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Fibonacci sequence

2026-05-20T15:17:22Z

WaldoOakes4: new stub!

{{Short description|Numbers obtained by adding the two previous ones}}
{{For|the chamber ensemble|Fibonacci Sequence (ensemble)}}
{{pp-pc}}

In mathematics, the '''Fibonacci sequence''' is a [[Integer sequence|sequence]] in which each element is the sum of the two elements that precede it. Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as '''Fibonacci numbers''', commonly denoted {{nowrap|{{math|''F''{{sub|''n''}}}}{{space|hair}}}}. The initial elements of the sequence are {{math|1= ''F''{{sub|1}} = 1}} and {{math|1= ''F''{{sub|2}} = 1}}, though many authors also include a [[zeroth element]] {{math|1= ''F''{{sub|0}} = 0}}.<ref>Richard A. Brualdi, ''Introductory Combinatorics'', Fifth edition, Pearson, 2005</ref><ref>Peter Cameron, ''Combinatorics: Topics, Techniques, Algorithms'', Cambridge University Press, 1994</ref> Starting from {{math|''F''{{sub|0}}}}, the sequence begins
: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, ... {{OEIS|A000045}}

[[File:Fibonacci Squares.svg|thumb|A tiling with [[square]]s whose side lengths are successive Fibonacci numbers: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 and 21]]
The Fibonacci numbers were first described in [[Indian mathematics]] as early as 200 BC in work by [[Pingala]] on enumerating possible patterns of [[Sanskrit]] poetry formed from syllables of two lengths.<ref name="GlobalScience" /><ref name="HistoriaMathematica" /><ref name="Donald Knuth 2006 50" /> They are named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, also known as [[Fibonacci]], who introduced the sequence to Western European mathematics in his 1202 book {{lang|la|[[Liber Abaci]]}}.{{Sfn|Sigler|2002|pp=404–05}}

Fibonacci numbers appear unexpectedly often in mathematics, so much so that there is an entire journal dedicated to their study, the ''[[Fibonacci Quarterly]]''. Applications of Fibonacci numbers include computer algorithms such as the [[Fibonacci search technique]] and the [[Fibonacci heap]] [[data structure]], and [[graph (discrete mathematics)|graphs]] called [[Fibonacci cube]]s used for interconnecting parallel and distributed systems. They also appear [[Patterns in nature#Spirals|in biological settings]], such as branching in trees, [[phyllotaxis|the arrangement of leaves on a stem]], the fruit sprouts of a [[pineapple]], the flowering of an [[artichoke]], and the arrangement of a [[pine cone]]'s bracts, though they do not occur in all species.

Fibonacci numbers are also strongly related to the [[golden ratio]]: [[#Binet's formula|Binet's formula]] expresses the {{mvar|n}}-th Fibonacci number in terms of {{mvar|n}} and the golden ratio, and implies that the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers tends to the golden ratio as {{mvar|n}} increases. Fibonacci numbers are also closely related to [[Lucas number]]s, which obey the same [[recurrence relation]] and with the Fibonacci numbers form a complementary pair of [[Lucas sequence]]s.

==Definition==
[[File:Fibonacci Spiral.svg|thumb|The Fibonacci spiral: an approximation of the [[golden spiral]] created by drawing [[circular arc]]s connecting the opposite corners of squares in the Fibonacci tiling (see preceding image)]]

The Fibonacci numbers may be defined by the [[recurrence relation]]{{Sfn | Lucas | 1891 | p=3}}
<math display=block>F_0=0,\quad F_1= 1,</math>
and
<math display=block>F_n=F_{n-1} + F_{n-2}</math>
for {{math|''n'' > 1}}.

Under some older definitions, the value <math>F_0 = 0</math> is omitted, so that the sequence starts with {{nobr|<math>F_1=F_2=1</math>.{{Sfn | Beck | Geoghegan | 2010}}{{Sfn | Bóna | 2011 | p=180}}}}

The first 21 Fibonacci numbers {{math|''F{{sub|n}}''}} are:
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
! {{math|''F''{{sub|0}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|1}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|2}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|3}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|4}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|5}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|6}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|7}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|8}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|9}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|10}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|11}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|12}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|13}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|14}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|15}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|16}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|17}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|18}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|19}}}}
! {{math|''F''{{sub|20}}}}
|-
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 5
| 8
| 13
| 21
| 34
| 55
| 89
| 144
| 233
| 377
| 610
| 987
| 1597
| 2584
| 4181
|6765
|}

The Fibonacci sequence can be extended to negative integer indices by following the same recurrence relation in the negative direction {{OEIS|A039834}}: {{tmath|1= F_1=1}}, {{tmath|1= F_0= 0}}, and {{tmath|1= F_{n}=F_{n+2} - F_{n+1} }} for {{math|''n'' < 0 }}. Nearly all properties of Fibonacci numbers do not depend upon whether the indices are positive or negative. The values for positive and negative indices obey the relation:<ref>{{cite book
| last = Vajda | first = Steven | author-link = Steven Vajda
| year = 1989
| title = Fibonacci & Lucas Numbers, and the Golden Section: Theory and Applications
| place = Chichester | publisher = Ellis Horwood
| isbn = 0-7458-0715-1
| page = 10
}}</ref>
<math display=block> F_{-n} = (-1)^{n+1} F_n. </math>

== History ==

===India===
{{see also|Golden ratio#History}}
[[File:Fibonacci Sanskrit prosody.svg|thumb|Thirteen ({{math|''F''{{sub|7}}}}) ways of arranging long and short syllables in a cadence of length six. Eight ({{math|''F''{{sub|6}}}}) end with a short syllable and five ({{math|''F''{{sub|5}}}}) end with a long syllable.]]

The Fibonacci sequence appears in [[Indian mathematics]], in connection with [[Sanskrit prosody]].<ref name="HistoriaMathematica">{{Citation|first=Parmanand|last=Singh|title= The So-called Fibonacci numbers in ancient and medieval India|journal=Historia Mathematica|volume=12|issue=3|pages=229–244|year=1985|doi = 10.1016/0315-0860(85)90021-7|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="knuth-v1">{{Citation|title=The Art of Computer Programming|volume=1|first=Donald|last=Knuth| author-link =Donald Knuth |publisher=Addison Wesley|year=1968|isbn=978-81-7758-754-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MooMkK6ERuYC&pg=PA100|page=100|quote=Before Fibonacci wrote his work, the sequence Fn had already been discussed by Indian scholars, who had long been interested in rhythmic patterns ... both Gopala (before 1135 AD) and Hemachandra (c. 1150) mentioned the numbers 1,2,3,5,8,13,21 explicitly [see P. Singh Historia Math 12 (1985) 229–44]" p. 100 (3d ed) ...}}</ref>{{sfn|Livio|2003|p=197}} In the Sanskrit poetic tradition, there was interest in enumerating all patterns of long (L) syllables of 2 units duration, juxtaposed with short (S) syllables of 1 unit duration. Counting the different patterns of successive L and S with a given total duration results in the Fibonacci numbers: the number of patterns of duration {{mvar|m}} units is {{math|''F''{{sub|''m''+1}}}}.<ref name="Donald Knuth 2006 50">{{Citation|title = The Art of Computer Programming | volume = 4. Generating All Trees – History of Combinatorial Generation | first = Donald | last = Knuth | author-link = Donald Knuth |publisher= Addison–Wesley |year= 2006 | isbn= 978-0-321-33570-8 | page = 50 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=56LNfE2QGtYC&q=rhythms&pg=PA50 | quote = it was natural to consider the set of all sequences of [L] and [S] that have exactly m beats. ... there are exactly Fm+1 of them. For example the 21 sequences when {{math|1=''m'' = 7}} are: [gives list]. In this way Indian prosodists were led to discover the Fibonacci sequence, as we have observed in Section 1.2.8 (from v.1)}}</ref>

Knowledge of the Fibonacci sequence was expressed as early as [[Pingala]] ({{circa}} 450 BC–200 BC). Singh cites Pingala's cryptic formula ''misrau cha'' ("the two are mixed") and scholars who interpret it in context as saying that the number of patterns for {{mvar|m}} beats ({{math|''F''{{sub|''m''+1}}}}) is obtained by adding one [S] to the {{math|''F''{{sub|''m''}}}} cases and one [L] to the {{math|''F''{{sub|''m''−1}}}} cases.<ref>{{Citation | last = Agrawala | first = VS | year = 1969 | title = ''Pāṇinikālīna Bhāratavarṣa'' (Hn.). Varanasi-I: TheChowkhamba Vidyabhawan | quote = SadgurushiShya writes that Pingala was a younger brother of Pāṇini [Agrawala 1969, lb]. There is an alternative opinion that he was a maternal uncle of Pāṇini [Vinayasagar 1965, Preface, 121]. ... Agrawala [1969, 463–76], after a careful investigation, in which he considered the views of earlier scholars, has concluded that Pāṇini lived between 480 and 410 BC}}</ref> [[Bharata Muni]] also expresses knowledge of the sequence in the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' ({{Circa}} 100 BC–{{Circa}} 350 AD).<ref name=GlobalScience>{{Citation|title=Toward a Global Science|first=Susantha|last=Goonatilake|author-link=Susantha Goonatilake|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1998|page=126|isbn=978-0-253-33388-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SI5ip95BbgEC&pg=PA126}}</ref><ref name="HistoriaMathematica"/>
However, the clearest exposition of the sequence arises in the work of [[Virahanka]] ({{Circa}} 700 AD), whose own work is lost, but is available in a quotation by Gopala ({{Circa}} 1135):{{sfn|Livio|2003|p=197}}

<blockquote>Variations of two earlier meters [is the variation] ... For example, for [a meter of length] four, variations of meters of two [and] three being mixed, five happens. [works out examples 8, 13, 21] ... In this way, the process should be followed in all ''mātrā-vṛttas'' [prosodic combinations].{{efn|"For four, variations of meters of two [and] three being mixed, five happens. For five, variations of two earlier—three [and] four, being mixed, eight is obtained. In this way, for six, [variations] of four [and] of five being mixed, thirteen happens. And like that, variations of two earlier meters being mixed, seven [[Mora (linguistics)|morae]] [is] twenty-one. In this way, the process should be followed in all mātrā-vṛttas" <ref>{{Citation|last=Velankar|first=HD|year=1962|title='Vṛttajātisamuccaya' of kavi Virahanka|publisher=Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute|location=Jodhpur|page=101}}</ref>}}</blockquote>

[[Hemachandra]] ({{Circa}} 1150) is credited with knowledge of the sequence as well,<ref name=GlobalScience/> writing that "the sum of the last and the one before the last is the number ... of the next mātrā-vṛtta."{{sfn|Livio|2003|p=197–198}}<ref>{{citation|last1=Shah|first1=Jayant|year=1991|title=A History of Piṅgala's Combinatorics|url=https://web.northeastern.edu/shah/papers/Pingala.pdf|publisher=[[Northeastern University]]|page=41|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:Liber abbaci magliab f124r.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page of [[Fibonacci]]'s {{lang|la|[[Liber Abaci]]}} from the [[National Central Library (Florence)|Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze]] showing (in box on right) 13 entries of the Fibonacci sequence: the indices from present to XII (months) as Latin ordinals and Roman numerals and the numbers (of rabbit pairs) as Hindu-Arabic numerals starting with 1, 2, 3, 5 and ending with 377.]]

The Fibonacci sequence first appears in the book {{lang|la|[[Liber Abaci]]}} (''The Book of Calculation'', 1202) by [[Fibonacci]],{{Sfn|Sigler|2002|pp=404–405}}<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/software/java/fibonacci/liber-abaci.html|title=Fibonacci's Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation)|date=13 December 2009|website=[[The University of Utah]]|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> where it is used to calculate the growth of rabbit populations.<ref>{{citation
| last = Tassone | first = Ann Dominic
| date = April 1967
| doi = 10.5951/at.14.4.0285
| issue = 4
| journal = The Arithmetic Teacher
| jstor = 41187298
| pages = 285–288
| title = A pair of rabbits and a mathematician
| volume = 14}}</ref> Fibonacci considers the growth of an idealized ([[biology|biologically]] unrealistic) [[rabbit]] population, assuming that: a newly born breeding pair of rabbits are put in a field; each breeding pair mates at the age of one month, and at the end of their second month they always produce another pair of rabbits; and rabbits never die, but continue breeding forever. Fibonacci posed the rabbit [[Mathematical problem|math problem]]: how many pairs will there be in one year?

* At the end of the first month, they mate, but there is still only 1 pair.
* At the end of the second month they produce a new pair, so there are 2 pairs in the field.
* At the end of the third month, the original pair produce a second pair, but the second pair only mate to gestate for a month, so there are 3 pairs in all.
* At the end of the fourth month, the original pair has produced yet another new pair, and the pair born two months ago also produces their first pair, making 5 pairs.

At the end of the {{mvar|n}}-th month, the number of pairs of rabbits is equal to the number of mature pairs (that is, the number of pairs in month {{math|''n'' – 2}}) plus the number of pairs alive last month (month {{math|''n'' – 1}}). The number in the {{mvar|n}}-th month is the {{mvar|n}}-th Fibonacci number.<ref>{{citation | last = Knott | first = Ron
| title = Fibonacci's Rabbits | url=http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html#Rabbits | publisher =[[University of Surrey]] Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences}}</ref>

The name "Fibonacci sequence" was first used by the 19th-century number theorist [[Édouard Lucas]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Martin | last = Gardner | author-link = Martin Gardner |title=Mathematical Circus |publisher = The Mathematical Association of America |year=1996 |isbn= 978-0-88385-506-5 | quote = It is ironic that Leonardo, who made valuable contributions to mathematics, is remembered today mainly because a 19th-century French number theorist, Édouard Lucas... attached the name Fibonacci to a number sequence that appears in a trivial problem in Liber abaci | page = 153}}</ref>

[[File:Fibonacci Rabbits.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.5|Solution to Fibonacci rabbit [[Mathematical problem|problem]]: In a growing idealized population, the number of rabbit pairs form the Fibonacci sequence. At ''the end of the n''th month, the number of pairs is equal to ''F{{sub|n.}}'']]
{{clear|left}}

== Relation to the golden ratio ==
{{also|Golden ratio|Golden field}}

===Closed-form expression ===
Like every [[sequence]] defined by a homogeneous [[linear recurrence with constant coefficients]], the Fibonacci numbers have a [[closed-form expression]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Discrete Mathematics with Ducks |first=sarah-marie|last=belcastro|author-link=Sarah-Marie Belcastro |edition=2nd |publisher=CRC Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-351-68369-2 |page=260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoqADwAAQBAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=xoqADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 Extract of page 260]</ref> It has become known as '''Binet's formula''', named after French mathematician [[Jacques Philippe Marie Binet]], though it was already known by [[Abraham de Moivre]] and [[Daniel Bernoulli]]:<ref>{{citation | last1 = Beutelspacher | first1 = Albrecht | last2 = Petri | first2 = Bernhard | contribution = Fibonacci-Zahlen | doi = 10.1007/978-3-322-85165-9_6 | pages = 87–98 | publisher = Vieweg+Teubner Verlag | title = Der Goldene Schnitt | series = Einblick in die Wissenschaft | year = 1996| isbn = 978-3-8154-2511-4 }}</ref>

<math display=block>
F_n = \frac{\varphi^n-\psi^n}{\varphi-\psi} = \frac{\varphi^n-\psi^n}{\sqrt 5},
</math>

where {{tmath|\varphi}} is the [[golden ratio]] and {{tmath|\psi}} is its [[Conjugate (square roots)|conjugate]],{{Sfn | Ball | 2003 | p = 156}}

<math display=block>\begin{align}
\varphi &= \tfrac12\bigl(1 + \sqrt{5}~\!\bigr)= \phantom{-}1.61803\ldots, \\[5mu]
\psi &= \tfrac12\bigl(1 - \sqrt{5}~\!\bigr) = -0.61803\ldots.
\end{align}</math>

[[File:Golden ratio and conjugate solutions.png|thumb|algebraic visualization of the Golden Ratio and its conjugate]]

The numbers {{tmath|\varphi}} and {{tmath|\psi}} are the two solutions of the [[quadratic equation]] {{tmath|1=\textstyle x^2 - x - 1 = 0}}, that is, {{tmath|1= (x - \varphi)(x - \psi) = x^2 - x - 1}}, and thus they satisfy the identities {{tmath|1= \varphi + \psi = 1}} and {{tmath|1= \varphi\psi = -1}}.

Since <math>\psi = -\varphi^{-1}</math>, Binet's formula can also be written as

<math display=block>
F_n = \frac{\varphi^n - (-\varphi)^{-n}}{\sqrt 5} = \frac{\varphi^n - (-\varphi)^{-n}}{2\varphi - 1}.
</math>

To see the relation between the sequence and these constants,{{Sfn | Ball | 2003 | pp = 155–156}} note that <math>\varphi</math> and <math>\psi</math> are also roots of <math>x^n = x^{n-1} + x^{n-2},</math> so the powers of <math>\varphi</math> and <math>\psi</math> satisfy the Fibonacci recurrence. In other words,

<math display=block>\begin{align}
\varphi^n &= \varphi^{n-1} + \varphi^{n-2}, \\[3mu]
\psi^n &= \psi^{n-1} + \psi^{n-2}.
\end{align}</math>

It follows that for any values {{mvar|a}} and {{mvar|b}}, the sequence defined by

<math display=block>U_n=a \varphi^n + b \psi^n</math>

satisfies the same recurrence. If {{mvar|a}} and {{mvar|b}} are chosen so that {{math|1=''U''{{sub|0}} = 0}} and {{math|1=''U''{{sub|1}} = 1}} then the resulting sequence {{math|''U''{{sub|''n''}}}} must be the Fibonacci sequence. This is the same as requiring {{mvar|a}} and {{mvar|b}} satisfy the system of equations:

<math display=block>
\begin{align} a \varphi^0 + b \psi^0 &= 0 \\ a \varphi^1 + b \psi^1 &= 1\end{align}
</math>

which has solution

<math display=block>
a = \frac{1}{\varphi-\psi} = \frac{1}{\sqrt 5},\quad b = -a,
</math>

producing the required formula.

Taking the starting values {{math|''U''{{sub|0}}}} and {{math|''U''{{sub|1}}}} to be arbitrary constants and solving the system of equations gives the general solution
<math display=block>\begin{align}
a&=\frac{U_1-U_0\psi}{\sqrt 5}, \\[3mu]
b&=\frac{U_0\varphi-U_1}{\sqrt 5}.
\end{align}</math>
In particular, choosing {{math|1=''a'' = 1}} makes the {{mvar|n}}-th element of the sequence closely approximate the {{mvar|n}}-th power of {{tmath|\varphi}} for large enough values of {{mvar|n}}. This arises when {{math|1=''U''{{sub|0}} = 2}} and {{math|1=''U''{{sub|1}} = 1}}, which produces the sequence of [[Lucas number]]s.

=== Computation by rounding ===
Since
<math display=inline>\left|\frac{\psi^{n}}{\sqrt 5}\right| < \frac{1}{2}</math> for all {{math|''n'' ≥ 0}}, the number {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''}}}} is the closest [[integer]] to <math>\frac{\varphi^n}{\sqrt 5}</math>. Therefore, it can be found by [[rounding]], using the nearest integer function:
<math display=block>F_n=\left\lfloor\frac{\varphi^n}{\sqrt 5}\right\rceil,\ n \geq 0.</math>

In fact, the rounding error quickly becomes very small as {{mvar|n}} grows, being less than 0.1 for {{math|''n'' ≥ 4}}, and less than 0.01 for {{math|''n'' ≥ 8}}. This formula is easily inverted to find an index of a Fibonacci number {{mvar|F}}:
<math display=block>n(F) = \left\lfloor \log_\varphi \sqrt{5}F\right\rceil,\ F \geq 1.</math>

Instead using the [[floor function]] gives the largest index of a Fibonacci number that is not greater than {{mvar|F}}:
<math display=block>n_{\mathrm{largest}}(F) = \left\lfloor \log_\varphi \sqrt{5}(F+1/2)\right\rfloor,\ F \geq 0,</math>
where <math>\log_\varphi(x) = \ln(x)/\ln(\varphi) = \log_{10}(x)/\log_{10}(\varphi)</math>, <math>\ln(\varphi) = 0.481211\ldots</math>,<ref>{{Cite OEIS|1=A002390|2=Decimal expansion of natural logarithm of golden ratio|mode=cs2}}</ref> and <math>\log_{10}(\varphi) = 0.208987\ldots</math>.<ref>{{Cite OEIS|1=A097348|2=Decimal expansion of arccsch(2)/log(10)|mode=cs2}}</ref>

=== Magnitude ===
Since ''F{{sub|n}}'' is [[Asymptotic analysis|asymptotic]] to <math>\varphi^n/\sqrt5</math>, the number of digits in {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''}}}} is asymptotic to <math>n\log_{10}\varphi\approx 0.2090\, n</math>. As a consequence, for every integer {{math|''d'' > 1}} there are either 4 or 5 Fibonacci numbers with {{mvar|d}} decimal digits.

More generally, in the [[radix|base]] {{mvar|b}} representation, the number of digits in {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''}}}} is asymptotic to <math>n\log_b\varphi = \frac{n \log \varphi}{\log b}.</math>

=== Limit of consecutive quotients ===
[[Johannes Kepler]] observed that the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers [[convergent sequence|converges]]. He wrote that "as 5 is to 8 so is 8 to 13, practically, and as 8 is to 13, so is 13 to 21 almost", and concluded that these ratios approach the golden ratio {{tmath|\varphi}}:<ref>{{Citation|last=Kepler |first=Johannes |title=A New Year Gift: On Hexagonal Snow |year=1966 |isbn=978-0-19-858120-8 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page= 92}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Strena seu de Nive Sexangula | year = 1611}}</ref>
<math display=block>\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{F_{n+1}}{F_n}=\varphi.</math>

This convergence holds regardless of the starting values <math>U_0</math> and <math>U_1</math>, unless <math>U_1 = -U_0/\varphi</math>. This can be verified using [[#Binet's formula|Binet's formula]]. For example, the initial values 3 and 2 generate the sequence 3, 2, 5, 7, 12, 19, 31, 50, 81, 131, 212, 343, 555, ... . The ratio of consecutive elements in this sequence shows the same convergence towards the golden ratio.

In general, <math>\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{F_{n+m}}{F_n}=\varphi^m
</math>, because the ratios between consecutive Fibonacci numbers approaches <math>\varphi</math>.

: [[File:Fibonacci tiling of the plane and approximation to Golden Ratio.gif|thumb|upright=2.2|left|Successive tilings of the plane and a graph of approximations to the golden ratio calculated by dividing each Fibonacci number by the previous]]
{{Clear}}

=== Decomposition of powers ===
Since the golden ratio satisfies the equation
<math display=block>\varphi^2 = \varphi + 1,</math>

this expression can be used to decompose higher powers <math>\varphi^n</math> as a linear function of lower powers, which in turn can be decomposed all the way down to a linear combination of <math>\varphi</math> and 1. The resulting [[recurrence relation]]ships yield Fibonacci numbers as the linear [[coefficient]]s:
<math display=block>\varphi^n = F_n\varphi + F_{n-1}.</math>
This equation can be [[Mathematical proof|proved]] by [[Mathematical induction|induction]] on {{math|''n'' ≥ 1}}:
<math display=block>\begin{align}
\varphi^{n+1} &= (F_n\varphi + F_{n-1})\varphi = F_n\varphi^2 + F_{n-1}\varphi \\
&= F_n(\varphi+1) + F_{n-1}\varphi = (F_n + F_{n-1})\varphi + F_n = F_{n+1}\varphi + F_n.
\end{align}</math>
For <math>\psi = -1/\varphi</math>, it is also the case that <math>\psi^2 = \psi + 1</math> and it is also the case that
<math display=block>\psi^n = F_n\psi + F_{n-1}.</math>

These expressions are also true for {{math|''n'' < 1}} if the Fibonacci sequence ''F{{sub|n}}'' is [[Generalizations of Fibonacci numbers#Extension to negative integers|extended to negative integers]] using the Fibonacci rule <math>F_n = F_{n+2} - F_{n+1}.</math>

=== Identification ===
Binet's formula provides a proof that a positive integer {{mvar|x}} is a Fibonacci number [[if and only if]] at least one of <math>5x^2+4</math> or <math>5x^2-4</math> is a [[Square number|perfect square]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Fibonacci is a Square | last1 = Gessel | first1 = Ira | journal = [[The Fibonacci Quarterly]] | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 417–19 |date=October 1972 | url = https://www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/10-4/advanced10-4.pdf | access-date = 2012-04-11 }}</ref> This is because Binet's formula, which can be written as <math>F_n = (\varphi^n - (-1)^n \varphi^{-n}) / \sqrt{5}</math>, can be multiplied by <math>\sqrt{5} \varphi^n</math> and solved as a [[quadratic equation]] in <math>\varphi^n</math> via the [[quadratic formula]]:

<math display=block>\varphi^n = \frac{F_n\sqrt{5} \pm \sqrt{5{F_n}^{\!2} + 4{(-1)}^n}}{2}.</math>

Comparing this to <math>\varphi^n = F_n \varphi + F_{n-1} = (F_n\sqrt{5} + F_n + 2 F_{n-1})/2</math>, it follows that
: <math display=block>5{F_n}^{\!2} + 4(-1)^n = (F_n + 2F_{n-1})^2\,.</math>
In particular, the left-hand side is a perfect square.

== Matrix form ==
A 2-dimensional system of linear [[difference equation]]s that describes the Fibonacci sequence is

<math display=block>
\begin{pmatrix} F_{k+2} \\ F_{k+1} \end{pmatrix}
= \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} F_{k+1} \\ F_{k}\end {pmatrix} </math>
alternatively denoted
<math display=block> \vec F_{k+1} = \mathbf{A} \vec F_{k},</math>

which yields <math>\vec F_n = \mathbf{A}^n \vec F_0</math>. The [[eigenvalue]]s of the [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] {{math|'''A'''}} are <math>\varphi=\tfrac12\bigl(1+\sqrt5~\!\bigr)</math> and <math>\psi=-\varphi^{-1}=\tfrac12\bigl(1-\sqrt5~\!\bigr)</math> corresponding to the respective [[eigenvector]]s
<math display=block>\vec \mu=\begin{pmatrix} \varphi \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \quad \vec\nu=\begin{pmatrix} -\varphi^{-1} \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}.</math>

As the initial value is
<math display=block>
\vec F_0=\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\vec{\mu}\,-\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\vec{\nu},
</math>
it follows that the {{mvar|n}}th element is
<math display=block>\begin{align}
\vec F_n\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}A^n\vec\mu-\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}A^n\vec\nu \\
&= \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\varphi^n\vec\mu - \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}(-\varphi)^{-n}\vec\nu \\
&= \cfrac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\left(\cfrac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^{\!n}\begin{pmatrix} \varphi \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \,-\, \cfrac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\left(\cfrac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^{\!n}\begin{pmatrix}{c} -\varphi^{-1} \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}.
\end{align}</math>

From this, the {{mvar|n}}th element in the Fibonacci sequence may be read off directly as a [[closed-form expression]]:
<math display=block>
F_n = \cfrac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\left(\cfrac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^{\!n} - \, \cfrac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\left(\cfrac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^{\!n}.
</math>

Equivalently, the same computation may be performed by [[Matrix diagonalization|diagonalization]] of {{math|'''A'''}} through use of its [[eigendecomposition]]:
<math display=block>\begin{align}
A & = S\Lambda S^{-1}, \\[3mu]
A^n & = S\Lambda^n S^{-1},
\end{align}</math>
where
<math display=block>
\Lambda=\begin{pmatrix} \varphi & 0 \\ 0 & -\varphi^{-1}\! \end{pmatrix}, \quad
S=\begin{pmatrix} \varphi & -\varphi^{-1} \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}.
</math>
The closed-form expression for the {{mvar|n}}th element in the Fibonacci sequence is therefore given by
<math display=block>\begin{align}
\begin{pmatrix} F_{n+1} \\ F_n \end{pmatrix} & =
A^{n} \begin{pmatrix} F_1 \\ F_0 \end{pmatrix}\
\\ & = S \Lambda^n S^{-1} \begin{pmatrix} F_1 \\ F_0 \end{pmatrix}
\\ & = S \begin{pmatrix} \varphi^n & 0 \\ 0 & (-\varphi)^{-n} \end{pmatrix} S^{-1}
\begin{pmatrix} F_1 \\ F_0 \end{pmatrix}
\\ & = \begin{pmatrix} \varphi & -\varphi^{-1} \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}\varphi^n & 0 \\ 0 & (-\varphi)^{-n} \end{pmatrix}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & \varphi^{-1} \\ -1 & \varphi \end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix},
\end{align}</math>
which again yields
<math display=block>
F_n = \cfrac{\varphi^n-(-\varphi)^{-n}}{\sqrt{5}}.
</math>

The matrix {{math|'''A'''}} has a [[determinant]] of −1, and thus it is a {{math|2 × 2}} [[unimodular matrix]].

This property can be understood in terms of the [[continued fraction]] representation for the golden ratio {{mvar|φ}}:
<math display=block>
\varphi = 1 + \cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{1}{1 + \ddots}}}.
</math>
The [[convergent (continued fraction)|convergents]] of the continued fraction for {{mvar|φ}} are ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers: {{math|1=''φ''{{sub|''n''}} = ''F''{{sub|''n''+1}} / ''F''{{sub|''n''}}}} is the {{mvar|n}}-th convergent, and the {{math|(''n'' + 1)}}-st convergent can be found from the recurrence relation {{math|1=''φ''{{sub|''n''+1}} = 1 + 1 / ''φ''{{sub|''n''}}}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Golden Ratio, Fibonacci Numbers and Continued Fractions. |url=https://nrich.maths.org/2737 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=nrich.maths.org |language=en}}</ref> The matrix formed from successive convergents of any continued fraction has a determinant of +1 or −1. The matrix representation gives the following closed-form expression for the Fibonacci numbers:
<math display=block>
\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}^n =
\begin{pmatrix} F_{n+1} & F_n \\ F_n & F_{n-1} \end{pmatrix}.
</math>
For a given {{mvar|n}}, this matrix can be computed in {{math|''O''(log ''n'')}} arithmetic operations,{{efn|This counts [[arbitrary-precision arithmetic]] operations as being {{math|''O''(1)}}. If taking the bitlength into account, exponentiation by squaring is still a marked improvement, but overall complexity is dominated by the very last multiplication step; there are {{math|''O''(''n'')}} digits in the result, and the task requires producing all of them.}} using the [[exponentiation by squaring]] method.

Taking the determinant of both sides of this equation yields [[Cassini's identity]],
<math display=block>(-1)^n = F_{n+1}F_{n-1} - {F_n}^2.</math>

Moreover, since {{math|'''A'''{{sup|''n''}}'''A'''{{sup|''m''}} {{=}} '''A'''{{sup|''n''+''m''}}}} for any [[square matrix]] {{math|'''A'''}}, the following [[identity (mathematics)|identities]] can be derived (they are obtained from two different coefficients of the [[matrix product]], and one may easily deduce the second one from the first one by changing {{mvar|n}} into {{math|''n'' + 1}}),
<math display=block>\begin{align}
{F_m}{F_n} + {F_{m-1}}{F_{n-1}} &= F_{m+n-1}, \\[3mu]
F_{m} F_{n+1} + F_{m-1} F_n &= F_{m+n} .
\end{align}</math>

In particular, with {{math|1=''m'' = ''n''}},
<math display=block>\begin{align}
F_{2 n-1} &= {F_n}^2 + {F_{n-1}}^2 \\[6mu]
F_{2 n\phantom{{}-1}} &= (F_{n-1}+F_{n+1})F_n \\[3mu]
&= (2 F_{n-1}+F_n)F_n \\[3mu]
&= (2 F_{n+1}-F_n)F_n.
\end{align}</math>

These last two identities provide a way to compute Fibonacci numbers [[Recursion (computer science)|recursively]] in {{math|''O''(log ''n'')}} arithmetic operations. This matches the time for computing the {{mvar|n}}-th Fibonacci number from the closed-form matrix formula, but with fewer redundant steps if one avoids recomputing an already computed Fibonacci number (recursion with [[memoization]]).<ref>{{citation|title=In honour of Fibonacci|first=Edsger W.|last=Dijkstra|author-link=Edsger W. Dijkstra|year=1978|url=https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd06xx/EWD654.PDF}}</ref>

== Combinatorial identities ==

=== Combinatorial proofs ===
Most identities involving Fibonacci numbers can be proved using [[combinatorial proof|combinatorial arguments]] using the fact that <math>F_n</math> can be interpreted as the number of (possibly empty) sequences of 1s and 2s whose sum is <math>n-1</math>. This can be taken as the definition of <math>F_n</math> with the conventions <math>F_0 = 0</math>, meaning no such sequence exists whose sum is −1, and <math>F_1 = 1</math>, meaning the empty sequence "adds up" to 0. In the following, <math>|{...}|</math> is the [[cardinality]] of a [[set (mathematics)|set]]:

: <math>F_0 = 0 = |\{\}|</math>
: <math>F_1 = 1 = |\{()\}|</math>
: <math>F_2 = 1 = |\{(1)\}|</math>
: <math>F_3 = 2 = |\{(1,1),(2)\}|</math>
: <math>F_4 = 3 = |\{(1,1,1),(1,2),(2,1)\}|</math>
: <math>F_5 = 5 = |\{(1,1,1,1),(1,1,2),(1,2,1),(2,1,1),(2,2)\}|</math>

In this manner the recurrence relation
<math display=block>F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2}</math>
may be understood by dividing the <math>F_n</math> sequences into two non-overlapping sets where all sequences either begin with 1 or 2:
<math display=block>F_n = |\{(1,...),(1,...),...\}| + |\{(2,...),(2,...),...\}|</math>
Excluding the first element, the remaining terms in each sequence sum to <math>n-2</math> or <math>n-3</math> and the cardinality of each set is <math>F_{n-1}</math> or <math>F_{n-2}</math> giving a total of <math>F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}</math> sequences, showing this is equal to <math>F_n</math>.

In a similar manner it may be shown that the sum of the first Fibonacci numbers up to the {{mvar|n}}-th is equal to the {{math|(''n'' + 2)}}-th Fibonacci number minus 1.{{Sfn | Lucas | 1891 | p = 4}} In symbols:
<math display=block>\sum_{i=1}^n F_i = F_{n+2} - 1</math>

This may be seen by dividing all sequences summing to <math>n+1</math> based on the location of the first 2. Specifically, each set consists of those sequences that start <math>(2,...), (1,2,...), ..., </math> until the last two sets <math>\{(1,1,...,1,2)\}, \{(1,1,...,1)\}</math> each with cardinality 1.

Following the same logic as before, by summing the cardinality of each set we see that
: <math>F_{n+2} = F_n + F_{n-1} + ... + |\{(1,1,...,1,2)\}| + |\{(1,1,...,1)\}|</math>
... where the last two terms have the value <math>F_1 = 1</math>. From this it follows that <math>\sum_{i=1}^n F_i = F_{n+2}-1</math>.

A similar argument, grouping the sums by the position of the first 1 rather than the first 2 gives two more identities:
<math display=block>\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} F_{2 i+1} = F_{2 n}</math>
and
<math display=block>\sum_{i=1}^{n} F_{2 i} = F_{2 n+1}-1.</math>
In words, the sum of the first Fibonacci numbers with [[parity (mathematics)|odd]] index up to <math>F_{2 n-1}</math> is the {{math|(2''n'')}}-th Fibonacci number, and the sum of the first Fibonacci numbers with [[parity (mathematics)|even]] index up to <math>F_{2 n}</math> is the {{math|(2''n'' + 1)}}-th Fibonacci number minus 1.<ref>{{Citation|title = Fibonacci Numbers |last1 = Vorobiev |first1 = Nikolaĭ Nikolaevich |first2 = Mircea|last2= Martin |publisher = Birkhäuser |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-3-7643-6135-8 |chapter=Chapter 1 |pages = 5–6}}</ref>

A different trick may be used to prove
<math display=block>\sum_{i=1}^n F_i^2 = F_n F_{n+1}</math>
or in words, the sum of the squares of the first Fibonacci numbers up to <math>F_n</math> is the product of the {{mvar|n}}-th and {{math|(''n'' + 1)}}-th Fibonacci numbers. To see this, begin with a Fibonacci rectangle of size <math>F_n \times F_{n+1}</math> and decompose it into squares of size <math>F_n, F_{n-1}, ..., F_1</math>; from this the identity follows by comparing areas:

[[File:Fibonacci Squares.svg|frameless|260x260px]]

=== Induction proofs ===
Fibonacci identities often can be easily proved using [[mathematical induction]].

For example, reconsider
<math display=block>\sum_{i=1}^n F_i = F_{n+2} - 1.</math>
Adding <math>F_{n+1}</math> to both sides gives
: <math>\sum_{i=1}^n F_i + F_{n+1} = F_{n+1} + F_{n+2} - 1</math>
and so we have the formula for <math>n+1</math>
<math display=block>\sum_{i=1}^{n+1} F_i = F_{n+3} - 1</math>

Similarly, add <math>{F_{n+1}}^2</math> to both sides of
<math display=block>\sum_{i=1}^n F_i^2 = F_n F_{n+1}</math>
to give
<math display=block>\sum_{i=1}^n F_i^2 + {F_{n+1}}^2 = F_{n+1}\left(F_n + F_{n+1}\right)</math>
<math display=block>\sum_{i=1}^{n+1} F_i^2 = F_{n+1}F_{n+2}</math>

=== Binet formula proofs ===

The Binet formula is
<math display=block>\sqrt5F_n = \varphi^n - \psi^n.</math>
This can be used to prove Fibonacci identities.

For example, to prove that <math display=inline>\sum_{i=1}^n F_i = F_{n+2} - 1</math>
note that the left hand side multiplied by <math>\sqrt5</math> becomes
<math display=block>
\begin{align}
1 +& \varphi + \varphi^2 + \dots + \varphi^n - \left(1 + \psi + \psi^2 + \dots + \psi^n \right)\\
&= \frac{\varphi^{n+1}-1}{\varphi-1} - \frac{\psi^{n+1}-1}{\psi-1}\\
&= \frac{\varphi^{n+1}-1}{-\psi} - \frac{\psi^{n+1}-1}{-\varphi}\\
&= \frac{-\varphi^{n+2}+\varphi + \psi^{n+2}-\psi}{\varphi\psi}\\
&= \varphi^{n+2}-\psi^{n+2}-(\varphi-\psi)\\
&= \sqrt5(F_{n+2}-1)\\
\end{align}</math>
as required, using the facts <math display=inline>\varphi\psi =- 1</math> and <math display=inline>\varphi-\psi=\sqrt5</math> to simplify the equations.

== Other identities ==
Numerous other identities can be derived using various methods. Here are some of them:<ref name="MathWorld">{{MathWorld|urlname=FibonacciNumber |title=Fibonacci Number|mode=cs2}}</ref>

=== Cassini's and Catalan's identities ===
{{Main|Cassini and Catalan identities}}

Cassini's identity states that
<math display=block>F_n^2 - F_{n+1}F_{n-1} = (-1)^{n-1}</math>
Catalan's identity is a generalization:
<math display=block>F_n^2 - F_{n+r}F_{n-r} = (-1)^{n-r}F_r^2</math>

=== d'Ocagne's identity ===
<math display=block>F_m F_{n+1} - F_{m+1} F_n = (-1)^n F_{m-n}</math>
<math display=block>F_{2 n} = F_{n+1}^2 - F_{n-1}^2 = F_n \left (F_{n+1}+F_{n-1} \right ) = F_nL_n</math>
where {{math|''L''{{sub|''n''}}}} is the {{mvar|n}}-th [[Lucas number]]. The last is an identity for doubling {{mvar|n}}; other identities of this type are
<math display=block>F_{3 n} = 2F_n^3 + 3 F_n F_{n+1} F_{n-1} = 5F_n^3 + 3 (-1)^n F_n</math>
by Cassini's identity.

<math display=block>F_{3 n+1} = F_{n+1}^3 + 3 F_{n+1}F_n^2 - F_n^3</math>
<math display=block>F_{3 n+2} = {F_{n+1}}^3 + 3 F_{n+1}^2 F_n + F_n^3</math>
<math display=block>F_{4 n} = 4 F_n F_{n+1} \left ( F_{n+1}^2 + 2F_n^2 \right ) - 3F_n^2 \left (F_n^2 + 2F_{n+1}^2 \right )</math>
These can be found experimentally using [[lattice reduction]], and are useful in setting up the [[special number field sieve]] to [[Factorization|factorize]] a Fibonacci number.

More generally,<ref name="MathWorld" />

<math display=block>F_{k n+c} = \sum_{i=0}^k \binom k i F_{c-i} F_n^i F_{n+1}^{k-i}.</math>

or alternatively

<math display=block>F_{k n+c} = \sum_{i=0}^k \binom k i F_{c+i} F_n^i F_{n-1}^{k-i}.</math>

Putting {{math|1=''k'' = 2}} in this formula, one gets again the formulas of the end of above section [[#Matrix form|Matrix form]].

== Generating functions ==
=== Ordinary ===
The [[ordinary generating function]] of the Fibonacci sequence is the [[power series]]

<math display=block>
s(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty F_k z^k = 0 + z + z^2 + 2z^3 + 3z^4 + 5z^5 + \cdots.
</math>

This series is convergent for any [[complex number]] <math>z</math> satisfying <math>|z| < 1/\varphi \approx 0.618,</math> and its sum has a simple closed form:<ref>{{Citation | last = Glaister | first = P | title = Fibonacci power series | journal = The Mathematical Gazette | year = 1995 | doi = 10.2307/3618079 | volume = 79 | issue = 486| pages = 521–25 | jstor = 3618079 | s2cid = 116536130 }}</ref>

<math display=block>s(z)=\frac{z}{1-z-z^2}.</math>

This can be proved by multiplying by <math display="inline">(1-z-z^2)</math>:
<math display=block>\begin{align}
(1 - z- z^2) s(z)
&= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} F_k z^k - \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} F_k z^{k+1} - \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} F_k z^{k+2} \\
&= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} F_k z^k - \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} F_{k-1} z^k - \sum_{k=2}^{\infty} F_{k-2} z^k \\
&= 0z^0 + 1z^1 - 0z^1 + \sum_{k=2}^{\infty} (F_k - F_{k-1} - F_{k-2}) z^k \\
&= z,
\end{align}</math>
where all terms involving <math>z^k</math> for <math>k \ge 2</math> cancel out because of the defining Fibonacci recurrence relation.

Using <math>z={10}^{-n}</math> lays out the Fibonacci numbers through the second-last number with <math>n</math> digits in the decimal expansion of <math>s(z)</math>. For example, <math display=block>
s(10^{-3}) = \frac{0.001}{0.998999} = \frac{1000}{998999} = 000.\,001\,001\,002\,003\,005\,008\,013\,\ldots.</math>

The [[partial fraction decomposition]] is given by
<math display=block>s(z) = \frac{1}{\sqrt5}\left(\frac{1}{1 - \varphi z} - \frac{1}{1 - \psi z}\right)</math>
where <math display=inline>\varphi = \tfrac12\left(1 + \sqrt{5}\right)</math> is the golden ratio and <math>\psi = \tfrac12\left(1 - \sqrt{5}\right)</math> is its [[Conjugate (square roots)|conjugate]].

=== Exponential ===
The [[exponential generating function]] of the Fibonacci sequence may also be derived from the recurrence relation, giving a [[homogeneous differential equation|homogeneous]] [[linear differential equation]]:
<math display=block>\begin{align}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} F_{k+2} \frac{x^{k}}{k!} = {} & \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} F_{k+1} \frac{x^{k}}{k!} + \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} F_{k} \frac{x^{k}}{k!}\\
F^{\prime\prime}(x) = {} & F^{\prime}(x) + F(x)
\end{align}</math>
The characteristic polynomial of this equation is <math display=inline>r^2 = r + 1</math>, to which the solutions are exactly the [[golden ratio]] <math display=inline>\varphi</math> and its [[conjugate (square roots)|conjugate]] <math display=inline>\psi</math>. Combined with the initial values <math display=inline>F_{0}=F(0)=0</math> and <math display=inline>F_{1}=F^{\prime}(0)=1</math>, the exponential generating function of the Fibonacci numbers is given by the [[entire function]]
<math display=block>F(x) = \frac{e^{\varphi x} - e^{\psi x}}{\sqrt{5}}</math>
Evaluating the [[derivative]]s of the exponential generating function at <math display=inline>x=0</math> gives [[Binet's formula]]:
<math display=block>F^{(n)}(0) = F_{n} = \frac{\varphi^{n} - \psi^{n}}{\sqrt{5}}</math>

== Reciprocal sums ==

Infinite sums over [[multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]] Fibonacci numbers can sometimes be evaluated in terms of [[theta function]]s. For example, the sum of every odd-indexed reciprocal Fibonacci number can be written as
<math display=block>\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{F_{2 k-1}} = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{4} \; \vartheta_2\!\left(0, \frac{3-\sqrt 5}{2}\right)^2 ,</math>

and the sum of squared reciprocal Fibonacci numbers as
<math display=block>\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{{F_k}^2} = \frac{5}{24} \!\left(\vartheta_2\!\left(0, \frac{3-\sqrt 5}{2}\right)^4 - \vartheta_4\!\left(0, \frac{3-\sqrt 5}{2}\right)^4 + 1 \right).</math>

If we add 1 to each Fibonacci number in the first sum, there is also the closed form
<math display=block>\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{1+F_{2 k-1}} = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2},</math>

and there is a {{em|nested}} sum of squared Fibonacci numbers giving the reciprocal of the [[golden ratio]],
<math display=block>\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{k+1}}{\sum_{j=1}^k {F_{j}}^2} = \frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2} .</math>

The sum of all even-indexed reciprocal Fibonacci numbers is<ref>{{Citation |last= Landau |first= Edmund |date= 1899 |title= Sur la Série des Invers de Nombres de Fibonacci |language= fr |trans-title= On the Series of Inverse Fibonacci Numbers |journal= Bull. Soc. Math. France |volume= 27 |pages= 298–300 |author-link= Edmund Landau}}, quoted accordingly in {{harvp|Borwein|Borwein|1998|p=95|loc= exercise 3b}}.</ref>
<math display=block>\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{F_{2 k}} = \sqrt{5} \left(L(\psi^2) - L(\psi^4)\right) </math>
with the [[Lambert series]] <math>\textstyle L(q) := \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{q^k}{1-q^k} ,</math> since <math>\textstyle \frac{1}{F_{2 k}} = \sqrt{5} \left(\frac{\psi^{2 k}}{1-\psi^{2 k}} - \frac{\psi^{4 k}}{1-\psi^{4 k}} \right)\!.</math>

So the [[reciprocal Fibonacci constant]] is<ref>{{Cite OEIS|1=A079586|2=Decimal expansion of Sum_{k>=1} 1/F(k) where F(k) is the {{mvar|k}}-th Fibonacci number|mode=cs2}}</ref>
<math display=block>\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{F_k} = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{F_{2 k-1}} + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac {1}{F_{2 k}} = 3.359885666243 \dots</math>

Moreover, this number has been proved [[irrational number|irrational]] by [[Richard André-Jeannin]].<ref>{{citation
| last = André-Jeannin
| first = Richard
| title = Irrationalité de la somme des inverses de certaines suites récurrentes
| language = fr
| trans-title = Irrationality of the sum of the reciprocals of certain recurrence sequences
| journal = [[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences|Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Série I Sciences mathématiques]]
| volume = 308
| date = 1989
| issue = 19
| pages = 539–41
|mr=0999451}}</ref>

'''Millin's series''' gives the identity<ref>{{citation |first=Ross |last= Honsberger |date= 1985 |title= Mathematical Gems III |volume= 9 |series= Dolciani Mathematical Expositions |publisher= American Mathematical Society |isbn=9781470457181 |contribution= Millin's series |pages= 135–136 |contribution-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vl_0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}</ref>
<math display=block>\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{F_{2^k}} = \frac{7 - \sqrt{5}}{2},</math>
which follows from the closed form for its partial sums as {{mvar|N}} tends to infinity:
<math display=block>\sum_{k=0}^N \frac{1}{F_{2^k}} = 3 - \frac{F_{2^N-1}}{F_{2^N}}.</math>

== Primes and divisibility ==

=== Divisibility properties ===
Every third number of the sequence is even (a multiple of {{tmath|1= F_3=2}}) and, more generally, every {{nowrap|{{tmath|k}}-th}} number of the sequence is a multiple of {{tmath|F_k}}. Thus the Fibonacci sequence is an example of a [[divisibility sequence]]. In fact, the Fibonacci sequence satisfies the stronger divisibility property<ref>{{Citation | first = Paulo | last = Ribenboim | author-link = Paulo Ribenboim | title = My Numbers, My Friends | publisher = Springer-Verlag | date = 2000}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1= Su |first1= Francis E. |date= 2000 |title= Fibonacci GCD's, Please |website= Mudd Math Fun Facts |publisher= Harvey Mudd College Math Department |url= http://www.math.hmc.edu/funfacts/ffiles/20004.5.shtml |access-date = 2007-02-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091214092739/http://www.math.hmc.edu/funfacts/ffiles/20004.5.shtml |archive-date= 2009-12-14 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
<math display=block>\gcd(F_a,F_b,F_c,\ldots) = F_{\gcd(a,b,c,\ldots)}\,</math>
where {{math|gcd}} is the [[greatest common divisor]] function. (This relation is different if a different indexing convention is used, such as the one that starts the sequence with {{tmath|1=F_0 = 1}} and {{tmath|1=F_1 = 1}}.)

In particular, any three consecutive Fibonacci numbers are pairwise [[Coprime integers|coprime]] because both <math>F_1=1</math> and {{tmath|1= F_2 = 1}}. That is,
<math display=block>\gcd(F_n, F_{n+1}) = \gcd(F_n, F_{n+2}) = \gcd(F_{n+1}, F_{n+2}) = 1</math>
for every {{mvar|n}}.

Every [[prime number]] {{mvar|p}} divides a Fibonacci number that can be determined by the value of {{mvar|p}} [[modular arithmetic|modulo]] 5. If {{mvar|p}} is congruent to 1 or 4 modulo 5, then {{mvar|p}} divides {{math|''F''{{sub|''p''−1}}}}, and if {{mvar|p}} is congruent to 2 or 3 modulo 5, then, {{mvar|p}} divides {{math|''F''{{sub|''p''+1}}}}. The remaining case is that {{math|1=''p'' = 5}}, and in this case {{mvar|p}} divides {{mvar|F{{sub|p}}}}.

<math display=block>\begin{cases} p =5 & \Rightarrow p \mid F_{p}, \\ p \equiv \pm1 \pmod 5 & \Rightarrow p \mid F_{p-1}, \\ p \equiv \pm2 \pmod 5 & \Rightarrow p \mid F_{p+1}.\end{cases}</math>

These cases can be combined into a single, non-[[piecewise]] formula, using the [[Legendre symbol]]:<ref>{{citation
| last = Williams | first = H. C.
| date = 1982
| title = A note on the Fibonacci quotient <math>F_{p-\varepsilon}/p</math>
| journal = [[Canadian Mathematical Bulletin]]
| pages = 366–70
| volume = 25 | issue = 3
| mr = 668957
| doi = 10.4153/CMB-1982-053-0 | doi-access=free
| hdl = 10338.dmlcz/137492 | hdl-access = free
}}. Williams calls this property "well known".</ref>
<math display=block>p \mid F_{p \,-~\! \left(\frac{5}{p}\right)}.</math>

=== Primality testing ===
The above formula can be used as a [[primality test]] in the sense that if
<math display=block>n \mid F_{n \,-~\! \left(\frac{5}{n}\right)},</math>
where the Legendre symbol has been replaced by the [[Jacobi symbol]], then this is evidence that {{mvar|n}} is a prime, and if it fails to hold, then {{mvar|n}} is definitely not a prime. If {{mvar|n}} is [[composite number|composite]] and satisfies the formula, then {{mvar|n}} is a ''Fibonacci pseudoprime''. When {{mvar|m}} is large{{snd}}say a 500-[[bit]] number{{snd}}then we can calculate {{math|''F''{{sub|''m''}} (mod ''n'')}} efficiently using the matrix form. Thus

<math display=block> \begin{pmatrix} F_{m+1} & F_m \\ F_m & F_{m-1} \end{pmatrix} \equiv \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}^m \pmod n.</math>
Here the matrix power {{math|''A''{{sup|''m''}}}} is calculated using [[modular exponentiation]], which can be [[Modular exponentiation#Matrices|adapted to matrices]].<ref>''Prime Numbers'', Richard Crandall, Carl Pomerance, Springer, second edition, 2005, p. 142.</ref>

=== Fibonacci primes ===
{{Main|Fibonacci prime}}

A ''Fibonacci prime'' is a Fibonacci number that is [[prime number|prime]]. The first few are:<ref>{{Cite OEIS|1=A005478|2=Prime Fibonacci numbers|mode=cs2}}</ref>

: 2, 3, 5, 13, 89, 233, 1597, 28657, 514229, ...

Fibonacci primes with thousands of digits have been found, but it is not known whether there are infinitely many.<ref>{{citation
| last = Diaconis
| first = Persi
| author-link = Persi Diaconis
| editor1-last = Butler
| editor1-first = Steve
| editor1-link = Steve Butler (mathematician)
| editor2-last = Cooper
| editor2-first = Joshua
| editor3-last = Hurlbert
| editor3-first = Glenn
| contribution = Probabilizing Fibonacci numbers
| contribution-url = https://statweb.stanford.edu/~cgates/PERSI/papers/probabilizing-fibonacci.pdf
| isbn = 978-1-107-15398-1
| mr = 3821829
| pages = 1–12
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| title = Connections in Discrete Mathematics: A Celebration of the Work of Ron Graham
| year = 2018
| access-date = 2022-11-23
| archive-date = 2023-11-18
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231118192225/https://statweb.stanford.edu/~cgates/PERSI/papers/probabilizing-fibonacci.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{{math|''F''{{sub|''kn''}}}} is divisible by {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''}}}}, so, apart from {{math|1=''F''{{sub|4}} = 3}}, any Fibonacci prime must have a prime index. As there are [[Arbitrarily large|arbitrarily long]] runs of [[composite number]]s, there are therefore also arbitrarily long runs of composite Fibonacci numbers.

No Fibonacci number greater than {{math|1=''F''{{sub|6}} = 8}} is one greater or one less than a prime number.<ref>{{Citation | first = Ross | last = Honsberger | title = Mathematical Gems III | journal = AMS Dolciani Mathematical Expositions | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-88385-318-4 | page = 133 | issue = 9}}</ref>

The only nontrivial [[square number|square]] Fibonacci number is 144.<ref>{{citation | last = Cohn | first = J. H. E. | doi = 10.1112/jlms/s1-39.1.537 | journal = The Journal of the London Mathematical Society | mr = 163867 | pages = 537–540 | title = On square Fibonacci numbers | volume = 39 | year = 1964}}</ref> Attila Pethő proved in 2001 that there is only a finite number of [[perfect power]] Fibonacci numbers.<ref>{{Citation | first = Attila | last = Pethő | title = Diophantine properties of linear recursive sequences II | journal = Acta Mathematica Academiae Paedagogicae Nyíregyháziensis | volume = 17 | year = 2001 | pages = 81–96}}</ref> In 2006, Y. Bugeaud, M. Mignotte, and S. Siksek proved that 8 and 144 are the only such non-trivial perfect powers.<ref>{{Citation|first1=Y|last1=Bugeaud|first2=M|last2= Mignotte|first3=S|last3=Siksek|title = Classical and modular approaches to exponential Diophantine equations. I. Fibonacci and Lucas perfect powers | journal = Ann. Math.|volume = 2 | year = 2006 | pages = 969–1018 | issue = 163 | bibcode = 2004math......3046B | arxiv = math/0403046| doi = 10.4007/annals.2006.163.969|s2cid=10266596}}</ref>

The only [[triangular number|triangular]] Fibonacci numbers are 1, 3, 21, and 55, which was [[conjecture]]d by [[Verner Emil Hoggatt Jr.|Vern Hoggatt]] and proved by Luo Ming.<ref>{{Citation|first=Ming|last=Luo|title = On triangular Fibonacci numbers | journal = Fibonacci Quart. | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | year = 1989 | pages = 98–108 |doi=10.1080/00150517.1989.12429576 | url = https://www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/27-2/ming.pdf }}</ref>

No Fibonacci number can be a [[perfect number]].<ref name="Luca2000">{{citation | first=Florian | last=Luca | title=Perfect Fibonacci and Lucas numbers | journal=Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo | year=2000 | volume=49 | issue=2 | pages=313–18 | doi=10.1007/BF02904236 | mr=1765401 | s2cid=121789033 | issn=1973-4409 }}</ref> More generally, no Fibonacci number other than 1 can be [[multiply perfect number|multiply perfect]],<ref name="BGLLHT2011">{{citation | first1=Kevin A. | last1=Broughan | first2=Marcos J. | last2=González | first3=Ryan H. | last3=Lewis | first4=Florian | last4=Luca | first5=V. Janitzio | last5=Mejía Huguet | first6=Alain | last6=Togbé | title=There are no multiply-perfect Fibonacci numbers | journal=Integers | year=2011 | volume=11a | page=A7 | url=https://math.colgate.edu/~integers/vol11a.html | mr=2988067 }}</ref> and no ratio of two Fibonacci numbers can be perfect.<ref name="LucaMH2010">{{citation | first1=Florian | last1=Luca | first2= V. Janitzio | last2=Mejía Huguet | title=On Perfect numbers which are ratios of two Fibonacci numbers | journal=Annales Mathematicae at Informaticae | year=2010 | volume=37 | pages=107–24 | url=http://ami.ektf.hu/index.php?vol=37 | mr=2753031 | issn=1787-6117 }}</ref>

=== Prime divisors ===
With the exceptions of 1, 8 and 144 ({{math|1=''F''{{sub|1}} = ''F''{{sub|2}}}}, {{math|''F''{{sub|6}}}} and {{math|''F''{{sub|12}}}}) every Fibonacci number has a prime factor that is not a factor of any smaller Fibonacci number ([[Carmichael's theorem]]).<ref>{{Citation | first = Ron | last = Knott | url = http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibtable.html | title = The Fibonacci numbers | publisher = Surrey | place = UK}}</ref> As a result, 8 and 144 ({{math|''F''{{sub|6}}}} and {{math|''F''{{sub|12}}}}) are the only Fibonacci numbers that are the product of other Fibonacci numbers.<ref>{{Cite OEIS|1=A235383|2=Fibonacci numbers that are the product of other Fibonacci numbers|mode=cs2}}</ref>

The divisibility of Fibonacci numbers by a prime {{mvar|p}} is related to the [[Legendre symbol]] <math>\bigl(\tfrac{p}{5}\bigr)</math> which is evaluated as follows:
<math display=block>\left(\frac{p}{5}\right) = \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if } p = 5\\ 1 & \text{if } p \equiv \pm 1 \pmod 5\\ -1 & \text{if } p \equiv \pm 2 \pmod 5.\end{cases}</math>

If {{mvar|p}} is a prime number then
<math display=block> F_p \equiv \left(\frac{p}{5}\right) \pmod p \quad \text{and}\quad F_{p-\left(\frac{p}{5}\right)} \equiv 0 \pmod p.</math><ref>{{Citation | first = Paulo | last = Ribenboim | author-link = Paulo Ribenboim | year = 1996 | title = The New Book of Prime Number Records | place = New York | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-0-387-94457-9 | page = 64}}</ref>{{Sfn | Lemmermeyer | 2000 | loc = ex. 2.25–28 | pp = 73–74}}

For example,
<math display=block>\begin{align}
\bigl(\tfrac{2}{5}\bigr) &= -1, &F_3 &= 2, &F_2&=1, \\
\bigl(\tfrac{3}{5}\bigr) &= -1, &F_4 &= 3,&F_3&=2, \\
\bigl(\tfrac{5}{5}\bigr) &= 0, &F_5 &= 5, \\
\bigl(\tfrac{7}{5}\bigr) &= -1, &F_8 &= 21,&F_7&=13, \\
\bigl(\tfrac{11}{5}\bigr)& = +1, &F_{10}& = 55, &F_{11}&=89.
\end{align}</math>

It is not known whether there exists a prime {{mvar|p}} such that

<math display=block>F_{p\,-~\!\left(\frac{p}{5}\right)} \equiv 0 \pmod{p^2}.</math>

Such primes (if there are any) would be called [[Wall–Sun–Sun prime]]s.

Also, if {{math|''p'' ≠ 5}} is an odd prime number then:{{Sfn | Lemmermeyer | 2000 | loc = ex. 2.28 | pp = 73–74}}
<math display=block>5 {F_{\frac{p \pm 1}{2}}}^2 \equiv \begin{cases}
\tfrac{1}{2} \left (5\bigl(\tfrac{p}{5}\bigr)\pm 5 \right ) \pmod p & \text{if } p \equiv 1 \pmod 4\\
\tfrac{1}{2} \left (5\bigl(\tfrac{p}{5}\bigr)\mp 3 \right ) \pmod p & \text{if } p \equiv 3 \pmod 4.
\end{cases}</math>

'''Example 1.''' {{math|1=''p'' = 7}}, in this case {{math|1=''p'' ≡ 3 (mod 4)}} and we have:
<math display=block>\bigl(\tfrac{7}{5}\bigr) = -1: \qquad \tfrac{1}{2}\left(5 \bigl(\tfrac{7}{5}\bigr)+3 \right ) =-1, \quad \tfrac{1}{2} \left(5\bigl(\tfrac{7}{5}\bigr)-3 \right )=-4.</math>
<math display=block>F_3=2 \text{ and } F_4=3.</math>
<math display=block>5{F_3}^2=20\equiv -1 \pmod {7}\;\;\text{ and }\;\;5{F_4}^2=45\equiv -4 \pmod {7}</math>

'''Example 2.''' {{math|1=''p'' = 11}}, in this case {{math|1=''p'' ≡ 3 (mod 4)}} and we have:
<math display=block>\bigl(\tfrac{11}{5}\bigr) = +1: \qquad \tfrac{1}{2}\left( 5\bigl(\tfrac{11}{5}\bigr)+3 \right)=4, \quad \tfrac{1}{2} \left(5\bigl(\tfrac{11}{5}\bigr)- 3 \right)=1.</math>
<math display=block>F_5=5 \text{ and } F_6=8.</math>
<math display=block>5{F_5}^2=125\equiv 4 \pmod {11} \;\;\text{ and }\;\;5{F_6}^2=320\equiv 1 \pmod {11}</math>

'''Example 3.''' {{math|1=''p'' = 13}}, in this case {{math|1=''p'' ≡ 1 (mod 4)}} and we have:
<math display=block>\bigl(\tfrac{13}{5}\bigr) = -1: \qquad \tfrac{1}{2}\left(5\bigl(\tfrac{13}{5}\bigr)-5 \right) =-5, \quad \tfrac{1}{2}\left(5\bigl(\tfrac{13}{5}\bigr)+ 5 \right)=0.</math>
<math display=block>F_6=8 \text{ and } F_7=13.</math>
<math display=block>5{F_6}^2=320\equiv -5 \pmod {13} \;\;\text{ and }\;\;5{F_7}^2=845\equiv 0 \pmod {13}</math>

'''Example 4.''' {{math|1=''p'' = 29}}, in this case {{math|1=''p'' ≡ 1 (mod 4)}} and we have:
<math display=block>\bigl(\tfrac{29}{5}\bigr) = +1: \qquad \tfrac{1}{2}\left(5\bigl(\tfrac{29}{5}\bigr)-5 \right)=0, \quad \tfrac{1}{2}\left(5\bigl(\tfrac{29}{5}\bigr)+5 \right)=5.</math>
<math display=block>F_{14}=377 \text{ and } F_{15}=610.</math>
<math display=block>5{F_{14}}^2=710645\equiv 0 \pmod {29} \;\;\text{ and }\;\;5{F_{15}}^2=1860500\equiv 5 \pmod {29}</math>

For odd {{mvar|n}}, all odd prime divisors of {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''}}}} are congruent to 1 modulo 4, implying that all odd divisors of {{math|1=''F''{{sub|''n''}}}} (as the products of odd prime divisors) are congruent to 1 modulo 4.{{Sfn | Lemmermeyer | 2000 | loc = ex. 2.27 | p = 73}}

For example,
<math display=block>F_1 = 1,\ F_3 = 2,\ F_5 = 5,\ F_7 = 13,\ F_9 = {\color{Red}34} = 2 \cdot 17,\ F_{11} = 89,\ F_{13} = 233,\ F_{15} = {\color{Red}610} = 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 61.</math>

All known factors of Fibonacci numbers {{math|''F''(''i'')}} for all {{math|''i'' < 50000}} are collected at the relevant repositories.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://mersennus.net/fibonacci/ | title = Fibonacci and Lucas factorizations | publisher = Mersennus}} collects all known factors of {{math|''F''(''i'')}} with {{math|''i'' < 10000}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url =http://fibonacci.redgolpe.com/ | title = Factors of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers | publisher = Red golpe}} collects all known factors of {{math|''F''(''i'')}} with {{math|10000 < ''i'' < 50000}}</ref>

=== Periodicity modulo ''n'' ===
{{Main|Pisano period}}

If the members of the Fibonacci sequence are taken mod {{mvar|n}}, the resulting sequence is [[periodic sequence|periodic]] with period at most {{math|6''n''}}.<ref>{{Citation | title = Problems and Solutions: Solutions: E3410 | last1 = Freyd | first1 = Peter | last2 = Brown | first2 = Kevin S. | journal = The American Mathematical Monthly | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 278–79 |date= 1993 | doi=10.2307/2325076| jstor = 2325076 }}</ref> The lengths of the periods for various {{mvar|n}} form the so-called [[Pisano period]]s.<ref>{{Cite OEIS|1=A001175|2=Pisano periods (or Pisano numbers): period of Fibonacci numbers mod n|mode=cs2}}</ref> Determining a general formula for the Pisano periods is an [[open problem]], which includes as a subproblem a special instance of the problem of finding the [[multiplicative order]] of a [[modular arithmetic|modular integer]] or of an element in a [[finite field]]. However, for any particular {{mvar|n}}, the Pisano period may be found as an instance of [[cycle detection]].

== Generalizations ==
{{Main|Generalizations of Fibonacci numbers}}

The Fibonacci sequence is one of the simplest and earliest known sequences defined by a [[recurrence relation]], and specifically by a linear [[difference equation]]. All these sequences may be viewed as generalizations of the Fibonacci sequence. In particular, Binet's formula may be generalized to any sequence that is a solution of a [[linear recurrence with constant coefficients|homogeneous linear difference equation with constant coefficients]].

