthiram]]'' || Thyagu ||
|-
| ''Naalu Perukku Nandri'' || Babu ||
|-
| rowspan="19" | 1984 || ''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]'' || Mohan || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Vidhi (1984 film)|Vidhi]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' || Ramkumar || {{Nominated}}–[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| ''Vengaiyin Mainthan'' || Radha's husband ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Nalam Nalamariya Aaval]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjathai Allitha]]''|| Venghu ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Odi Vaa]]''|| Mahesh ||
|-
| ''[[Sattathai Thiruthungal]]'' || Chiranjeevi ||
|-
| ''Shanthi Muhurtham''|| Raja ||
|-
| ''[[24 Mani Neram]]''|| Raj ||
|-
| ''Magudi'' || Amavasai ||
|-
|''[[Rusi (film)|Rusi]]''|| Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Niraparaadhi]]''|| Inspector Raja || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Oh Maane Maane]]''|| Mahesh ||
|-
| ''[[Osai]]''|| Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]''|| Vijay || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Vai Pandal]]''|| Dhivakar ||
|-
| ''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1985 || ''Maappillai Singam''|| Dancer || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Udaya Geetham]]''|| Arun ||
|-
| ''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deivapiravi]]''|| Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Pillai Nila]]''|| Mohan ||
|-
| ''Anbin Mugavari'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Thendrale Ennai Thodu]]'' || Raghunath ||
|-
| ''Anni'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Kunguma Chimil]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' || Disciple || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''Unakkaga Oru Roja'' || Balu||
|-
| ''[[Idaya Kovil]]'' || Shankar || {{Nominated}}–[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Naan Ungal Rasigan]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1986 || ''[[December Pookal]]'' || Chandru ||
|-
| ''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]'' || Balumurali ||
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' || Chandrakumar || {{Nominated}}–[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
| ''[[Paaru Paaru Pattanam Paaru]]'' || Mohanraj ||
|-
| ''Unnai Ondru Ketpen'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1987 || ''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]'' || Gopi || {{Nominated}}–[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Ananda Aradhanai]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Paadu Nilave]]'' || Balakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaikka Therintha Maname]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Krishnan Vandhaan]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Theertha Karaiyinile]]'' || Ganesan (Raja) ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1988 || ''[[Kunguma Kodu]]'' || Ramu||
|-
| ''[[Paasa Paravaigal]]'' || Dr. Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Mappillai Sir]]'' || Driving Master ||
|-
| ''[[Sahadevan Mahadevan]]'' || Sahadevan ||
|-
| ''[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1989 || ''[[Naalaiya Manithan]]'' || Host || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Sondham 16]]'' || Varudhu ||
|-
| ''Oru Ponnu Nenacha'' || ||
|-
| ''Thalaivanukkor Thalaivi'' || Siva ||
|-
| ''Manidhan Marivittan'' || Viswanathan & Uthaman || Dual Role
|-
| ''Idhaya Dheepam'' || Madhan ||
|-
|''Paasa Mazhai'' || Ashok ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1990 || ''Valiba Vilayattu'' || Raja ||
|-
|''[[Jagathalaprathapan (1990 film)|Jagathalaprathapan]]'' || Prathap ||
|-
| 1991 ||''[[Uruvam]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| 1999 ||''[[Anbulla Kadhalukku]]'' || Prem || Directorial debut
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Sutta Pazham]]'' || Nandakumar (Nandu) ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Haraa (film)|Haraa]]'' || Ram / Dawood Ibrahim ||
|-
| ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' || Rajiv Menon || <ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68:Vijay welcomes Meenakshi Chaudhary, Prabhu Deva and Other Cast Members |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-68-vijay-welcomes-meenakshi-chaudhary-prabhu-deva-and-other-cast-members-watch-pada-poojai-video-article-104665768 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref name="goat cast">{{cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Vijay, Venkat Prabhu's 'Thalapathy 68' shoot begins. Mohan, Prashanth to join cast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-shoot-begins-mohan-prashanth-to-join-cast-2443566-2023-10-03 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=indiatoday.in}}</ref>
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly|List of Mohan other language film credits}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]'' || Heggadadevanakote Murali Manohar Rao Bhaskar Rao || rowspan="2"|[[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1978 || ''[[Aparichita]]'' || Shamu ||
|-
| ''[[Madaalasa]]'' || Chandru
| [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1979 || ''[[Toorpu Velle Railu]]'' || Ramakoti || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoolokadalli Yamaraja]]'' || Suresh || rowspan="2"|Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1980 || ''Nammammana Sose'' || Nataraj ||
|-
| ''Gandharagolam'' || Madhan || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981 || ''[[Gaali Maathu]]'' || Chintamani || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Patalam Pandu'' || Chandru || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Muniyana Madari]]'' || Maara || rowspan="2"|Kannada ||
|-
| ''Hennina Sedu'' || Nagendru ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1982 || ''[[Ponmudy (film)|Ponmudy]]'' || Raju
| rowspan="2"|Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Njan Onnu Parayatte'' || Madhavankutty ||
|-
| ''Anantha Ragaalu'' || Mohan || Telugu ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Haavada Hoovu'' || Mohan || Kannada ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Sravanthi (film)|Sravanthi]]''|| Chiranjeevi || rowspan="6"|Telugu ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Aalapana'' || Sivudu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1988 || ''Aathma Katha'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela]]'' || Anand Mohan ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Police Report'' || Srinivas ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Saradamba'' || Srikanth ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ghauttham]]'' || Raghuram || Kannada ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]'' || Abhi's father || Telugu || <ref>{{cite web |title=Abbaitho Ammai review by jeevi – Telugu cinema review – Naga Shourya & Palak Lalwani |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/abbaithoammai.html}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Ashokavana'' || || Kannada || Unreleased
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name of Television Show
!Role
!Network
|-
|2024 || ''[[Super Singer 10|Super Singer Season 10]]'' || Guest || [[Star Vijay]]
|}
;As producer
*''Acham Madam Nanam''
*''Selvangal''
*''Hasiyaramayana''
*''Brindavanam''
*''[[Thalappavu]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0595897}}

{{FilmfareTamilBestActor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Demographics of Chennai

2026-01-26T19:54:39Z

WandaX39006:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Chennai (2011)<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 86.73
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 5.45
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 5.72
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Jainism]]
|value4 = 1.11
|color4 = Pink
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|value5 = 0.06
|color5 = Yellow
|label6 = [[Sikhism]]
|value6 = 0.06
|color6 = DarkKhaki
|label7 = Other religion
|value7 = 0.04
|color7 = GreenYellow
|label8 = Not Stated
|value8 = 0.83
|color8 = Black
}}

[[Chennai]], along with [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]], is one of the few Indian cities that are home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2728177.ece |title=The magic of melting pot called Chennai|work=The Hindu|date=19 December 2011|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> According to the 2011 census Chennai then had a total population of 6,748,026 at a density of 15,840 per square kilometre spanning across an area of 426 km²; the [[sex ratio]] was 1025 and [[literacy rate]] was 90.33%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai District {{!}} Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Gateway of South India {{!}} India |url=https://chennai.nic.in/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> The most widely spoken languages are [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]]. [[Hinduism]] is followed by a majority of the populace followed by [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]. [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]] are other religions practiced.

==History of enumeration==
{{Historical populations
|title= Population of Chennai city
|state=
|1871|397552
|1881| 405848
|1891| 452518
|1901| 509346
|1911|518660
|1921|526911
|1931|647232
|1941|777481
|1951|1416056
|1961|1729141
|1971|2469449
|1981|3266034
|1991|3841396
|2001|4343645
|2011|4681087
|footnote=Sources: * 1639–1791:<ref name="lovep557"/> * 1871–1901:<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 16|year=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> * 1871–1931:<ref>{{cite book|title=The politics of heritage from Madras to Chennai|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsheritage00hanc|url-access=limited|author=Mary Elizabeth Hancock|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-253-35223-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsheritage00hanc/page/n236 220]}}</ref> * 1931–1951:<ref name="muthaiah">{{Cite book | title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2008| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=Association of British Scholars, Chennai| isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|page=77}}</ref> * 1951–1961:<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Demography|author=Sangya Srivastava|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD|year=2005|isbn=978-81-261-1992-9|page=251}}</ref> * 1991–2001:<ref>{{cite web|title=Area and Population|work=Chennai District Statistical Handbook|url=http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/shb-pdf/SHB001%20-%20AREA%20POPULATION.pdf|publisher=District Administration, Chennai|access-date=2012-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830215520/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/shb-pdf/SHB001%20-%20AREA%20POPULATION.pdf|archive-date=30 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2001–2011:<ref name="Pop_city">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/whatsnew/ppt_total2011.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu district wise population |publisher=Census of Tamil Nadu |access-date=2012-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512194505/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/whatsnew/ppt_total2011.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-12 }}</ref>
}}

Based on the revenue comparisons for the years 1639 and 1648, the population of Madras in 1639, the year of its founding have been calculated as 7,000.<ref name="lovep557">{{cite book|title=Vestiges of Old Madras, Vol 3|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70164|chapter=Population of Madras|author=H. D. Love|year=1913|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70164/page/n589 557]}}</ref> Captain Thomas Bowrey in his 1670 book ''Countries around the Bay of Bengal'' gives one of the earliest estimates for the population of the city.<ref name="lovep557" /> According to him, Madras had a population of 30,000 including 300 Englishmen and 3,000 Portuguese.{{sfn|Muthiah|2008|pp=76-92}} Alexander Hamilton in ''New Account of the East Indies and Persia'' (1718) wrote,

{{Blockquote|The colony is well peopled, for there is computed to be 80,000 inhabitants in the towns and villages; and there is generally about 4,500 Europeans residing there...{{sfn|Muthiah|2008|pp=76-92}}}}

The idea of taking a census of Madras city was first mooted during the presidency of [[Elihu Yale]]. After being shelved for a time, the question was raised again in 1801 when the [[United Kingdom]] decided to organise an all-India census. The first census of any part of the city was taken in 1795 when the population of Blacktown (presently Georgetown) was determined as 60,000.<ref name="lovep557" /> According to an 1822 estimate, Madras had a population of 462,051 while an 1863 report by Charles Trevelyan to the Royal Sanitary Commission records that there were not less than a million people in Madras city.{{sfn|Muthiah|2008|pp=76-92}}
There have also been population estimates by other individuals, notable among them being [[Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet|Sir William Langhorne]] and Elihu Yale.While an Indian census was not organised until 1871, minor population headcounts of the city were taken by the Madras government on 4-year gaps from 1851–52 to 1866–67.

