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Paras Mhambrey

2023-10-12T14:26:55Z

WWE07:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Paras Mhambrey
| image = Cricket_no_pic.png
| fullname = Paras Laxmikant Mhambrey
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| country = India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast-medium
| role = Bowler
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 58
| bat avg1 = 29.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 28
| deliveries1 = 258
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 100
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/43
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 3
| runs2 = 7
| bat avg2 = 2.5
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 7
| deliveries2 = 126
| wickets2 = 3
| bowl avg2 = 40.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/69
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–
| date = 4 February
| year = 2006
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30999.html CricInfo
}}

'''Paras Laxmikant Mhambrey''' {{Audio|Paras_Mhambrey.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 20 June 1972) is a former [[India]]n [[cricket]]er who played in two [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and three [[One Day International]]s between 1996 and 1998.

==Playing career==

In 1993–94, Mhambrey made his debut took 30 wickets at 23.77 apiece and selected to the India A side in the next season.

Mhambrey made his debut against England at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] as a third seamer in 1996 and picked up as his first wicket haul [[Michael Atherton]], however he could not do much with the ball and ended up with only 5 wickets in his only series. He was also selected as the overseas player for North Maidenhead CC.

==Coaching career==

Paras Mhambrey secured a Level-3 coaching diploma from the National Cricket Academy (NCA) in Bangalore.

He was the coach of the cricket team of [[Bengal]] in Indian domestic circuit and took them to the finals of the Ranji Trophy, after a gap of 16 years.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/212561.html Paras Mhambrey to coach Bengal]</ref> He was also the coach of Maharashtra, Baroda and Vidarbha.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/309383.html Paras Mhambrey appointed India A coach]</ref> He was the assistant coach of the [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] for four years.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/428642.html Mumbai Indians have appointed former Indian allrounder Robin Singh as coach for the third edition of the IPL, and former fast bowler Paras Mhambrey as his deputy]</ref>

He was the bowling coach for both India A team and U19 Indian cricket team until November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rahul Dravid helping us prepare technically, mentally: U-19 captain Ricky Bhui|date=19 November 2015|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/rahul-dravid-helping-us-prepare-technically-mentally-u-19-captain-ricky-bhui_1823854.html|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/898713.html Mhambrey appointed India A bowling coach]</ref>

In November 2021, he was appointed as bowling coach of the Indian national cricket team.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cricinfo|id=30999}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhambrey, Paras}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Ahmedabad

2023-10-10T12:59:47Z

WWE07: Mayor updates.

{{About|the city in Gujarat, India|other places|Ahmadabad (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ahmedabad
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Karnavati, Ashaval
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_shield = Amdavad Municipal Corporation logo.png
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| image1 = SG Highway Skyline.jpg
| caption1 = Skyline of [[Sarkhej–Gandhinagar Highway|SG Highway]]
| image2= Sheth Hutheesinh Temple.jpg
| caption2 = [[Hutheesing Temple]]
| image3 = Atal Pedestrian Bridge at Night.jpg
| caption3 = [[Atal Pedestrian Bridge]]
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| caption4 = [[Sabarmati Riverfront]]
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| caption5 = Ahmedabad Aerial View
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| caption7 = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
}}
| nickname = Heritage City of India
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| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
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| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = Establishment
| established_date = 11th Century as [[Ashaval]]
| named_for = [[Ahmad Shah I]]
| founder = King Asha Bhil
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Ahmedabad|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Pratibha Jain ([[BJP]])<ref name="dc">{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=BJP corporator Pratibha Jain elected as mayor of Ahmedabad; Vadodara too gets new mayor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gujarat/bjp-corporator-pratibha-jain-elected-as-mayor-of-ahmedabad-vadodara-too-gets-new-mayor-2681357 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = Jatin Patel ([[BJP]])<ref name="dc" />
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = M. Thennarasan<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2022 |title=Gujarat government transport 23 IAS officers; AMC GMC get new commissioners |work=DeshGujarat |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/10/12/gujarat-government-transfers-23-ias-officers-amc-gmc-get-new-commissioners/ |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
| leader_title4 = [[Police commissioner]]
| leader_name4 = Sanjay Shrivastav IPS<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/city-police-chief-visits-stadium-ashram/articleshow/74125656.cms|title=City police chief visits stadium, ashram |date=14 February 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214211834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/city-police-chief-visits-stadium-ashram/articleshow/74125656.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| area_total_km2 = 1,866
| area_urban_footnotes =
| area_rank = 8th in India (1st in Gujarat State)
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Gujarat.html |title=Gujarāt (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430115558/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Gujarat.html |work=citypopulation.de |archive-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 53
| population_total = Est 8,650,605
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{citation |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ahmedabad-population |title=Ahmedabad Population |work=worldpopulationreview.com }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|5th]]
| population_demonym = Amdavadi, Ahmedabadi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 380 0XX
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|079]]
| registration_plate = GJ-01 (west), GJ-27 (East), GJ-38 Bavla (Rural)<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kaushik|first1=Himanshu|date=3 January 2019|first2=Niyati|last2=Parikh |title=GJ-01 series registers 12% drop in one year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gj-01-series-registers-12-drop-in-one-year/articleshow/67356737.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808104137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gj-01-series-registers-12-drop-in-one-year/articleshow/67356737.cms|archive-date=8 August 2020|access-date=8 August 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2016)}}
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.867<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Human Development Reports United Nations Development Programme |url=https://www.undp.org/india/publications/district-human-development-reports |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
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| blank2_name = Literacy rate
| blank2_info = 85.3%<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat elections 2022: Seats with high literacy rates record low voting numbers |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-elections-2022-seats-with-high-literacy-rates-record-low-voting-numbers/articleshow/96044854.cms |access-date=2023-03-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product]]
| blank_info_sec2 = $68 billion<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011|title=Richest Cities Of India |last=Haritas|first=Bhragu|website=BW Businessworld |archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302220702/http://www.businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/|url-status=live |date=28 June 2017 |quotation=Ahemadabad. The largest city of Gujarat has an estimated GDP of $68 billion.}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/top-10-richest-cities-in-india-2021-552132.html?picid=2181885|title=Top 10 Richest Cities in India; |last=Tiwari|first=Anuj|newspaper=[[India Times]] |date=22 October 2021 |quotation=The Manchester of East, Ahmedabad, is among the richest cities of India. The city ranks eighth on the list with an estimated GDP of $68 billion. }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|ahmedabadcity.gov.in/}}
| official_name = Amdavad
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (v)}}(ii), (v)
| ID = 1551
| year = 2017
| area = {{convert|535.7|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|395|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
}}
| image_map = {{maplink
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'''Ahmedabad''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|m|ə|d|ə|b|æ|d|,_|-|b|ɑː|d}} {{respell|AH|mə|də|ba(h)d}}; [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: '''Amdavad''' {{IPA-gu|ˈəmdɑːʋɑːd||amdavad.ogg}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/Ahmadabad/report-is-it-ahmadabad-or-amdavad-no-one-knows-for-sure-1668305|title=Is it Ahmadabad or Amdavad? No one knows for sure|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=28 March 2012|first=Jitendra|last=Dave|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120245/https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-is-it-ahmedabad-or-amdavad-no-one-knows-for-sure-1668305|url-status=live}}</ref>) is the most populous city in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Ahmedabad district]] and the seat of the [[Gujarat High Court]]. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per the 2011 population census) makes it the [[List of most populous cities in India|fifth-most populous city]] in India,<ref>India's most populated citys https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/india</ref> and the encompassing [[urban agglomeration]] population estimated at 6,357,693 is the [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|seventh-most populous]] in India. Ahmedabad is located near the banks of the [[Sabarmati River]],<ref name="citypop India aggs"/> {{convert|25|km|abbr=on|mi}}<ref name="citypop world aggs"/> from the capital of Gujarat, [[Gandhinagar]], also known as its twin city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oneindiaonepeople.com/ahmedabad-gandhinagar-a-tale-of-twin-cities/|title=Ahmadabad & Gandhinagar a tale of twin cities|date=1 December 2015|website=One India One People}}</ref>

Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. It is the second-largest producer of cotton in India, due to which it was known as the '[[Manchester]] of India' along with [[Kanpur]]. Ahmedabad's [[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange|stock exchange]] (before it was shut down in 2018) was the country's second oldest. [[Cricket]] is a popular sport in Ahmedabad; a newly built stadium, called [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], at Motera can accommodate 132,000 spectators, making it the [[List of stadiums by capacity|largest stadium in the world]]. The world-class [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave]] is currently under construction and once complete, it will be one of the biggest sports centers (Sports City) in India. The effects of the [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation of the Indian economy]] have energised the city's economy towards [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]] activities such as commerce, communication and construction.<ref name="jnnurm">{{cite web
|url=http://www.egovamc.com/cdp/AMC_CDP.pdf
|title=Profile of the City Ahmadabad
|author=Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
|year=2006
|work=Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation Ahmadabad, Urban Development Authority and CEPT University, Ahmadabad
|publisher=Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation
|access-date=22 July 2008
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819215527/http://www.egovamc.com/cdp/AMC_CDP.pdf
|archive-date=19 August 2008
}}</ref> Ahmedabad's increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries, resulting in the development of skyscrapers.<ref name="Ahmadabad joins ITES hot spots">{{Cite news|url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19249001.cms |title=Ahmadabad joins ITES hot spots |work=The Times of India |date=16 August 2002 |access-date=30 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103080350/http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19249001.cms |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref>

In 2010, Ahmedabad was ranked third in ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}}s list of fastest growing cities of the decade.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html| title=In pictures—The Next Decade's fastest growing cities| work=[[Forbes]]| access-date=10 July 2010| first=Joel| last=Kotkin| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014101651/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html| archive-date=14 October 2010| df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' chose Ahmedabad as India's best city to live in.<ref name="best city to in which to live in India">{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad best city to live in, Pune close second |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/india/30504461_1_cities-ahmedabad-kolkata |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212180503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/india/30504461_1_cities-ahmedabad-kolkata |archive-date=12 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at $68 billion in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/top-10-richest-cities-in-india-2021-552132.html?picid=2181885|title=Richest Cities Of India|newspaper=[[India Times]] |access-date=22 October 2021|date=22 October 2021 |first1=Anuj |last1=Tiwari |quotation=The Manchester of East, Ahmedabad, is among the richest cities of India. The city ranks eighth on the list with an estimated GDP of $68 billion.}}</ref> In 2020, Ahmedabad was ranked as the third-best city in India to live by the Ease of Living Index.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahmedabad rated as third best city to live in, moves up by 20 spots in a year|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/article/ahmedabad-rated-as-third-best-city-to-live-in-moves-up-by-20-spots-in-a-year/728623|access-date=20 June 2021|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=5 March 2021 }}</ref> In July 2022, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included Ahmedabad in its list of world's 50 greatest places of 2022.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Ahmedabad, India: World's Greatest Places 2022 |url=https://time.com/collection/worlds-greatest-places-2022/6194590/ahmedabad-india/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under the [[Government of India]]{{'}}s flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Government releases list of 20 smart cities|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-releases-list-of-20-smart-cities/articleshow/50756701.cms|website = The Times of India| date=28 January 2016 |access-date = 6 February 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202024057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-releases-list-of-20-smart-cities/articleshow/50756701.cms|archive-date = 2 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In July 2017, the [[Historic City of Ahmadabad|historic city of Ahmedabad]], or Old Ahmedabad, was declared a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage City]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/600-year-old-smart-city-gets-world-heritage-tag/articleshow/59510439.cms|title=600-year-old smart city gets World Heritage tag|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 July 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710094740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/600-year-old-smart-city-gets-world-heritage-tag/articleshow/59510439.cms |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{main|History of Ahmedabad}}
The name "Ahmedabad" is derived from the name of Sultan [[Ahmad Shah I|Ahmed Shah]], who founded the city in the year 1411 AD. The original name of the city was "[[Ashaval]]," which was a small settlement located on the banks of the Sabarmati river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad History |url=https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/portal/jsp/history.jsf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