Some specific examples that are close, in some sense, to the Fibonacci sequence include:
* Generalizing the index to negative integers to produce the [[negafibonacci]] numbers.
* Generalizing the index to [[real number]]s using a modification of Binet's formula.<ref name="MathWorld" />
* Starting with other integers. [[Lucas number]]s have {{math|1=''L''{{sub|1}} = 1}}, {{math|1=''L''{{sub|2}} = 3}}, and {{math|1=''L{{sub|n}}'' = ''L''{{sub|''n''−1}} + ''L''{{sub|''n''−2}}}}. [[Primefree sequence]]s use the Fibonacci recursion with other starting points to generate sequences in which all numbers are composite.
* Letting a number be a linear function (other than the sum) of the 2 preceding numbers. The [[Pell number]]s have {{math|1=''P{{sub|n}}'' = 2''P''{{sub|''n''−1}} + ''P''{{sub|''n''−2}}}}. If the coefficient of the preceding value is assigned a variable value {{mvar|x}}, the result is the sequence of [[Fibonacci polynomials]].
* Not adding the immediately preceding numbers. The [[Padovan sequence]] and [[Perrin number]]s have {{math|1=''P''(''n'') = ''P''(''n'' − 2) + ''P''(''n'' − 3)}}.
* Generating the next number by adding 3 numbers (tribonacci numbers), 4 numbers (tetranacci numbers), or more. The resulting sequences are known as ''k-Step Fibonacci numbers''.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Lü | first1 = Kebo
| last2 = Wang | first2 = Jun
| journal = Utilitas Mathematica
| mr = 2278830
| pages = 169–177
| title = {{mvar|k}}-step Fibonacci sequence modulo {{mvar|m}}
| url = https://utilitasmathematica.com/index.php/Index/article/view/410
| volume = 71
| year = 2006}}</ref> They are also commonly referred to as ''k-bonacci numbers''.<ref>{{citation
| title = Generalized Fibonacci polynomials
| last1 = Hoggatt Jr | first1 = VE
| last2 = Bicknell | first2 = Marjorie
| journal = The Fibonacci Quarterly
| volume = 11
| number = 5
| year = 1973
| publisher = [[Taylor & Francis]]
}}</ref>

== Applications ==

=== Mathematics ===

[[File:Pascal triangle fibonacci.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Fibonacci numbers are the sums of the diagonals (shown in red) of a left-justified [[Pascal's triangle]].]]
The Fibonacci numbers occur as the sums of [[binomial coefficient]]s in the "shallow" diagonals of [[Pascal's triangle]]:{{Sfn | Lucas | 1891 | p = 7}}
<math display=block>F_n = \sum_{k=0}^{\left\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\right\rfloor} \binom{n-k-1}{k}.</math>
This can be proved by expanding the generating function
<math display=block>\frac{x}{1-x-x^2} = x + x^2(1+x) + x^3(1+x)^2 + \dots + x^{k+1}(1+x)^k + \dots = \sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty F_n x^n</math>
and collecting like terms of <math>x^n</math>.

To see how the formula is used, we can arrange the sums by the number of terms present:
:{|
| {{math|5}}
| {{math|1== 1+1+1+1+1}}
|-
|
| {{math|1== 2+1+1+1}}
| {{math|1== 1+2+1+1}}
| {{math|1== 1+1+2+1}}
| {{math|1== 1+1+1+2}}
|-
|
| {{math|1== 2+2+1}}
| {{math|1== 2+1+2}}
| {{math|1== 1+2+2}}
|}

which is <math>\textstyle \binom{5}{0}+\binom{4}{1}+\binom{3}{2}</math>, where we are choosing the positions of {{mvar|k}} twos from {{math|''n''−''k''−1}} terms.

[[File:Fibonacci climbing stairs.svg|thumb|right|Use of the Fibonacci sequence to count {{nowrap|{1, 2}-restricted}} compositions]]
These numbers also give the solution to certain enumerative problems,<ref>{{citation|last=Stanley|first=Richard|title=Enumerative Combinatorics I (2nd ed.)|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-1-107-60262-5|page=121, Ex 1.35}}</ref> the most common of which is that of counting the number of ways of writing a given number {{mvar|n}} as an ordered sum of 1s and 2s (called [[composition (combinatorics)#Number of compositions|compositions]]); there are {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''+1}}}} ways to do this (equivalently, it's also the number of [[domino tiling]]s of the <math>2\times n</math> rectangle). For example, there are {{math|1=''F''{{sub|5+1}} = ''F''{{sub|6}} = 8}} ways one can climb a staircase of 5 steps, taking one or two steps at a time:
:{|
| {{math|5}}
| {{math|1== 1+1+1+1+1}}
| {{math|1== 2+1+1+1}}
| {{math|1== 1+2+1+1}}
| {{math|1== 1+1+2+1}}
| {{math|1== 2+2+1}}
|-
|
| {{math|1== 1+1+1+2}}
| {{math|1== 2+1+2}}
| {{math|1== 1+2+2}}
|}
The figure shows that 8 can be decomposed into 5 (the number of ways to climb 4 steps, followed by a single-step) plus 3 (the number of ways to climb 3 steps, followed by a double-step). The same reasoning is applied [[recursion|recursively]] until a single step, of which there is only one way to climb.

The Fibonacci numbers can be found in different ways among the set of [[binary numeral system|binary]] [[String (computer science)|strings]], or equivalently, among the [[subset]]s of a given set.
* The number of binary strings of length {{mvar|n}} without consecutive {{mono|1}}s is the Fibonacci number {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''+2}}}}. For example, out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there are {{math|1=''F''{{sub|6}} = 8}} without consecutive {{math|1}}s—they are {{mono|0000}}, {{mono|0001}}, {{mono|0010}}, {{mono|0100}}, {{mono|0101}}, {{mono|1000}}, {{mono|1001}}, and {{mono|1010}}. Such strings are the binary representations of [[Fibbinary number]]s. Equivalently, {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''+2}}}} is the number of subsets {{mvar|S}} of {{math|{{mset|1, ..., ''n''}}}} without consecutive integers, that is, those {{mvar|S}} for which {{math|{{mset|''i'', ''i'' + 1}} ⊈ ''S''}} for every {{mvar|i}}. A [[bijection]] with the sums to {{math|''n''+1}} is to replace 1 with {{mono|0}} and 2 with {{mono|10}}, and drop the last zero.
* The number of binary strings of length {{mvar|n}} without an odd number of consecutive {{mono|1}}s is the Fibonacci number {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''+1}}}}. For example, out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there are {{math|1=''F''{{sub|5}} = 5}} without an odd number of consecutive {{mono|1}}s—they are {{mono|0000}}, {{mono|0011}}, {{mono|0110}}, {{mono|1100}}, {{mono|1111}}. Equivalently, the number of subsets {{mvar|S}} of {{math|{{mset|1, ..., ''n''}}}} without an odd number of consecutive integers is {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''+1}}}}. A bijection with the sums to {{mvar|n}} is to replace 1 with {{mono|0}} and 2 with {{mono|11}}.
* The number of binary strings of length {{mvar|n}} without an even number of consecutive {{mono|0}}s or {{mono|1}}s is {{math|2''F''{{sub|''n''}}}}. For example, out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there are {{math|1=2''F''{{sub|4}} = 6}} without an even number of consecutive {{mono|0}}s or {{mono|1}}s—they are {{mono|0001}}, {{mono|0111}}, {{mono|0101}}, {{mono|1000}}, {{mono|1010}}, {{mono|1110}}. There is an equivalent statement about subsets.
* [[Yuri Matiyasevich]] was able to show that the Fibonacci numbers can be defined by a [[Diophantine equation]], which led to [[Matiyasevich's theorem|his solving]] [[Hilbert's tenth problem]].<ref>{{citation|title=Review of Yuri V. Matiyasevich, ''Hibert's Tenth Problem''|journal=Modern Logic|first=Valentina|last=Harizanov|author-link=Valentina Harizanov|volume=5|issue=3|year=1995|pages=345–55|url=https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.rml/1204900767}}</ref>
* The Fibonacci numbers are also an example of a [[complete sequence]]. This means that every positive integer can be written as a sum of Fibonacci numbers, where any one number is used once at most.
* Moreover, every positive integer can be written in a unique way as the sum of ''one or more'' distinct Fibonacci numbers in such a way that the sum does not include any two consecutive Fibonacci numbers. This is known as [[Zeckendorf's theorem]], and a sum of Fibonacci numbers that satisfies these conditions is called a Zeckendorf representation. The Zeckendorf representation of a number can be used to derive its [[Fibonacci coding]].
* Starting with 5, every second Fibonacci number is the length of the [[hypotenuse]] of a [[right triangle]] with integer sides, or in other words, the largest number in a [[Pythagorean triple]], obtained from the formula <math display=block>(F_n F_{n+3})^2 + (2 F_{n+1}F_{n+2})^2 = {F_{2 n+3}}^2.</math> The sequence of Pythagorean triangles obtained from this formula has sides of lengths (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (16,30,34), (39,80,89), ... . The middle side of each of these triangles is the sum of the three sides of the preceding triangle.<ref>{{citation
| last = Pagni | first = David
| date = September 2001
| issue = 4
| journal = Mathematics in School
| jstor = 30215477
| pages = 39–40
| title = Fibonacci Meets Pythagoras
| volume = 30}}</ref>
* The [[Fibonacci cube]] is an [[undirected graph]] with a Fibonacci number of nodes that has been proposed as a [[network topology]] for [[parallel computing]].
* Fibonacci numbers appear in the [[ring lemma]], used to prove connections between the [[circle packing theorem]] and [[conformal map]]s.<ref>{{citation|last=Stephenson|first=Kenneth|isbn=978-0-521-82356-2|mr=2131318|publisher=Cambridge University Press|title=Introduction to Circle Packing: The Theory of Discrete Analytic Functions|title-link=Introduction to Circle Packing|year=2005}}; see especially Lemma 8.2 (Ring Lemma), [https://books.google.com/books?id=38PxEmKKhysC&pg=PA73 pp. 73–74], and Appendix B, The Ring Lemma, pp. 318–321.</ref>

=== Computer science ===
[[File:Fibonacci Tree 6.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Fibonacci tree of height 6. [[AVL tree#Balance factor|Balance factor]]s green; heights red. The keys in the left spine are Fibonacci numbers.]]

* The Fibonacci numbers are important in [[Analysis of algorithms|computational run-time analysis]] of [[Euclidean algorithm|Euclid's algorithm]] to determine the [[greatest common divisor]] of two integers: the worst case input for this algorithm is a pair of consecutive Fibonacci numbers.<ref>{{Citation| first= Donald E |last= Knuth| author-link= Donald Knuth | year =1997|title=The Art of Computer Programming | volume = 1: Fundamental Algorithms|edition= 3rd | publisher = Addison–Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-89683-1 | page = 343}}</ref>
* Fibonacci numbers are used in a polyphase version of the [[merge sort]] algorithm in which an unsorted list is divided into two lists whose lengths correspond to sequential Fibonacci numbers—by dividing the list so that the two parts have lengths in the approximate proportion {{mvar|φ}}. A tape-drive implementation of the [[polyphase merge sort]] was described in ''[[The Art of Computer Programming]]''.
* {{anchor|Fibonacci Tree}}A Fibonacci tree is a [[binary tree]] whose child trees (recursively) differ in [[Tree height|height]] by exactly 1. So it is an [[AVL tree]], and one with the fewest nodes for a given height—the "thinnest" AVL tree. These trees have a number of vertices that is a Fibonacci number minus one, an important fact in the analysis of AVL trees.<ref>{{citation|last1=Adelson-Velsky|first1=Georgy|last2=Landis|first2=Evgenii|year=1962|title=An algorithm for the organization of information|journal=[[Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]|volume=146|pages=263–266|language=ru}} [https://zhjwpku.com/assets/pdf/AED2-10-avl-paper.pdf English translation] by Myron J. Ricci in ''Soviet Mathematics - Doklady'', 3:1259–1263, 1962.</ref>
* Fibonacci numbers are used by some [[pseudorandom number generator]]s.
* Fibonacci numbers arise in the analysis of the [[Fibonacci heap]] data structure.
* A one-dimensional optimization method, called the [[Fibonacci search technique]], uses Fibonacci numbers.<ref>{{Citation| first1 = M | last1 = Avriel | first2 = DJ | last2 = Wilde | title= Optimality of the Symmetric Fibonacci Search Technique |journal=Fibonacci Quarterly|year=1966 |issue=3 |pages= 265–69| doi = 10.1080/00150517.1966.12431364 }}</ref>
* The Fibonacci number series is used for optional [[lossy compression]] in the [[Interchange File Format|IFF]] [[8SVX]] audio file format used on [[Amiga]] computers. The number series [[companding|compands]] the original audio wave similar to logarithmic methods such as [[μ-law]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual | publisher = Addison–Wesley | year = 1991}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=IFF#Fibonacci_Delta_Compression | contribution = IFF | title = Multimedia Wiki}}</ref>
* Some Agile teams use a modified series called the "Modified Fibonacci Series" in [[planning poker]], as an estimation tool. Planning Poker is a formal part of the [[Scaled agile framework|Scaled Agile Framework]].<ref>{{citation|author=Dean Leffingwell |url=https://www.scaledagileframework.com/story/ |title=Story |publisher=Scaled Agile Framework |date=2021-07-01 |access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref>
* [[Fibonacci coding]]
* [[Negafibonacci coding]]

=== Nature ===
{{Further|Patterns in nature}}
{{see also|Golden ratio#Nature}}
[[File:FibonacciChamomile.PNG|thumb|[[Yellow chamomile]] head showing the arrangement in 21 (blue) and 13 (cyan) spirals. Such arrangements involving consecutive Fibonacci numbers appear in a wide variety of plants.]]

Fibonacci sequences appear in biological settings,<ref>{{Citation |first1=S |last1=Douady |first2=Y |last2=Couder |title=Phyllotaxis as a Dynamical Self Organizing Process |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |year=1996 |issue=3 |pages=255–74 |url=http://www.math.ntnu.no/~jarlet/Douady96.pdf |doi=10.1006/jtbi.1996.0026 |volume=178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526054108/http://www.math.ntnu.no/~jarlet/Douady96.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-26 }}</ref> such as branching in trees, [[Phyllotaxis|arrangement of leaves on a stem]], the fruitlets of a [[pineapple]],<ref>{{Citation | first1=Judy |last1=Jones | first2=William | last2=Wilson |title=An Incomplete Education |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7394-7582-9 |page=544 |chapter=Science}}</ref> the flowering of [[artichoke]], the leaves of the spiral aloe<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wonder of Fibonacci in our Gardens {{!}} UC Master Gardeners of San Mateo & San Francisco Counties |url=https://ucanr.edu/blog/uc-master-gardeners-san-mateo-san-francisco-counties/article/wonder-fibonacci-our-gardens |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=ucanr.edu |language=en}}</ref> (Aloe polyphylla), the arrangement of a [[pine cone]],<ref>{{Citation| first=A | last=Brousseau |title=Fibonacci Statistics in Conifers | journal=[[Fibonacci Quarterly]] |year=1969 | volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=525–32 | doi=10.1080/00150517.1969.12431136 }}</ref> and the family tree of [[honeybee]]s.<ref>{{citation|url = https://www.cs4fn.org/maths/bee-davinci.php |work = Maths | publisher = Computer Science For Fun: CS4FN |title = Marks for the da Vinci Code: B–}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first1=T.C.|last1=Scott|first2=P.|last2=Marketos| url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Publications/fibonacci.pdf | title = On the Origin of the Fibonacci Sequence | publisher = [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]], University of St Andrews| date = March 2014}}</ref> [[Kepler]] pointed out the presence of the Fibonacci sequence in nature, using it to explain the ([[golden ratio]]-related) [[pentagon]]al form of some flowers.{{sfn|Livio|2003|p=110}} Field [[Leucanthemum vulgare|daisies]] most often have petals in counts of Fibonacci numbers.{{sfn|Livio|2003|pp=112–13}} In 1830, [[Karl Friedrich Schimper]] and [[Alexander Braun]] discovered that the [[Parastichy|parastichies]] (spiral [[phyllotaxis]]) of plants were frequently expressed as fractions involving Fibonacci numbers.<ref>{{Citation |first =Franck |last = Varenne |title = Formaliser le vivant - Lois, Théories, Modèles | access-date = 2022-10-30| url = https://www.numilog.com/LIVRES/ISBN/9782705670894.Livre | page = 28 | date = 2010| isbn = 9782705678128|publisher = Hermann|quote = En 1830, K. F. Schimper et A. Braun [...]. Ils montraient que si l'on représente cet angle de divergence par une fraction reflétant le nombre de tours par feuille ([...]), on tombe régulièrement sur un des nombres de la suite de Fibonacci pour le numérateur [...].|language = fr}}</ref>

[[Przemysław Prusinkiewicz]] advanced the idea that real instances can in part be understood as the expression of certain algebraic constraints on [[free group]]s, specifically as certain [[L-system|Lindenmayer grammars]].<ref>{{Citation|first1 = Przemyslaw |last1 = Prusinkiewicz | first2 = James | last2 = Hanan| title = Lindenmayer Systems, Fractals, and Plants (Lecture Notes in Biomathematics) |publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-387-97092-9}}</ref>

[[File:SunflowerModel.svg|thumb|Illustration of Vogel's model for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 1 ... 500}}]]
A model for the pattern of [[floret]]s in the head of a [[sunflower]] was proposed by {{ill|Helmut Vogel|de|Helmut Vogel (Physiker)}} in 1979.<ref>{{Citation | last =Vogel | first =Helmut | title =A better way to construct the sunflower head | journal = Mathematical Biosciences | issue =3–4 | pages = 179–89 | year = 1979 | doi = 10.1016/0025-5564(79)90080-4 | volume = 44}}</ref> This has the form

<math display=block>\theta = \frac{2\pi}{\varphi^2} n,\ r = c \sqrt{n}</math>

where {{mvar|n}} is the index number of the floret and {{mvar|c}} is a constant scaling factor; the florets thus lie on [[Fermat's spiral]]. The divergence [[angle]], approximately 137.51°, is the [[golden angle]], dividing the circle in the golden ratio. Because this ratio is irrational, no floret has a neighbor at exactly the same angle from the center, so the florets pack efficiently. Because the rational approximations to the golden ratio are of the form {{math|''F''( ''j''):''F''( ''j'' + 1)}}, the nearest neighbors of floret number {{mvar|n}} are those at {{math|''n'' ± ''F''( ''j'')}} for some index {{mvar|j}}, which depends on {{mvar|r}}, the distance from the center. Sunflowers and similar flowers most commonly have spirals of florets in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions in the amount of adjacent Fibonacci numbers,{{sfn|Livio|2003|p=112}} typically counted by the outermost range of radii.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Prusinkiewicz | first1 = Przemyslaw | author1-link = Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz | author2-link = Aristid Lindenmayer | last2 = Lindenmayer | first2 = Aristid | title = The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants | publisher = Springer-Verlag | year = 1990 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/algorithmicbeaut0000prus/page/101 101–107] | chapter = 4 | chapter-url = https://algorithmicbotany.org/papers/#webdocs | isbn = 978-0-387-97297-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/algorithmicbeaut0000prus/page/101 }}</ref>

Fibonacci numbers also appear in the ancestral pedigrees of [[bee]]s (which are [[haplodiploid]]s), according to the following rules:
* If an egg is laid but not fertilized, it produces a male (or [[Drone (bee)|drone bee]] in honeybees).
* If, however, an egg is fertilized, it produces a female.

Thus, a male bee always has one parent, and a female bee has two. If one traces the pedigree of any male bee (1 bee), he has 1 parent (1 bee), 2 grandparents, 3 great-grandparents, 5 great-great-grandparents, and so on. This sequence of numbers of parents is the Fibonacci sequence. The number of ancestors at each level, {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''}}}}, is the number of female ancestors, which is {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''−1}}}}, plus the number of male ancestors, which is {{math|''F''{{sub|''n''−2}}}}.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/1-1/basin.pdf | title = The Fibonacci sequence as it appears in nature | journal = The Fibonacci Quarterly | volume = 1 | number = 1 | pages = 53–56 | year = 1963| doi = 10.1080/00150517.1963.12431602 | last1 = Basin | first1 = S. L. }}</ref><ref>Yanega, D. 1996. Sex ratio and sex allocation in sweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). J. Kans. Ent. Soc. 69 Suppl.: 98-115.</ref> This is under the unrealistic assumption that the ancestors at each level are otherwise unrelated.

[[File:X chromosome ancestral line Fibonacci sequence.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The number of possible ancestors on the X chromosome inheritance line at a given ancestral generation follows the Fibonacci sequence. (After Hutchison, L. "Growing the Family Tree: The Power of DNA in Reconstructing Family Relationships".<ref name="xcs"/>)]]

It has similarly been noticed that the number of possible ancestors on the human [[X chromosome]] inheritance line at a given ancestral generation also follows the Fibonacci sequence.<ref name="xcs">{{citation|last=Hutchison|first=Luke|date=September 2004|title=Growing the Family Tree: The Power of DNA in Reconstructing Family Relationships|url=http://fhtw.byu.edu/static/conf/2005/hutchison-growing-fhtw2005.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the First Symposium on Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (BIOT-04)|access-date=2016-09-03|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925132536/https://fhtw.byu.edu/static/conf/2005/hutchison-growing-fhtw2005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A male individual has an X chromosome, which he received from his mother, and a [[Y chromosome]], which he received from his father. The male counts as the "origin" of his own X chromosome (<math>F_1=1</math>), and at his parents' generation, his X chromosome came from a single parent {{nowrap|(<math>F_2=1</math>)}}. The male's mother received one X chromosome from her mother (the son's maternal grandmother), and one from her father (the son's maternal grandfather), so two grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome {{nowrap|(<math>F_3=2</math>)}}. The maternal grandfather received his X chromosome from his mother, and the maternal grandmother received X chromosomes from both of her parents, so three great-grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome {{nowrap|(<math>F_4=3</math>)}}. Five great-great-grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome {{nowrap|(<math>F_5=5</math>)}}, etc. (This assumes that all ancestors of a given descendant are independent, but if any genealogy is traced far enough back in time, ancestors begin to appear on multiple lines of the genealogy, until eventually a [[Founder effect|population founder]] appears on all lines of the genealogy.)

===Other===
* In [[optics]], when a beam of light shines at an angle through two stacked transparent plates of different materials of different [[refractive index]]es, it may reflect off three surfaces: the top, middle, and bottom surfaces of the two plates. The number of different beam paths that have {{mvar|k}} reflections, for {{math|''k'' > 1}}, is the {{mvar|k}}-th Fibonacci number. (However, when {{math|1=''k'' = 1}}, there are three reflection paths, not two, one for each of the three surfaces.){{sfn|Livio|2003|pp=98–99}}
* [[Fibonacci retracement]] levels are widely used in [[technical analysis]] for financial market trading.
* Since the [[conversion of units|conversion]] factor 1.609344 for miles to kilometers is close to the golden ratio, the decomposition of distance in miles into a sum of Fibonacci numbers becomes nearly the kilometer sum when the Fibonacci numbers are replaced by their successors. This method amounts to a [[radix]] 2 number [[processor register|register]] in [[golden ratio base]] {{mvar|φ}} being shifted. To convert from kilometers to miles, shift the register down the Fibonacci sequence instead.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Zeckendorf_representation | contribution = Zeckendorf representation | title = Encyclopedia of Math}}</ref>
* The measured values of voltages and currents in the infinite resistor chain circuit (also called the [[resistor ladder]] or infinite series-parallel circuit) follow the Fibonacci sequence. The intermediate results of adding the alternating series and parallel resistances yields fractions composed of consecutive Fibonacci numbers. The equivalent resistance of the entire circuit equals the golden ratio.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Patranabis | first1 = D.
| last2 = Dana | first2 = S. K.
| date = December 1985
| doi = 10.1109/tim.1985.4315428
| issue = 4
| journal = [[IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement]]
| pages = 650–653
| title = Single-shunt fault diagnosis through terminal attenuation measurement and using Fibonacci numbers
| volume = IM-34| bibcode = 1985ITIM...34..650P
| s2cid = 35413237
}}</ref>
* Brasch et al. 2012 show how a generalized Fibonacci sequence also can be connected to the field of [[economics]].<ref name="Brasch et al. 2012">{{Citation| first1 =T. von | last1 = Brasch | first2 = J. | last2 = Byström | first3 = L.P. | last3 = Lystad| title= Optimal Control and the Fibonacci Sequence |journal = Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications |year=2012 |issue=3 |pages= 857–78 |doi = 10.1007/s10957-012-0061-2
|volume=154 | hdl = 11250/180781 | s2cid = 8550726 | url = https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-24073 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> In particular, it is shown how a generalized Fibonacci sequence enters the control function of finite-horizon dynamic optimisation problems with one state and one control variable. The procedure is illustrated in an example often referred to as the Brock–Mirman economic growth model.
* [[Mario Merz]] included the Fibonacci sequence in some of his artworks beginning in 1970.{{sfn|Livio|2003|p=176}}
* [[Joseph Schillinger]] (1895–1943) developed [[Schillinger System|a system of composition]] which uses Fibonacci intervals in some of its melodies; he viewed these as the musical counterpart to the elaborate harmony evident within nature.{{sfn|Livio|2003|p=193}} See also {{slink|Golden ratio|Music}}.
* In [[software development]], Fibonacci numbers are often used by [[Agile management|agile]] teams operating under the [[Scrum (software development)|Scrum]] framework to size their [[product backlog]] items.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kathuria |first1=Madhur |title=A Guide to Using the Fibonacci Sequence in Scrum |url=https://resources.scrumalliance.org/Article/guide-using-fibonacci-sequence-scrum |website=Scrum Alliance |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|The Fibonacci Association}}
* {{annotated link|Fibonacci numbers in popular culture}}
* {{annotated link|Fibonacci word}}
* {{annotated link|Random Fibonacci sequence}}
* {{annotated link|Wythoff array}}
* {{annotated link|International Conference on Fibonacci Numbers and their Applications}}

== References ==
=== Explanatory footnotes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Citation | title= Strange Curves, Counting Rabbits, and Other Mathematical Explorations | first= Keith M | last = Ball |publisher= [[Princeton University Press]]| place= Princeton, NJ | year= 2003 | chapter= 8: Fibonacci's Rabbits Revisited |isbn= 978-0-691-11321-0}}.
* {{Citation |title= The Art of Proof: Basic Training for Deeper Mathematics |first1= Matthias |last1= Beck |first2 = Ross |last2=Geoghegan |publisher=Springer |place=New York |year= 2010 |isbn=978-1-4419-7022-0}}.
* {{Citation |title=A Walk Through Combinatorics |edition= 3rd |first= Miklós |last= Bóna |author-link=Miklós Bóna |publisher= World Scientific | place=New Jersey |year= 2011 |isbn= 978-981-4335-23-2}}.
* {{anchor|Borwein}}{{Citation
| last1 =Borwein
| first1 =Jonathan M.
| author-link =Jonathan Borwein
| author-link2=Peter Borwein|first2=Peter B.|last2= Borwein
| title =Pi and the AGM: A Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity
| pages =91–101
| publisher =Wiley
| date=July 1998
| url =http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-047131515X.html
| isbn = 978-0-471-31515-5 }}
* {{Citation | first = Franz | last = Lemmermeyer | year = 2000 | title = Reciprocity Laws: From Euler to Eisenstein | series = Springer Monographs in Mathematics | place = New York | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-3-540-66957-9}}.
* {{citation | last = Livio | first = Mario | author-link = Mario Livio | title = The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bUARfgWRH14C | orig-year = 2002 | edition = First trade paperback | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Random House|Broadway Books]] | location = New York City | isbn = 0-7679-0816-3 }}
* {{Citation |title=Théorie des nombres |first= Édouard |last= Lucas |publisher= Gauthier-Villars|year= 1891 | volume = 1 | language = fr | place = Paris | url = https://archive.org/details/thoriedesnombr01lucauoft}}.
* {{Citation | first = L. E. | last = Sigler | title = Fibonacci's Liber Abaci: A Translation into Modern English of Leonardo Pisano's Book of Calculation |series=Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences | publisher=Springer | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-387-95419-6}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikibooks|Fibonacci number program}}

* {{YouTube|id=hbUQlrLDAgw|title=Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio: Mathematics in the Modern World - Mathuklasan with Sir Ram}} - animation of sequence, spiral, golden ratio, rabbit pair growth. Examples in art, music, architecture, nature, and astronomy
* [https://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath078/kmath078.htm Periods of Fibonacci Sequences Mod m] at MathPages
* [http://www.physorg.com/news97227410.html Scientists find clues to the formation of Fibonacci spirals in nature]
* {{In Our Time|Fibonacci Sequence|b008ct2j|Fibonacci_Sequence}}
* {{springer|title=Fibonacci numbers|id=p/f040020}}

{{Classes of natural numbers}}
{{Metallic ratios}}
{{Series (mathematics)}}
{{Fibonacci}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Interwiki extra|qid=Q47577}}

[[Category:Fibonacci numbers| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing proofs]]
[[Category:Integer sequences]]

Sai Chand (folk singer)

2026-05-07T11:17:07Z

WaldoOakes4: created basic page basic info...

{{Short description|Indian singer and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = Saichand.jpg
| caption =
| office = Telangana State Warehousing Corporation Chairman
| term_start = 24 December 2021
| term_end = 29 June 2023
| predecessor = [[Mandula Samuel]]
| successor = Veeda Rajini
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1984|9|20}}
| birth_place = [[Amarchinta]], [[Wanaparthy district]],Telangana
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|6|29|1984|9|20}}
| death_place = Karkonda Village, Bijinapalle Mandal, [[Nagarkurnool district]]
| spouse = Veeda Rajini
| children = 2
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| signature =
}}

'''Veeda Sai Chand''' (20 September 1984 – 29 June 2023) was a folk singer from [[Telangana state]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Avadhani |first=R. |date=2023-06-29 |title=Folk singer, Warehousing Corporation chairman Saichand passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/folk-singer-warehousing-corporation-chairman-saichand-passes-away/article67022141.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=కళాకారుడికి అశ్రునివాళి: ముగిసిన సాయిచంద్‌ అంత్యక్రియలు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana-news/tribute-telangana-folk-singer-sai-chand-last-rites-updates-1676398 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> He was the chairman of the Telangana State Warehousing Corporation and was a member of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Bharath Rashtra Samithi]].

==Early life==
Sai Chand was born in [[Amarchinta]]<ref name=":0" /> village, [[Wanaparthy|Wanaparty]] district and a resident of Karukonda village of [[Nagarkurnool district]] at the time of his death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Telangana folk singer Sai Chand passes away |url=https://www.ap7am.com/vn/375699/telangana-folk-singer-sai-chand-passes-away |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=ap7am.com |language=en}}</ref> He pursued his postgraduation, but gained fame as an artist and singer from his student days. Sai Chand played an active role with his stirring folk songs<ref>{{Citation |title=కన్నీళ్ళు పెట్టించే సాయి చంద్ పాట..Folk Singer Sai Chand Full Energetic Song {{!}} TeluguOne | date=2 July 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ECaC4TYfx4 |access-date=2023-10-16 |language=en}}</ref> during the struggle for a separate Telangana state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Telangana folk singer Veda Saichand dies at 39 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/popular-folk-singer-and-bharat-rashtra-samithi-leader-veda-saichand-dies-of-heart-attack-in-hyderabad-101688066793117.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Through his song and dance performances, he was credited with forging in the Telangana movement spirit among the masses, especially during the second phase of the Telangana agitation for a separate Statehood.<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
Sai Chand died of heart attack on 29 June 2023.<ref name="Noted folk singer of Telangana V Saichander dies of cardiac arrest at 39">{{cite news |title=Noted folk singer of Telangana V Saichander dies of cardiac arrest at 39 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/noted-folk-singer-of-telangana-v-saichander-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-8692475/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118162539/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/noted-folk-singer-of-telangana-v-saichander-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-8692475/ |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous Telangana folk singer Saichand passed away... |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994603591/Famous-Telangana-folk-singer-Saichand-passed-away |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-06-29 |title=Telangana folk singer Sai Chand passes away at 39 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/telangana-folk-singer-sai-chand-passes-away-39-179098 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> He left behind his wife Veeda Rajini,<ref name="Saichand’s wife head of warehousing corporation">{{cite news |title=Saichand’s wife head of warehousing corporation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/saichands-wife-head-of-warehousing-corporation/articleshow/101586441.cms |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118162107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/saichands-wife-head-of-warehousing-corporation/articleshow/101586441.cms |archive-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> a son and a daughter.

Saichand along with his family members went to his native place at Karukonda of [[Nagarkurnool district]] on 28 June 2023 and around midnight he complained of chest pain and was immediately shifted to a private hospital in [[Nagarkurnool]]. As his condition deteriorated, the family members brought him to [[CARE Hospitals|Care Hospital]] at [[Gachibowli]] where the doctors declared him brought dead.<ref name="Folk singer, Warehousing Corporation chairman Saichand passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Folk singer, Warehousing Corporation chairman Saichand passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/folk-singer-warehousing-corporation-chairman-saichand-passes-away/article67022141.ece |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118163614/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/folk-singer-warehousing-corporation-chairman-saichand-passes-away/article67022141.ece |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Many leaders including Chief Minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], BRS ministers [[K. T. Rama Rao|K.T. Rama Rao]], [[T. Harish Rao]] and others paid their homage to Sai Chand at his residence in [[Gurramguda]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=L. |first=Venkat Ram Reddy |date=2023-06-30 |title=Activist, singer who ignited Telangana spirit dies at 39 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/300623/activist-singer-who-ignited-telangana-spirit-dies-at-39.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="KCR, ministers, BRS leaders shocked over sudden demise of Sai Chand">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=KCR, ministers, BRS leaders shocked over sudden demise of Sai Chand |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/290623/kcr-ministers-brs-leaders-shocked-over-sudden-demise-of-sai-chand.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |work= |date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118163344/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/290623/kcr-ministers-brs-leaders-shocked-over-sudden-demise-of-sai-chand.html |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/saichand.veeda/about Facebook]
* [https://www.instagram.com/saichandmourya/ Instagram]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chand, Sai}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:Activists from Telangana]]

Edappadi Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:39:00Z

WaldoOakes4: put up new post

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.58|N|77.85|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Edappadi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 86
| map_image = Constitution-Edapadi.svg
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Existence =
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
| established = 1951
| incumbent_image = palanisamy.jpg
| mla = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], {{Small|General Secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 276,387
| reservation = None
}}

'''Edapadi''' or 'Edappadi' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Salem district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 86. It comprises [[Idappadi taluk|Edappadi taluk]] and a portion of [[Mettur taluk]]. It is a part of the wider [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 27 January 2017}}</ref> This constituency did not exist during the 1957 and 1962 elections. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[S. Arthanareeswara Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[A. Arumugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[A. Arumugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|[[I. Ganesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| Govindaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=2|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|[[I. Ganesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[V. Kaveri]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=4|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|44.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|55.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|37.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.15}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|votes=148933|percentage=|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Premkumar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu polls: Vijay's TVK backs Independent candidate in Salem's Edappadi, calls for fitting lesson |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-polls-vijays-tvk-backs-independent-candidate-in-salems-edappadi-calls-for-fitting-lesson/articleshow/130366926.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TVK Vijay supports independent candidate in Edappadi constituency |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/tvk-vijay-supports-independent-candidate-in-edappadi-constituency |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai}}</ref>|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=50,823|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaasi|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=44,011|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Priyadharshini|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=8,450|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1,341|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=98,110 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 276387|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=163,154 |percentage=66.27 |change=+22.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sambathkumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,352 |percentage=28.17|change=+3.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shri Rathna |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=6,626 |percentage=2.69 |change=+2.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Thasapparaj |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,547 |percentage=0.63 |change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=93,802 |percentage=38.10 |change=19.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=246,192 |percentage=86.32 |change= -0.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 22.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=98,703 |percentage=43.74 |change=-12.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Annadurai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=56,681 |percentage=25.12 |change=-12.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. A. Murugesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,149 |percentage=24.44 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thangavel |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,437 |percentage=2.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,913 |percentage=0.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,789 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,022 |percentage=18.62 |change= -0.10}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=225,644 |percentage=86.35 |change= 0.90}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=104,586 |percentage=56.38 |change=+15.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karthi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=69,848 |percentage=37.66 |change=-7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatesan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=3,638 |percentage=1.96 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Purusothaman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,924 |percentage=1.04 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Thangaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,901 |percentage=1.02 |change=+0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthuraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,899 |percentage=1.02 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,738 |percentage=18.73 |change= +14.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=185,494 |percentage=85.45 |change= 9.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 11.62}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Kaveri]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=76,027 |percentage=44.76% |change=-10.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,680 |percentage=41.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Rajendran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,954 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Ganesan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,881 |percentage=4.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,197 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thillaikkarasi Ponnusamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,545 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Murugesan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,540 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Selvaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=1,432 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,347 |percentage=3.74% |change= -19.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=169,848 |percentage=76.28% |change= 14.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,666 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -10.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Ganesan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=74,375 |percentage=55.40% |change=+17.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kandasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,564 |percentage=32.45% |change=+1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kolanda Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=8,576 |percentage=6.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rathinasabapathi |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,091 |percentage=2.30% |change=+1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,645 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Krishnan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,308 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=684 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,811 |percentage=22.95% |change= 15.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=134,243 |percentage=62.03% |change= -7.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,474 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 17.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Ganesan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=49,465 |percentage=37.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. A. Murugesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,273 |percentage=30.68% |change=+14.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,036 |percentage=28.21% |change=-30.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Anbumathi Selvan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,702 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,192 |percentage=7.00% |change= -26.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=131,287 |percentage=69.08% |change= 3.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,142 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,379 |percentage=58.24% |change=+25.16 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kolandai Gounder |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=31,113 |percentage=25.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kandasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,011 |percentage=16.10% |change=-15.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,266 |percentage=33.20% |change= 31.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=124,281 |percentage=65.54% |change= 12.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,456 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 25.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,765 |percentage=33.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Palanisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,401 |percentage=31.62% |change=+5.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Govindasami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,289 |percentage=17.52% |change=-47.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Ganesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,181 |percentage=16.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,364 |percentage=1.47% |change= -37.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,993 |percentage=53.21% |change= -19.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,702 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -31.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Govindaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=68,583 |percentage=64.78% |change=+46.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arumugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,860 |percentage=26.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vaithigounder |party=Independent politician |votes=6,557 |percentage=6.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=2,871 |percentage=2.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,723 |percentage=38.46% |change= 32.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,871 |percentage=72.26% |change= 3.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,478 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 25.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Ganesan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,978 |percentage=38.93% |change=+0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=32,159 |percentage=32.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Subramania Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,884 |percentage=18.33% |change=-11.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Arthanari |party=Independent politician |votes=4,544 |percentage=4.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayadertan |party=Janata Party |votes=4,112 |percentage=4.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,819 |percentage=5.96% |change= -2.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,554 |percentage=69.02% |change= 8.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,256 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Ganesan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,063 |percentage=38.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Natarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,256 |percentage=30.11% |change=-15.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayadevan |party=Janata Party |votes=13,544 |percentage=16.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,695 |percentage=14.52% |change=-40.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,807 |percentage=8.45% |change= -1.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,558 |percentage=60.57% |change= -1.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,924 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,638 |percentage=54.72% |change=+0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Natarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,485 |percentage=45.28% |change=-0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,153 |percentage=9.45% |change= 0.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,123 |percentage=62.19% |change= -9.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,906 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,935 |percentage=54.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. S. Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,593 |percentage=45.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,342 |percentage=9.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,528 |percentage=71.47% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,701 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Edappadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Ardhanareeswara Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,368 |percentage=33.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Marimuthu Gounder |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=11,280 |percentage=24.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Surendran |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=7,899 |percentage=17.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chinmandi Bakkir |party=Independent politician |votes=6,153 |percentage=13.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppa Chetti Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=3,218 |percentage=6.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Nallathamby |party=Independent politician |votes=2,440 |percentage=5.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,088 |percentage=8.82% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,358 |percentage=50.15% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,437 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Meenakshi Seshadri

2026-05-04T21:03:45Z

WaldoOakes4: new a stub

{{Short description|Indian actress, model and dancer}}{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meenakshi Seshadri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shashikala Seshadri
| birth_place = [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|11|16|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actress|dancer}}
| years_active = 1983–1999
| title = ''Eve's Weekly'' [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] 1981 in Japan
| spouse = {{marriage|Harish Mysore|1995}}
| children = 2
| website =
| relations = [[Shekhar Seshadri]] (brother)
}}

'''Meenakshi Seshadri Mysore''' ({{IPA|hi|miːnaːkʂiː ʃeːʂaːdrɪ|pron}}; [[née]] '''Seshadri'''; born 16 November 1963) as Shashikala Seshadri, is an Indian former actress and beauty pageant titleholder who worked primarily in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. Seshadri established herself as one of the most popular and highest-paid actresses of her time and is considered among the leading actresses of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/21 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/21 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

Prior to her acting career, Seshadri won the Eve's Weekly [[Femina Miss India#History|Miss India]] contest in 1981 at the age of 17.<ref name="Zeearticle">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/actresses-missing-from-action_161.html/7 |title=Actress missing from Action – Meenakshi Seshadri |publisher=Zee News |access-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503180145/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/actresses-missing-from-action_161.html/7|archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Miss India and their Bollywood breaks |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/archives/Miss-Indias-and-their-Bollywood-breaks/articleshow/19103553.cms |access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> She became one of Hindi cinema's leading actresses in the 1980s and 1990s, and was acknowledged for several of her performances, her beauty, and her accomplished dancing.<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com"/> She made her debut with the film ''[[Painter Babu]]'' (1983) produced by [[Manoj Kumar]], and her second film ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' (1983) catapulted her to instant stardom. She was noted for her performances in films including ''Hero'' (1983), ''[[Aandhi-Toofan]]'' (1985), ''[[Meri Jung]]'' (1985), ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]'' (1986), ''[[Dilwaala]]'' (1986), ''[[Dacait]]'' (1987), ''[[Inaam Dus Hazaar]]'' (1987), ''[[Parivaar (1987 film)|Parivaar]]'' (1987), ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'' (1988), ''[[Mahaadev]]'' (1989), ''[[Awaargi]]'' (1990), ''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]'' (1990), ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990), ''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]'' (1990), ''[[Damini]]'' (1993), ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' (1994) and ''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'' (1996).<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web |last=Boxofficeindia.com |title=Top Actress |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104803/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> She received particular critical acclaim for ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]'' (1986), ''[[Dahleez (film)|Dahleez]]'' (1986), ''[[Satyamev Jayate (film)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' (1987), ''[[Awaargi]]'' (1990) and ''[[Damini]]'' (1993).<ref name="boxofficeindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |title=BoxOffice India.com |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075203/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also performed at the [[Khajuraho Dance Festival]] in the 1990s.

After the release of her film ''Ghatak'', she left the film industry to raise her children in the United States with her husband, where she runs the Cherish Dance School. A documentary was made about her life, titled ''Meenakshi Accept Her Wings''.<ref name="boxofficeindia1996">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |title=Box Office 1996 |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125141035/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rmrmedia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lcahouston.com/2008/12/the-miraculous-meenakshi/ |title=The Miraculous Meenakshi |publisher=lcahouston.com |access-date=7 August 2012 |date=30 December 2008 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329152948/http://www.lcahouston.com/2008/12/the-miraculous-meenakshi/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Meenakshi Seshadri was born on 16 November 1963<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Meenakshi Sheshadri! The grace of the 80's! |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/happy-birthday-meenakshi-the-grace-of-the-80s/1170942 |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=16 November 2017}}</ref> as Shashikala Seshadri in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/second-coming/article28174395.ece |title=Second Coming |date=16 July 2005 |work=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elsy0_9vy3A&t=1m8s |title=YouTube |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-birthday-special-bollywoods-damini-meenakshi-sheshadri-turns-51-4436314-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114024/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-birthday-special-bollywoods-damini-meenakshi-sheshadri-turns-51-4436314-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2013 |title=Daily Bhaskar: Bollywood's 'Damini' Meenakshi Seshadri turns 51 |work=Daily Bhaskar |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> in [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]], [[Bihar]] (now in [[Jharkhand]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_Bollywood-actress-Meenakshi-turns-48_3_14596_Showbiz-News.aspx |title=Bollywood actress Meenakshi turns 48 |publisher=Awaztoday.com |date=16 November 1959 |access-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207231604/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_Bollywood-actress-Meenakshi-turns-48_3_14596_Showbiz-News.aspx |archive-date=7 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/profiles/info/Meenakshi-Seshadri/en/5twb0h8ac5 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615205318/http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/profiles/info/Meenakshi-Seshadri/en/5twb0h8ac5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=Meenakshi Seshadri |publisher=TollywoodTimes |date=16 November 1959 |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> She trained in four [[Indian classical dance]] forms, [[Bharata Natyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathak]], and [[Odissi]], under [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]] and Jaya Rama Rao. She won the Eve's Weekly [[Femina Miss India#History|Miss India]] contest in 1981 at the age of 17 and represented India at the [[Miss International 1981]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kuchipudi |last=Kothari |first=Sunil |author2=Avinash Pasricha |year=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=8170173590 |page=203}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meenakshi magic |author=Mandhir Saikia and Avani Saxena |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990922/ile22130.html |newspaper=Express |date=22 September 1999 |access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

==Career==

===Debut and early success (1983–1985)===
After a forgettable debut in ''Painter Babu'', Meenakshi acted alongside another newcomer, [[Jackie Shroff]], in ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]''. The film was a blockbuster and Meenakshi became an overnight star.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-achievers-flop-films-and-actors-that-came-back-with-a-bang/20120511.htm |title=Actors who inspire: Take a cue from their careers! |website=Rediff}}</ref> Immediately after the success of ''Hero'', she got an offer to star with superstar [[Rajesh Khanna]] to appear in a double role in ''Awara Baap'' but the film underperformed at the box office. She then appeared in several commercial films, including ''Love Marriage'', ''Paisa Ye Paisa'', and ''[[Lover Boy (1985 film)|Lover Boy]].'' Her next successful film was ''[[Bewafai]]'', with Khanna again and starring [[Rajinikanth]] as the antagonist. Then Ghai again cast her alongside [[Anil Kapoor]] in ''[[Meri Jung]]'', which was one of the highest-grossing films of 1985. This gave her a major foothold in the industry. ''Swati'', ''[[Mera Jawab]]'', and ''[[Aandhi Toofan]]'' were all moderately successful. The same year she also appeared with [[Jeetendra]] in ''[[Hoshiyar]]'' and with [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Mahaguru (1985 film)|Mahaguru]]'' (1985) as his heroine. In 1986 Meenakshi made a special appearance in a song with Rajinikanth in the Telugu movie ''[[Jeevana Poratam]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

=== Established actress (1986–1989) ===
Seshadri appeared in many critically acclaimed films in 1986. In ''Swati'', a woman-centric art house film, she performed the title role. The film gained immense critical acclaim and critics said, "Meenakshi Seshadri has acted in ''Swati'' the way Amitabh Bachchan acts in his films". That same year she appeared in B. R. Chopra films alongside [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Raj Babbar]] in the romantic drama ''[[Dahleez (film)|Dahleez]]'', which dealt with the taboo topic of infidelity but underperformed at the box office. Her other releases that year, such as ''[[Allah Rakha (film)|Allah Rakha]]'', were average performers at the box office. ''Dilwala'' (1986) and ''[[Parivaar (1987 film)|Parivaar]]'' with Mithun Chakraborty did very well at box office. ''Main Balwan'' (1986) was average in India, but a superhit overseas.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 1987, she appeared in the hit film ''[[Inaam Dus Hazaar]]'' alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]]. She also appeared in ''[[Dacait]]'', an action drama alongside [[Sunny Deol]] to critical acclaim.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 1988, she starred in [[Yash Chopra]]'s multi-starrer ''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]''. She also starred in the much hyped ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'' opposite Amitabh Bachchan which proved to be a huge success.<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com" /> Meenakshi teamed up with Bachchan for ''Toofan'', ''Akayla'', and ''[[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati]]'', but all three were flops.

In 1988 [[Prakash Mehra]] had announced ''Dhan Dhahej'', starring Anil Kapoor and Meenakshi, Sanjay Khan announced ''Sarzameen'' with Anil Kapoor, Meenakshi, and [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Ramesh Sippy]] announced ''Aalishaan'' with Amitabh Bachchan and Meenakshi but none of these movies took off. Then Subhash Ghai signed Bachchan for the first time in film ''[[Devaa]]'' opposite Meenakshi Seshadri, but it was shelved after a song picturised on Bachchan and Shammi Kapoor that was sung by [[Mohammed Aziz]].

In 1989, she was directed by Dev Anand in ''[[Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá]].'' In 1989, she also made her Tamil film debut with ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]'', a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'', opposite [[K. Bhagyaraj]], which bombed at the box office. She also appeared in Kalpataru's family dramas ''[[Bade Ghar Ki Beti]]'' and ''[[Gharana (1989 film)|Gharana]]'' which were moderate successes.<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com" />

She worked with fellow dancer [[Mithun Chakraborthy]] in ''[[Aandhi Toofan]]'', ''[[Main Balwan]]'', ''[[Dilwaala]]'', ''[[Parivaar (1987 film)|Parivaar]]'', ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1988 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]'' ''[[Pyar Ka Karz]]'', and ''[[Shandaar]].'' Her pairings with [[Sunny Deol]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Vinod Khanna]] and [[Rishi Kapoor]] were hugely popular and often praised by the media''.<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Grosser of 1990 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075203/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |access-date=5 September 2012 |publisher=Boxoffice India}}</ref>'' Her best and most successful pairing, as well as her best on-screen chemistry was with Anil Kapoor. Her successful films with Anil Kapoor include ''[[Aag Se Khelenge]]'', ''Meri Jung'', ''[[Humlaa]]'' and ''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa|Ghar Ho Toh Aisa]]'', while some others like ''Love Marriage'', ''Amba'', ''[[Joshilaay]]'' were box office duds.

===Commercial success (1990–1996)===
In 1990, Meenakshi appeared in two films by [[Mahesh Bhatt]], the first being ''Awaargi'', an art house film. Many critics call this her best performance.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The second film was ''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]'', released in the same year. The film was a critical and commercial success. Her role as a wife who has to face her problems after her husband gets involved with another woman gained immense critical praise. She received her first [[Filmfare Award]] nomination for best actress for her role in the film. She also appeared in the film ''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]'' opposite Anil Kapoor; the film was a hit and Meenakshi was noted for her comedic timing.<ref name="boxofficeindia1"/> She then appeared in ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' alongside [[Sunny Deol]]. This film started her long association with [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]. ''Ghayal'' was the highest-grossing film of the 1990.

In 1991, she appeared opposite Amitabh Bachchan in ''[[Akayla]]'', directed by [[Ramesh Sippy]]; despite being well-promoted, the film flopped at the box office. Her on-screen pairing with Vinod Khanna was widely appreciated, and the pair starred in such successful films as ''Satyamev Jayate'', ''Mahaadev'', ''Jurm'', ''Humshakal'', and ''Police Aur Mujrim''. She acted in the successful family drama ''[[Ghar Parivar]]'' in 1991, with [[Rajesh Khanna]] and Rishi Kapoor as her co-stars. Meenakshi made her Telugu film debut with ''[[Brahmarshi Viswamitra]]'' in 1991. The same year, Raj Kumar Santoshi started the film ''[[Dil Hai Tumhara]]'' with Sunny Deol. Meenakshi paired for the first time with Salman Khan; they only shot once before the film was shelved.

In 1992, she appeared in the Telugu film ''[[Aapadbandhavudu]]'' opposite [[Chiranjeevi]]. In 1992 her film ''Aaj Ka Goonda Raaj'' opposite Chiranjeevi was a hit.

In 1993, she appeared in the film ''[[Damini – Lightning]]''. Directed by filmmaker [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], it also starred Rishi Kapoor, Sunny Deol, [[Amrish Puri]], [[Tinnu Anand]], and [[Paresh Rawal]]. The film depicted the sensitive subject of injustice towards a rape victim.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} She won many accolades for her performance in the film. ''Damini'' received a number of awards, including a [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] and a Filmfare Award nomination.<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com" /> ''Damini'' is regarded as Meenakshi's career-defining role<ref name="bo">[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw=]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref> and considered a cult feminist film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#90sMoviesIn2018: Here's Why Meenakshi Seshadri-Rishi Kapoor's 'Damini' is a Cult Feminist Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/90smoviesin2018-heres-why-meenakshi-seshadri-rishi-kapoors-damini-is-a-cult-feminist-film-1963225.html |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-30 |title=Did you know 27 years ago, Rishi Kapoor’s ‘Damini’ co-starring Meenakshi Seshadri and Sunny Deol released today? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-27-years-ago-rishi-kapoors-damini-co-starring-meenakshi-seshadri-and-sunny-deol-released-today/articleshow/75474941.cms |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She performed a [[Tandav]] dance in the film, choreographed by Ravindra Atibudhi. In 1993, she also appeared in ''[[Aadmi Khilona Hai]]'' opposite [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]; and ''[[Kshatriya]]'' opposite [[Vinod Khanna]] – both the films were successful at the box office.

In 1994, she appeared in the Tamil film ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' opposite [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], directed by [[K. Balachander]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=4 June 1994 |title=Stimulating study of the various aspects of love |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xzdOAAAAIBAJ&pg=3666%2C1528561 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528083056/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xzdOAAAAIBAJ&pg=3666%2C1528561 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=1 February 2025|work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=28 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The same year, she was in a dance show of songs from ''[[Damini]]'': "Bin Sajan Jhula Jholu" with Aamir Khan.

Meenakshi played the female lead in the 1996 film ''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'' opposite Sunny Deol, directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]. It was one of the highest-grossing films of 1996. This was her last film, as she moved to the [[United States]] after marriage.<ref name="boxofficeindia1996" /><ref name="rmrmedia1" />

===Hiatus (1997–present)===
After her marriage, she made a rare appearance on [[Shekhar Suman]]'s talk show.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} After a few years of marriage, she shifted her base to [[Plano, Texas]], in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} In an interview she stated: "Coming from a very Indo-centric background, life abroad shook me, I just could not relate to the US environment."{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} However, with the passage of time she has settled there.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} Now she is running her own dance school in [[Carrollton, Texas|Carrollton]] called Cherish Institute of Dance;{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} The school is described as "an assembly of talented dancers, a voluntary body to enhance multi-culture, revealing the best talent of people of all ages".{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

==Personal life==
Meenakshi retired from cinema after marrying investment banker Harish Mysore in 1995. They had a civil wedding and a registered marriage in New York.<ref>{{cite news |title=civil wedding |url=http://marketme.biz/articles/marriage/Meenakshi_Sheshadri_talks_about_her_marriage.html |access-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116035120/http://marketme.biz/articles/marriage/Meenakshi_Sheshadri_talks_about_her_marriage.html |archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> The couple have two children, a daughter and a son.<ref>{{cite news |title=Then and now: Damini actress Meenakshi Seshadri looks unrecognisable |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/then-and-now-54-year-old-damini-actress-meenakshi-seshadri-looks-unrecognisable/15302 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=mid-day |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Meenakshi lived in Plano, Texas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spurred by success: Meenakshi bares her claws! |url=http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/spurred-by-success-meenakshi-bares-her-claws/2088 |date=31 October 2013 |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |access-date=13 June 2019 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113194953/http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/spurred-by-success-meenakshi-bares-her-claws/2088 |archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> There, she taught [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathak]], and [[Odissi]]. She performs with her students at charity events and fundraisers,<ref name="rmrmedia1"/> including the [[American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin]] (AAPI) convention in California. She has since shifted to Washington D.C.{{Citation Needed|date=March 2024}}

==Artistry and legecy ==
===Acting and dance===
Meenakshi Sheshadri is one of the great actresses of Indian cinema, She is known as very beautiful actress according to "Box Office India" old site she appeared 8 times top actress list (1986-1993).Meenakshi is not only known for her acting skills, but for her dancing skills as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/03sld1.htm |title=rediff.com: Bollywood's best dancing girls |work=Rediff.com |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919125615/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/03sld1.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Often referred to as ''"Damini"'', she is famous for her dance in the song "Tu Mera Hero Hai" from the film Hero. She is also known for her dance sequences to Bollywood songs such as "Pyar Karne Wale" (from ''Hero''), her one of great dance sequences in songs such as "Rock’N’Roll" and "Tu Nache Main Gaoon" - with Mithun (from ''Main Balwaan'' and ''Parivaar''), "Teri Payal Mere Geet" with Govinda (from ''Teri Payal Mere Geet''), "Jaane Do Jaane Do" (from ''Shahenshah'') opposite Amitabh Bachchan, "Badal Pe Chalke" (from ''Vijay'') opposite Anil Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor, "Bin Saajan Jhula" (from ''Damini'') opposite [[Aamir Khan]], "Sajan Mera Uss Par Hai" (from ''[[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati]]''), "Mujre Wali Hoon" (from ''[[Awaargi]]''), "Jab Koi Baat Bigad Jaye" (from ''Jurm''), and "Badan Main Chandni" (from [[Ghatak: Lethal|''Ghatak'']]).

She considers herself more of a dancer than an actress.<ref name="rmrmedia1"/> Her desire to continue the art and extend this culture in a foreign land led her to found the Cherish Dance School.<ref name="rmrmedia1"/>

===Singing===
Meenakshi sang some poetic notes in J.P. Dutta's movie ''Kshatriya'', in a composition by Laxmikant Pyarelal. She sang a song in another movie, ''Tadap'', with [[Chunky Pandey|Chunkey Pandey]] and [[Nana Patekar]], but the movie was not released. She sang "Tumhare Roop Ka", composed by [[R. D. Burman|R.D. Burman]], with [[Amit Kumar]] and [[Suresh Wadkar]].

==Documentaries and television appearances==
She has made few appearances on talk shows and rarely gives interviews.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} In 1987, she appeared in an interview in [[London]], in which she discussed her personal and professional life.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In 1992, Meenakshi featured in the television documentary ''World of Film: India'' about the Indian film industry; she appeared with stalwarts such as [[Shashi Kapoor]], Amitabh Bachchan, and [[Mira Nair]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In 1997, she made a rare public appearance on [[Shekhar Suman]]'s talk show ''[[Movers & Shakers (TV series)]]''; this was also her last television appearance before she left the industry to raise her children.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} She discussed her entire career, her personal life, and her passion for dance and her stage performances.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In 2006, a documentary was made on her life called ''Meenakshi Accept Her Wings'', directed by Margret Stephens; the two-hour musical documentary depicted her lifestyle transition from a dancer and actress to a homemaker.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} The movie gave a deeper insight to her life after quitting film and her successful marriage.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

==Awards and recognition==
* 1986 – Lux Award as Best Actress for ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]''
* 1991 – [[Filmfare]] Nomination as [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for ''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nominations – 1990 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708210531/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |archive-date=8 July 2007 |access-date=30 October 2022 |website=Official Listings, [[Indiatimes]]}}</ref>
* 1992 – [[Filmfare Award South]] nomination as [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] for ''[[Aapadbandhavudu]]''
* 1994 – [[Filmfare]] Nomination as [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for ''[[Damini]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nominations — 1993 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141027014001/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=30 October 2022 |website=Official Listings, [[Indiatimes]]}}</ref>
* 1993 – [[Smita Patil]] Memorial Award as Best Actress for ''[[Damini]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.priyadarshniacademy.com/9-ann-national-awards/photo-gallery/9-national-awards1.html |title=Photo Gallery |publisher=Priyadarshniacademy.com |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202336/http://www.priyadarshniacademy.com/9-ann-national-awards/photo-gallery/9-national-awards1.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
!Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| 1983
| ''[[Painter Babu]]''
| Renu
|Hindi
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=Manoj Kumar gave first break to Meenakshi Sheshadri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/manoj-kumar-gave-first-break-to-meenakshi-sheshadri/videoshow/46185339.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411065603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/manoj-kumar-gave-first-break-to-meenakshi-sheshadri/videoshow/46185339.cms |archive-date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Entertainment Times |publisher=The Times of India |language=en |agency=The Times Group}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]''
| Radha
|Hindi
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2014 |title=Hero: Revisiting Subhash Ghai's flamboyant take on romance |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hero-revisiting-subhash-ghais-flamboyant-take-on-romance/20140206.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922121837/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hero-revisiting-subhash-ghais-flamboyant-take-on-romance/20140206.htm |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 1984
| ''[[Love Marriage (1984 film)|Love Marriage]]''
| Ritu
|Hindi
|
| <ref>{{Citation |last= |title=Love Marriage (1984) |date= 23 April 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzPKudBkIdk |work=Ultra Movie Parlour, [[YouTube]] |language=en |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="11"| 1985
| ''[[Hoshiyar]]''
| Jyoti
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Hoshiyar (1985) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hoshiyar/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142238/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hoshiyar/cast/ |archive-date=17 July 2021 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date= 18 January 1985|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mera Jawab]]''
| Poonam
|Hindi
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mera Jawab (1985) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mera-jawab/cast/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date= 15 February 1985|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aandhi-Toofan]]''
| Meena
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mahaguru (1985 film)|Mahaguru]]''
| Basanti
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bewafai]]''
| Vinny
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maha Shaktimaan]]''
| Madhuri
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Meraa Ghar Mere Bachche]]''
| Sarita
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Paisa Yeh Paisa]]''
| Sapna
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Meri Jung]]''
| Geeta
|Hindi
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohapatra |first=Bikash |date=2007 |title=Kabhi bhai kabhi lover! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/16sld3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411054923/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/16sld3.htm |archive-date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lover Boy (1985 film)|Lover Boy]]''
| Radha
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Awara Baap]]''
| Rupa/Deepa
|Hindi
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Awara Baap (1985) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535160 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523000559/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535160 |archive-date=23 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="9" | 1986
| ''Ricky''
| Rani
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Main Balwaan]]''
| Natasha
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maa Beti]]''
| Meenu/Asha
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dahleez (film)|Dahleez]]''
| Naini
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Allah Rakha (film)|Allah Rakha]]''
| Rani
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dilwaala]]''
| Padma
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]''
| Swati
|Hindi
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Swati (1986) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55747 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409143443/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55747 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Pahunche Huwey Log''
| Herself
|Hindi
| [[Cameo appearance|Special appearance]]
|
|-
|''[[Jeevana Poratam]]''
|Herself
|Telugu
|[[Cameo appearance|Special appearance]]
|
|-
! rowspan="5"| 1987
| ''[[Satyamev Jayate (film)|Satyamev Jayate]]''
| Seema
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dacait]]''
| Chavli
|Hindi
|
|<ref name="Jha2005">{{Cite book|author=Subhash K Jha |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1mVuJJPm3UC&pg=PA1998-IA1 |access-date=10 December 2022 |date=1 November 2005 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-378-7 |page=140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114185639/http://books.google.com/books?id=s1mVuJJPm3UC |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Inaam Dus Hazaar]]''
| Kamal/Sonia
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Muqaddar Ka Faisla]]''
| Meena
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Parivaar (1987 film)|Parivaar]]''
| Anita
|Hindi
|
|
|-
! rowspan="6"| 1988
| ''[[Main Tere Liye]]''
| Rinku
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani]]''
| Savitri
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati]]''
| Jamuna
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Inteqam]]''
| Seeta
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]''
| Sapna
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]''
| Shalu
|Hindi
|
|
|-
! rowspan="11"| 1989
| ''[[Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá]]''
| Reema
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1988 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]''
| Kiran
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Joshilaay]]''
| Mangala
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]''
| Meenakshi
|Tamil
| Remake of Mr. India
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Mahaadev]]''
| Geeta
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bade Ghar Ki Beti]]''
| Mala
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gharana (1989 film)|Gharana]]''
| Radha
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Toofan (1989 film)|Toofan]]''
| Radha
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aag Se Khelenge]]''
| Geeta
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mohabat Ka Paigham]]''
| Zeenat
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nache Nagin Gali Gali]]''
| Mohini
|Hindi
|
|
|-
! rowspan="7"| 1990
| ''[[Awaargi]]''
| Meena
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shandaar (1990 film)|Shandaar]]''
| Rani
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyar Ka Karz]]''
| Dr. Naina
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]''
| Seema
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''
| Varsha
|Hindi
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=4 February 2016 |title=Didn't watch Sunny Deol's 1990 Ghayal? Read this! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/didnt-watch-sunny-deols-1990-ghayal-read-this/20160204.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829100619/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/didnt-watch-sunny-deols-1990-ghayal-read-this/20160204.htm |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]''
| Meena
|Hindi
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Jurm (1990) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jurm/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322141419/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jurm/cast/ |archive-date=22 March 2021 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date= 5 July 1990|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nominations – 1990 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708210531/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |archive-date=8 July 2007 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Official Listings, [[Indiatimes]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Amba (film)|Amba]]''
| Lajjo
|Hindi
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3"| 1991
| ''[[Ghar Parivar]]''
| Mala
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Brahmarshi Vishwamitra]]''
| Menaka
|Telugu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Akayla]]''
| Seema
|Hindi
|
|
|-
! rowspan="6"| 1992
| ''[[Humlaa]]''
| Seema
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ka Goonda Raj]]''
| Shalu
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Police Aur Mujrim]]''
| Kiran
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Humshakal (1992 film)|Humshakal]]''
| Sara
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aapadbandhavudu]]''
| Hema
|Telugu
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi (1992 film)|Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi]]''
| Radha
|Hindi
|
|
|-
! rowspan="6"| 1993
| ''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]''
| Madhu
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Damini]]''
| Damini
|Hindi
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
| ''[[Aadmi Khilona Hai]]''
| Poonam
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Teri Payal Mere Geet]]''
| Laila/Leela
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Badi Bahen]]''
| Jyoti
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''Sadhna''
| Madhu
|Hindi
| Special appearance
|
|-
! 1994
| ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]''
| Anjali
|Tamil
|
|
|-
! 1996
| ''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]''
| Gauri
|Hindi
|Delayed release
|
|-
! 1997
| ''Do Rahain''
| Ms. Kannagi
| Hindi
|
|-
! 1998
| ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]''
| Sannyasini
|Sanskrit
|Guest appearance
|
|-
! 2016
| ''[[Ghayal: Once Again]]''
| Varsha
|Hindi
| Flashback appearance
|
|-
|}

==Documentary==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1992 || ''World of Film: India''{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} || Herself || Appeared alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Mira Nair]]
|-
| 2006 || ''Meenakshi Accept Her Wings''{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} || Herself || Directed by Margret Stephens
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0792866}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|meenakshi-seshadri}}

{{Miss International 1981 delegates}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seshadri, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Miss International 1981 delegates]]
[[Category:Female models from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dancers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Women artists from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Tamil Brahmins]]

Ishar Singh (artist)

2026-05-03T15:35:47Z

WaldoOakes4: new first bio more to come - done

{{Short description|Sikh artist}}

{{Infobox artist
| name = Ishar Singh
| image = Portrait of the Sikh artist Ishar Singh, signed by M. B., circa early 20th century.jpg
| style = [[Sikh art|Sikh School]]
| children =
| honorific_prefix = Mahant
| honorific_suffix = Mussawar
| caption = Portrait of the Sikh artist Ishar Singh, signed by M. B., circa early 20th century<ref>{{cite web |title=Lot 340: A portrait of the Sikh artist Ishar Singh (1860-1910) |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/26590/lot/340/a-portrait-of-the-sikh-artist-ishar-singh-1860-1910-european-school-signed-by-m-b-early-20th-century/ |website=Bonhams |access-date=13 October 2024 |date=25 October 2021}}</ref>
| birth_date = 1860
| death_date = ca.1910
}}

'''Ishar Singh''' (1860–ca.1910), also known as '''Ishar Singh Naqqash''' or '''Ishar Singh Mahant''', was a [[Sikh art]]ist.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mārg̲ |publisher=Marg Publications |year=1976 |volume=30 |pages=56}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |title=Punjab: Art and Culture |publisher=Atma Ram & Sons |year=1988 |isbn=9788170430964 |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=xxi}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narula |first=S. S. |title=Aspects of Punjabi Culture |publisher=Department of Development of Punjabi Language, Punjabi University |year=1995 |pages=99}}</ref> Ishar Singh was born in 1860 and his father was Bhai Ram Singh ''Mussawar''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Musarrat |title=Painting in the Punjab Plains: 1849-1949 |publisher=Ferozsons |year=1998 |isbn=9789690014269 |pages=131, 146}}</ref> Ishar Singh specialized in the [[Kangra painting|Kangra-style]] and also carried-out [[mural]] work.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aryan |first=K. C. |title=Unknown Pahari Wall Paintings in North India |publisher=Rekha Prakashan |year=1990 |isbn=9788190000369 |pages=31–33}}</ref> He was one of the artists named in a list prepared by Hari Singh of the known artists who had worked in the Harmandir Sahib complex of Amritsar.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=62}} He had adopted the style of [[Kehar Singh (artist)|Kehar Singh]] and carried-out decoration work on the Darshani Deori structure of the complex.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Arshi |first=Pardeep Singh |title=The Golden Temple: History, Art, and Architecture |publisher=Harman Publishing House |year=1989 |isbn=9788185151250 |pages=78}}</ref> Furthermore, Ishar Singh decorated the edifices of Gurdwara Shahidan in Amritsar and other shrines, including Hindu temples in Amritsar.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ishar}}

[[Category:19th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

List of national projects of the Ministry of Water Resources of India

2026-04-26T14:08:01Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{Short description|none}}

[[Government of India]] has approved a scheme of National Projects to be implemented during [[Five-Year Plans of India|XI Plan]] (2007–2012) with a view to expedite completion of identified National Projects for the benefit of the people. Such projects will be provided financial assistance by the Government of India in the form of Central grant which will be 90% of the estimated cost of such projects for their completion in a time bound manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/NProjects572133778_1.pdf|title=Guidelines For Implementation of National Projects|website=mowr.gov.in}}</ref> 
'''I. Criteria for selection of National Projects''' 
'''II. Procedure for inclusion as National project''' 
'''III.Funding of the National Project''' 
'''IV. Work plan and time schedule for completion of National Projects''' 
'''V. Monitoring for National Projects''' 
'''VI. Review by steering committee''' 
'''VI. Evaluation and impact assessment'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ List of projects so far declared by the Government as national projects<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/National%20Projects.pdf|title=National Project Loksabha Question|website=indiaenvironmentportal.org.in}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Sl. No.
! scope="col" | Name of the project
! scope="col" | State
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| 1 || [[Gosi Khurd Irrigation Project]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||Project is under Execution
|-
| 2|| [[Shahpurkandi dam project]] || [[Punjab]] || Project is under Execution
|-
| 3||Teesta Barrage Project||[[West Bengal]] ||Project is under Execution
|-
| 4||Saryu Nahar Pariyojna||[[Uttar Pradesh]]||Project is under Execution
|-
| 5||[[Polavaram Project]] ||[[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Project is under Execution
|-
| 6 ||[[Lakhwar Dam|Lakhwar Vyasi Multipurpose Project]]||[[Uttrakhand]]||Lakhwar as standalone project (300MW) accepted by TAC. The project was considered by Investment Clearance Committee of MoWR, RD & GR in its meeting held on 24.2.2016.
|-
| 7 ||Renuka Dam Project||[[Himachal Pradesh]]||Technical clearances from CWC is to be obtained by HPPCL. Environment Clearance granted by MoEF & CC was under challenge in
NGT. NGT has cited discrepancies in the requirement of land figures (forest and non-forest, Government and Non-Government)
|-
| 8 ||Ujh Multipurpose Project||[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]||DPR under appraisal in CWC/CEA
|-
| 9||[[Kishau Dam|Kishau Multipurpose Project]]||Himachal Pradesh/Uttrakhand||DPR prepared. MOU for Joint Venture between Govt. Of UK and Govt. Of HP signed. JV SPV yet to be formed.
|-
| 10 ||Ken Betwa Link Project||[[Madhya Pradesh]]||Updated cost estimate of the project(2015-16 PL) was submitted in CWC by NWDA in February 2016 which is
under examination. DPR of Phase- II is yet to be submitted to CWC by NWDA.
|-
| 11 ||Kulsi Dam Project||[[Assam]]||Project is Under appraisal in CWC/CEA. Compliance to the observations of CWC/CEA on the DPR of the project are pending.
|-
| 12 ||Noa-Dihing Dam Project||[[Arunachal Pradesh]]||Project is Under appraisal in CWC/CEA. Compliance to the observations of CWC/CEA on the DPR of the project are pending.
|-
|13 ||Bursar HE Project||Jammu & Kashmir||DPR under preparation by NHPC
|-
|14 ||Gyspa HE Project||Himachal Pradesh||DPR under preparation by Govt. Of Himachal Pradesh
|-
|15 ||2nd Ravi Vyas Link Project||Punjab ||Under PFR stage.
|-
|16||[[Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project|Upper Siang Project]]||[[Arunachal Pradesh]]||Under PFR stage

|}

==See also==
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[List of major rivers of India]]
* [[List of national waterways in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

{{Dams and reservoirs in India}}
{{Waters of India}}

[[Category:Lists of dams in India|National Projects of the Ministry of Water Resources]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Water Resources (India)]]

Veena Sahajwalla

2026-04-24T14:01:33Z

WaldoOakes4: created some info w/ refs

{{short description|Australian scientist and inventor}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Veena Sahajwalla
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=AUS|AO|size=100%}}
| image = Veena Sahajwalla, May 2013 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Veena Sahajwalla (2013)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| field = [[Materials science]] [[Metallurgy]]
| work_institution = [[University of New South Wales]]
| other_names =
| education = IIT Kanpur
| occupation = Materials scientist, inventor
| years_active =
| known_for = 'Green Steel', 'Recycling science', 'Micro factories'
| notable_works =
| awards = {{Plainlist |
* [[Georgina Sweet Fellowship]] (2014)<ref name=laureate>{{cite news |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-technology/modern-day-alchemists-win-australian-laureate-fellowships |title=Modern-day alchemists win Australian Laureate Fellowships |date=22 August 2014 |work=[[University of New South Wales]] |access-date=21 January 2018 }}</ref>
* Celestino Eureka Prize for Promoting Understanding of Science (2022)
}}
}}
'''Veena Sahajwalla''' is an Indian-Australian inventor who is Professor of Materials Science in the [[UNSW Faculty of Science|Faculty of Science]] at the [[University of New South Wales]], Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Veena Sahajwalla About Me |url=https://www.smart.unsw.edu.au/veena-sahajwalla |website=Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology |publisher=University of New South Wales |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> She is the Director of the UNSW SM@RT Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology and an [[Australian Research Council]] [[Australian Laureate Fellowship|Laureate Fellow]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smart.unsw.edu.au/|title=SMaRT@UNSW {{!}} Sustainable Materials Research & Technology|website=www.smart.unsw.edu.au|access-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213091838/http://www.smart.unsw.edu.au/|archive-date=13 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Sahajwalla is known for her role as a councillor on the independent Australian [[Climate Council]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/contributors/veena-sahajwalla |title=Veena Sahajwalla |publisher=Climate Council |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814080026/https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/contributors/veena-sahajwalla |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and as a judge on the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] television show ''[[The New Inventors]]''. Sahajwalla also served as a commissioner on the Australian [[Climate Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatechange.gov.au/ministers/hon-greg-combet-am-mp/media-release/professor-veena-sahajwalla-joins-climate-commission |title=Professor Veena Sahajwalla joins the climate commission |publisher=Australian Government |date=7 May 2012 |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814080639/http://www.climatechange.gov.au/ministers/hon-greg-combet-am-mp/media-release/professor-veena-sahajwalla-joins-climate-commission |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She featured in a 2008 episode of ABC's science show called ''[[Catalyst (TV program)|Catalyst]]''.