However, these early estimates and the methods used have been criticized by later enumerators. According to population scientist Christophe Guilmoto, the early enumerations were not censuses but "simple headcounts providing little information beyond the sub regional sex distribution". [[W. R. Cornish]], who was the Madras Superintendent of the 1871 Census, the first organised census in British India, wrote

{{Blockquote|... the estimates of the population of Madras prior to 1867 have been so various and the direct Censuses of 1822 and 1863 were so evidently untrustworthy that it had long been found utterly impossible to any satisfactory conclusion as to the actual number of people living in the city}}

The first organized census of Madras city and its environs was undertaken in 1871 as a part of the India Census. Madras had a total population of 397,552 in 1871 making it India's third most populous city after [[Calcutta]] and [[Bombay]].{{sfn|Muthiah|2008|pp=76-92}}It was also the fifth largest city in the British Empire.

==Population growth==
The first census of India taken in 1871 gave a population of 397,552. The city was acutely affected by the great famine of 1876–77, with 1877 alone accounting for 40,500,<ref name="muthaiah"/> and maintained a steady growth rate throughout the last decades of the 19th century. Between 1901 and 1921, however, the population growth rate was slow.

==Religion==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
{{Main|Religion in Chennai}}
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
! colspan="9" |Religions and their adherents (in percentage of total population)
|-
! Census
! Hindu
! Muslim
! Christian
! Jain
! Buddhist
! Sikh
! Others
! Not Stated
|-
! 1901
| 80.6
| 11.3
| 8.0
| 0.05
| 0.02
| 0
| 0.02
| 0
|-
! 1911
| 80.2
| 11.4
| 8.1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0.35
| 0
|-
! 1921
| 81.2
| 10.1
| 8.4
| 0.2
| 0.1
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
! 1931
| 80.4
| 10.8
| 8.4
| 0.4
| 0.05
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
! 1941
| 79.9
| 12.3
| 5.9
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2.31
| 0
|-
! 1951
| 81.6
| 9.9
| 7.8
| 0.4
| 0.07
| 0.07
| 0.09
| 0
|-
! 1961
| 85
| 7.5
| 6.9
| 0.5
| 0.02
| 0.04
| 0.07
| 0
|-
! 1971
| 84.1
| 8.5
| 6.6
| 0.7
| 0.03
| 0.05
| 0.01
| 0
|-
! 1981
| 84.4
| 8.1
| 6.4
| 0.7
| 0.1
| 0.04
| 0.06
| 0
|-
! 1991
| 83.9
| 8.7
| 6.4
| 0.9
| 0.02
| 0.04
| 0.03
| 0
|-
! 2001
| 81.3
| 9.4
| 7.6
| 1.1
| 0.04
| 0.06
| 0.23
| 0
|-
! 2011<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS 2011 Census]censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208221348/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |date=8 December 2017 }}</ref>
| 80.73
| 9.45
| 7.72
| 1.11
| 0.06
| 0.06
| 0.04
| 0.83
|}

Hindus form the majority of Chennai's population but the city also has substantial Muslim and Christian minorities. As per the 2001 census, Hindus formed 81.3 percent of the total population while Muslims made up 9.4 percent and Christians, 7.6 percent.

; Hinduism

Hinduism is the majority faith in Chennai. The temples towns of [[Mylapore]], [[Triplicane]], [[Thiruvottiyur]], [[Saidapet]] and [[Thiruvanmiyur]], which are now part of Chennai city, had been visited by the [[Saivite]] saints called [[Nayanars]]. The saint [[Vayilar]] Nayanar was born and brought up in Mylapore. [[Sambandar]] gives a physical description of Mylapore in his hymns

{{blockquote|In Mylapore of beautiful groves, The waves creep up to the shore and then dance on it As do the fisherfolk who spear the many fish in the waters, Kapaleeswaram in its plenty celebrates the Thiruvadhirai festival, Is it done for you to miss this excitement, Poompavai?}}
The early ''dubashes'' or Indian merchants who worked for the British East India Company were devout Hindus. The [[Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai|Chennakesava Perumal Temple]], considered to be the chief Hindu temple of Madraspatnam and first to be built since the founding of the city in 1640, was constructed by the ''dubash'' [[Beri Thimmanna]] in 1646. Chennai is also an important centre of the [[Ramakrishna Order]] whose oldest institution the [[Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai|Sri Ramakrishna Math]] was founded in Chennai in May 1897. Since 1882, Chennai has been the headquarters of the [[Theosophical Society]], a spiritual organisation dedicated to the study of world religions and inter-faith dialogue.
According to a 1981 estimate, there were about 600 Hindu temples in Chennai city. The important among them are the Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chenna Mallesvarar Temple [[Kapaleeswarar Temple]], [[Parthasarathy Temple, Triplicane|Parthasarathy Temple]], [[Vadapalani Andavar Temple]], [[Ashtalakshmi Kovil]], [[Kalikambal Temple]] and the [[Thiruvalluvar Temple]].

; Islam

There has been a recorded presence of Muslims in Chennai from the 9th century CE onwards. The oldest known mosques in Madras - the ones at Pulicat and Kovalam were built in the 10th century CE. [[Marco Polo]] in the 13th century and [[Duarte Barbosa]] in the 16th century, both record that St. Thomas was venerated by Christians as well as Muslims of Madras.

; Christianity

The city also has one of the highest population of Christians among major Indian cities, accounting for 7.6% of the city's population.

==Languages==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Census
! colspan="10" |Mother-tongues of Chennai (as percentage of the total population)
|-
! Tamil
! Telugu
! Urdu
! Hindi
! Malayalam
! Gujarati
! Kannada
! Marathi
! English
! Other
|-
! 1901
| 61.2
| 21.3
| 10.1
| 0.1
| 0.2
| 0.3
| 0.4
| 1.2
| 3.1
| 0.71
|-
! 1911
| 62.3
| 20.7
| 10.3
| 0
| 0.3
| 0.5
| 0.6
| 1.3
| 2.9
| 1.03
|-
! 1921
| 63.9
| 19.8
| 8.8
| 0
| 0.8
| 0.6
| 0.6
| 1.3
| 2.7
| 1.59
|-
! 1931
| 63.6
| 19.3
| 9.7
| 0.4
| 1.4
| 0.5
| 0.7
| 1.2
| 2.1
| 1.1
|-
! 1941
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
|-
! 1951
| 67.9
| 19.3
| 6.3
| 1.6
| 2.8
| 0.6
| 1.1
| 0.8
| 1.3
| 1.1
|-
! 1961
| 70.9
| 14.1
| 5.9
| 0.9
| 3.3
| 0.7
| 0.9
| 0.8
| 1.0
| 1.33
|-
! 1971
| 73.7
| 12.0
| 5.7
| 1.3
| 3.7
| 0.8
| 0.7
| 0.7
| 0.6
| 0.68
|-
! 1981
| 74.5
| 12.0
| 5.2
| 1.6
| 3.2
| 0.7
| 0.7
| 0.6
| 0.5
| 1.24
|-
! 1991
| 76.7
| 10.5
| 4.8
| 2.1
| 3.2
| 0.7
| 0.6
| 0.5
| 0.3
| 0.58
|-
! 2001<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/22909 |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (city), Tamil Nadu - 2001 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2025-01-11}}</ref>
| 78.8
| 9.7
| 4.1
| 2.4
| 2.6
| 0.6
| 0.5
| 0.4
| 0.3
| 0.5
|-
! 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222 |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, Tamil Nadu - 2011 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2025-01-11}}</ref>
| 80.0
| 9.3
| 4.2
| 2.7
| 2.2
|
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 0.6
|-
! colspan="11" |Source: Census of India
|}

Tamil is the most common language, being the mother tongue of about 78.3% of Chennai inhabitants. English is commonly used as a second language by [[white-collar worker]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population Of Chennai 2017|url=http://indiapopulation2017.in/population-of-chennai-2017.html|website=indiapopulation2017.in}}</ref>

In 1891, the percentage of people who spoke Tamil was 60.4%, followed by Telugu at 22.25%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=4&pages=701#page/1/mode/1up|title=The Record News|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=2016-04-27}}</ref> Since then, the usage of Telugu in Chennai has dropped significantly, especially in the second half of the 1900s. This decrease has been attributed to the mass migration of Telugu-speakers from the city upon the formation of [[Andhra State]] in 1953. The decrease in the proportion of people who spoke English as their mother tongue has been attributed to the departure of most Europeans and [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]] for the [[United Kingdom]] following India's independence in 1947. Only a handful of Hindi speakers appear to have lived in Chennai in 1901 and they did not have a notable presence till the inauguration of the [[India|Republic of India]] in 1950. However, since 1950, their numbers have increased rapidly.