According to local legends, Sultan Ahmed Shah was out on a hunting expedition when he came across a rabbit that was brave enough to turn and face his hunting dogs. Impressed by the courage of the rabbit, Sultan Ahmed Shah decided to build a new city on the spot and named it "Ahmedabad" after himself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad |url=https://gujaratindia.gov.in/about-gujarat/history/ahmedabad.htm }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Over the years, Ahmedabad grew into a prosperous city, becoming an important center for trade and commerce. Today, it is one of the largest [[cities in India]] and is known for its rich cultural heritage, including its monuments, museums, and festivals.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Jane|last= Turner|title=The Dictionary of Art|publisher=Grove|volume=1|isbn=978-1-884446-00-9|page=471|year=1996}}</ref> At that time, [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]), waged a successful war against the [[Bhil]] king of Ashaval,<ref>{{Cite book| first=George| last=Michell|author2=Snehal Shah| author3-link=John Burton-Page|author3= John Burton-Page |author4=Mehta, Dinesh|title=Ahmadabad|publisher=Marg Publications|date=28 July 2006|isbn=81-85026-03-3|pages=17–19}}</ref> and established a city called ''Karnavati'' on the banks of the Sabarmati.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/173 173]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Ahmedabad}}
The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as ''[[Ashaval]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Jane|last= Turner|title=The Dictionary of Art|publisher=Grove|volume=1|isbn=978-1-884446-00-9|page=471|year=1996}}</ref> At that time, [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]), waged a successful war against the [[Bhil]] king of Ashaval,<ref>{{Cite book| first=George| last=Michell|author2=Snehal Shah| author3-link=John Burton-Page|author3= John Burton-Page |author4=Mehta, Dinesh|title=Ahmadabad|publisher=Marg Publications|date=28 July 2006|isbn=81-85026-03-3|pages=17–19}}</ref> and established a city called ''[[Karnavati]]'' on the banks of the Sabarmati.<ref name=Madan/> Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] of [[Dholka]]. Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century. However, by the earlier 15th century, the local Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]] as [[Muzaffar Shah I]], thereby founding the [[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Muzaffarid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&q=gujarat+sultanate+tank+khatri&pg=PA143|title=Indo-Islamic Society: 14th - 15th Centuries|date=1990|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-13561-1|pages=143|quote=Zafar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of a ''low subdivision called Tank'', originally from Southern Punjab.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kapadia|first=Aparna|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/in-praise-of-kings/355C797BE6B102214BF1C4A043450482|title=In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15331-8|location=Cambridge|pages=120|quote=Gujarati historian Sikandar does narrate the story of Muzaffar Shah's ancestors having once been Hindu "Tanks", a branch of Khatris who trace their dynasty from the solar god.}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=114–115}}</ref> In 1411, the area came under the control of his grandson, Sultan [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]], who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for his new capital. He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself.<ref name="baba">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035148/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Baba Maneknath's kin keep alive 600-yr old tradition |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=21 February 2013 |author=More, Anuj}}</ref><ref>This ambiguity is similar to the case of [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]] naming his new capital "[[Saint Petersburg]]", referring officially to [[Saint Peter]] but in fact also to himself.</ref> According to other versions, he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area who all had the name Ahmed.<ref name="AMC History">{{cite web|title=History of Ahmedabad |url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx |publisher=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, egovamc.com |access-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223012426/http://egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411<ref name="Pandya 2010">{{cite web | last=Pandya | first=Yatin | title=In Ahmedabad, history is still alive as tradition | website=dna | date=14 November 2010 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-in-ahmedabad-history-is-still-alive-as-tradition-1466396 | access-date=26 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804080254/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-in-ahmedabad-history-is-still-alive-as-tradition-1466396 | archive-date=4 August 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> (at 1.20 pm, Thursday, the second day of [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]], [[Hijri year]] 813<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx|title=History|website=[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223012426/http://egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx|archive-date=23 February 2016|quote=Jilkad is anglicized name of the month [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]], Hijri year not mentioned but derived from date converter}}</ref>) at [[Manek Burj]]. Manek Burj is named after the legendary 15th-century Hindu saint, [[Maneknath]], who intervened to help [[Ahmed Shah I]] build [[Bhadra Fort]] in 1411.<ref name="baba" /><ref name="igg">{{cite book |title=India Guide Gujarat |publisher=India Guide Publications |year=2007 |pages=93–94 |isbn=9780978951702 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&q=manek+chowk+ahmedabad&pg=PA93 |editor=Desai, Anjali H. |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120319/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&q=manek+chowk+ahmedabad&pg=PA93 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mnk">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-07/ahmedabad/30257006_1_flag-foundation-stone-puja |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-07/ahmedabad/30257006_1_flag-foundation-stone-puja |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Flags changed at city's foundation by Manek Nath baba's descendants |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2011 |agency=TNN |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="tam">{{cite news |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20A%201000%20Salutes&sectid=68&contentid=2010022620100226182744376d3de031 |title=Multi-layered expansion |work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=26 February 2010 |agency=AM |access-date=21 February 2013 |author=Ruturaj Jadav and Mehul Jani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207235844/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article |archive-date=7 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
He chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/ahmedabad/12/26022015/0/1/|title=02/26/2015: Divya Bhaskar e-Paper, ahmedabad, e-Paper, ahmedabad e Paper, e Newspaper ahmedabad, ahmedabad e Paper, ahmedabad ePaper |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621050319/http://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/ahmedabad/12/26022015/0/1/ |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>
Chandan and Rajesh Nath, 13th generation descendants of Saint Maneknath, perform ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' and hoist the flag on Manek Burj on Ahmedabad's foundation day and for the [[Vijayadashami]] festival every year.<ref name="baba"/><ref name="mnk"/><ref name="India 2015">{{cite web |first=Lakshmi |last=Ajay |title=Ahmedabad city turns 604 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=27 February 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-city-turns-604/ |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120321/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-city-turns-604/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dnax2011">{{cite news |title=Manek Burj's sorry state fails to move AMC |publisher=DNA |date=19 April 2012 |url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNAHM53975 |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>
[[File:City Walls of Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|thumb|City Walls of Ahmedabad, 1866]]
In 1487, [[Mahmud Begada]], the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} in circumference and consisting of [[Gates of Ahmedabad|twelve gates]], 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements.<ref>{{Cite book|first=G|last=Kuppuram|title=India Through the Ages: History, Art, Culture, and Religion|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85067-08-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvggAAAAMAAJ&q=ahmedabad+189+bastions+and+over+6,000+battlements.|access-date=26 July 2008|page=739|year=1988|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120304/https://books.google.com/books?id=AvggAAAAMAAJ&q=ahmedabad+189+bastions+and+over+6%2C000+battlements.|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1535 [[Humayun]] briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing [[Champaner]] when the ruler of Gujarat, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], fled to [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mughal Throne|first=Abraham|last=Eraly|page=47|publisher=Orion Publishing|isbn=978-0-7538-1758-2|year=2004}}</ref> Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]]. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler [[Shahjahan]] spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the [[Moti Shahi Mahal]] in [[Shahibaug]]. The [[Deccan Famine of 1630–32]] affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686.<ref>{{cite book|first= Satpal|last= Sangwan|title=Land Use – Historical Perspectives: Focus on Indo-Gangetic Plains|date=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-274-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNpXmQb0gv0C&q=deccan+famine+affected+ahmedabad&pg=PA151|author2=Y. P. Abrol |author3=Mithilesh K. Tiwari}}</ref> Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the [[Maratha]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prakash|first=Om|title=Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd|year=2003|pages=282–284|isbn=81-261-0938-6}}</ref>