Sahajwalla was born in [[Mumbai]], India. She studied for her master's degree in Vancouver, Canada before settling in Australia. While in Canada, she met and married her husband Rama Mahapatra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-21 |title=Your beer bottles and old clothes could become home furnishings in 'recycling revolution' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-22/veena-sahajwalla-recyling-revolution-green-ceramics/13041936 |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> She was interviewed in 2025 on the Indian diaspora in Australia.<ref>Sahajwalla, V.;Whelan, L. (interviewer) (2025). [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/10125710 ''Veena Sahajwalla interviewed by Louise Whelan for the Indian diaspora in Australia oral history project''], National Library of Australia. Retrieved 24 April 2026.</ref> The recording of this can be found at the [[National Library of Australia]].

==Career and publications==
Sahajwalla has been working as a professor at the [[University of New South Wales]] since 2008.<ref name="smart.unsw.edu.au">UNSW Sydney. “[https://www.smart.unsw.edu.au/ SMaRT@UNSW I Sustainable Materials Research & Technology].” Education. Accessed 24 March 2021.</ref> She founded the Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT) Lab at UNSW in 2008 which focused on recycling science and [[waste management]].<ref name=":0">Chenery, Susan, and Jennifer Feller. "[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-22/veena-sahajwalla-recyling-revolution-green-ceramics/13041936 How Veena Sahajwalla’s ‘green Ceramics’ Made from Glass and Clothes Are Revolutionising Manufacturing]." ABC News, 21 February 2021.</ref>

Sahajwalla has been publishing scientific papers focusing on [[Material Engineering|material engineering]] in journals since 1989.<ref>“[https://iitk.ac.in/dora/profile/prof-veena-sahajwalla Prof Veena Sahajwalla].” Office of Resources and Alumni, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Accessed 28 April 2021.</ref> She has published over 380 peer-reviewed scientific papers with both the [[IIT Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] where she completed her education and the University of New South Wales where she works.<ref name="smart.unsw.edu.au"/>

Sahajwalla has also published many conference abstracts for international engineering and environmental conferences.<ref name="smart.unsw.edu.au"/> She also has written and co-written many book chapters on the science of recycling including ''Unmaking Waste in Production and Consumption: Towards the Circular Economy''.<ref>Crocker, Robert. [https://books.emeraldinsight.com/page/detail/Unmaking-Waste-in-Production-and-Consumption/?k=9781787146204. Unmaking Waste in Production and Consumption. Emerald Publishing Limited], 2018.</ref>

==Green steel==
Sahajwalla is well renowned for her contributions to building a waste-free economy. One of her most impactful projects was finding a cleaner alternative to using coal in the [[Steelmaking|steel production]] industry. The process she created is called polymer injection technology, also known as green steel.<ref>Review, Waste Management. “[https://wastemanagementreview.com.au/first-lady-of-green-steel-manufacturing/ First Lady of Green Steel Manufacturing].” Waste Management Review (blog), 17 July 2015.</ref>

Sahajwalla discovered that recycled truck tires were a sustainable alternative to using coal as it was an environmentally friendly process that could prevent over 2 million tires from being diverted to landfills each year while simultaneously creating a [[renewable energy]] source.<ref name="UNSW 2021">“[https://www.smart.unsw.edu.au/technologies-products/green-steel Green Steel | SMaRT@UNSW.]” Accessed 29 April 2021.</ref> Tires could be ground into pellets and be used instead of coal as they released fewer [[greenhouse gas]]es. Traditional steel making accounts for about 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Allen|first1=Jessica|last2=Honeyands|first2=Tom|title='Green steel' is hailed as the next big thing in Australian industry. Here's what the hype is all about|url=http://theconversation.com/green-steel-is-hailed-as-the-next-big-thing-in-australian-industry-heres-what-the-hype-is-all-about-160282|access-date=2021-06-08|website=The Conversation|date=2 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Even though tires cannot be used as an alternative to all the coal used during production, they could substitute a percentage of the total coal consumed in the industry.<ref>Smith, Deborah. “‘[https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-technology/%E2%80%98green-steel%E2%80%99-technology-saves-two-million-tyres-landfill Green Steel’ Technology Saves Two Million Tyres from Landfill].” Text. UNSW Newsroom, 16 October 2014.</ref> This solution effectively lowered [[carbon emissions]] and prevented waste from being diverted towards landfills. This also will continue to be favorable as the world is rapidly de-carbonizing.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Sahajwalla has continued to work with Australian steel corporations [[Arrium|OneSteel]] and MolyCop to further the development of polymer injection technology. Green Steel technology has now been implemented into global steel-making operations globally.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Accolade for UNSW's Green Steel|url=https://www.sustainabilitymatters.net.au/content/waste/news/accolade-for-unsw-s-green-steel-1494912057|access-date=2021-06-08|website=www.sustainabilitymatters.net.au|language=en}}</ref> This innovation has made Australia a leader in low-emission steel making.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The green steel movement has earned Sahajwalla many awards and grants which have aided her in continuing environmental research.<ref name="UNSW 2021"/> This Project has also earned her international recognition which landed her positions on multiple government organizations focusing on climate change. Her green steel process has also been listed as one of the “innovations that could change the way we manufacture” by the [[Society of Manufacturing Engineers|US Society for Manufacturing Engineers]] in 2012.<ref name="UNSW 2021"/> This innovation also won Sahajwalla the Australian Innovation Challenge in the same year.<ref>"[https://research.unsw.edu.au/digitalgridfutures/team/professor-veena-sahajwalla Professor Veena Sahajwalla]" DigitalGrid. Accessed April 29, 2021.</ref> Her innovation in green steel technology also has earned her the 2019 BHERT (Business Higher Education Round Table) Award.<ref name=":1" />

==Micro-factories==

Sahajwalla is also known for innovating micro-factories. She discovered that small scale factories that were comprised one or more specialized machines were much more sustainable. Factories of this scale could be implemented in existing manufacturing businesses to recycle available waste.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=January 2020|title=Plastic 3D printing could replace aluminum|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2019.12.064|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=64|issue=1|pages=23–24|doi=10.1016/j.repl.2019.12.064|s2cid=242847402 |issn=0034-3617|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

She launched her first micro-factory at the Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT) Lab based at the [[University of New South Wales]] Kensington Campus in 2018. Her first micro-factory was focused on recycling [[Electronic waste|e-waste]] from old technology. She found that technological waste housed many precious metals and rare earth minerals.<ref>Hossain, Rumana, and Veena Sahajwalla. “Microrecycling of Waste Flexible Printed Circuit Boards for In-Situ Generation of O- and N-Doped Activated Carbon with Outstanding Supercapacitance Performance.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 167 (1 April 2021): 105221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105221.</ref> This micro-factory salvaged [[gold]], [[electrical conductor]]s, and many other rare materials. After collecting these materials, she processed them through thermal techniques so that they could be recycled in new technology.<ref>“[https://www.industry.gov.au/data-and-publications/novel-approach-for-processing-hazardous-electronic-waste Novel approach for processing hazardous electronic waste.]” Text. Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources, 6 November 2018.</ref> Glass and plastic used in electronics could also be melted down and used in industrial-grade ceramics and plastic filaments in 3D printing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-05|title='Nothing should be classified as waste': crisis is opportunity for Veena Sahajwalla|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/06/nothing-should-be-classified-waste-veena-sahajwalla-sees-crisis-as-opportunity|access-date=2021-06-08|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> This new concept revolutionized the recycling process for e-waste. Her contributions to this new e-waste recycling technology allowed her to continue to open new micro-factories targeted at recycling different materials.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Sahajwalla’s second micro-factory was launched in 2019 targeting the recycling of glass and textiles into green ceramics.<ref name=":0"/> Glass is one of the easiest materials to recycle but due to the expensive nature of recycling, many countries tend to stockpile it instead. This process is expensive due to the cross-contamination of glass with lids and labels.<ref name=":2" /> Sahajwalla's recycling method eliminates the need to separate these materials. Her ceramics are made of a blend of many different materials. This blend gives these ceramics strength and sound absorbency properties.<ref name=":2" /> These ceramics included tiles and furniture which can be used in new architectural developments. She has worked with numerous architectural firms to develop [[green building]]s and infrastructure. Some projects that Sahajwalla has worked on include a [[Mirvac]] collaboration with [[Marrickville]] and Co., [[Hunters Hill]] library, and recycled rubbish bins for the city of [[Canberra]].<ref name="smart.unsw.edu.au"/>

These micro-factories have been successful in helping local and federal governments recycle materials that would otherwise be diverted to landfills.<ref name="youtube.com">ABC News. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fkbQynfSyY Recycling Revolutionary Shows How You Can Turn Old Clothes into Kitchen Tiles]. Australian Story, 2021.</ref> These micro-factories have created recycling factories for rural areas and have created jobs for many Australians. This is important as previously, waste in rural areas would have to travel to bigger cities to be recycled. This was not a sustainable practice because it produced unnecessary carbon emissions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Contributions to government organizations==
Sahajwalla has been a member of the Australian [[Climate Council]], NSW Circular and the Australian [[Climate Commission]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Sahajwalla is a councillor on the independent Australian Climate Council and has been awarded the [[Australian Laureate Fellowship|Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship]] & [[Georgina Sweet Fellowship|Georgina Sweet]] Award in 2014.<ref>Climate Council. “[https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/about/ About Us].” Accessed 29 April 2021.</ref>

She was appointed director of the NSW Circular Economy Innovation Network in 2019 by the state government. NSW Circular is a government-funded body that aims to make NSW a zero-carbon circular economy. Sahajwalla manages the environmental efforts made by the organization and provides a face to the organization.<ref>NSW Circular. “[https://www.nswcircular.org/team/veena-sahajwalla/ Veena Sahajwalla].” Accessed 29 April 2021.</ref>

Sahajwalla was a commissioner on the Australian Climate commission alongside Professor [[Tim Flannery]] and Professor [[Will Steffen]]. The Australian Climate commission was responsible for releasing “reliable and autoreactive” information about climate change to the Australian public.<ref>“[https://www.9news.com.au/national/prof-sahajwalla-new-climate-commissioner/22b318ff-6f26-4780-a5b2-69d5ae66991f Prof Sahajwalla New Climate Commissioner]". 9News. Accessed 29 April 2021.</ref>

Sahajwalla also is the leader of the green manufacturing department of the ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub. This department focuses on combining academic research with the Australian Industry to improve technology. This has ensured that the industry has the best research which has translated into environmental and economic benefits for the Australian economy.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Recognition==
Sahajwalla is one of Australia’s best-known engineers. She has been invited to talk at many international conferences including the Farm2Fork Summit in 2019, TRANSFORM conference in 2019, and the [[Falling Walls (Conference)|Falling Wall conference]] in 2018. Sahajwalla was also named one of Australia’s 100 most influential engineers as well as one of Australia’s most innovative engineers by [[Engineers Australia]] in 2015 and 2016 respectively.<ref name="smart.unsw.edu.au"/>

Sahajwalla also runs a mentoring program for women in science called Science 50:50 with the [[Australian Research Council]] (ARC). This program aims to inspire Australian women to pursue degrees and careers in [[STEM fields|Science and Technology]].<ref>“[https://www.arc.gov.au/policies-strategies/policy/science-5050 Science 50:50].” Text. Australian Research Council, 12 June 2018.</ref>

==Television appearances==
* Sahajwalla appeared on ABC TV’s show “[[The New Inventors|New Inventors]]” for several episodes as the residential engineer judge.<ref name="smart.unsw.edu.au"/>
* She has also been featured on ABC’s “[[Australian Story|Australian story]]” which focused on her achievements and research since founding the Sustainable Materials Research and Technology Lab at UNSW.<ref name="youtube.com"/>
* Sahajwalla was a guest panelist on ABC TV’s 2020 Q&A program which discussed the future of the world.<ref name="smart.unsw.edu.au"/>
* Sahajwalla was featured in ABC TV’s show ''[[Catalyst (TV program)|Catalyst]]'' in 2008.<ref name="smart.unsw.edu.au"/>
* Sahajwalla presented a [[TED (conference)|Ted Talk]] at the 2011 Sydney Event named ''Reviving Waste. ''<ref>TEDx Talks. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wMbdwfplBk TEDxSydney - Veena Sahajwalla - Reviving Waste], 2011.</ref>

==Achievements==
Known internationally as the [[Invention|inventor]] of green steel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crca.asn.au/green-steel-from-old-rubber-tyres-produces-no-waste-or-toxic-fumes/ |title='Green steel' from old rubber tyres produces no waste or toxic fumes |publisher=CRC Association |date=2 May 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814101443/http://crca.asn.au/green-steel-from-old-rubber-tyres-produces-no-waste-or-toxic-fumes/ |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sahajwalla's research is recognized for changing the way the properties of carbon-bearing materials are understood, including coal, [[coke (fuel)|coke]], [[graphite]], plastics, and rubber. Sahajwalla's work has had a significant impact on the theory and practices that form the basis of operations of the [[iron-making]], [[steel-making]] and [[Ceramic engineering|ceramics]] industries. Of particular importance is her demonstration that waste plastics and waste rubber can be partial replacements for coal and coke in steel-making.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/win-win2c-as-waste-becomes-a-resource-for-industry/5608040 |title=Win win, as waste becomes a resource for industry – The Science Show |publisher=[[Radio National]]|date=19 July 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814093149/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/win-win2c-as-waste-becomes-a-resource-for-industry/5608040 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Sahajwalla’s research on the behavior of carbon at high temperatures has advanced the understanding of materials processing and offered industries more cost-effective ways to adopt sustainable and environmentally friendly production methods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arc.gov.au/media/feature_articles/May13_OneSteel.htm |title=Feature Article – May 2013 OneSteel |publisher=Australian Research Council |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311050501/http://www.arc.gov.au/media/feature_articles/May13_OneSteel.htm |archive-date=11 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Sahajwalla has also revolutionized the methods of recycling in Australia. Her work to introduce small specialized recycling factories has significantly reduced carbon emissions and provided rural communities a way to up-cycle used items.<ref name=":0" />

==Honours and awards==

* 2005: winner, Eureka Prize for Scientific Research<ref>{{Cite web|author=Australian Museum |date=2005-05-13|title=University of New South Wales Eureka Prize for Scientific Research|url=http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/press/eureka_05/eureka_05.htm|access-date=2021-06-08|language=en}}</ref>
*2006: winner, Environmental Technology Award for her work in Engineering Sciences<ref name=":3" />
*2008: winner, NSW Scientist of the Year for [[Engineering Science]]s by the NSW Government Office of the Chief Scientist<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiefscientist.nsw.gov.au/awards/previous-winners |title=Past Winners – NSW Chief Scientist & Engineer |publisher=NSW Government |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814074250/http://www.chiefscientist.nsw.gov.au/awards/previous-winners |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 2011: winner, Nokia Business Innovation Award, presented at the [[Telstra Business Awards|Telstra Business Women's Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telstrabusinesswomensawards.com/award-highlights/past-winners/2011/national-286.aspx |title=2011 National Awards Winners |publisher=Telstra Business Women's Awards |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815125829/http://www.telstrabusinesswomensawards.com/award-highlights/past-winners/2011/national-286.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*2011: winner, [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] Award by the [[Government of India]]<ref name=":3" />
* 2012: winner, [[Banksia Environmental Foundation]] GE Innovation Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banksiafdn.com/the-awards/43-past-awards/225-2012-finalists.html |title=2012 Winner & Finalists |publisher=Banksia Foundation |date=18 August 2013 |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814085750/http://www.banksiafdn.com/the-awards/43-past-awards/225-2012-finalists.html |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 2012: winner, Australian Innovation Challenge<ref>{{cite news |last=Nadin |first=Mitchell |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/innovationchallenge/the-innovation-challenge-winner-could-change-steel-making-forever/story-fn9dkrp5-1226534889919 |title=The Innovation Challenge winner could change steel-making forever |work=[[The Australian]]|date=12 December 2012 |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814090711/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/innovationchallenge/the-innovation-challenge-winner-could-change-steel-making-forever/story-fn9dkrp5-1226534889919 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in recognition of her revolutionary work turning recycled rubber tires into steel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-31 |title=An interview Veena Sahajwalla, Director, Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Turning-waste-tyre-into-%E2%80%98green-steel%E2%80%99/article14518524.ece |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veena Sahajwalla |url=https://www.smart.unsw.edu.au/veena-sahajwalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318234420/https://www.smart.unsw.edu.au/veena-sahajwalla |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=UNSW Sydney}}</ref>
* 2013: winner, [[Association for Iron and Steel Technology|AIST]] Howe Memorial Lecture award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.aist.org/awards/howe_memorial_rec.htm |title=AIST Howe Memorial Lecture |publisher=Association for Iron & Steel |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814105929/https://apps.aist.org/awards/howe_memorial_rec.htm |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 2014: winner, [[Georgina Sweet Australian Laureate Fellowship]] by the [[Australian Research Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arc.gov.au/policies-strategies/strategy/gender-equality-research/kathleen-fitzpatrick-and-georgina-sweet-australian-laureate-fellows |title=Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Georgina Sweet Australian Laureate Fellows |publisher=Australian Research Council |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref>
* 2015: winner, Innovation category in the Australian 100 Women of Influence 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Women of Influence 2015|url=http://www.100womenofinfluence.com.au/alumni/2015-2/|website=100 Women of Influence|publisher=Australian Financial Review|access-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903202745/http://www.100womenofinfluence.com.au/alumni/2015-2/|archive-date=3 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2016: finalist, NSW Premier's Award for Woman of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|title=NSW Premier's Award for Woman of the Year Finalists 2016|url=http://www.women.nsw.gov.au/women_of_the_year_awards/2016-nsw-women-of-the-year-awards/nsw-premier-s-award-for-woman-of-the-year|website=Health Women NSW (women.nsw.gov.au)|access-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622133706/http://www.women.nsw.gov.au/women_of_the_year_awards/2016-nsw-women-of-the-year-awards/nsw-premier-s-award-for-woman-of-the-year|archive-date=22 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2018: elected Fellow of the [[Australian Academy of Science]] (FAA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org.au/fellowship/fellows/professor-veena-sahajwalla|title=Professor Veena Sahajwalla|website=www.science.org.au|access-date=2018-06-16}}</ref>
*2019: winner, BHERT (Business Higher Education Round Table) Award for her Green Steel innovation<ref name=":1" />
*2022: winner, NSW Australian of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tu|first=Jessie|date=2021-11-16|title=Veena Sahajwalla named 2022 NSW Australian of the Year|url=https://womensagenda.com.au/latest/veena-sahajwalla-named-2022-nsw-australian-of-the-year/|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Women's Agenda|language=en-AU}}</ref>
*2022: winner, Celestino Eureka Prize for Promoting Understanding of Science<ref>{{Cite web |last=AAP |date=2022-08-31 |title=Epidemiologist Raina MacIntyre among brilliant Australian scientists awarded Eureka Prize |url=https://thenewdaily.com.au/life/science/2022/08/31/epidemiologist-raina-macintyre-among-brilliant-australian-scientists-awarded-eureka-prize/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=The New Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
*2023: winner, Women in Design Award as part of [[Australian Good Design Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=PROFESSOR VEENA SAHAJWALLA – 2023 WOMEN IN DESIGN AWARD |url=https://good-design.org/professor-veena-sahajwalla-2023-women-in-design-award/}}</ref>
*2025: appointed [[Order of Australia|Officer of the Order of Australia]] in the [[2025 Australia Day Honours|Australia Day Honours]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientia Professor Veena SAHAJWALLA |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/3044700 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Australian Honours Search Facility}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fkbQynfSyY Recycling revolutionary shows how you can turn old clothes into kitchen tiles]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahajwalla, Veena}}
[[Category:21st-century Australian inventors]]
[[Category:Australian women scientists]]
[[Category:University of New South Wales alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century women inventors]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science]]
[[Category:Australian women academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Australia]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]

Gurpreet Singh (race walker)

2026-04-24T12:10:18Z

WaldoOakes4: put up biography

{{short description|Indian racewalker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Gurupreet Singh
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|7|9|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| country = {{flagcountry|India}}
| height = 
| weight = 
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Racewalking]]
| 
| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
| updated =
}}
'''Gurpreet Singh''' is an Indian racewalker.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/gurpreet-singh-wins-50km-race-walk-event-in-national-championships/articleshow/80906517.cms|title=Gurpreet Singh wins 50km race-walk event at National Championships|date= 14 Feb 2021| work = TOI|accessdate=16 Jul 2021}}</ref> He qualified for the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics 2020]] after winning the Indian 50km racewalking championship with a time of 3:59:42 (his personal best).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/news-who-gurpreet-singh-india-race-walker-qualified-tokyo-olympics|title=Who is Gurpreet Singh - India's race walker who has qualified for the Tokyo Olympics 2020|date= 6 Jul 2021|work=Sports Keeda|accessdate= 16 Jul 2021}}</ref> He competed in the 50km racewalking event in the Tokyo Olympics, but failed to finish due to cramps, withdrawing after 35km. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/tokyo-2020-olympics-50km-race-walk-gurpreet-singh-india-results|title=India's Gurpreet Singh fails to finish gruelling 50km race walk at Tokyo Olympics|first=Utathya|last=Nag|website=Olympics.com|date=5 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurpreet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Dirba Assembly constituency

2026-04-22T16:42:23Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{short description|Constituency of the Punjab legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dirba
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 100
| map_image = 100-Dirba.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Harpal Singh Cheema]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| established = 1976
| electors = {{formatnum:182695 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}

'''Dirba''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Sangrur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan=2|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
: <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Dirba }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]|votes={{formatnum:82630}}|percentage=56.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Gulzar Singh Moonak]]|votes={{formatnum:31975}}|percentage=22.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ajaib Singh Rataul|votes={{formatnum:10472}}|percentage=7.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Mandeep Singh|votes={{formatnum:9000}}|percentage=6.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)|candidate=Soma Singh|votes={{formatnum:4760}}|percentage=3.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1002|percentage=0.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=50,655|percentage= 34.88
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:145257}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:183788}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017 results===

<section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Dirba<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Harpal Singh Cheema]]
|votes = 46,434
|percentage = 32.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajaib Singh Ratolan
|votes = 44,789
|percentage = 30.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Gulzar Singh
|votes = 44,777
|percentage = 30.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Darshan Singh Sidhu
|votes = 2,875
|percentage = 1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Harwinder Singh
|votes = 2,081
|percentage = 1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Mandeep Singh
|votes = 1,779
|percentage = 1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
|candidate = Gharmand Singh
|votes = 789
|percentage = 0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bikar Singh
|votes = 630
|percentage = 0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Jagtar Singh
|votes = 369
|percentage = 0.26
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:174,214}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.07|75.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sangrur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1976]]

Ikkis

2026-04-20T03:14:02Z

WaldoOakes4: new initial article first draft - done

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Sriram Raghvan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ikkis
| image = Ikkis Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sriram Raghavan]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Sriram Raghavan
*Arijit Biswas
*Pooja Ladha Surti
}}
| story =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Dinesh Vijan]]
*Binny Padda
*Sharada Karki Jalota
*Poonam Shivdasani
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Agastya Nanda
*[[Dharmendra]]
*[[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
*Simar Bhatia
}}
| cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]]
| editing = Monisha R. Baldawa
| music = '''Songs:''' White Noise Collectives '''Score:''' [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| studio = [[Maddock Films]]
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
*[[Jio Studios]] (India)<ref>{{cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Shachi |date=31 December 2025 |title=Dharmendra's Ikkis To Get 30-40% Shows In Theatres Amid Dhurandhar's Craze: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/dharmendras-ikkis-to-get-30-40-shows-in-theatres-amid-dhurandhars-craze-report-ws-l-9802220.html |work=[[News18]] |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>
*[[Yash Raj Films]] (international)<ref name="yrf" />
}}
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes<ref name="cbfc" />
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|60 [[crore]]}}<ref> {{cite news| title =Ikkis Box Office Collection Day 5: हिट होने से कुछ ही दूर धर्मेंद्र की फिल्म, अगस्त्य नंदा ने तोड़ा मामा अभिषेक बच्चन का रिकॉर्ड |trans-title=Ikkis Box Office Collection Day 5: Dharmendra's film is just a step away from becoming a hit; Agastya Nanda breaks his uncle Abhishek Bachchan's record | work = [[NDTV]] | date= 7 January 2026 | url= https://ndtv.in/bollywood/ikkis-box-office-collection-day-5-film-close-to-hit-agastya-nanda-breaks-uncle-abhishek-bachchan-record-10415420| access-date = 7 January 2026 | language = hi}} </ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|36.95}} crore<ref name="bh" />
}}

'''''Ikkis''''' ({{translation|Twenty One}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[war drama]] film directed and co-written by [[Sriram Raghavan]]. It is co-produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]], Binny Padda, Sharada Karki Jalota, and Poonam Shivdasani under [[Maddock Films]]. It stars Agastya Nanda, [[Dharmendra]], [[Asrani]], [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] and Simar Bhatia. This also marks the final film appearance of [[Dharmendra]]. It is based on the life of [[Arun Khetarpal]], the youngest recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]] award, and centered around the [[Battle of Basantar]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 India–Pakistan War]]. The film's title is in reference to the age at which Arun Khetarpal attained martyrdom.<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Ikkis trailer: Agastya Nanda takes on the role of war hero Arun Khetarpal in Sriram Raghavan's film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ikkis-trailer-agastya-nanda-takes-on-the-role-of-war-hero-arun-khetarpal-in-sriram-raghavans-film-9538820 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Ikkis'' was scheduled to release theatrically on 25 December 2025, however it was postponed to 1 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Ikkis trailer out: Agastya Nanda channels war hero Arun Khetarpal's courage and sacrifice. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ikkis-trailer-out-agastya-nanda-channels-war-hero-arun-khetarpal-s-courage-and-sacrifice-watch-101761740551528.html |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title='Ikkis' postponed for THIRD time: Agastya Nanda-Dharmendra starrer shifts to January amid 'Dhurandhar' buzz; avoids Christmas clash with Kartik Aaryan-Ananya Panday's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ikkis-postponed-for-third-time-agastya-nanda-dharmendra-starrer-shifts-to-january-amid-dhurandhar-buzz-avoids-christmas-clash-with-kartik-aaryan-ananya-pandays-film/articleshow/126039412.cms |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics, but emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikkis writers react to comparisons with Dhurandhar: 'A gangster film's moral code can't align with a war film' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ikkis-writers-react-to-comparisons-with-dhurandhar-sriram-raghavan-aditya-dhar-101768539406194.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film chronicles the events in the life of [[Second lieutenant|2nd Lieutenant]] [[Arun Khetarpal]] and eventually his martyrdom in the [[Battle of Basantar]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 India Pakistan War]]. It also depicts the events that happen when his father, [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] Madan Lal Khetarpal (retd), visits Pakistan 30 years later.<ref name="The Hollywood Reporter India">{{Cite news |title='Ikkis' Trailer: Agastya Nanda Transforms Into War Hero Arun Khetarpal In Sriram Raghavan's Epic|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ikkis-trailer-agastya-nanda-transforms-into-war-hero-arun-khetarpal-in-sriram-raghavans-epic|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref> On 14 October 1971, at a training camp in [[Ahmednagar]], officers celebrate [[Second lieutenant | 2nd Lt.]] [[Arun Khetarpal]]'s 21st birthday while it is announced that training is cancelled due to increasing tension at the border. Time shifts to 2001 in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], where [[Brigadier]] Jaan Mohammed Nisar prepares for the arrival of Madan Lal Khetarpal, Arun's father, who is staying for a college reunion and to visit his village, [[Sargodha]]. Time shifts back and forth and show Arun's biography, including falling in love with a girl named Kiran Kochar, being a tank commander, going to Pakistan on 3 December 1971 (the day Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared war on Pakistan), being mistaken for the Pakistani army by civilians, fighting against over 14 Patton tanks, and ultimately breathing his last (which is later revealed that it was caused by Nisar himself). It also shows ML Khetarpal visiting the spot where his son died. In the end, it is revealed that Kiran still sends a birthday cake to Arun's family, although she broke up with Arun in June 1971.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Agastya Nanda as [[Second lieutenant|2nd Lt.]] [[Arun Khetarpal]], [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
* [[Dharmendra]] as [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] Madan Lal Khetarpal ({{small|retd}}), Arun's father
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as [[Pakistan Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned officer ranks|Brigadier]] Jaan Mohammad Nisar, [[Pakistan Army]] officer (based on Brigadier Khwaja Mohammed Naseer)<ref name=":1" />
* Jitendar Singh as [[Sowar]] Nand Singh
* Shree Bishnoi as Sowar Parag Singh, [[Mechanized Division|MD]], the driver of Arun's 'Famagusta' tank<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=मिठड़िया गांव से निकले युवा ने मनवाया लोहा, बॉलीवुड में अभिनय से छोड़ रहा है छाप |url=https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/a-young-man-from-mithadia-village-has-made-his-mark-in-bollywood-with-his-acting-20073568 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi}}</ref>
* Vijendar Singh as ALD Nathu Singh, MD
* Madhusudan Bishnoi as Sowar Bishwanath Singh, MD
* [[Suhasini Mulay]] as Maheshwari Khetarpal, Arun Khetarpal's mother
* [[Sikandar Kher|Sikander Kher]] as [[Risaldar]] Sagat Singh
* [[Rahul Dev]] as [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col.]] [[Hanut Singh (soldier)|Hanut Singh]], [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], [[commanding officer]] of 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal
* [[Vivaan Shah]] as [[Captain (armed forces)|Capt.]] Vijendra Malhotra "Mallu"
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Jahangir, a disabled soldier from the [[Kargil War]] living in Sargodha
* Kailash Gowthaman as 2nd Lt. Brijendra Singh "Brij"
* Aryan Pushkar as 2nd Lt. Avtar Singh Ahlawat
* Simar Bhatia as Kiran Kochhar<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news |title=''Ikkis'' trailer: Agastya Nanda fights for India in Sriram Raghavan-directed war drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/agastya-nanda-plays-param-vir-chakra-awardee-arun-khetarpal/cid/2130236 |work=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Mrs. Maryam Nisar
* Aadyanshi Kapoor as a family member
* Guneet Sandhu as Mukesh Khetarpal, Arun Khetarpal's younger brother<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{Cite news |title=Ikkis Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ikkis/cast/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
* Mohan Godara
* [[Asrani]] as Mr. Asghar<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-29 |title='Ikkis': 'Veeru' Dharmendra and 'Jailor' Asrani of 'Sholay' set to reunite one last time in Sriram Raghavan's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ikkis-veeru-dharmendra-and-jailor-asrani-of-sholay-set-to-reunite-one-last-time-in-sriram-raghavans-film/articleshow/125644449.cms |access-date=2026-01-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Pragati Anand as Kiran's friend
* [[Mamik Singh]] as [[General (Pakistan)|Pakistani General]]<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com" />
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] officer
* [[Adil Ibrahim]] as [[Major (India)|Major]] P. V. Sahadevan
* Abhishek Duhan as Major [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya|Hoshiyar Singh]]
* Avani Rai as Saba
* Saurabh Dubey as Pakistani General
* Amit Jairath as Lt. Col. [[Ajai Singh]]
* [[Baharul Islam (actor)|Baharul Islam]] as Capt. Zafar
* Mathlub Khan as a Golfer
* Vijender Poniyal as Paresh Kamdaar
* Abhijeet Singh as Capt. Siraj, [[13th Lancers|13 Lancer]]
}}

==Production==
===Development===
The film was produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]]'s [[Maddock Films]] and Binny Padda, alongside Sharada Karki Jalota, Keval Shah, [[Antara Banerjee]], Naved Farooqui, and Poonam Shivdasani. The film has been co-written by [[Sriram Raghavan]], Arijit Biswas, and Pooja Ladha Surti. It was in the pipeline since 2019 when it was first announced on Arun Khetarpal's 69th birth anniversary and was supposed to go on floors in 2020 but was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com" /><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter India">{{Cite news |title='Ikkis' Trailer: Agastya Nanda Transforms Into War Hero Arun Khetarpal In Sriram Raghavan's Epic|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ikkis-trailer-agastya-nanda-transforms-into-war-hero-arun-khetarpal-in-sriram-raghavans-epic|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sriram Raghavan"s "Ikkis" to come out in theatres on October 2|url=https://theprint.in/feature/sriram-raghavans-ikkis-to-come-out-in-theatres-on-october-2/2636684/|work=[[The Print]]}}</ref> The film has been shot across various locations in North India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sriram Raghavan's 'Ikkis' with Agastya Nanda will be shot in North India later this year, more details revealed - Exclusive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sriram-raghavans-ikkis-with-agastya-nanda-will-be-shot-in-north-india-later-this-year-more-details-revealed-exclusive/articleshow/100959595.cms/|work=[[times of india]]}}</ref> The film has a [[poem]] titled ''Aj vi ji karda hai, pind apne nu jaanwa'', which has been written and orated by late actor Dharmendra himself.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dharmendra's emotional poem in Ikkis is an ode to his beloved pind. Watch|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dharmendra-emotional-poem-ikkis-an-ode-to-his-beloved-pind-village-watch-jaideep-ahlawat-2827396-2025-11-28|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Tired Dharmendra Shot His Last Film Ikkis Despite A 'Killing Schedule', Says Director Sriram Raghavan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/exclusive-tired-dharmendra-shot-his-last-film-ikkis-despite-a-killing-schedule-says-director-sriram-raghavan-9701836|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Agastya Nanda who plays Arun Khetarpal underwent a strict regimen as the role required a strict fitness requirement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Agastya Nanda's most intense transformation yet: 2–3 years of Army + regiment drills, then NDA — Ikkis training details OUT!|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-agastya-nandas-intense-transformation-yet-2-3-years-army-regiment-drills-nda-ikkis-training-details/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=bollywood hungama|language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
The film was first announced in 2019 on 69th anniversary of [[Arun Khetarpal]]'s birth, with [[Varun Dhawan]] originally cast in the lead role. After COVID-19, Dhawan couldn't do the film due to date scheduling issues. A new cast was announced on 8 December 2022, the 87th birthday of [[Dharmendra]], retaining only him in the role of the father Madan Lal Khetarpal, newcomer [[Agastya Nanda]] was cast in the role of [[Arun Khetarpal]] and [[Akshay Kumar]]'s niece debutant Simar Bhatia was finalised as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2022 |title=Not Varun Dhawan but Agastya Nanda to play war hero Arun Khetarpal PVC in Sriram Raghavan's Ikkis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/not-varun-dhawan-but-agastya-nanda-to-play-arun-khetarpal-in-sriram-raghavans-ikkis-dharmendra-joins-cast-2306887-2022-12-08 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name=telegraph /><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter India" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Dharmendra to share screen with Agastya Nanda in Sriram Raghavan's 'Ikkis' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/dharmendra-and-agastya-nanda-come-together-for-sriram-raghavans-ikkis/articleshow/96111144.cms |access-date=2026-01-03 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Jaideep Ahlawat was cast as [[Pakistan Army]] officer Jaan Mohammad, the character is based on Khwaja Mohammed Naseer, who confessed to Arun's father that he was the man who pulled the tank's trigger that killed his son in the [[Battle of Basantar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=31 October 2025 |title=I killed your son Lt Arun Khetarpal: Pak soldier's confession to Indian Brigadier |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/arun-khetarpal-pakistani-soldier-confession-1971-indo-pak-war-ikkis-agastya-nanda-basantar-tank-battle-history-2811014-2025-10-31 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Sikandar Kher]], who plays [[Risaldar]] [[Sagat Singh]] joined the cast in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ikkis: Sikandar Kher joins Dharmendra, Jaideep Ahlawat, Agastya Nanda in Sriram Raghavan's next war drama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ikkis-sikandar-kher-joins-dharmendra-jaideep-ahlawat-agastya-nanda-in-sriram-raghavans-next-war-drama-7640806 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250602205617/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ikkis-sikandar-kher-joins-dharmendra-jaideep-ahlawat-agastya-nanda-in-sriram-raghavans-next-war-drama-7640806 |archive-date=2025-06-02 |access-date=2026-01-03 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> Shree Bishnoi, a [[Cinema of Rajasthan|Rajasthani actor]] who plays [[Sowar]] Parag Singh as the driver of Arun's tank 'Famagusta' also joined the cast on 15 October 2024.<ref name=":2" /> Comedy icon [[Asrani]] who died late last year was also cast in a small role.<ref name=":3" /> [[Vijay Ganguly]] has been roped in as the choreographer for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikkis choreographer lauds Dharmendra's dedication for shooting till 4 AM, calls him 'vibrant and full of life'|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ikkis-choreographer-lauds-dharmendras-dedication-for-shooting-till-4-am-calls-him-vibrant-and-full-of-life/aca694569d925 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=ottplay|language=en}}</ref> Sujeet Subhash Sawant and sriram Kannan Iyengar did the production design of the film, Bishwadeep Chatterjee was roped in for sound designing and Amrit Singh with Alexander Samokhvalov are responsible for action sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ikkis Cast & Crew|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ikkis/cast/|work=[[bollywood hungama]]}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film was shot across various locations in [[North India]].<ref name=":4" /> During shooting sequences Dharmendra, for better understanding, improvised and rewrote his dialogues in [[Urdu]] and other actors cues as well. He was eager to watch the complete film but managed to see only about 50 percent in post-production rushes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Late legend Dharmendra struggled with 'Ikkis' dubbing, rewrote lines in Urdu; reveals Sriram Raghavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/late-legend-dharmendra-struggled-with-ikkis-dubbing-rewrote-lines-in-urdu-reveals-sriram-raghavan/articleshow/125910121.cms/ |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During the filming, the late actor had recorded a message that 'India and Pakistan' must see the film. This [[Behind-the-scenes|Behind the Scene]] message was shared by the production team on his 90th birthday on 8 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Team Ikkis shares Dharmendra's final message: India and Pakistan must see the film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/team-ikkis-shares-dharmendra-final-message-india-and-pakistan-must-see-the-film-2832423-2025-12-08/|work=[[india today]]}}</ref> During filming of the song 'ikkis' Dharmendra despite his advanced age used to stay awake till early morning to complete the song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikkis choreographer lauds Dharmendra's dedication for shooting till 4 AM, calls him 'vibrant and full of life'|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ikkis-choreographer-lauds-dharmendras-dedication-for-shooting-till-4-am-calls-him-vibrant-and-full-of-life/aca694569d925 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=ottplay|language=en}}</ref> Agastya Nanda who plays Arun Khetarpal underwent a strict regimen as the role required a strict fitness requirement. To prepare for the role, Nanda did extensive training for 2-3 years at the [[Indian Army]] and [[Poona Horse]] regiment, followed by [[National Defence Academy]] at [[Khadakwasala Assembly constituency|Khadakwasala]], [[Pune]]. Later, he went to [[Aurangabad]], where he did tank training for a few days.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-29 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Agastya Nanda's most intense transformation yet: 2–3 years of Army + regiment drills, then NDA — Ikkis training details OUT! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-agastya-nandas-intense-transformation-yet-2-3-years-army-regiment-drills-nda-ikkis-training-details/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> As the film is based on a [[Tank warfare|tank war]] involving [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion tanks]], that dont exist except as showpieces, the filmmakers recreated 3 Centurion tanks from scratch to film the tank battle. Production designer Sujeet Subhash Sawant and Sriram Kannan Iyengar designed and executed the exterior and interior of tanks, period Punjab villages as set and army camps. Even though special effects have been used in the film, the tank war sequences were shot in actual locations like [[Marshland|marshlands]] and rivers. Each of these 3 tanks weighed 4 to 5 tons and where built to move in proper speed. The production designers also created 2 dummy Centurion tanks for filming long shots. These tanks were built over a period of 3 to 6 months. A major chunk of film's budget was spent to build these tanks.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-29 |title=EXCLUSIVE: No green screen, no junkyard tanks: Ikkis creates Centurion tanks from SCRATCH with a mammoth budget; 3 moving beasts made; Sriram Raghavn shares FASCINATING details |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-no-green-screen-no-junkyard-tanks-ikkis-creates-centurion-tanks-scratch-mammoth-budget-3-moving-beasts-made-sriram-raghavn-shares-fascinating-details/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Post production===
[[Sachin-Jigar]] as part of the post production work provided the [[background score]] for the film while [[Bishwadeep Chatterjee|Biswadeep Chatterjee]] did the sound mixing.<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com" /> This is the first Sriram Raghavan film which saw an extensive use of [[visual effects]] (VFX) in post-production, to enhance the overall cinematic experience.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=Sriram Raghavan's 'Ikkis' with Agastya Nanda will be shot in North India later this year, more details revealed - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sriram-raghavans-ikkis-with-agastya-nanda-will-be-shot-in-north-india-later-this-year-more-details-revealed-exclusive/articleshow/100959595.cms/ |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The late actor Dharmendra struggled during [[dubbing]] sessions in October 2025. [[Bobby Deol]], son of Dharmendra, gave the [[voice-over]] to the younger version of his father's character to add authenticity to the film and has been given a special thanks in the [[Closing credits|end credits]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-30 |title=Bobby Deol gives voice to the younger version of Dharmendra in Ikkis |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bobby-deol-gives-voice-younger-version-dharmendra-ikkis/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Ikkis (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack is composed by White Noise Collectives, with lyrics written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]. The album accompanying five-tracks—four of them being preceded as singles—was released under the [[Sony Music]] label on 1 January 2026.<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-01|title=Ikkis (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ikkis-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1864309695|access-date=2026-01-26|website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>


==Marketing==
The first look poster featuring Agastya Nanda as Arun Khetarpal was released on 14 October 2025 on Khetarpal's birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agastya Nandas first look from Ikkis out, film to release in December 2025 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/agastya-nandas-first-look-from-ikkis-out-film-to-release-in-december-2025-ws-l-9634832.html |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> During the filming, Dharmendra recorded a message that "India and Pakistan" must see the film. This [[Behind-the-scenes|behind the scenes]] message was shared by the production team on his 90th birthday on 8 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-08 |title=Team Ikkis shares Dharmendra's final message: India and Pakistan must see the film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/team-ikkis-shares-dharmendra-final-message-india-and-pakistan-must-see-the-film-2832423-2025-12-08 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was promoted in a special episode of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' season 17. Agastya Nanda, his mother [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]], and his sister [[Navya Naveli Nanda]] featured as the guests in the show which is hosted by Agastya's maternal grandfather [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 17: Amitabh Bachchan grills grandson Agastya Nanda over who he likes most, 'nana or nani'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kaun-banega-crorepati-17-amitabh-bachchan-grills-grandson-agastya-nanda-over-who-he-likes-most-nana-or-nani-101766557986744.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[IGP (e-gifting retailer)|IGP]], a global [[direct-to-consumer]] gifting platform, partnered with Maddock Films to create a limited-edition co-branded planter inspired by Khetarpal’s values of bravery, resilience, and duty. Each planter has artwork, a self-watering pot, a hardy snake plant, and soil from the Arun Khetarpal memorial at [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]] as a living tribute to Arun Khetarpal’s legacy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IGP, Maddock Films partner to celebrate Arun Khetarpal's legacy with themed merchandise |url=https://marketech-apac.com/igp-maddock-films-partner-to-celebrate-arun-khetarpals-legacy-with-themed-merchandise/ |work=marketech-apac.com}}</ref>

A special screening of the film was held in New Delhi on 23 December 2025. The event was attended by the production team of the film, family members of Arun Khetarpal and family members of his tank crew. Also present at the event were Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], Chief of Defence Staff General [[Anil Chauhan]], Chief of Army Staff General [[Upendra Dwivedi]], and other [[Indian Army]] personnel and their families. At the event Singh felicitated the family members of Khetarpal and his tank crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-23 |title=Rajnath Singh attends special screening of Agastya Nanda's Ikkis |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rajnath-singh-attends-special-screening-of-agastya-nandas-ikkis-80336.html |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> A day before, a private screening of the film was held in Bombay, which was attended by the film's crew as well [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and his sister (mother of Simar Bhatia).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-22 |title=Photos: Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar and more attend Ikkis screening ahead of its release |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/photos-amitabh-bachchan-akshay-kumar-and-more-attend-ikkis-screening-ahead-of-its-release-80320-1.html |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> On 29 December 2025, [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Bobby Deol]] hosted a special screening of the film at [[PVR INOX|PVR ICON]] in [[Andheri]], Mumbai as a tribute to their father Dharmendra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikkis: Sunny, Bobby Deol to host special screening of Dharmendra's last film in Mumbai |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ikkis-sunny-bobby-deol-to-host-special-screening-of-dharmendras-last-film-in-mumbai-9981950 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film originally planned for a release on 2 October 2025, but was postponed to 25 December 2025 (around the 54th anniversary of Arun Khetarpal's death), mainly to avoid a clash with ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' as well as to make use of the [[Christmas and holiday season|Christmas holiday season]]. It was further postponed to 1 January 2026, becoming the first film to release in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-05-25 |title=Sriram Raghavan's Ikkis to come out in theatres on October 2 |url=https://theprint.in/feature/sriram-raghavans-ikkis-to-come-out-in-theatres-on-october-2/2636684/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[ThePrint.in]] |language=en-US |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title='Ikkis' postponed for THIRD time: Agastya Nanda-Dharmendra starrer shifts to January amid 'Dhurandhar' buzz; avoids Christmas clash with Kartik Aaryan-Ananya Panday's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ikkis-postponed-for-third-time-agastya-nanda-dharmendra-starrer-shifts-to-january-amid-dhurandhar-buzz-avoids-christmas-clash-with-kartik-aaryan-ananya-pandays-film/articleshow/126039412.cms |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The release was postponed due to [[astrology|astrological reasons]], as per [[Amitabh Bachchan]] the grandfather of Agastya Nanda.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title=Amitabh Bachchan hints grandson Agastya Nanda's Ikkis not postponed due to Dhurandhar but for 'jyotish vidya' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-hints-grandson-agastya-nanda-dharmendras-ikkis-not-postponed-due-to-dhurandhar-but-astrology-101766112265010.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-18 |title='Astrology' postponed Ikkis release, Says Amitabh Bachchan amid Dhurandhar storm |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/astrology-postponed-ikkis-release-says-amitabh-bachchan-amid-dhurandhar-storm-9837907 |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] gave a [[U/A 13+]] certificate to the film and asked for several modifications. These included blurring alcohol names, adding a smoking warning, removing a tank name, removing a 15-second dialogue on [[India–Pakistan relations]] and the addition of certain voice-overs and end-credit changes.<ref name="cbfc">{{cite web |access-date=30 December 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC deletes 15-second dialogue on India-Pakistan relations in Ikkis|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-deletes-15-second-dialogue-india-pakistan-relations-ikkis/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 December 2025}}</ref> The film released in over 4000 screen across India. [[Yash Raj Films]] distributed the film overseas.<ref name="yrf">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2025 |title=Yash Raj Films to release Ikkis overseas; industry heavyweights Aditya Chopra and Dinesh Vijan collaborate for the FOURTH time in 2025|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/yash-raj-films-release-ikkis-overseas-industry-heavyweights-aditya-chopra-dinesh-vijan-collaborate-fourth-time-2025/ |access-date=29 December 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Pre-release business===
Despite the week long delay due to astrological reasons, the film Ikkis has registered a slow start in advance booking on Wednesday, with only around 30 thousand tickets sold. This resulted in business of around {{estimated}}{{INR}} 2 crore for opening day of 1 January 2026. This is mainly due to the continued buzz around the film ''[[Dhurandhar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Ikkis box office prediction: Agastya Nanda, Dharmendra film suffers from Dhurandhar rampage, may open at just ₹2 crore|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ikkis-box-office-prediction-agastya-nanda-dharmendra-film-suffers-from-dhurandhar-rampage-may-open-at-just-2-crore-101767171046219.html|access-date=30 December 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 26 February 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 February 2026 |title=Ikkis OTT release: When and where to watch Agastya Nanda starrer; deets inside! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ikkis-ott-release-watch-agastya-nanda-starrer-deets-inside/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 February 2026 |title='Ikkis’ OTT release: When and where to watch Agastya Nanda and Dharmendra's war biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ikkis-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-agastya-nanda-and-dharmendras-war-biopic/articleshow/128803652.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Critical reception ===
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Not the sort of Bollywood war movie that goes all guns blazing and tom-tomming the virtues of battlefield bellicosity, Ikkis conserves its firepower and spreads it out judiciously over its two-and-a-half-hour runtime."<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=1 January 2026 |title=Ikkis review: Solidly acted Dharmendra's swan song is not average Hindi war film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ikkis-review-solidly-acted-dharmendras-swan-song-is-not-average-hindi-war-film-3-5-stars-10167125 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and writes in her review that "Agastya Nanda-Dharmendra-starrer is a war film that makes you feel in a way that movies these days are not either able to or want to. It eschews gratuitous violence and jingoism as it explores the harrowing fallout of conflict."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |date=1 January 2026 |title=Ikkis movie review: Agastya Nanda-Dharmendra film is a solid start to 2026, a war film that's deeply anti-war |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ikkis-movie-review-agastya-nanda-dharmendra-film-is-a-war-film-thats-deeply-anti-war-10449941/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' commented that "The first Hindi film of 2026 excels as both a patriotic war drama and a poignant anti-war epic. ... Come for the heroism, stay for the hugs."<ref>{{cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=1 January 2026 |title='Ikkis' movie review: Sriram Raghavan hits the sweet spot between love and war |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ikkis-movie-review-sriram-raghavan-hits-the-sweet-spot-between-love-and-war |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref>

Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 3.5 stars out of 5 and observed that "Where ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' leaned into aggressive bloodlust through its acerbic storytelling, ''Ikkis'' moves in the opposite direction, asking us to see people beyond uniforms, slogans, or sides."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanap |first=Mayur |date=1 January 2026 |title=Ikkis review: The flip side to Dhurandhar |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ikkis-review/20260101.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' also gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "Overall, ''Ikkis'' works best when it stops trying to be a war film and becomes a painful reminder. It tells you something unbearable: that our freedoms were bought by people who never got to live theirs."<ref>{{cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=1 January 2026 |title=Ikkis review: Dharmendra is the beating heart of this biopic on Arun Khetarpal, which moves you more than you expect |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ikkis-review-dharmendra-is-the-beating-heart-of-this-biopic-on-arun-khetarpal-which-moves-you-more-than-you-expect-101767244137624.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that "''Ikkis'' succeeds as a thoughtful, tear-jerking homage to a young warrior that values soul over spectacle."<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=1 January 2026 |title='Ikkis' movie review: Sriram Raghavan makes an evocative plea for peace in polarised times |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ikkis-movie-review-dharmendra-agastya-nanda-jaideep-ahlawat-sriram-raghavan-makes-an-evocative-plea-for-peace-in-polarised-times/article70460062.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' writes that "''Ikkis'' sidesteps the vengeance-fuelled hyperbole that results when Indians run into Pakistanis. Scene after scene reveals Raghavan’s efforts to put his own stamp on a genre that has been lost to jingoism."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=1 January 2026 |title='Ikkis' review: In tribute to a war hero, a rare plea for peace and empathy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1089599/ikkis-review-in-tribute-to-a-war-hero-a-rare-plea-for-peace-and-empathy |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that "''Ikkis'' is not just a war film. It is a deeply human story about courage, sacrifice and reconciliation".<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=1 January 2026 |title=Ikkis movie review: Ikkis is not just a war film. It is a deeply human story. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ikkis/critic-review/ikkis-movie-review/ikkis-is-not-just-a-war-film-it-is-a-deeply-human-story/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' also rated 4/5 stars and said that "''Ikkis'' is just the kind of war-drama we need in this ruptured mainstream cinema scenario."<ref>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Lachmi Deb |date=1 January 2026 |title=Ikkis movie review: Dharmendra, Jaideep Ahlawat, Agastya Nanda give their honest performances on a film based on Arun Khetarpal under Sriram Raghavan's directorial |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ikkis-movie-review-in-sriram-raghavans-directorial-dharmendra-jaideep-ahlawat-agastya-nanda-give-honest-performances-on-the-life-of-arun-khetarpal-13964536.html |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' also rated 4/5 stars and said that "Sriram Raghavan doesn’t just direct a war drama; he offers an actor a graceful goodbye, and reminds us that the truest war stories are those that mourn what is lost rather than celebrate what is won."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=1 January 2026 |title=Ikkis movie review: Dharmendra's swan song |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ikkis-movie-review-dharmendras-swan-song-80548.html |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' praise the film saying that "In an increasingly belligerent and hysterical Hindi cinema, I’m not sure there'll be takers for ''Ikkis''<nowiki/>' pacifism. Those who watch it for the director might be surprised. There was a lot of talk when the trailer released about how this didn't seem like a Raghavan film, which is to say something acidic, smart and self-aware. It's true that sweet, sincere ''Ikkis'' is tonally apart from anything he's made."<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=1 January 2026 |title='Ikkis' review: A war film on a peace mission |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/ikkis-review-sriram-raghavan-dharmendra-agasyta-nanda-jaideep-ahlawat-1971-war-film-peace-pakistan-11767239137328.html |website=[[mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars and said that "Unlike most war films, ''Ikkis'' doesn’t glorify conflict; it strives for realism. There’s no heavy reliance on CGI or dramatic sound design, which largely works in the film’s favour. However, the music is underwhelming and does little to elevate the narrative or emotional beats."<ref>{{cite web |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=1 January 2026 |title=Ikkis movie review: A moving Indo-Pak war drama that puts humanity first |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ikkis/movie-review/126282737.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Ikkis'' collected {{estimated}}{{INR}}7.28 crore on its opening day, despite facing stiff competition from ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025). As of 22 January 2026, after end of 3rd week, the film has grossed {{estimated}} {{INR}} 36.89 crore.<ref name="bh">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2026 |title=Ikkis Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ikkis/box-office/|access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Ikkis box office prediction: Agastya Nanda, Dharmendra film suffers from Dhurandhar rampage, may open at just ₹2 crore|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ikkis-box-office-prediction-agastya-nanda-dharmendra-film-suffers-from-dhurandhar-rampage-may-open-at-just-2-crore-101767171046219.html|access-date=30 December 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15464188}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie}}
{{Sriram Raghavan}}

[[Category:2020s action war films]]
[[Category:2020s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020s war drama films]]
[[Category:2026 action drama films]]
[[Category:2026 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Action war films]]
[[Category:Anti-war films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about military personnel]]
[[Category:Fiction about tanks]]
[[Category:Fictional brigadiers]]
[[Category:Films about battles and military operations]]
[[Category:Films about death]]
[[Category:Films about grief]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sriram Raghavan]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachin–Jigar]]
[[Category:Films set in 1971]]
[[Category:Films set in 2001]]
[[Category:Films set in Pune]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian war drama films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Maddock Films films]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Historical war films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:2020s historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:2020s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]

Basuka, Ghazipur

2026-04-17T17:00:13Z

WaldoOakes4: starting entry

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basuka
| native_name = बसुका
| native_name_lang = बसुका
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1542}}
| founder = Ratan Dev Rai
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8534
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = [[Postal Index Number|232339]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP 61]]
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = BASUKA
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 678.14
}}
'''Basuka''' is a village in [[Ghazipur District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=2011 Census of India|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania-population.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207195737/https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania-population.html |archive-date=2020-12-07 |access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bhulekh|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506041339/http://www.upbhulekh.gov.in:80/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp |archive-date=2016-05-06 |access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Basuka Village in Zamania|url=https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania/basuka.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210131616/https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania/basuka.html |archive-date=2021-02-10 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> The village is 28 km from Ghazipur district headquarter.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Zaric |first1=Nenad M. |last2=Deljanin |first2=Isidora |last3=Ilijević |first3=Konstantin |last4=Stanisavljević |first4=Ljubiša |last5=Ristić |first5=Mirjana |last6=Gržetić |first6=Ivan |display-authors=2 |title=Assessment of spatial and temporal variations in trace element concentrations using honeybees (''Apis mellifera'') as bioindicators |journal=PeerJ |date=16 July 2018 |volume=6 |pages=e5197 |doi= 10.7717/peerj.5197/fig-1 |pmid=30038861 |url=https://peerj.com/articles/5197/#fig-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The nearest railway station to the village is [[Bhadaura Ghazipur|Bhadaura]] (3 km) and [[Karahia]] (3.5 km).<ref name=":3"/> The main occupations of people of the village is Agriculture. The main caste living there are Bhumihar, Brahman, Yadav, Muslims and other backward and schedule caste.<ref name=":0" />

The main language spoken by people of the village is Bhojpuri as well as Hindi. Traditionally, most of the geographical land belonged to Bhumihar families, in which they themselves do agriculture practices or lend it to others.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Basuka was founded by the descendants of [[Maharaja Kam Dev Misir|Kam Deo sikarwar]] who migrated from [[Fatehpur Sikri|Vijaypur Sikri]] in 1530.

Kam Dev's family was divided, with part of his family staying in Pahadgarh, while the other part relocated. Kam Dev had four sons. His eldest son's family moved to Kanpur district with him, while his second son, Vichal Misir, had part of his family remain in Pahadgarh, while the other part moved to Kanpur. The remaining two sons' families also joined Kam Dev in Kanpur by 1527. Dham Dev Rao and his brother Vikram Partap Dev also relocated their families to Kanpur district.

===The Battle of Madarpur===

After the three brothers settled in Kanpur with a large amount of gold coins and the statue of their clan deity, Mata Khamakhya, they became wealthy zamindars of the region. As they established their rule in Kanpur, [[Babur]] planned to attack their fort in [[Munger district|Madarpur]]. This led to the Battle of Madarpur against [[Babur]]'s general, [[Mir Baqi]]. Unfortunately, Kam Dev and his brothers, with their relatively small army, were defeated in 1528.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सैयद वंश व मुगलकालीन खंडहरों के ध्वंसावशेष - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh-8981760.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

===Migration to Ghazipur===

On 26 October 1530, Kam Dev and Dham Dev migrated to [[Ghazipur]], first settling at Sakardih near Kamakhya Devi temple, because of floods Kam Dev's family, migrated and settled in a place and kept its name Dalpatpur, now known as [[Reotipur, Uttar Pradesh|Reotipur]].

In the family of Anchal Misir, Kam Dev's eldest son, had two sons name as Harish Chandra and Reosar. Reosar's descendants founded [[Nagsar, Ghazipur|Nagsar]]. While Harishchandra had four sons, the eldest Rajmal Rao founded [[Tilwa, Ghazipur|Tilwa]], the second Sansar Rao founded [[Suhwal|Suhawal]] and [[Gaura, Ghazipur|Gaura]], the third Gosai Rao founded [[Ramaval|Ramwal]] and adopted [[Islam]], while the descendants of Puranmal Rao, the youngest (although some sources say he was the eldest and main heir after him) became the main owners of the estate, and established the large villages of [[Reotipur, Uttar Pradesh|Reotipur]], [[Sherpur, Ghazipur|Sherpur]], and [[Basuka, Ghazipur|Basuka]].

The younger son of Puramal named as Raja Ratan Dev Rai founded [[Basuka, Ghazipur|Basuka]] in 1542.

The eldest son of Puranmal named as Raja Narhar Khan adopted Islam in 1542 and moved to Usia and from him comes the most prominent branch known as "Kamsari Pathans" who founded [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]].<ref name="Ansari" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

== Demography ==
=== Religion and culture ===
The majority of people in village follow Hindu religion and the minorities are following Muslim religion.

The Family Goddess or Clan Deity of [[Bhumihar]] Families of the Village is Kamakhya Devi(Kamaichhaa Maiya). The temple is situated around 2.5 kms North-East of the village. This temple was first established by [[Maharaja Kam Dev Misir|Kam Deo Misir]] and Dham Deo Misir who migrated from [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. The Bhumihars of this village are the descendants of [[Maharaja Kam Dev Misir|Kam Deo Misir]].

The village has multiple temples and a mosque. In the east side of the village, there is [[Budhwa shiv ji|Budhwa Shiv Jee]] temple which is said to be older than 100 years and peoples of the village have great faith and belief, making it of great religious importance in the village. Another one is Mahavir ji mandir which is in Purab(East) side of the village and also has significant religious importance. One Kaali Mata temple is there at the far east side of the village.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

'''Education Infrastructure'''
The village has 3 schools, of which one is in the east of the village- Kanya Ucchatar Madhyamik Vidyalaya, one is in the west of the village- Prarthamik Vidyalaya(Primary School) and other is on the far west- Saraswati Shishu Mandir, that are runs under UP board. The village has 1 Madarsa as well.

== Courtesan ==
The village houses multiple tawayaf (female dancers, courtesans), who used to perform Mujra. But in the last few decades, this tradition has been on steep decline. Most of them settle on the Paschim Chhor(West Side) of the village. As per the latest news, these practices are almost ended because of the collective efforts of the respected villagers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

G. V. Anjaneyulu

2026-04-15T03:21:17Z

WaldoOakes4: put up a stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{use British English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = G. V. Anjaneyulu
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)| Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Bolla Brahma Naidu]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2019
| constituency1 = [[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]
| predecessor1 = [[Makkena Mallikarjuna Rao]]
| successor1 = [[Bolla Brahma Naidu]]
| birth_date = 14 July 1966
| birth_place = Kothapet, [[Vinukonda]], [[Palnadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India|Indian]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Business]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| parents = Satyanarayana Venkata Chalavamma
| spouse = Gonuguntla Leelavathi
| children = 2
}}

{{family name hatnote|Gonuguntla|lang=Telugu}}'''Gonuguntla Venkat Shiva Sita Rama Anjaneyulu''' (born 14 July 1966) is an Indian politician who was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for [[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda constituency]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]] in 2009. He represents the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

==Biography==
He won in 2009 Assembly Election with 51.90% of votes gained for Telugu Desam Party in Vinukonda constituency. In 2014 Assembly Elections he also won with 52.77% of votes gained for [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam Party (TDP)]] in [[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda constituency]].