==Ethnicities==
===Jains===
There are both North-Indian and Tamil Jains in the city, although the former outnumber the latter. There are about 100 Jain temples in the city built by the North Indian Jains, whereas there are only 18 Tamil Jain temples catering to roughly 1,500 Tamil Jain families.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Jain
| first = Mahima
| title = Tamil Jain?
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 December 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/tamil-jain/article5504164.ece
| access-date = 27 April 2014}}</ref>

===Sikhs===
There is no known official record of the first arrival of Sikhs in the city. However, it is believed that the migration has been consistent before, during, and post partition of India. As of 2012, there were about 300 Sikh families residing in the city. Sri Guru Nanak Sat Sangh Sabha, established in 1949, is a centre for social, religious and spiritual activities and is a common point for the Sikh families in the city to converge during special occasions and festivals.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sampath
| first = Janani
| title = We call ourselves Tamilian Punjabis
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 25 March 2013
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1515452.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140707070715/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1515452.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 July 2014
| access-date = 30 Mar 2013}}</ref>

===Zoroastrians===
The first Parsis came to Madras in 1809 from Coorg when the ruling King's brother sent a deputation to the Governor of Fort St. George to deliver a picture. Hirijibhai Maneckji Kharas was the first Parsi to land in the city, who was accompanied by five other Parsis and two priests who bought land at [[Royapuram]] opposite the Catholic Church. By the 1900s, the Parsis were generally a prosperous lot, dealing in cars, cycles, perfumes and dyes. The first Iranis came to Madras around 1900 and soon became known for their Irani cafes and also established or managed theatres. There was no official priest in the community for over 100 years till 1906. There was no place of worship till the [[Royapuram fire temple, Chennai|Royapuram fire temple]] was built in 1909.<ref name="Hindu_100YearsOfFireTemple">{{cite news
| title = Parsi community celebrates 100 years of fire temple
| location = Chennai
| date = 11 July 2010
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/11/stories/2010071162800500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100714233635/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/11/stories/2010071162800500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 14 July 2010
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 24 Apr 2014}}</ref>

As of 2010, there were about 250 Parsis in Chennai. Many of them live in [[Royapuram]].<ref name="TOI_ParsisToCelebrateMilestone">{{cite news
| last = Mathai
| first = Kamini
| title = Parsis go all out to celebrate milestone in Chennai
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 12 July 2010
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Parsis-go-all-out-to-celebrate-milestone-in-Chennai/articleshow/6156672.cms
| access-date = 24 Apr 2014}}</ref>

===Japanese===
As of 2013, there were about 700 Japanese in the city.<ref name="BL_LandOfTheRisingYen">{{cite news
| last = Kamath
| first = Vinay
| title = Land of the rising yen
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 15 April 2013
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/land-of-the-rising-yen/article4619446.ece
| access-date = 18 Apr 2013}}</ref>

===Koreans===
{{See also|Koreans in India}}
[[Chennai]] is the earliest hub of the Korean community in India, owing to [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai]]'s decision to open factories in the city in 1995. Koreans concentrated largely in the [[Kilpauk]] township, which has acquired the nickname of "Little Korea" as a result.<ref>{{citation|title=Growing expat community favour cluster {{sic|accom|odation|nolink=y}}|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3983788.cms|access-date=2009-04-29|periodical=The Times of India|date=2009-01-15|first1=Hemamalini|last1=Venkatraman|first2=Nandini|last2=Sivakuma}}</ref> The Korean community in the city continued to grow in the following years, and by 2009, there were about 3,000 Koreans in the city, up from about 700 in 2006.<ref name="Hindu_MeetChennaisKimMadam">{{citation|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/02/14/stories/2009021451450800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220112344/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/02/14/stories/2009021451450800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-02-20|date=2009-02-14|access-date=2009-04-29|title=Meet Chennai's Kim Madam: Korean Kim Myoungsuk has successfully made the transition from Ansan to the Tamil Nadu capital|last=Sanghi|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Seema}}</ref><ref name="NYT"/> Since then, Koreans make up the largest number of expatriates in Chennai.<ref name="BL_SeoulSearchingInChennai">{{cite news
| last = Kannan
| first = Swetha
| title = Seoul searching in Chennai
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 24 July 2013
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/seoul-searching-in-chennai/article4948668.ece
| access-date = 28 Jul 2013}}</ref> As of 2013, there are over 4,000 Koreans in the city. According to the Korea Trade Centre, the city has over 150 Korean companies, including Hyundai Motors, Samsung, LG, and Lotte.<ref name="BL_LandOfTheRisingYen"/> Several small and medium enterprises, mainly automobile spare parts, logistics and engineering companies, such as Hwashin, Dong-Sung and Doowon, have their operations to support these large firms.<ref name="BL_SeoulSearchingInChennai"/>

Many Koreans in Chennai work for [[Hyundai Motors]] and its suppliers.<ref name="NYT">{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/business/worldbusiness/12auto.html?fta=y|date=2006-09-12|access-date=2009-04-29|periodical=The New York Times|title=Foreign Automakers See India as Exporter|last=Ghiridharadas|first=Anand}}</ref> Some expatriates have also opened Korean restaurants, aimed largely at their co-ethnics rather than local Indians.<ref name="TimesOfIndia2006">{{citation|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Consumer_Life/Food__flavour_beyond_Kimchi/articleshow/3110468.cms|periodical=The Times of India|title=Food & flavour beyond Kimchi|date=2008-06-08|access-date=2009-04-29|last=Doctor|first=Vikram}}</ref> Koreans have also formed a number of Christian churches in India, including two in Chennai; others include two in [[New Delhi]] and one in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="BRICS">{{citation|url=http://www.bricsinfo.org/bricsinfo/business/download.jsp?seq=2696|access-date=2009-04-29|chapter=기타 정보 |trans-chapter=Other information |script-title=ko:인도 투자핵심가이드 |trans-title=India Core Investment Guide |publisher=Korea Institute for International Economic Policy|year=2006}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Nepalis===

Around 5-6 lakh Nepali speaking people live in Chennai since a long time, half of them are Indian originated from various parts of North East and Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Duars part of West Bengal and also from Sikkim, rest are from Nepal, the Nepali speaking people are engaged in various professions like beauty and salon, hotel and services, guard for houses and also in IT and teachings.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==See also==
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

==Notes==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Demographics by city in India|Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai]]

Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital

2026-01-19T13:31:26Z

WandaX39006: refine intro further and added references

{{Short description|Top medical college in Eastern India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = or
| other_name = S.C.B. Medical College and Hospital
| image_name = SCB medical college logo.svg
| caption =
| motto = Citius Altius Fortius (Faster, Higher, Stronger)
| established = {{Start date and age|1944|06|01|df=yes}}
| type = [[Government of Odisha|Government]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| director =
| dean = Dr. Prasenjeet Mohanty<ref name=Home>{{cite web|title=Home page|url=http://www.scbmch.nic.in/index.php|website=www.scbmch.nic.in|publisher=S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack|accessdate=30 March 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211221/http://www.scbmch.nic.in/index.php |date=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
| undergrad = 250 per year (MBBS) 63 per year (BDS)
| postgrad = 229 per year (MD/MS) 27 (MDS)
| doctoral = 42 per year (DM/MCh)
| profess =
| city = [[Cuttack]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|87|acre}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| affiliation = [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|https://scbmch.in/}}
| coor = {{coord|20.473|85.891}}
| logo =
}}
'''Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital''', also known as '''S.C.B Medical College and Hospital''', is a public medical college in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It is named after [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]], the Maharajah of the [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj princely state]].

It is one of the oldest centers of medical teaching and training in India.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} It is located near Mangalabag and Ranihat area in the heart of the city [[Cuttack]] with a campus of {{convert|101|acre|m2|abbr=}}. It has been recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC). It is an undergraduate institution with education and training in medical and surgical specialties. In 2019, for its Platinum Jubilee, the then CM [[Naveen Patnaik]] announced the redevelopment and expansion of the institution under 5T plan. The medical college will be redeveloped as an AIIMS-plus institution with 5,000 beds in two phases, at an estimated investment of around ₹5000 Crore.('''S.C.B. Mega Redevelopment Plan)'''

==History==
The institution dates back to the beginning of the 19th century. It started as a small [[dispensary]] and first aid centre on the site of the present medical college during the days of Maharatha rule in the latter half of the 18th century. The dispensary gave medical assistance to pilgrims en route to and from [[Puri]], especially during the "Car Festival" of [[Lord Jagannath]].

The dispensary continued to function until the British occupation of [[Orissa]] in 1803. The British rulers realised the strategic importance of the dispensary at [[Cuttack]] and converted it into small hospital. They made provisions funding from the "Annachhatra Fund".
[[File:Superintendant office.jpg|right|Office of the Superintendent |200px|thumb]]
In 1875, the Orissa Medical School was established by Madras (Chennai) born Scottish doctor William Day Stewart, then Civil Surgeon of Cuttack, as its first principal. He was supported with the patronage of the then Lt Governor, Richard Temple and Divisional Commissioner, T.E Ravenshaw. Stewart died on 23 November 1890, aged 50, and was buried at the local Gora Kabar cemetery.