During the period of [[Maratha Empire]] governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between the [[Peshwa]] of [[Poona]] and the [[Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda]].<ref name="GNHistory">{{Cite book|last=Kalia|first=Ravi|title=Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|year=2004|chapter=The Politics of Site|isbn=1-57003-544-X|pages=30–59|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC&q=Gaekwad++mughal+ahmedabad&pg=PA39 |access-date=26 July 2008}}</ref> In 1780, during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]], a British force under [[James Hartley (Indian Army officer)|James Hartley]] stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war. The [[British East India Company]] took over the city in 1818 during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name="AMC History" /> A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858.<ref name="AMC History" /> Incorporated into the [[Bombay Presidency]] during [[British Raj|British rule]], Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) was established by the [[Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway]] (BB&CI), enabling traffic and trade between [[North India|northern]] and [[South India|southern India]] via the city.<ref name="AMC History" /> Over time, the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname "[[Manchester]] of the East".<ref name="BordenFraser2014">{{cite book|author1=Iain Borden|author2=Murray Fraser|author3-link=Barbara Penner|author3=Barbara Penner|title=Forty Ways to Think About Architecture: Architectural History and Theory Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55o3BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|date=11 August 2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-82261-6|page=252|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072518/https://books.google.com/books?id=55o3BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Ahmedabad (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|left|Ahmedabad and its environs, ca 1914]]
The [[Indian independence movement]] developed roots in the city when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established two [[ashram]]s – the [[Kochrab Ashram]] near [[Paldi]] in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now [[Sabarmati Ashram]]) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 – which would become centres of nationalist activities.<ref name="AMC History" /><ref name="manchester">{{Cite news|author=A. Srivathsan|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300300200.htm|title=Manchester of India|date=23 June 2006|access-date=30 July 2006|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165839/http://hindu.com/yw/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300300200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> During the [[Non-Cooperation Movement|mass protests]] against the [[Rowlatt Act]] in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the [[First World War]]. In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the [[Salt Satyagraha]] from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the [[Dandi Salt March]]. The city's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the [[Quit India Movement]]. Following independence and the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] and [[Islam in India|Muslims]] in 1947, Ahmedabad was the focus of settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan,<ref name="GillyGilinskiy2009">{{cite book|first1=Thomas Albert|last1=Gilly|first2=Yakov|last2=Gilinskiy|title=The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective (17 Lectures)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&pg=PA23|access-date=26 June 2012|date=8 December 2009|publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher|isbn=978-0-398-07867-6|page=23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612004348/http://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&pg=PA23|archive-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.

By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares.<ref name="Ghurye1962">{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|title=Cities and Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/citiescivilizati0000ghur|url-access=registration|year=1962|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=[https://archive.org/details/citiescivilizati0000ghur/page/96 96]}}</ref> It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat state after the partition of the [[Bombay State|State of Bombay]] on 1 May 1960.<ref name="YājñikaSheth2005">{{cite book|author1=Acyuta Yājñika|author2=Suchitra Sheth|title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-400038-8|page=168|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072518/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> During this period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for [[Education in India|higher education]], science and technology.<ref name="Political Science">{{cite book|title=Political Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSyrb3du-iwC&pg=RA1-PA114|access-date=24 February 2012|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-89611-86-6|pages=1–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616153912/http://books.google.com/books?id=eSyrb3du-iwC&pg=RA1-PA114|archive-date=16 June 2013|year = 1978}}</ref> Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. Many countries sought to emulate India's economic planning strategy and one of them, [[South Korea]], copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolf, Jr. |first=Charles |title=Korea's Five year plan |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/51173037.pdf |journal=Ministry of Reconstruction of Korea}}</ref>
[[File:Gandhi Ashram.jpg|thumb|[[Sabarmati Ashram]], established by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built city of [[Gandhinagar]]. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development.
The 1974 ''[[Nav Nirman]]'' agitation – a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the [[L.D. College of Engineering]] in Ahmedabad – snowballed into a movement to remove [[Chimanbhai Patel]], then chief minister of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |work=India Today |title=60 revolutions—Nav nirman movement |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2727&acc=high |date=20 December 2007 |first=Ghanshyam |last=Shah |access-date=3 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224081015/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2727&acc=high |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref> In the 1980s, a [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various [[Indian caste system|castes]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Seminar Publications |location=New Delhi |first=Achyut |last=Yagnik |title=The pathology of Gujarat |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |date=May 2002 |access-date=10 May 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322112252/http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |archive-date=22 March 2006}}</ref> The city was considerably impacted by the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and causing much damage.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=WHO Regional Office for south-east Asia |first = Anil |last = Sinha |title=Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake |url=http://www.searo.who.int |access-date=13 May 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060619151815/http://www.searo.who.int/| archive-date= 19 June 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> The following year, a three-day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], spread to Ahmedabad; in eastern [[Chamanpura]], 69 people were killed in the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] on 28 February 2002.<ref name=Gulbarg>{{cite news| title =Safehouse of Horrors| work =Tehelka| url =http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp&page=1| date =3 November 2007| access-date =15 May 2010| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090429102953/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp&page=1| archive-date =29 April 2009| url-status =dead}}</ref> Refugee camps were set up around the city, housing 50,000 Muslims, as well as some small Hindu camps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Desolate life in India's refugee camps - May 15, 2002 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/15/gujarat.camps/index.html |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref>