Anjaneyulu was born in an agricultural family, from Inumella village in [[Ipur, Guntur district|Ipur mandal]] [[Guntur district|Guntur Dt.]] of [[Andhra Pradesh|A.P.]] He is a graduate in science (B.Sc.). He is married to Gonuguntla Leelavathi and they have two children.

==Political career==
Anjaneyulu is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam Party (TDP)]] and has represented the [[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda constituency]] in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. His political journey saw significant victories in the 2009 and 2014 Assembly Elections, where he secured 51.90% and 52.77% of the votes, respectively, for the Telugu Desam Party in Vinukonda Constituency. His dedication to public service and his ability to connect with constituents have earned him a clean image and a high reputation among the general public, government, and non-government circles.

'''[[Lead India|Lead India 2020]]'''

The group started as Sivasakthi Lila & Anjan Foundation, a nonprofit, voluntary organisation striving towards corporate social responsibility. Every year, an amount of Rs. One Crore is being spent on social service activities for the benefit of poor and needy people. The activities include health camps, eye camps, free distribution of medicines, free distribution of Spectacles, tree plantation, rehabilitation of people affected by natural calamities, encouraging rural sports, empowerment of women, providing drinking water during summer, educational scholarships to poor & merit students, etc.

Of late, Lead India 2020 programme is being implemented by the foundation, which is the brain child of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam]], ex-president of [[India]]. Through this programme, the students/youth are trained to become responsible citizens of their country with morals, ethics and specific goals and achievements. So far 48,526 students were trained from 142 schools/colleges in Guntur Dist. by the Foundation.

Anjaneyulu, is the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Vinukonda (Assembly constituency)|Vinukonda Constituency]], in [[Guntur district|Guntur Dist.]], [[Andhra Pradesh|A.P.]]

Anjaneyulu started Shivashakti Group Companies in 1996. The group manufactures and markets qualitative and high yielding Agri inputs like organic fertilisers, micronutrients, plant growth promoters, bio fertilisers, bio pesticides, etc. The group also markets Teak plants.

==Awards==
The group companies under the leadership of Anjaneyulu, were conferred the following awards:

* Honoured with "Best Marketing Effort Award 2000–2001" from [[Federation of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry|FAPCCI, Hyderabad]].
* Honoured with "Best Industrial Productivity Award 2002–2003" from [[Federation of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry|FAPCCI, Hyderabad]].
* Honoured with "Best Marketing Performance Award 2003–2004" from [[Federation of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry|FAPCCI, Hyderabad]].
* Honoured with "Organization with Innovative HR Practices 2011–12" Award in 12th [http://asiapacifichrmcongress.com/ Asia Pacific HRM Congress] on Sept. 6th 2012 at [https://www.tajhotels.com/en-in/taj/taj-bangalore/ Taj, Bangalore].
* Honoured with "Best Marketing Company 2011–12" Award by [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]], at "FICCI Food 360" on Nov. 5th 2012 in [[Hyderabad]].
* Honoured with "Best Learning & Development Strategy" Award in [http://www.indiahumancapitalsummit.com/ India Human Capital Awards] on 7 Dec. 2012 at Taj Deccan, Hyderabad
* Honoured with "Excellence in Training & Best HR Strategy in line with Business" Award in 7th [http://www.employerbrandingawards.com/ Employer Branding Award] on 7 Dec. 2012 at [[Taj Hotels|Taj Deccan, Hyderabad]].
* Honoured with "[[TV5 Network|TV5 – Business Leader Award 2012]]" - under the category "Agriculture and Food Processing", presented on 18 May 2013 at N Convention Centre, Hyderabad.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.shivshaktifoundation.org/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anjaneyulu, Gonuguntla Venkata Seeta Rama}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Vaigai College of Engineering

2026-04-15T01:43:50Z

WaldoOakes4: created basic info added tags...

{{Short description|College in Madurai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Vaigai College of Engineering
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|image =
|motto = Educate, Innovate and Expertise Engineers, as well as to Propagate Entrepreneurs
|established = 2012
|type = Self Financing
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|provost =
|principal = Dr.R.Saravanan
|rector =
|chairman = S.KamalaKannan
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city = [[Madurai]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country = India
|campus = Rural
|free_label =
|free =
|colours =
|mascot =
|other_names = VCE
|affiliations = [[Anna University]]
|website = {{url|http://www.vaigai.org/}}
|coordinates = {{coord|10.0096|N|78.2988|E|display=inline,title}}
|logo =
}}

'''Vaigai College of Engineering''' is a self-financing college in [[Madurai, Tamil Nadu]], India. It was established in the year 2012. It is a technical institution offering undergraduate programs in various disciplines of engineering. The college is situated at about 25 km from [[Madurai]] and 5 km from [[Melur]]. The college is supported by Vaigai Educational Trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vaigai.org/about.php |title=Vaigai College Of Engineering |website=vaigai.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003100/http://www.vaigai.org/about.php |archive-date=2018-05-07}} </ref>

==Departments==
The academic departments of the college are:

*Civil Engineering
*Computer Science and Engineering
*Electronics and Communication Engineering
*Electrical and Electronics Engineering
*Mechanical Engineering

== Undergraduate courses (4 years) ==
'''Bachelor of Engineering degree in''' <ref>{{cite web |url=https://vaigai.org/courses.php |title=Vaigai College Of Engineering |website=vaigai.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507021054/http://www.vaigai.org/courses.php |archive-date=2018-05-07}} </ref>
*[[Civil Engineering]]
*[[Computer Science and Engineering]],
*[[Electronics and Communication Engineering]],
*[[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]],
*[[Mechanical Engineering]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://vaigai.org}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Colleges in Madurai]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Madurai]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Madurai]]

Aegan

2026-04-12T12:53:59Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{short description|2008 film by Raju Sundaram}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aegan
| image = Aegan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raju Sundaram]]
| producer = K. Karunamoorthy [[C. Arunpandian]]
| writer = S. Ramakrishnan Raju Sundaram '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = [[Raju Sundaram]] '''(adapted screenplay)''' Farah Khan Abbas Tyrewala Rajesh Saathi '''(original screenplay)'''
| story = [[Farah Khan]] '''(original story)''' Raju Sundaram '''(additional story)'''
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Main Hoon Na]]''|[[Farah Khan]]}}
| starring = [[Ajith Kumar]] [[Nayanthara]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Arjun Jena]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran International Films]]
| distributor = Ayngaran International
| released = {{Film date|2008|10|27|df=yes}}<ref name="girls" />
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aegan''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[Raju Sundaram]] and produced by [[Ayngaran International]]. The film is a remake of 2004 Hindi film ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'', stars [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Nayanthara]], while [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Jayaram]], [[Navdeep]] and [[Piaa Bajpai]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Arjun Jena]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]]. The film follows a CB-CID officer who embarks on a [[covert operation|covert mission]] to protect a fugitive's daughter by posing as a college student.

''Aegan'' was released on 27 October 2008, coinciding with [[Diwali]], and received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Shiva is a CB-CID officer who attempts to foil terrorist John Chinnappa. He is simultaneously attempting to mend relations with his father's estranged first wife and his half-brother Narain. However, complications ensue.

Major John Chinnappa is a scientist who created tablets by operating on human guinea pigs. His ploys have always been controversial but inconclusive due to the lack of witnesses. However, an ex-gang member, General Ram Prasad, became a police approver and is on the verge of revealing John's ploys to the police. However, he is on the run to avoid charges. The case falls to Commissioner Karthikeyan, Shiva's father, who assigns his son to go and help solve the mission.

Karthik tells Shiva to attend college in Tamil Nadu (St. John's College, Ooty) to protect Ram Prasad's daughter Pooja from meeting her father. Shiva pleads that he has never undertaken this type of mission before and knows little about the current generation. The general points out that, by a strange coincidence, Pooja attends school in the same town where Ram Prasad is hiding. Shiva can both protect Pooja and search for Ram Prasad. Shiva goes undercover as a student returning to college after many years away from taking care of the family business. He is much older than the other students, who at first make fun of him because of his lack of newer styles. He also has to deal with the many goofy teachers, as well as Albert Aadiyapatham, the idiotic and forgetful college principal.

Soon, Shiva finds Narain, who is later revealed to be his brother. Pooja is Narain's best friend, and she is secretly jealous that other girls can get his attention, but she cannot. Shiva saves Pooja from John's men, who kidnap her, while Narain and others think that it is a prank. He later becomes a sensation among the students and teachers. He befriends Narain and Pooja. Soon, he falls in love with the chemistry teacher Mallika after being attracted by her beauty and in a bid to convince other students that he is one of them. During his regular jogging sessions, Shiva spots Ram Prasad and chases him until he escapes with the help of a helmet-clad bike rider, who is later revealed to be Narain. Pooja discovers that Narain has been helping her father and feels cheated by him.

Narain apologizes to Pooja many times, but she refuses to talk to him. Irked by this, Narain drinks and explains his actions when John's men come again to kidnap Pooja. They beat up Narain, but Shiva comes to their rescue. Narain and Pooja patch up after the fight. Shiva takes Narain to his home, where he learns that Narain is his brother and meets his mother Kasthuri. The flashback sequences describe Shiva's orphaned childhood and explain why his mother and father live separately.

The next day, when Pooja introduces Ram Prasad to Shiva, Shiva arrests him, much to Pooja and Narain's disappointment. Then everyone in the college, including Mallika, learns that Shiva is a policeman. Shiva then drives Ram Prasad straight to John's hiding place, avoiding the traps that he had set. A fight ensues between Shiva and John's men, where John is finally killed.

In the final scenes, Mallika is shown with Shiva's parents and brother, while Shiva has gone to Afghanistan for another mission.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] as Shiva
* [[Nayanthara]] as Mallika
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Major John Chinnappa
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Commissioner Karthikeyan
* [[Jayaram]] as Albert Aadiyapatham
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Kasthuri
* [[Navdeep]] as Narain
* [[Piaa Bajpai]] as Pooja
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Ram Prasad
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Iqbal
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Hanifa
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Professor Kamalakannan
* [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]] as Mani
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as John's bodyguard
* [[Raju Sundaram]] as narrator (voice only)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In September 2007, early indications suggested that [[Ayngaran International]] were set to make a film starring [[Ajith Kumar]] and directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]],<ref name="vpn">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Venkat Prabhu directs Ajith |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/36922.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303000627/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/36922.html |archive-date=3 March 2008 |access-date=29 February 2008 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> however the chance went to first-time director [[Raju Sundaram]], in a project titled ''Akbar''.<ref name="akbar">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Ajith's Akbar eyes Parvathi |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/oct-07-03/18-10-07-akbar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020031740/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/oct-07-03/18-10-07-akbar.html |archive-date=20 October 2007 |access-date=18 October 2007 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Despite denying the title, Ajith confirmed the project and stating that he had put on weight and grew a beard for his participation in the project. Following the success of ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'', Ajith Kumar waited until the birth of his first child, in January 2008, before commencing his shoot for the film.

The 40-member unit consisting of Ajith, director Raju Sundaram, cinematographer [[Arjun Jena]], action choreographer [[Stunt Silva]], and a few stuntmen from Chennai flew to [[Hong Kong]] on 14 January 2008 and began their first schedule for a 10-day stint.<ref name="honkonga">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Ajith to fly to Hong Kong |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/35893.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115175508/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/35893.html |archive-date=15 January 2008 |access-date=14 January 2008 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

The portions in Hong Kong were shot showing Ajith's introduction stunt scene set against the skyscrapers, [[Hong Kong airport]], and the sea with the help of Chinese action choreographers. The crew shot schedules in [[Theni]] and [[Yercaud]] and other locations in [[South India]] during the filming. The film finished its talkie portion in early September 2008, and the songs were canned in India as well as parts of [[Switzerland]].<ref name="ree">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Aegan in Chennai Central |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-08-01/aegan-04-09-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906211146/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-08-01/aegan-04-09-08.html |archive-date=6 September 2008 |access-date=4 September 2008 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref name="arun">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Ajit is Aegan! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14610525 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302005750/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14610525 |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=26 February 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="remake">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Ajit next film- 'Mein Hoon Naa'? |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14598581 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206064941/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14598581 |archive-date=6 February 2008 |access-date=1 February 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film, initially described as a "musical action comedy". The film previously referred to as ''Akbar'', ''Ramakrishnan'' and ''Anthony Gonsalves''<ref name="remake" /> was christened as ''Aegan'', a name of [[Shiva]].

=== Casting ===
Following the announcement of the project, tentatively titled as ''Akbar'', [[Shriya Saran]] was rumoured to be the heroine, following her successful role in ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''. However, due to differences, Saran was ousted from the project due to her limited call sheets, as she had to fly to and from [[United States|America]] where she was then shooting for her Hollywood film, ''[[The Other End of the Line]]''. However other indications claimed that Saran was ousted from the project due to her involvement in ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'', in which she appeared in an [[item number]], which [[Ajith Kumar]] was unhappy with due to previous feuds with the lead, [[Vadivelu]] of that film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=I have no regrets: Shriya Saran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-have-no-regrets-shriya-saran/articleshow/9526683.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Reports indicated that [[Parvati Melton]] had replaced Saran but later denied it signalling that she was not approached.<ref name="akbar" />

[[Suhani Kalita]] was announced as the second heroine of the project but was later removed for unknown reasons.<ref name="suhanr">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Billa now eyes Katrina |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/dec-07-04/26-12-07-akbar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229042344/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/dec-07-04/26-12-07-akbar.html |archive-date=29 December 2007 |access-date=26 December 2007 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Several [[Bollywood]] heroines including [[Deepika Padukone]],<ref name="deeps">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Ajith pairs with Deepika Padukone? |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/34710.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118073411/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/34710.html |archive-date=18 November 2007 |access-date=17 November 2007 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Bipasha Basu]],<ref name="bips">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Bips to team up with Ajith! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-08-02/11-01-08-bipasha-ajith.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115064832/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-08-02/11-01-08-bipasha-ajith.html |archive-date=15 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2008 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Ayesha Takia]],<ref name="girls">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Shriya-Back as Ajit's heroine? |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14587387 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115033656/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14587387 |archive-date=15 January 2008 |access-date=10 January 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Ileana D'Cruz]],<ref name="illy">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Is it Ileana? |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14609250 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225115303/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14609250 |archive-date=25 February 2008 |access-date=22 February 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Tanushree Dutta]]<ref name="tanu">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Ajith's Aegan (Tamil) |url=http://i151.photobucket.com/albums/s160/ajith-fans-eyakkam/Feb08/feb22tm.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002172507/http://i151.photobucket.com/albums/s160/ajith-fans-eyakkam/Feb08/feb22tm.jpg |archive-date=2 October 2011 |access-date=23 February 2008 |publisher=Eyakkam.com}}</ref> and [[Sneha Ullal]]<ref name="girls" /> were linked to the role, as well as reports that [[Shriya Saran]] would reprise the role after making up with Ajith.<ref name="girls" /> The role eventually was given to [[Katrina Kaif]], who was set to make her debut in [[Tamil film]]s with ''Aegan'',<ref name="kat">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Welcome Katrina |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14597870 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201214606/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14597870 |archive-date=1 February 2008 |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> however she later opted out due to callsheet clashes.<ref name="katout">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Katrina opts out! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14605785 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219074322/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14605785 |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=16 February 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was announced that [[Nayantara]] would play the role of the heroine in the film, following her role opposite Ajith in ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]''.<ref name="nayt">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Nayan races ahead! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14609765 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226080009/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14609765 |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=24 February 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In February 2008, it was confirmed that [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] would appear in a villainous role, and [[Malayalam]] actor [[Jayaram]] will also play a role in the film.<ref name="arun" /> [[Navdeep]] was cast as Ajith's brother in the film, and got the role ahead of actors including [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] and [[Sivakarthikeyan]] who had also auditioned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title="Sivakarthikeyan இப்போ கோடில வாங்குறாரு"😥கனா காணும் காலங்கள் Irfan | throwback |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZXFCqnQ3v8 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] were selected to play the roles of the parents of [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith]],<ref name="parents">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Ajith's unnamed project touches French shores |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-08-01/09-02-08-ajith.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212163942/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-08-01/09-02-08-ajith.html |archive-date=12 February 2008 |access-date=9 February 2008 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> whilst [[Raju Sundaram]]'s younger brother, [[Prabhu Deva]] was given a chance to make a cameo appearance in the film as a dancer but politely refused.<ref name="deva">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Prabhu Deva dances with Ajith |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/35128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207093549/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/35128.html |archive-date=7 December 2007 |access-date=6 December 2007 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Supporting actors [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]] and [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] also play roles in ''Aegan'', as does model [[Piaa Bajpai]], who appears as the ladylove to Navdeep.<ref name="bas">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Billa stars in new flick |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/27billa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301234051/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/27billa.htm |archive-date=1 March 2008 |access-date=27 February 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="piya">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Ajith Changes |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-08-01/aegan-04-04-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407111355/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-08-01/aegan-04-04-08.html |archive-date=7 April 2008 |access-date=4 April 2008 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] shot for the film for one day as comedians portraying spies, but following changes to the script, their roles were removed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siva Karthikeyan values his 20 minutes with Ajith, Ajith, Siva Karthikeyan |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/siva-karthikeyan-values-his-20-minutes-with-ajith-ajith-siva-karthikeyan-18-02-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329134930/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/siva-karthikeyan-values-his-20-minutes-with-ajith-ajith-siva-karthikeyan-18-02-13.html |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was signed on as the music composer whilst [[Arjun Jena]] was the cinematographer for the project<ref name="parents" /> and Milan, who did the art direction for ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'', renews his association with Ajith in the film.<ref name="milan">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Ajith's Aegan takes a cue from Billa! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-08-02/16-02-08-aegan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221162755/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-08-02/16-02-08-aegan.html |archive-date=21 February 2008 |access-date=16 February 2008 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aegan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = 9 October 2008
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:08
| label = [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran Music]] An Ak Audio [[Think Music India]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Saroja (2008 film)#Soundtrack|Saroja]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]
| next_year = 2008
}}

The soundtrack of ''Aegan'' was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] as was the film score. It was noticeably, the third time Yuvan was scoring music for an [[Ajith Kumar]] film, after ''[[Dheena]]'' (2001) and ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007), the songs of which had been very popular and went on to become chartbusters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aegan – A Perfect Hat-Trick |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/10023.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318113955/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/10023.html |archive-date=18 March 2008 |access-date=5 August 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

The soundtrack released on 9 October 2008,<ref name="musictracks">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Aegan – Official Audio Promo |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=106 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212182430/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=106 |archive-date=12 December 2008 |access-date=9 October 2008 |publisher=[[Ayngaran International]]}}</ref> at a private ceremony at the [[Hello FM]] Studios by composer Yuvan Shankar Raja as the lead cast and the director were away shooting the video for the song in [[Switzerland]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The album features 6 tracks overall, including one of the songs ("Hey Salaa") repeated at the end.
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra2 = [[Suvi Suresh]], [[Ujjayinee Roy]], [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], [[Ranjith (Singer)|Ranjith]], [[Naveen (singer)|Naveen]]
| length10 =
| total_length = 29:08
| lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]
| extra1 = [[Blaaze]], [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Mohammed Aslam]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics2 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| lyrics3 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length9 =
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics4 = [[Snehan]]
| extra4 = [[Krishna Kumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Bela Shende]]
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| extra5 = [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| extra6 =
| title10 =
| title9 =
| title1 = Hey Salaa
| length4 = 4:31
| length1 = 5:09
| title2 = Yahoo Yahoo
| length2 = 4:36
| title3 = Hey Baby
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = Odum Varayil
| title5 = Kichu Kichu
| length8 =
| length5 = 5:11
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| lyrics6 =
}}

== Reception ==
[[Sify]].com claimed that "the trouble with the film is that it looks like an amateurish attempt by debutant director Raju Sundaram" dismissing the [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] as "a colossal embarrassment", but adding that "no film is perfect". [[Ajith Kumar]] was praised for being "at his best but look[ed] plump and stiff in some scenes where he need to be relaxed and natural", drawing comparisons with a similar feedback from his previous venture, ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]''.<ref name="aeganreview">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Aegan |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14784482&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026050553/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14784482&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=26 October 2008 |access-date=2008-10-25 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Nayanthara]] was said to "look perfect as Mallika, a role that fits her like a glove" with her make-up and costumes "rocking". The reviewer added that "[[Piaa Bajpai]] is promising, Jayaram as Principal and Haneefa have been wasted and do little in the way of bringing smiles to the faces of the audience". The review also singles out the performance of rookie cinematographer, [[Arjun Jena]], whose work is labelled as "eye-catching".<ref name="aeganreview" />

Similarly [[Rediff]].com labelled the film as "watchable in parts", giving it negative feedback in comparison with ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''.<ref name="aeganreviewtwo">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan, Pavithra |year=2008 |title=Aegan is watchable in parts |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/25aegan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205042954/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/25aegan.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |access-date=2008-10-25 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> It like Sify, claims that "Aegan loses its spontaneity and meanders between humour and seriousness" in the second half. The reviewer praises Ajith claiming he looks as though he "really did enjoy himself on screen, after a really long time". The reviewer adds that "Nayantara's outfits get smaller and smaller, while the actress herself has nothing more to do than dance in transparent saris and high-heels.<ref name="aeganreviewtwo" /> Sometimes she looks amused, at others, irritated and bored", comparing her unchallenging roles to previous roles in ''[[Sathyam (2008 film)|Sathyam]]'' and ''[[Kuselan]]''. It criticizes Piaa Bajpai claiming she "hams it to glory", and "makes you want to watch [[Amrita Rao]]'s naivety in the original", however, it praises [[Navdeep]] citing he is "far more natural, but you pity the fact that his role is so small". Rediff also criticized [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] and Sriman labelling their portrayals as "pathetic". In reference to minor characters, [[Cochin Hanifa]] is praised while [[Suhasini Mani Ratnam]]'s role is said to be "terribly dealt with, robbing her part of any sympathy".<ref name="aeganreviewtwo" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=1311638|title=Aegan}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:2008 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:2008 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

P. Abdul Samad

2026-03-31T19:59:25Z

WaldoOakes4: put up new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Abdul Samad
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|06|03}}
| constituency = [[Manapaarai Assembly constituency|Manapaarai]]
| party = [[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]]
| predecessor = [[R. Chandrasekar]]
| successor =
| image = P Abdul Samadu.jpg
}}

'''P. Abdul Samad''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Manapparai Assembly constituency|Manapparai]] as a [[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]] candidate in 2021, but contested the seat on the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] rising sun electoral symbol.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055803/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC138.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC138.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manapaarai Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a138|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Manapparai Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Manapparai Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Samad, P.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Manithaneya Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi

2026-03-25T10:39:32Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{Short description|Indian academic, researcher}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = Professor
| name = Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi
| image = Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi.jpg
| caption = Official portrait
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|07|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| occupation = Professor of Biotechnology
| era = Late 20th century – 21st century
| discipline = Biotechnology, Biochemistry
| sub_discipline = [[Cell signalling]], cancer biology, diabetes research
| workplaces = [[University of Kashmir]]
| alma_mater = [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], [[Chandigarh]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| main_interests = [[mTORC1]], [[cell signalling]], translation control, stress responses, cancer and diabetes biology
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards =
| title = [[Vice-chancellor]], [[University of Kashmir]] (2014–2018)
| website =
}}

'''Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi''' (born 15 July 1963) is a Kashmiri academic, researcher, and former administrator who served as the [[List of vice chancellors of the University of Kashmir|19th]] [[vice-chancellor]] of the [[University of Kashmir]] from 2014 to 2018. He is a professor in the Department of Biotechnology at the same university and a researcher in the field of [[cell signaling]], with particular contributions to the study of the [[mTORC1]] pathway and its role in cancer, diabetes, and aging.

== Early life and education ==
Andrabi was born to Syed Habibullah Andrabi on 15 July 1963 in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref name="i500">{{cite web | url=https://kashmiruniversity.net/Diqa/Resume/andrabik.pdf | title= Curriculum Vitae, Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi |access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref><ref name="b239">{{cite web | title=KU Vice Chancellor bereaved | website=Kashmir Observer | date=2018-01-04 | url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2018/01/04/ku-vice-chancellor-bereaved/ | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref> He completed his master's degree in [[Biochemistry]] at the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER), [[Chandigarh]] in 1985, where he was awarded a gold medal and distinction. He went on to obtain a PhD in Biochemistry from PGIMER in 1990.<ref name="i500"/>

== Career ==
Following his doctoral studies, Andrabi pursued postdoctoral research at several institutions, including [[Tufts University School of Medicine]], Boston (1991–1992), [[Harvard Medical School]] - [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] (1992–1996), where he worked on insulin receptor signaling in collaboration with Nobel Laureate [[Edwin G. Krebs]]. He served as assistant professor of Ophthalmic Research at [[Cleveland Clinic Foundation]], USA (1999–2000).<ref name="g154">{{cite web | last=Irfan | first=Shams | title=Dr Khursheed Iqbal Andrabi | website=Kashmir Life | date=2014-10-23 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/dr-khursheed-iqbal-andrabi-66969/ | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref>

On returning to India, he joined the University of Kashmir as faculty, where he played a pioneering role in establishing the Department of Biotechnology in 2003. The department later gained national recognition under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT).<ref name="i500"/> Prior to his appointment as vice-chancellor, he served as a director, research at the same university.<ref name="o050">{{cite web | title=Prof. (Dr.) Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi appointed Vice Chancellor of Kashmir University | website=Scoop News Jammu Kashmir | date=2025-08-16 | url=https://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=41674 | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref>

He has supervised more than 25 doctoral and 20 MPhil students, published over 85 research papers.<ref name="i500"/>
=== Academic administration ===
Andrabi has held several administrative positions at the University of Kashmir such as [[Dean (education)|dean]] from 2012 to 2014, head, Department of Biotechnology (2003–2012), and Department of Biochemistry from 1997 to 2003.<ref name="i500"/>
=== Membership ===
Andrabi has been associated with several academic and professional bodies. He has served on the Board of Award Nominators for Infosys India and on the Board of Advisors for Knimbus India. He has also held editorial positions, including membership of the editorial boards of the [[International Journal of Case Reports in Medicine]], United States and the Asian Journal of Biosciences, India. In addition, he has been a reviewer for several international journals such as Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, [[Springer, New Mexico]], the [[Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering]], USA, Mutation Research, USA, the International Journal of Cellular Biochemistry (USA), and Biochemistry (USA).<ref name="i500"/>

Within academic bodies, Andrabi has been a member of the Indo-Australian Higher Education Commission and the [[British Council for Higher Education]]. In India, he has served as a member of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) Peer Team, and has contributed to the Project Advisory Boards of both the UGC and the Department of Science and Technology (DST).<ref name="i500"/>

== Research ==
Andrabi's research focuses on cell signaling, especially the [[mTORC1]] pathway and its downstream effectors such as [[S6K1]] and [[4EBP1]]. His work has provided new insights into the regulation of these [[kinases]], mechanisms of translation control, and implications in cancer, diabetes, and aging.<ref name="i500"/>

He has also investigated the molecular mechanisms of inhibitors like [[rapamycin]] and torin, offering alternate perspectives beyond classical kinase activity. His research also contributed to translational medicine, including [[immunotherapy]] and [[stress response]] in cancer biology.<ref name="i500"/>

== Controversies ==
Andrabi is accused of "illegal appointments" during his tenure as vice-chancellor following which he was removed from the position. He was subsequently appointed as dean at School of Unani & Ayurvedic Medicines and head of department of Bio-chemistry, University of Kashmir.<ref name="g759">{{cite web | title=Ex-VC Kashmir University Removed From Two Key Posts | website=Kashmir Observer | date=2020-01-18 | url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2020/01/18/ex-vc-kashmir-university-removed-from-two-key-posts/ | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref> Later in 2018, the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Vigilance Commission]] (JKSVC) filed a case against Andrabi's alleged role in nominating ineligible candidate for the post of medical officer at [[SMHS Hospital]], [[Srinagar]].<ref name="u741">{{cite web | title=Vigilance files case against Vice Chancellor of Kashmir University, officials for violating norms | website=Free Press Kashmir | date=2018-03-03 | url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2018/03/03/vigilance-files-case-against-vice-chancellor-of-kashmir-university-officials-for-violating-norms/ | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Sanofi Award (2017): Best original research in diabetes, [[Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India]] (RSSDI).
* Young Scientist Award (1998): Department of Science & Technology, Kashmir.
* Certificates of Excellence in Teaching (2006, 2019): [[Kashmir University]]
* Most Downloaded Paper Award (2019): ''[[Journal of Cellular Biochemistry]]''
* Certificate of Merit for Excellent Overall Performance (2007-08): University of Kashmir
* NET-JRF Fellowship (1986): [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]].
* Gold Medal in MSc Biochemistry (1985) at [[PGIMER]], Chandigarh.<ref name="i500"/>

== Publications ==
=== Book chapters ===
* {{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=S. |last2=Afroze |first2=D. |last3=Rasool |first3=J. |last4=Rah |first4=B. |last5=Andrabi |first5=K. I. |year=2020 |title=Immunomodulating agents in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: A combinatorial immunotherapeutic approach |chapter=Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research – Anti-Cancer Agents |pages=1–22 |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers}}
* {{cite book |last1=Majeed |first1=S. T. |last2=Majeed |first2=R. |last3=Shah |first3=G. |last4=Andrabi |first4=K. I. |date=2018-11-05 |title=S6 Kinase: A Compelling Prospect for Therapeutic Interventions |chapter=Homeostasis – An Integrated Vision |editor1-last=Lasakosvitsch |editor1-first=Fernanda |editor2-last=Dos Anjos Garnes |editor2-first=Sergio |publisher=IntechOpen}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mudassar |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=M. S. |last3=Masoodi |first3=S. R. |last4=Wani |first4=K. A. |last5=Hussain |first5=M. U. |last6=Andrabi |first6=K. I. |year=2016 |title=Molecular Alterations and Expression Dynamics in the Etiopathogenesis of Thyroid Cancer |chapter=Thyroid Cancer – Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy |publisher=IntechOpen}}
* {{cite book |last1=Prabhu |first1=P. S. |last2=Patravale |first2=P. B. |last3=Andrabi |first3=K. I. |last4=Sheikh |first4=F. A. |year=2016 |title=Nanotherapeutics: Future medicine for infectious diseases |chapter=Frontiers in Drug Design and Discovery |volume=7 |pages=248–297 |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers}}
* {{cite book |last1=S. |first1= |last2=Khan |first2=M. S. |last3=Khan |first3=N. P. |last4=Hussain |first4=M. U. |last5=Andrabi |first5=K. I. |year=2014 |title=Possible Role of Proto-Oncogenes in Colorectal Cancer — A Population Based Study |chapter=Colorectal Cancer – Surgery, Diagnostics and Treatment |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Jim S. |publisher=IntechOpen |isbn=978-953-51-1231-0}}
=== Reviews ===
* {{cite journal |last1=Batool |first1=A. |last2=Malik |first2=F. |last3=Andrabi |first3=K. I. |year=2020 |title=Expansion of the CRISPR/Cas genome-sculpting toolbox: Innovations, applications and challenges |journal=Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Batool |first1=A. |last2=Aashaq |first2=S. |last3=Andrabi |first3=K. I. |year=2019 |title=Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E): A recap of the cap binding protein |journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Aashaq |first1=S. |last2=Batool |first2=A. |last3=Andrabi |first3=K. I. |year=2019 |title=TAK1 mediates convergence of cellular signals for death and survival |journal=Apoptosis |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–20}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Raja |first1=V. |last2=Majeed |first2=U. |last3=Kang |first3=H. |last4=Andrabi |first4=K. I. |last5=John |first5=R. |year=2017 |title=Abiotic stress: Interplay between ROS, hormones and MAPKs |journal=Environmental and Experimental Botany}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Batool |first1=A. |last2=Aashaq |first2=S. |last3=Andrabi |first3=K. I. |year=2017 |title=Reappraisal to the study of 4E-BP1 as an mTOR substrate – A normative critique |journal=European Journal of Cell Biology |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=325–336}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shiekh |first1=F. A. |last2=Farooq |first2=O. |last3=Mian |first3=S. H. |last4=Bautista |first4=R. L. |last5=Arja |first5=S. B. |last6=Andrabi |first6=K. I. |year=2016 |title=The pitfalls of growing nanomaterials |journal=Nanomedicine (London) |volume=11 |issue=13 |pages=1635–1638}}
=== Selected articles ===
* {{cite journal | last1=Majeed | first1=Sheikh Tahir | last2=Batool | first2=Asiya | last3=Majeed | first3=Rabiya | last4=Bhat | first4=Nadiem Nazir | last5=Zargar | first5=Muhammad Afzal | last6=Andrabi | first6=Khurshid Iqbal | title=mTORC1 induces eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E interaction with TOS-S6 kinase 1 and its activation | journal=Cell Cycle | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=20 | issue=9 | date=2021-05-03 | issn=1538-4101 | doi=10.1080/15384101.2021.1901038 | doi-access=free | pages=839–854 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15384101.2021.1901038?needAccess=true | access-date=2025-08-16| pmc=8168643 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Beigh | first1=Afaq H. | last2=Rasool | first2=Roohi | last3=Kawoosa | first3=Fizalah | last4=manzoor | first4=Sharika | last5=Rashid | first5=Rabiya | last6=Andrabi | first6=Khurshid Iqbal | last7=shah | first7=Zafar A. | last8=Qureshi | first8=Taha | title=Improved pulmonary function test (PFT) after 1 one year of Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) in unison with pharmacotherapy in mild allergic asthmatics | journal=Immunology Letters | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=230 | year=2021 | issn=0165-2478 | doi=10.1016/j.imlet.2020.12.004 | pages=36–41}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Aashaq | first1=Sabreena | last2=Batool | first2=Asiya | last3=Andrabi | first3=Khurshid I. | title=TAK1 mediates convergence of cellular signals for death and survival | journal=Apoptosis | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=24 | issue=1-2 | date=2018-10-04 | issn=1360-8185 | doi=10.1007/s10495-018-1490-7 | pages=3–20}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Batool | first1=Asiya | last2=Majeed | first2=Sheikh Tahir | last3=Aashaq | first3=Sabreena | last4=Majeed | first4=Rabiya | last5=Bhat | first5=Nadiem Nazir | last6=Andrabi | first6=Khurshid Iqbal | title=Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E is a novel effector of mTORC1 signaling pathway in cross talk with Mnk1 | journal=Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=465 | issue=1-2 | date=2019-11-28 | issn=0300-8177 | doi=10.1007/s11010-019-03663-z | pages=13–26}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Majeed | first1=Sheikh Tahir | last2=Batool | first2=Asiya | last3=Majeed | first3=Rabiya | last4=Bhat | first4=Nadiem Nazir | last5=Zargar | first5=Muhammad Afzal | last6=Andrabi | first6=Khurshid Iqbal | title=mTORC1 induces eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E interaction with TOS-S6 kinase 1 and its activation | journal=Cell Cycle | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=20 | issue=9 | date=2021-05-03 | issn=1538-4101 | doi=10.1080/15384101.2021.1901038 | doi-access=free | pages=839–854 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15384101.2021.1901038?needAccess=true | access-date=2025-08-16| pmc=8168643 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Bhat | first1=Nadiem Nazir | last2=Padder | first2=Bilal A. | last3=Barthelson | first3=Roger A. | last4=Andrabi | first4=Khurshid I. | title=Compendium of Colletotrichum graminicola responsive infection-induced transcriptomic shifts in the maize | journal=Plant Gene | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=17 | year=2019 | issn=2352-4073 | doi=10.1016/j.plgene.2018.11.001 | page=100166}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Iqbal | first1=Mir Khurshid | last2=Zargar | first2=Mohammad Afzal | last3=Mudassar | first3=Syed | last4=Lone | first4=Ghulam Nabi | last5=Yaseen | first5=Syed Besina | last6=Andrabi | first6=Khurshid Iqbal | title=Expression Profiling and Cellular Localization of Stress Responsive Proteins in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Human Esophagus | journal=Cancer Investigation | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=34 | issue=6 | date=2016-06-28 | issn=0735-7907 | doi=10.1080/07357907.2016.1178760 | pages=237–245}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Akther | first1=Nayeema | last2=Andrabi | first2=Khursheed | last3=Nissar | first3=Albeena | last4=Ganaie | first4=Showkat | last5=Chandan | first5=B.K. | last6=Gupta | first6=A.P. | last7=Khuswant | first7=Manoj | last8=Sultana | first8=Sarwat | last9=Shawl | first9=Abdul S. | title=Hepatoprotective activity of LC–ESI-MS standardized Iris spuria rhizome extract on its main bioactive constituents | journal=Phytomedicine | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=21 | issue=10 | year=2014 | issn=0944-7113 | doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.007 | pages=1202–1207}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Showkat | first1=Mehvish | last2=Beigh | first2=Mushtaq A. | last3=Bhat | first3=Basharat B. | last4=Batool | first4=Asiya | last5=Andrabi | first5=Khurshid I. | title=Phosphorylation dynamics of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) is discordant with its potential to interact with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) | journal=Cellular Signalling | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=26 | issue=10 | year=2014 | issn=0898-6568 | doi=10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.008 | pages=2117–2121}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Beigh | first1=Mushtaq Ahmad | last2=Showkat | first2=Mehvish | last3=Bashir | first3=Basharat | last4=Bashir | first4=Asma | last5=Hussain | first5=Mahboob ul | last6=Andrabi | first6=Khurshid Iqbal | title=Growth Inhibition by Bupivacaine Is Associated with Inactivation of Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 | journal=BioMed Research International | publisher=Wiley | volume=2014 | year=2014 | issn=2314-6133 | doi=10.1155/2014/831845 | doi-access=free | pages=1–9| pmc=3925553 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Waza | first1=Ajaz Ahmad | last2=Andrabi | first2=Khurshid | last3=Hussain | first3=Mahboob Ul | title=Protein kinase C (PKC) mediated interaction between conexin43 (Cx43) and K+(ATP) channel subunit (Kir6.1) in cardiomyocyte mitochondria: Implications in cytoprotection against hypoxia induced cell apoptosis | journal=Cellular Signalling | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=26 | issue=9 | year=2014 | issn=0898-6568 | doi=10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.002 | pages=1909–1917}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Mughal painting

2026-03-24T15:13:36Z

WaldoOakes4: further cleaned up content for consistency additionally and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Mughal manuscript miniatures from South Asia}}
[[File:Govardhan. Jahangir Visiting the Ascetic Jadrup. ca. 1616-20, Musee Guimet, Paris.jpg|330px|thumb|[[Govardhan (Mughal painter)|Govardhan]], Emperor [[Jahangir]] visiting the ascetic Jadrup, {{c.}} 1616–1620<ref>{{Citation|title=Visite de Jahangir à l'ascète Jadrup|date=1600|url=https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010329628|access-date=2024-06-22|archive-date=2024-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102902/https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010329628|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

'''Mughal painting''' is a style of [[miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] painting, used as either book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]), which originated during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It emerged from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the Mughal Empire from the 16th to 18th centuries. Battles, legendary stories, hunting scenes, wildlife, royal life, mythology, as well as other subjects have all been frequently depicted in paintings.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ali|first1=Azmat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABvzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum+in+London+houses+a+large+and+impressive+collection+of+Mughal+paintings.&pg=PA32|title=IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage & Culture History & Geography of the world & Society 2020|last2=Sahni|first2=Janmejay|last3=Sharma|first3=Mohit|last4=Sharma|first4=Prajjwal|last5=Goel|first5=Dr Priya|date=2019-11-12|publisher=Arihant Publications India limited|isbn=978-93-241-9210-3|language=en|archive-date=2023-05-10|access-date=2022-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153654/https://books.google.com/books?id=ABvzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum+in+London+houses+a+large+and+impressive+collection+of+Mughal+paintings.&pg=PA32|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Mughal emperors were Muslims and they are credited with consolidating Islam in the subcontinent, and spreading Islamic (and particularly Persian) art and culture as well as the faith.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml|title=BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-01|archive-date=2018-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813212912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted. Although many classic works of [[Persian literature]] continued to be illustrated, as well as [[Indian literature]], the taste of the Mughal emperors for writing memoirs or diaries, begun by [[Babur]], provided some of the most lavishly decorated texts, such as the [[Padshahnama]] genre of official histories. Subjects are rich in variety and include portraits, events and scenes from court life, wild life and hunting scenes, and illustrations of battles. The Persian tradition of richly decorated borders framing the central image (mostly trimmed in the images shown here) was continued, as was a modified form of the Persian convention of an elevated viewpoint.
[[File:Shahjahan on globe, mid 17th century.jpg|thumb|''The Emperor Shah Jahan standing on a globe'', with a halo and European-style ''[[putti]]'', c. 1618–19 to 1629]]

The Mughal painting style later spread to other Indian courts, both [[Muslims|Muslim]] and Hindu, and later Sikh, and was often used to depict Hindu subjects. This was mostly in [[North India|northern India]]. It developed many regional styles in these courts, tending to become bolder but less refined. These are often described as "post-Mughal", "sub-Mughal" or "provincial Mughal". The mingling of foreign Persian and indigenous Indian elements was a continuation of the patronage of other aspects of foreign culture as initiated by the earlier [[Delhi Sultanate]], and the introduction of it into the subcontinent by various central Asian dynasties such as the [[Ghaznavids]].

==Subjects==
===Portraits===
[[File:25 Abu'l Hasan. Emperor Jahangir At The Jharoka Window Of The Agra Fort, ca. 1620, Aga Khan Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abul Hasan, Emperor [[Jahangir]] at the [[Jharokha Darshan|Jharoka window]] of the [[Agra Fort]], {{circa|1620}}, [[Aga Khan Museum]]]]
From fairly early the Mughal style made a strong feature of realistic portraiture, normally in profile, and influenced by Western prints, which were available at the Mughal court. This had never been a feature of either [[Persian miniature]] or earlier Indian painting. The pose, rarely varied in portraits, was to have the head in strict profile, but the rest of the body half turned towards the viewer. For a long time portraits were always of men, often accompanied by generalized female servants or [[concubine]]s; but there is scholarly debate about the representation of female court members in portraiture. Some scholars claim there are no known extant likenesses of figures like [[Jahanara Begum]] and [[Mumtaz Mahal]], and others attribute miniatures, for example from the [[Dara Shikoh]] album or the [[Freer Gallery of Art]] mirror portrait, to these famous noblewomen.<ref>Crill and Jariwala, 23-30</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDl3MAEACAAJ&q=the+mughal+empire,+art+culture+and+empire|title=Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire Manuscripts and Paintings in the British Library|last1=Losty|first1=J.P.|last2=Roy|first2=Malini|publisher=The British Library|year=2012|isbn=9780712358705|location=London|pages=132–133|archive-date=2023-10-27|access-date=2020-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027174433/https://books.google.com/books?id=BDl3MAEACAAJ&q=the+mughal+empire,+art+culture+and+empire|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Abid. Reign of Shah Jahan, portrait by Abid dated 1628; assembled late 17th century. ''Mirror Case With Portrait of Mumtaz Mahal''. Freer Gallery of Art. F2005.4 [http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F2005.4&bcrumb=true] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808210437/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F2005.4&bcrumb=true|date=2016-08-08}}</ref> The single idealized figure of the [[Riza Abbasi]] type was less popular, but fully painted scenes of lovers in a palace setting became popular later. Drawings of genre scenes, especially showing holy men, whether Muslim or Hindu, were also popular.

[[Akbar]] had an album, now dispersed, consisting entirely of portraits of figures at his enormous court which had a practical purpose; according to chroniclers he used to consult it when discussing appointments and the like with his advisors, apparently to jog his memory of who the people being discussed were. Many of them, like medieval European images of saints, carried objects associated with them to help identification, but otherwise the figures stand on a plain background.<ref>Crill and Jariwala, 66</ref> There are a number of fine portraits of Akbar, but it was under his successors [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]] that the portrait of the ruler became firmly established as a leading subject in Indian miniature painting, which was to spread to both Muslim and Hindu princely courts across India.<ref>Crill and Jariwala, 27–39, and catalogue entries</ref>

From the 17th century equestrian portraits, mostly of rulers, became another popular borrowing from the West.<ref>Crill and Jariwala, 68</ref> Another new type of image showed the [[Jharokha Darshan]] (literally "balcony view/worship"), or public display of the emperor to the court, or the public, which became a daily ceremonial under Akbar, Jahangir and [[Shah Jahan]], before being stopped as un-Islamic by Aurangzeb. In these scenes, the emperor is shown at top on a balcony or at a window, with a crowd of courtiers below, sometimes including many portraits. Like the increasingly large [[Halo (religious iconography)|halos]] these emperors were given in single portraits, the [[iconography]] reflects the aspiration of the later Mughals to project an image as the representative of [[Allah]] on earth, or even as having a quasi-divine status themselves.<ref>Hansen, Waldemar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AV--abKg9GEC&pg=PA102 ''The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India'', 102, 1986, Motilal Banarsidass] {{ISBN|978-81-208-0225-4}}</ref><ref name=Kaur>{{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Manpreet|url=http://www.ijifr.com/pdfsave/01-03-2015778V2-E6-064.pdf|title=Romancing The Jharokha: From Being A Source Of Ventilation And Light To The Divine Conception|date=February 2015|publisher=International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research|access-date=2020-02-20|archive-date=2021-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611101358/http://www.ijifr.com/pdfsave/01-03-2015778V2-E6-064.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Other images show the enthroned emperor having meetings, receiving visitors, or [[Durbar (court)|in durbar]], or formal council. These and royal portraits incorporated in hunting scenes became highly popular types in later [[Rajput painting]] and other post-Mughal styles.
[[File:"Study of a Nilgai (Blue Bull)", Folio from the Shah Jahan Album MET DT4808.jpg|thumb|[[Nilgai]] by [[Ustad Mansur]] (fl. 1590–1624), who specialized in birds and animal studies for albums]]
Another popular subject area was realistic studies of animals and plants, mostly flowers; the text of the ''[[Baburnama]]'' includes a number of descriptions of such subjects, which were illustrated in the copies made for Akbar. These subjects also had specialist artists, including [[Ustad Mansur]]. [[Milo C. Beach]] argues that "Mughal naturalism has been greatly overstressed. Early animal imagery consists of variations on a theme, rather than new, innovative observations". He sees considerable borrowings from Chinese animal paintings on paper, which seem not to have been highly valued by Chinese collectors, and so reached India.<ref>Beach, 32–37, 37 quoted</ref>

===Illustrated books===
[[File:'Asvatthama Fires the Narayana Weapon (Cosmic Fire) at the Pandavas', Folio from a Razmnama, ca. 1616-17, The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1.jpg|thumb|'Asvatthama Fires the Narayana Weapon (Cosmic Fire) at the Pandavas', Folio from Khan-i Khanan's Razmnama, ca. 1616–17, The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
In the formative period of the style, under Akbar, the imperial workshop produced a number of heavily illustrated copies of established books in Persian. One of the first, probably from the 1550s and now mostly in the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], was a ''[[Tutinama]]'' with some 250 rather simple and rather small miniatures, most with only a few figures. In contrast, [[Akbar's Hamzanama|Akbar's ''Hamzanama'']] had unusually large pages, of densely woven cotton rather than the usual paper, and the images were very often crowded with figures. The work was "a continuous series of romantic interludes, threatening events, narrow escapes, and violent acts", supposedly telling the life of an uncle of [[Muhammad]].<ref>Beach, 61</ref> Akbar's manuscript had a remarkable total of some 1400 miniatures, one on every opening, with the relevant text written on the back of the page, presumably to be read to the emperor as he looked at each image. This colossal project took most of the 1560s, and probably beyond. These and a few other early works saw a fairly unified Mughal workshop style emerge by around 1580.

Other large projects included biographies or memoirs of the [[Mughal dynasty]]. [[Babur]], its founder, had written a memoir in [[Chaghatai Turkic|Chaghtai Turkic]], which his grandson, [[Akbar]] had translated into Persian, as the ''[[Baburnama]]'' (1589), and then produced in four lavishly illustrated copies, with up to 183 miniatures each. The ''[[Akbarnama]]'' was Akbar's own commissioned biography or chronicle, produced in many versions, and the tradition continued with [[Jahangir]]'s autobiography, ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'' (or ''Jahangirnama'') and a celebratory biography of [[Shah Jahan]], called the ''[[Padshahnama]]'', which brought the era of the large illustrated imperial biography to an end, around 1650. Akbar commissioned a copy of the ''[[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafarnama]]'', a biography of his distant ancestor [[Timur]], but though he had his aunt [[Gulbadan Begum]] write an account of his father [[Humayun]] titled '[[Humayun Nama]]', no illustrated manuscript survives.

Volumes of the classics of [[Persian poetry]] usually had rather fewer miniatures, often around twenty, but often these were of the highest quality. Akbar also had the Hindu epic poems translated into Persian, and produced in illustrated versions. Four are known of the ''[[Razmnama]]'', a ''[[Mahabharata]]'' in Persian, from between 1585 and {{circa|1617}}. Akbar had at least one copy of the Persian version of the ''[[Ramayana]],'' alongside other works like the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Harivaṃśa|Harivamsa]], and [[Panchatantra]].''

==Origins==
[[File:Фаррух Бек Бабур принимает придворных. Бабурнаме. 1589. Гал. Саклера, Вашингтон.jpg|thumb|''Babur Receives a Courtier'' by [[Farrukh Beg]] c. 1580–1585. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper, painted and mounted within borders, from a [[Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ]]. Still using the style of [[Persian miniature]].]]
Mughal court painting, as opposed to looser variants of the Mughal style produced in regional courts and cities, These were Hindu and Jain, and earlier Buddhist, and almost entirely religious. They existed mainly in relatively small illustrations to texts, but also mural paintings, and paintings in folk styles on cloth, in particular ones on scrolls made to be displayed by popular singers or reciters of the Hindu epics and other stories, performed by travelling specialists; very few early examples of these last survive. A vivid [[Kashmir]]i tradition of mural paintings flourished between the 9th and 17th centuries, as seen in the murals of [[Alchi Monastery]] or [[Tsaparang]]: a number of Kashimiri painters were employed by [[Akbar]] and some influence of their art can be seen in various Mughal works, such as the ''[[Hamzanama]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaitanya |first1=Krishna |title=A History of Indian Painting |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDo6x0OAdqAC&pg=PA7 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Battle of Panipat (20 April 1526). Baburnama of 1598.jpg|left|thumb|An illustration of the [[First Battle of Panipat]] from the [[Baburnama]], circa 1598.]]
In contrast, Mughal painting was "almost entirely secular",<ref name=":1">Harle, 372</ref> although religious figures were sometimes portrayed. [[Realism (arts)|Realism]], especially in portraits of both people and animals, became a key aim, far more than in Persian painting, let alone the Indian traditions.<ref name=":1" /> There was already a Muslim tradition of miniature painting under the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate of Delhi]] which the Mughals overthrew, and like the Mughals, and the very earliest of Central Asian rulers into the subcontinent, patronized foreign culture. These paintings were painted on loose-leaf paper, and were usually placed between decorated wooden covers.<ref name=":2"/> Although the first surviving manuscripts are from [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] in the years either side of 1500, there were very likely earlier ones which are either lost, or perhaps now attributed to southern Persia, as later manuscripts can be hard to distinguish from these by style alone, and some remain the subject of debate among specialists.<ref>Titley, 161–166</ref> By the time of the Mughal invasion, the tradition had abandoned the high viewpoint typical of the Persian style, and adopted a more realistic style for animals and plants.<ref>Titley, 161</ref>

No miniatures survive from the reign of the founder of the dynasty, Babur, nor does he mention commissioning any in his [[memoir]]s, the ''[[Baburnama]]''.<ref>Losty, 12</ref> Copies of this were illustrated by his descendants, [[Akbar]] in particular, with many portraits of the new animals Babur encountered when he came to India, which are carefully described.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=S. P. |date=1973 |title=Treatment of Similar Themes: A Study Based on the Illustrations of "Tuzuk-I-Baburi" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138646 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=34 |pages=292–297 |jstor=44138646 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>Titley, 187</ref> However some surviving un-illustrated manuscripts may have been commissioned by him, and he comments on the style of some famous past Persian masters. Some older illustrated manuscripts have his seal on them; the Mughals came from a long line stretching back to [[Timur]] and were fully assimilated into [[Persianate]] culture, and expected to patronize literature and the arts.

The style of the Mughal school developed within the royal [[atelier]]. Knowledge was primarily transmitted through familial and apprenticeship relationships, and the system of joint manuscript production which brought multiple artists together for single works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sensiblereason.com/artistic-stylistic-transmission-in-the-royal-mughal-atelier/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123347/http://sensiblereason.com/artistic-stylistic-transmission-in-the-royal-mughal-atelier/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 2, 2014|title=Artistic Stylistic Transmission in the Royal Mughal Atelier|first=Greg|last=Sarafan|date=6 November 2011|publisher=Sensible Reason}}</ref> In some cases, senior artists would draw the illustrations in outline, and more junior ones would usually apply the colors, especially for background areas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Seyller|first=John|date=1999|title=Workshop and Patron in Mughal India: The Freer Rāmāyaṇa and Other Illustrated Manuscripts of 'Abd al-Raḥīm|journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum|volume=42|pages=3–344|issn=1423-0526|jstor=1522711}}</ref> Where no artist names are inscribed, it is very difficult to trace Imperial Mughal paintings back to specific artists.<ref name=":2" />

==Development==
[[File:Princes of the House of Timur.jpg|thumb|Princes of the House of Timur, attributed to the Persian [[Abd as-Samad]], c.1550–1555, with additions in the next century under [[Jahangir]]<ref name=":3">Crill and Jariwala, 50</ref>]]
After a tentative start under Humayun, the great period of Mughal painting was during the next three reigns, of [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]], which covered just over a century between them.

===Humayun (1530–1540 and 1555–1556)===
[[File:Manohar. Emperor Jahangir Weighs Prince Khurram. Page from Tuzuk-i Jahangiri. 1610-1615, British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|''Emperor Jahangir weighs Prince Khurram'' by [[Manohar Das]], 1610–1615, from Jahangir's own copy of the ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]''. The names of the main figures are noted on their clothes, and the artist shown at bottom. [[British Museum]].]]

When the second Mughal emperor, [[Humayun]] was in exile in [[Tabriz]] in the [[Safavid]] court of [[Shah Tahmasp I]] of Persia, he was exposed to Persian miniature painting, and commissioned at least one work there (or in [[Kabul]]), an unusually large painting on cloth of ''Princes of the House of Timur'', now in the [[British Museum]]. Originally a group portrait with his sons, in the next century [[Jahangir]] had it added to make it a dynastic group including dead ancestors.<ref name=":3" /> When Humayun returned to India, he brought two accomplished Persian artists, [[Abd al-Samad]] and [[Mir Sayyid Ali]] with him. His usurping brother [[Kamran Mirza]] had maintained a workshop in Kabul, which Humayun perhaps took over into his own. Humayun's major known commission was a ''[[Khamsa of Nizami]]'' with 36 illuminated pages ([[:Commons:Category:Khamsa of Nizami, 1550-54, Kabul (BNF, Smith-Lesouëf 216)|BNF, Smith-Lesouëf 216]]), in which the different styles of the various artists are mostly still apparent.<ref name=":4">Grove</ref> Apart from the London painting, he also commissioned at least two miniatures showing himself with family members,<ref name=":4" /> a type of subject that was rare in Persia but common among the Mughals.<ref>Beach, 58</ref>

===Akbar (1556–1605)===
During the reign of Humayun's son [[Akbar]] (r.1556–1605), the imperial court, apart from being the centre of administrative authority to manage and rule the vast Mughal empire, also emerged as a centre of cultural excellence. Akbar inherited and expanded his father's library and atelier of court painters, and paid close personal attention to its output. He had studied painting in his youth under [[Abd al-Samad|Abd as-Samad]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Canby |first=Sheila |date=2011 |title='Abd Al-Samad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220221 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=97–110 |jstor=23220221 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2022-07-19 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719074105/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220221 |url-status=live }}</ref> though it is not clear how far these studies went.<ref>Beach, 49</ref>

Between 1560 and 1566, the ''[[Tutinama]]'' ("Tales of a Parrot"), now in the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=1992 |title=Overpainting in the Cleveland T̤ūt̤īnāma |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249892 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=52 |issue=3/4 |pages=283–318 |doi=10.2307/3249892 |jstor=3249892 |issn=0004-3648 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514201123/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249892 |url-status=live }}</ref> was illustrated, showing "the stylistic components of the imperial Mughal style at a formative stage".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Krishna |first=Anand |date=1973 |title=A Reassessment of the "Tuti-Nama" Illustrations in the Cleveland Museum of Art (And Related Problems on Earliest Mughal Paintings and Painters) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249561 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=241–268 |doi=10.2307/3249561 |jstor=3249561 |issn=0004-3648 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2023-02-20 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220211714/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249561 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Among other manuscripts, between 1562 and 1577, the [[atelier]] worked on an illustrated manuscript of the ''[[Hamzanama]]'' consisting of 1,400 cotton [[Bookbinding|folio]]s, unusually large at 69 cm x 54 cm (approx. 27 x 20 inches) in size. This huge project, "served as a means of moulding the disparate styles of his artists, from Iran and from different parts of India, into one unified style". By the end, the style reached maturity, and "the flat and decorative compositions of Persian painting have been transformed by creating a believable space in which characters painted in the round can perform".<ref>Losty, 15</ref>

[[Saadi Shirazi|Saʿdī Shīrāzī]]'s masterpiece ''[[Gulistan (book)|Gulistān]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=2008 |title=The Colophon Portrait of the Royal Asiatic Society Gulistan of Sa'di |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40599603 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=333–342 |doi=10.61342/SYVY7599 |jstor=40599603 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}</ref> was produced at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] in 1582, Abu Tahir Tarsusi's ''[[Darab-nama|Darab-Nama]]'' around 1585; the [[Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)]] followed in the 1590s and [[Jami|Jāmī]]'s ''[[Baharestan (book)|Bahâristân]]'' around 1595 in [[Lahore]]. As Mughal-derived painting spread to [[Hindu]] courts the texts illustrated included the Hindu [[Epic poetry|epic]]s including the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]; themes with animal fables; individual portraits; and paintings on scores of different themes. Mughal style during this period continued to refine itself with elements of realism and naturalism coming to the fore. Between 1570 and 1585, Akbar hired over one hundred painters to practice Mughal style painting.<ref>Eastman</ref>
[[File:Agnipuruṣa rises from the sacred fire.jpg|left|thumb|Agnipuruṣa rises from the sacred fire of the [[Putrakameshti]], circa 1588–1592, by [[Basawan]] and Husain Naqqash. Gouache and gold on paper, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum Trust, The City Palace, Jaipur.]]
Akbar's rule established a celebratory theme among the Mughal Empire. In this new period, Akbar persuaded artist to focus on showing off spectacles and including grand symbols like elephants in their work to create the sense of a prospering empire. Along with this new mindset, Akbar also encouraged his people to write down and find a way to record what they remembered from earlier times to ensure that others would be able to remember the greatness of the Mughal empire.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Ebba |date=2017 |title=Visual Strategies of Imperial Self-Representation: The Windsor Pādshāhnāma Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44972936 |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=93–124 |doi=10.1080/00043079.2017.1292871 |jstor=44972936 |issn=0004-3079}}</ref>

===Jahangir (1605–1627)===
[[File:Bichitr - Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings, from the St. Petersburg album - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|'[[Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings]]', c. 1615–1618, [[Bichitr]], [[Freer Gallery of Art]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=A closer look at Mughal Emperor Jahangir depicted on the hourglass throne |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/closer-look-mughal-emperor-jahangir-depicted-hourglass-throne/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The British Academy |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421152337/https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/closer-look-mughal-emperor-jahangir-depicted-hourglass-throne/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[Jahangir]] had an artistic inclination and during his reign Mughal painting developed further. Like Akbar, Jahangir collected illuminated Persian manuscripts and albums, alongside European paintings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dimand |first=Maurice S. |date=1944 |title=The Emperor Jahangir, Connoisseur of Paintings |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3257119 |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=196–200 |doi=10.2307/3257119 |issn=0026-1521|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Brushwork became finer and the colours lighter. Jahangir was also deeply influenced by European painting. During his reign he came into direct contact with the English Crown and was sent gifts of oil paintings, which included portraits of the King and Queen. He encouraged his royal atelier to take up the single point perspective favored by European artists, unlike the flattened multi-layered style used in traditional miniatures. He particularly encouraged paintings depicting events of his own life, individual portraits, and studies of birds, flowers and animals. The ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'' (or ''Jahangirnama''), written during his lifetime, which is an autobiographical account of Jahangir's reign, has several paintings, including some unusual subjects such as the union of a saint with a tigress, and fights between spiders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=P. |first1=Vaishnavi |last2=B. |first2=Ramya |date=2022 |title=Mughal Miniature Paintings: An Analysis |url=https://www.kristujayantijournal.com/index.php/ijss/article/view/2189 |journal=Kristu Jayanti Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |language=en |issn=2583-6277 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704094737/https://www.kristujayantijournal.com/index.php/ijss/article/view/2189 |archive-date=2025-07-04 |access-date=2025-08-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mughal paintings made during Jahangir's reign continued the trend of naturalism and were influenced by the resurgence of Persian styles and subjects over more traditional Hindu.<ref name=":2"/>

===Shah Jahan (1628–1658)===
[[File:'Elephant with Mahout', circa 1660, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|'Elephant with Mahout', circa 1660, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.]]
During the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–58), Mughal paintings continued to develop, but court paintings became more rigid and formal. The illustrations from the ''[[Padshahnama|Pādshāhnāma]]'' ('The Book of the Emperor'), one of the finest Islamic manuscripts from the Royal Collection, at Windsor, were painted during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]]. Written in Persian on paper that is flecked with gold, has exquisitely rendered paintings. The ''[[Padshahnama|Pādshāhnāma]]'' has portraits of the courtiers and servants of the King painted with great detail and individuality. In keeping with the strict formality at court, however the portraits of the King and important nobles was rendered in strict profile, whereas servants and common people, depicted with individual features have been portrayed in the three-quarter view or the frontal view.<ref name=":6" />
[[File:Prince Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar (7 June 1633).jpg|thumb|'Prince Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar (7 June 1633)', c. 1635–40, the [[Royal Collection|Royal Collection Trust]]. The only landscape-format painting in the ''[[Padshahnama]]'' manuscript, this image symbolises the strength and vigour of the Mughal dynasty as [[Shah Jahan]] observes his son [[Aurangzeb]] thrust a spear into the trunk of a charging elephant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal artist - Prince Awrangzeb facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar (7 June 1633) |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025-ad/prince-awrangzeb-facing-a-maddened-elephant-named-sudhakar-7-june-1633 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414083740/https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025-ad/prince-awrangzeb-facing-a-maddened-elephant-named-sudhakar-7-june-1633 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Themes including musical parties; lovers, sometimes in intimate positions, on terraces and gardens; and ascetics gathered around a fire, abound in the Mughal paintings of this period.<ref>Britannica</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Even though this period was titled the most prosperous, artists during this time were expected to adhere to representing life in court as organized and unified. For this reason, most art created under his rule focused mainly on the emperor and aided in establishing his authority. The purpose of this art was to leave behind an image of what the Mughal's believed to be the ideal ruler and state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Kavita|date=13 June 2021|title=In a resplendent portrait of a Mughal emperor, subtle clues about a dark fall|url=https://scroll.in/article/997197/in-a-resplendent-portrait-of-a-mughal-emperor-subtle-clues-about-a-dark-fall|access-date=2021-06-13|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612235734/https://scroll.in/article/997197/in-a-resplendent-portrait-of-a-mughal-emperor-subtle-clues-about-a-dark-fall|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Later paintings==
[[File:Darbarscene.jpg|thumb|A [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] scene with the newly crowned Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in his golden throne. Though he did not encourage Mughal painting, some of the best work was done during his reign.|left]]
[[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings. After 1681 he moved to the [[Deccan]] to pursue his slow conquest of the [[Deccan Sultanates]], never returning to live in the north.<ref>Losty, 147, 149</ref>
[[File:'Lovers and beloveds, A composite of scenes from Persian, Urdu, and Sanskrit literature', painting by Chitarman II, ca 1735.png|thumb|'Lovers and beloveds, A composite of scenes from Persian, Urdu, and Sanskrit literature', painting by Chitarman II or Kalyan Das, c. 1735, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].

By reading the Persian inscriptions in [[Nastaliq|Nasta‘liq]] script, following figures from diverse literature can be identified: [[Heer Ranjha|Ranjha]], [[Yusuf and Zulaikha|Joseph and Zulaykha]], Vamiq and ‘Azra, [[Nala]], [[Sassui Punnhun|Sassi and Punnun]], [[Khosrow and Shirin|Shirin and Farhad]], [[Padmavat|Padmavati and Ratnasena]], [[Layla and Majnun|Majnun]] and also, [[Hafez|Hafiz of Shiraz]] and the woman with whom, according to popular lore, Hafiz was supposed to have fallen in love as a youth.]]
Mughal paintings continued to survive, but the decline had set in. Some sources however note that a few of the best Mughal paintings were made for Aurangzeb, speculating that they believed that he was about to close the workshops and thus exceeded themselves in his behalf.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/aurangzeb/darbarscene/darbarscene.html Commentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308170232/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/aurangzeb/darbarscene/darbarscene.html |date=2007-03-08 }} by [[Stuart Cary Welch]]</ref> There was a brief revival during the reign of [[Muhammad Shah]] (1719–1748), but by the time of [[Shah Alam II]] (1759–1806), the art of Mughal painting had lost its glory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scheurleer |first=Pauline Lunsingh |date=2016 |title=The Indian Miniatures in the Canter Visscher Album |journal=The Rijksmuseum Bulletin |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=194–245 |doi=10.52476/trb.9805 |jstor=43901906 |issn=1877-8127|doi-access=free }}</ref> By that time, other schools of Indian painting had developed, including, in the royal courts of the Rajput kingdoms of [[Rajputana]], [[Rajput painting]] and in cities ruled by the [[British East India Company]], the [[Company style]] under Western influence. Late Mughal style often shows increased use of [[graphical perspective|perspective]] and recession under Western influence, like in the works of [[Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Ghulam Murtaza Khan]], and [[Mazhar Ali Khan (painter)|Mazhar Ali Khan]].