Initially, the Orissa Medical School was established with a capacity of 20 Licentiate Medical Practitioners (LMP) students. It was affiliated to the Bihar and Orissa Medical Examination Board, which granted the LMP Diploma.

In 1944, the Orissa Medical School was renamed Orissa Medical College, and Major A.T Anderson, the then Civil Surgeon of Cuttack, acted as its first principal.

Major A.T Anderson, the then Civil Surgeon of Cuttack, supported by Lt Col. A. N. Chopra, the then Director of Health and I. G. Prisons, wanted to improved the school along the lines of UK medical schools. They recommended to the Government to upgrade the existing medical school to the status of college. The Parla Ministry, consisting of the Maharaja of [[Paralakhemundi]], Maharaja [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]] Dev, Mr Abdus Subhan Khan (Minister of Health and Education) and Pandit Godabrish Misra approved, and the Orissa Medical College was established on 1 June 1944 with a capacity of 22 students in the [[MBBS]] Degree Course.

The college was affiliated to [[Utkal University]]. The college received recognition for the MBBS degree from the [[Medical Council of India]] in 1952, with retrospective effect.

In 1951, the Orissa Medical College was subsequently renamed Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College in recognition of the donation and efforts by [[Maharaja]] [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]] of [[Mayurbhanj State]]. [[Maharaja]] [[Vikram Deo Verma]] of [[Jeypore State]], the founding father of [[Andhra University]], also donated {{INR|1,30,000}} to the medical college.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Mahalik, Nirakar|year=2013|title=Vikram Dev Verma|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/nov/engpdf/66-68.pdf|journal=Odisha Review|pages=66–67}}</ref>

The college received recognition for MBBS degree from the [[National Medical Commission]] in 1952, with retrospective effect. Postgraduate courses in M.D./M.S. specialties were started in 1960. Since 1981, [[Post doc|post-doctoral]] training leading to the award of D.M. and M.Ch. degrees have been instituted in the disciplines of [[Cardiology]] and [[Neurosurgery]] respectively.

==Academics==
The intakes for MBBS course and the postgraduate courses are 250 and 150 respectively. A [[Dentistry|dental]] wing teaches for B.D.S. degrees. At present this college extends facility for postgraduate training in the 21 broad specialties.

The college offers the four-and-a-half-year M.B.B.S. course with a one-year compulsory rotating internship in affiliated hospitals. There are 250 places, which are filled through a single window all India medical test known as NEET-UG. Of the 250 places, 85% are reserved for state quota and rest 15% are for All India Quota (AIQ). Admission in this course is extremely competitive.
[[File:Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo Medical College.jpg|right|Department of Microbiology|thumb]]
The college offers more than 150 places in post graduate courses. Admission to these courses is through the Odisha Post Graduate Medical Examination (50%) and at the national level through the NEET-PG.

National programmes include as family welfare training at the Regional Family Welfare Training Centre, Post Partum Programme attached to Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, ICMR Programme, IGNOU study center, regional spinal injury center and treatment of geriatric patients in Geriatric OPD.

=== Ranking ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
| NIRF_M_2022 = 44
}}
Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo Medical College ranked 44 in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] medical ranking for 2022.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_M_2022 />

==Student life==
[[File:SCB Hostel.jpg|right|Old Gents Hostel|200px|thumb]]
Undergraduate and post graduate students come from all over [[India]]. The campus has five hostels including Old Gents Hostel and New Gents Hostel for undergraduate men. It has one hostel each for undergraduate women, postgraduate women, postgraduate men, house staff students and nursing students.

Both undergraduate ([[UG Students' Union]]) and post graduate students ([[Junior Doctor's Association]]) have their respective unions. Representatives of the student body are elected annually in a campus-wide election.

The inter-collegiate cultural, literary and sports festival of SCB Medical College is called [[Synapse]] and is held between late December and early January every year, organised by the Students Union. In addition, the Students Union holds annual inter-class competitions where undergraduate students compete in cultural, literary and sporting events.

The campus also has a [[gym]]nasium, and grounds for [[cricket]], [[tennis]] and [[basketball]]. It has also a [[swimming pool]] for students.

===Library===
The student library has more than 500 seats, with sections for undergraduate and postgraduate students. The Central Library is one of the referral medical libraries in the state of Odisha. It was declared as a resource library in the Eastern Region by the Government of India in 1993.The Central Library, SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, is located in the Academic Block of Sri Ramchandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack.

=== Medical facilities ===
[[File:SCB Out patient dept.jpg|right|Out Patient Department|200px|thumb]]
The hospital provides services at its [[Outpatient department]], [[Emergency department|Casualty]] and a wide range of specialist services. [[File:SCB ART Center.jpg|right|ART Center|200px|thumb]]
Super specialty services of the hospital include the following:
* [[Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre]]
* Shishu Bhavan for Pediatric Patients
* [[Regional Spinal Injury Center]]
* Regional Center for Ophthalmology
* Regional Center for Tuberculosis
* Intermediate Reference Laboratory
* Cardiology Center
* Antiretroviral Therapy Center

A multi-specialty [[trauma center]] is under construction for special care of trauma patients.

===Telemedicine services===
In 2001, the [[telemedicine]] service was established, in collaboration with [[ISRO]] and [[Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Lucknow]], providing distant medical education to medical students, tele consultation for critically ill patients, follow-up treatment facility for patients and tele medical video conferences.

{{Coord|20.473939|85.891467|type:edu|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCB redevelopment |url=https://scbmch.in/mega-development/ |website=scbmch.in/ }}</ref>

{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{Colleges affiliated to Odisha University of Health Sciences}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Utkal University]]
[[Category:Education in Cuttack]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Utkal University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]

Dhurwai State

2026-01-03T21:02:33Z

WandaX39006: basic enhance page additionally

{{Short description|Indian princely state (1690–1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name =Dhurwai Estate(jagir) Dhurwai State
|common_name =Dhurwai
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Jagir|Princely Estate (Jagir)]] until 1800. [[Princely State]] during the [[British Raj]]
|era =
|year_start = 1690
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1950
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Dhurwai state.png
|image_coat =
|image_map = Beri-Bijna-Tori Fatehpur map.jpg
|image_map_caption =Dhurwai State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|capital = Dhurwai {{coord|25|19|N|79|03|E|display=inline}}
|stat_area1 =47
|stat_year1 = 1941
|stat_pop1 = 2423
|footnotes =
}}
'''Dhurwai''' was a [[Princely states of India|princely state]] in India during the [[British Raj]]. It was one of the [[Hasht-Bhaiya]] [[Jagir]]s, under the [[Bundelkhand Agency]] of British India. Its capital was the town of Dhurwai, with a population of 777 in 1901.<ref>P. K. Bhattacharyya, ''Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records'', p. 52</ref> Today it is part of [[Jhansi District]], in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Dhurwai was administered by the native ruler, who was addressed as Indian Prince by the British authorities.

==History==
Dhurwai State was founded in the [[Bundelkhand|Bundelkhand region]] in 1812 by a descendant of the royal family of [[Orchha State|Orchha]] Diwan Rai Singh of [[Baragaon, Jhansi|Baragaon]] near [[Jhansi]]. He had 8 sons who were granted Jagirs, including Dhurwai, [[Bijna]], and [[Tori Fatehpur]].<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]].'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908</ref>

The state was located on the eastern part of [[Jhansi Province]], bounded by the British [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] on all sides except on the east where it shared a border with the states of Bijna and [[Tori Fatehpur]]. In 1823 Diwan Budh Singh was granted a [[sanad (deed)|sanad]] by the British authorities. About a century later the Diwan of Dhurwai was one of the original constituents of the [[Chamber of Princes]], an institution established in 1920.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_345.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11, p. 339.]</ref><ref>Sir Roper Lethbridge, ''The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary'', p. 124</ref>
After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], on 1 January 1950, Dhurwai acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] and was merged into the Indian state of [[Vindhya Pradesh]] with the other Hasht-Bhaiya Jagirs.

==Rulers==
*Diwan Maan Singh Judeo
*Diwan Jai Singh Judeo
*Maharaja Budh Singh Judeo
*Maharaja Nahar singh judeo
*Maharaja Rajnor singh judeo (B. 1833 - d. 1910)
*Maharaja Jugal Prasad Singh Judeo (b. 1896 - d. 1941)
*Maharaja Keshvendra Singh Judeo (b.1926 - d.2004)
*Maharaja Yadvendra Singh Judeo (b. 1961)

==See also==
* [[Bundelkhand Agency]]
* [[Political integration of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-dhurw.html Dhurwai-Bundelkhand- Indian Princely State]
{{coord|25|19|N|79|03|E|region:IN_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

{{MP Princely States}}

[[Category:Jhansi district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1812 establishments in India]]

{{Jhansi-geo-stub}}
{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}

Tum Dena Saath Mera (2011 TV series)

2025-09-20T22:15:43Z

WandaX39006: reworked content based on references and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date = September 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| producer = Rajita Sharma and Viveck Budakoti
| creative_director = Neha Kothari
| runtime = 20 minutes
| starring = {{flatlist|
*[[Sonarika Bhadoria]]
*[[Ankit Narang]]
*[[Khushboo Grewal]]
*[[Priya Wal]]
}}
| company = Magic Lantern Productions
| opentheme = "Tum Dena Saath Mera"
| writer = Rajita Sharma, Garima & Manish
| director = Viveck Budakoti, Qaeed Kuwajerwala, Fahad Kashmiri & Naresh Khanna
| music = Dony Hazarika
| cinematography = Anil Singh
| network = [[Life OK]]
| country = India
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| language = Hindi
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|12|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2012|4|21|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 116
}}

'''''Tum Dena Saath Mera''''' is an Indian [[soap opera]] which premiered on [[Life OK]] on 19 December 2011 and ran until 21 April 2012. The series chronicles the lives of newlyweds Abhilasha and Manan, who move to [[Mumbai]], revolving around their romance and their lives in metropolitan Mumbai.