The [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]], a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |title=17 bomb blasts rock Ahmedabad, 15 dead |date=26 July 2008 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628002847/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The terrorist group [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami|Harkat-ul-Jihad]] claimed responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/07/27/india-blasts-toll-up-to-37/|title=India blasts toll up to 37|date=27 July 2008|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=27 July 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080802233922/http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/07/27/india-blasts-toll-up-to-37/ |archive-date = 2 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ahmedabad is one of few cities in India that has hosted the premiers of major economies such as the US, China and Canada. On 24 February 2020, US President Donald Trump became the first president to visit the city. The event was named [[Namaste Trump]]. Earlier, [[Xi Jinping|President Xi Jinping]] and Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] visited the city.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=23 February 2020|title=Ahmedabad glitters to welcome Donald Trump|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ahmedabad-glitters-to-welcome-trump/article30897043.ece|access-date=16 May 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406235848/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ahmedabad-glitters-to-welcome-trump/article30897043.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 September 2014|title=Chinese President Xi Jinping arrives in Ahmedabad|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chinese-president-xi-jinping-arrives-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/42711720.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Justin Trudeau visits IIM A, says empowering women is the smart thing to do|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/justin-trudeau-visits-iim-a-says-empowering-women-is-the-smart-thing-to-do/articleshow/62984055.cms|date=19 February 2018|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430192708/http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/justin-trudeau-visits-iim-a-says-empowering-women-is-the-smart-thing-to-do/articleshow/62984055.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Population ===
{{Historical populations
| title = Population census
| align = right
| cols = 2
| graph-pos = bottom
| source = [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31954 Census of India]
| 1872 | 119762
| 1881 | 127621
| 1891 | 148412
| 1901 | 185889
| 1911 | 216777
| 1921 | 274007
| 1931 | 313789
| 1941 | 595210
| 1951 | 842643
| 1961 | 1156788
| 1971 | 1750134
| 1981 | 2534641
| 1991 | 3324197
| 2001 | 4488237
| 2011 | 5633927
}}
{{As of|2011|alt=At the [[2011 Census of India]]}} Ahmedabad had a population of 5,633,927, making it the [[List of most populous cities in India|fifth most populous city]] in India.{{cn|date=August 2023}} The [[urban agglomeration]] centred upon Ahmedabad, then having a population of 6,357,693, now estimated at 7,650,000, is the [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|seventh most populous urban agglomeration]] in India.<ref name="citypop India aggs">{{cite web|title=India: States and Major Agglomerations – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Agglo.html|website=citypopulation.de|date=29 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217011539/http://citypopulation.de/India-Agglo.html|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="citypop world aggs">{{cite web|title=Major Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps|url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|website=citypopulation.de|date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402222958/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> The city had a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 88.29%; 92.30% of the men and 83.85% of the women were literate.{{cn|date=August 2023}} According to the census for the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Ninth Plan]], there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad. Of those, 5.41% (1663 families) live [[poverty threshold|below the poverty line]].<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=Ahmedabad District Collectorate
|title=BPL Census for ninth plan
|url=http://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/applications/content.asp?Content_Id=764&Title_Id=195&language=E&SiteID=8
|access-date=10 May 2006
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524062705/http://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/applications/content.asp?Content_Id=764&Title_Id=195&language=E&SiteID=8
|archive-date=24 May 2007
}}</ref> Approximately 440,000 people live in [[slum]]s within the city.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
|title=Slum Population in Million Plus Cities
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223112810/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html
|archive-date=23 December 2006
|access-date=11 May 2006
}}</ref>
In 2008, there were 2273 registered [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians]] living in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
|title=NRI Directory
|url=http://www.egovamc.com/nri/nri.asp
|access-date=7 February 2008
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121813/http://www.egovamc.com/nri/nri.asp
|archive-date=9 May 2008
}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, Ahmedabad's population was estimated at 8,059,441. In 1950, the population of Ahmedabad was 854,959. Ahmedabad has grown by 950,155 since 2015, which represents a 2.54% annual change.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ahmedabad-population|title=Ahmedabad Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722050040/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ahmedabad-population|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the UN World Population Prospects, the population might increase to 8,854,444 by 2025. It is also predicted to have a massive rise to 11,062,112 as early as 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/|access-date=28 April 2021|website=population.un.org|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816232627/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest-growing city in India, and listed it as third fastest-growing in the world after the Chinese cities of [[Chengdu]] and [[Chongqing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_cheers-ahmedabad-city-is-racing-ahead_1453361 |title=Cheers Ahmedabad! City is racing ahead|work=DNA India| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101018030404/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_cheers-ahmedabad-city-is-racing-ahead_1453361| archive-date= 18 October 2010 | url-status= live|access-date=25 June 2012|date=16 October 2010}}</ref> In 2011, it was rated India's best megacity to live in by leading market research firm IMRB.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ahmedabad best city to live in, Pune close second|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/india/30504461_1_cities-ahmedabad-kolkata|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/india/30504461_1_cities-ahmedabad-kolkata|archive-date=1 May 2013|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) report of 2003, Ahmedabad has the lowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million.<ref name="Surat crime rate lowest">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-16/ahmedabad/27860423_1_crime-rate-state-rate-surat|title=Surat crime rate lowest|first=Paul|last=John|date=16 October 2005|access-date=8 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033957/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-16/ahmedabad/27860423_1_crime-rate-state-rate-surat|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2011, market research firm [[IMRB]] declared Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in when compared to India's other megacities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/india/30504461_1_cities-ahmedabad-kolkata|title=Ahmedabad best city to live in, Pune close second|access-date=9 June 2012|date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212180503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/india/30504461_1_cities-ahmedabad-kolkata|archive-date=12 December 2011|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by "community organisations" (i.e. cooperatives), and according to Vrajlal Sapovadia, professor of the B.K. School of Business Management, "the spatial growth of the city is to [an] extent [a] contribution of these organisations".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sapovadia|first=Vrajlal|year=2007|chapter=A critical study of urban land ownership by an individual vis-à-vis institutional (or community) based ownership—The Impact of type of ownership on spatial growth, efficiency and equity: A case study of Ahmedabad, India|title=Urban Research Symposium 2007|location=Washington, DC|publisher=World Bank |chapter-url=http://www.worldbank.org/urban/symposium2007/papers/sapovadia.pdf|page=22|access-date=3 May 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090326080250/http://www.worldbank.org/urban/symposium2007/papers/sapovadia.pdf| archive-date= 26 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Ahmedabad Cantonment]] provides residential zones for [[Indian Army]] officials.<ref name="Army plans to bridge accommodation deficit for staffers">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEP20050915065144&Page=P&Title=Nation&Topic=0 |title=Army plans to bridge accommodation deficit for staffers |date=16 September 2005 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=New India Press |access-date=2 August 2008}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

=== Poverty ===
In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad's wealth faced competition from automation and domestic specialty looms. Several mills closed down, leaving between 40,000 and 50,000 people without a source of income, and many moved into informal settlements in the city centre. The [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC), the governing and administrative body of the city, simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. In the 1990s, newly emerging pharmaceutical, chemical, and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor, so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums.<ref name=":0">Bhatkal, Tanvi, William Avis, and Susan Nicolai. "A Cautionary Tale of Progress in Ahmedabad", n.d., 48.</ref>

Ahmedabad has made efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. The urban poverty rate has declined from 28% in 1993–1994 to 10% in 2011–2012.<ref name=":0" /> This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organizations (CSOs) representing poor residents. Through projects and programs, the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums. However, some challenges remain, and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, clean running water, and electricity. Riots, often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. There remains to be seen a concerted effort to balance pro-poor, inclusive development with national initiatives that aim to create 'global cities' that are the focus of capital investment and technological innovation.