Many museums have significant collections of Mughal miniatures, like the [[National Museum of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Museum, New Delhi |url=https://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/en/collections/index/13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708153451/https://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/en/collections/index/13 |archive-date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=nationalmuseumindia.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> the Mehrangarh Museum Trust,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paintings |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/collection/paintings/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Mehrangarh Museum Trust |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206211607/https://www.mehrangarh.org/collection/paintings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Raza Library|Rampur Raza Library]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Miniatures of Rampur – an exhibition created out of IGNCA publicaiton on the Rampur Raza Library Collection {{!}} IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/events/mughal-miniatures-of-rampur-an-exhibition-created-out-of-ignca-publicaiton-on-the-rampur-raza-library-collection/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405023156/https://ignca.gov.in/events/mughal-miniatures-of-rampur-an-exhibition-created-out-of-ignca-publicaiton-on-the-rampur-raza-library-collection/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Indian Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paintings Gallery – Home – Indian Museum Kolkata |url=https://indianmuseumkolkata.org/gallery/paintings-gallery/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=indianmuseumkolkata.org |archive-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922124347/https://indianmuseumkolkata.org/gallery/paintings-gallery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[British Library]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Library |url=https://imagesonline.bl.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716213059/https://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (which includes illustrated copies of the [[Razmnama (British Library, Or. 12076)|Razmnama]] and [[Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)|Khamsa of Nizami]]), the [[Walters Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Collection of the Walters Art Museum |url=https://thewalters.org/experience/collections/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=The Walters Art Museum |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821213734/https://thewalters.org/experience/collections/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[National Museum of Asian Art]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Explore Art + Culture - National Museum of Asian Art |url=https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=National Museum of Asian Art |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811143845/https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore the Collections · V&A |url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/collections |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum |language=en |archive-date=2025-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818152115/https://www.vam.ac.uk/collections |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results for "Mughal " - The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=Mughal+&material=Paintings |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.metmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search the Collection {{!}} Cleveland Museum of Art |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/collection/search |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.clevelandart.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808043949/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/collection/search |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Category:Mughal miniatures in the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya - Wikimedia Commons |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mughal_miniatures_in_the_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Vastu_Sangrahalaya |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> the [[The San Diego Museum of Art|San Diego Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Category:Mughal and post-Mughal miniatures in the San Diego Museum of Art - Wikimedia Commons |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mughal_and_post-Mughal_miniatures_in_the_San_Diego_Museum_of_Art |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217173843/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mughal_and_post-Mughal_miniatures_in_the_San_Diego_Museum_of_Art |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Royal Collection|Royal Collection Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore the Royal Collection online |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/page/1 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195830/https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/page/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Artists==
[[File:Colophon portrait from the Khamsa of Nizami - BL Or. MS 12208 f. 325v.jpg|thumb|Detail from the [[Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)|''Khamsa of Nizami'' manuscript in the British Library]], made for [[Akbar]], c. 1610, of [[Daulat (Mughal painter)|Daulat]] (left) painting the calligrapher of the manuscript, Abd al-Rahim.]]
The Persian master artists [[Abd al-Samad]],<ref name=":12" /> [[Mir Musavvir]] and his son, [[Mir Sayyid Ali]], and [[Dust Muhammad]] who had accompanied [[Humayun]] to India in the 16th century, were in charge of the imperial atelier during the formative stages of Mughal painting. These Persian artists<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Soucek |first=Priscilla P. |date=1987 |title=Persian Artists in Mughal India: Influences and Transformations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523102 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=4 |pages=166–181 |doi=10.2307/1523102 |jstor=1523102 |issn=0732-2992 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2025-08-25 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825033907/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523102 |url-status=live }}</ref> were masters of their craft, and had contributed to previous commissions like the [[Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp|''Shahnameh'' of Shah Tahmasp]]. Dust Muhammad, who was a disciple of [[Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād]], had also worked in the compiling of [[Bahram Mirza Album]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weis |first=Friederike |date=2020-10-02 |title=How the Persian Qalam Caused the Chinese Brush to Break: The Bahram Mirza Album Revisited |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/muqj/37/1/article-p63_4.xml |journal=Muqarnas Online |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=63–109 |doi=10.1163/22118993-00371P04 |issn=0732-2992 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2025-05-07 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507021450/https://brill.com/view/journals/muqj/37/1/article-p63_4.xml |url-status=live }}</ref> and illustrations of the ''[[Cartier Hafiz]].''
[[File:Shah Tahmasp of Iran. Painting by Sahifa Banu, Mughal, early 17th century.jpg|thumb|'Shah Tahmasp of Iran', early 17th century, Sahifa Banu, [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].

This portrait of [[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp of Iran]] by done by a woman painter, Sahifa Banu, with borders by [[Ustad Mansur|Mansur]].]]
Many artists worked on large commissions, the majority of them apparently Hindu, to judge by the names recorded. Women artists were also a part of the Mughal atelier,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majlis |first=Najma Khan |date=2006 |title=Representation of Professional and Working Women in Mughal Miniature Painting (16 Th -18 Th Century) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147951 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |pages=307–311 |jstor=44147951 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> and contributed to commissions, like in the [[Muraqqa-e Gulshan|Gulshan Album]] (Muraqqa'-e Gulshan),<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Beach |first=Milo C. |date=2013 |title=The Gulshan Album and the Workshops of Prince Salim |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24240820 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=445–477 |doi=10.61342/NFFN3466 |jstor=24240820 |issn=0004-3648 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422175104/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24240820 |url-status=live }}</ref> which included the work of at least three women artists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lab |first=The Heritage |date=2021-03-02 |title=5 Women Artists of the Mughal Court |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/women-artists-mughal-court/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724094723/https://www.theheritagelab.in/women-artists-mughal-court/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Artists like Sahifa Banu drew portraits and copies of compositions by [[Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād]] and [[Sultan Ali Mashhadi|Sultan ‘Ali al-Mashhadi]], while others like Ruqaya Banu, Nuri Nadira Bano & Nini'','' made copies of European engravings and prints in their own style. Mughal painting generally involved a group of artists, one (generally the most senior) to decide and outline the composition, the second to actually paint, and perhaps a third who specialized in portraiture, executing individual faces.<ref>Losty, 31; Crill and Jariwala, 27; Britannica</ref>

This was especially the case with the large historical book projects that dominated production during Akbar's reign, the ''[[Tutinama]]'',<ref name=":5" /> ''[[Baburnama]]'',<ref name=":11" /> ''[[Hamzanama]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=1993 |title=A Dated Ḥamzanāma Illustration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250533 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=53 |issue=3/4 |pages=501–505 |doi=10.2307/3250533 |jstor=3250533 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''[[Razmnama]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Yael |date=2010 |title=A Persian Mahabharata: The 1598-1599 Razmnama |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20720743 |journal=Manoa |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=125–131 |jstor=20720743 |issn=1045-7909 |archive-date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912043243/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20720743 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Akbarnama]]''. For manuscripts of Persian poetry there was a different way of working, with the best masters apparently expected to produce exquisitely finished miniatures all or largely their own work.<ref>Losty, 31</ref> An influence on the evolution of style during Akbar's reign was Keshav Das, who understood and developed "European techniques of rendering space and volume".<ref name="BloomBlair2009">{{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila S.|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA380|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|volume=1|page=380}}</ref>

Conveniently for modern scholars, Akbar liked to see the names of the artists written below each miniature. Analysis of manuscripts shows that individual miniatures were assigned to many painters. For example, [[Razmnama (British Library, Or. 12076)|the incomplete ''Razmnama'' in the British Library]] contains 24 miniatures, with 21 different names, though this may be an especially large number.<ref>[https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/04/razmnamah-the-persian-mahabharata.html "Razmnamah: the Persian Mahabharata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213192015/https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/04/razmnamah-the-persian-mahabharata.html |date=2020-02-13 }}, British Library ''Asian and African studies blog'', by Ursula Sims-Williams, April 2016 - see table near bottom</ref>

Important painters under Akbar and Jahangir were:<ref>Diamind, Maurice. [http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257529.pdf.bannered.pdf "Mughal Painting Under Akbar the Great"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201153059/http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257529.pdf.bannered.pdf |date=2016-12-01 }} Metropolitan Museum of Art</ref>
[[File:Self-portrait of the artist Daulat and portraits of the artists Govardhan, Bishandas, Manohar, Abu'l-Hasan, by Daulat, ca.1610.jpg|thumb|Self-portrait of the artist [[Daulat (artist)|Daulat]] (starting from bottom left corner and going counter-clockwise) and portraits of the artists [[Govardhan (artist)|Govardhan]], [[Bishandas]], [[Manohar Das|Manohar]], [[Abu'l-Hasan (artist)|Abu'l-Hasan]], by Daulat, ca.1610. The self-portrait and portraits are found on the border of the folio. [[Muraqqa-e Gulshan|Gulshan Album]] (Muraqqaʿ-e Gulshan or Moraqqaʿ-e Golshan). Kept in the collection of the [[Golestan Palace|Golestan Palace Library]], Tehran.<ref name=":9" />]]

* [[Farrukh Beg]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beach |first=Milo C. |date=2011 |title=Farrukh Beg |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220227 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=187–210 |jstor=23220227 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209155801/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220227 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{circa|1545|1615}}), a Persian artist,<ref name=":8" /> in India from 1585 to 1590, perhaps then in [[Bijapur]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=1995 |title=Farrukh Beg in the Deccan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249754 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=55 |issue=3/4 |pages=319–341 |doi=10.2307/3249754 |jstor=3249754 |issn=0004-3648 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2021-05-04 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504051352/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249754 |url-status=live }}</ref> returning north from around 1605 to his death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=S. P. |date=1978 |title=Farrukh Beg?the Mughal Court Painter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139370 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |pages=360–367 |jstor=44139370 |issn=2249-1937 |archive-date=2021-05-22 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522050126/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139370 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skelton |first=Robert |date=1957 |title=The Mughal Artist Farrokh Beg |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629045 |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=2 |pages=393–411 |jstor=4629045 |issn=0571-1371 |archive-date=2021-05-04 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504162047/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629045 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Daswanth]], d. 1584, who worked especially on Akbar's ''[[Razmnama]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' in Persian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beach |first=Milo Cleveland |date=1982 |title=The Mughal Painter Daswanth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629314 |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=13 |pages=121–133 |jstor=4629314 |issn=0571-1371 |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219211806/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629314 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Basawan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=2011 |title=Basawan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220223 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=119–134 |jstor=23220223 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226112157/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220223 |url-status=live }}</ref> (active c. 1580–1600), whose son [[Manohar Das]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=2011 |title=Manohar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220224 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=135–152 |jstor=23220224 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref> was active c. 1582–1624.
*[[Daulat (artist)|Daulat]] (c. 1595- c. 1635/40), began his career painting large narrative scenes, then specialized in portraits, but later in his career, seems to have specialized in highly ornate borders to miniatures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beach |first=Milo C. |date=2011 |title=Daulat |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220234 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=305–320 |jstor=23220234 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref>
*[[Govardhan (Mughal painter)|Govardhan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=2011 |title=Govardhan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220237 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=357–374 |jstor=23220237 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2023-01-09 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109111445/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220237 |url-status=live }}</ref> active c. 1596 to 1640, was especially good at portraits. His father Bhavani Das,<ref name=":0" /> had been a painter in the imperial workshop.
*[[Ustad Mansur]] (active c.1590–1624), a specialist in animals and plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beach |first=Milo C. |date=2011 |title=Mansur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220230 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=243–258 |jstor=23220230 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref>
*'Abid (active c. 1604- 1645), was son of Aqa Riza and brother of [[Abu'l-Hasan (artist)|Abu al-Hasan]], who was trained in the principles of Persian painting.<ref name="Beach 2011 231–242">{{Cite journal |last=Beach |first=Milo C. |date=2011 |title='Abid |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220229 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=231–242 |jstor=23220229 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref>
*[[Abu'l-Hasan (artist)|Abu al-Hasan]] (1589 – c.1630), son of Aqa Riza, and brother of 'Abid,<ref name="Beach 2011 231–242"/> who drew a number of allegorical paintings during Jahangir's region, like [[Jahangir Shooting the Head of Malik Ambar]] and [[Emperor Jahangir Triumphing over Poverty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beach |first=Milo C. |date=2011 |title=Aqa Riza and Abu'l Hasan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220228 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=211–230 |jstor=23220228 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427104737/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220228 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beach |first=Milo Cleveland |date=1980 |title=The Mughal Painter Abu'l Hasan and Some English Sources for His Style |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20168968 |journal=The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery |volume=38 |pages=6–33 |jstor=20168968 |issn=0083-7156 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105231453/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20168968 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Bichitr]] (active c. 1610–1660), who specialized in portraiture with a European influence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=J. V. S. |date=1950 |title=Masterpieces of Oriental Art. 14: Portrait of Sh?h Daulat by Bichitr |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222365 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=1/2 |pages=1 |jstor=25222365 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
*Nanha, a painter active in the courts of Akbar and Jahangir. He was uncle of Bishandas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=S.P. |date=2000 |title=Mughal Painting, Patrons and Painters |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148128 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=510–526 |jstor=44148128 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
*[[Bishandas]], (c. 1590- c. 1640) who specialized in portraiture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Asok Kumar |date=2011 |title=Bishandas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220231 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=259–278 |jstor=23220231 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda K. |date=1927 |title=Notes on Indian Painting, 4. Bis??nd?s and Others |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3247902 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=283–294 |doi=10.2307/3247902 |jstor=3247902 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Mushfiq]], an early example of an artist who seems never to have worked in the imperial atelier, but for other clients like [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Abd-ur-Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]].
*[[Miskin (painter)|Miskin]] (c.1560 - c.1604), an extremely skilled painter of animals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brand |first=Michael |date=2011 |title=Miskin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220226 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=167–186 |jstor=23220226 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref>
*[[Sanwlah (artist)|Sanwlah]], who worked in the court of [[Jahangir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brend |first=Dr Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUH8AQAAQBAJ&q=sanwlah&pg=PA235 |title=Perspectives on Persian Painting: Illustrations to Amir Khusrau's Khamsah |date=2013-11-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-85411-8 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Farrukh Chela]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=S. P. |date=1975 |title="Chela"?painters of the Mughal Court |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138860 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=36 |pages=345–352 |jstor=44138860 |issn=2249-1937 |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915113955/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138860 |url-status=live }}</ref> (active from 1580 or 1585/1604), contributed to most of the major illustrated manuscripts at the Mughal court.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Rekha |date=1982 |title=Some Additions to the Known Corpus of Paintings by the Mughal Artist Farrukh Chela |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629315 |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=13 |pages=135–151 |jstor=4629315 |issn=0571-1371 |archive-date=2025-09-10 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910102334/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629315 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Keshav Das (active c. 1570 - c. 1604), who was ranked as fifth in the list of seventeen best painters of the imperial workshop by [[Abul Fazl|Abu'l Fazl]]. He was reputed mainly for his copies and adaptations of European engravings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okada |first=Amina |date=2011 |title=Keshav Das |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220225 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=153–166 |jstor=23220225 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref>
*[[Payag]] (c. 1591- c. 1658), his work was heavily influenced by European art.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=2011 |title=Payag |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220235 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=321–336 |jstor=23220235 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref>
*[[Balchand]] (active from c. 1595 - c. 1650), brother of [[Payag]]. Proficient in individual portraits and manuscript illustrations, his work was known for his empathetic quality and elegant detailing,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=2011 |title=Balchand |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220236 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=337–356 |jstor=23220236 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421191131/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220236 |url-status=live }}</ref> like the 'Death of Ināyat Khān'.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Smart |first=Ellen |date=1999 |title=The Death of Ināyat Khān by the Mughal Artist Bālchand |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=58 |issue=3/4 |pages=273–279 |doi=10.2307/3250020 |issn=1423-0526 |jstor=3250020}}</ref>
*Mandu or Mandu Firangi (c. 1598) a European artist trained in Western arts who worked in Akbar's atelier. With [[Miskin (painter)|Miskin]] and Bhagawan, he illustrated a few folios of the Ramayana from Akbar's reign in Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum Trust, The City Palace, Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kazmi |first1=Nuzhat |last2=Kazmi |first2=Nuzhat Fatima |date=1986 |title=Mandu Firangi- A Case Study of an Akbari Painter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141574 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=47 |pages=441–445 |jstor=44141574 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Jonathan Gil |title=The First Firangis: Remarkable Stories of Heroes, Healers, Charlatans, Courtesans & other Foreigners who Became Indian |date=2015 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |isbn=978-93-82277-63-7 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Other notable painters included Muhammad 'Ali,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=2011 |title=Muhammad 'Ali |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220232 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=279–290 |jstor=23220232 |issn=1423-0526}}</ref> Abd al-Rahim, Amal-e Hashim, and Mah Muhammad.

The sub-imperial school of Mughal painting included artists such as [[Mushfiq]], Kamal, and Fazl, who were not a part of the royal atelier, and were patronised by nobles like [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Abd-ur-Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]], who commissioned the Freer Rāmāyaṇa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=1999 |title=Workshop and Patron in Mughal India: The Freer R?m?ya?a and Other Illustrated Manuscripts of 'Abd al-Ra??m |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522711 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=42 |pages=3–344 |jstor=1522711 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214044044/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522711 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aitken |first=Molly Emma |date=2013 |title=The Laud Rāgamālā Album, Bikaner, and the Sociability of Subimperial Painting |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43677820 |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=27–58 |doi=10.1353/aaa.2013.0003 |jstor=43677820 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref> During the first half of the 18th century, many Mughal-trained artists left the imperial workshop to work at Rajput courts, such as artists like Bhavanidas (active c. 1700- 1748)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haidar |first=Navina |date=2011 |title=Bhavanidas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23223159 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=531–546 |jstor=23223159 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2022-10-19 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019175135/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23223159 |url-status=live }}</ref> and his son [[Dalchand]] (active c. 1710- 1760), who moved to Jodhpur to work for [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]] (r. 1724–1748), and then to [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] around 1728.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McInerney |first=Terence |date=2011 |title=Dalchand |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23223161 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=563–578 |jstor=23223161 |issn=1423-0526 |archive-date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213094659/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23223161 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Mughal style today==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
Mughal-style miniature paintings are still being created today by a small number of artists in Lahore concentrated mainly in the [[National College of Arts]], although many of these miniatures are just copies of the originals. Some artists have produced contemporary works using classic methods at times.

The skills needed to produce these modern versions of Mughal miniatures are still passed on from generation to generation, although many artisans also employ dozens of workers, often painting under trying working conditions, to produce works sold under the signature of their modern masters.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Painting of Akbar Mughal Period, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|Portrait of Akbar
File:A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century.jpg|A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001223/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1907.219&bcrumb=true%7C Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219]
File:Nurjahan.jpg|[[Nur Jahan]]
File:Shah Jahan on a Terrace Holding a Pendant Set with His Portrait.jpg|[[Shah Jahan]] on a terrace holding a pendant set with his portrait
File:Attributed to Hiranand - Illustration from a Dictionary (unidentified)- Da'ud Receives a Robe of Honor from Mun'im Khan - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Daud Khan Karrani]] receives a [[Kaftan]] of honor from [[Munim Khan]]
File:1561-The Victory of Ali Quli Khan on the river Gomti-Akbarnama.jpg|Victory of [[Sher Afghan Khan|Ali Quli Khan]] on the river Gomti-Akbarnama, 1561
File:Mir Sayyid Ali - Portrait of a Young Indian Scholar.jpg|[[Mir Sayyid Ali]]'s depiction of a young scholar in the [[Mughal Empire]], reading and writing a commentary on the [[Quran]], 1559.
File:Battle scene from the 1570 Hamzanama of Akbar.jpg|Battle scene from the ''[[Hamzanama#Akbar.27s manuscript|Hamzanama of Akbar]]'', 1570
File:1561-The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan-Akbarnama.jpg|The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan. ''[[Akbarnama]]'', 1590–95<ref>{{cite web|last=Basawan & Chitra|url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Akbar/Akbarnama.htm|title=The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan-Akbarnama|date=1590–1595|work=Akbarnama|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-date=2013-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718112355/http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Akbar/Akbarnama.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:1561-Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (right).jpg|Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (right), 1561
File:1562-Pir Muhammad Drowns While Crossing the Narbada-Akbarnama.jpg|Pir Muhammad Drowns While Crossing the Narbada-Akbarnama, 1562
File:1573-Akbar receiving his sons at Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg|Akbar receiving his sons at [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. ''[[Akbarnama]]'', 1573
File:Europeans Embracing LACMA M.83.105.20 (1 of 3).jpg|Europeans embracing, [[Lahore]], c. 1590
File:"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea".jpg|alt=Alexander is Lowered into the Sea, from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi c. 1597–98, attributed to Mukanda.|''Alexander is Lowered into the Sea'', from a Khamsa (Quintet) of [[Amir Khusrow|Amir Khusrau Dihlavi]] c. 1597–98, attributed to Mukanda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|title=Alexander is Lowered into the Sea|website=www.metmuseum.org|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214214010/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:The Death of Inayat Khan (Bod MS. Ouseley Add. 171b f. 4r).jpg|[[Balchand]],<ref name=":10" /> ''The Dying Inayat Khan'', c. 1618, [[Bodleian Library]], Oxford
File:Mughal Prince Visits a Holy Man.jpg|Mughal Prince visits a Holy Man
File:Prince and Ladies in a Garden, mid-18th century; Mughal.jpg|A Mughal prince and ladies in a garden, 18th century
File:Gujjari Ragini.jpg|A young woman playing a Veena to a parakeet, a symbol of her absent lover. 18th-century painting in the provincial Mughal style of Bengal
File:A woman holding a Veena, Mughal, India. 18 century.jpg|Female performer with a [[tanpura]], 18th century. Colour and gold on paper. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808220501/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1907.195&bcrumb=true Freer Gallery of Art F1907.195]
File:Ascetic Seated on Leopard's Skin, Provincial Mughal school, India, Opaque watercolor on paper, Late 18th century.tiff|Ascetic Seated on Leopard's Skin, late 18th century
File:Mughal Ganjiya Playing Cards, Early 19th century, courtesy the Wovensouls collection.jpg|Mughal Ganjifa [[playing cards]], early 19th century, with miniature paintings – courtesy of the Wovensouls collection
File:Box with Scenes of an Emperor Receiving Gifts.jpg|The figural decoration of this example shows a strong relationship to paintings of the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/451479|website=www.metmuseum.org|access-date=2018-12-17|title=Box with Scenes of an Emperor Receiving Gifts, early to mid-17th century|archive-date=2018-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110630/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/451479|url-status=live}}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Arabic miniature]]
*[[Indian painting]]
*[[Madhubani painting]]
*[[Ottoman miniature]]
*[[Rajput painting]]
*[[Tanjore painting]]
*[[Western painting]]
*[[Persian miniature]]
*[[Islamic miniature]]
*[[Sikh painting]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[[Milo C. Beach|Beach, Milo Cleveland]], ''Early Mughal painting'', Harvard University Press, 1987, {{ISBN|0-674-22185-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-674-22185-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmcoF12hi3AC&pg=PA51 google books]
*Crill, Rosemary, and Jariwala, Kapil. ''The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860'', [[National Portrait Gallery, London]], 2010, {{ISBN|9781855144095}}
*Eastman, Alvan C. "Mughal painting." College Art Association . 3.2 (1993): 36. Web. 30 Sep. 2013.
*"Grove", [[Oxford Art Online]], "Indian sub., §VI, 4(i): Mughal ptg styles, 16th–19th centuries", restricted access.
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Kossak, Steven. (1997). [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.''] Metropolitan Museum of Art. {{ISBN|0870997831}}
*Losty, J. P. Roy, Malini (eds), ''Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire'', 2013, British Library, {{ISBN|0712358706}}, 9780712358705
*"Mughal Painting." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Academic Online Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013.Web. 30 Sep 2013.
*Titley, Norah M., ''Persian Miniature Painting, and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India'', 1983, University of Texas Press, 0292764847
* Sarafan, Greg, "Artistic Stylistic Transmission in the Royal Mughal Atelier", Sensible Reason, LLC, 2007, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123347/http://sensiblereason.com/artistic-stylistic-transmission-in-the-royal-mughal-atelier/ SensibleReason.com]}}

==Further reading==
*Painting for the Mughal Emperor (The Art of the Book 1560–1660) by ''Susan Stronge'' ({{ISBN|0-8109-6596-8}})
*[http://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/mughalminiature Fiction in Mughal Miniature Painting] by Prof. P. C. Jain and Dr. Daljeet
*Painting the Mughal Experience by ''Som Prakash Verma'', 2005 ({{ISBN|0-19-566756-5}})
*Chitra, Die Tradition der Miniaturmalerei in Rajasthan by K.D. Christof & Renate Haass, 1999 ({{ISBN|978-3-89754-231-0}})
*{{cite book |author=Welch, Stuart Cary| title=''The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1987 | isbn=978-0870994999|display-authors=etal | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401 }}
*{{cite book | author=Welch, Stuart Cary | title= ''India: art and culture, 1300-1900'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1985 | isbn=9780944142134 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/80045/rec/1}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123347/http://sensiblereason.com/artistic-stylistic-transmission-in-the-royal-mughal-atelier/ Artistic Stylistic Transmission in the Royal Mughal Atelier]}} by Greg Sarafan, Esq., 2007

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mughal miniatures}}
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 ''Indian Court Painting, 16th–19th Century''] from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070425152403/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pain_ill.html National Museum, Delhi – Mughal paintings]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050811074303/http://www.sdmart.org/exhibition-binney.html San Diego Museum of Art]
*[https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23628 Collection: Art of the Mughal Empire] from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]]

{{Islamic art}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Pakistani painting]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Islamic arts of the book]]

[[de:Mogulreich#Malerei]]

Bogra

2026-03-24T03:50:13Z

WaldoOakes4: further updated structure as per guidelines additionally and improved wording for consistency

{{About|the city|the district|Bogra District|the former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]|Mohammad Ali Bogra}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Bogra 
| other_name =
| official_name = Bogura
| native_name = বগুড়া 
| settlement_type = City
| motto =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = Mahasthangar Gokul Medh Bogra Bangladesh (3).JPG
| photo2a = Bogra sath matha 1.jpg
| photo2b = Delta Tower Bogra 01.jpg
| photo3a = Bogura railway station.jpg
| photo3b = Govt Azizul Haque College B.jpg
| size = 240
| spacing = 1
| color =
| border = 0
}}
| image_caption = From top: [[Gokul Medh]], Sathmatha, Delta Tower, Bogra Railway Station, [[Azizul Haque College]]
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| pushpin_map = Bangladesh Rajshahi division#Bangladesh
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajshahi Division##Location in Bangladesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Bangladesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bogra District|Bogra]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = {{nowrap|[[Bogura City Corporation]]}}
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = [[List of city corporations in Bangladesh#City council|City Council]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bogra City Corporation#Ward and councillor list|28 constituencies]]
| leader_title3 = [[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[List of constituencies of the Jatiya Sangsad#Rajshahi Division|2 constituencies]]
| established_title = [[Pundravardhana]]
| established_date = 1280 [[Anno Domini|BC]]
| established_title1 = Municipal Council
| established_date1 = 1 July 1876
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_km2 = 69.56
| area_metro_km2 = 87.14
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2022census_report"/>
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro = 542,420
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 443,742
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset = +6
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages of Bangladesh|Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{*}}[[Bangladeshi English|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="বাংলাদেশ পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরো">{{cite web | url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/site/page/b432a7e5-8b4d-4dac-a76c-a9be4e85828c | title=বাংলাদেশ পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরো }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 =
| demographics2_info1 =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank_info_sec1 = BD BRG
| coordinates = {{coord|24|51|N|89|22|E|region:BD|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 20
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 5800
| area_code =
| blank_name = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|Calling code]]
| blank_info = 051
| blank1_name_sec1 = {{nowrap|[[Economy of Bogura|GDP]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_dhaka.pdf|title=TelluBase—Dhaka Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-10-10}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank3_info_sec1 = 0.674 {{color|#FFD700|medium }}<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> [[List of regions of Bangladesh by Human Development Index|14th of 22]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Police
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank6_name_sec1 = Metropolitan Planning Authority
| blank6_info_sec1 =
| blank7_name_sec1 = Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
| blank7_info_sec1 =
| website = {{url|http://www.bogra.gov.bd}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bogra''' ({{langx|bn|বগুড়া}}), officially '''Bogura''',<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh changes English spellings of five districts |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts|work=[[Bdnews24.com]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524160648/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts |access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=24 May 2024 }}</ref> is a city located in [[Bogra District]], [[Rajshahi Division]], Bangladesh. The city is a major commercial hub in Northern Bangladesh.{{cn|date=March 2026}} It is the second largest city in terms of both area and population in Rajshahi Division.<ref name="BDCensus2011">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2011 - Volume 3: Urban Area Report |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Population%20%20Housing%20Census%202011.pdf |date=August 2014 |pages=xi |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>

Bogra is named after [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]], the Governor of [[Bengal]] from 1279 to 1282 and a son of Delhi sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyasuddin Balban]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bogra.gov.bd/node/1076080/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF|website=bogra.gov.bd|script-title=bn:জেলার পটভূমি|trans-title=District Background|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205023757/http://www.bogra.gov.bd/node/1076080/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF|archive-date=5 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is approximately {{convert|71.56|sqkm|sqmi|2|abbr=on}} and is divided into 21 wards. Bogra has a population of around 480,000 people. Since it is one of the oldest cities in Bengal, Bogra is famous for its many ancient Buddhist [[stupa]]s, Hindu temples, and ancient palaces of Buddhist kings and Muslim sultans.

The city was home to several notable individuals including Prime Minister [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]] of [[Pakistan]], and President [[Ziaur Rahman]] of Bangladesh, both of whom were born and lived in the city.

In 2018, the name of the city was officially changed from "Bogra" to "Bogura" by the Bangladeshi government, in order to reflect their pronunciation in [[Bengali language|Bangla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/142256/mixed-reactions-as-govt-changes-english-spellings|title=Mixed reactions as govt changes English spellings of 5 district names|publisher=Dhaka Tribune|date=2 April 2018|accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/five-districts-get-changed-english-spelling-1557259|title=5 dists get changed English spelling|date=3 April 2018 |publisher=The Daily Star|accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Bogra District|Bogra]] occupies a distinguished place in the history of Bengal, with human settlement in the region dating back over two millennia. The area’s earliest documented civilization is found at [[Mahasthangarh]], located just north of the present city. Identified as the ancient city of [[Pundranagar|Pundranagara]], it served as the capital of the [[Pundravardhana]] kingdom, a thriving centre of urban life, trade, and cultural exchange from at least the 3rd century BCE. Excavations at Mahasthangarh have unearthed fortified walls, inscriptions, urban layouts, and religious structures, attesting to the region’s prosperity and sustained importance through the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]], and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] periods of South Asian history.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bogra |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bogra?utm_source=chatgpt.com |url-status=live |website=Britannica.com}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

With the expansion of [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim]] rule into Bengal in the medieval era, the settlement that would become modern Bogra gained strategic and administrative prominence. Local tradition and historical references attribute the city’s name — originally Bogra and now Bogura<ref name=":1" />— to [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Sultan Nasir Uddin Bogra Khan]], a 13th‑century ruler whose governance helped shape the region’s identity during a transformative age in Bengal’s political landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=জেলার পটভূমি |url=https://bogra.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/697fe5a635ce18e1c06dc827 |url-status=live |website=bogra.gov.bd}}</ref>

The advent of [[British colonial rule]] introduced structured civic administration and urban planning to Bogura. In 1876, the town was formally constituted as a [[municipality]], initiating an era of organized governance. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Bogura expanded its economic and educational footprint, emerging as a key regional hub with vital transport links connecting [[North Bengal|Northern Bengal]] to wider trade networks.<ref name=":2" />

Bogura’s people actively engaged in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971, participating in resistance efforts against the occupying forces. The district’s contributions to the struggle for independence are commemorated through memorials and narratives that honor the courage and sacrifice of its residents.In the decades following independence, Bogura has continued to evolve while preserving its rich historical legacy. Today the city stands as a vibrant centre of commerce, education, and culture in northern Bangladesh, where ancient archaeological heritage sits alongside modern institutions and bustling marketplaces.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Climate==
[[Bogra]] has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen Cwa]]) characterized by clear seasonal variation. The city experiences a hot and increasingly humid pre-monsoon period, followed by a pronounced monsoon season with frequent heavy rainfall, overcast skies, and high atmospheric moisture. During the monsoon months, persistent rain and occasional thunderstorms are common, often leading to water-saturated ground and elevated river levels in surrounding areas. In contrast, the winter season is comparatively dry and mild, with warm afternoons, cooler nights, clearer skies, and much lower humidity. Transitional periods between seasons are typically short, with temperatures rising quickly before the onset of the monsoon and gradually moderating after its withdrawal. Overall, Bogura’s climate reflects the broader North Bengal pattern of a dominant wet season and a distinctly drier, more comfortable winter period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Climate: Weather Bangladesh & Temperature By Month |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/bangladesh-166/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251227043824/https://en.climate-data.org/asia/bangladesh-166/ |archive-date=2025-12-27 |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=en.climate-data.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Bogra weatherbox}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Key Demographic Indicators of Bogura City (2022 Census)<ref name="2022census_report"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Category
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|Muslim|green|94.10|label=94.10%}}
{{bar percent|Hindu|darkorange|5.79|label=5.79%}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.0|label=0.11%}}
{{bar percent|Male population|steelblue|50.45|label=50.45%}}
{{bar percent|Female population|pink|49.55|label=49.55%}}
{{bar percent|Under 10 years|gold|15.34|label=15.34%}}
{{bar percent|Literacy rate (7+)|seagreen|65.70|label=65.70%}}
}}

According to the [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022 Bangladesh census]], Bogura city had 126,412 households and a population of 486,016. Bogura city has a predominantly Muslim population, with a small Hindu minority and very few residents identifying with other religions. The gender distribution is nearly balanced, with males slightly outnumbering females, reflecting a typical urban pattern in Bangladesh. A significant portion of the population is young, with around 15% under the age of ten, highlighting ongoing population growth and the city’s role as an emerging urban centre. The literacy rate among residents aged seven and above is moderately high, indicating growing educational attainment, though there is still scope for improvement to reach national targets. Together, these demographic characteristics reveal a city that is young, diverse, and steadily developing, with social and educational dynamics that will influence its economic growth and urban planning in the years ahead.<ref name="2022census_report">{{Cite book |url=http://nsds.bbs.gov.bd/storage/files/1/Publications/PHCensus/Rajshahi/District%20Report%20Bogura%20%20Final.pdf |title=Population and Housing Census 2022 - District Report: Bogura |date=June 2024 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-475-235-1 |series= District Series |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bogra District - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bogra_District |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{bar box
|title=Workforce distribution in Bogura (2023)<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Bogra Sadar Upazila}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Sector
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|Agriculture|green|35.09}}
{{bar percent|Commerce|blue|20.32}}
{{bar percent|Service sector|orange|16.15}}
{{bar percent|Transport and communication|purple|8.47}}
{{bar percent|Construction|yellow|2.87}}
{{bar percent|Non-agricultural labor|lightblue|2.79}}
{{bar percent|Industry|red|2.67}}
{{bar percent|Religious services|pink|0.18}}
{{bar percent|Rent and remittance|gray|0.69}}
{{bar percent|Other industries|brown|10.77}}
}}

Bogura’s economy retains a strong agricultural foundation, with the fertile alluvial plains of the district supporting a range of crops that drive both local livelihoods and regional food production. Agriculture remains a key pillar of the local economy, and ongoing efforts to modernize farming practices are seen through initiatives that boost productivity and sustainability.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standard Chartered, TMSS improve livelihood of around 100,000 farmers through quality inputs and technical support |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/376632/standard-chartered-tmss-improve-livelihood-of |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Beyond traditional agriculture, Bogura has emerged as a major centre for light engineering and machinery production. The district’s workshops and industrial clusters manufacture agricultural and industrial machinery — including irrigation pumps, engine parts, threshers, and filters — supplying a large share of domestic demand and reducing reliance on imports. Local entrepreneurs have expanded these industries from small backyard workshops into dynamic commercial enterprises that employ thousands and contribute significantly to the regional economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bogura leads a quiet farm machinery-making revolution |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/country/bogura-leads-a-quiet-farm-machinery-making-revolution |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> This light engineering sector is widely recognized as a driver of economic activity in Bogura, with hundreds of small and medium factories collectively producing equipment that supports both farming and manufacturing sectors across Bangladesh. The industry’s growth has positioned Bogura as a key industrial hub in the northern region, often attracting skilled technicians and fostering entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=Light engineering drives Bogura’s economic pulse |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/light-engineering-drives-boguras-economic-pulse-1175171 |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

Bogura’s commercial activity also includes emerging business sectors such as automobile sales and repair, which have developed along major transport corridors and created new employment opportunities locally. These commercial hubs reflect the city’s evolving role as a regional marketplace and service centre.Bogura’s local economy benefits from collaborative development programmes. For example, partnerships between organisations like [[Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha]] (TMSS) and financial institutions such as [[Standard Chartered Bangladesh]] support rural livelihoods by providing agricultural inputs, training, and technical support to farmers — helping to improve productivity and income generation in surrounding communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standard Chartered, TMSS improve livelihood of around 100,000 farmers through quality inputs and technical support |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/376632/standard-chartered-tmss-improve-livelihood-of |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The district has also seen growth in value‑added agricultural products, including dairy goods such as its famed yogurt, which has gained a [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag and expanded market demand nationally. These developments diversify Bogura’s economic base and create new opportunities beyond farming and machinery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GI tag drives growth of Bogura yogurt industry |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/country/gi-tag-drives-growth-of-bogura-yogurt-industry-1 |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Tourism ==

Bogura is a city rich in historical, archaeological, and cultural attractions, making it a major destination for visitors interested in heritage, local traditions, and natural scenery.

=== Major historical and archaeological sites ===
* [[Mahasthangarh]]– The earliest known urban archaeological site in Bangladesh, located near Mahasthan village in Shibganj Upazila. It contains the remains of Pundranagara (Paundravardhanapura), an ancient city of the Pundravardhana kingdom, and is sacred to Buddhists, Muslims, and Hindus.
* [[Gokul Medh|Behular Bashor Ghor]] – A culturally significant site in Bogura associated with the famous Bengali folk tale of Behula and Lakhindar. According to legend, Behula’s devotion and courage brought her husband, Lakhindar, back to life after he died due to a curse from the serpent goddess Manasa. The site is a popular tourist attraction, symbolizing love, loyalty, and local folklore.
* [[Neel Kuthi|Nawab Palace (Neelkuthi)]] – A historic palace in Bogura that once served as the residence of the local Nawabs. During the British colonial period, it was referred to as Neelkuthi. The palace complex now houses a museum and preserves a collection of artifacts, furniture, and architectural elements from the Nawab era. The site offers visitors insight into the royal heritage, lifestyle, and governance of Bogura's aristocratic past, making it an important cultural and historical attraction.
* [[Kherua Mosque]] – An important historical mosque in Bogura, noted for its medieval Islamic architecture and intricate design. The mosque features traditional brickwork, decorative arches, and domes that reflect the architectural style of the region during the Sultanate period. It remains an active place of worship and a popular site for visitors interested in religious heritage and historic architecture.
* [[Sultan Balkhi|Mazar of Shah Sultan Balkhi]] – A historic shrine in Bogura dedicated to Shah Sultan Balkhi, a revered Sufi saint known for spreading Islam in northern Bengal. The site is visited by devotees and tourists alike, reflecting the region’s spiritual heritage and Sufi traditions. The shrine hosts annual religious gatherings and urs celebrations, offering insight into local devotional practices and community life.
* Mazar of Panchpir – A historic shrine in Bogura dedicated to five revered Sufi saints (hence the name "Panchpir", meaning "five saints"). The site is an important center of local spiritual life, attracting pilgrims and visitors who come to pay respects, especially during annual religious observances. It reflects the region’s Sufi heritage and cultural traditions.
* [[Parashurama|Poroshuram's Palace]] – A historic palace in Bogura associated with the legendary warrior Poroshuram, said to have built the palace as his royal residence. Local folklore links the site to tales of bravery, justice, and royal intrigue, making it a cultural landmark that draws visitors interested in history and myth.
* [[:bn:গোবিন্দ_ভিটা|Gobind Bhita]] – A historic site in Bogura tied to local legends of devotion and heroism. Folklore says it was once a center where the people of the region gathered for spiritual practices and community rituals. Visitors are drawn to Gobind Bhita not only for its archaeological importance but also for the mystique of the legends associated with the site, making it a unique blend of history and culture.
* [[Gokul Medh]]– A terraced mound believed to be a former Buddhist shrine, connected to local folklore and early spiritual practice.
* [[Vasu Vihara|Vasu Bihar]] – Another Buddhist archaeological site showcasing spiritual and cultural traditions.
* Mahasthan Archaeological Museum – Displays pottery, sculptures, and artifacts from the site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahasthan Museum: Relics await identity {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-60765 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
* Khudai Pathar Bhita – Historic carved stone site reflecting medieval craftsmanship and heritage.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
* Bihar Dhap – Ancient Buddhist remains illustrating the religious history of the region.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
* Yogir Bhaban – An ancient hermitage associated with meditation and spiritual practices.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Notable Person ==
* [[Pinaki Bhattacharya]], Human rights activist, anti-fascist
* [[Ziaur Rahman]], former President of Bangladesh, army officer, Chief Martial Law Administrator
* [[Humayun Ahmed]], writer and filmmaker<ref name="insight5Aug2006">{{cite magazine |last1=Rahman |first1=Md. Mahbur |date=5 August 2006 |title=From Bogra: A Successful Seat of knowledge |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/starinsight/2006/08/01/guru.htm |magazine=Star Insight}}</ref>
* [[Khademul Bashar]], [[Bir Uttam]], chief of the [[Bangladesh Air Force]] in 1976<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Bashar, Air Vice Marshal M Khademul}}</ref>
* [[Apu Biswas]], film actress
* [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]], Prime Minister of Pakistan (1953–1955)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Hamde |date=19 October 2009 |title=Mohammed Ali of Bogra |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-110424 |work=The Daily Star (Bangladesh)}}</ref>
* [[Akhteruzzaman Elias]], novelist and short story writer<ref name="insight5Aug2006" />
* [[Gaziul Haque]], [[Bengali language movement]] activist<ref name="insight5Aug2006" />
* [[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]], physicist<ref name="insight5Aug2006" />
*[[R I M Aminur Rashid]], 6th Vice-Chancellor of Bangladesh Open University
*[[Hochemin Islam]], transgender activist<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022|title=Ho Chi Minh Islam|url=https://acumenacademy.org/meet-the-foundry/ho-chi-minh-islam/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429074407/https://acumenacademy.org/meet-the-foundry/ho-chi-minh-islam/|archive-date=29 April 2025|access-date=15 February 2026|work=Acumen Academy|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shafiul Islam]], cricketer
* [[Tarun Majumdar]], Indian film director
* [[Mushfiqur Rahim]], cricketer
* [[Towhid Hridoy]], cricketer
* [[Tanzid Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Amalesh Sen]], footballer
* [[Shahinur Kabir Shimul]], footballer
* [[Nabib Newaj Jibon]], footballer

==See also==
*[[Bogra Sadar Upazila]]
*[[Bogra District]]
*[[Bogra Cantonment]]
* [[Upazilas of Bangladesh]]
* [[Districts of Bangladesh]]
* [[Divisions of Bangladesh]]
* [[Upazila]]
* [[Thana]]
* [[Administrative geography of Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.bogra.gov.bd Official Website of Bogra]
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Bogra |volume=4 |page=121}}

{{Coord|24|51|N|89|22|E|region:BD_type:city|display=title}}

{{Bangladesh cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places in Bogra District]]
[[Category:Cities in Bangladesh]]

Safed Baradari

2026-03-24T02:40:44Z

WaldoOakes4: created the info with sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Safed Baradari
| native_name = '''{{lang|hi|सफ़ेद बारादरी}}''' '''{{lang|ur|سفید بارادری}}'''
| alternate_names = Qaiser Bagh Baradari
| image = Safed Baradari 2.jpg
| image_size =
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| caption =
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| pushpin_map_alt =
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| altitude =
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| owner =British India Association of Oudh
| location = Qaisar Bagh
| address =
| location_town = [[Lucknow]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 1854
| inauguration_date =
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The '''Safed Baradari''' ({{langx|hi|सफ़ेद बारादरी}}, {{langx|ur|سفید بارادری}}) (literally 'white palace'), is a white marbled building in [[Lucknow]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps?saddr=Kalidas+Marg&daddr=Vikramaditya+Marg&hl=en&ll=26.852159,80.932192&spn=0.003594,0.005681&sll=26.837168,80.955999&sspn=0.014379,0.022724&geocode=FRCSmQEdOzvTBA;FTRtmQEdv1nTBA&t=h&mra=dme&mrsp=0&sz=16&z=18 | title=Overview of Safed Baradari | work=maps.google.com | access-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].

==History==
It was built by Raja Arjun Singh Banarasi at the behest of [[Nawab]] [[Wajid Ali Shah]] as a 'palace of mourning' and was named Qasr-ul-Aza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Arjun Singh Banarasi |url=https://www.quora.com/Who-was-Raja-Arjun-Singh-Banarasi}}</ref> Initial purpose of this building was to be used as an [[Imambara]] for observing 'azadaari' (mourning) for the martyrdom of [[Imam Hussain]] and his followers at [[Karbala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Safed Baradari|url=http://lucknow.me/Safed-Baradari.html|work=Lucknow.me|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref>

After the annexation of Awadh in 1856, the Baradari was used by the [[United Kingdom|British]] to hold court for petitions and claims by the officers and nobles of the deposed King's reign and his relatives. Later (around 1923) it was handed over, as a gesture of appreciation for their submission and loyalty to the Queen of the British Empire, to the Taluqadars of [[Awadh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Amir|title=Vanishing culture of Lucknow|year=1990|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.|location=Delhi|isbn=8170185734|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kytvAAAAMAAJ&q=Safed+Baradari}}</ref> for their 'Anjuman' (association) which was renamed as the British India Association of Oudh. The Baradari continues to be in their possession and control.

==Interior==
The main hall of the Baradari has two marble statues of the Maharajas, Man Singh and Digvijay Singh of Balrampur, the founders of the association.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Safed Baradari|url=http://lucknow.me/Safed-Baradari.html|work=Lucknow.me|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Palace of mourning|newspaper=Hindustan Times, City Scan, A Time in History|date=1998-04-29}}</ref> The statue of Sir Man Singh was carved by [[Farmer & Brindley]] of London, at a cost of £2 000, and was unveiled on 13 August 1902 by Sir [[James John Digges La Touche]], Lieutenant-Governor of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court News|date=3 September 1902 |page=7 |issue=36863| }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lucknow}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Marble buildings]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1854]]

Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)

2026-03-22T22:58:26Z

WaldoOakes4: put up new entry...

{{Short description|King of Gujarat from 996 to 1008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chamundaraja
| succession = King of Gujarat
| reign = 996–1008
| predecessor = [[Mularaja]]
| successor = [[Vallabharaja]]
| issue = Vallabharaja and [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]]
| house = [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki)
| house-type = dynasty
| father = Mularaja
}}

'''Chamundaraja''' ([[IAST]]: Cāmuṇḍarāja; {{reign|996|1008}}) was an Indian king who ruled parts of present-day [[Gujarat]] from his capital at [[Anahilapataka]] (modern Patan). He was a member of the [[Chaulukya]] (also called Chalukya or Solanki) dynasty.

== Early life ==

Cāmuṇḍarāja was the son of the Chaulukya king [[Mularaja|Mūlarāja]]. Inscriptions recording grants made by him as a prince are dated as early as 976, although he ascended the throne much later, sometime during 996–997.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=34}}

== Military career ==

The [[Vastupala|Vastupāla]]-Tejaḥpāla ''[[prashasti|praśasti]]'' includes conventional praise for Cāmuṇḍarāja, boasting that he decorated the earth with the heads of his enemies, but does not name any specific enemies. According to the 12th century Jain author [[Hemachandra|Hemacandra]], Cāmuṇḍarāja defeated the [[Chalukyas of Lata|Lata Chalukya]] chief Bārapa, although other chroniclers attribute this victory to his father Mūlarāja. Therefore, it appears that Cāmuṇḍarāja participated in the war against Bārapa as a prince.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=34}}

According to the 12th century [[Vadnagar|Vādnagar]] ''praśasti'' inscription, a king named Sindhurāja fled with his elephant forces when he saw Cāmuṇḍarāja's army at a distance, thus losing his well-established fame. This king can be identified with [[Sindhuraja|Sindhurāja]], the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramāra]] king of Gujarat's neighbour [[Malwa|Mālava]]. According to Sindhurāja's court poet Padmagupta, the Paramāra king defeated the rulers of [[Vagada|Vāgaḍa]] and [[Lata (region)|Lāṭa]], which bordered Cāmuṇḍarāja's kingdom. It is possible that the ruler of Lāṭa was a vassal of Cāmuṇḍarāja at this time. Accordingly, Cāmuṇḍarāja came to the rescue of his vassal, forcing Sindhurāja to retreat. The 14th century Jain chronicler Jayasiṁha Sūri claims that Cāmuṇḍaraja killed Sindhurāja in a battle. However, this claim doesn't appear in the earlier sources, and therefore, cannot be taken literally.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=34-35}}

The [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Cālukyas of Kalyani]] captured the Lāṭa region during Cāmuṇḍarāja's reign. The 1007 [[Lakkundi]] inscription mentions that the Kalyani Chalukya ruler [[Satyashraya|Satyāśraya]] had returned from a successful campaign in the [[Gurjaradesa|Gūrjara country]]. The Kalyani Chalukya poet [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] also states that Satyāśraya defeated the Gūrjaras with an elephant force. One theory is that the "Gurjara" ruler defeated by Satyāśraya in this particular campaign was Cāmuṇḍarāja. However, there is no direct evidence to support this identification. It is possible that the ruler defeated by Satyāśraya was the Lata Chalukya ruler Bārapa or an obscure descendant of the [[Gurjaras of Nandipuri|Gūrjaras of Nāndīpurī]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=35}}

== Personal life ==

[[Hemachandra|Hemacandra]] states that Cāmuṇḍarāja had three sons: [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharāja]], Nāgarāja, and [[Vallabharaja|Vallabharāja]]. Abhayatilaka Gaṇi, who wrote a commentary on Hemacandra's work in the 13th century, states that Cāmuṇḍarāja became licentious, because of which his sister Vācinidevī placed his son Vallabha on the throne.{{sfn|S. B. Rajyagor|Pran Nath Chopra|1982|p=111}} It is not clear how Vacinidevī became powerful enough to replace a ruling king with another.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=36}}

According to Hemacandra, Cāmuṇḍarāja left for a pilgrimage to [[Varanasi|Varanasi (Banaras)]] after his retirement. During this journey, his royal umbrella was confiscated (presumably, by the ruler of a kingdom lying on the way; identified as [[Malwa|Mālava]] by some later chroniclers). As a result, he returned to Gujarat, and asked Vallabha to avenge this insult. However, Vallabha died of [[smallpox]] during a march, and Durlabha became the new Caulukya king. Cāmuṇḍarāja then retired to Śuklatīrtha (modern Shuklatirth) on the banks of [[Narmada]], where he died.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=36-39}}

== Religion and temples ==
According to [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]]'s ''Surathotsava Mahakavya'', his ancestor Lalla-sharman served as a priest (''purohita'') to Chamunda-raja.<ref>{{cite book |author=B.J. Sandesara |author-link=Bhogilal Sandesara |title=Literary Circle of Mahāmātya Vastupāla and its Contribution to Sanskrit Literature |series=Singhi Jain Series |year=1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tljAAAAMAAJ |page=45 }}</ref>

Cāmuṇḍarāja built Canḍanātha and Vācineśvara temples in Anahilapataka (now [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]). The Vācineśvara temple was probably built for merit of his sister Vācinidevī.<ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/22|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=23–24}}</ref>

Other extant temples attributed to the first quarter of 11th century include original [[Bhadreshwar Jain Temple|Bhaḍeśvara Jain Temple]] (now completely rebuilt following [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]); Viṣṇu Temple at Sander village in [[Patan district]]; Akhāḍa Mahādeva temple at Vasai, and Viṣṇnu Temple at Khandosan, both in Vijapur Taluka of [[Mehsana district]] in [[Gujarat]]. Two pieces of ''parshwadevata''s, of Uma-Maheshwara and Ganesha, from old Brahminical temple at [[Jhinjhuwada]] is recovered dated circa 1000.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author1=S. B. Rajyagor |author2=Pran Nath Chopra |title=History of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0pAAAAAMAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=S. Chand |oclc=795832789 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:Chaulukya kings]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty]]
[[Category:10th-century maharajadhirajas]]
[[Category:11th-century maharajadhirajas]]

Greater Imphal

2026-03-19T21:42:04Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{Short description|Place in Manipur}}
{{Distinguish|Imphal}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
[[File:Imphal city.jpg|thumb|[[Imphal city]] is a part of the Greater Imphal.]]

'''Greater Imphal''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ}}|}}) is a metropolitan area that covers parts of both [[Imphal East district|Imphal East istrict]] and [[Imphal West district]]. It covers Imphal Municipal Corporation, 16 Census Towns, 5 Out-Growths, 56 villages, Langol Hill Reserve Forest, an area of 151.38 km2.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=GIS Based Master Plan for Greater Imphal|url=https://www.tpmanipur.mn.gov.in/media/filer_public/f0/dd/f0dd0e71-852c-4a57-90d7-26233016c9e5/gis_based_master_plan_for_greater_imphal.pdf|website=www.tpmanipur.mn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GAZETTE TITLE: Revised GIS Based Master Plan for Greater Imphal (2023-2043 AD)|url=https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=2083|website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Workshop deliberates on vision Greater Imphal 2043|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/3/5/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-4-A-workshop-on-The-GIS-Based-Master-Plan-of-Greater-Imphal-fo.html|access-date=2025-02-18|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Areas covered ==
In 1994, the area set for Greater Imphal's development was 82.89 km2, while the total area in the Master Plan is 135.29 km2, including parts of Imphal East and West districts. The Greater Imphal Master Plan for 2043 covers about 151 km2, updated in 2020. The area is surrounded by rivers, drains, and hills. To the north, it borders the [[Imphal River]] and parts of Konsam Leikai and Laishram Leikai villages. To the east, it borders villages beyond Iril River. To the south, it includes parts of Machahal, Takhok Awang, Loumanbi, Bashikhong, Kiyamgei, Langthabal Kunja, Langthabal Lap, Ningombam, and Meitram villages. To the west, it borders parts of Meitram, Malom Tuliahal, Malom Tuliyaima, Mongsangei, Ghari, Langjing, and Langol Hills, ending at the Imphal River near Khonghampat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Government clarifies on areas covered by 'Greater Imphal' : 01st may21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..010521.may21|access-date=2025-02-18|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
[[File:Imphal, Manipur (55).jpeg|thumb|[[Imphal city]] is a part of the Greater Imphal.]]

== Proposed boundaries ==
The Greater Imphal Master Plan 2043 proposes boundary changes due to the city's growth, among them the addition of the villages of Khomidok, Kairang, Heingang, Takhok Makha, and Keirao. Villages near Marjing hills in the north-east will be included. Two new villages are added in the Irilbung area, inside the original boundary of the Iril River.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Jurisdictions ==
The Greater Imphal Master Plan 2011 included Imphal city, 77 villages, and Langol Hill. For the 2043 plan, five new villages are added. Three villages—Khomidok, Kairang Muslim, and Heingang—are added to the north-east, and two villages—Takhok Makha and Keirao Makting—are added to the south-east. The area is divided into 7 zones and 51 sub-zones, including wards, villages, and towns.<ref name=":0" />

== Towns and villages ==
[[File:Imphal view.jpg|thumb|[[Imphal city]] is a part of the Greater Imphal.]]

The Master Plan for Greater Imphal covers the following villages of Imphal East Sub-Division and Imphal West Sub-Division in addition to the Imphal Municipal Area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Imphal East ===
The Master Plan for Greater Imphal covers the following villages of Imphal East Sub-Division: Luwangsangbam, Asheiloklen, Matai, Achanbigei, Khabam, Lamlongei, Kontha Ahallup, Meitei Kairang, Konsam Leikai, Lairikyengbam Leikai, Laipham Siphai (Part), Khurai Sajor Leikai, Thongam Leikai,Laishram Leikai, Moirang Kampu, Bashikhong,Top Dusara (18),Laingampat, Ningthoubung, Khurai Chingambam Leikai, Khaidem Leikai, Kongkham Leikai(23), Porompat, Top Khongnangkhong, Top Naoriya, Kshetrigao, Naharup, Kongba Nongthomgbam Leikai, Ganga Pat, Keikhu Hao, Thangbrijao, Uchekon Khunou, Uchekon, Nandeibam Leikai, Khongman, Torban, Thongju, Kitna Pannung, Loumanbi, Wangkhei Loumanbi, Takhok Awang, Bamon Kampu, Machahal, Kiyamgei (68), Khomidok, Kairang Muslim, Lilong Hao, Heingang, Soibam Leikai (Part), Kongkham Leikai (Part), Takhok Makha, Keirao Makting, Kiyamgei (50), Kodompokpi (Part).<ref name=":0" />

=== Imphal West ===
The Master Plan for Greater Imphal covers the following villages of Imphal West Sub-Division: Ghari, Langjing Achouba, Takyel Khongbal, Bijoy Govinda (Part), Lamjaotongba, Sagolband (Part), Sangaiprou(84), Langthabal Kunja (Part), Langthabal Mantrikhong, Meitram, Malom Tulihal, Malom Tuliyaima, Ningombam, Langthabal Lep, Mongsangei,Sangaiprou(45), Heinoukhongnembi, Naoriya Pakhanglakpa, Maibam Leikai, Sorokhaibam Leikai, Ahongshangbam Leikai, Oinam Thingel, Laiphrakpam Leikai, Naorem Leikai, Oinam Leikai, Changangei, Tabungkhok.<ref name=":0" />

=== Boundaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
! North<ref name=":0" />
! East<ref name=":0" />
! South<ref name=":0" />
! West<ref name=":0" />
|-
| Imphal River, village boundaries of Heingang and Kairang along the foothills, northern boundary of Khomidok, Laishram Leikai and Moirang Kampu village.
| Iril River.
| Southern boundaries of Keirao Makting, Takhok Pankha, Kiyamgei Pangal, Lilong Hao, Kiyamgei (western boundary), MU Campus, Langthabal Lep, Ningombam, Imphal Airport, road leading from south-eastern corner of Imphal Airport to Tiddim Road via Mekola Bazaar.
| Western boundaries of Meitram, Malom Tulihal, Malom Tuliyaima, Changangei, Tabungkhok, Langjing, Langol Hill up to Imphal river near Khonghampat.
|}

== See also ==
* [[National Capital Region]]

== Further reading ==
* [https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manipur-to-intensify-security-in-imphal-and-greater-imphal/articleshow/22800524.cms Manipur to intensify security in Imphal and greater Imphal]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351323891_GIS_Based_Route_Network_Analysis_for_Tourist_Places_A_Case_Study_Of_Greater_Imphal GIS Based Route Network Analysis for Tourist Places : A Case Study Of Greater Imphal]
* [https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..310113.jan13 Whole of Greater Imphal is now Silent Zone]
* [http://www.cwejournal.org/vol7no2/distribution-pattern-of-enteropathogens-in-greater-imphal-area-of-imphal-river-manipur Distribution Pattern of Enteropathogens in Greater Imphal Area of Imphal River, Manipur]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Asia|Geography|India|Transport}}

[[Category:Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Government of Manipur]]

Boito (company)

2026-03-18T15:15:23Z

WaldoOakes4: put up new details...

{{Short description|Indian luxury clothing brand}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Boito
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| logo =
| foundation = 2022
| location = [[Bangalore]], India
| key_people = Richa Maheshwari
| founders = Richa Maheshwari
| industry = Fashion
| products = Luxury fashion and lifestyle
| homepage = {{URL|https://boito.in/}}
}}

'''Boito''' is an Indian [[slow fashion]] brand founded by '''Richa Maheshwari''' in 2022. The brand is known for preserving the traditional handwoven [[Textile|textiles]] of [[Odisha]], blending them with modern designs.<ref name="TH">{{cite web |last1=Menezes |first1=Anisha |title=Niraba brings sabai grass weaving to contemporary furniture design |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/niraba-brings-sabai-grass-weaving-to-contemporary-furniture-design/article70113398.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=12 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallik |first=Prattusa |date=2024-02-12 |title=Obeisance to Odisha: Slow fashion label Boito's first collection, Boito Beginnings, envisages pieces that celebrate the luxury of time |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/new-launches/2024/Feb/15/obeisance-to-odishaslow-fashion-label-boitos-first-collection-boito-begins-envisages-pieces-that-cel-57845.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
After visiting [[Odisha]], engineer Richa Maheshwari founded Boito in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=A textile-forward brand that’s the opposite of fast fashion |url=https://thenodmag.com/content/luxury-homegrown-odisha-brand-boito-whalesong-gallery-pop-up |website=thenodmag.com |language=en}}</ref> She was impressed with the [[Bomkai sari|Bomkai]], [[Khandua]] and other tribal weaves and textiles she observed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kedar |first=Namrata |date=2023-12-04 |title=How one Indian label is empowering and preserving the weaver communities of Odisha |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/how-one-indian-label-is-empowering-and-preserving-the-weaver-communities-of-odisha |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="NIE">{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=2024-02-11 |title=Tribal weaves sail with luxury in this engineer’s 'Boito' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Feb/11/tribal-weaves-sail-with-luxury-in-this-engineers-boito |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A journey into the world of Odisha’s timeless Khandua sari |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/fashion/story/woven-into-history-931566-2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Harper Bazar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kader |first=Fathima Abdul |date=2023-12-03 |title=Take A Journey Into Odia Culture With Label Boito's Handcrafted Textiles |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/take-a-journey-into-odia-culture-through-with-label-boitos-handcrafted-textiles |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref>

Boito partnered with number of weaving communities in Odisha to preserve handloom traditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=New brand Boito partners with weaving communities in Odisha to preserve handloom traditions |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/New-brand-boito-partners-with-weaving-communities-in-odisha-to-preserve-handloom-traditions,1583818.html |website=FashionNetwork |language=en-IN |date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

===Cheongju Craft Biennale, Korea===
Boito was featured as one of the participating artists/collectives in the Hyundai Translocal Series: Entangled and Woven — an international craft and art initiative supported by Hyundai Motor Company that brings together artists from Korea, India and the UK to explore craft, community and cultural exchange through textile-based work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyundai Motor Announces the Opening of "Hyundai Translocal Series: Entangled and Woven" |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/articles/press-releases/hyundai-translocal-series-entangled-and-woven.html |website=www.hyundai.news}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyundai Translocal Series: Entangled and Woven {{!}} Whitworth Art Gallery |url=https://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/hyundaitranslocalseriesentangledandwoven/ |website=www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk |publisher=[[British Standard Whitworth]]}}</ref>

===XTANT 2025===
In May 2025, Boito made its international debut in XTANT 2025, an annual gathering of textile visionaries held in [[Mallorca]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Srushti |title=From Odisha to Mallorca: Indian luxury label Boito debuts at Xtant 2025 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/trends/2025/May/14/from-odisha-to-mallorca-indian-luxury-label-boito-debuts-at-xtant-2025 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=14 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=IN |first1=FashionNetwork com |title=Boito to showcase Indian textiles in at Xtant 2025 in Mallorca |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Boito-to-showcase-indian-textiles-in-at-xtant-2025-in-mallorca%2C1728986.html |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN |date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

===The Great Elephant Migration===
In 2025, Boito participated in The Great Elephant Migration, an international travelling public art installation featuring 100 life-sized elephant sculptures created to raise awareness about biodiversity conservation and human–wildlife coexistence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaul |first1=Ipsita |title=How Vikram Goyal And 55 Designers Dressed 100 Elephants In Honour Of Indigenous Craft |url=https://elle.in/fashion/how-vikram-goyal-and-55-designers-dressed-100-elephants-in-honour-of-indigenous-craft-9484554 |website=Elle India |language=en |date=11 July 2025}}</ref> As part of the project’s Wrapped in History initiative, the brand designed and hand-wove a ceremonial textile blanket draped over one of the sculptures, incorporating Sambalpuri ikat, Khandua silk, Bomkai weaving, Pipli appliqué, and Dongria Kondh embroidery from Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Elephant Migration: Wrapped in History, Curated by Vikram Goyal: Benefit Auction 2025 |url=https://www.artsy.net/auction/the-great-elephant-migration-wrapped-in-history-curated-by-vikram-goyal-benefit-auction-2025 |website=Artsy |language=en}}</ref>

==Textiles and Craft Techniques==
Boito is a contemporary Indian fashion and art company which integrates traditional [[Weaving|handwoven]] [[textiles]] from [[Odisha]] into modern garments.<ref name="NIE"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Boito is a story of narratives rooted in the culture of Odisha, but with a global perspective |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/fashion-beauty/boito-is-a-story-of-narratives-rooted-in-the-culture-of-odisha-but-with-a-global-perspective/935780 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> The brand collaborates directly with local weaving communities to preserve heritage techniques while adapting fabrics for [[contemporary]] [[Silhouette]]s.<ref name="Graz"/> The company uses the different woven techniques such as [[Khandua]], [[Kotpad Handloom fabrics]], Ringa, Kapdaganda, [[Pasapali sari|Pasapali]], [[Sambalpuri sari|Sambalpuri]], and [[Pipili appliqué work]], combining [[Artisanal]] [[craftsmanship]] with natural fibers and traditional dyeing methods.<ref name="TH"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dey |first1=Sohini |title=Folklore inspires slow-fashion label Boito’s designs, handwoven by communities in Odisha |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/folklore-inspires-slow-fashion-label-boitos-designs-handwoven-by-communities-in-odisha/ |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN |date=6 September 2025}}</ref>

==Founder==
Boito was founded by '''Richa Maheshwari''', who is an Indian designer and cultural researcher. She developed the brand after conducting immersive fieldwork in [[Odisha]]’s weaving communities. Her work integrates design with anthropology, cultural preservation, and sustainability. Maheshwari is also the creative lead behind Boito’s exhibitions and installations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boito by Richa Maheshwari weaves Odisha’s timeless tales into modern fashion {{!}} The Fashion Scoop, Ep 31 |url=https://podcasts.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/the-fashion-scoop/boito-by-richa-maheshwari-weaves-odishas-timeless-tales-into-modern-fashion-the-fashion-scoop-ep-31-1081103-2024-08-28 |website=India Today |publisher=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=28 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kedar |first1=Namrata |title=How one Indian label is empowering and preserving the weaver communities of Odisha |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/how-one-indian-label-is-empowering-and-preserving-the-weaver-communities-of-odisha |website=Vogue India |publisher=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN |date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

==Notable Arts & Exhibitions==
*Durbar 2026 - At Durbar 2026, Boito brought together Odishan crafts including textiles, metalwork, appliqué, and woodcraft—into cohesive artistic installations. Their installations at Durbar—like Godawan, Boita Durbar, and Spirit of Matriarchy serve as narrative driven works rooted in Odisha’s history, ecology, and communities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Menezes |first1=Anisha |title=Durbar 2026: Boito’s monumental Godawan, Bonda Matriarchy Wall and Hansa Boita celebrate Odisha’s living crafts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/durbar-2026-boitos-monumental-godawan-bonda-matriarchy-wall-and-hansa-boita-celebrate-odishas-living-crafts/article70646836.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
*Hyundai Translocal Series - In February 2026, Boito was exhibited in the Hyundai Translocal Series: Entangled and Woven, an international craft exhibition hosted at the [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum|National Crafts Museum & Hastkala Academy]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyundai Motor Announces the Opening of Hyundai Translocal Series: Entangled and Woven |url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/newsroom/detail/hyundai-motor-announces-the-opening-of-hyundai-translocal-series-entangled-and-woven-0000001009 |website=HYUNDAI MOTORS |language=en}}</ref>
*This and That: Niraba Exhibition, Ahmedabad - Boito collaborated with This and That for the Niraba exhibition at Bougainvillea Gallery, Ahmedabad in November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Menezes |first1=Anisha |title=Niraba brings sabai grass weaving to contemporary furniture design |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/niraba-brings-sabai-grass-weaving-to-contemporary-furniture-design/article70113398.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
*February 2025 – India Art Fair, New Delhi - Boito debuted at India Art Fair 2025 (Feb 6–9, 2025) with a large-scale [[Navagunjara]] installation at Booth C14, supported by Devi Art Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Art Fair 2025: A cultural extravaganza merging art, luxury, and innovation |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2025/Feb/06/india-art-fair-2025-a-cultural-extravaganza-merging-art-luxury-and-innovation |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=6 February 2025}}</ref>
*[[India Art Fair]] 2025: The event was presented by India Art Fair and held at [[Triveni Kala Sangam]], [[New Delhi]]. Boito was invited to exhibit, along with Johargram, 2112 Saldon and East.<ref name="Graz">{{cite web |title=Threads Of Time: Unveiling Odisha's Vibrant Handloom Legacy {{!}} Grazia India |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/fashion/threads-of-time-unveiling-odishas-vibrant-handloom-legacy-14067.html |website=www.grazia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
*Whalesong, Parra, Goa (December, 2024 - January, 2025) - Boito' crafts was appeared in 2024. This was a retail exhibition and solo show held at Goa’s Whalesong Art Design Gallery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Luxury Label Boito Announces Exhibition On Odisha's Spectacular Craftsmanship Techniques |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/News/luxury-label-boito-announces-exhibition-on-odishas-spectacular-craftsmanship-techniques |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en |date=5 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boito to hold pop-up in Parra, Goa to showcase Odisha's textiles |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Boito-to-hold-pop-up-in-parra-goa-to-showcase-odisha-s-textiles,1683858.html |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN |date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Textile industry in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2023]]
[[Category:Companies based in Odisha]]

The Mehta Boys

2026-03-17T15:54:24Z

WaldoOakes4: created basic info more to come...