==Background==
Abhilasha (born 19 November 1992), belonging to a small town of Sagar is married to Manan (born 2 April 1989), born and brought up in [[Bhopal]]. Married by an arranged match, the young couple have dreams in their eyes and hopes in their heart as they begin their marital life. Manan bags a lucrative job in [[Mumbai]] just after marriage. A typical ambitious middle class young lad, Manan sets off to the big city chasing his dreams and ambitions. What remains to be seen is if Abhilasha can adjust in a culturally alienating milieu of Metropolitan [[Mumbai]] or not. Life throws constant surprises at them in the city of dreams, at times not so pleasant, however it's their love that gives them the courage to fight against all odds and sail through the tough tides.

==Plot==
In the series Abhilasha (born 19 November 1992) lives in the small town of [[Sagar, Yadgir district|Sagar]] and is married to Manan (born 2 April 1989) who was raised in [[Bhopal]]. A naïve, emotionally-dependent woman, she desires love and a simple life. An ambitious Manan soon receives an offer of a job in [[Mumbai]] and the couple moves.

In the city, Abhilasha and Manan find it hard to adjust, especially Abhilasha who has to start living with Manan's friend Siddharth. The couple move house and Manan gets a promotion.

When Manan's sister Riddhi's wedding is called off due to dowry demands, his mother and sister move to Mumbai. Manan's father helps him buy a house in Mumbai.

Manan's family travels to Mumbai for [[Holi]] to surprise the couple. The next morning, his mother, Seema, catches her intoxicated son trying to kiss his wife in public and slaps him. Disappointed in her son and daughter-in-law, she takes over the household.

The new managing director of Manan's company is Ria Oberoi, a woman Manan had helped after she got drunk at a club. She mistakes Manan for being the man who assaulted her at the hotel. He tries to clear the misunderstanding. Unaware that Manan is married, Ria gradually becomes attracted to him and woos him with gifts and a promotion. When she proposes to him and he indirectly refuses, she vows to force him to marry her.

While Seema advises Abhilasha on winning her husband back, Manan begins an affair with Ria. When Ria visits Manan, he introduces Abhilasha as his sister-in-law. After he leaves for work, Siddharth visits Abhilasha and tells her that Manan and Ria have left for [[Pune]].

==List of characters==
===Abhilasha Sharma ([[Sonarika Bhadoria]])===
Abhilasha (born 14 July 1994) is a very sweet girl from the town of Sagar and gets married at a young age. Later on, she shifts to [[Mumbai]] with her husband. Abhilasha often helps people without expecting anything in return, through which her kindness shines through. She is very innocent and somewhat naive.<ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Sonarika-Bhadoria-is-just-18/articleshow/15293752.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704100947/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-01/tv/32962752_1_sonarika-bhadoria-devon-ke-dev-mahadev-tum-dena-saath|url-status=live|archive-date=4 July 2013|title=Sonarika Bhadoria is just 18|date=1 August 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref>

===Manan Sharma ([[Ankit Narang]])===
Manan (born 2 April 1989) lives with his father Subodh Sharma (Ajay Rohila), mother Seema Sharma (Bharti Patil), and siblings Sumit Sharma and Riddhi Sharma. Manan is a very romantic guy at heart and loves and respects his wife. He is also stubborn and ambitious, likes to do things his way, chasing a better future.

===Siddharth Varma===
Siddharth is Manan's childhood friend. Siddharth resides in [[Mumbai]] with his roommate Deep. Both of them work together. During childhood, Siddharth never paid strict attention to his academic career and left for Mumbai in search of opportunities away from Bhopal.

===Samyukta===
Samyukta is the hard yet gentle, co-worker of Siddharth and Deep. She is a sophisticated female and a feminist at heart.

===Shaila Mehta (Khushboo Kochhar Grewal)===
Shaila is a senior official of the company where Manan, Siddharth, Samyukta, and Deep work. She is a shrewd, disciplined, and strict businesswoman who keeps her personal and professional lives separate from each other.

===Rajeev===
Rajeev is a senior official who is also part of the company. Rajeev is a cunning businessman who always has ulterior motives behind every action. Rajeev and his wife Aastha allow Manan and Abhilasha to live in their empty flat in [[Goregaon]]. It is revealed that Rajeev is having affairs behind Aastha's back, using Manan and Abhilasha's home for his sexual encounters. Later, Rajeev leaves the company to work as a Senior Executive Manager in [[London]].

===Pooja Shinoy===
Pooja is a married woman who lives next door to Manan and Abhilasha. Abhilasha finds a close friend in Pooja who advises her often on the ways a Mumbai resident should live her life.

===Ria Oberoi (Preet Kaur Madhan)===
Originally, the role was played by ([[Priya Wal]]). Ria is a new employee of the company where Manan, Siddharth, Samyukta, and Deep work. She succeeds Shaila Mehta as the new senior official. Unbeknownst to her, Manan, Siddharth, and Deep (with whom her path crossed at a club) are her employees. She does not like Manan and is initially hellbent on teaching him a lesson. However, later she falls in love with Manan. And they live happily ever after

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://lifeok.com/shows/tum_dena_saath_mera.aspx}}

{{Life OK Programmes}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]

Nishada (svara)

2025-08-20T05:10:03Z

WandaX39006: new

{{Short description|Seventh octave in Indian classical music}}
{{Distinguish|Nishadas|Nishadha|Nishada (moth)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Nishad (Ni).jpg|thumb|Nishada (Ni)]]
'''Nishada''' ({{Langx|sa|निषाद|translit=Niṣāda}} {{IPA|sa|nɪʂäːd̪ɐ|}}) is the seventh and last [[svara]] in [[Hindustani music]] and [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rahaim |first1=Matthew |title=Musicking Bodies: Gesture and Voice in Hindustani Music |date=20 May 2013 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-7327-8 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBNEEvVb3g4C&dq=Nishad&pg=PA93 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Notes.html|title=The Notes in an Octave in Indian Classical Music - Raag Hindustani|website=raag-hindustani.com}}</ref> Nishada is the long form of the syllable नी (Ni).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brainly.in/question/4916824|title=What is the full form of SA,RA,GA,MA,PA,DHA,NI,SA - Brainly.in|website=brainly.in}}</ref>

==Details==
The following is the information about Nishada and its importance in [[Indian classical music]] :

* Nishada is the seventh svara in an octave or [[Saptak]].
* Nishada is the immediate next svara of [[Dhaivat (svara)|Dhaivat]] (Dha).
* The [[svara]] of Nishada is Komal and Shuddha.
* It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other 6 svaras are produced. When we break the word Shadja then we get, Shad And Ja. It means that Shad is 6 and ja is 'giving birth' in [[marathi (language)|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-7-shadows-of-shadja/|title=The 7 Shadows of Shadja|first1=R. A. M.|last1=Ch|first2=Rakausika राम|last2=च 51|date=30 January 2013}}</ref> So basically the translation is :
'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म . Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other six notes of the music.'''
So the svara Ni is formed from [[Shadja]].
* The frequency of Nishada is 450 Hz. The frequencies of the seven svaras are also given below: Sa 240 Hz, Re 270 Hz, Ga 300 Hz, Ma 320 Hz, Pa 360 Hz, Dha 400 Hz, and Ni 450 Hz, Sa 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) ........ (and so on).
Consequently, the Ni after the Dha of 900 Hz (Taar Saptak) has a frequency of 800 Hz i.e. the double of the Lower octave Ni.
* There are 2 [[Shruti (music)|Shruti]] of Nishada. Previously the main Shruti, not only for Ni but for all the other svaras, was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shurti.
For example, if these are the 2 Shruti's of Ni then,

'''Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Ni'''.
'''^'''
'''1 2'''
''' ^'''
'''But now this position has become the main Shruti of Ni'''.
* All the other svaras except Shadja (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} svaras but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''', since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal Svaras}}'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra Svaras}}'''
* Ragas from [[Khamaj Thaat]], [[Kafi Thaat]], [[Asavari Thaat]] and [[Bhairavi (thaat)|Bhairavi Thaat]] have Komal Nishada, rest of the [[thaat]]s have Shuddha Nishada.
* Ragas where Ni is the Vadi svara - Raga [[Jaunpuri (raga)|Jaunpuri]], Raga [[Tilang]], etc. Ragas where Ni is the Samvadi svara - Raga [[Purvi]], Raga [[Yaman (raga)|Yaman]], etc.
* Hypothetically speaking, Ni is said to be Nirakar Bhrama, Nirakar Bhrama as in, the three main gods, [[Bhrama|Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] were first created i.e. Sakar Bhrama (Sa) and then these three gods created Rishimuni i.e. Re and then [[Gandharvas]] were created for singing and then lord Indra or Raja Indra i.e. Mahipal was created and once the Mahipal (Raja) or the king was created, the Praja or the common citizens or the people were made, and as people have their own Dharma or duty/religion, the religion was made, when religion was made the Nirakar form of Brahma is formed i.e. Dharma created the Nirakar form of Brahma (Ni). Ni is made the acronym of Nirakar Bhrama for showing the importance of the syllable Ni. So it started with Sakar Bhrama (Sa) and ends with Nirakar Bhrama (Ni). {{cn|date=April 2024}}
* Nishada is said to be sourced from the trumpeting of the [[elephant]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/|title=SWARA AND SHRUTI|date=21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/raga_ragini/|title=The Raga Ragini System of Indian Classical Music|first=Priya|last=Viswanathan|date=15 March 2007|website=Dolls of India}}</ref>
* Nishada is associated with the planet [[Venus]]. <ref name="auto"/>
* Nishada is associated with Multi colours. <ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Svara]]
* [[Shadja (svara)|Shadja]] (Sa)
* [[Rishabh (svara)|Rishabh]] (Re)
* [[Gandhar (svara)|Gandhara]] (Ga)
* [[Madhyam (svara)|Madhyam]] (Ma)
* [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham]] (Pa)
* [[Dhaivat (svara)|Dhaivat]] (Dha)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]