==== Informal housing and slums ====
As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing, with the other 34% living in slums or ''chawls'', which are tenements for industrial workers. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the total housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained generally constant, and this has led to a rise in density of both formal and informal housing and a more economical usage of existing space. The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25.6% of the total population in 1991 and had decreased to 4.5% in 2011, but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations. There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population that lives in slum settlements, and that there has also been a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents.<ref name=":0" />{{Update inline|date=August 2023|?=yes|reason=Information appears at least a decade old; demographics and housing data changes rapidly}}

==== Slum Networking Project ====
In the 1990s, the AMC faced increased slum populations. They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water, sewage, and electricity, but because of tenure issues, they were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the AMC partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately 13,000 households.<ref name=":0" /> This project, also known as ''Parivartan (Change)'', involved [[participatory planning]] in which slum residents were partners alongside [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|AMC]], private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure (including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting) and community development (i.e. the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training).<ref name=":1">World Bank. 2007. ''[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/353971468259772248/The-Slum-Networking-Project-in-Ahmedabad-partnering-for-change The Slum Networking Project in Ahmedabad: partnering for change (English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092702/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/353971468259772248/The-Slum-Networking-Project-in-Ahmedabad-partnering-for-change |date=29 April 2018}}''. Water and Sanitation Program case study. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/353971468259772248/The-Slum-Networking-Project-in-Ahmedabad-partnering-for-change</ref> In addition, participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years. The project cost a total of {{INR}}4,350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed {{INR}}600 million, NGOs provided {{INR}}90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project.<ref name=":1" /> Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12% of the cost of upgrading their home.<ref name=":0" />

This project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents' working hours, since most work out of their homes. It also reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness, and increased children's rates of school attendance.<ref>SEWA Academy (2002) ''Parivartan and its impact: A Partnership Programme of Infrastructure Development in Slums of Ahmedabad City''. SEWA Monograph. Ahmedabad: Self Employed Women's Association.</ref> The SNP received the 2006 [[UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award|UNHABITAT]] Dubai International Award for Best Practice to Improve the Living Environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=10305&catid=46&typeid=73|title=Dubai International Award for Best Practices Winners {{!}} Ahmedabad Slum Networking Programme|website=mirror.unhabitat.org|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425214638/http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=10305&catid=46&typeid=73|archive-date=25 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> However, concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure. Additionally, trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks.<ref name=":0" />

=== Religion and ethnicity ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ahmedabad City (2011)<ref name="census2011"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.56}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|3.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|0.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Hindus]] are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81.56% of the population followed by [[Muslims]] (13.51%), [[Jains]] (3.62%), Christians (0.85%) and [[Sikhs]] (0.24%).<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> [[Buddhists]], people following other religions and those who did not state any religion make up the remainder.
* The Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Mirzapur is the [[cathedra]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahmedabad|Diocese of Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3736.htm |title=Mount Carmel Cathedral |access-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020132/http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3736.htm |archive-date=1 February 2018}} GCatholic</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://stfxparish.blogspot.com/p/our-parish_15.html?m=1|title=Our Parish|publisher= St. Xavier’s Parish, Ahmedabad|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
* Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are native [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]]. The city is home to some 2000 [[Parsi people|Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrians]]),<ref name="High ageing rate, health problems worry Parsi community">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-22/ahmedabad/27229948_1_parsi-community-ageing-population|title=High ageing rate, health problems worry Parsi community|date=22 October 2001|access-date=1 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034220/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-22/ahmedabad/27229948_1_parsi-community-ageing-population|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> and some 125 members of the [[Bene Israel]] [[Jewish]] community.<ref>[http://www.jewishjournal.com/religion/article/jews_of_ahmedabad_india_welcome_torah_scroll "Jews of Ahmedabad, India, welcome Torah scroll"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915035600/http://www.jewishjournal.com/religion/article/jews_of_ahmedabad_india_welcome_torah_scroll |date=15 September 2012}} ''Jewish Journal''. 13 September 2012. 13 September 2012.</ref> There is also one synagogue in the city.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |title = The Last Jews in India and Burma
|url = http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm |first = Nathan |last = Katz |author2 = Ellen S. Goldberg |access-date = 27 April 2006 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060902031415/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm |archive-date = 2 September 2006 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Ahmedabad}}
[[File:Cloth map of ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|19th-century painted cloth map of Ahmedabad]]

Ahmedabad lies in [[western India]] at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the [[Sabarmati]] river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of {{convert|505|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Municipal Extensions'>{{cite news|title=Expansion of Municipal Corporations|website=The Times of India |date=19 June 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-municipal-limits-of-six-cities-expanded/articleshow/76459795.cms|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818194323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-municipal-limits-of-six-cities-expanded/articleshow/76459795.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='Municipalities have extension in Gujarat'>{{cite web|title=Municipalities have extension in Gujarat|url=https://www.gnsnews.co.in/municipal-corporation-limits-of-5-cities-including-gandhinagar-extended/|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920101249/https://www.gnsnews.co.in/municipal-corporation-limits-of-5-cities-including-gandhinagar-extended/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='AMC Expands'>{{cite web|title=AMC Expansion|date=8 September 2020|url=https://citizenmatters.in/ahmedabad-municipal-corporation-expansion-real-estate-calls-shots-21022|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116144630/https://citizenmatters.in/ahmedabad-municipal-corporation-expansion-real-estate-calls-shots-21022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AMC">{{cite web|title=Amdavad city |url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/introduction_Eng.aspx |work=[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627122123/http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/introduction_Eng.aspx |archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However, with the execution of the [[Sabarmati Riverfront|Sabarmati River Front]] Project and Embankment, the waters from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the [[Rann of Kutch]] threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of [[Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra]], the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—[[Kankaria]], [[Vastrapur Lake|Vastrapur]] and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of [[Maninagar]], is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Qutb-ud-din, in 1451.<ref name="kankaria">{{Cite book|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers|publisher=Directorate of Govt, Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|year=1984 |page=46}}</ref>