{{Short description|2025 film by Boman Irani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Mehta Boys
| image = The Mehta Boys.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Boman Irani]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Boman Irani
* Danesh Irani
* Shujaat Saudagar
* Vipin Agnihotri
|}}
| writer = Boman Irani [[Alexander Dinelaris]]
| story =
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Avinash Tiwary]]
* Boman Irani}}
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography = Krish Makhija
| editing = Charu Shree Roy
| studio = Irani Movietone Chalkboard Entertainment
| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (through [[Amazon MGM Studios]])
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2025|02|07}}
| runtime = 118 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mehta Boys |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTIyMDcyMDI0MDAxMzI= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''The Mehta Boys''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] co-written, co-produced, and directed by [[Boman Irani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naman Ramachandran |date=23 October 2024 |title=Boman Irani's Directorial Debut 'The Mehta Boys,' From Oscar-Winning 'Birdman' Writer Alexander Dinelaris, Sets Prime Video Bow (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/boman-irani-mehta-boys-prime-video-1236281819/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=NDTV Movies News Desk |date=29 January 2025 |title=The Mehta Boys Trailer: Boman Irani's Directorial Debut Is A Rollercoaster Ride About A Father-Son Relationship |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-mehta-boys-trailer-boman-iranis-directorial-debut-is-a-rollercoaster-ride-about-a-father-son-relationship-7586951 |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref> It is about a troubled father-son relationship, and stars Irani, [[Avinash Tiwary]], and [[Shreya Chaudhry]]. It was released on 7 February 2025 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2025|title=The Mehta Boys: Avinash Tiwari, Shreya Chaudhry reflect on the relatable themes of movie|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/the-mehta-boys-avinash-tiwari-shreya-chaudhry-reflect-on-the-relatable-themes-of-movie-1503392305.html|access-date=30 January 2025 |website=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=29 January 2025 |title=The Mehta Boys trailer: Boman Irani's directorial debut shows turbulent father-son relationship|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-mehta-boys-trailer-boman-irani-directorial-debut-avinash-tiwary-turbulent-father-son-relationship-prime-video-watch-101738138927862.html|access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story follows Amay Mehta, a workaholic bachelor and architect living in Mumbai. He aspires to present his designs to his boss but always hesitates, lacking confidence or feeling that something is missing in his projects. His colleague, Zara, encourages him, insisting that he is one of the best architects in their firm.

One day, Amay receives a letter from his sister informing him of their mother’s passing. He travels to his hometown for the funeral, where he struggles to get along with his father, Shiv Mehta. Shiv, devastated by the loss of his wife, plans to move to the USA with his daughter. However, due to a delay in his flight, he is forced to stay in Mumbai for two more days. Before leaving, Amay’s sister convinces both Amay and Shiv to get along for the next 48 hours.

Shiv moves into Amay’s house, only to discover his son’s poor living conditions. Despite his ambition, Amay’s workaholic nature has affected both his family and personal life. They argue over who should sleep on the sofa or bed—Amay wants to take care of his father, while Shiv insists on making his son comfortable so he can focus on work. Their situation worsens due to Shiv’s childish and stubborn behavior, such as interfering with the car’s handbrake and attempting to carry heavy luggage by himself.

One night, over drinks, their conversation turns into an argument when Shiv insults Amay’s profession as an architect. Despite their differences, Shiv expresses a desire to meet Zara, leading to a dinner outing. However, when Amay insists on paying the bill despite Shiv’s refusal, tensions rise. Shiv, realizing what happened, storms out angrily, leaving behind his bag containing his passport and ticket.

As Amay rushes to return home, he almost crashes his car when Shiv suddenly pulls the handbrake. Unable to contain his frustration any longer, Amay explodes in anger. The heated argument that follows reveals the true reason for their strained relationship—Shiv believes that life is incomplete without family. He had once left behind his own for a better life but ended up with nothing, which is why they had not spoken for years.

After their argument, Shiv wanders the streets and mistakenly follows a woman, thinking she is his late wife. In his distracted state, he meets with an accident. Upon hearing the news, Amay rushes to the hospital, only to be confronted by Zara, who harshly reminds him of his responsibilities as a son.

Amay finally presents his project to his team where upon facing criticism, he passionately argues against blindly adopting Western architecture, insisting that shifting away from one's culture is a mistake. His project gets approved, marking a turning point in his career. Later, he visits his hometown to thank his father, realizing that his scolding was never out of anger but rather an attempt to teach him valuable life lessons.

At the airport, father and son share a final farewell. As Amay returns home, he finds everything clean and renovated. The film ends as he turns off the light, fading into a black screen.

== Cast ==
* [[Boman Irani]] as Mr. Shiv Mehta
* [[Avinash Tiwary]] as Amay Mehta
* [[Shreya Chaudhry]] as Zara
* Puja Sarup as Anu
* Champa Flora David Jacob as receptionist
* [[Siddhartha Basu]] as Saumik Sen, Amay's boss & head of Sen and Sons architecture firm

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|100|7.1|12|consensus=|ref=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mehta Boys {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_mehta_boys |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 3.5/5 and said "The theme of the film has a familiar predictive tilt, but what lifts the film are the little spurts of unpredictability built into the script of Boman Irani’s directorial debut."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |title=The Mehta Boys movie review: Amid duds served by Bollywood, Boman Irani-Avinash Tiwary film is well worth your time|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-mehta-boys-movie-review-among-duds-served-by-bollywood-boman-irani-avinash-tiwary-film-is-well-worth-your-time-9822589/|date=7 February 2025|website=The Indian Express}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars and said that "The heart-warming drama is enlivened by the wonderful central performances from Boman Irani and Avinash Tiwary, perfectly complemented by Shreya Chaudhry."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |title=The Mehta Boys Review: Refreshingly Unpretentious Father-Son Drama|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-mehta-boys-review-refreshingly-unpretentious-father-son-drama-3-stars-7654980|date=7 February 2025|website=NDTV}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said " Boman Irani's directorial debut is a splendid film anchored by his performance as well as a class act from Avinash Tiwary."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Abhimanyu |last=Mathur |title=The Mehta Boys review: Director Boman Irani gets actor Boman Irani's career-best performance in a splendid tearjerker|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-mehta-boys-review-director-boman-irani-gets-actor-boman-iranis-career-best-performance-in-a-splendid-tearjerker-101738908331894.html|date=7 February 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 stars out 5 and said that "‘The Mehta Boys’ is a finely crafted drama that feels deeply personal, as if drawn from real-life experiences within one’s own home or neighborhood."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Abhishek |last=Srivastava |title=The Mehta Boys Review : A family drama done right: real, raw, and relatable|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-mehta-boys/ottmoviereview/117979978.cms|date=7 February 2025|website=The Times of India}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observes about the film that "Redolent with mood and motifs, Avinash Tiwary shines in this tender tale of grief and gratitude told with wit and vigor."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anuj |last=Kumar |title='The Mehta Boys' movie review: Boman Irani maps an intricate architecture of father-son relationship|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-mehta-boys-review-boman-irani-avinash-tiwary-prime-video/article69191844.ece|date=7 February 2025|website=The Hindu}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "The Mehta Boys explores a complex father-son bond with realism and subtlety. Boman Irani impresses as both director and actor, while Avinash Tiwary shines. Though the resolution feels conventional, the film's authenticity makes it a refreshing watch".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sana |last=Farzeen |title=The Mehta Boys review: Boman Irani's film is a moving lesson on love and loving|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-mehta-boys-review-boman-irani-avinash-tiwary-prime-video-2676052-2025-02-07|date=7 February 2025|website=India Today}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt31897917}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | the_mehta_boys }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta Boys, The}}
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Alexander Dinelaris Jr.]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Amazon MGM Studios films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]

Umgaon

2026-03-13T23:03:52Z

WaldoOakes4: created new stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Village of Bihar}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Umgaon
| official_name = Umgaon
| native_name = उमगांव
| native_name_lang = Mai
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|26.6125218|N|85.9698331|E}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.6125218|N|85.9698331|E}}
| coor_pinpoint = Bazar Chowk, Umgaon
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = Mithila region
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Madhubani district
| seat_type = Government of Bihar
| seat = Gram Panchayat Raj
| governing_body = Panchayat samiti
| leader_title = Mukhiya
| population_total = 5,796
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = Census of India
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal Pincode]]
| postal_code = 847240
}}
'''Umgaon''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: उमगांव) is a historical village in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is located in the [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi block]] of the [[Madhubani district]]. During the [[British Raj|British rule]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]], this village was known for the cultivation of ''[[Indigofera|Neel plants]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=हिन्दुस्तान स्पेशल: अंग्रेजों की नीलहा कोठी पर आज भी आती है पाती, जानिए क्या है इतिहास? |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-hindustan-special-latters-comes-even-today-on-the-neelha-kothi-of-the-british-know-what-is-the-history-8449350.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में भी रही बिहार दिवस की धूम - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-15726402.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सरकारी और गैरसरकारी स्कूलों बच्चों के बीच होगी प्रतियोगिता |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/competition-will-be-held-between-government-and-non-government-school-children-100004-5330589.html/ |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The history of village can be traced from the period of the British rule in the subcontinent. According to the older residents of the village, there was an [[English people|Englishman]] known as "Mister Alexander", who was running the factory of [[Indigofera|Neel]] products with his brother and sister during the [[British Raj|British rule]] in the village. Those days the Umgaon village was the major centre for the cultivation and production of the Neel related products in the region.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=source needed to verify}}

The remains of ruins of the Neel factory still exist in the village. The ruins of the Neel factory is known as ''Umgaon Kothi'' also called as ''Neelha Kothi.'' The legacy of the Umgaon Kothi was preserved by naming the post of the village on its name. The post office of the Umgaon village is called as Umgaon Kothi whose postal pincode is 847240.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Umgaon Kothi Pin Code |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/bihar/madhubani/umgaon-kothi |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=India TV news}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the Indian population census 2011, the total number of families residing in the village is 1,012. The total population of the village is 5,796. The number of males and females are 3,019 and 2,777 respectively out of the total population. The average sex ratio of the village is 920.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=official census source needed to verify}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema

2026-03-09T03:05:10Z

WaldoOakes4: Made a article v1

{{Short description|Opposition to apparent Muslim influence in Bollywood}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{redirect|Urduwood|Bollywood as a whole|Hindi cinema|the Pakistani Urdu-language film industry|Lollywood}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
In recent years in India, several [[boycott]]s have been organized by advocates of [[Hindutva]] against [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language films. Some of the boycotters are using the pejorative [[neologism]] "Urduwood" to characterise the [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[Bollywood]] film industry as a [[Muslim]]-dominated, anti-Hindu industry, which would favour [[Urdu]] language over Hindi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Kaushik |last2=Gurmat |first2=Sabah |date=2022-09-30 |title=Bollywood under siege as rightwing social media boycotts start to bite |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/30/bollywood-under-siege-as-rightwing-social-media-boycotts-start-to-bite |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210254/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/30/bollywood-under-siege-as-rightwing-social-media-boycotts-start-to-bite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Why right wing hates Bollywood |url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/swara-bhasker/2022/09/03/why-right-wing-hates-bollywood.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210254/https://www.theweek.in/columns/swara-bhasker/2022/09/03/why-right-wing-hates-bollywood.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindutva Protesters Stop Alia Bhatt, Ranbir Kapoor From Entering MP Temple |url=https://thewire.in/rights/hindutva-brahmastra-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-temple |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Wire |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210253/https://thewire.in/rights/hindutva-brahmastra-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-temple |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=decine21.com |date=2022-10-04 |title=Bollywood pasa a ser conocido como Urduwood - decine21.com |url=https://decine21.com/noticias/124499-bollywood-urduwood |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Decine21 |language=es-es |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210253/https://decine21.com/noticias/124499-bollywood-urduwood |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Is the Hindu Nationalist 'Boycott Bollywood' Campaign Impacting the Box Office? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/is-hindu-nationalists-boycott-bollywood-campaign-impacting-the-box-office/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930204312/https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/is-hindu-nationalists-boycott-bollywood-campaign-impacting-the-box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-05 |title=Dissecting the language of Baahubali trolls: 'Hindu film', 'Urduwood', 'Chrislamist critic' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dissecting-the-language-of-baahubali-trolls-hindu-film-urduwood-chrislamist-critic-3425664.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210255/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dissecting-the-language-of-baahubali-trolls-hindu-film-urduwood-chrislamist-critic-3425664.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

Bollywood has historically had many [[Islam in India#Prominent Muslims in India|Muslims]] involved in the production of its movies, with some of the most popular film stars being Muslim, especially the [[Khans of Bollywood]] and many of the lyricists and songwriters infusing [[Urdu]] into the scripts;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Subramanian |first=Samanth |date=2022-10-10 |title=When the Hindu Right Came for Bollywood |language=en-US |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/17/when-the-hindu-right-came-for-bollywood |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130061141/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/17/when-the-hindu-right-came-for-bollywood |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Is a Major Target for Right Wing Groups Looking for Signs of 'Hinduphobia' |url=https://thewire.in/film/bollywood-target-right-wing-groups-hinduphobia-tandav |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Wire |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027211705/https://thewire.in/film/bollywood-target-right-wing-groups-hinduphobia-tandav |url-status=live }}</ref> Urdu, which is heavily influenced by Middle Eastern languages such as [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]], is generally associated with [[Islam in India|Muslims]] (see [[Hindi–Urdu controversy|Hindi-Urdu controversy]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title=The siege of Bollywood |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027212316/https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood |url-status=live }}</ref> Allegations about Bollywood portraying [[Hindus]] and [[Hinduism]] [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|in negative light]] in the name of [[secularism]] in films like ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014) have emerged following the victory of the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[2014 Indian general election|in 2014]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-26 |title=Why is Bollywood film PK controversial? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30602809 |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Names ==
Along with "Urduwood", related terms that are used are "Khanwood" (referring to the prominence in Bollywood of actors with the common South Asian Muslim [[Khans of Bollywood|last name Khan]]), "Jihadwood", and "[[Dawood Ibrahim#In popular culture|Dawood]]-wood".<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Bollywood saga: Social media ruining the relation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/herbinger/the-bollywood-saga-social-media-ruining-the-relation-45244/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027211657/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/herbinger/the-bollywood-saga-social-media-ruining-the-relation-45244/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Boycotts ==
Accusations of Bollywood films hurting Hindu sentiments have prompted calls for boycotts against several major films in recent years, using the [[Hashtag activism|hashtag]] #BoycottBollywood;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallick, Kritika |first=Abhilash |date=2022-10-07 |title=The Booming 'Boycott Bollywood' Trend: Who Are the Players Behind It? |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/people-behind-the-boycott-bollywood-trend-analysis |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027211704/https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/people-behind-the-boycott-bollywood-trend-analysis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Decoding the #BoycottBollywood trend |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/decoding-the-boycottbollywood-trend-how-the-film-industry-is-dealing-with-hate-and-hashtags-15600631.htm |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027215250/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/decoding-the-boycottbollywood-trend-how-the-film-industry-is-dealing-with-hate-and-hashtags-15600631.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fl">{{Cite web |last=P |first=Jinoy Jose |date=2022-09-22 |title=Something is rotten: Understanding the Bollywood boycott phenomenon |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/something-is-rotten-understanding-the-bollywood-boycott-phenomenon/article65902023.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Frontline |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029160657/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/something-is-rotten-understanding-the-bollywood-boycott-phenomenon/article65902023.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> However, some boycotts also happen to be politically motivated, as in the case of ''[[Chhapaak]]'' (2020), a film about an [[Acid attack|acid-attack]] survivor which received calls of boycott due to the lead actress [[Deepika Padukone]] expressing support to [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]] member & [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union|JNUSU]] head [[Aishe Ghosh]] after she was [[2020 Jawaharlal Nehru University attack|physically assaulted]] by male [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]] cadres at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]] during [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP calls for boycott of 'Chhapaak' following Deepika Padukone's visit to JNU; opposition stands in support of actress |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bjp-calls-for-boycott-of-chhapaak-following-deepika-padukones-visit-to-jnu-opposition-stands-in-support-of-actress/articleshow/73153881.cms |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Bollywood producers have said that the threat of boycotts has led them to avoid portrayal of certain topics in their films like [[Interfaith marriage|interfaith romances]] involving Muslims (viewed [[Love jihad conspiracy theory|negatively]] by Hindu nationalists) .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Prateek |date=2022-12-28 |title=Why 2022 was the year of #BoycottBollywood |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/12/28/why-2022-was-the-year-of-boycottbollywood |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Newslaundry |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210254/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/12/28/why-2022-was-the-year-of-boycottbollywood |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, there have been more recent films which cater to [[Hindutva]] [[Propaganda through media|propaganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Bollywood's silence proved convenient for India's Right Wing |url=https://www.southasiantoday.com.au/article-10194-how-bollywoods-silence-proved-convenient-for-indias-right-wing-details.aspx |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=South Asian Today |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227201751/https://www.southasiantoday.com.au/article-10194-how-bollywoods-silence-proved-convenient-for-indias-right-wing-details.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> However, some films like ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023) have been able to succeed regardless of the boycotts,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2023-02-04 |title=Pathaan and the king of cinema blast Bollywood out of the doldrums |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/feb/04/pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-out-of-doldrums |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210255/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/feb/04/pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-out-of-doldrums |url-status=live }}</ref> and there seems to have been an overall limited impact on boycotted movies' revenues.<ref name="fl"/>

Some boycotters have called for [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] to be promoted instead, claiming that it was more respectful in representing [[Hinduism|Hindu culture]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manga |first=Dhiren |date=2022-12-13 |title=Will #BoycottPathaan impact SRK's film? |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/will-boycottpathaan-impact-srks-film |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=DESIblitz |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210256/https://www.desiblitz.com/content/will-boycottpathaan-impact-srks-film |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Explained: The #BoycottBollywood trend, and its impact on the industry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/boycott-bollywood-trend-impact-on-industry-explained-8115054/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828083414/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/boycott-bollywood-trend-impact-on-industry-explained-8115054/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood's problem is not boycotts, it is the quality. Or lack of it |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-bollywoods-problem-is-not-boycotts-it-is-the-quality-or-lack-of-it-512585 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=WION |date=3 September 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029160658/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-bollywoods-problem-is-not-boycotts-it-is-the-quality-or-lack-of-it-512585 |url-status=live }}</ref> however some South Indian films like ''[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food]]'' (2023) and ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'' (2025) were also boycotted by them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2024-01-12 |title=Netflix pulls Indian film after backlash from rightwing Hindu groups |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/jan/12/netflix-pulls-indian-film-annapoorani-the-goddess-of-food-after-backlash-from-rightwing-hindu-groups |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126061731/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/jan/12/netflix-pulls-indian-film-annapoorani-the-goddess-of-food-after-backlash-from-rightwing-hindu-groups |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Adipurush row: Mob protests at mall in Maha's Palghar, asks people to boycott screening |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/adipurush-row-mob-protests-mall-maharashtra-palghar-boycott-screening-8672886/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126061731/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/adipurush-row-mob-protests-mall-maharashtra-palghar-boycott-screening-8672886/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

=== Events ===

* [[2020 Bengaluru drug raids]], controversy in Kannada cinema
* [[Death of Sushant Singh Rajput]], controversial 2020 suicide of a Bollywood actor which increased the boycotts
* "[[Besharam Rang]]", 2023 Bollywood song involved in boycott controversy

=== Film topics ===

*[[List of films banned in India]]
* [[Muslim social]], an early Bollywood film genre
* [[List of genres#Puranic|Puranic]], an Indian film genre

=== Religious and linguistic topics ===

*[[Sanskritisation (language)]], a linguistic change favoured by Hindu nationalists
* [[Hindi–Urdu controversy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu nationalism}}

[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Hindustani language]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:Propaganda in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related mass media and entertainment controversies]]

Junoon (1978 film)

2026-03-03T23:24:14Z

WaldoOakes4: reworked article based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Junoon
| image = Junoon_film.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shyam Benegal]]
| producer = [[Shashi Kapoor]]
| writer = Shyam Benegal (screenplay) [[Satyadev Dubey]] (dialogues) [[Ismat Chugtai]] (dialogues) [[Ruskin Bond]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[A Flight of Pigeons]]'' 1978 novella|[[Ruskin Bond]]}}
| narrator = [[Amrish Puri]]
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Jennifer Kendal]] [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| music = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = [[Govind Nihalani]]
| editing = [[Bhanudas Divakar]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979|03|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| budget =
}}
'''''Junoon''''' ([[translation]]: ''The Obsession'') is a 1979 [[India]]n [[Hindi language]] film produced by [[Shashi Kapoor]] and directed by [[Shyam Benegal]]. The film is based on [[Ruskin Bond]]'s fictional novella, ''[[A Flight of Pigeons]]'', set around the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Vanraj Bhatia]], and cinematography by [[Govind Nihalani]].<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web|last1=Sen|first1=Raja|title=Revisiting 1857: Benegal's Junoon|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/25junoon.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=3 September 2017|date=25 August 2005}}</ref>

Its cast included [[Shashi Kapoor]], his wife [[Jennifer Kendal]], [[Nafisa Ali]], [[Tom Alter]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Pearl Padamsee]] and [[Sushma Seth]].<ref name="TH">{{cite news|last1=Lokapally|first1=Vijay|title=Blast from the Past: Junoon (1978)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-junoon-1978/article6196818.ece|access-date=3 September 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 July 2014}}</ref> The film also featured Shashi and Jennifer's children [[Karan Kapoor]], [[Kunal Kapoor (Kapoor family)|Kunal Kapoor]], and [[Sanjana Kapoor]].

==Plot==
The story is set around the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Javed Khan ([[Shashi Kapoor]]) is a reckless feudal chieftain of [[Muslim]] [[Pathans in India|Pathan]] heritage, whose world revolves around breeding carrier pigeons. His younger brother-in-law, Sarfaraz Khan ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]) is politically awakened and actively plots the fight against the [[British Empire]]. Freedom fighters attack the local British administrators while they are in Sunday Worship at church, massacring them all. Miriam Labadoor ([[Jennifer Kendal]]) manages to escape with her daughter, Ruth ([[Nafisa Ali]]), and mother ([[Ismat Chugtai]]), who is a Muslim woman from the royal [[Nawab]]i family of [[Rampur State|Rampur]] and was married to an Englishman. The three women seek refuge with the wealthy [[Hindu]] family of Lala Ramjimal ([[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]). Lala is torn between his loyalty to India and his privileged position under the British, and also his silent love towards Miriam, who seems to also reciprocate it silently. However, matters are taken out of his hands by Javed Khan who barges into Lala's house and forcibly takes Ruth and her family to his own house. This leads to jealousy on the part of his wife, Firdaus ([[Shabana Azmi]]), and anger on the part of his brother, who ultimately gives in to the Pathan tradition of offering hospitality and sanctuary ([[Nanawatai]]) even to uninvited guests. Various situations ensue due to cultural misunderstandings in the domestic routine of the Muslim household with its new English guests. Javed falls in love with Ruth, and wants to marry her but is opposed bitterly by her mother. Noticing the intense feelings of Javed for her daughter Ruth, Miriam cleverly makes an agreement with Javed that she would only give her daughter's hand to Javed if the British were defeated. At first, Javed is hesitant but accepts the deal when again Miriam asks him if he has misgivings in his war against the British. There is simmering of a love affair under the watchful suspicious eyes of Firdaus.

Meanwhile, the Rebellion runs into problems and the British are defeating the poorly organised Indian forces. In a stormy scene, Sarfaraz destroys Javed's pigeon coops and sets his pets free after he finds out that Indian forces have lost the Battle for Delhi. There is a delayed recognition by Javed of his subjugated identity, colonised by the British. Sarfaraz dies in a battle against the British. The Labadoors return to the protection of the re-deployed British contingent, smuggled by Firdaus, who only wants to save her marriage. Javed finds out that the Labadoors have sought sanctuary in the church and rushes there to meet Ruth one last time. Surprisingly, Ruth comes out and expresses her feelings for Javed against her mother's will. However, Javed honourably keeps his word he had given Miriam Labadoor and leaves the church without Ruth. The movie ends here with the voiceover that Javed was martyred fighting the British while Ruth and her mother return to [[England]]. Ruth dies fifty-five years later, unwed.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Javed Khan
* [[Nafisa Ali]] as Ruth Labadoor
* [[Jennifer Kendal]] as Miriam Labadoor (Ruth's mother)
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Sarfaraz Khan, Javed's brother-in-law
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Firdaus, Javed's wife
* [[Ismat Chughtai]] as Miriam's mother
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Lala Ramjimal
* [[Sanjana Kapoor]]
* [[Kunal Kapoor (Kapoor family)|Kunal Kapoor]]
* [[Karan Kapoor]]
* [[Benjamin Gilani]] as Rashid Khan
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Javed's aunt
* [[Tom Alter]] as Priest (Ruth's father)
* [[Amrish Puri]] as the Narrator
* [[Jalal Agha]] as Kader Khan
* [[Geoffrey Kendal]]
* [[Rajesh Vivek]]
* [[Deepti Naval]] as Rashid's wife
* [[Pearl Padamsee]] as Akhtarbee, a bitter woman
* Savita Bajaj
{{div col end}}

==Reception==
In a retrospective review, Raja Sen of [[Rediff.com]] called it "an overwhelmingly powerful film, a bittersweet, entirely futile love story."<ref name="Rediff" />

==Awards==
'''[[26th National Film Awards|1979 National Film Awards]]:'''
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] – [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] – [[Govind Nihalani]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]] – Hitendra Ghosh

'''[[27th Filmfare Awards]]:'''

'''Won'''
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – Shashi Kapoor
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Shyam Benegal]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] – Pandit Satyadev Dubey
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] – Govind Nihalani
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] – Bhanudas Divakar
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Recording]] – Hitendra Ghosh
'''Nominated'''
* [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Jennifer Kendal]]
* [[Filmfare Best Story Award|Best Story]] – [[Ruskin Bond]]

===Recognition===
* Inaugural film at the 7th [[International Film Festival of India|International Film Festival, New Delhi]], 1979.
* Official Indian entry at the XIth [[Moscow International Film Festival]].
* Featured at the [[Montreal World Film Festival]] 1979, the [[Cairo International Film Festival]] 1979, the [[Sydney Film Festival]] 1980 and the [[Melbourne International Film Festival]] 1980.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Junoon
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cover =
| released = 1978
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = Kersy Lord
}}

The soundtrack features 4 songs, composed by [[Vanraj Bhatia]], with original lyrics from Yogesh Praveen and other lyrics by [[Amir Khusro]], [[Jigar Moradabadi]] and [[Kabir|Sant Kabir]].

# "Khusro rain piya ki jaagi pee ke sang" – Jamil Ahmad
# "Ishq ne todi sar pe qayamat" – [[Mohammad Rafi]]
# "Come live with me and be my love" – [[Jennifer Kendal]]
# "Ghir aayi kari ghata matwali sawan ki aayi bahaar re" – [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Varsha Bhosle]]

==See also==
* [[List of Asian historical drama films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0077783|title=Junoon}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=484573}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=junoon|title=Junoon}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1971–1990}}
{{Shyam Benegal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Junoon (1978 Film)}}
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyam Benegal]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1850s]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films about the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

Adimakkachavadam

2026-03-03T21:01:42Z

WaldoOakes4: enhanced references per sources and improved wording per standard format

{{short description|1978 film directed by Hariharan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adimakkachavadam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
| producer = P. Sukumaran
| writer = [[K. T. Muhammad]]
| screenplay = K. T. Muhammad
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[M. G. Soman]] [[Jayan]] [[Jayabharathi]] [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| narrator =
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = M. S. Mani
| studio = Sudarsanakala
| distributor = Thirumeni Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1978|9|27|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Adimakkachavadam''''' is a 1978 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] and produced by P. Sukumaran. The film stars [[M. G. Soman]], [[Jayan]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=881|title=Adimakkachavadam|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3297 |title=Adimakkachavadam |accessdate=2014-10-08 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013082559/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3297 |archivedate=13 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/adimakachavadam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013222128/http://spicyonion.com/title/adimakachavadam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 October 2014|title=Adimakkachavadam|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sita, an honest and virtuous girl, is married to Vasu who promptly abandons her after cheating her of her gold jewellery. He uses the money to pay off Ponnamma's father and marries her. Sita has to face the recrimination of society alone as she gives birth to Vasu's child. Meanwhile, Ponnamma realizes that women are as exchangeable as cattle for the cattle trader Vasu. She is persuaded by her ex-lover to elope with him. Will Sita take back her repentant husband? Or has she grown disillusioned by this time?

The film explores the exploitation of women by men, whether they are virtuous and obedient like Sita. Or rebellious like Sita's sister Chandrika who elopes with a rich man's son- only to be abandoned by him.

==Cast==

*[[M. G. Soman]] as Vasu
*[[Jayan]] as Ponnamma's lover
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] as Jose
*[[Sathaar]] as Chaathan
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Sita
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Ponnamma
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Parvathiyamma
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Velayudan
*[[Sankaradi]] as Varkey Muthalali
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Seetha
*[[Bahadoor]] as Madhavan
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kuttappan
*Latha as Chandrika
*Suchitra as Omana
*[[Kottayam Santha]] as Jessy James
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Guest at song
*[[Pala Thankam]] as Hostel warden
*Bhaskara Kurup as Rakshasan

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aadishilpi" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Baliye Bali" || [[C. O. Anto]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 3 || "Edanil Aadiyil" || [[Karthikeyan (1970s-80s singer)|Karthikeyan]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 4 || "Pallimanchal" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0229954|Adimakachavadam}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hariharan]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies Pune

2026-03-01T02:06:30Z

WaldoOakes4: created new page added tags...

{{Short description|Business school in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies Pune
| image = SIMS official logo.jpg
| caption =
| motto = Make A Difference
| type = [[Private University|Private]] [[business school]]
| established = 8 February 1993
| academic_affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Symbiosis International University|SIU]]
| accreditation = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| chancellor = [[S. B. Mujumdar]]
| director = Maj Gen (Dr.) Rohit Bakshi (Retd)
| city = [[Pune]]
| country = India
| campus_type = Urban
| website = {{URL|https://www.sims.edu}}
}}
'''Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies''', Pune, also known as '''SIMS Pune''' is a [[business school]] located in [[Pune]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIMS Pune: MBA in Marketing & Finance - Entrance Application Form |url=https://www.snaptest.org/mba-marketing-finance-sims-pune.html |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.snaptest.org |language=en}}</ref> It is a Constituent of [[Symbiosis International University]]; it offers full time [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] and [[Executive MBA]] programmes to Indian and international students.

Established in 1993, the institute is an example of PPP ([[Public–private partnership|Public Private Partnership]]) between Symbiosis University and [[Government of India]] – [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] since 2002<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/other/touching-the-sky-sims-pune-alumni-on-a-path-to-make-a-difference/ar-AAUq3Wn |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>. Its flagship MBA course is primarily for Defence Personnel and their Dependents with some seats for Civilian candidates.

Admission to SIMS, Pune is granted on the basis of candidates' performance in SNAP<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-16 |title=Symbiosis MBA Admission 2021 at SIBM, SICSR, SIMS, SIOM, SCMHRD: Register for SNAP 2021 at snaptest.org |url=https://news.careers360.com/symbiosis-mba-admission-2021-at-sibm-sicsr-sims-siom-scmhrd-register-for-snap-2021-at-snaptestorg |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>. It is an [[ISO 9000 family|ISO 9001:2015]] quality certified management institute and one of the three institutes in Western India with accreditation of 'Centre for Corporate Governance' of the 'National Foundation of Corporate Governance' (established by Ministry of Corporate Affairs and CII)<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Foundation For Corporate Governance {{!}} SIMS Pune |url=https://www.sims.edu/nfcg |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies |language=en}}</ref>

SIMS Pune is [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] approved and has been accredited in Grade 'A++' by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-12 |title=Principal speak: SIMS director on creating leaders who make a difference |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/principal-speak-sims-director-on-creating-leaders-who-make-a-difference/story-QcgscmatvBRnpVylm93YgM.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
SIMS Pune was established in the year 1993 by Shri [[S. B. Mujumdar]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=8 Mar 2022 |title=mujumdar: Symbiosis Chancellor Stresses On Short Courses In Medicine {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/symbiosis-chancellor-stresses-on-short-courses-in-medicine/articleshow/90064156.cms |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=23 Jun 2018 |title=Army prepared for war on 2 fronts, says Bhamre {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/army-prepared-for-war-on-2-fronts-says-bhamre/articleshow/64704248.cms |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The institute is currently headed by Maj Gen (Dr.) Rohit Bakshi (Retd), who assumed charge as Director in June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBA From Symbiosis {{!}} Top Business School in Pune {{!}} SIMS Pune |url=https://www.sims.edu/director-profile |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIMS Pune Hosts 16th International Research Conference, SIMSARC'25, on 'Wealth to Wellbeing' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/sims-pune-hosts-16th-international-research-conference-simsarc25-on-wealth-to-wellbeing20251217184004/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

[[S. B. Mujumdar|Dr. SB Mujumdar]], wanted to serve the defence personnel by working towards reducing the hardships faced by their wards in getting quality education due to their service conditions, and therefore started the Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, Pune<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBA From Symbiosis {{!}} Top Business School in Pune {{!}} SIMS Pune |url=https://www.sims.edu/about-sims |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies |language=en}}</ref>.

Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies (SIMS), Pune, was established on February 8, 1993, initially operating from the modest premises of Symbiosis Pre-Primary School at 15 Prabhat Lane<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symbiosis Schools |url=https://www.symbiosis.ac.in/symbiosis-primary-school.php |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.symbiosis.ac.in}}</ref>. The institute's first director, Prof. A. Balasubramanian, played a key role in shaping its foundational values and programs. In its early years, SIMS offered two programs: the Management Development Program (MDBA) as a full-time course and an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] through correspondence.

In the early 2000s, under the guidance of [[George Fernandes|Mr. George Fernandes]], the then [[Defence Minister]] of India, the government approved a grant of 4 acres of Defence land in [[Khadki|Khadki Cantonment]] to be leased to Symbiosis for the establishment of a dedicated SIMS campus. After 22 months of construction, the new campus was inaugurated, designed by architect Razzak Sheikh. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-08-10 |title=Fernandes to inaugurate new Symbiosis campus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/fernandes-to-inaugurate-new-symbiosis-campus/articleshow/18602417.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The academic block, featuring Greek-style architectural columns and a prominent dome over the central foyer, became a landmark of the campus. The campus is efficiently designed, allowing easy access to all areas within a few minutes. It houses a residential community of 600 students with separate four-story hostels for boys and girls, equipped with modern amenities, including a swimming pool, gym, health club, guest rooms, sports facilities, and a mess. The academic block includes faculty offices, classrooms, conference rooms, a seminar hall, a computer lab, a library, and a 400-seat auditorium. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Part Time MBA in Pune {{!}} SIMS Infrastructure |url=https://www.sims.edu/infrastructure |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies |language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, SIMS became a constituent of [[Symbiosis International University|Symbiosis International University (SIU)]], integrating various Postgraduate Diploma programs into a comprehensive MBA degree, offering specializations in [[Human resources|Human Resources]], [[Marketing]], [[Finance]], and Operations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digitex |first=Sterco |title=Symbiosis International (Deemed University) |url=https://www.siu.edu.in/campus/kirkee/programmes/postgraduate |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250422135659/https://www.siu.edu.in/campus/kirkee/programmes/postgraduate |archive-date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.siu.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>.

== Institute Rankings ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+SIMS, Pune Rankings
!Body/Magazine
!Ranking
!Year
|-
|CSR GHRDC
|Top B-School for MBA

Executive<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=West |url=http://ghrdc.org/website/B-SchoolSurvey/2017/West.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |url-status=live |archive-date=Apr 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412123915/http://ghrdc.org/website/B-SchoolSurvey/2017/West.html |language=en |website=ghrdc.org}}</ref>
|2021
|-
|CSR GHRDC
|2nd Top leading B-School

of Super Excellence In

India<ref name=":1" />
|2021
|-
|CSR GHRDC
|3rd Top Private B-School

in Maharashtra<ref name=":1" />
|2021
|-
|CSR GHRDC
|12th Faculty, Publication,

Research, Consultancy,

MDP and other

programmes in India

(Both Government &

Private)<ref name=":1" />
|2021
|-
|CSR GHRDC
|12th All over India for Placements, Social

Responsibility, Networking and Industry

Interface<ref name=":1" />
|2021
|}

== List of Directors ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! S. No. !! Name !! Years served
|-
| 1 || Col. (Dr.) A. Balasubramanian || 1993 to 1997
|-
| 2 || Mr. Ranjeet Mudholkar || 1997 to 2001
|-
| 3 || Prof. David S. Kadam || 2001 to 2003
|-
| 4 || Brig. H. Chukerbuti || 2003 to 2009
|-
| 5 || Brig. (Dr.) Rajiv Divekar || 2009 to 2025
|-
| 6 || Maj Gen (Dr.) Rohit Bakshi || 2025 to present
|}

== Events ==
=== Global Leaders Summit ===
The annual Global Leaders' Summit (GLS), is the flagship corporate event organized by SIMS Pune each year. Running to its 10th edition in the year 2021, the event brings together several reputed industry corporates from across the globe from sectors such as IT/ITES, Manufacturing, Consulting, BFSI, E-Commerce and Media.<ref>{{cite web |title=SIMS Global Leaders' Summit 2021 concluded amidst eminent industry leaders |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/sims-global-leaders-summit-2021-concluded-amidst-eminent-industry-leaders20211011133104/ |website=[[Asian News International]] |access-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106110210/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/sims-global-leaders-summit-2021-concluded-amidst-eminent-industry-leaders20211011133104/ |archive-date=Nov 6, 2022 |language=en |date=Oct 11, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== SIMSARC ===
SIMSARC is the Annual International Research Conference organized by Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies (SIMS), Pune. The conference is aimed at bringing together researchers and scholars to participate, present or publish their research papers.
The salient feature of the review process of SIMSARC is its double-blind peer review. The conference has reviewers who are from the industry and academia world of India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sims.edu/simsarc2022.php |title=Executive MBA Programs | Executive MBA Course in Pune | SIMS |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205112652/https://www.sims.edu/simsarc2022.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== TEDxSIUKirkee 2019 ===
The 4th TEDx event of TEDxSIUKirkee was held at Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, Pune on 15 December 2019 on the theme 'SURGE (Seek Uniqueness through Redefined Growth and Evolution).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=TEDxSIUKirkee 2019 At SIMS, Pune |url=https://youthincmag.com/tedxsiukirkee-2019-at-sims-pune |magazine=Youth Incorporated |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131102043/https://youthincmag.com/tedxsiukirkee-2019-at-sims-pune |archive-date=Jan 31, 2023 |language=en |date=26 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Prachi Mishra]] (Indian Model)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Touching The Sky : SIMS, Pune Alumni On A Path To Make A Difference |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/other/touching-the-sky-sims-pune-alumni-on-a-path-to-make-a-difference/ar-AAUq3Wn |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Arantxa Sanchis]] (Indian Professional Snooker Player)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Nikhil Khurana]] (Indian Actor)<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Symbiosis Society]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]

Abdallah (Ismaili missionary to Gujarat)

2026-02-28T15:15:55Z

WaldoOakes4: starting new entry

{{Ismailism}}
[[File:Moulai Abadullah khambhat.JPG|thumb|right|Mausoleum of 1 st Wali–ul–Hind:Moulai Abadullah, Khambat, Gujarat, 11th century]]
'''Abdallah''' ({{Langx|ar|عبدالله}}) was the first [[Isma'ili]] missionary ({{Transliteration|ar|[[da'i]]}}) in [[Gujarat]].

He was sent from [[Yemen]] to Cambay (Khambat),{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=276}} Gujarat in India in about 1067 AD (460AH). [[Syedi Nuruddin]] was his companion who also visited Imam [[Al-Mustansir Billah]], Egypt. He joined the Ismaili faith under Fatimid Dai [[Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi]], and came back to Khambat, India to propagate the [[Taiyabi]] faith. His earlier name was Balam Nath.<ref>[http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/8200,] 12.0 The Fatimid Da'i Al-Mu'ayyad: His Life, by: Dr. Abbas Hamdani, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.S.A.): "The spread of the Da'wa in Deccan and its origin in al-Mu'ayyad is mentioned by Khwaj b. Malik in his Majmu' (p. 1 3) as follows:' In the district of Deccan there is a village called Daham Gam. lman (faith) spread in this district from this village, just as in Gujarat it spread from Cambay. In this village there were two .men who acquired knowledge, then proceeded from India, in the time of al-Mustansir, to Egypt and joined the lsma'ili faith at the bidding of Sayyidna al-Mu'ayyad from whom they acquired much knowledge. Their names were (Ba)Lam Nath(known as Moulai Abdullah) and Rup Nath (later called Mawla'i Nurad-Din). Both of them returned from Egypt to their native village, (Khambat(Cam Bay, and) Daham Gam(near Aurangabad), where their tombs still exist near Aurangabad."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sayeed|first=Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MknEAAAQBAJ&q=Baalam+Nath&pg=PA2|title=Burning Endurance|publisher=Sankalp Publication|isbn=978-93-90636-83-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=The Early Indian Islamic Missionaries|url=https://today.salamweb.com/the-early-indian-islamic-missionaries-and-what-you-should-know-about-them/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=SalamWebToday|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425050142/https://today.salamweb.com/the-early-indian-islamic-missionaries-and-what-you-should-know-about-them/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

He is said to have stayed some years at Cambay studying the people. He died on August 12, 1141, in [[Khambhat]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] and his mausoleum is located there.

The [[da'i]] named Ahmad once took two the Gujarati orphans (Abdallah and [[Syedi Nuruddin|Nuruddin]]) to [[Cairo]], trained them in the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] doctrine, and sent them back to Gujarat as missionaries. Abdallah laid the foundation of the [[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohra]] community.{{sfn|Blank|2001|p=37}} According to the Bohra myths, [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasimha]] sent an army to capture Abdallah, but Abdallah converted him to Islam by performing miracles and by exposing the purported miracles of Hindu [[pandit]]s as fake. There is no evidence that Jayasimha ever gave up Shaivism, but several of the Bohra [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra#The Walī-ul-Hind|Walis and Da'i al-Mutlaqs]] claimed descent from him.{{sfn|Blank|2001|p=38}} These included [[Ismail Badruddin I|Syedna Ismail]], the 34th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]].{{sfn|Blank|2001|p=44}}

Two stories are told of his first missionary success. According to one story, Abdallah gained a cultivator's heart by filling his dry well with water. The second states that he travelled to Ahlinvada, Patan. King Sidhraj Jaisingh then sent a force of armed men to fetch him, and surrounded with wall of fire. The King himself went there to meet him. Later on, two of his ministers, Tarmal and Bharmal, became his follower.

[[Syedi Hasan Feer]], 14th century famous saint at Sultan of Patan, was also from the lineage of Maulaya Abdallah.<ref>[http://www.zeninfosys.net/urus/content/syedi-hasanfeer-shaheed-qs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035514/http://www.zeninfosys.net/urus/content/syedi-hasanfeer-shaheed-qs|date=2017-02-08}}, syedi-hasanfeer-shaheed-qs</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Blank |first=Jonah |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-05676-0 }}
* {{Daftary-The Ismailis|edition=Second}}

[[Category:11th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:12th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:11th-century Ismailis]]
[[Category:12th-century Ismailis]]
[[Category:Ismaili da'is]]
[[Category:Musta'li Isma'ilism]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Gujarati Muslims]]

Mandalika III

2026-02-28T13:04:11Z

WaldoOakes4: new a biography!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{For|other Chudasama kings named Mandalika|Mandalika (disambiguation)}}
{{update|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Mandalika III
|title = Ra of Saurashtra
|regnal name = Khan Jahan; "Ra Gangajalio"
|image =
|caption =
|reign1 =1451–1472 CE
| era name =[[Vikram Samvat]]
| era dates =1507–1527
|coronation =
|full name =
|predecessor1 = [[Mahipala III]]
|successor1 = {{ubl|Tatar Khan as ''Thanadar'' of [[Gujarat Sultanate]]|Bhupatsingh as ''Jagirdar''}}
|predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
|spouse =Kunta Devi, Soma Sahiba (Umabai), Ramabai
|issue =
|royal house =
|dynasty =[[Chudasama dynasty]]
|father = [[Mahipala III]]
|mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| burial_place = [[Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)|Manek Chowk]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Sunni Islam]] (after 1472)}}
}}
'''Mandalika III''', called by the [[epithet]] '''Ra Gangajalio''', was a [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasama]] king of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of western India who reigned from {{CE|1451}} to {{CE|1472|link=no}} ([[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1507 to VS 1527). His capital was at [[Junagadh]].

Mandalika was married to a daughter of Arjun Bhim Gohil of Arthila, named Kunta Devi, who had been brought up in the house of one Duda Gohil, her uncle. Mandalika's first military exploit was an expedition against Sangan Vadhel of [[Bet Dwarka]], because that chieftain had omitted to send a present on the occasion of his installation. A successful attack was made against Bet Dwarka, and Sangan Vadhel was taken prisoner but afterwards released, and Mandalika returned in triumph to Junagadh. He was sent by the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat Sultan]] to fight his relative Duda Gohil of Arthila whom he defeated and killed. He sacked Arthila and the Gohil family had to move to [[Lathi State|Lathi]].<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980">{{cite book|author=Harold Wilberforce-Bell|title=The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70165|year=1916|publisher=William Heinemann|location=London|pages=79–84}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

During his reign, Junagadh was attacked by Gujarat Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]] three times and finally captured in 1472. He was ordered to be converted to Islam and was given the name Jahan Khan, Junagadh was renamed Mustafabad and Saurashtra was renamed Sorath. He died at [[Ahmedabad]] and was buried at [[Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)|Manek Chowk]] in Ahmedabad. He was the last independent Chudasama ruler of Saurashtra. He had married Soma Sahiba (Umabai), daughter of Bhimsinh of [[Dhrangadhra State|Kuva]] and Ramabai, daughter of Maharana [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbhakarna of Mewar]].<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/>

During his reign, Junagadh was attacked by Gujarat Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]] three times and finally captured in 1472. He was the last independent Chudasama ruler of Saurashtra. He had married Soma Sahiba (Umabai), daughter of Bhim Singh of [[Dhrangadhra State|Kuva]] and Ramabai, daughter of Maharana [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbhakarna of Mewar]].<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980">{{cite book|author=Harold Wilberforce-Bell|title=The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70165|year=1916|publisher=William Heinemann|location=London|pages=79–84}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Reign==
{{location map+|India Gujarat|float=right|width=300|caption=[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions in Gujarat issued during the reign of Mandalika III<ref name="ins1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54106/2015.54106.Inscriptions-Of-Kathiawad#page/n93/mode/2up/search/Khengar+Mahal|title=New Indian Antiquary|last=Diskalkar|first=D. B.|date=June 1940|publisher=|year=|isbn=|volume=2|location=|pages=113–114, 116–117, 120–121|chapter=Inscriptions Of Kathiawad: No. 76, 77, 80|via=|issue=}}</ref>
|places=

{{location map~ |India Gujarat|lat=21.526724 |long=70.523287 |label= |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Gujarat|lat=21.524997 |long=70.470030 |label= |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Gujarat|lat=21.526724 |long=70.523287 |label= |position=right}}
}}
Mandalika came to the throne when his father [[Mahipala III]] abdicated in his favour in 1451 CE (1507 CE) and went to forest.<ref name="Parikh">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1977GujaratnoRajkiyaAneSanskrutikItihasVol5SaltanatKaal257D/page/n5|title=ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: સલ્તનત કાલ|last=|first=|publisher=Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research|year=1977|isbn=|editor-last=Parikh|editor-first=Rasiklal Chhotalal|editor-link=Rasiklal Parikh|series=Research Series - Book No. 71|volume=V|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=163–167, 199|language=gu|trans-title=Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Sultanate Era|editor-last2=Shastri|editor-first2=Hariprasad Gangashankar|editor-link2=Hariprasad Shastri}}</ref>

When he was of a fitting age he was married to Kunta Devi, the daughter of Arjun, son of Bhim Gohil. Arjun had died fighting with the Muslims and his daughter had been brought up in Duda Gohil's house. Duda was brother of Arjun and was chieftain of Arthila.<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980" /><ref name="GBP1884">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c70MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA711|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency : Kathiawar|last=|first=|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1884|isbn=|editor=Watson|editor-first=James W.|volume=VIII|location=Bombay|pages=498–500}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

===Subdues Sangan Vadhel of Bet Dwarka===
During Mahipala's life, he installed Mandalika on the throne and all the neighbouring chiefs offered presents except Sangan Vadhel of [[Bet Dwarka]]. Mandalika accordingly marched against him and defeated him and took him prisoner after vanquishing him in single combat. Then after taking from him much plunder, he released him and returned victoriously to Junagadh. The ''Mirat-i-Sikandri'' speaks of Bhim, the son of Sagar which is probably Sangan.<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/><ref name="GBP1884"/>

===Defeats Duda Gohil of Arthila===
At this time the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Ahmedabad]] sent him a message complaining that Duda Gohil was ravaging his territory and requesting Mandalika to restrain him. Mandalika replied that the Sultan's enemies were his enemies and at once marched against him. Dudo putting on his armour marched to oppose him; after some fighting between the two armies, Dudo came up to Mandalika and said to him, that he must not consider him like Sangan Vadhel that he, Mandalika, was but a youth and was besides the husband of his niece and might have a son by her, and hence that it would be early for him to die now, he therefore counselled him to withdraw from the battle. Mandalika however replied that he was the son of a [[Kshatriya]] and therefore could not retreat. The warriors then engaged Dudo begged Mandalika to strike first but Mandalika replied, 'If you do not strike first you will never again get a chance'. On this Dudo made a blow at Mandalika which he warded and dealt Dudo such a blow that his head fell from his body. Dudo's army was now put to the rout and Mandalika returned and made a triumphal entry into Junagadh after sacking and destroying Arthila. The [[Gohil dynasty]] moved their capital to [[Lathi State|Lathi]].<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/><ref name="GBP1884"/>

He now desired to marry another wife and after consulting his ministers made proposals for the hand of Soma Sahiba (Umabai), daughter of Bhimsinh of [[Dhrangadhra State|Kuva]], who was then (as his father Vanvirji was ruling at Kuva) residing at Sitha. Her father agreed and finally Mandalika went to Sitha and married her with great pomp. He did not, however, have a son with her and therefore married many other Chandravamsi [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]s and Suryavamsi [[Gahlot|Gohil]]s,{{efn-ua|As said in ''Mandalika Kavya'' of Gangadhar.}} but still remained sonless. However eventually he had sons.<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/><ref name="GBP1884"/>

===Subdues Sangan Vadhel again===
Sangan Vadhel, now again rebelled, and Mandalika marched against him and occupied Bet, Sangan Vadhel fleeing with his family. He, however obtained foreign aid, and again opposed Mandalika as he was returning, but Mandalika routed him and again took him prisoner, but again released him.<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/><ref name="GBP1884"/>

In his reign flourished the celebrated [[Narsinh Mehta]], a [[Vaishnava]] devotee, very famous in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="GBP1884"/>

===Tale of Vinjal Vajo===
It is said that Vinjal Vajo, chief of [[Prabhas Patan|Patan Somnath]], was a great friend of Mandalika. Vinjal was attacked by [[leprosy]] and consequently resolved to make a pilgrimage to [[Banaras]], and failing to be cured there to perish in the snows of Kailash. The Brahmans, however, told him that before doing this he must first make a pilgrimage to [[Girnar]]. Vinjal was anxious to avoid doing this as his friend Mandalika would see him in his diseased state. But as the Brahmans insisted that it was necessary for him to visit Girnar, he went secretly there and bathed at the [[Damodar Kund]] and bestowed a small gold image of an elephant on the Brahmans in charity. After his departure, a quarrel arose among the Brahmans as to a division of the gold and the question was referred to the Mandalika who at once asked who gave the gold elephant. On hearing that it was Vinjal Vajo, he set out after him. When he reached the stream, now called Gangajalio, between Vadal and [[Kathrota]], he there met a man bearing his daily supply of water of [[Ganga river]] which was sent to him each day. In his anxiety to overtake Vinjal, he bathed with his clothes on i.e. simply poured the water over himself, clothes and all, and went on to [[Jetalsar]] where he found Vinjal Vajo encamped. Vinjal begged him not to approach him as he had the loathsome disease of leprosy. But Mandalika would not be denied and advanced and embraced him and immediately Vinjal's leprosy was cleansed. From this circumstance, the stream where Mandalika met the carrier of water of Ganga has been ever since called the ''Gangajalio'' and Ra Mandalika also is called by epithet, Ra Gangajalio.<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/><ref name="GBP1884"/>

==Fall of Junagadh==
===Folklore===
There are two distinct stories told of the causes of the fall of Junagadh but the most popular is that told by [[Ranchhodji Diwan]] in the ''Tarikh-i-Sorath'' besides being known by every bard and Charan within the peninsula.<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/><ref name="GBP1884"/>

Nagbai was a beautiful and chaste Charan woman of the village of Monia near Sarsai. Mandalika who had heard much of the beauty of her son's wife, went to Monia on the pretext of hunting in order to see her and was so inflamed by her charms that he placed his hand on her bosom. She turned instantly away from him and Nagbai cursed him saying, 'The bride of thy good fortune shall turn away her face from thee even as I do now and will unite herself with the Muhammadan kings'. So saying she left him and Mandalika returned discomfited and ashamed to Junagadh. The following ''[[duha]]'' is also said to have been said by Nagbai. It is interesting both because Junagadh is styled Gadh and because the cure of Vinjal Vajo is mentioned:<ref name="GBP1884"/>
{{quote|Oh! Lord of the Gadh, your body was so pure from water of Ganga, that you cleansed Vinja of leprosy, but bestowed on me nails, Oh Mandalika?{{efn-ua|The Gujarati ''[[duha]]'' runs: ગંગાજળિયા ગઢેચા, (તારૂં) હૂતું પંડ પવિત્ર, વીજાનાં રગત ગયાં, મુણે વાળા માંડળિક!}}}}

Another story is that Mandalika seduced Manmohan, the beautiful wife of his minister Vania Visal, who in revenge invited Sultan Mahmud Begada to invade Mandalika's dominions and thus betrayed his master.

There is no historical basis for this folklore.<ref name="Parikh" />

===Mahmud Begada captures Junagadh===

In 1467 CE, [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat Sultan]] [[Mahmud Begada]] attacked Junagadh but on receiving the submission of Mandalika returned to his capital [[Ahmedabad]]. In the following year, hearing that Mandalika continued to visit his idol temple in state with a golden umbrella and other ensigns of royalty, Mahmud despatched an army to Junagaḍh, and the chief sent the obnoxious umbrella to the king, accompanied by fitting presents.<ref name="Parikh" />

But in 1469 CE, he resolved to conquer the country and marched there with a large force. While Mahmud Begada was on the march the Mandalika suddenly joined him, and asking why the Sultan was so bent on his destruction when he had committed no fault, agreed to do whatever Mahmud Begada might command. The king replied there is no fault like infidelity, and ordered Mandalika to embrace [[Islam]]. The chief, now thoroughly alarmed, fled by night and made his way into Girnar. In 1472–73 CE, after a siege of nearly two years, forced by the failure of his stores, Mandalika surrendered, and his dominions were annexed to the Gujarat Sultanate. He was injured and was securely saved by his soldiers. It is said that he wondered Saurashtra for two years to regain power. But Muslim historians note that Mandalika himself was converted to Islam and received the title of Khan Jahan. He moved to [[Ahmedabad]] with the Sultan and lies buried in the [[Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)|Manek Chowk]] at Ahmedabad.<ref name="Parikh" /><ref name="Rajan1985">{{cite book|author=K. V. Soundara Rajan|title=Junagadh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPNEAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|page=11}}</ref><ref name="RajyagorChopra1982">{{cite book|author1=S. B. Rajyagor|author2=Pran Nath Chopra|title=History of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0pAAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=S. Chand|page=182}}</ref>

==Succession==
[[File:Jama Masjid, Uperkot 03.jpg|thumb|Jama Masjid of Uparkot built by Mahmud Begada]]
Sultan Mahmud Begada changed the name of Junagadh to Mustafabad and built the fortifications round the town and the [[Jumma Masjid, Uparkot|Jumma mosque]] in the [[Uparkot Fort|Uparkot]]. And for a short time, he took up his residence there and caused his nobles also to construct palaces in that town. He sent also for Syad Kazis and other Muslims and gave them ''jagir''s and official appointments and directed them to spread the religion of Islam.<ref name="Parikh" />

From this date to the close of the Gujarat Sultanate, Junagadh was governed by an official appointed direct from Ahmedabad styled ''Thanadar''. This official collected the tribute and revenue of the crown domain but the Sultan also placed Mandalika's descendant Bhupatsingh in Junagadh as a ''Jagirdar''. The first ''Thanadar'' was Tatar Khan, an adopted son of the Sultan and after him Mirza Khalil, the eldest son of the Sultan who afterwards succeeded him under the title of Sultan [[Muzaffar Shah II]]. Prince Khalil during his tenure of office founded the village called Khalilpur. The ''Jagir'' allotted to Bhupatasimha was the [[Bagasara-Ghed|Sil Bagasra]] Chovisi and his descendants, known as [[Raizada]], continued to live there but he resided in Junagadh. Bhupatasimha died in 1525 CE was succeeded by his son Navaghana (died 1552 CE). Navaghana was succeeded by Shrisimha (died 1586 CE).<ref name="Parikh" /><ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/><ref name="GBP1884"/>

== In popular culture ==
''Mandalika Kavya'' by Gangadhar is an epic on Mandalika III.<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings and Transactions of The First General Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lvWAAAAMAAJ|volume=I|year=1920|page=93}}</ref><ref name="Raghavan1975">{{cite book|author=V. Raghavan|title=International Sanskrit Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-IvAAAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=The Ministry|page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Gazetteer of India: History and culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXEMAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|page=xlv}}</ref> Gujarati writer [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] had written ''Ra Gangajalio'' (1939), a novel based on the life of Mandalika.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Album of Indian Writers: Issued on the Occasion of Frankfurt World Book Fair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNxjAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=31 October 2017|year=1986|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=24}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Chudasama dynasty}}

[[Category:Chudasama kings]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Saurashtra (region)]]
[[Category:History of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh]]

Arun Jaitley

2026-02-26T20:04:08Z

WaldoOakes4: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian politician and attorney (1952–2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Jaitley
| image = The official photograph of the Defence Minister, Shri Arun Jaitley.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2014
| alt = Arun Jaitley
| office = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 26 May 2014
| term_end = 30 May 2019{{efn|Jaitley was on medical leave between 14 May 2018 & 23 August 2018 and 23 January 2019 to 15 February 2019, during which his colleague [[Piyush Goyal]] took over his responsibilities.}}
| predecessor = [[P. Chidambaram]]
| successor = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Union Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
| primeminister2 = Narendra Modi
| term_start2 = 26 May 2014
| term_end2 = 30 May 2019{{efn|Jaitley was on medical leave between 14 May 2018 & 23 August 2018 and 23 January 2019 to 15 February 2019, during which his colleague [[Piyush Goyal]] took over his responsibilities.}}
| predecessor2 = [[Sachin Pilot]]
| successor2 = Nirmala Sitharaman
| office3 = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]]
| primeminister3 = Narendra Modi
| term_start3 = 13 March 2017{{efn|Jaitley succeeded Parrikar due to his election as [[Chief Minister of Goa]].}}
| term_end3 = 3 September 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| successor3 = Nirmala Sitharaman
| term_start4 = 26 May 2014
| term_end4 = 9 November 2014
| primeminister4 = Narendra Modi
| predecessor4 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| successor4 = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| primeminister5 = Narendra Modi
| term_start5 = 9 November 2014
| term_end5 = 5 July 2016
| successor5 = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| predecessor5 = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| office6 = [[Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 26 May 2014
| term_end6 = 11 June 2019
| predecessor6 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| successor6 = [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| office7 = [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha|Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]
| primeminister7 = Manmohan Singh
| 1blankname7 = [[Vice President of India|Chairman]]
| 1namedata7 = [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
| deputy = [[Surendrajeet Singh Ahluwalia]]
| term_start7 = 3 June 2009
| term_end7 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor7 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| successor7 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| office8 = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Union Minister of Law and Justice]]
| primeminister8 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start8 = 29 January 2003
| term_end8 = 22 May 2004
| predecessor8 = [[Jana Krishnamurthi]]
| successor8 = [[H. R. Bhardwaj]]
| primeminister9 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| term_start9 = 23 July 2000
| term_end9 = 1 July 2002
| predecessor9 = [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| successor9 = Jana Krishnamurthi
| office10 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| primeminister10 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| term_start10 = 29 January 2003
| term_end10 = 22 May 2004
| predecessor10 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| successor10 = [[Kamal Nath]]
| office11 = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| primeminister11 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| term_start11 = 13 October 1999
| term_end11 = 30 September 2000
| predecessor11 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| successor11 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| office12 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency12 = *[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] (from 2018)
*[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]] (till 2018)
| term_start12 = 3 April 2000
| term_end12 = 24 August 2019
| predecessor12 = [[Naresh Agrawal]]
| successor12 = [[Sudhanshu Trivedi]]<ref>{{cite news |url =https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-nominates-sudhanshu-trivedi-for-bypoll-on-jaitleys-rajya-sabha-seat-from-up-6051476/|title = BJP nominates Sudhanshu Trivedi to Arun Jaitley's Rajya Sabha seat in UP|newspaper =[[The Indian Express]] |date= 3 October 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-names-sudhanshu-trivedi-satish-dubey-as-its-nominees-for-rajya-sabha-polls/articleshow/71426702.cms|title = BJP names Sudhanshu Trivedi for Rajya Sabha By polls from Uttar Pradesh|newspaper =[[The Times of India]] |date= 3 October 2019|access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1952|12|28}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2019|08|24|1952|12|28}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sangeeta Jaitley|1982}}
| children = 2; including [[Rohan Jaitley]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] ([[BCom]], [[LLB]]) 
| occupation = {{hlist|Advocate|politician}}
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2020) (posthumously)
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
'''Arun Jaitley''' (28 December 1952 – 24 August 2019) was an Indian politician and attorney. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], Jaitley served as the Minister of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]] and [[Minister of Corporate Affairs (India)|Corporate Affairs]] of the Government of India from 2014 to 2019. Jaitley previously held the cabinet portfolios of [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence]], [[Corporate Affairs]], [[Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]], and [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]] in the [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee]] government and [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi government]].

Educated at [[Delhi University]], Jaitly was a [[Senior Advocate]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. From 2009 to 2014, he served as the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He oversaw the introduction of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] which brought the country under one GST regime, demonetisation, merger of Railway budget with general budget and introduction of [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/arun-jaitley-an-unforgettable-stint-as-indias-finance-minister/article29241655.ece | title=Arun Jaitley: An unforgettable stint as India's Finance Minister | work=Business Line | date=24 August 2019 | access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arun-jaitley-death-former-finance-minister-gst-tax-reform-1591115-2019-08-24 | title=Arun Jaitley, the man who brought India under one-tax regime | work=India Today | date=24 August 2019 | access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/career-timeline-of-arun-jaitley-pm-modi-s-go-to-man-in-new-delhi-119082400288_1.html|title=Career timeline of Arun Jaitley, PM Modi's go-to man in New Delhi|newspaper=Business Standard|date=24 August 2019|access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> Jaitley decided not to join the second Modi Cabinet in 2019, due to health issues.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arun-jaitley-opts-out-of-modi-cabinet-cites-health-reasons/articleshow/69555782.cms | title=Arun Jaitley opts out of new government for health reasons | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=30 May 2019 | access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/arun-jaitley-opts-out-of-new-cabinet/articleshow/69555700.cms|title=Arun Jaitley writes letter to PM Modi, opts out of new Cabinet citing health reasons|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 May 2019|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian award, posthumously in 2020 in the field of Public Affairs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-ministers-arun-jaitley-sushma-swaraj-and-george-fernandes-given-padma-vibhushan/articleshow/73617205.cms | title=Arun Jaitley, Sushma Swaraj, George Fernandes given Padma Vibhushan posthumously. Here's full list of Padma award recipients | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=26 January 2020 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |website=padmaawards.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Arun Jaitley was born on 28 December 1952 in [[Delhi]] into a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family which migrated from [[Lahore]] during [[Partition of India]].<ref name="GoIBio"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Arun Jaitley, the eyes and ears of Modi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/arun-jaitley-the-eyes-and-ears-of-modi/ |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=1 March 2022 |quote=Coming from a Punjabi Brahmin family with little political background ...... }}</ref> His father Maharaj Kishen Jaitley was a lawyer and mother Ratan Prabha Jaitley a housewife.<ref name="GoIBio">{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=27 |title=Detailed Profile: Shri Arun Jaitley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809093224/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=27 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |work=Government of India |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> He studied at [[St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Delhi]] from 1957 to 1969.<ref name="autogenerated8">{{cite web|url=http://www.arunjaitley.com/en/myjourney.php|title=My memorable School days at St. Xaviers|publisher=Arun Jaitley|access-date=17 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212061309/http://www.arunjaitley.com/en/myjourney.php|archive-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> He graduated with the [[honours degree]] in commerce, [[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]] from [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] of [[Delhi University]] in 1973. He passed his [[LLB|LLB]] degree from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1977.<ref name="rs">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|title=Member Profile: Arun Jeitley|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="pib.myiris.com">{{cite web |title=Shri Arun Jaitley, Honb'le Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, Shipping, Bharatiya Janata Party |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |year=1999 |url=http://pib.hyyyyhhbj.com/profile/article.php3?fl%3DD20166|access-date=24 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724073025/http://pib.myiris.com/profile/article.php3?fl=D20166|archive-date=24 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Layak|first1=Suman|date=10 July 2016|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Modi government's got talent but is it being fully utilised?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cabinet-reshuffle-modi-governments-got-talent-but-is-it-being-fully-utilised/articleshow/53132757.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

Jaitley was the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) [[student leader]] at the [[Delhi University]] Campus in the seventies and rose to be the President of the [[Students Union]] of [[Delhi University]] in 1974. During the period of proclamation of [[Internal Emergency]] (1975–77) when [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] were suspended, he was under [[preventive detention]] for a period of 19 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Cometh-The-Hour/290904 |title=Cometh The Hour... |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> He was a prominent leader of a [[Total Revolution|movement]] against corruption launched in the year 1973 by [[Raj Narain]] and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]. He was the convener of the National Committee for Students and Youth organisation appointed by [[Jai Prakash Narayan]].<ref name=domain-case>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Justice Manmohan|title=Mr. Arun Jaitley vs Network Solutions Private Limited|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/754672/|publisher=[[Delhi High Court]]|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> He was also active in civil rights movement and helped found PUCL Bulletin along with Satish Jha and Smitu Kothari.<ref name="pib.myiris.com"/><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990919/iex19021.html |title=Sorry |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 October 2012}}</ref>.