Tirtha (Hinduism)

2025-05-05T02:45:30Z

WandaX39006:

{{Short description|Sanskrit term denoting Hindu pilgrimage sites}}
{{About|pilgrimage in Hinduism||Tirtha (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Tirtha''' ({{langx|sa|तीर्थ}}, {{IAST|tīrtha}}) is a Sanskrit word that means "crossing place, ford", and refers to any place, text or person that is holy.{{Sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|pp=698-699}}{{Sfn|Axel Michaels | Barbara Harshav (Transl)|2004|pp=288-289}} It particularly refers to [[pilgrimage]] sites and holy places in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]].{{Sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|pp=698-699}}{{Sfn|Axel Michaels | Barbara Harshav (Transl)|2004|pp=288-289}}{{Sfn|Knut A. Jacobsen|2013|pp=157-158}}

The process or journey associated with ''tirtha'' is called ''tirtha-[[yatra]]'',{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|p=2}} while alternate terms such as ''kshetra'', ''gopitha'' and ''mahalaya'' are used in some Hindu traditions to refer to a "place of pilgrimage".<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=place+of+pilgrimage&trans=Translate&direction=ES Pilgrimage], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press| page=800|url= http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0800/mw__0833.html }}</ref>

==''Tirtha''==
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Tirtha: Holy Pilgrimage'''
<poem>
Tirtha are of three kinds,
Jangam Tirtha is to a place movable,
of a [[sadhu]], a [[rishi]], a [[guru]],
Sthawar Tirtha is to a place immovable,
like Benaras, Hardwar, Mount Kailash, holy rivers,
Manas Tirtha is to a place of mind,
of truth, charity, patience, compassion, soft speech, soul.
</poem>
|source = —''Skanda Purana''<ref name=sharmasinha>{{cite book| author1=Krishan Sharma| author2=Anil Kishore Sinha| author3=Bijon Gopal Banerjee| title=Anthropological Dimensions of Pilgrimage| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrkUMlsu_YIC |year= 2009|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-89091-09-5|pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Waring Maw|title=Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Sessions Book Trust|isbn=978-1-85072-190-1|page=7}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
''Tīrtha'' ({{langx|sa|तीर्थ}}) literally means "a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]], a "crossing place" in the sense of "transition or junction".{{Sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|pp=698-699}}{{Sfn|Axel Michaels | Barbara Harshav (Transl)|2004|pp=288-289}} Tirtha is a spiritual concept in [[Hinduism]], particularly as a "pilgrimage site", states Axel Michaels, that is a holy junction between "worlds that touch and do not touch each other".{{Sfn|Axel Michaels | Barbara Harshav (Transl)|2004|pp=288-289}}{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|p=7}} The word also appears in ancient and medieval Hindu texts to refer to a holy person, or a holy text with something that can be a catalyst for a transition from one state of existence to another.{{Sfn|Axel Michaels | Barbara Harshav (Transl)|2004|pp=288-289}} It is, states Knut A. Jacobsen, anything that has a salvific value to a Hindu, and includes pilgrimage sites such as mountains or forests or seashore or rivers or ponds, as well as virtues, actions, studies or state of mind.{{Sfn|Knut A. Jacobsen|2013|pp=157-158}}{{Sfn|Axel Michaels | Barbara Harshav (Transl)|2004|pp=288-289}} ''Tirtha'' can be an actual physical sacred location in Hindu traditions, or a metaphorical term referring to meditation where the person travels to an intellectual sacred mind state such as of "truth, forgiveness, kindness, simplicity and such".{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|p=2}}{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|p=10}}<ref name="holmbowker69"/> Tirtha in Hindu texts, states Bhardwaj, is "one of the many ways toward self-realization and bliss".{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|p=3}} The field of our state of mind is the body, mind, [[buddhi|intellect]] and [[Ahamkāra|ego]], a quadripartite. Yoga prepares the field to understand God (God's grace).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Atmananada |first1=Paramhansa |title=Chitta Suddhi |url=https://kriyayogajagat.com/chitta-suddhi/ |website=www.kriyayogajagat.com |date=24 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> [[Antahkarana]] is the levels of mental layers and, or including mental body.

The word ''Tirtha'' is found in the oldest layer, that is the [[Samhita]] of the [[Rigveda]] as well as other [[Vedas]].{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=554}} In the hymns of Rigveda, such as 1.169.6 and 4.29.3, the context suggests that the word means "a way or road".{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=554}} In other hymns of Rigveda such as 8.47.11, states Kane, the context suggests the term means "a ford in the river".{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=554}} Yet, in other cases, Tirtha refers to any holy place, such as by the sea, or a place that connects a sacrificial ground ([[Yajna]]) to the outside.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=554-555}}{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|p=7}} Later texts use the word Tirtha to refer to any spot, locality or expanse of water where circumstances or presence of great sages or [[guru]]s has made special.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=555}}{{Sfn|Knut A. Jacobsen|2013|pp=157-158}}<ref>Tripurari, Swami, ''[http://harmonist.us/2009/06/sacred-of-the-sacred/ Sacred of the Sacred]'', ''[http://harmonist.us/ Harmonist]'', 2009.\; Quote: ... India and its sacred places are sacred by and large for one reason alone. Sacred places are such because sacred persons, who have crossed over the river of ''[[samsara]]'', reside in them. There is no more sacred place than the heart of the ''[[sadhu]]'', wherein God himself resides.</ref>

In the [[Upanishads]], states [[Diana L. Eck]], the "crossing over" refers to the "spiritual transition and transformation from this world to the world of [[Brahman]], the Supreme, the world illumined by the light of knowledge".{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|pp=7-8}} The emphasis in the Upanishads, in Tirtha context is on spiritual knowledge, instead of rituals, and this theme appears in the Hindu epics as well.{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|pp=7-8}}

===Holy sites===
{{See also|Pilgrimage#Hinduism|Hindu pilgrimage sites}}
{{location map+|India|width=400|float=right|caption=Major sites of Tirtha in India. Orange markers are UNESCO world heritage sites.
|places=
{{Location map~|India|label='''Somnath'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=20.888028|long=70.401278}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=16.073889|long=78.968056}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Ujjain'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.182778|long=75.768333}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.249722|long=77.651667}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Deoghar]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=24.48|long=86.7}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=19.072076|long=73.535807}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.333333|long=69.083333}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Varanasi'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=25.310753|long=83.010614}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Prayag'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=25.45|long=81.85}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=17.933333|long=75.55}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=20|long=73.78}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Kurukshetra]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=29.97|long=76.84}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Amarkantak]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=22.67|long=81.75}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Hardwar'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=29.96|long=78.17}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Badrinath'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=30.744|long=79.493}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Puri'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=19.8|long=85.81}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=20.1154|long=75.225}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right|lat=24.863|long=79.92}}
{{location map~|India |lat=24.718|long=84.999 |label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=bottom}}
{{location map~|India |lat=22.4833|long=73.5332|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=20.552377|long=75.700436|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=20.02639|long=75.17917|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=18.95833|long=72.93055|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=10.951483 |long=79.3562|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=11.1219 |long=79.2710|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=10.783055 |long=79.1325|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=12.61667|long=80.19167|label='''[[Kanchi]]'''|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=15.3144|long=76.47167|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=top}}
{{location map~|India |lat=15.94833|long=75.816667|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=top}}
{{location map~|India |lat=19.8875|long=86.09472|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=23.85892|long=72.10162|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=21.8|long=88.1|label=|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=27.5|long=77.67|label=|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=26.5|long=74.55|label='''Pushkar'''|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=29.956|long=78.17|label=|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=23.18|long=75.78|label=|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=24.75|long=85.01|label=|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=34.215|long=75.501|label= '''Amarnath''' |mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=12.82|long=79.71|label=|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=8.078|long=77.541|label=|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=26.5|long=74.55|label=|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=26.2|long=91.7}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=24.63|long=93.77}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.83|long=91.26}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=20.888028|long=70.401278}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Srisailam]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=16.073889|long=78.968056}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Antarvedi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=16.33|long=81.73}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Bhadrachalam]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=17.67|long=80.88}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Basar, Telangana|Basar]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=18.53|long=77.57}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Lepakshi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=13.81|long=77.16}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Simhachalam]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=17.76|long=83.25}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.182778|long=75.768333}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=|position=right|lat=32.1|long=76.27}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=|position=right|lat=25.45|long=92.2}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=|position=right|lat=27.71|long=85.35}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=|position=right|lat=22.63|long=92.2}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=|position=right|lat=24.89|long=91.87}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Dantewada]]'''|mark=|position=top|lat=18.9|long=81.35}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Nathdwara]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=24.93|long=73.82}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Rameshwaram]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=9.283333|long=79.3}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Guruvayur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=10.08|long=76.2}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Dwarka]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=22.333333|long=69.083333}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Ayodhya]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=26.8|long=82.20}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Mathura]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=27.4|long=77.1}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Vrindavan]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=27.58|long=77.70}}
{{location map~|India |lat=32.98|long=74.95|label='''Vaishno Devi'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Pandharpur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=17.933333|long=75.55}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Udupi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=13.34|long=74.745}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Tirupati]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=13.65|long=79.42}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Srirangam]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=10.87|long=78.68}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Badrinath]]'''|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=right|lat=30.74|long=79.49}}
{{location map~|India |lat=23.44|long=88.392|label='''[[Mayapur]]'''|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Kodlamane]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=14.25|long=74.20}}
}}
The [[Dharmasastra]]s and the [[Puranas]], states Kane, assert numerous descriptors for what is holy, including all mountains, all of Himalayas, all rivers, lakes, dwellings of [[Rishi]]s (sages), temples, cowpens, great forests, and all seas.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=560-561}} This tradition traces back to the Rigveda, where ''Aranyani'' (large forest) is referred to as a deity.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=560-561}} The reverence for rivers and water bodies is traceable to the ''Nadi Stuti'', or the river-hymn, in hymn 10.75 of the Rigveda.{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|p=4}}