According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], the town falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone 3]], in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).<ref name="hazardprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.caee.uottawa.ca/India.pdf |title=Performance of buildings during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake|access-date=3 August 2008 |work=Jag Mohan Humar, David Lau, and Jean-Robert Pierre|publisher=The Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070710000016/http://www.caee.uottawa.ca/India.pdf |archive-date = 10 July 2007}}</ref>

Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of [[Bhadra Fort|Bhadra]]. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed [[bazaar]]s, the ''[[pol (housing)|pol]]'' system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5616 |title=Historic city of Ahmadabad - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120084421/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5616/ |archive-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> A Pol (pronounced as pole) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by [[caste]], [[profession]], or religion.<ref name="Others">{{cite book|title=Reader in Urban Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&pg=PA179|access-date=15 February 2012|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-152-5|pages=179–|year=1991|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602031957/http://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&pg=PA179|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Residential Cluster, Ahmedabad: Housing based on the traditional Pols|url=http://www.plea2009.arc.ulaval.ca/Papers/1.CHALLENGE/1.2%20City/POSTER/1-2-22-PLEA2009Quebec.pdf|work=arc.ulaval.ca/|access-date=15 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101300/http://www.plea2009.arc.ulaval.ca/Papers/1.CHALLENGE/1.2%20City/POSTER/1-2-22-PLEA2009Quebec.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> [[List of pols in Ahmedabad|This is a list of Pols]] in the [[Old Ahmedabad|old walled city]]<ref name="Others" /> of Ahmedabad in [[Gujarat]], India. Heritage of these Pols<ref>{{cite web|language=gu|last=Patel|first=Bholabhai|title=અમદાવાદની પોળ સંસ્કૃતિની એક મર્મસ્પર્શી ઝલક|url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/article/mag-amdavad-pol-culture-1888076.html|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|access-date=10 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228040941/http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/article/mag-amdavad-pol-culture-1888076.html|archive-date=28 February 2011|date=26 February 2011}}</ref> has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in [[UNESCO]]'s Tentative Lists, in [[World Heritage Site#Cultural criteria|selection criteria]] II, III and IV.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tentative Lists|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=in|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=10 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126154032/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=in|archive-date=26 January 2012}}</ref> The secretary-general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12000 [[Havelis|homes]] of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dave|first=Jitendra|title=Ahmedabad heritage set to conquer Spain|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-heritage-set-to-conquer-spain_1285803|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=10 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311101838/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-heritage-set-to-conquer-spain_1285803|archive-date=11 March 2011|date=28 August 2009}}</ref> The ''Art Reverie'' in ''Moto Sutharvado'' is [[Res Artis]] center.
The first pol in Ahmedabad was named ''Mahurat Pol''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaarso |url=http://www.vaarso.com/pols-of-ahmedabad.html |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |access-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202164619/http://www.vaarso.com/pols-of-ahmedabad.html |archive-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The old city also houses the main railway station, the main post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of the Sabarmati river, facilitated by the construction of [[Ellis Bridge]] in 1875 (and later the modern [[Nehru Bridge]]). The western part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as [[Ashram Road]], [[C. G. Road]] and [[Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium |publisher=Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design |year=2002 | page=83 |chapter=Urban Structure and Growth}}</ref>

{{wide image|Ahmedabad Panorama 1.jpg|800px|There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions.|align-cap=center}}

The [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] is a waterfront area being developed along the banks of the Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad, India. Proposed in the 1960s, its construction began in 2005, and it opened in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabarmati River Front Time line |url=https://sabarmatiriverfront.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/History-copy.JPG}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Ahmedabad has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: [[Hot semi-arid climate|BSh]]), with marginally less rain than required for a [[tropical savanna climate]]. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is {{convert|43|C|F|0}}, and the average minimum is {{convert|24|C|F}}. From November to February, the average maximum temperature is {{convert|30|C|F}}, and the average minimum is {{convert|13|C|F}}. Cold winds from the north are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about {{convert|800|mm|in}}, but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 20 May 2016, with it reaching {{convert|48|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 2016 |title=Ahmedabad records hottest day in century as mercury hits 48 degrees Celcius |newspaper=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-records-hottest-day-in-century-as-mercury-hits-48-degrees-celcius-2809687/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520120224/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-records-hottest-day-in-century-as-mercury-hits-48-degrees-celcius-2809687/ |archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref>
{{center|
{{Weather box
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| location = Ahmedabad (1991–2020 normals)
| Jan record high C = 36.1
| Feb record high C = 40.6
| Mar record high C = 43.9
| Apr record high C = 46.2
| May record high C = 48.0
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 42.2
| Aug record high C = 40.4
| Sep record high C = 41.7
| Oct record high C = 42.8
| Nov record high C = 38.9
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| year record high C = 48.0
| Jan high C = 27.9
| Feb high C = 31.0
| Mar high C = 35.8
| Apr high C = 39.7
| May high C = 41.8
| Jun high C = 39.0
| Jul high C = 33.7
| Aug high C = 32.3
| Sep high C = 33.6
| Oct high C = 35.6
| Nov high C = 33.1
| Dec high C = 29.5
| year high C = 34.4
| Jan mean C = 20.2
| Feb mean C = 22.5
| Mar mean C = 27.6
| Apr mean C = 31.7
| May mean C = 34.3
| Jun mean C = 33.1
| Jul mean C = 29.7
| Aug mean C = 28.5
| Sep mean C = 29.2
| Oct mean C = 28.5
| Nov mean C = 24.8
| Dec mean C = 21.4
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 12.4
| Feb low C = 14.6
| Mar low C = 19.6
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 27.3
| Jun low C = 27.7
| Jul low C = 26.1
| Aug low C = 25.3
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 21.8
| Nov low C = 17.2
| Dec low C = 13.6
| year low C = 21.2
| Jan record low C = 3.3
| Feb record low C = 2.2
| Mar record low C = 9.4
| Apr record low C = 12.8
| May record low C = 19.1
| Jun record low C = 19.4
| Jul record low C = 20.4
| Aug record low C = 21.2
| Sep record low C = 17.2
| Oct record low C = 12.6
| Nov record low C = 8.3
| Dec record low C = 3.6
| year record low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 1.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 0.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 1.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 2.5
| May precipitation mm = 5.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 84.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 310.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 242.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 120.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 13.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 1.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 0.9
| year precipitation mm = 783.6
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| May rain days = 0.3
| Jun rain days = 3.9
| Jul rain days = 11.3
| Aug rain days = 10.3
| Sep rain days = 6.1
| Oct rain days = 0.9
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.1
| year rain days = 33.9
| Jan humidity = 35
| Feb humidity = 26
| Mar humidity = 21
| Apr humidity = 20
| May humidity = 25
| Jun humidity = 44
| Jul humidity = 69
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 63
| Oct humidity = 43
| Nov humidity = 39
| Dec humidity = 38
| year humidity = 41
| Jan dew point C = 9
| Feb dew point C = 10
| Mar dew point C = 10
| Apr dew point C = 14
| May dew point C = 19
| Jun dew point C = 23
| Jul dew point C = 25
| Aug dew point C = 25
| Sep dew point C = 24
| Oct dew point C = 19
| Nov dew point C = 14
| Dec dew point C = 11
| Jan sun = 287.3
| Feb sun = 274.3
| Mar sun = 277.5
| Apr sun = 297.2
| May sun = 329.6
| Jun sun = 238.3
| Jul sun = 130.1
| Aug sun = 111.4
| Sep sun = 220.6
| Oct sun = 290.7
| Nov sun = 274.1
| Dec sun = 288.6
| year sun =
| Jan uv = 6
| Feb uv = 8
| Mar uv = 11
| Apr uv = 12
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 11
| Oct uv = 9
| Nov uv = 7
| Dec uv = 6
| source 1 = India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2012)<ref name=IMD>{{cite web
|url = http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/ahmedabad2.htm
|title = Ahmedabad Climatological Table Period: 1981–2010
|publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
|access-date = 25 March 2015
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111936/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/ahmedabad2.htm
|archive-date = 2 April 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=IMD2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|title=Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|access-date=16 May 2014
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|archive-date=16 March 2014
}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M48
| access-date = 26 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityrainfall>
{{cite web
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42647
| title = Climatological Information - Ahmedabad (42647)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 8 August 2022}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/ahmadabad/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date = 18 July 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = NOAA (sun 1971–1990),<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42647.TXT
| title = Ahmedabad Climate Normals 1971–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 25 March 2015}}</ref> IEM ASOS (May record high)<ref name=IEM>{{cite web
|url = http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/obhistory.php?network=IN__ASOS&station=VAAH&year=2016&month=05&day=18
|title = VAAH Data for May 18, 2016
|publisher = IEM
|access-date = 21 May 2016
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160701022942/http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/obhistory.php?network=IN__ASOS&station=VAAH&year=2016&month=05&day=18
|archive-date = 1 July 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/ahmedabad-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Ahmedabad, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 12 June 2022}}
</ref> <ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>