In 1977, being the convener of the Loktantrik Yuva Morcha at a time when the Congress suffered defeat, Jaitley was appointed the president of the Delhi ABVP and All India Secretary of the ABVP. He was then made the president of the youth wing of the BJP and the secretary of the Delhi Unit in 1980, a short time after joining the party.<ref name=DNA-FM>{{cite news|last1=Khandelwal|first1=Avani|title=Who is Arun Jaitley: The rise of India's newest finance minister|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-arun-jaitley-the-rise-of-india-s-newest-finance-minister-2001109 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>

==Legal career==
[[File:Finance Minister at GNLU.jpg|thumb|left|Jaitley with Former Supreme Court Judge [[K.S. Panicker Radhakrishnan]] at the [[Gujarat National Law University]]]]
Since 1977, Jaitley had been practising law in the [[Supreme Court of India]] and several High Courts in India.<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/30012003/r300120032.html|title=Arun Jaitley – A Profile|date=30 January 2003|website=PIB Press Releases|publisher=Press Information Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133246/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/30012003/r300120032.html|archive-date=6 January 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> In January 1990, he was designated as a [[Senior Advocate]] by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name=jsa>{{cite web|title=Hall of Fame – Top 50|url=http://www.jsalaw.com/Admin/uplodedfiles/PublicationFiles/Hall%20of%20Fame_Top%2050_2010.pdf|publisher=J. Sagar Associates|access-date=5 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202101217/http://www.jsalaw.com/Admin/uplodedfiles/PublicationFiles/Hall%20of%20Fame_Top%2050_2010.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sr-adv">{{cite web |title=List of Senior Advocates designated by Delhi High Court up to August, 2014 |url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/writereaddata/Upload/PublicNotices/PublicNotice_8LPFZYBU.PDF |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Delhi High Court}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-arun-jaitley-the-rise-of-india-s-newest-finance-minister-2001109|title=Who is Arun Jaitley: The rise of India's newest finance minister|last=Khandelwal|first=Avani|date=10 July 2014 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/arun-jaitley-the-eyes-and-ears-of-modi/|title=Arun Jaitley, the eyes and ears of Modi|date=26 May 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

He was appointed [[Additional Solicitor General of India]] by the [[V. P. Singh]] government in 1989 and did the paperwork for the investigations into the [[Bofors scandal]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name=DNA-FM /> His clients cover the political spectrum from [[Sharad Yadav]] of the [[Janata Dal]] to [[Madhavrao Scindia]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] to [[L. K. Advani]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Several publications on legal and current affairs were written by him.<ref name="pib.nic.in" /> A paper on law about corruption and crime in India was presented by him, before the Indo-British Legal Forum.<ref name="pib.nic.in" /> He was appointed the [[Government of India]]'s delegate to the United Nations General Assembly Session in June 1998 which approved the Declaration on Laws Relating to Drugs and Money Laundering.<ref name=jsa /><ref name="pib.nic.in" />

Jaitley had also appeared on behalf of giant multinational corporations such as [[PepsiCo]] against [[Coca-Cola]] and in various other cases in India.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Sharon |title=Taking the 'Cola Wars' Into Court |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1998/05/31/taking-the-cola-wars-into-court/c538dcd1-90ca-4036-83e3-13d1eecfbf0e/ |access-date=23 January 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=31 May 1998}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite news |title=SC stays contempt proceedings against Coke, Pepsi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/newet/business-of-brands/sc-stays-contempt-proceedings-against-coke-pepsi/articleshow/1403551.cms |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=7 February 2006}}</ref> After having been the Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, Jaitley represented Pepsi in 2002 in a case where the Supreme Court of India admonished and imposed stiff fines on 8 companies for painting advertisements on ecologically fragile rocks along the Manali-Rohtang road in the [[Himalayas]]. "The companies were also issued show-cause notices as to why exemplary damages should not be imposed on them for indulging in environmental vandalism."<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news|title=SC imposes Rs 1 cr cost on firms for defacing rocks |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-imposes-Rs-1-cr-cost-on-firms-for-defacing-rocks/articleshow/23394168.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130103070134/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-09-26/india/27319067_1_cr-cost-manali-rohtang-road-malhotra-book-depot |url-status= live |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date= 3 January 2013 }}</ref> In 2004, Jaitley appeared on behalf of [[Coca-Cola]] in a [[Rajasthan High Court]] case.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|title=Court blow to cola giants |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]1 |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041105/asp/nation/story_3968020.asp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041110011353/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041105/asp/nation/story_3968020.asp |url-status= dead |archive-date= 10 November 2004 | location=Calcutta | date=5 November 2004}}</ref>

Given his political duties as Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha, Jaitley stopped practising law in June 2009.<ref name=no-lawyer>{{cite news|title=Arun Jaitley recuses himself from decisions on Vodafone tax case|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/arun-jaitley-recuses-himself-from-vodafone-tax-row/1/207379.html |work=Business Today |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 June 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>

==Political career==
Jaitley had been a member of the national executive of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] since 1991.<ref name=RS-bio>{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha Members Homepage – Arun Jaitley|url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> He became the spokesperson of the BJP during the period preceding the 1999 general election.

=== Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting (1999–2000) ===
On 13 October 1999, after the [[Vajpayee Government]] of the BJP led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] came to power, he was appointed Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting (Independent Charge).<ref name="pib.nic.in" /> In addition he was appointed Minister of State for Disinvestment (Independent Charge). The disinvestment ministry was created for the first time in accordance with the policy of disinvestment under the [[World Trade Organization]] regime.<ref name="pib.nic.in" /> On 23 July 2000 following the resignation of [[Ram Jethmalani]] as the Union Cabinet Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, he took over his ministry as an additional charge.<ref name="pib.nic.in" />

=== Union Minister of Law and Justice (2000–04) ===
In November 2000 Jaitley was made a Cabinet Minister for the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs and Shipping. The Ministry of Surface Transport was bifurcated and he was appointed as the first Minister of Shipping. He demitted the office of the Minister for Shipping with effect from 1 September 2001 and as Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs on 1 July 2002.<ref name="pib.nic.in" /> He then served as the General Secretary of the BJP and its national spokesman.<ref name="pib.nic.in"/> He worked in this capacity until January 2003. He rejoined the Union Cabinet as the Minister of Commerce & Industry and Law & Justice on 29 January 2003.<ref name=DNA-FM /> With the defeat of the National Democratic Alliance in May 2004, Jaitley returned to his legal career and worked in the Supreme Court.<ref name="barandbench">{{cite news |title=Arun Jaitley from the eyes of a legal practitioner [Column] |url=https://barandbench.com/arun-jaitley-from-the-eyes-of-a-legal-practitioner-a-tribute/ |access-date=24 August 2019 |work=Bar & Bench |date=24 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha (2009–14) ===
He was chosen as the [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha|Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha]] on 3 June 2009 by [[L.K. Advani]]. On 16 June 2009, he resigned from the post of General Secretary of the BJP, as per his party's One Man One Post principle. He was also a member of the Central Election Committee of the party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Election Committee|url=http://bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=175&Itemid=487|publisher=BJP|access-date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220112148/http://bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=175&Itemid=487|archive-date=20 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As the leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha, he participated in the debates on the [[Women's Reservation Bill]] in the Rajya Sabha and also supported Anna Hazare in his [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]] for the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]].<ref name=DNA-FM /> He successfully introduced the 84th amendment to the [[Constitution of India]] in 2002, freezing parliamentary seats until 2026, and the ninety-first amendment to the Constitution of India in 2004, penalising defections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm |title=The Constitution (Eighty Fourth Amendment) Act, 2002 |website=indiacode.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920140332/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm |archive-date=20 September 2005 |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend91.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050517190814/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend91.pdf |title=The Constitution (Ninety-First Amendment) Act, 2003 |archive-date=17 May 2005 |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> However, being in the party since 1980, he never contested any direct election until 2014. He was the BJP candidate for the [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar seat]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] (replacing [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]) for the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], but lost to the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Amarinder Singh]]. He was elected as a [[Rajya Sabha]] member from [[Gujarat]]. He was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in March 2018.<ref>{{citation |title=RS polls: BJP trumps opposition, makes it nine out of ten seats in UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rs-polls-bjp-trumps-opposition-makes-it-nine-out-of-ten-in-up/articleshow/63434789.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 March 2018 }}</ref>

On 26 August 2012, he said (outside Parliament) "There are occasions when an obstruction in Parliament brings greater benefits to the country." This statement was considered to have given legitimacy to obstruction by the parliament in contemporary Indian politics. After forming a government in 2014, the BJP government has faced disruption and obstruction in parliament multiple times, and the opposition have referred to this statement as a legitimising that floor strategy.<ref>{{cite news |title=View from the Earlier Side: When Jaitley saw 'benefits to the country' in obstructing Parliament |author=Manoj C G |date=27 July 2015 |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/India/India-others/view-from-the-earlier-side-when-jaitley-saw-benefits-to-the-country-in-obstructing-parliament/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 December 2014 |title='Disrupting Parliament is important': BJP's words from opposition days come back to haunt it |publisher=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/article/696910/disrupting-parliament-is-important-bjps-words-from-opposition-days-come-back-to-haunt-it}}</ref>

=== Union Finance Minister (2014–19) ===
[[File:Shri Arun Jaitley taking charge as the Union Minister for Finance, in New Delhi on May 27, 2014.jpg|thumb|Jaitley taking charge as the Union Minister for Finance, in New Delhi on 27 May 2014]]
On 26 May 2014, Jaitley was selected by newly elected Prime Minister Narendra Modi to be the Minister of Finance, the Minister for Corporate Affairs and the Minister of Defence, in his cabinet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/narendra-modi-government-list-of-portfolios-and-ministers/|title=Narendra Modi government: Full list of portfolios and ministers|work= The Indian Express|date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/corporate-affairs-ministry-to-be-clubbed-with-finance-ministry/articleshow/35634966.cms|title=Corporate Affairs Ministry to be 'clubbed' with Finance Ministry|work=The Economic Times|date=27 May 2014}}</ref> Analysts cited Jaitley's "part-time" focus on defence as a simple continuation of the policies of the previous government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140907/DEFREG03/309070017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140907180346/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140907/DEFREG03/309070017 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2014 |title=Analysts: New Modi Government Lacks Clear Defense Policy |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Vivek |date=7 September 2014 |work=[[Defense News]] |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> According to a WikiLeaks cable by Robert Blake, the Charge at the US Embassy, to his government, When raised on the question of Hindutva, Jaitley had argued that Hindu nationalism "will always be a talking point" for the BJP and characterised this as an opportunistic issue.<ref>{{cite web | title=WikiLeaks cable on Arun Jaitley's 'opportunistic' remark | publisher=[[NDTV]] | date=26 March 2011 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/wikileak/wikileaks-cable-on-arun-jaitleys-opportunistic-remark-451235 | access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> Jaitley later clarified that "the use of the word opportunistic in reference to nationalism or Hindu nationalism is neither my view nor my language. It could be the diplomat's own usage."<ref>{{cite web | title=Arun Jaitley denies remark in WikiLeaks cable | publisher=[[NDTV]] | date=26 March 2011 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/wikileak/arun-jaitley-denies-remark-in-wikileaks-cable-451224 | access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

During the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Arun Jaitley agreed with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s assertions that the idea of reservations on the basis of religion is fraught with danger and was against giving reservations to Muslim Dalits and Christian Dalits as it might impact demography.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-polls-grand-alliances-idea-of-reservations-on-the-basis-of-religion-is-fraught-with-danger-says-fm-arun-jaitley/articleshow/49588622.cms|title=Bihar polls: Grand Alliance's idea of reservations on the basis of religion is fraught with danger, says FM Arun Jaitley|first=Rakesh Mohan|last=Chaturvedi|date=30 October 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/all-those-who-are-involved-in-the-traditional-caste-psyche-will-suffer-a-big-setback-fm-arun-jaitley/articleshow/49590053.cms|title=All those who are involved in the traditional caste psyche will suffer a big setback: FM Arun Jaitley|first=Rakesh Mohan|last=Chaturvedi|date=30 October 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> He also served as a member to the Board of Governors of [[Asian Development Bank]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Arun Jaitley appointed to Board of Governors of Asian Development Bank|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/arun-jaitley-appointed-to-board-of-governors-of-asian-development-bank/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=Biharprabha News |access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> In November 2015, Jaitley said that personal laws governing marriages and divorces should be subject to fundamental rights, as constitutionally-guaranteed rights are supreme.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhary |first1=Amit Anand |title=Personal law should be subject to fundamental rights: Jaitley {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Personal-law-should-be-subject-to-fundamental-rights-Jaitley/articleshow/49965830.cms |access-date=19 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=29 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref> He announced the [[Income declaration scheme, 2016]] in September 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=IDS 'Major Success' Compared to VDIS, Says Arun Jaitley |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/ids-major-success-compared-to-vdis-says-arun-jaitley-1313184.html |first=Nakshab |last=Khan |work=[[News 18]] |date=18 November 2016 |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref>

During his tenure as the Finance Minister of India, the government [[Indian 500 and 1000 rupee currency demonetization|demonetised the ₹500 and ₹1000 currency notes]], with the stated intention of curbing corruption, black money, fake currency, and terrorism from 9 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 currency notes stand abolished from midnight: PM Modi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/narendra-modi-prime-minister-address-to-the-nation4364609/ |access-date=19 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> He oversaw the introduction of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST) which brought the country under one GST regime. On 20 June 2017, he reaffirmed that the roll-out of GST overseen by him as the finance minister was on track.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/will-be-switching-to-gst-regulation-from-june-30-midnight-fm-arun-jaitley/articleshow/59231111.cms|title=Will be switching to GST regulation from June 30 midnight: FM Arun Jaitley |date=20 June 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

[[Todd G. Sears|Out Leadership]] recommended Arun Jaitley as one of the experts and leaders who openly speak on [[LGBT]]+ issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=CEO Brief: India |publisher=Out Leadership |date=8 June 2017 |location=New York |url=http://outleadership.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/OL_CEO-brief_India.pdf |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903171747/http://outleadership.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/OL_CEO-brief_India.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 29 May 2019, in a letter to Prime Minister Modi, Arun Jaitley cited his health as a reason for not taking an active role in the formation of the new government, effectively declining a role as a minister in the second term of Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.in/arun-jaitley-calls-it-a-day/|title=Arun Jaitley calls it a day|date=20 June 2017|work=theindependent.in |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

In January 2019 Jaitley generated controversy when he accused the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] of ''investigative adventurism'' in the [[ICICI Bank]] – [[Videocon]] fraud case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arun-jaitley-targets-cbi-over-kochhar-probe-says-adventurism-taking-over-professionalism/articleshow/67693611.cms|title=Arun Jaitley Targets CBI over Kochhar Probe|work=The Economic Times|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] had named [[Chanda Kochhar]] and her husband Deepak Kochhar as beneficiaries in the financial fraud, in which [[Venugopal Dhoot]], the promoter of Videocon had fraudulently transferred part of the loan received from ICICI Bank to the Kochhar's business entreprise.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whos-who-named-by-cbi-and-their-role-in-the-chanda-kochhar-case-5556581/|title=Who is Who named by CBI in Chanda Kochhar Case|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Jaitley stated that naming the corrupt bank officials will not help in the investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/arun-jaitley-targets-cbi-over-chanda-kochhar-probe-says-adventurism-taking-over-professionalism/articleshow/67692960.cms|title=Arun Jaitely Targets CBI over Chanda Kochhar Case |work=The Times of India|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Previously in September 2012, Jaitley had warned CBI on corruption cases involving political leaders from [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jaitley-warns-cbi-on-cases-against-gujarat-leaders-506905.html|title=Jaitely Warns CBI over Gujarat Leaders|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Arun Jaitley married Sangeeta, daughter of former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] finance minister [[Girdhari Lal Dogra]], on 24 May 1982. They have two children, Sonali Jaitley and [[Rohan Jaitley]]; the former married Jaiyesh Bakhshi.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/knot-for-everybodys-eyes/articleshow/636819.cms|title=Knot for everybody's eyes|last=Chatterjee|first=Ashok|date=24 April 2004|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123190141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Knot-for-everybodys-eyes/articleshow/636819.cms|archive-date=23 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pib.nic.in"/><ref name=164.100.47.5>{{cite web|title=Profiles of Rajya Sabha Members (needs selection)|url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/shah-rukh-khan-arun-jaitley-daughter-sangeet-sonali-jaitley/|title=Arun Jaitley's daughter Sonali gets married|date=8 December 2015|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123191404/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/shah-rukh-khan-arun-jaitley-daughter-sangeet-sonali-jaitley/|archive-date=23 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref> Both his children are lawyers. He had two siblings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/an-eyewitness-to-history-we-were-a-partition-family-says-arun-jaitley/story-ylaSOHqv0z7ctw0d5EWpbN.html|title=An eyewitness to history: We were a Partition family, says Arun Jaitley|date=28 May 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>

==Illness and death==
Jaitley had a series of health-related issues and underwent multiple surgeries leading into his deteriorating health and subsequent death in 2019. In 2005, he underwent a [[coronary artery bypass surgery]] after he was hospitalised with [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jaitley undergoes bypass surgery, stable |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jul/11arun.htm |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=Rediff.com |date=11 July 2005}}</ref> In 2014, when he weighed {{convert|117|kg|lb}}, a [[gastric bypass surgery]] was performed on him aimed at reducing his weight. Doctors confirmed that Jaitley had been "suffering from diabetes for nearly two decades" then, and that the said procedure was the best option for patients with "uncontrolled diabetes".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Durgesh Nandan |title=Arun Jaitley undergoes weight loss surgery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Arun-Jaitley-undergoes-weight-loss-surgery/articleshow/41553675.cms |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> In May 2018, he underwent a [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplant]] surgery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arun Jaitley stable after kidney transplant at AIIMS |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arun-jaitley-undergoes-successful-kidney-transplant-at-aiims/articleshow/64158660.cms |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=14 May 2018}}</ref>

In February 2019, the media reported that Jaitley had been diagnosed with a rare form of [[soft-tissue sarcoma]] and was undergoing treatment in the US, although it was termed a "regular medical check-up".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kohli |first1=Namita |title=The veiled tumour |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2019/02/02/the-veiled-tumour.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=The Week |date=2 February 2019 }}</ref> On 9 August, he was admitted to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] (AIIMS) after he complained of "breathlessness".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsstate.com/india/news/former-union-minister-and-senior-bjp-leader-arun-jaitley-passes-away-at-aiims-103357.html | title=Arun Jaitley Passes Away due to health reasons | publisher=[[News Nation]] | date=24 August 2019 | access-date=24 August 2019 | archive-date=24 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824073720/https://www.newsstate.com/india/news/former-union-minister-and-senior-bjp-leader-arun-jaitley-passes-away-at-aiims-103357.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-visits-aiims-to-inquire-about-arun-jaitleys-health/articleshow/70696946.cms|title=President Ram Nath Kovind visits AIIMS to inquire about Arun Jaitley's health|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 August 2019|date=16 August 2019}}</ref> On 17 August, it was reported that he was on [[life-support]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-jaitleys-condition-critical-say-sources/article29117556.ece|title=Arun Jaitley put on life support, say AIIMS sources|date=17 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Perappdan|first1=Bindu Shajan}}</ref>

By 23 August, his health had deteriorated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-jaitleys-health-deteriorates-say-aiims-sources/article29237600.ece|title=Arun Jaitley's health deteriorates, say AIIMS sources|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2019}}</ref> Jaitley died at 12:07 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) the following day, aged 66.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arun-jaitley-passes-away-at-66-1591089-2019-08-24|title=Arun Jaitley passes away at 66|website=India Today|date=24 August 2019 |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsnation.in/india-news/arun-jaitley-former-union-minister-and-bjp-stalwart-dies-article-235185.html | title=Arun Jaitley Passes Away due to health reasons | publisher=[[News Nation]] | date=24 August 2019 | access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> He was [[Cremation|cremated]] at [[Nigambodh Ghat|Nigam Bodh Ghat]] on 25 August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arun-jaitley-to-be-cremated-at-nigambodh-ghat-today-1591300-2019-08-25|title=Arun Jaitley to be cremated at Nigambodh Ghat today|date=25 August 2019|website=India Today|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref> The [[India national cricket team|Indian Cricket team]] wore black armbands for a day during the test match with [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2019|the West Indies]], to condole Jaitley's death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/arun-jaitley-death-india-cricket-black-armbands-west-indies-1st-test-day-3-antigua-1591213-2019-08-24|title=India vs West Indies: Virat Kohli's men to wear black armbands to condole Arun Jaitley's death|date=24 August 2019|website=India Today|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

==Legacy==
On 12 September 2019, Delhi's Feroz Shah Kotla stadium was renamed as [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]] at a function held at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in memory of Jaitley. The decision to name the stadium after him came as he was once the president of [[Delhi & District Cricket Association|DDCA]] and also the vice-president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi's Iconic Feroz Shah Kotla to be Renamed as Arun Jaitley Stadium |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/feroz-shah-kotla-to-be-renamed-arun-jaitley-stadium-2286121.html |access-date=27 August 2019 |work=News18 |date=27 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium renamed after Arun Jaitley, pavilion stand unveiled as Virat Kohli stand |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/feroz-shah-kotla-stadium-renamed-after-arun-jaitley-pavilion-stand-unveiled-as-virat-kohli-stand-1598525-2019-09-12 |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=India Today |date=12 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 December 2020, Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] unveiled a statue of Arun Jaitley at the [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Home Minister Amit Shah unveils Arun Jaitley's statue at DDCA premises {{!}} Cricket News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/home-minister-amit-shah-unveils-arun-jaitleys-statue-at-ddca-premises/articleshow/79990651.cms |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=28 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}{{Commons category|Arun Jaitley}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.bloombergquint.com/topic/arun-jaitley Arun Jaitley] collected news and commentary at [[BloombergQuint]]

{{Navboxes
|title= Offices held
|list1=
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jaipal Reddy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting]]|years=1999–2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sushma Swaraj]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Ram Jethmalani]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]|years=2000–2002}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Jana Krishnamurthi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]|years=2003–2004}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Jaswant Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha]]|years=2009–2014}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Manmohan Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha]]|years=2014–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[A. K. Antony]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]|years=2014–2014}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]|years=2014–2016}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]|years=2017–2017}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[P. Chidambaram]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]|years=2014–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]}}

{{s-end}}
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{{India topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaitley, Arun}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
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TV Ke Uss Paar

2026-02-20T22:34:38Z

WaldoOakes4: created new info more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| runtime = 30 minutes (including commercial breaks)
| creator =
| director = [[Deepak Sharma (director)|Deepak Sharma]]
| producer = [[Panglosean Entertainment Pvt Ltd]]
| writer = [[Rahul Pandey]]
| creative_director = [[siddhartha vankar]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| location =
| starring = [[Amita Khopkar]] [[Aakash Ahuja]] Sheen Das Sakshi Mehta Shabaaz Abdullah Badi
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 138
| network = [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2016|10|3}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|3|11}}
}}

'''''TV Ke Uss Paar''''' is an Indian [[sitcom]] which aired on [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tv-channel-zindagi-announces-its-new-prime-time-line-up-2259339|title=TV Ke Uss Paar on Zindagi}}</ref> In the UK, the show is aired on [[&TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/tv-uk-to-strengthen-weekday-2200-2300-slot-2016|title=TV Ke Uss Paar on &TV UK}}</ref>

==Plot==
TV Ke Uss Paar is a thrilling ride of a mother-son duo, Madhu and Vivek. Vivek works at an MNC while his mother spends her time watching television. His mother's craze for daily soaps leads her into the reel world, and soon, Vivek follows her there.

==Main cast==
*[[Amita Khopkar]] as Madhu ji (Maa)
*[[Aakash Ahuja]] as Vivek (Madhu's son)
*Sheen Dass as Kavya (Vivek's boss and love interest)
*Sakshi Mehta as Shimar Pyaar Bharadwaj (TV star heroine)
*Shabaaz Abdullah Badi as Pyaar Bharadwaj (TV star hero)

==Recurring cast==
*[[Tisha Kapoor]] as Jenny
*Suman Singh as Shivanjali (Madhu's daughter)
*Rupa Sahu as Sudha (Madhu's friend)
*Priti Arora as Timmy (Madhu's friend)
*Tasneem Ali as Rosy (Madhu's friend)
*Tasha Kapoor as Kritika
*Monika Meena as Boki
*Rohit Tailor as Vehem (Boki's husband)
*Surabhi Mallick as Aagya
*Nisha Pareek as Santosh Kumari

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Zee Zindagi original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]

Krishna III

2026-02-20T05:42:46Z

WaldoOakes4: refined content for clarity and improved wording

{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Short description| Rashtrakuta Emperor from 939 to 967}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = 12th [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakuta Emperor]]
| title = Maharajadhiraja Vallabhanarendra Paramabhattaraka Akalavarsha Shri-prithvi-vallabha<ref name="KrishnaIII-Titles">Fleet, John Faithfull (ed.). Epigraphia Indica, Vol. 3. Calcutta: Government of India, 1894. pp. 270–273. Titles of Krishna III are recorded in multiple inscriptions, including the Savalagi and Ron inscriptions.</ref>
| reign = December 939 – December 967<ref name="v233">{{cite web | title= The Rāshțrakuțās and Their Times| url=https://ia802900.us.archive.org/21/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.57217/2015.57217.Rashtrakutas-And-Their-Times_text.pdf | access-date=6 February 2025| page =122, 126}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Amoghavarsha III]]
| successor = [[Khottiga]]
| birth_name = Kannaradeva
| father = [[Amoghavarsha III]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]<ref>Altekar, A.S. (1934). The Rashtrakutas and Their Times. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref><ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref>

| spouse = Unnamed princess of Chedi
| issue = Unnamed son Bijjabbe
| dynasty = [[Rashtrakuta]]
}}
{{Rashtrakuta Manyakheta Kings Infobox}}
[[File:Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 868 (c.944-45 AD) of Rashtrakuta empire King Krishna III.JPG|thumb|upright|Old Kannada inscription dated c. 944–45 of Rashtrakuta Emperor Krishna III]]

'''Krishna III''' (r. 939 – 967), was the last great warrior and able [[Rashtrakutas|Rashtrakuta Emperor]]. He was a shrewd administrator and skillful military campaigner. He waged many wars to restore the glory of the Rashtrakutas and played an important role in rebuilding the Rashtrakuta empire. He patronised the famous Kannada poets [[Ponna (poet)|Ponna]], who wrote [[Shantinatha|"Shantinatha Purana"]] and Gajankusha, who wrote on erotics, and the [[Apabhramsha]] poet Pushpadanta who wrote "Mahapurana" and other works.<ref name="poet">Kamath (2001), p84, p90</ref><ref name="poet1">Sastri (1955), p356</ref><ref name="ubhaya">[[Bisheshwar Nath Reu|Reu]] (1933), p86</ref> His queen was a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Chedi]] princess and his daughter Bijjabbe was married to a [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] prince. During his rule he held titles such as ''Akalavarsha'', ''Maharajadhiraja'', ''Parameshvara'', ''Paramamaheshvara'', ''Shri Prithvivallabha'' etc.<ref name="title">Reu (1933), p82</ref> At his peak, he reigned over a vast empire stretching from at least the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river in the north to at least the [[Kaveri]] river delta in the south. A copper grant of 993 issued by the [[Shilahara]] king of [[Thane|Thana]] states that the Rashtrakuta control extended from the Himalayas in the north to [[Ceylon]] in the south and from the [[Bay of Bengal|eastern sea]] to the [[Arabian Sea|western seas]]. This grant also states that when the emperor Krishna III mobilised his armies, the kings of Chola, Bengal, Kannauj, Andhra and Pandya regions used to quiver.<ref name="hold">Reu (1933), p43</ref>

==Southern conquests ==
He slew the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga]] ruler Rachamalla II and made his brother-in-law [[Butuga II]] the king of the [[Mysore state|Gangavadi]] territory. He fought the Gurjara [[Prathihara]] and captured Chitrakuta and Kalinjara regions. He defeated his family relations, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] (Chedi) when they had turned against the Rashtrakutas.<ref name="tripuri">Kamath (2001), p82</ref> Later he invaded the southern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and recaptured [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] and [[Dharmapuri]] from the [[Bana kingdom|Banas]] and Vaidumbas who had given shelter to [[Govinda IV]] due to his matrimonial relations with the [[Cholas]]. Though he initially may have experienced setbacks, [[Tondaimandalam]] was secured by 944. He defeated the [[Cholas]] and captured [[Kanchi]] and [[Tanjore]], according to the Siddalingamadam plates of 944.<ref name="sidda">Kamath (2001), p83</ref>

In c. 949, he defeated the Cholas decisively in a [[Battle of Takkolam]] in present-day [[North Arcot]] district.<ref name="arcot">From the Karhad record of 949 (Kamath 2001, p83)</ref> Krishna III was joined by his Western Ganga feudatory Butuga II in this campaign. Chola prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]] Chola was killed "while seated on his elephant with a well-aimed arrow". From the famous [[Atakur inscription]] it is known that Krishna III gave Buthuga II extensive Ratta territories near [[Banavasi]] in return for this victory.<ref name="title" /><ref name="ratta">From the [[Atakur inscription]] (Kamath 2001, p83)</ref><ref name="sarma">Sarma (1992), p20, p28, p133</ref><ref name="adi">Adiga (2006), p120, p307</ref> With the fall of the Cholas, he extracted tribute from the [[Pandyas]] and the Chera ruler of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 – AD 1124).'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100–101.</ref> He also obtained the submission of the King of Ceylon, extracted tributes from the Manadlika rulers, and erected a pillar of victory at Ramesvaram.<ref name="arcot" /><ref name="arcot1">From the Sholapur copper plate inscriptions of 958 (Reu 1933, p84, p85)</ref> This victory is narrated in Somadeva's writing ''Yashatilaka Champu'' of 959 as well.<ref name="pandya">Krishna III is described as the conqueror of Chola, Chera, Pandya and Simhala ([[Ceylon]]) (Reu 1933, p86)</ref>

However, from location of the inscriptions it is argued that Krishna III had full control only of Tondaimandalam (northern [[Tamil Nadu]]) as his inscriptions are not found further south in modern [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="control">Sathianath Ayer in Kamath 2001, p83</ref> After these victories he proclaimed himself "Conqueror of Kacci and Tanjai" (Kanchi and Tanjore).<ref name="tanjore">from the Tirukkalukkunram and Lakshmeshvara inscriptions (Reu 1933, p83, p85)</ref> He exerted influence on [[Vengi]] (modern [[Andhra Pradesh]]) by helping Badapa secure the throne against his competitor Amma II. Later, Danarnava of Vengi became his feudatory.

==Northern conquests==
While Krishna III focussed on southern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], the [[Chandela]]s had captured Chitrakuta and Kalinjar. This prompted Krishna III to send his Western Ganga vassal [[Marasimha II]], son of [[Butuga II]], to retrieve the lost areas. Marasimha defeated the Gurjara Prathiharas. The northernmost [[Kannada]] inscription of the Rashtrakutas, dated about 964 is the Jura record (near [[Jabalpur]]) in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The details of these victories are inscribed in this inscription.<ref name="sidda"/> Two inscriptions of Marasimha, dated 965 and 968, state that his forces destroyed [[Ujjayani]] (which lies in the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] territory of [[Malwa]]). Based on this, some historians such as [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar|A. S. Altekar]] conclude that the Paramara king [[Siyaka]] must have rebelled against the Rashtrakuta suzerainty, resulting in a military campaign against him. Thus, Marasimha must have also defeated the Paramaras. However, K. N. Sethi believes that Krishna III only targeted the Gurjara-Pratiharas: there is no evidence to show that Siyaka rebelled against Krishna III or faced a battle against his forces.{{sfn|Seth|1978|pp=80–81}}

At his peak, Krishna III ruled an empire that extended at least from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river in the north and stretched south covering large parts of present-day northern [[Tamil Nadu]] in the south. The [[Prathihara]], the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]], the [[Seuna]] (ruled by Vaddiga) and the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|northern Kalachuris]] were his feudatories in the northern Deccan and central India.<ref name="extent">However the Deoli inscriptions state that the Rashtrakuta control extended from the Himalayas in the north to Ceylon in the south and from the eastern sea to the western sea (Reu 1933, p83, p84)</ref>

This enmity with the northern Kalachuris of Tripuri proved fatal to the empire towards the end of his rule. Krishna III was also perhaps reckless in giving large ''fiefs'' (land grants) to his commanders. He gave the province of Tardavadi (present day [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura district]]) sometime before 965 to [[Tailapa II]] his Chalukya feudatory right in the heart of his empire. This later turned out to be to the Rashtrakutas' undoing.

== Religion ==
Krishna III is described as Jain by faith according to historian P.B. Desai. Their inscriptions begin by specifying the temple or religious institution to which the grant or donation is being made, rather than invoking a single deity.<ref>Kamath (2001), p.91</ref><ref>Chopra et al. (1993), p.91</ref><ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref> Krishna III continued the Rashtrakuta dynasty’s longstanding and well-documented tradition of strong Jain patronage. Under the patronage of Krishna III, [[Kannada]] Jain Poet [[Ponna (poet)|Ponna]] composed works such as [[Shantinatha|"Shantinatha Purana"]], "Jinaksharamale", and "Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya". Known for his Jain texts and command over both [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]],<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 20–22.</ref> Ponna was honoured by Krishna III with the title "Ubhaya-Kavi-Chakravarti" (Emperor among poets)<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). pp. 20–22.</ref> in recognition of his rich poetic imagery and mastery of literary style.<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). pp. 20–22.</ref> And Numerous inscriptions and land grants from Rashtrakuta rulers show sustained support for Jain [[monks]], temples, and scholars across the Deccan, a policy begun by earlier kings like Amoghavarsha I. Krishna III maintained this inclusive approach, encouraging Jain religious institutions within his empire.<ref>Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref><ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
* {{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}
* {{cite book |last= Sarma|first= I.K. |author-link=I. K. Sarma |title= Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka|orig-year=1992|year=1992|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Krishna Narain |last=Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm  History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Amoghavarsha III]] |
title= King of the [[Rashtrakuta]] dynasty |
years= 939–967 |
after= [[Khottiga Amoghavarsha]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:967 deaths]]
[[Category:Jain monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta emperors]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Jainism in Karnataka]]

Manoj Bakshi

2026-02-03T12:43:07Z

WaldoOakes4: refined information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian Actor( Born 1965)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoj Bakshi
| image =
| caption = a film seen still
| alt = Manoj Bakshi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|10|13}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1980–present
}}

'''Manoj Bakshi''' is an Indian actor who acts in films, television and theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan gave me recognition: Manoj Bakshi |url=https://thepatriot.in/show-reel/bajrangi-bhaijaan-gave-me-recognition-manoj-bakshi-55397/amp |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=thepatriot.in}}</ref> He is famous for his roles in ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015),<ref name="Bajrangi Bhaijaan">{{cite news |title=Mr India Manhunt 2017 : Delhi boy Gaurang Arora bags title |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/news-mr-india-manhunt-2017-title-delhi-boy-gaurang-arora-bags-title-409688 |access-date=27 February 2020 |publisher=India Tv News |date=1 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bareilly students visit the sets of a crime show, learn about different aspects of TV industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/bareilly-students-visit-the-sets-of-a-crime-show-learn-about-different-aspects-of-tv-industry/articleshow/59189576.cms |access-date=27 February 2020 |publisher=Times Of India |date=17 June 2017}}</ref> ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' (2011), ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012), ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]'' (2013), ''[[Junooniyat]]'' (2016), ''[[Madaari]]'' (2016) and ''Hamari Paltan'' (2018). He has also worked in the film ''Dear Vs Bear'' and many more with Haryanvi actor [[Uttar Kumar]] and Rahul Music Channel.<ref name="Give me any role">{{cite news |title=Give me any role: Manoj Bakshi - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Give-me-any-role-Manoj-Bakshi/articleshow/7539453.cms |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shooting for ''Doordarshan'' the film was ''a nice ride of nostalgia'' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/shooting-for-doordarshan-the-film-was-a-nice-ride-of-nostalgia/1746353 |access-date=27 February 2020 |issue=27 February 2020 |publisher=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rakul Preet's brother Aman Preet, to make B'wood debut with Ram Rajya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/feb/26/rakul-preets-brother-aman-preet-to-make-bwood-debut-with-ram-rajya-2108941.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bakshi is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=D’Cruz |first1=Caroline |date=22 February 2011 |title=Give me any role: Manoj Bakshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/give-me-any-role-manoj-bakshi/articleshow/7539453.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref> He began his career as a theatre artist in 1980. He has worked in plays in [[Uttar Pradesh]] for 18 years. Bakshi has performed key roles in many plays such as ''Mahabhoj, Chandramukhi, Jis Lahore Nai Vekhya O Jamyai Nai, Curfew, Muawze, Til Ka Taad, Dil Ki Dukaan, Kath Ki Gadi, Baby, Yaaddasht Mubarak, Heroine No.1, Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga, Samaryatra, Is Dard Ki Dawa Kahaan'' and more.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Films |first1=Adharshila |title=Adharshila Films: Manoj Bakshi |journal=Adharshila Films |date=28 May 2011 |url=http://adharshilafilms.blogspot.com/2011/05/manoj-bakshi.html?m=1}}</ref>

==Career==

The Pakistani policeman's role in the superhit movie ''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'' with Salman Khan brought him a new identity in the Bollywood industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=बजरंगी भाईजान केपाकिस्तानी पुलिस अफसर का कालका से लगाव |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/chandigarh-bollywood-actor-manoj-bakshi-reached-kalka-17836931.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=Dainik Jagran |publisher=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Bakshi has worked with seasoned actors like Govinda, Rishi Kapoor, Neetu Singh, Ranbir Kapoor and all the Khans.

He also appeared in the movie ''[[Panipat]]'' as a very controversial character, [[Maharaja Surajmal]]. It was a short role of ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan, India. In the film, Maratha warrior Sadashiv Rao Bhau (a character played by [[Arjun Kapoor]]) asks Surajmal for help to defeat the [[Afghans]], but he demands the [[Agra Fort]] in return. As his demand remained unfulfilled, he refused to help Sadashiv.<ref>{{cite news |title=पानीपत फिल्म में राजा सूरजमल की भूमिका पर क्यों नाराज हैं जाट |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/why-jats-protest-against-panipat-film-over-protrayal-of-bharatpur-king-maharaja-surajmal-dlva-2677924.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=News18 India |date=1 January 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds in Rajasthan protest over 'wrong facts' in 'Panipat' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/08/hundreds-in-rajasthan-protest-over-wrong-facts-in-panipat-2073273.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kya Kehna]]''|| Principal of Madhuban||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!]]'' || Dr. Handa associate ||
|-
| 2010|| ''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]'' || Dada Popley ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' || Father ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Hair Is Falling]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'' || Lawyer || <ref name="Give me any role" />
|-
| 2011 || ''Hum Do Bhagode'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ab Hoga Dharna Unlimited]]'' || Kantelel||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Hate Story]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Miss Lovely]]'' || Heera ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' || Mr. Kapoor ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Jolly LLB]]'' || Cop Mukesh ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Dreamz: The Movie'' || Sheikh ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kajarya]]'' || Gourav Bhatnagar - Police Inspector ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Khwaabb!'' || Baldev SIngh||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Unfreedom]]'' || Prithu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Dear Vs Bear'' || Anne Father ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mumbai Delhi Mumbai]]'' || Old Sardarji||
|-
| 2014 || ''The Lost Salesman of Delhi'' || Bhatiaa ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Hum Hai Teen Khurafaati (हम हैं तीन खुराफाती)]]'' ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' || Qureshi (Pakistani Police man) || <ref name="Bajrangi Bhaijaan" />
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Mukhtiar Chadha]]'' || Mr. Sharma ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]'' || Kareena Kapoor Khan's Father ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Happy Bhaag Jayegi'' ||Zia Rehmani||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Junooniyat]]''|| Yash's Father||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Madaari]]'' || Govind Bakshi ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Hamari Paltan]]'' || || <ref name="Hamari Paltan">{{cite news |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=First look of the film Hamari Paltan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-film-hamari-paltan/ |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=26 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''When Obama Loved Osama'' || || <ref>{{cite news |title=When Obama Loved Osama Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/when-obama-loved-osama/movieshow/63478903.cms |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''San 84 Justice'' || Janardan || <ref>{{cite news |title=Lights, camera and heavy action on the sets of 'San'84 Justice' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/lights-camera-and-heavy-action-on-the-sets-of-[[san84-justice]]/articleshow/70103363.cms |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'' || [[Surajmal]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=#BoycottPanipat trends as Rajasthan locals protest depiction of Jat ruler |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/12/08/boycottpanipat-trends-as-rajasthan-locals-protest-depiction-of-jat-ruler.html |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020 ||''[[Doordarshan (film)|Doordarshan]]''|| Hindi Teacher ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Doordarshan - A Beautiful and Praise Worthy Debut Production |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/doordarshan---a-beautiful-and-praise-worthy-debut-production/22647221 |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=mid-day |date=28 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020 ||''[[Kaamyaab]]''|| 80s Villain || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=Sanjay Mishra Shines in ‘Kaamyaab’: A Tribute to Bollywood’s Unsung Heroes - YPBB News |url=https://www.ypbbnews.com/entertainment/movie/sanjay-mishra-shines-in-kaamyaab-a-tribute-to-bollywoods-unsung-heroes/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Atithi Kab Aoge Shhamshan]]
|Mahaprabhu
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atithi Kab Aoge Shhamshan (2020) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/atithi-kab-aoge-shhamshan-43181/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226191703/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/atithi-kab-aoge-shhamshan-43181/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Mehroom'' {{dagger}}||||
|-
|2021 ||''[[Ek Nashebaaz]]'' {{dagger}}|| drug dealer in rehab ||
|-
|2022
|''[[10 Nahi 40]]''
|-
|2022
|''[[Ramrajya (2022 film)|Ramrajya]]'' {{dagger}}|| Cercle officer ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 नहीं 40 - आधिकारिक ट्रेलर {{!}} डॉ. जे.एस रंधावा |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/hindi/videos/10-nahi-40-official-trailer-dr-j-s-randhawa-224568/ |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2023
|''Pyar Ki Policy''
|Judge
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meerut: "प्यार की पॉलिसी" की शूटिंग का हुआ शुभारंभ, मेरठ के कलाकार भी निभाएंगे मुख्य किरदार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/meerut-the-shooting-of-pyaar-ki-policy-begins-the-actors-of-meerut-are-also-involved |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Gadar 2]]''
|[[Yahya Khan]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm3438304}}
* {{Instagram|imanojbakshi}}
* {{Facebook|IamManojBakshi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakshi, Manoj}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]

Hindu mythological wars

2026-01-25T21:37:51Z

WaldoOakes4: updated details

{{Short description|Conflicts of the Hindu Mythos}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Disputed|date=June 2021}}
}}{{Hinduism small}}[[File:Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|375px|The Battle of Kurukshetra, fought between the [[Kaurava]]s and the [[Pandava]]s, recorded in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.]]
'''Hindu mythological wars''' are the [[war]]s described in the [[Hindu texts]] of ancient [[India]]. These wars depicted both mortals of great prowess as well as [[Hindu deities|deities]] and [[List of legendary creatures in Hindu mythology|supernatural beings]], often wielding [[Astra (weapon)|supernatural weapons]] of great power. Hindu teachings prescribe war as the final option, to be employed only after all peaceful methods are exhausted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia From Antiquity to the Present |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01736-8|pages=28, 29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ}}</ref> Participation in righteous war, or ''[[Dharma-yuddha|dharmayuddha]]'', was said to be honourable and was a principal duty of the ''Kshatriya'' or the warrior [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], and victory in such wars was regarded as a matter of honour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia From Antiquity to the Present |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01736-8|pages=29, 30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==In Vedic literature==

===Indra and Vritra===
The central battle in the ''Vedas'' is between [[Indra]] and [[Vritra]], and the defeat of the demon Vritra leads to the liberation of rivers, cattle and ''[[Ushas]]'' ([[dawn]]/light).

=== The Kshatriya class ===
{{Main|Kshatriya}}

====War sacrifices====
*''[[Ashvamedha]]'': The famous horse-sacrifice was conducted by allowing a [[horse]] to roam freely for a slated period of time, with the king performing the sacrifice laying claim to all the lands it touched. The king whose authority is contested must prove himself in battle or accept the imperial supremacy of the challenging king. When the horse returns safely after the period of time, the main sacrifice is performed, and the king, if successful in obtaining dominance over other kings, is crowned ''Emperor of the World''. The ''Ashwamedha'' allows the opportunity to maintain peace if the kings do not choose to contest the sacrificial horse.
*''[[Rajasuya]]'': Considered the ultimate sacrifice, the king performing the sacrifice must openly challenge every king in the world to accept his supremacy or defeat him in battle. If and when the king returns successfully, having beaten all other known rulers, the performance of the sacrifice will send him to the abode of [[Indra]] after death.
*''Vishvajit Yagna'': a sacrifice performed by [[Brahmin]]s after a king had won a war.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Bombay Quarterly|title=A History of Hinduism|date=1852|volume=2|pages=192–195}}</ref>

== In Puranic literature ==

===The Devasura War===
The perennial battle between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and [[asura]]s is undertaken over the dominion of the three worlds: [[Svarga]], [[Bhūmi|Bhumi]], and [[Patala]], ([[Heaven]], [[Earth]], and the [[underworld]]). Both races are technically equal, possessors of great religious and martial powers, but the devas are committed to the worship of the Supreme Being and the practice of [[virtue]]. The asuras have atheistic and devious tendencies that grow over time. The divide is the greatest in the [[Kali Yuga]], the final age.<ref name="Yukteswar">[[The Holy Science]], by Jnanavatar Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri, Yogoda Sat-Sanga Society of India, 1949</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2020|reason=Yukteswar does not follow traditional Hindu texts such as the Puranas. He theorized a new Yuga Cycle in the introduction of his book, which isn't widely accepted and doesn't have Kali Yuga as a final age.}}

=== Twelve Battles ===
In the ''Varaha kalpa'', twelve battles between the devas and the asuras are described in the [[Brahmanda Purana]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-06-21 |title=Praise of the Lord: Conclusion [Chapter 72] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brahmanda-purana/d/doc362930.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

# [[Narasimha]] and [[Hiranyakashipu]]
# [[Vamana]] and [[Mahabali]]
# [[Varaha]] and [[Hiranyaksha]]
# [[Samudra Manthana]]: The churning of the ocean
# [[Tarakamaya War]]: [[Chandra|Soma]] and [[Brihaspati]]
# Adibaka: According to the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2013-05-15 |title=On the description of the battle between Ādi and Baka after the discourse on Śunahśepha [Chapter 13] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57238.html |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> the king [[Harishchandra]] promised before to [[Varuna]] that he would celebrate for his propitiation the great Naramedha sacrifice, when he would offer his own son as a victim to be immolated to cure himself of his disease. When he had second thoughts, the guru [[Vasishtha|Vashishta]] suggested that he sacrifice a Brahmin boy instead, and the king acquired a boy called Sunasepha for the deed. [[Vishvamitra]] urged him to release the innocent child, and when the king refused, taught him a mantram of Varuna, which often invoked, freed him. Vashishta cursed Vishvamitra to be born in his next birth as a ''baka'' (crane), and the latter cursed the former to take birth as an ''adi'' (myna). The crane Visvamitra built its nest on the top of a tree on the [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasarovara]] lake and began to live there. Vashistha, too, assumed the form of an adi bird, and built his nest on the top of another tree and lived there. Thus the two rishis spent their days in full enmity towards each other. These two birds used to shriek so terribly loud that they became a nuisance to all, and they fought daily with each other. [[Brahma]] then freed them from these curses, and the gurus returned to their ashrams.
# [[Tripura (mythology)|Traipura]]: [[Tripurasura]] and [[Shiva]]
# [[Andhaka]]ra: [[Andhaka]] and Shiva
# Dhvaja: In the battle called Dhvaja, the danava [[Viprachitti|Vipracitti]], described as the "terror of the celestials", adept in the art of [[Maya (religion)|maya]] and a being who threatened the three worlds, was killed by [[Indra]] after penetrating a hundred thousand ''dhvajas'' (banners).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-04-01 |title=Section XCV [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc375244.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Vritra|Varta]]: The asura Vritra and [[Indra]]
# Halahala: According to the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]], the Halahalas were a sect of asuras who were the first creation of the [[Trimurti]]s, when they also possessed the power of creation. The Halahalas, who became very powerful within a short period of time, earned from [[Brahma]] all the boons they wanted, and they then conquered the three worlds. At last, they barricaded [[Mount Kailash|Kailasa]] and [[Vaikuntha]] as well, so [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] defeated them after a fierce fight lasting for a thousand years. The deities returned to their abodes and spoke about their achievements. Their wives laughed at the bravado of their husbands. At this Vishnu got angry with [[Lakshmi]] and Shiva with [[Parvati]], and in protest the Devis left their husbands. From that day onwards, Vishnu and Shiva began losing their power. [[Brahma]], who divined the reason for the growing weakness of Vishnu and Shiva persuaded [[Lakshmi]] and [[Parvati]] to return to their rightful places and support their husbands. Yet, Brahma told them that in future he alone would handle the work of creation. Thus were Vishnu and Shiva divested of their right to creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-01-29 |title=Halahala, Halāhala, Hālāhala, Halahalā, Hālahala: 22 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/halahala#purana |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
# Kolahala: According to the [[Padma Purana]], Kolahala was a famous asura. In the battle between the devas and the asuras carried on by [[Kartikeya|Subrahmanya]], this asura confronted [[Malyavan]] and was killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-14 |title=Kolahala, Kolāhala: 21 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kolahala#purana |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

===War sacrifices conducted===
*''[[Ashvamedha]]'': [[King Sagara]] performed it for 99 times successfully. If a King performs it 100 times, he becomes eligible to obtain throne of King of Heaven. Sagara also performed this 100th time but it failed because of Indra's evil plot.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp096.htm#page_378 Sons of Sagara] [[Vishnu Purana]] translated by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]], 1840, Book IV, Chapter IV. '''p. 378''' the gods repaired to the Muni '''Kapil'''a, who was a portion of Vishńu, free from fault, and endowed with all true wisdom. Having approached him with respect, they said, "O lord, what will become of the world, if these sons of Sagara are permitted to go on in the evil ways which they have learned from Asamanja! Do thou, then, assume a visible form, for the protection of the afflicted universe." "Be satisfied," replied the sage, "in a brief time the sons of Sagara shall be all destroyed."</ref>

==Vyuha: Cohorts of battle==
*''[[Chakravyuha|Chakra Vyuha]]'' or the "Wheel Formation": A winding, ever-rotating circular formation; considered impenetrable in the ''Mahabharata'' by all warriors except for [[Krishna]], [[Arjuna]], [[Drona]], [[Parashurama]], [[Pradyumna]], and [[Abhimanyu]]. [[Abhimanyu]] had learnt how to break into the formation (in the womb of [[Subhadra]]) but not how to break out of it and is trapped inside during the ''Mahabharata'' war.
*''[[Padmavyuha|Padma Vyuha]]'' or the "lotus formation" : A tricky formation in which the army is arranged in the form of lotus petals. Once a warrior enters it, it is very difficult to escape.
*''Krauncha Vyuha'': The crane-shaped formation of an army; forces are distributed to form spanning wing-sides, with a formidable penetrating centre, depicting the crane's head and beak.
*''Sarpa Vyuha'': Winding Snake Formation
*''Makara Vyuha'': [[Crocodile]] Formation
*''Sakata Vyuha'': Cart Formation
*''Shukar Vyuha'': [[Pig]] Formation
*''Vajra Vyuha'': [[Diamond]] formation, the toughest and most difficult after ''Chakravyuha''.
*''Kurma Vyuha'': [[Turtle]] formation
*''Garuda Vyuha'': [[Eagle]] formation
*''Suchi Vyuha'': [[Sewing needle|Needle]] formation
*''Simha Vyuha'': [[Lion]] formation

==Pralaya: The end of the world==
*The end of the world is prophesied to happen at the end of the ''[[Kali Yuga]] - the final stage of the world, and the last of the four stages''. [[Kalki]], the final Avatar of [[Vishnu]] is also prophesied to appear the end of the ''Kali Yuga'', to wage the final battle between good and evil bringing end of the world and start of new world.<ref>[http://ww-iii.tripod.com/hindu.htm Hindu Prophecies: Translations from the Kalki Purana]</ref>
*[[Shiva]] [[Nataraja]], the Destroyer, kills the paramount demon of Ego and performs the ''Tandava Nritya'' (''The Dance of Tandava'') on his back, ending with the destruction of the universe performing Rudra Tandava.
* In [[Shaktism]], the mystical dance by Goddess Kali (the terrifying form of [[Parvathi|Parvati]], Shiva's consort), that is, dark energy for destroying all forms of matter, materials, beings, and illusions, which are absorbed within herself i.e. the Supreme [[Brahman]].

==The Ramayana==
{{Main|Ramayana}}
[[File:Wat phra keaw ramayana fresco.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The epic story of ''Ramayana'' was adopted by several cultures across [[Asia]]. Shown here is a Thai historic artwork depicting the battle which took place between Rama and Ravana.]]

*[[Vishvamitra]]: He was the preceptor of [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]], a powerful [[tapasvin|tapasvi]] and [[Brahmarishi]].<ref>The Vinaya Pitaka's section Anguttara Nikaya: Panchaka Nipata, P. 44 The legends and theories of the Buddhists, compared with history and science by Robert Spence Hardy</ref> He bestows the knowledge of all divine weaponry to Rama and Lakshmana, leads them to kill powerful demons, and instructs them in religion and military arts.
*[[Rama]]: He was 7th Avatar of Lord [[Vishnu]]. Rama was an extremely powerful warrior and had knowledge of usage of many celestial astras. Rama single-handedly slayed the 14,000 demon hordes of [[Khara (Ramayana)|Khara]] (in one hour, in the ''Ramayana''), the demons [[Maricha]] and [[Subahu]], Ravana's chief commander [[Prahasta]] and is responsible for the ultimate killing of [[Ravana]] himself.
*[[Lakshmana]]: He was also very powerful like his brother. He was incarnation of Anantha-Seshanag. He slayed extremely powerful demons including [[Atikaya]] and [[Indrajit]].
*[[Hanuman]]: He was son of Kesari and Anjana. He was one of the [[Rudras]] of Shiva. He was first trained by Sun god [[Surya]] and later Shiva himself mentored him. Later he became [[Vanara]] minister of [[Sugriva]]. He is the greatest devotee of [[Rama]], famous for his unerring service, absolute loyalty and great feats of courage. Hanuman is responsible for killing many demons, as well as burning the city of Lanka. His strength is given by his father [[Vayu]], and by virtue of the boons bestowed on him by various Gods, no astra and weapon could harm him. He can transform into any size and shape as he desired. He was also well expert in using celestial astras. He also possessed Mohini astra, Rudra astra etc.
*[[Ravana]]: blessed by his fearsome 10,000 year [[tapasya]] to be the most powerful being on earth, invulnerable to every God, demon and living being, save man. Although an expert on the [[Vedas]], a great king, and a great devotee of [[Shiva]], he is the emperor of evil due to his patronage of demons, murder of kings and humiliation of the Gods headed by Indra.
*[[Indrajit]]a: He was the first-born son of mighty [[Ravana]]. Originally his name was Meghanada. He was master of illusion war techniques. He became the possessor of several supreme celestial weapons. He defeated [[Indra]] and arrested him. Then Brahma appeared and asked him to free Indra. Meghanada did as Brahma directed and was then granted boon : he would never be killed in any battle, until his Yagna (fire-worship) of his native goddess Nikumbala was disturbed and destroyed. On the completion of the Yagna, a supreme celestial chariot would appear, boarding which, Indrajit would become unkilled in any battle. But Brahma also cautioned him that whosoever would destroy this yagna, would also kill him. He was killed by [[Lakshmana]].
*[[Kumbhakarna]]: the gigantic brother of Ravana was a fearsome demon who sleeps for six months at a stretch, rising for only one day and then returning to his slumber. Kumbhakarna could slay hundreds of warriors by the sweep of his hand or step of his foot. He was killed by Rama in the war.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KRxHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 Pot-Ear's Awakening]. From the Ramayana, as translated by [[Arthur W. Ryder]]</ref>
*[[Prahasta]]: the chief commander of Lanka's army who was killed on the 1st day of the war of Rama and Ravana.
*[[Atikaya]]: the second son of Ravana, who had an indestructible armor given to him by [[Brahma]] that can only be pierce by the Brahmastra. Both Atikaya and his cousin [[Trishira]] were the reincarnations of [[Madhu and Kaitabha]], who were defeated by [[Mahavishnu]].
*[[Akshayakumara]]: the youngest son of Ravana who died, fighting Hanuman in Ashok Vatika.
*[[Shatrughna]]: Youngest son of King Dasharatha, youngest brother of Rama. He killed Lavana, son of Madhu and Kumbhini (a sister of Ravana) and became the King of Mathura.
*[[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]: Younger brother of Rama, elder to Lakshmana and Shatrugna. He along with his maternal uncle Yudhajit, conquered [[Gandhara]] and created his kingdom of Takshasila and Pushkalavati by defeating Gandharvas and inhabiting that kingdom.
*[[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]: Son of Vanara king Vriksharaja, spiritual son of King of Gods- Indra. Vali was invincible in Treta Yuga. Vali defeated some of the greatest warriors like [[Ravana]]. Vali was blessed with the ability to obtain half the strength of his opponent before which he already had strength of 70,000 elephants. Hence, [[Rama]] killed Vali by hiding behind the trees.

Atirathis:
* [[Akampana]]
* Kampana
* [[Devantaka]]
* [[Narantaka-Devantaka|Narantaka]]
* [[Akshayakumara]]
* [[Ahiravan|Ahiravana]]
* Kumbha
* Nikumbha
* [[List of characters in Ramayana|All younger sons of Ravana]]

Maharathis:
* [[Lakshmana]]
* [[Ravana]]
* [[Kumbhakarna]]
* [[Atikaya]]
* [[Jambavan]]
* [[Sugriva]]
* [[Angada]]
* [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
* [[Shatrughna]]
* [[Vali (Ramayana)]]

Atimaharathis:
* [[Rama]]
* [[Indrajita]]
* [[Hanuman]]

=== War sacrifices conducted ===

* ''[[Ashvamedha]]'': [[Rama]] performed the Ashvamedha successfully.

==The Mahabharata==
{{Main|Kurukshetra War}}
{{More footnotes needed|section|date=June 2020}}
*''Kuru Army'': 11 ''[[Akshauhini]]s'' is formed by the kingdom of [[Hastinapura]] in alliance with races like the Samshaptakas, Trigartas, the Narayana army, the [[Sindhu]] army and Madra.
**''Commanders in Chief'': [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Karna]], [[Ashwathama]], [[Shalya]], [[Shakuni]], [[Duryodhana]], [[Bhagadatta]], [[Kripa]], [[Srutayudha]] and [[Kritavarma]]
**''Rathis'': [[Duryodhana]] (8 Rathi), Somadatta, [[Sudakshin]]a, [[Shakuni]], Jayadratha, [[Dussasana]], [[Vikarna]], 97 [[Kauravas]], Duryodhana's son Lakshmana and Dussasana's son Durjaya were Rathi warriors.
**''Atirathis'': [[Kritavarma]], [[Kripacharya]], [[Shalya]], [[Bhurisravas]], [[Brihadbala]], [[Susharma]].
**''Maharathis'': [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Ashwathama]], [[Bhagadatta]], [[Karna]]
*Pandava Army: is a coalition of 7 ''[[Akshauhini]]s'', primarily the [[Panchala]] and [[Matsya]] forces, the [[Rakshasa]] forces of Bhima's son, and Vrishni-Yadava heroes.
**''Commander in Chief'': [[Dhristadyumna]]
**''Rathis'': [[Uttamaujas]], [[Shikhandi]], [[Yuyutsu]], Uttar and Draupadeyas
**''Atirathis'': [[Yudhishthira]], [[Nakula]], [[Sahadeva]], [[Kuntibhoja]], [[Ghatotkacha]],
**''Maharathis'': [[Arjuna]], [[Satyaki]], [[Bhima]], [[Drupada]], [[Abhimanyu]], [[Dhristadyumna]]
*[[Abhimanyu]]: Abhimanyu is a warrior from the Mahabharata who is known for entering the Chakravyuha on the 14th day of battle but was killed because he didn’t know how to come out of the Chakravyuha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sacred Texts: Section XLV|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07044.htm}}</ref>
*[[Ashwatthama]]: the son of [[Drona]], one of the seven [[chiranjivi|Chiranjeevi]]s . He is a great warrior. [[Aswatthama|Ashwathama]] and [[Kripa]] are considered to be the lone survivors still living who actually fought in the Kurukshetra war. Ashwathama was born with a gem in his forehead which gives him power over all living beings lower than humans. This gem is supposed to protect him from attacks by ghosts, demons, poisonous insects, snakes, animals etc.
*[[Arjuna]]: He was the son of [[Indra]] and [[Kunti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Mahabharata_Mausala_Parva_Chapter_8 |title=Mahabharata Mausala Parva Chapter 8 - Krishnakosh |access-date=2021-07-01 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711050458/https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Mahabharata_Mausala_Parva_Chapter_8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He performed incredible feats like defeating Gods in Khandavaprastha, defeating and capturing Gandharva King Chitrasena after killing 1 million Gandharvas and also killing asuras including Nivatakavachas, etc.
*[[Bhima]]: The 2nd most physically strong character in the ''Mahabharata'' after [[Hanuman]]. Bhima had phenomenal personal strength, he is also known for killing many powerful kings and demons like Jarasandha, Kirmira, Bakasura, Hidimba, Jatasura, Kichaka, and wrestler Jimut, he was an unsurpassed master of the [[Gada (mace)|mace]] weapon and a consummate wrestler. He slayed all the one hundred Kuru brothers including the chief antagonist of the epic, [[Duryodhana]].
*[[Duryodhana]]: He was a skilled warrior with mace in the Mahabharata war. The only men who could beat him in a mace fight was Bhima, and Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna.
*[[Dussasana]]: Younger brother of Duryodhana who assaulted Draupadi in the Game of Dice. He was known to be an aggressive warrior but was brutally slain by Bhima on 16th day of Kurukshetra war.
*[[Bhishma]]: the most consummate warrior trained by [[Parashurama]], Bhishma was indestructible by any warrior (except Arjuna and Lord Krishna) when he lifts his weapons. Having countered all the kings of the earth, he is the Commander in Chief of the Kuru Army.
*[[Drona]]: the [[guru]] of the Kauravas and Pandavas, Drona is a great master of Vedic military arts and almost every celestial weapon. He is invulnerable to any attack (except to Arjuna, Karna, Bhisma, Krishna and Balarama) till he holds a weapon of any sort. He also has great religious knowledge and wisdom. He becomes the second Kuru commander.
*[[Karna]]: the son of [[Surya]] and first born of [[Kunti]] who shunned him due to her being the mother of the [[Pandavas]]. Karna was the disciple of Lord Parashurama and he learnt the knowledge of Brahmastra from him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01190.htm |title = The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Swayamvara Parva: Section CLXXXIX}}</ref>
*[[Nakula|Nakul]]a: the fourth brother of the Pandavas. It is said that he was the most handsome man in the world. He was an expert in the art of sword warfare. He was also greatly associated with horses. During the Kurukshetra war, he was the one who killed most of the offspring of all the Kauravas.
*[[Sahadeva]]: the fifth brother of the Pandavas. He was an expert in the art of axe warfare. He was also greatly associated with sheep, insects. During the Kurukshetra war, he killed [[Shakuni]].

===Levels of warrior excellence according to Bhishma in the Mahabharata===

Before war, Bhishma mistreated Karna by calling him Artha-rathi because he despised Karna's antagonistic nature towards the Pandavas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section CXXIV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06124.htm |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07037.htm |title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Abhimanyu-badha Parva: Section XXXVII}}</ref>

====Atimaharathis in the enitre Mahabharata====

According to [[Bhishma]], there are only two atimaharathis in the entire [[Mahabharata]]:

*[[Parashurama]]
*[[Krishna]]

Both of whom are avatars of Lord Vishnu.

=== Deities mentioned ===

*[[Shukra]]: the [[Preceptor]] of the [[Asura]]s, their [[high priest]] and guru, worshiper of the Supreme Lord, but remains supportive of the Asuras.<ref>Subramaniam, Kamala (2007). "Adi Parva". The ''Mahabharata''. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan [[India]]. {{ISBN|81-7276-405-7}}.</ref>
*[[Vritra]]: the Asura son of Savitr deva. Deva Savitr who performs a sacrifice to obtain a son who is capable to be ruler of the three worlds.<ref>Ganguli, Kisari (1883-96, reprinted 1975). The [[Mahabharata]]. {{ISBN|0-89684-429-3}}.</ref>

=== War sacrifices conducted ===

* ''[[Ashvamedha]]'': In the [[Mahabharata]], [[Arjuna|Yudhishthir]] performed this yagna and all 4 pandhava completed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digivijaya of Arjuna|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/m14085.htm}}</ref>
* ''[[Rajasuya]]'': It was performed by king [[Duryodhana]] in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epic. 5 Pandavas had conquered whole world for the sake of Yudhisthira.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04054.htm |title = The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Go-harana Parva: Section LIV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Jarasandhta-badha Parva: Section XXIX|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02029.htm|access-date=2018-01-17|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> It was also performed by King Yudhishthira and the four pandavas and defeated all the kings except bhagdatta, guhyakas, and north harivarsha.
*Vaishnava Yagna: Only [[Karna]] performed this Yagya after lord Rama. Karna conquered the entire world on a single chariot, he annexed all the kingdoms, sub-kingdoms and all major portions of Indian subcontinent. Thus he performed Vaishnava Yagya at Hastinapur under Vyasa and other Brahmins blessings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Ghosha-yatra Parva: Section CCLI |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03251.htm |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

==Major deities==
[[File:Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg|thumb|A painting of Vishnu]]

===Vishnu===
{{Main|Vishnu}}

[[Vishnu]], the preserver deity, is considered to be the [[Brahman|Ultimate Reality]] in the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. He is the spouse of [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of prosperity. In the [[Puranas]], he periodically takes birth as an [[avatar]] upon the earth. Vishnu has 10 avatars: [[Matsya]], [[Kurma]], [[Varaha]], [[Narasimha]], [[Vamana]], [[Parshurama|Parashurama]], [[Rama]], [[Balarama]] or [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], [[Krishna]], and [[Kalki]]. Vishnu is also said to have total of 36 forms other than these ten incarnations, including [[Mohini]], [[Nara-Narayana]], [[Arjuna]], [[Dattatreya]], [[Dhanvantari]], [[Hayagriva]], and several others. In battle, the avatars of Vishnu are aided by a variety of ''[[Astra (weapon)|astra]],'' or celestial weapons. The mantra employed to invoke him is [[Om Namo Narayanaya]]. His two most popular human avatars, Rama and Krishna, possess many celestial weapons. Krishna also employed a few of these weapons in the Mahabharata. These include:

*''[[Kaumodaki]]'': The divine [[Gada (mace)|mace]]; Krishna slays the demon [[Dantavakra]] with it.
*''[[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Kodanda]]'': Also called Sharanga, it is a celestial bow wielded by Parashurama, Rama, and Krishna.
*''[[Nandaka]]'': The sword of Vishnu that is also wielded by his avatar of Krishna.
*''[[Narayanastra]]'': Narayanastra is one of the most powerful astras in the universe. The personal missile weapon of Vishnu in his [[Narayana]] form, this ''astra'' lets loose a powerful tirade of millions of deadly missiles simultaneously. The intensity of the shower increases with resistance. The only solution is enacting submission before the missile; only then will it cease. The Narayanastra was first used by Rama in the ''Ramayana''. Then, thousands of years later, this astra was again used by [[Ashwatthama]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]] against the [[Pandava]] army. Apart from Rama, only Ashwatthama possessed this weapon.
*''[[Parashu]]'': The axe of [[Parashurama]], the sixth avatar of [[Vishnu]]. This axe was presented to him by Shiva.
*''Sharkha'': The bow of [[Krishna]], 8th avatar of [[Vishnu]].
*''[[Sudarshana Chakra]]'': The divine, spinning disc with sharp outer spears, one of the four attributes of Vishnu. The Sudarshana Chakra flies at the command of Krishna, spinning away to tear off the heads of his opponents, or to perform any function desired by Vishnu. It is most famously used by [[Krishna]] in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.
*''[[Vaishnavastra]]'': Vaishnavastra is one of the most powerful astras along with the Narayanastra. The personal missile weapon of [[Krishna]], once fired it cannot be thwarted, save by the will of [[Vishnu]] himself.