Pilgrimage sites are not prominent in Dharmasastras such as [[Manusmriti]] and [[Yajnavalkya Smriti]], but they are found in the epic Mahabharata and the [[Puranas]].{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=561}}{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|pp=7-9}} Most Puranas include large sections on ''Tirtha Mahatmya'' along with tourist guides,<ref>{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-971825-2 |page=146|quote='''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas'' [in Puranas].}}</ref> which describe sacred sites and places to visit, particularly the [[Padma Purana]], [[Skanda Purana]], [[Vayu Purana]], [[Kurma Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Narada Purana]], [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Vamana Purana]], [[Linga Purana]], [[Brahma Purana]], [[Brahmanda Purana]] and [[Bhavishya Purana]].{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=559-560}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jean Holm|author2=John Bowker |title=Sacred Place |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdUpfmISwwC|year= 1998|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-8264-5303-7|page=68}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}</ref>

In ancient texts, [[Varanasi]] (Benares, Kashi), [[Rameshwaram]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Dwarka]], [[Puri]], and [[Haridwar]] have been mentioned as particularly holy sites, along with geographies where major rivers meet (''sangam'') or join the sea.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=553-556, 560-561}}{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|pp=7-9}} The [[Kumbhamela]], which rotates at a gap of three years, between [[Prayaga]] (renamed to Allahabad in the late medieval era), [[Haridwar]], [[Ujjain]] and [[Nasik]], remain popular into the modern times, with tens of millions of Hindus participating.{{Sfn|Klaus K. Klostermaier|2010|p=553 note 55}}

===Reasons===
{{main|Vrata|Prāyaścitta}}
Some pilgrimage are part of a ''Vrata'' (vow), which a Hindu may make for a number of reasons.{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|pp=9-11}}{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|p=6}} It may mark a special occasion, such as the birth of a baby, or as part of a [[sanskara (rite of passage)|rite of passage]] such as a baby's first haircut, or after healing from a sickness.{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|p=9}}<ref>Agehananda Bharati (1963), Pilgrimage in the Indian Tradition, History of Religions, Vol. 3, No. 1, pages 135-167</ref> It may, states Eck, also be the result of prayers answered, or consequent to a vow a person had made if his or her prayer were to come true, such as the well being of a family member, or overcoming poverty or destitution or a challenging situation.{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|p=9}}

{{Quote box
|quote = '''Ancient rationale for pilgrimage'''
<poem>
Flower-like the heels of the wanderer,
His body groweth and is fruitful,
All his sins disappear,
Slain by the toil of his journeying.
</poem>
|source = —''Aitareya Brahmana 7.15'' [[Rigveda]], Translator: AB Keith{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|p=3}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = left
}}
An alternate reason for Tirtha, for some Hindus, is to respect wishes or in memory of a beloved person after his or her death.{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|p=9}} This may include dispersing their cremation ashes in a Tirtha region in a forest, mountain, river or sea to honor the wishes of the dead. The journey to a Tirtha, assert some Hindu texts, helps one overcome the sorrow of the loss.{{Sfn|Diana L. Eck|2012|p=9}}

Another reason for a Tirtha is the Hindu belief that journeys have rejuvenating potential, to purify the inner state of man, and there is spiritual merit in travel, a theme asserted by the Vedic texts.{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|pp=3-4}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Laura Amazzone |title=Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC |year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn= 978-0-7618-5314-5 |pages=43–45 }}</ref> This journey in later Hindu texts, states Bhardwaj, has ranged from the inner journey of meditation to physically traveling to famed temples or bathe in rivers such as the Ganges.{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|pp=4-5}}<ref name="holmbowker69">{{cite book|author1= Jean Holm|author2= John Bowker|title= Sacred Place |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xlfCgAAQBAJ |year=2001|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-62356-623-4 |pages=69–77 }}</ref>

Tirtha has been one of the recommended means of addressing remorse and to perform penance, for unintentional errors and intentional sins, in the Hindu tradition.{{Sfn|Robert Lingat|1973|pp=98-99}}{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1983|p=4}} The effort and austerities during the Tirtha are a part of ''Prāyaścitta'' concept, which means "atonement, penance, expiation" for "something one has done, but shouldn't have" or "something one did not do, but should have".<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=prAyazcitta&script=&direction=SE&link=yes Prāyaścitta], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref>{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle|2006|pp=195-198 with footnotes}}{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=57-61}} Vishnu Dharmasastra asserts that the type of sin that may be expiated through pilgrimages is referred to as anupātakas (small sin), in contrast to mahapātakas (major sin) that require other penances.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=106}} According to Kane, many texts asserted that "tirtha-yatra (journey to a holy place) was a popular way for redemption of sins in the case of all classes of men and women.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=567–569}}

===Method===
The proper procedure for a pilgrimage is debated within the {{IAST|smṛtis}}, with questions such as whether one should cut his hair before a pilgrimage arising or whether a fast at the tīrtha is required.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=573}}

The mode of travel is also widely discussed, particularly when the Tirtha is undertaken as part of a penance. The most widely accepted view appears to be that the greatest austerity (prāyaścitta) comes from traveling on foot, or part of the journey is on foot, and that the use of a conveyance is only acceptable if the pilgrimage is otherwise impossible.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=576–577}}

The Hindu texts assert that the man should take his wife with him, when proceeding to pilgrimage.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=571}} However, some {{IAST|smṛtis}} also call attention to the fact that doing one's duty as a householder is more important than going on pilgrimages, and it is only in special cases or once one has paid his Three Debts (to his parents, his teacher, and the Vedas) that he should resort to pilgrimages.<ref>{{harvp|Kane|1953|pp=570–571}}</ref>

Raghunanda's ''Prāyaścitta-tattva'' asserts that the person seeking penance must give up 16 things when he reaches Ganges river, including behavior such as praising another tirtha, striking any one, sexual dalliance, accepting gifts, giving one's used clothing as gifts to others.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|p=578}}

==Kshetra==
A pilgrimage place or location in some Hindu texts is also referred to as Kshetra ([[IAST]]: ''kṣētra'', {{langx|sa|क्षेत्र}}), literally any "field, area, tract of land".{{Sfn|Knut A. Jacobsen|2013|pp=4, 22, 27, 140-148, 158}} A ''kshetra'' denotes a holy precinct or [[temenos]]. ''Kshetra'' is also an [[etymology|etymon]] of the [[Avestan]] term ''Xšaθra'' "[Desirable] Dominion", which holds the [[semantic field]] "power" and is also a personal name for a divinity or immortal who comprises one of the [[Amesha Spenta]]s of [[Zoroastrianism]]. Xšaθra or ''Shahrevar'' conquered that which was evil and [[annexation|annexed]] territory thus won, proffering it to the [[honesty|honest]], [[:wikt:peaceable|peaceable]] and [[humility|humble]].{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

A ''kshetra'' often refers to a collection of ''tirtha'' locations (temples, river banks) in a certain location, such as Varanasi, Hardwar, Somnath, Mathura-Vrindavan, Ayodhya, Puri and Kanchipuram, are referred to as a ''kshetra''.{{Sfn|Knut A. Jacobsen|2013|pp=128-130}} A ''kshetra'' may denote a place where there is a temple or where there is held to have been a person or event of sacred, religious or [[dharma|dharmic]] importance. The [[Kurukshetra]] specifically is the "field" or "precinct" where the [[Pandava]]s and [[Kaurava]]s fought a [[religious war]] as told in the [[Bhagavad Gita]] section of the [[Mahabharata]].

A ''kshetra'' need not be distant permanently developed travel site, and refers to any temporary space, such as a wedding area or mandala set up for a worship, that is sacred.{{Sfn|Knut A. Jacobsen|2013|pp=27-28, 133}} Both [[yantra]]s and [[mandala]]s are sometimes referred to as ''kshetras''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kapila Vatsyayan|author2=Bettina Bäumer|title=Kalātattvakośa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1XoNhUrP1MC |year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0584-2|page=20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Laura Amazzone |title=Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC |year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5|page=21}}</ref>

[[Buddhism]] has two analogues to the kshetra, the [[Pure Land]] or ''buddhakṣetra'' and the [[refuge tree]].{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

The Vaishnava [[Puranas]] enumerates seven sites as the gates of Moksha: [[Ayodhya]], [[Mathura]], [[Haridwar|Māyā]], [[Varanasi|Kāsi]], [[Kanchipuram|Kāñchī]], [[Ujjain|Avantikā]] (Ujjain), [[Puri|Purī]] and [[Dvārakā|Dvārāvatī]].<ref name="holmbowker69"/>

==Tirtha monastery==
The Gosains (Dashnami) credit [[Adi Shankara]] for setting up 10 monastic orders in India, of which Tirtha is one and is based in [[Dwarka]], Gujarat in Kalika Matha.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA375 |year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=375–376}}</ref><ref name=singh438>{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&pg=PA438 |year=2003|publisher=Popular |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4|page=438}}</ref> The entire list includes Tirtha and Ashrama in Gujarat, Vana and Aranya in Odisha, Giri, Parvata and Sagara in Uttarkhand, Saraswati, Bharati and Puri in Karnataka.<ref name=singh438/><ref>{{cite book |last=Saraswati |first=His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Chandrasekharendra; Sri Shankaracharya of Kanchi Kamakoti Pitha |title=Adi Shankara, His Life and Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1988 |location=Mumbai }}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Kshetram]]
* [[Kshetrajna]]
* [[Pilgrimage#Hinduism|Pilgrimage]] (section Hinduism)
* [[Hinduism#Pilgrimage|Hinduism]] (section Pilgrimage)
* [[Theertham]]
* [[Yatra]]
* [[Tirtha (Jainism)]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book| first=Surinder Mohan|last= Bhardwaj |title=Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC |year=1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04951-2 }}
*{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|author-link=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_0P6gS-vMC|year=2012|publisher=Harmony|isbn=978-0-385-53190-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Knut A. Jacobsen |title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC |year=2013|publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-59038-9 }}
*{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P.V. |author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane |year=1953 |title=History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India |volume=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4 }}
*{{cite book|author= Klaus K. Klostermaier|title=Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC |year=2010|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3 }}
*{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Robert Lingat |title=The Classical Law of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC |year=1973 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01898-3 }}
*{{cite book|author1=Axel Michaels |author2=Barbara Harshav (Transl) |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC |year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691089539 }}
*{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC |year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 }}
*{{cite book |author=Baidyanath Saraswati |title=Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage |publisher=N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation |year=1985 }}
*{{cite book |author1=Michael Rudolph |author2=Klaus-Peter Kopping |author3=Bernhard Leistle |title=Ritual and Identity: Performative Practices as Effective Transformations of Social Reality (Performances) |publisher=Lit Verlag |location=Münster [Germany] |year=2007 |pages=267–269 [[et seq]] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkBh1Nl4dHwC |isbn=978-3-8258-8042-2 }}

==External links==
*''[http://harmonist.us/2009/06/sacred-of-the-sacred/ Sacred of the Sacred]'' by Swami Tripurari

{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirtha And Kshetra}}
[[Category:Hindu holy cities| ]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites]]

Hansali

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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hansali Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib
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'''Hansali Sahib''' village is located in the [[tehsil]] of Fatehgarh Sahib in [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] in the state of the [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Hansali/DehTpxsJON |title=Hansali, Fatehgarh Sahib | Village | GeoIQ |website=geoiq.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Prince-Charles-joins-discussion-on-urban-environments/article15768775.ece|title=Prince Charles joins discussion on urban environments|author=Staff Reporter|date=4 October 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> It is situated {{cvt|11.5|km|mi}} away from Fatehgarh Sahib, which is both district and sub-district headquarters for Hansali village. Governance of the village is by [[gram panchayat]]. The total [[geographical area]] of Hansali is {{convert|278|ha|acre}}. [[Fatehgarh Sahib]] is also the nearest town to Hansali.<ref name="fs handbook a"/>{{rp|234}}

==Demographics==
The total population of Hansali is 802 people in 160 separate houses.<ref name="fs handbook a">{{cite book |author1=Directorate of Census Operations, Punjab |author2=((Ministry of Home Affairs)) |series=Census of India 2011|id=Punjab-Series 04 - Part XII A|title=District Census Handbook, Fatehgarh Sahib|chapter=Village and Town Directory |date=2014 |publisher=Government of India |location=Chandigarh, India |chapter-url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/03/0306_PART_A_DCHB_FATEHGARH%20SAHIB.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308151210/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/03/0306_PART_A_DCHB_FATEHGARH%20SAHIB.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>{{rp|234}} Hansali village has a female population which is 48.3% of the total.<ref name="fs handbook a"/> The village [[literacy]] rate is 74.6% overall. For males of reading age (over 6 years old) the rate is 77.4%; for females the comparable rate is 71.6%.<ref>{{cite web |author1=((Ministry of Home Affairs))|title=Population Finder 2011: HANSALI (160) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=10 May 2022 |id=Search term used: "Hansali": [The relevant ''Hansali'' in results shows code (''160'').]}}</ref> The female to male literacy gap is 5.8%, which compares favourably to the overall gap for the Kera [[Community development block|CD block]], in which Hansali sits, of 9.04%.<ref name="fs handbook a"/>{{rp|56}}

==Location and surrounds==
Hansali is in [[Fatehgarh Sahib]] tehsil, and in the Fatehgarh Sahib district of Punjab State, India. It is located {{convert|11.5|km|mi}} to the east of the district headquarters at Fatehgarh Sahib, {{cvt|4|km|mi}} from Khera, and {{cvt|37|km|mi}} from the state capital, [[Chandigarh]].{{fact|date=June 2023}}

Neighbouring the village are the surrounding locations of Fatehgarh Sahib and [[Sirhind]] tehsils, both to the west, [[Bassi Pathana]] to the north, and [[Rajpura]] to the east. Also nearby are the cities of [[Morinda, Punjab|Morinda]], [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] and [[Khanna, Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Directorate of Census Operations, Punjab |title=Census of India 2011 - Punjab - Series 04 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Fatehgarh Sahib |website=censusindia.gov.in |date=2014 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/991}}</ref> Hansali lies on the border of two districts: the Fatehgarh Sahib District and the [[Nawanshahr District]]; it is very close to a third, [[Rupnagar district]], formerly Ropar. [[Nawanshahr]] sub-district, and the ancient village of [[Saroya, Punjab|Saroya]] are to the north of Hansali.<ref name="fs handbook a"/>{{rp|maps}}

==Notable people==
===Sant Ajit Singh Hansali===
Baba [[Ajit Singh Hansaliwale]] Sahib ({{circa|1936}} – 1 January 2015)<ref name="HT 2015">{{Cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Kétan |quote=Baba Ajit Singh Hansaliwale, the head of Nirmal dera, Hansali, Fatehgarh Sahib, died at the age of 75 on Thursday night |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjab-hansali-dera-head-passes-away/story-QHPjMv1Q8Lu8n2pH2qpmvJ.html|title=Punjab: Hansali dera head passes away|date=2 January 2015 |access-date=10 October 2021 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="baba tea"/>{{efn|Some sources, for example ''Hindustan Times'',<ref name="HT 2015"/> report his age as 75 when he died, while others (see ''Dainik Bhaskar''),<ref name="baba tea"/> give his year of birth as 1936.}} made his home in Hansali for many years, until his death on the first day of 2015. His birthplace was the village of Bharatgarh in the [[Rupnagar district|Ropar]] district.<ref name="baba tea">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UT-CHD-baba-ajit-singh-hansali-wale-died-4860296-PHO.html|title=बाबा बोले- बहुत चाय पी ली अब मैं चला, अंतिम दर्शन को पहुंची केंद्रीय मंत्री|date=3 January 2015|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> A widely-known and revered Sikh figure,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014|url=http://sikhsangat.org/2014/maneka-visits-nirmal-dera-to-seek-blessings-of-baba-hansali-wale/|title=Maneka visits Nirmal Dera to seek blessings of Baba Hansali Wale |work=Sikh Sangat News|author1=Guest writer (''Hindustan Times'')|id=Note on headline: The ''Maneka'' mentioned, is the then-Union minister for women and child development, [[Maneka Gandhi]]}}</ref> and a [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] devotee, the Baba Sahib was head of the Nirmal [[Dera (organization)|Dera]] trust. The trust sets up community resources and runs charitable projects, including a free hospital, a school, and a girls' college and hostel on the [[Punjabi University Guru Kashi Campus]].<ref name="HT 2015"/><ref name="baba tea"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

EITU

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Badal Sarkar

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Henry Martin Winterbotham

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'''Sir Henry Martin Winterbotham''', [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Justice of the Peace|JP]] (13 January 1847 – 6 October 1932) was a British administrator in India. A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], he spent his career in southern India, rising to become a member of the Madras Board of Revenue as Commissioner of Revenue Settlement, Director of Agriculture, as well as a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council (1891–1909)|Madras Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 1932 |title=Sir H. M. Winterbotham |work=[[The Times]] |pages=14}}</ref>

== References ==
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[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
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Highest-grossing Tamil films

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AC EMU

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Kerala state television award for best actress

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