===Shiva===
{{Main|Shiva}}
[[File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA.jpg|thumb|250px|11th-century statue of Shiva as Nataraja, the lord of the dance]]
Shiva, the destroyer deity, is the [[Brahman|Ultimate Reality]] in [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] tradition. He is the spouse of [[Parvati]], the goddess of power. He is represented by his forms, Mahakala and Bhairava. Shiva is often pictured holding the [[damaru]]ka, an hourglass-shaped drum, along with his [[trishula]], a [[trident]]-staff. The [[mantra]] to invoke him is ''[[Om Namah Shivaya]]''.<ref>Elizabeth Gilbert (2007). Eat, Pray, Love, p. 133.</ref> Shiva is also considered as the ''Mahadeva'', the great god. He is often worshipped in his phallic representation, the [[lingam]].

Assigned with the task of destroying all of the universe at the end of time, Shiva is one of the most fearsome warriors as well as the revered yogis in Hindu tradition. [[Tandava]] is the dance of this destroyer deity, which he performs over the body of a demon. Shiva employs his power to kill the [[Asura]] Tripura, destroying the flying three cities of Tripura. In battle, Shiva and his ''amshas'' (spirits) deploy formidable weapons controlled by him. Some of these are:

*''Arrow of Shiva'': It can destroy creation. Returns to the quiver after being used.
*''[[Chandrahas]]'': Sword of [[Ravana]] granted by [[Shiva]] as a boon.
*''Ekasha Gada'': The mace of [[Shiva]]. A blow from the weapon is the equivalent of being hit by a million elephants.
*''Girish'': A special sword of [[Shiva]] with unique characteristics.
*''Jayantha Vel'': A spear which contains the power of the third eye of [[Shiva]].
*''[[Khaṭvāṅga]]'': In Hinduism, the god [[Shiva]] - [[Rudra]] carried the khatvāṅga as a staff weapon and are thus referred to as ''khatvāṅgīs''.
*''Maheshwara Chakra'': The chakra of [[Shiva]].
*''[[Parashu]]'': The axe of [[Shiva]] given to [[Parashurama]] ''(the sixth avatar of [[Vishnu]])''.
* ''[[Pashupatastra]]'': An irresistible and the most destructive personal weapon of [[Shiva]], discharged by the mind, the eyes, words, or a bow. This is the most devastating weapon in the universe. Sage-King [[Vishwamitra]], and [[Arjuna]] are only other persons who possessed this weapon.
* ''[[Shiva Dhanush|Pinaka]]'': The celestial bow of Shiva.''(Shiva's bow)'': A bow given by [[Shiva]] to [[Janaka]] and was broken by [[Rama]] during [[Sita]]'s [[swayamvara]]
* ''Vijaya Dhanush'':''[[Vijaya (bow)]]'': A bow given by [[Shiva]] to [[Parasurama]] to kill Kshatriyas
*''Shiva Kaakam'': An unconquerable weapon of [[Shiva]].
*''Shiva Parham'': A long noose ''(of Shiva)'' from which even the gods can't escape from.
*''Shiva Vajra'': A vajra that is as powerful as [[Vajra|Indra's Vajra]].
*''Teen Baan'': [[Shiva]] gave [[Barbarika]] three infallible arrows ''(Teen Baan)''. A single arrow was enough to destroy all opponents in any war, and it would then return to [[Barbarika]]'s quiver.
*''[[Trishul (weapon)|Trishula]]'' (Trident): The trident of [[Shiva]].
[[File:Ravi Varma-Lakshmi.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi, among the most popular manifestations of Shakti]]

===Shakti===
{{Main|Devi}}
Shakti is the supreme goddess in [[Shaktism]], the goddess-centric sect of Hinduism. Both a supreme being and an energy that is considered to be the source of all works of creation, preservation and destruction, [[Adi Parashakti]] is held by [[Shaktism|Shaktas]] to be the source of the [[Trimurti]], the [[universe]] and all of [[:wikt:creaton|creation]]. She is regarded to have assumed many incarnations to fight with demons, including [[Parvati]], wife of Shiva, [[Lakshmi]], wife of Vishnu,<ref>Wilkins pp.240-1</ref> the complete avatar of Shakti herself, according to the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Gita]] and Durga Saptashati, the main scriptures for Shakti worshipers. As the goddess Parvati, she is considered to be the most powerful of all deities.<ref name="shaktisadhana.org">{{cite web |title=Worship of Devi, the Goddess, the Divine Feminine! |url=http://www.shaktisadhana.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021122134607/http://www.shaktisadhana.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 22, 2002 |access-date=March 23, 2015 }}</ref>

Sometimes, the gods worship [[Parvati]], who came before them in different ''avatars'':
* [[Durga]], who killed the demon [[Mahishasura]]
* [[Kali]], the most ferocious form of the Goddess, who can not be pacified by anyone after war.
* [[Chandi]], the gentle manifestation of Durga or Kali, who killed Mahishasura in the battle of Alkapuri.
* Kanyakumari, who killed Banasura
* [[Chamunda]], who killed Chanda and Munda
* [[Kaushiki]], who killed Shumbha and Nishumbha
* [[Minakshi]], who defeated all the demigods and destroyed the arrogance of all demigods.

Shakti is usually depicted as having the weapons of all the gods, including those of the [[Trimurti]]. She holds the [[trishula]] of Shiva, the c''hakra'' of Vishnu, the ''Vajra'' of Indra, and the ''gada'' of Yama.

==Celestial weapons==
An ''[[Astra (weapon)|astra]]'' is a powerful celestial weapon or missile that is to be hurled at an enemy. Generally astra is in form of an arrow. Astras can be invoked using incantations (mantras). Different astras have different power. A ''[[Shastra]]'' is a personal weapon like swords, bows, spades, axes, spears and maces which must be constantly operated by a warrior.

*''[[Brahmastra]]'': Embedded with the mystical force of [[Brahma]], this weapon releases millions of missiles, great fires and a destructive potential capable of extinguishing all creation, if not used by and aimed only at a celestial fighter. It was used multiple times in the ''Ramayana'', Indrajit used it against Hanuman, Lakshmana asked permission to use it against Indrajit, which Rama declined, Lakshmana used it to kill Atikaya, Rama used it as final arrow to kill Ravana. In the epic the ''Mahabharata'', it is said that the weapon manifest with the single head of Brahma as its tip. In the ''Mahabharata'' era Parashurama, Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Kripa, Ashwatthama, Arjuna, Yudhishtira, Satyaki and many other Maharathis also possessed the knowledge to invoke this missile.
*''[[Brahmashirsha astra]]'': A weapon capable of greater destruction than the ''Brahmastra''. "It blazes up with terrible flames within a huge sphere of fire. Numerous peals of thunder were heard, thousands of meteors fell and all living creatures became terrified with great dread. The entire sky seemed to be filled with noise and assumed a terrible aspect with flames of fire. The whole earth with her mountains and waters and trees trembled." When it strikes an area it will cause complete destruction and nothing will ever grow, not even a blade of grass for the next 12 years. It will not rain for 12 years in that area and everything including metal and earth becomes poisoned.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10012.htm www.sacred-texts.com]</ref>
*''[[Brahmanda astra]]'': This is the most powerful weapon of Brahma. It was first used by sage Vashishtha against Vishwamitra's (who was King Vishwarath at that time) Brahmashirsha, as only Brahmanda astra can stop Brahmashirsha astra, it was also used by sage Piplad against [[Shani]] to avenge his father's death.<ref name="Bala Khanda Sarga 56">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiadivine.org/content/topic/1093926-bala-kanda-sarga-56/ | title=Brahmadhanda astra | access-date=May 19, 2016}}</ref> Karna, Bhisma and Drona were the only warriors in the Mahabharata who possessed the knowledge of this weapon.
*''[[Pashupatastra]]'': In Hinduism, the Pashupatastra is considered to be the most devastating weapon, as it is the weapon of the consort of Mahadeva, i.e. Mahakali. Mahadeva literally means "Highest of all gods" and Mahakali means "Goddess who is beyond time". This weapon was granted to [[Arjuna]] by Shiva. It is the most destructive and foreboding weapon. It was first used by Shiva for the destruction of tripura. It is capable of destroying the entire multiverse. In the ''Ramayana'', [[Vishvamitra]] possessed this mighty weapon. In the ''Mahabharata'', only Arjuna possessed this weapon.
*''[[Narayanastra]]'': Invincible and painful, this ''astra'' is unconquerable except by total submission, this astra was used by Krishna against Shiva when Shiva was fighting on behalf of the evil Banasura, when Shiva charged his personal Pashupatastra on Krishna, Krishna used this to make Shiva fall asleep, allowing him to move past him and cut off Banasura's arms, but at the request of Shiva, he does not kill Banasura.
*''[[Vaishnavastra]]'': One of the most powerful astras, this cannot be stopped by anyone except its creator, [[Vishnu]]. The Vaishnavastra is the most powerful astra in the universe along with the Narayanastra. The personal missile weapon of [[Krishna]], once fired, it cannot be thwarted by any means, save by the will of [[Vishnu]] Himself. Rama and Krishna possessed this weapon.
*''Nagastra'': The snake weapon used by Indrajit against Rama and Lakshmana, used by [[Karna]] against Arjuna.
*''Nagapasham'': is the celestial weapon equal to "Nagastra".
*''Garudastra'':The eagle weapon to counter against the ''Nagastra''.
*''[[Anjalikastra]]'': The personal weapon of [[Indra]]. This is the astra used by [[Arjuna]] to killed [[Karna]] in the Mahabharata war.
*''Ramabanam (Ramastra)'': Created by Ram, and was used to kill the Ravana in Ramayana. It cannot be countered by any weapon and could not be stopped by anyone except Rama.
*''[[Bhargavastra]]'': Created by Parashurama, he gave it to his disciple [[Karna]].It was used by Karna in the kurukshetra war.This weapon killed 1 akshoni of the Pandava army and was considered unstoppable by any means. In mahabharata only [[parashurama]] and [[Karna]] possessed knowledge of this weapon.
*''Parvatastra'': one of the most dangerous weapon, once it used mountains from sky fall in to the earth.
*''Vasavi Shakti'': The magical dart weapon of [[Indra]], unfailing at executing its target. Indra granted it to [[Karna]] during the [[Mahabharata#The battle at Kurukshetra|Kurukshetra war]], in Mahabharata it was used by Karna to kill Ghatotkacha.
*''[[Vajra]]'': The thunderbolt weapon of [[Indra]], who is the God of thunder and lightning, akin to [[Zeus]] and [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]].<ref>Sarat Chandra Das (1902), A Tibetan-English dictionary with Sanskrit synonyms, Bengal Secretariat Book Depôt</ref> In, the Rigveda, it is stated that it was fashioned by Tvashtar.<ref>[[Rigveda 1.32]], translated by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]]</ref> In the Puranas, the vajra stated to be made from the bones of sage [[Dadhichi]]. In all versions, it was used by Indra to slay serpent called Vritra. In the ''Mahabharata'', Indra gave the Vajra to his son Arjuna. Apart from Indra, only [[Arjuna]] possessed it.
*''Agneyastra'': The fire weapon, created by [[Agni]], god of fire
*''[[Varunastra]]'': The water weapon, created by [[Varuna]], god of the oceans
*''Vayavastra'': The wind weapon, created by [[Vayu]]
*''Samvarta'': Weapon belonging to [[Yama]] used by [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] to annihilate thirty million Gandharvas in a moment, tearing them to pieces.
*''Sammohanastra'': Would cause entire hosts/armies to collapse in a trance. It was used in the ''Mahabharata'' by Arjuna the entire army of Hastinapur.
*''Twashtastra'': When used against a group of opponents (such as an army), would cause them to mistake each other for enemies and fight each other.
*''[[Suryastra]]'': Create a dazzling light that would dispel any darkness about and dry up water bodies. Arjuna had this weapon and used against Shakuni on 12th day of war.
*''Sabda-vedi astra'': This weapon prevents an opponent from turning invisible. Used by Arjuna against the Gandharva king Chitrasena.
*''Gandharvastra'': Created by Gandharva King Chitrasena. He gave it to Arjuna.
*''Mayastra'': Dispel any form of maya or sorcery in the vicinity. It was possessed by [[Arjuna]].
*''Manavastra'': Created by [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], it could overcome supernatural protections and carry the target hundreds of miles away. Can inspire humane traits in an evil being. This weapon was used by Rama on Maricha. On the 14th day of Kurukshetra war, Arjuna invoked this weapon. But, before he could release it from his bow, Karna broke the arrow. Arjuna couldn't reinvoke it as it would have led to his own death.
*''Bhaumastra'': Created by Goddess Bhumi Devi, the weapon could create tunnels deep into the earth and summon jewels.
*''Indrastra'': Created by the God Indra, it would bring about a 'shower' of arrows from the sky.

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:War in mythology]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology|Wars]]

P. K. Sekar Babu

2026-01-12T11:53:01Z

WaldoOakes4: enhance section additionally and corrected details per sources

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = P. K. Sekar Babu
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|order =
|office = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|minister = [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department|Minister of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments]]
|termstart = 7 May 2021
|term_end =
|termstart1 = 19 May 2016
|term_end1 =
|termstart2 = 13 May 2001
|term_end2 = 13 May 2011
|1blankname = Chief Minister
|1namedata = [[Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin]]
|constituency1 = [[Harbour (state assembly constituency)|Harbour]]
|constituency2 = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| predecessor = [[Sevvoor S. Ramachandran]]
| successor =
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Pala. Karuppiah]]
| predecessor2 =[[S. P. Sarguna Pandian]]
| successor2 =[[P. Vetrivel]]
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] from AIADMK
|alma_mater =
|residence = 7, Chellappa Street, Otteri, [[Chennai]] - 600012.

|office1 = [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|Member of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]]
|spouse = S. Santhi
|children = P. S. Vignesh P. S. Jeya Kalyani P. S. Jeyasimhan

|occupation =
}}

'''P. K. Sekar Babu''' is an Indian politician and Minister of [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Second cabinet reshuffle in T.N. {{!}} Changes made to portfolios and subjects of 10 Ministers">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=|title=Second cabinet reshuffle in T.N. {{!}} Changes made to portfolios and subjects of 10 Ministers|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/changes-made-to-portfolios-and-subjects-of-10-ministers/article66263365.ece|accessdate=7 January 2024|date=14 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107174353/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/changes-made-to-portfolios-and-subjects-of-10-ministers/article66263365.ece|archivedate=7 January 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref> Currently, he is elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Harbour (state assembly constituency)|Harbour]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2016 and [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2021]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055841/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC018.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC018.pdf|access-date= 16 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Harbour Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a018|access-date= 16 May 2022}}</ref> elections.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf 2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> He won his first two elections in 2001 and 2006 from [[R. K. Nagar|R K Nagar constituency]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] candidate.

== Political career ==
He joined Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam from [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in January 2011.<ref>
[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sekar-Babu-meets-CM-joins-DMK/articleshow/7388216.cms Sekar Babu meets CM, joins DMK]</ref> However, he lost the 2011 election that took place shortly thereafter in April.

=== 2016 and 2021 state assembly elections ===
In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], Sekar Babu contested on behalf of the DMK and won the election, he polled 42,071 votes and defeated his rival AIADMK candidate KS Srinivasan by a margin of 4,836 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=முகிலன்|first=பா|title=பி.கே.சேகர்பாபு: சட்டசபை தேர்தல்... ஒரு பார்வை! #TNelections2021|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/pk-sekar-babu-a-short-analysis-of-tamilnadu-elections-2021|access-date=15 June 2021|website=vikatan.com|language=ta}}</ref>

=== As a Minister ===
In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], he won from Harbour constituency polling 59,317 votes, giving a winning margin of 27274 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sekar Babu P K Election Results 2021: News, Votes, Results of Tamil-nadu Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/sekar-babu-p-k-22018-4|access-date=15 June 2021|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

Sekar Babu in May 2021, said that the ruling DMK will work for North Indian residents in the state even if they did not vote for the party over the years. He claimed that even though the North Indians grew rich because of the ruling [[Dravidian parties]] and yet they still voted for the BJP. He also said that his party sees the North Indians, as people from Tamil Nadu and one among them.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=DMK will continue to work for North Indians even if they did not vote for us, says TN minister|url=https://scroll.in/latest/995911/dmk-will-continue-to-work-for-north-indians-even-if-they-did-not-vote-for-us-says-tn-minister|access-date=15 June 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

Sekar Babu toured around the state taking action to reclaim the occupied temple land around Tamil Nadu. He reclaimed the illegally occupied land by a [[Hindu Mahasabha]] leader in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newstm.in/tamilnadu/the-leader-of-the-hindu-mahasabha-who-occupied-the-temple/cid4299769.htm|title = கோவில் நிலத்தை ஆக்கிரமித்த இந்து மகாசபை தலைவர்... அதிரடி காட்டிய அமைச்சர் !!|date = 26 July 2021}}</ref>

Under his ministerial leadership, non-Brahmin priests were appointed to temples managed by HRCE by Chief minister M. K. Stalin.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DMK government appoints trained aspirants of all castes as priests in temples|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dmk-government-appoints-trained-aspirants-of-all-castes-as-priests-in-temples/articleshow/85328699.cms|access-date=2021-08-15}}</ref> Sekar Babu said it was Periyar's dream, that persons of all castes should become priests at temples, and it was former Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] who had made it a reality.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-15|title=Archakas of all castes get appointed|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archakas-of-all-castes-get-appointed/article35920132.ece|access-date=2021-08-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sekar Babu on October highlights of 2021 broke bread with a Narikuruva woman in the same temple feast she complained of being chased away from when staff at Sthalasaina Temple allegedly instructed her to leave, and later collect leftover food.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/10/30063312/1326546/Sekar-babu-breaks-caste-taboo-in-temple-feast.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104013720/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/10/30063312/1326546/Sekar-babu-breaks-caste-taboo-in-temple-feast.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2021|title = Sekar babu breaks caste taboo in temple feast|date = 30 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/120664/Following-the-allegations--Minister-Sekar-Babu-ate-food-along-with-the-victims|title="அன்னதானம் எல்லோருக்கும் பொதுவானது" - நரிக்குறவர்களுடன் இணைந்து சாப்பிட்ட அமைச்சர்}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Harbour Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Harbour Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Harbour Assembly constituency|2016}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|2011}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|2006}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|2001}}}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekar Babu, P. K.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Madhurani Gokhale

2026-01-02T06:06:22Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhurani Gokhale-Prabhulkar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Madhurani Gokhale
| birth_date = 2 March<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Happy Birthday Madhurani Gokhale : Lesser- known facts about the Aai Kuthe Kay Karte actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/happy-birthday-madhurani-gokhale--lesser-known-facts-about-the-aai-kuthe-kay-karte-actress/photostory/89942942.cms |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bhusawal]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Pramod Prabhulkar|2003}}
| known_for = ''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]''
| children = Swarali Prabhulkar (daughter)
}}

'''Madhurani Gokhale-Prabhulkar''' ([[née]] '''Gokhale'''; born 2 March) is an Indian actress, singer and Music composer. She known for her performance in [[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=आपल्याला दुसरी बाजू माहीत नाही तर त्यावर बोलताच का? मधुराणी गोखले|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/if-we-do-not-know-other-side-of-the-story-then-it-is-better-to-keep-quite-says-madhurani-gokhale/articleshow/78764476.cms|access-date=2021-01-19|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='आई कुठे काय करते!'च्या सेटवर घडलं काय?|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-special-chat-with-arundhati-deshmukh-on-aai-kuthe-kaay-karte-serial-728544|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
She started her career at the age of 16 and won the Purushottam Award for her own scripted play. She started her own film production course. She showed off her skills as a singer in the celebrity show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'' and got a film ''Sundar Maze Ghar''. She made her first breakthrough from ''Indradhanushya'' series on [[Zee Marathi]]. In 2004, she produced the film ''God Gupit''. She also acted in ''Tumcha Aamcha Same Asta''. In 2004, she did a supporting role in ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]]''. Currently, she is playing a lead role in ''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhurani Gokhale Prabhulkar gets nostalgic as she shares her school memories; says, "I'm proud to be a part of this frame" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/madhurani-gokhale-prabhulkar-gets-nostalgic-as-she-shares-a-major-throwback-picture-from-her-school-says-im-proud-to-be-a-part-of-this-frame/articleshow/78513843.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2000
|''Lekru''
|Madhavi
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2004
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]]''
| VJ Candy
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2006
|''Namdar Mukhyamantri Ganpya Gawde''
|TV Host
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2009
|''Sundar Maze Ghar''
|Gauri
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2010
|''Mani Mangalsutra''
|Gauri
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2016
|''Jithun Padlya Gathi''
|Ashwini Barve
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2018
|''Bhabhipedia''
|Mrs. Banerjee
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Arohan (film)|Arohan]]''
|Aditi
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
| 2003
| ''Indradhanushya''
| Shraddha
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2007
| ''Yanda Kartavya Aahe''
| rowspan = "2" | Host
|-
| ''Hich Mazi Maitrin''
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''
| Contestant
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Asambhav (TV series)|Asambhav]]''
| Poonam Shastri
|-
| 2012-2014
| ''Ambat Goad''
|
|-
| 2019–2024
| ''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]''
| Arundhati Kelkar<ref>{{Cite web|title='आई कुठे काय करते!' मालिकेत होणार अनिरुद्ध-अरुंधतीचा विवाह सोहळा|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/aai-kuthe-kay-karte-marathi-serial-wedding-of-aniruddha-and-arundhati/photoshow/78105108.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]]''
| Contestant
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm9176910}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Madhurani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]

Pune–Hazur Sahib Nanded Superfast Express

2025-12-31T08:11:26Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{Short description|Indian express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Pune Hazur Sahib Nanded Superfast Express
| image = [[File:Nanded Pune express departing from Jalna.jpg|200px|Hazur Sahib Nanded-Pune express departing from Jalna]]
| caption = 17630 Hazur Sahib Nanded-Pune express with LGD WAG-9 departing from Jalna
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = 2 July 2002 until Pune Jn
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}
| stops = 11
| end = {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|661|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 12 hours
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General]]
| seating =
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 17629 / 17630
| speed = {{convert|140|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Pune-Hazur Sahib Nanded Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}} and {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} in India.

==Background==

This train was inaugurated on 2 July 2002 from Hazur Sahib Nanded, flagged off by [[Nitish Kumar]] former minister of Railways, and was also included on the 2002 rail budget.<ref>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2002-03.pdf Rail Budget 2002-03], Retrieved 17 June 2019</ref>

==Service==

This train operates daily and covers a distance of 661 km with an average speed of 55 km/h with a total track cover time of approximately 12 hours.<ref>[https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=7220&id=0,5,268 South Central railways], Retrieved 17 June 2019</ref>

==Routes==

This train passes through {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Ahilyanagar}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar}},
{{stnlnk|Jalna}},
{{stnlnk|Partur}},
{{stnlnk|Purna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Parbhani Junction}} on both sides.

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, a [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] of electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda pulls the train to its destination on both sides.

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1155 12729 Pune–Nanded Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/hazur-sahib-nanded-pune-sf-express-via-manmad-12730/1284/1676/76 12730 Nanded–Pune Express] India Rail Info

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune-Nanded Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Transport in Nanded]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

Mylara Lingeshwara Temple

2025-12-18T12:50:12Z

WaldoOakes4: new new location!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Mylara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mylara
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name = Mailara
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14|48|29|N|75|41|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vijayanagara]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hoovina Hadagali]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Bellary]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KA 34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Hadagali, Vijayanagara
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

'''Mylara Lingeshwara Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to a form of the Hindu god [[Shiva]] in Mylara, in the southwest of [[Hoovina Hadagali]] taluk, Vijayanagara district, Karnataka, India, 2 km from the [[Tungabhadra River]].
{{stack
|[[File:Mylara 3.jpg|thumb|The temple in 2008]]
[[File:Mylara 1.jpg|thumb|The temple in 2008]]
}}

==References==
{{commons category|Mylara Lingeshwara Temple}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mylara Lingeshwara Temple At Mylara}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Vijayanagara district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]

Shiu Sagar Road railway station

2025-11-05T17:12:13Z

WaldoOakes4: created a stub v1...

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shiu Sagar Road
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = State Highway 67, Shiv Sagar Road, [[Rohtas district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|00|01|N|83|53|45|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|98|m|ft}}
| line = [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 4
| tracks =
| entrances =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1906
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1961–63
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SSG
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Shiu Sagar Road railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Kumahu|right=Khurmabad|type=Mughalsarai–Dhanbad section}}
}}
'''Shiu Sagar Road railway station''' is a railway station situated on the [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]] under [[East Central Railway zone]]. It is located beside State Highway 67, Shiv Sagar Road in [[Rohtas district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiu Sagar Road Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/shiu-sagar-road-ssg/4380 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] started connecting Delhi and Howrah from the mid nineteenth century. In 1862, the railway tracks crossed Mughalsarai and reached the western bank of the [[Yamuna]]. The through link to Delhi was established in 1866.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - IR History - Early Days |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Mughalsarai–Howrah sector was electrified in 1961–63.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]]

Ganda (Chandela dynasty)

2025-10-19T13:34:55Z

WaldoOakes4: put up a entry...

{{Short description|Chandela king from 999 to 1002}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ganda
| succession = [[Chandela]] king
| reign = c. 999–1002
| predecessor = [[Dhanga]]
| successor = [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]]
| dynasty = [[Chandela]]
}}

'''Ganda''' ([[IAST]]: Gaṇḍa) was an early 11th century king of the [[Chandela]] dynasty of India. He ruled in the Jejakabhukti region ([[Bundelkhand]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]). The exact period of his reign is uncertain, but has been dated approximately as 999-1002 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}

== Sources of information ==

No inscriptions issued by Ganda are available, but his name (as Ganda-deva) appears in the following inscriptions issued by his successors:{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=70}}

* [[Mahoba]] stone inscription composed of [[Paramardideva]]
* [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] stone inscription of [[Madanavarman]]
* [[Ajaigarh|Ajaygadh]] rock inscription of [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]]
* Ajaygadh rock inscription issued during the reign of [[Bhojavarman]]

The information about Ganda in these inscriptions is not of much historical value.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=71-72}} They mostly contain [[eulogy|eulogistic]] descriptions, such as calling him invincible, or stating that he had "the sole lordship of the earth".{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=71}}

== Career ==

Ganda succeeded [[Dhanga]] as the Chandela king.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=71}} An analysis of the information available about Ganda's successor [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] suggests that Ganda managed to maintain the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72}} According to the Mau stone inscription, Dhanga's chief minister Prabhasa retained the position during the reign of his successor Ganda. The Ajaygadh inscriptions suggest that a [[Kayastha]] named Jajuka was another important official of Ganda.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=71}}

Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the end of Ganda's rule to 1015 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadhara's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadhara was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, S. K. Sullerey dates the end of Ganda's rule to 1002 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>

Some earlier historians believed that Ganda ruled until at least 1018 CE. R. K. Dikshit identified Dhanga with the king of [[Kalanjara]] who contributed contingents to the Hindu confederacy that was defeated by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] at [[Peshawar]] in 1008 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} In 1018 CE, Mahmud of Ghazni invaded [[Kannauj]], whose king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvid army to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the later Muslim historians such as [[Firishta]] (16th century), Nanda, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for his cowardice. Some [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified "Nanda" as a misspelling of Ganda. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] (12th century), a Muslim historian earlier than Firishta, named the king of Khajuraho as "Bida", a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Ganda's successor [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]]). The later Muslim historians must have misread this as "Nanda". Moreover, an inscription discovered at Mahoba states that Vidyadhara defeated the ruler of Kannauj. Based on this, it can be inferred that Ganda's reign ended sometime before 1018 CE, when his successor defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |first=R. K. |last=Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |first=Sisirkumar |last=Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |first=Sushil Kumar |last=Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Team Gonasika

2025-10-08T07:29:06Z

WaldoOakes4: created first article initial version

{{Short description|Vizag based field hockey franchise team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox field hockey club
| clubname = Team Gonasika
| image = Team Gonasika.png
| caption =
| fullname = Team Gonasika
| nickname =
| short name =
| league = [[Hockey India League]]
| founded = [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024]]
| dissolved = 2025
| color = {{color box|#87CEFA}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}} {{color box|#00008B}}
| ground = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| capacity =
| captain = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]
| coach = {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Paul Revington]]
| director =
| owner = Tarini Prasad Mohanty <ref> {{cite web|url=https://interviewtimes.net/tarini-prasad-mohanty-from-mining-magnate-to-hockey-champion-leading-odishas-legacy-with-team-gonasika/ |title=Tarini Prasad Mohanty: From Mining Leader to Hockey Champion, Empowering Odisha's Legacy |date=15 October 2024 }} </ref>
| ceo =
| chairman =
| manager =
| members =
| winners =
| runnerup =
| website =
| kit_alt1 =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 00008B
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = 00008B
| shorts1 = 87CEFA
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| kit_alt2 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
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| pattern_sh3 =
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| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
}}
'''Team Gonasika''' was a [[field hockey]] franchise based in [[Visakhapatnam]] that competed in the [[Hockey India League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-10-13 |title=Team Gonasika (Visakhapatnam) squad, Hockey India League 2024-25: Full list of players after auction, remaining purse |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/team-gonasika-squad-hockey-india-league-2024-auction-men-players-bought-full-list-purse-remaining/article68748501.ece |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> [[Paul Revington]] was the head coach of the team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=Hockey Paper |date=2024-11-01 |title=Paul Revington to coach Hockey India League franchise |url=https://www.thehockeypaper.co.uk/articles/2024/11/01/paul-revington-to-coach-hockey-india-league-franchise |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=The Hockey Paper |language=en-GB}}</ref> The team dissolved after competing in one season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Saikat |date=2025-08-31 |title=HIL 2026: Team Gonasika, Odisha Warriors pull out of men’s and women’s tournaments |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/hockey-india-league-2026-team-gonasika-odisha-warriors-pull-out-news/article69996102.ece |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #00008B; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #00008B; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
!style="background: #00008B; color:#FFFFFF"|Signed
!style="background: #00008B; color:#FFFFFF"|Salary
|-
! colspan=4|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Ollie Payne]]
| {{GBR}}
| 2024
| ₹15 lakhs
|-
| [[Suraj Karkera]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹22 lakhs
|-
| [[Kamalbir Singh]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹2 lakhs
|-
! colspan=4|Defenders
|-
| [[Birendra Lakra]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹10 lakhs
|-
| [[Amir Ali (field hockey)|Amir Ali]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹34 lakhs
|-
| [[Nilam Sanjeep Xess]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹17 lakhs
|-
| [[Yogember Rawat]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹11 lakhs
|-
| [[Tim Howard (field hockey)|Timothy Howard]]
| {{AUS}}
| 2024
| ₹20 lakhs
|-
| [[Dipsan Tirkey]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹6.6 lakhs
|-
| [[Anmol Ekka]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹9.2 lakhs
|-
! colspan=4|Midfielders
|-
| [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹42 lakhs
|-
| [[Vishnukant Singh]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹20 lakhs
|-
| [[Jack Waller (field hockey)|Jack Waller]]
| {{GBR}}
| 2024
| ₹10 lakhs
|-
| [[Lee Morton]]
| {{GBR}}
| 2024
| ₹10 lakhs
|-
| [[Jacob Draper]]
| {{GBR}}
| 2024
| ₹5 lakhs
|-
| [[Timothée Clément]]
| {{FRA}}
| 2024
| ₹7.2 lakhs
|-
! colspan=4|Forwards
|-
| [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹25 lakhs
|-
| [[Araijeet Singh Hundal]]
| {{IND}}
| 2024
| ₹42 lakhs
|-
| [[Struan Walker]]
| {{GBR}}
| 2024
| ₹21 lakhs
|-
| [[Victor Charlet]]
| {{FRA}}
| 2024
| ₹26 lakhs
|}

==Performance record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Season
!rowspan=2|Standing
!rowspan=2|Result
!rowspan=2|Matches
!rowspan=2|Won
!rowspan=2|Draw
!rowspan=2|Lost
!colspan=2|Shootout
|-
!W
!L
|-
!{{nowrap|[[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]]}}
|7/8
|7th
|10
|3
|2
|5
|1
|1
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hockey India League}}

[[Category:Hockey India League teams]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in India]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs established in 2024]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Andhra Pradesh]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttara Kannada district

2025-09-16T13:02:28Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
The following structures in [[Uttara Kannada]] district have been designated as [[Monuments of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_dharwad.asp |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka (Dharwad Circle) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India |accessdate=15 October 2016 }}</ref>

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

== List of monuments ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-KA|Circle=Dharwad}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D262
| description = Inscriptions in Markandesvara temple
| location = Bailur
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.13063
| lon = 74.48972
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D263
| description = Carved bed-stead of stone in a small chamber in the south side of compound of Madhukesvara temple
| location = [[Banavasi]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.53516
| lon = 75.01687
| image = Carved bed-stoad of stone.jpg
|commonscat=Banavasi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D264
| description = Madhukesvara temple
| location = [[Banavasi]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.53526
| lon = 75.0173
| image = Madhukeshwara_Temple.JPG
|commonscat=Madhukesvara Temple, Banavasi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D265
| description = Inscriptions in Madhukesvara temple
| location = [[Banavasi]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.53513
| lon = 75.01732
| image = Banavasi Mahadevi Inscription2.png
|commonscat=Banavasi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D266
| description = Stones (Veeragals)
| location = Bedakani
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.33109
| lon = 74.84041
| image = GOVERNMENT MUSEUM KITTUR 20.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D267
| description = Adike Narayana Devasthan including Virupaksha devasthana
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.9838
| lon = 74.56355
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D268
| description = Jettappa Naikana Chandranathesvara Basti
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.98694
| lon = 74.55545
| image = Jettappa_Naikana_Chandranathesvara_Basti_glowing_in_the_evening_sun.jpg
|commonscat=Jettappa Naikana Chandranathesvara Basti
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D269
| description = Joshi Shankaranarayana Devasthana
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.98361
| lon = 74.56272
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D270
| description = Ketpai Narayana Devasthana
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.98361
| lon = 74.56245
| image = Ketapai Narayana temple, Bhatkal, Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=Ketapai Narayana temple Bhatkal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D271
| description = Lakar Kamati Narayana Devasthana
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.98676
| lon = 74.56351
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D272
| description = Narasimha Devasthana
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.98341
| lon = 74.56564
| image =Ancient Laxmi Narasimha temple , Bhatkal.jpg
|commonscat=Laxmi Narasimha temple Bhatkal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D273
| description = Parsvanatha Basti
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.98397
| lon = 74.55582
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D274
| description = Raghunatha Devasthana
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.98867
| lon = 74.55685
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D275
| description = Shantappa Naik Tirumala Devasthana
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.98342
| lon = 74.56427
| image = Santappa Nayak Tirumala temple, Bhatkal Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=Santappa Nayak Tirumala temple Bhatkal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D276
| description = Three European graves
| location = [[Bhatkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 13.9838
| lon = 74.54744
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D277
| description = Inscriptions
| location = Bilagi
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.3609
| lon = 74.79158
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D278
| description = Ratnatraya Basti
| location = Bilagi
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.36078
| lon = 74.79165
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D279
| description = Siva temple on the east of the river
| location = Bilagi
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.36359
| lon = 74.78699
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D280
| description = Virupaksha temple
| location = Bilagi
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.35708
| lon = 74.79279
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D281
| description = Virabhadra temple, inscriptions and ancient site
| location = Gudhapur
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D282
| description = Chandranatha Basti
| location = Hadavalli
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.03062
| lon = 74.63212
| image = Entrance_of_Chandranatha_Basti.jpg
|commonscat=Chandranatha Basti
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D283
| description = Carved stones near the temple of the Gramadeva
| location = Hosur
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.34025
| lon = 74.88305
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D284
| description = Figure of a Tiger opposite the English school
| location = [[Kumta]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.42299
| lon = 74.41733
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D285
| description = Tombs on the right side of the Manku-Kumta road
| location = [[Kumta]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D286
| description = Mirjan Fort
| location = Mirjan
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.48934
| lon = 74.41756
| image = Mirjan fort(16).jpg
|commonscat=Mirjan Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D287
| description = [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa]]
| location = Nagarbastikere [[Gerusoppa]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.22872
| lon = 74.66479
| image = Chaturmukha basadi.jpg
|commonscat=Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D288
| description = Inscriptions
| location = Nagarbastikere [[Gerusoppa]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.22901
| lon = 74.66223
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D289
| description = Varhamanaswamy temple
| location = Nagarbastikere [[Gerusoppa]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.22914
| lon = 74.66222
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D290
| description = Virabhadra temple
| location = Nagarbastikere [[Gerusoppa]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.22899
| lon = 74.66268
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D291
| description = Temple of Shiva
| location = Somasagar
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.55927
| lon = 74.80609
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D292
| description = King's seat
| location = [[Sonda, Karnataka|Sonda]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.7374
| lon = 74.81405
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D293
| description = Temple close to King's seat
| location = [[Sonda, Karnataka|Sonda]]
| address =
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| lat = 14.7368
| lon = 74.81399
| image =
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bangalore circle]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Belgaum district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bidar district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bijapur district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Dharwad district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gulbarga district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Raichur district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]] for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{Commons category|Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka}}
{{reflist}}
{{Monuments in India}}
[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka|Karnataka, Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttara Kannada district]]

Vypin

2025-08-20T15:46:27Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{Short description|Suburban Island in Kochi}}
{{Coord|9.974|N|76.244|E|display=title|region:IN-KL_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vypin
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Island
| image_skyline = Kochi LNG Terminal DSW.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sunset at LNG Terminal in Vypin
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =Vypin Block Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vypin''' ({{IPA|ml|ʋɐi̯pːin|IPA}}, [[Cochin Portuguese Creole|Cochin Portuguese]]: '''Isla Santa''') is one of the group of islands that form part of the city of [[Kochi]], in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Vypin forms a [[barrier island]] which lies between the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west and the [[Kerala backwaters]] (Cochin backwaters) formed by the various [[Distributary|distributaries]] of [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] river, in the east. The northernmost end of the island lies on the estuary of the Periyar river in Muziris (Kodungallur), and the southernmost end in the mouth of the Cochin backwaters in Kalamukku near Fort Vypin.

[[File:Boats in Vyppin.jpg|thumb|220px|Fishing boats from Vypin]]
The island is about {{convert|27|km}} long and is connected to mainland Kochi by a series of bridges known as the [[Goshree bridges]], which start at Kalamukku in Vypin, touch other two islands and then finish at [[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]] covering a total distance of around {{cvt|3|km|spell=in}}. Vypin is 58th most densely populated islands in the world. [[Narakkal|Njarakkal]] is one of the most densely populated locations within Vypin.

==Development==
At far the northern tip of Vypin, is home to the Munambam Fishing Harbour, the largest fishing harbour in Kochi. Puthuvype has become the major industrial hub in Kerala and the fastest growing city suburb due to the SPM project run by [[Kochi Refineries]], an offshore pumping station of Kochi Port, the [[Puthuvypin|Puthuvyp]] [[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]] Terminal, the IOC Bottling Plant and the proposed Oceanarium.

There are ten lighthouses in [[Kerala]], one of which is situated [[Vypin Lighthouse|at Puthuvype Beach]] and is the tallest in Kerala.

India's first international container trans-shipment terminal (ICTT) in the Special Economic Zone at Vallarpadam Island, designed to handle the largest container ships, was opened by then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 11 February 2011.

There are regular boat services from [[Fort Cochin|Fort Kochi]] to Vypin Island. In 2004 a bridge was built by the [[Goshree Islands Development Authority]] (GIDA) to connect Vypin to the mainland. The [[Goshree bridges]] also connect the islands [[Mulavukad]] and [[Vallarpadam]].

Vypin is now a fast-developing suburb of Kochi City. Today, all the basic infrastructure of modern living is available in Vypin. Travellers from North Kerala can use the Vypin–Munambam state highway to reach Ernakulam.

==History==
The island was formed in 1341 following a heavy flood.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==Gram Panchayats of Vypin==
* [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Pallippuram]]
* [[Kuzhuppilly]]
* [[Edavanakad|Edavanakkad]]
* [[Nayarambalam]]
* [[Njarakkal|Njarackal]]
* [[Elamkunnapuzha]]

==Revenue Villages of Vypin==
* [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Pallippuram]]
* [[Kuzhuppilly]]
* [[Edavanakad|Edavanakkad]]
* [[Nayarambalam]]
* [[Njarakkal|Njarackal]]
* [[Elamkunnapuzha]]
* [[Puthuvype]] (part of Elamkunnappuzha panchayat)

===Other Villages ===
* [[Cherai]] (part of Pallippuram panchayat)
* [[Munambam]] (part of Pallippuram panchayat)
* [[Chakkarakadavu]] (part of Pallippuram panchayat)
* [[Ayyamppilly]] (part of Kuzhuppilly panchayat)
* [[Nedungad]] (part of Nayarambalam panchayat)
* [[Perumpilly, Narakkal|Perumpilly]] (part of Narakkal panchayat)
* [[Malippuram]] (part of Elamkunnappuzha panchayat)
* [[Valappu]] (part of Elamkunnappuzha panchayat)
* [[Ochanthuruth]] (part of Elamkunnappuzha panchayat)
* [[Murikumpadam]] (part of Elamkunnappuzha panchayat)
* [[Fort Vypin (Village)|Fort Vypin]] (part of [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]])

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Nedungad2.jpg|Nedungad
File:Puthuvypin.jpg|Cricket at Puthyvypin Beach
File:Kerala Backwaters Sunset.JPG|Vembanad Kayal
File:Cherai Beach.jpg|Cherai Beach
File:Ayakotta.jpg|Pallipuram Fort
File:Veeranpuzha.jpg|Sunrise at Veeranpuzha
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{portal|Islands}}
* [[1982 Vypeen hooch tragedy]]
* [[Mulavukad Grama Panchayat]]
* [[Njarackal]]

== External links ==
{{commons category|Vypin Island}}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Kochi'''
|Northwest = [[Arabian Sea]]
|North = [[Arabian Sea]] and [[Azhikode, Thrissur|Azhikode]]
|Northeast = [[Vembanad Lake]] and [[North Paravur]]
|West = [[Arabian Sea]]
|Centre = Vypin
|East = [[Vembanad Lake]]
|Southwest = [[Arabian Sea]]
|South = [[Arabian Sea]], [[Fort Kochi]], [[Mattancherry]] and [[Mundamveli]]
|Southeast = [[Vembanad Lake]] and [[Ernakulam]]
}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Kochi}}
{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Geography of Kochi]]
[[Category:Islands of Kerala]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kochi]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Gurudongmar (mountain)

2025-06-13T20:04:44Z

WaldoOakes4: new basic entry needs work - done

{{short description|Mountain in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Gurudongmar
| other_name =
| photo = Gurudongmar mountain.jpg
| photo_caption = North aspect Summit to left, west peak to right
| elevation_m = 6715
| elevation_ref =<ref name=peakvisor>{{cite web|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/gurudongmar.html|title=Gurudongmar|website=peakvisor.com|access-date=June 10, 2025}}</ref><ref>Frederic V. Hartemann, ''The Mountain Encyclopedia: An A-Z Compendium of More Than 2,300 Terms, Concepts, Ideas, and People'', Bloomsbury Academic, 2005, {{ISBN|9780810850569}}, p. 248.</ref>
| prominence_m = 495
| prominence_ref=<ref name="pb">{{cite peakbagger|id=-17868|name=Gurudongmar, India|access-date=June 10, 2025}}</ref>
| isolation_km = 5.3
| isolation_ref =<ref name="pb"/>
| parent_peak = [[Khangchengyao]]
| range = [[Himalayas]] [[Dongkya Range]]<ref>[https://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199218700/Asia-IndiaSikkim-Gurudongmar-Dongkya-Range ''Asia, India–Sikkim, Gurudongmar, Dongkya Range''], Kamal K. Guha, 1992, publications.americanalpineclub.org, Retrieved June 10, 2025.</ref>
| location = [[Chungthang subdivision|Chungthang]]
| country = [[India]]
| region_type = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| region = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Mangan district|Mangan]]
| map = India Sikkim#India
| map_caption = Location of Gurudongmar
| label_position = bottom
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Gurudongmar
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.980278|N|88.699225|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =<ref name=peakvisor/>
| first_ascent = 1936
| rock =
}}

'''Gurudongmar''' is a mountain in northern [[India]].

==Description==
Gurudongmar is a {{Convert|6715|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}} glaciated [[double summit]] in the [[Himalayas]]. The lower peak, Gurudongmar West, rises to an elevation of 6,630 metres and is 1.6 km west of the main summit.<ref>''The Alpine Journal, Volume 103, Issue 347'', Alpine Club, 1998, {{ISBN|9780948153570}}, p. 295.</ref> The mountain is situated in the state of [[Sikkim]], {{convert|70.|km|mi}} north of the capital city of [[Gangtok]]. Precipitation runoff from this mountain's slopes drains north into the [[Teesta River]] drainage basin and south into the [[Lachung River]] drainage basin. [[Topographic relief]] is significant as the northeast slope rises 1,165 metres (3,822 ft) in {{convert|1|km|mi|spell=in}}. The first ascent of Gurudongmar was achieved in 1936 by [[Eric Shipton]] and [[Edwin Kempson (mountaineer)|Edwin Kempson]] via the west ridge.<ref name=HJ>[https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/48/21/expeditions-and-notes-48/ ''Gurudongmar''], G. T. Bhutia, The Himalayan Journal, 2025, The Himalayan Club, Retrieved June 10, 2025.</ref> However, the possibility exists that they only climbed Gurudongmar West, having regarded the main summit as an entirely different mountain, which in that case would make the first ascent in 1991 by an Indian team composed of Lakpa, Nima, P. Lakpa, and Sepley from the Sonam Gyatso Institute in Gangtok.<ref>[https://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199727100/Asia-India-Sikkim-Himalaya-Northern-Sikkim-Various-Ascents ''Asia, India, Sikkim Himalaya, Northern Sikkim, Various Ascents''], Lindsay Griffin, 1997, publications.americanalpineclub.org, Retrieved June 10, 2025.</ref> The mountain's name means the "incarnation of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Rimpoche]]" and the mountain is named in association with [[Gurudongmar Lake]] which is {{convert|4|km|mi|spell=in}} to the north.<ref name=HJ/>

==Climate==
Based on the [[Köppen climate classification]], Gurudongmar is located in a [[tundra climate]] zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers.<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal | author = Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson, B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. | year = 2007 | title = Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification | journal = Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume = 11 | issn = 1027-5606}}</ref> Weather systems are forced upwards by the Himalaya mountains ([[orographic lift]]), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. July through September is the monsoon season. The months of April, May and June offer the most favorable weather for viewing or climbing this mountain.<ref>[https://travelerbibles.com/best-time-to-visit-himalayas-india/ ''Best Time to Visit Himalayas India – Peak Adventure Season''], Lindsey Tramuta, May 7, 2025, travelerbibles.com, Retrieved June 10, 2025.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Geology of the Himalayas]]

==Gallery==
<div style="max-width: 500px;">
<gallery mode="slideshow">
File:Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (crop).jpg|Gurudongmar reflected in Gurudongmar Lake
File:Gurudongmar Peak and Gurudongmar West Peak as seen from right bank of Gurudongmar Lake, North Sikkim, India 02.jpg
</gallery>
</div>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gurudongmar}}
* Weather: [https://www.yr.no/en/forecast/daily-table/2-1270614/India/State%20of%20Sikkim/North%20District/Gurudongmar Gurudongmar]

{{Geographic Location 2
| Center = Gurudongmar
| North = [[Gurudongmar Lake]]
| Northeast = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
| East = [[Sanglaphu]]
| Southeast = Lachung River
| South = [[Lachung River]]
| Southwest = [[Chombu]]
| West = [[Khangchengyao]]
| Northwest = [[Teesta River]]
}}
{{Portal bar|Mountains|Geography|Geology}}

[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of India]]
[[Category:Mountains of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Mangan district]]

Divya

2025-06-10T16:07:41Z

WaldoOakes4: put up post...

{{wikt|Divya}}
'''Divya''' may refer to:
*[[Divya (name)]], a Hindu first name meaning "divine"
*[[Athulya Ravi]], born Divya, Indian actress
*''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'', a Gujarati newspaper
*[[Divya Desams]], the Sri Vaishnava shrines glorified by the Alvars
*[[Divya Prabha Eye Hospital]], eye care hospital in Kerala
*''[[Divya Shakti]]'', 1993 Bollywood film
*[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Divya Prabandham]], a collection of 4,000 Tamil Hindu verses
*[[Divya (rural locality)]], a rural locality (a settlement) in Perm Krai, Russia

==See also==
*[[Deyyam (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Geet Dholi

2025-05-27T04:59:09Z

WaldoOakes4:

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Geet Dholizp.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| related = ''[[Jamuna Dhaki]]''
| writer =
| story =
| director = Yash Singh Kaushik
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| voices =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 635
| executive_producer =
| producer = Suman Goel Shalendra Goel
| location =
| cinematography = Purshottam Kumar Dass
| editor = Pushpendra Singh Rajesh Rawat
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Shally Suman Production
| network = [[Zee Punjabi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|8|30}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|2|2}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
}}

'''Geet Dholi''' is an Indian [[Punjabi language]] [[Drama]] television series premiered from 30 August 2021 which aired on [[Zee Punjabi]]. It is produced by Suman Goel and Shalendra Goel of Shally Suman Production and stars Gurpreet Kaur and Anmol Gupta. It is an official remake of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] TV series ''[[Jamuna Dhaki]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Punjabi defines new boundaries of success with their show Geet Dholi|url=https://mirror365.com/zee-punjabi-defines-new-boundaries-of-success-with-their-show-geet-dholi/|access-date=2023-11-16|website=Mirror465}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Punjabi is all set to bring 'Entertainment Da Tyohar'|url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=128523&headline=Zee-Punjabi-is-all-set-to-bring-%E2%80%98Entertainment-Da-Tyohar%E2%80%99|access-date=2021-12-11|website=Babushahi}}</ref>

== Plot ==
This show narrates the story of a girl, Geet, who plays the [[dhol]] following her dad's legacy and make it evident that music has got nothing to do with the gender. Her husband is Malhar who helps her in achieving her dreams.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Gurpreet Kaur as Geet, a [[dhol]]i and Malhar's wife
* Anmol Gupta as Malhar, Geet's husband

=== Recurring ===
* Ajay Prinja as Avtar Krishan
* Pawan Kumar Dhiman as Diamond Mehra, Malhar's uncle
* Tania Mahajan as Ginni
* Racchpal Singh as Surjeet, Geet's father
* Gagandeep Kaur as Jasleen, JK's wife
* Dalbir Singh as JK Mehra, Jasleen's husband
* Manjinder Kaur as Kammo
* Krishna Saini as Lahouran, JK's stepmother
* Gurpreet Singh as Rocky
* Navjinder Kaur as Simone Chaddha
* Vanshika Sharma as Pearl Mehra
* Sahil Vij as Somnath, Competition owner
* Sumesh Awasthi as Jagmohan Bajaj, Akash's father
* Renu Kamboj as Nimrat, Akash's Mother
* Vipan Dhawan as Sukhwant Bajaj, Akash's Tayaji

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original Release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Jamuna Dhaki]]'' যমুনা ঢাকি
|13 July 2020
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|1 July 2022
|Original
|-
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|''Geet Dholi'' ਗੀਤ ਢੋਲੀ
|30 August 2021
|[[Zee Punjabi]]
|2 February 2024
|rowspan="2"|Remake
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Daar Ughad Baye]]'' दार उघड बये
|19 September 2022
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|7 October 2023
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt18305678}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/geet-dholi/0-6-3519 ''Geet Dholi''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Punjabi}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Punjabi original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Ranchi–Chopan Express

2025-05-09T03:07:12Z

WaldoOakes4: put up details.

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Ranchi-Chopan Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|12|17}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Ranchi}} (RNC)
| stops = 19
| end = {{rws|Chopan}} (CPU)
| distance = {{convert|476|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9 hours 40 minutes
| frequency = Tri-weekly {{efn|Runs three days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18613 / 18614
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18613 / 18614 '''Ranchi-Chopan Express ''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Junction]] and [[Chopan railway station|Chopan]] in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 18613/18614 train numbers on tri-weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ramgarh/story/902307.html Rail operation postponed after murder]</ref><ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-MAT-latest-barkakana-news-020007-1504722-NOR.html Inauguration of 4500 horsepower railway engine]</ref><ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/70405-story.html New train between Rajendra Nagar-New Tinsukia starts from 14]</ref>

== Service==

The 18613/Ranchi - Chopan Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 476 km in 10h 5m. The 18614/Chopan - Ranchi Express has an average speed of 42 km/h and covers 476 km in 11h 25m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Ranchi Junction}}
* {{rws|Muri Junction}}
* {{rws|Barkakana Junction}}
* {{rws|Patratu}}
* {{rws|Latehar}}
* {{rws|Barwadih Junction}}
* {{rws|Garwa Road Junction}}
* {{rws|Garhwa}}
*{{rws|Renukoot}}
* {{rws|Chopan}}

==Coach composite==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 12 coaches :

* 10 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Santragachi railway station|Santragachi Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Ranchi to Chopan and vice versa.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Ranchi Junction railway station]]
* [[Chopan railway station]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/6122 18613/Ranchi - Chopan Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/3409 18614/Chopan - Ranchi Express]

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchi - Chopan Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

14th Screen Awards

2025-04-04T11:17:54Z

WaldoOakes4: starting a post

{{Short description|Awards for Hindi-language films of 2008}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 14
| award = Screen Awards
| type =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| date = 10 January 2008
| site = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| host = [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]
| producer =
| director =
| organizer =
| best_picture = ''[[Chak De! India]]''
| best_direction = [[Shimit Amin]] and [[Aamir Khan]]
| best_direction_film = ''(Chak De! India'' and ''[[Taare Zameen Par]])''
| best_actor = [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| best_actor_film = ''(Chak De! India)''
| best_actress = [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| best_actress_film = ''([[Jab We Met]])''
| most_wins = ''Taare Zameen Par'' (7)
| most_nominations = ''Taare Zameen Par'' (16)
| channel = [[StarPlus]]
| network = [[Disney Star]]
| duration =
| ratings =
| last = [[13th Screen Awards|13th]]
| next = [[15th Screen Awards|15th]]
}}

The '''14th Screen Awards''' also '''The Nokia 14th Annual Screen Awards''' ceremony, presented by [[Indian Express Limited|Indian Express Group]], honored the best Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi-language films]] of [[List of Bollywood films of 2007|2007]]. The ceremony was held on 10 January 2008 at [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/tonights-the-night-and-the-stage-is-set/ |title=Tonight's the night, and the stage is set |website=The Indian Express |date=10 January 2008 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Hosted by [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/jan-10-to-be-mumbais-most-glittering-night/ |title=Jan 10 to be Mumbai's most glittering night |website=The Indian Express |date=9 January 2008 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> it was telecasted on 27 January 2008 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bscreen-awards-cinemas-finest-fill-the-nightb/260346/ |title=Screen awards: Cinema's finest fill the night |website=The Financial Express |date=11 January 2008 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' led the ceremony with 16 nominations, followed by [[Guru (2007 film)|''Guru'']] and ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' with 14 nominations each and ''[[Chak De! India]]'' with 12 nominations.

''Taare Zameen Par'' won 7 awards, including [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (both for [[Aamir Khan]]), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

==Awards==
The winners and nominees have been listed below. Winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface''', and indicated with a double dagger ({{double-dagger}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html|title=Nominees for 14th Annual Screen Awards|date=2 January 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429081517/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html|archive-date=29 April 2009|agency=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/11/3466/index.html|title=Winners of 14th Annual Star Screen Awards|date=11 January 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023075703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/11/3466/index.html|archive-date=23 October 2011|agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/from-taare-zameen-par-to-stars-on-stage-cinemas-finest-awards-fill-the-glittering-night/ |title=From taare zameen par to stars on stage, cinema's finest awards fill the glittering night |website=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2008 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

===Main Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" !align="center"|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" !align="center"|[[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Chak De! India]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
**''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
**''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
**''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Aamir Khan]] – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'''''{{double dagger}}
*'''[[Shimit Amin]] – ''[[Chak De! India]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Anurag Basu]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
**[[Farah Khan]] – ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
**[[Mani Ratnam]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Shah Rukh Khan]] – ''[[Chak De! India]]'' as Hockey Coach Kabir Khan'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Abhishek Bachchan]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' as Gurukant "Guru" Desai
**[[Akshaye Khanna]] – ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' as [[Harilal Gandhi]]
**[[Amitabh Bachchan]] – ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' as Buddhadeb Gupta
**[[Shahid Kapoor]] – ''[[Jab We Met]]'' as Aditya Kashyap
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Kareena Kapoor]] – ''[[Jab We Met]]'' as Geet Dhillon'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' as Sujata "Suju" Desai
**[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' as Nina Verma
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Aamir Khan]] – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' as Ram Shankar Nikumbh'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Darshan Jariwala]] – ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
**[[Mithun Chakraborty]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' as Manikdas Dasgupta
**[[Sharman Joshi]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' as Rahul
**[[Vipin Sharma]] – ''Taare Zameen Par'' as Nandkishore "Nandu" Awasthi
| valign="top" |
*'''''Chak De!'' Girls – ''[[Chak De! India]]'' as Various'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Konkona Sen Sharma]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' as Shruti Ghosh
**[[Shefali Shah]] – ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' as Kasturba Gandhi
**[[Tisca Chopra]] – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' as Maya Awasthi
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Male / Female]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Actor in a Comic Role – Male / Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Pankaj Kapur]]''' – '''''[[The Blue Umbrella (2005 film)|The Blue Umbrella]]'' as Nandkishore "Nandu" Khatri'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Arjun Rampal]] – ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' as Mukesh "Mike" Mehra
**[[Pavan Malhotra]] – ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' as [[Tiger Memon]]
**[[Vivek Oberoi]] – ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' as [[Maya Dolas|Mahindra "Maya" Dolas]]
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Irrfan Khan]]''' – '''''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' as Monty'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Anil Kapoor]] – ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' as Sagar "Majnu" Pandey
**[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] – ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'' as Bhaskar Devakar Chaudhary
**[[Nana Patekar]] – ''Welcome'' as Uday Shankar Shetty
**[[Vinay Pathak]] – ''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]'' as Ranjeet Thadani
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| Most Promising Debut Director
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Darsheel Safary]]''' – '''''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' as Ishaan Nandkishore Awasthi'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Ali Haji (actor)|Ali Haji]] – ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' as Ranvir "Champ" Singh
**Angelina Idnani – ''Ta Ra Rum Pum'' as Priya "Princess" Singh
**Dhruv Piyush Panjuani – ''[[Apna Asmaan]]'' as Buddhi Kumar and Aryabhatta
**[[Shreya Sharma]] – ''[[The Blue Umbrella (2005 film)|The Blue Umbrella]]'' as Biniya
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Aamir Khan]] – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Feroz Abbas Khan]] – ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
**[[R. Balki]] – ''[[Cheeni Kum]]''
**[[Reema Kagti]] – ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
**[[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]] – ''[[Heyy Babyy]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male|Most Promising Newcomer – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Ranbir Kapoor]] – ''[[Saawariya]]'' as Raj'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] – ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'' as Johnny
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Deepika Padukone]] – ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' as Shantipriya/Sandhya "Sandy" Bansal'''{{double dagger}}
**[[Sonam Kapoor]] – ''[[Saawariya]]'' as Sakina
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Monty Sharma]] – ''[[Saawariya]]''
**[[Pritam]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
**[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] – ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
**Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Prasoon Joshi]] – "Maa" – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Gulzar]] – "Bol Na Halke Halke" – ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
**[[Sameer Anjaan]] – "Jab Se Tere Naina" – ''[[Saawariya]]''
**[[Sayeed Quadri]] – "In Dino" – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Soham Chakrabarty]] – "In Dino" – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[KK (singer)|KK]] – "[[Aankhon Mein Teri]]" – ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
**[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] – "Jab Se Tere Naina" – ''[[Saawariya]]''
**[[Shankar Mahadevan]] – "Maa" – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
**Shankar Mahadevan – "Taare Zameen Par" – ''Taare Zameen Par''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "[[Barso Re]]" – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "[[Tere Bina (song)|Tere Bina]]" – ''Guru''
**Shreya Ghoshal – "Yeh Ishq Haye" – ''[[Jab We Met]]''
**[[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Sajnaji Vaari" – ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
|-
|}

===Technical Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Amole Gupte]]''' – '''''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Anurag Basu]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
**[[Feroz Abbas Khan]] – ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
**[[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] – ''[[Jab We Met]]''
**[[Jaideep Sahni]] – ''[[Chak De! India]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Anurag Basu]]''' – '''''[[Life in a... Metro]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Amole Gupte]] – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
**[[Anurag Kashyap]] – ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]''
**[[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] – ''[[Jab We Met]]''
**[[Jaideep Sahni]] – ''[[Chak De! India]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Amole Gupte]]''' – '''''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] – ''[[Jab We Met]]''
**[[Jaideep Sahni]] – ''[[Chak De! India]]''
**Sanjiv Dutta – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
**[[Vijay Krishna Acharya]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'''''{{double dagger}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-winning-bonds/265082/ |title=The winning bonds |website=The Indian Express |date=24 January 2008 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>
**[[Raju Singh]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
**[[Salim–Sulaiman]] – ''[[Chak De! India]]''
**[[Sandeep Chowta]] – ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
**[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Amitabh Shukla]]''' – '''''[[Chak De! India]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Aarti Bajaj]] – ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]''
**[[Akiv Ali]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
**Bunty Nagi – ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
**Pooja Ladha Surti – ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]''' – '''''[[Chak De! India]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Bobby Singh (cinematographer)|Bobby Singh]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
**[[Natty Subramaniam]] – ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]''
**[[Rajiv Menon]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
**[[Ravi K. Chandran]] – ''[[Saawariya]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|Best Art Direction
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|Best Sound Design
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]''' – '''''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Gautam Sen – ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]''
**[[Omung Kumar]] – ''[[Saawariya]]''
**[[Sabu Cyril]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
**Sabu Cyril – ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Bishwadeep Chatterjee]]''' – '''''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Baylon Fonseca – ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
**[[H. Sridhar]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
**Hari Dwarak & Madhu Apsara – ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]''
**Manas Choudhury & Ali Merchant – ''[[Chak De! India]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|Best Choreography
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|Best Action
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Farah Khan]]''' – '''"Dhoom Taana"''' – '''''[[Om Shanti Om]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Ganesh Hegde]] & Pappu Mallu – "Yun Shabnami" – ''[[Saawariya]]''
**[[Saroj Khan]] – "[[Barso Re]]" – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
**[[Vaibhavi Merchant]] – "Aaja Nachle" – ''[[Aaja Nachle]]''
**Vaibhavi Merchant – "Jhoom Barabar Jhoom" – ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Tinu Verma]]''' – '''''[[Apne]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Abbas Ali Moghul – ''[[Awarapan]]''
**Anthony Stone – ''[[Cash (2007 film)|Cash]]''
**Javed Ejaz – ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Best Special Effects (Visual)
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''Red Chillies VFX''' – '''''[[Om Shanti Om]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Red Chillies VFX – ''[[Chak De! India]]''
**Tata Elxsi – ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
|-
|}

=== Critics' Awards ===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Actor (Critics)|Critics Best Actor – Male]]
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Actress (Critics)|Critics Best Actor – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Amitabh Bachchan]] – ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' as Buddhadev Gupta'''{{double-dagger}}
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' as Nina Verma'''{{double-dagger}}
|-
|}

===Special awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Screen Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|-
| colspan="2"|
* '''[[Manoj Kumar]]'''
|-
! colspan="2"| That May Be Debut 4 years later
|-
| colspan="2"|
* '''[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]'''
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]]
|-
| colspan="2"|
* '''[[Shah Rukh Khan]]''' & '''[[Deepika Padukone]]''' (''[[Om Shanti Om]]'')
|-
|}

==Superlatives==
{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
! 16
| ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 14
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
|-
| ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
|-
! 12
| ''[[Chak De! India]]''
|-
! 10
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|-
! 8
| ''[[Saawariya]]''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 6
| ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
|-
| ''[[Jab We Met]]''
|-
! 5
| ''[[Cheeni Kum]]''
|-
! 4
| ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]''
|-
| ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
|-
| ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]''
|-
! rowspan="5"| 2
| ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]''
|-
| ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
|-
| ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]''
|-
| ''[[The Blue Umbrella (2005 film)|The Blue Umbrella]]''
|-
| ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]''
|-

|}

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! 7
| ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
|-
! 6
| ''[[Chak De! India]]''
|-
! 4
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 3
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
|-
| ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
|-
! 2
| ''[[Cheeni Kum]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002905/2008/1 The Screen Awards (2008)] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Screen Awards}}

[[Category:Screen Awards]]

Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments

2025-03-17T01:26:52Z

WaldoOakes4: put up a details...

{{Short description|Government department of Tamil Nadu state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments (Tamil Nadu)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1951
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)| R. Rajendran]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Tourism
| minister2_name = [[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
| minister2_pfo = Minister of Culture and Religious Endowments Department
| chief1_name = K. Manivasan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Additional Chief Secretary, Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/32 Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments Department]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments''' is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The department has two major sub-departments, [[Tourism in Tamil Nadu|tourism]] and Hindu religious endowments.<ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/32|title=Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Religious endowments==
The state famed for [[Tamil architecture|Tamil architecture styled]] [[List of temples in Tamil Nadu|Hindu temples]], culture and tradition and commonly known as the ''Land of Temples''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Temples of Tamilnadu|url=https://www.bharatonline.com/tamilnadu/temples.html|access-date=20 July 2021|work=Bharatonline}}</ref> There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods including some of the largest and oldest temples in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|title=Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The department was established by the Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act of 1951 and is responsible for the maintenance, promotion and consecration of temples and mutts under its supervision.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hrce_e_pn_2023_24.pdf |title=Hindu Religious Endowments yearly report 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Tourism==
The tourism wing is responsible for the promotion of tourism and development of tourist related infrastructure in the state. In 1971, [[Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation]] was established as a nodal agency responsible for the same.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Limited|access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> The tag line "Enchanting Tamil Nadu" has been adopted in the tourism promotions by the department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.gov.in/webcast/enchanting-tamil-nadu-culture|title=Enchanting Tamil Nadu|publisher=Government of India|access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="EC">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/tamil-nadu-ranks-first-for-domestic-tourism-official/articleshow/44713716.cms|title=Tamil Nadu ranks first for domestic tourism: Official|date=10 November 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In the 21st century, the state has been among the top destinations for domestic and international tourists.<ref name="EC"/><ref>{{cite report|title=India Tourism Statistics 2020|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, Tamil Nadu recorded the most tourist foot-falls.<ref name="CR">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf|title=India Tourism statistics-2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/32 Official website of the Tamil Nadu Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments Department]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tourism in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Subnational tourism ministries|Tamil Nadu]]