| source =
}}}}

Following a [[heat wave]] in May 2010 reaching {{convert|46.8|C}} and claiming hundreds of lives,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/weather-researchers-fear--may-2010-heat-wave--may-return-to-city/944740/|title=Weather: Researchers fear 'May 2010 heat wave' may return to city|date=3 May 2012|first1=Mandar|last1=Chitre|first2=Adam|last2=Halliday|access-date=13 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072518/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/weather-researchers-fear--may-2010-heat-wave--may-return-to-city/944740/|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC), in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the [[Climate & Development Knowledge Network]], developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heat Action Plan – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.egovamc.com/downloads/healthcare/healthpdf/heat_action_plan.pdf |publisher=[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907053604/http://egovamc.com/Downloads/HealthCare/healthpdf/heat_action_plan.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and coordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations, the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health.<ref>[http://cdkn.org/2013/04/feature-ahmedabad-india-launches-heat-wave-preparation-and-warning-system/?loclang=en_gb Feature: Ahmedabad, India launches heat wave preparation and warning system] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604121442/http://cdkn.org/2013/04/feature-ahmedabad-india-launches-heat-wave-preparation-and-warning-system/?loclang=en_gb |date=4 June 2013}} [[Climate & Development Knowledge Network]]. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref> It also focuses on community participation, building public awareness of the risks of [[extreme heat]], training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat-related illnesses, and coordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit.<ref>[http://cdkn.org/resource/addressing-heat-related-risks-india/ Addressing heat-related risks in urban India: Ahmedabad's Heat Action Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712235253/http://cdkn.org/resource/addressing-heat-related-risks-india/ |date=12 July 2014}}, Dr Tejas Shah, Dr Dileep Mavalankar, Dr Gulrez Shah Azhar, Anjali Jaiswal and Meredith Connolly, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Indian Institute of Public Health-Gandhinagar and the Natural Resources Defense Council, 2014</ref>

=== Cityscape ===

Early in Ahmedabad's history, under [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]], builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with [[Persian architecture]], giving rise to the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style.<ref name="KishoreSharma"/> Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion.<ref name="KishoreSharma">{{cite book|author=B.R. Kishore|author2=Shiv Sharma|title=India – A Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA491|access-date=4 April 2012|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-284-0067-4|page=491|year=2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602032457/http://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA491|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]] was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or [[jali]] on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or [[haveli]] from this era have carvings.<ref name="Others"/> A [[Pol (housing)|Pol]] is a typical housing cluster of [[Old Ahmedabad]].

After independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad. Architects given commissions in the city included [[Louis Kahn]], who designed the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM-A]]; [[Le Corbusier]], who designed the [[Villa Shodhan|Shodhan]] and [[Villa Sarabhai|Sarabhai Villa]]s, the [[Sanskar Kendra]] and the [[Mill Owners' Association Building]], and [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], who designed the administrative building of [[Calico Mills]] and the [[Calico Dome]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Yatin|last=Pandya|title=Calico dome: Crumbling crown of architecture|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_calico-dome-crumbling-crown-of-architecture_1311809|work=Daily News and Analysis|location=India|access-date=24 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503202255/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_calico-dome-crumbling-crown-of-architecture_1311809|archive-date=3 May 2010|date=15 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Parth|last=Shastri|title=Calico Dome: The icon of its time|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-16/ahmedabad/30285765_1_geodesic-dome-design-calico-dome|access-date=24 February 2012|date=16 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501232903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-16/ahmedabad/30285765_1_geodesic-dome-design-calico-dome|archive-date=1 May 2013|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[B. V. Doshi]] came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the [[CEPT University|School of Architecture]] (now CEPT). His local works include Sangath, [[Amdavad ni Gufa]], [[Tagore Memorial Hall]] and the School of Architecture. [[Charles Correa]], who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the [[Sabarmati Ashram|Gandhi Ashram]] and [[Achyut Kanvinde]], and the [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association]] complex.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-168251|title=Tagore hall|journal=Arts Asiatiques|year=1967|volume=60|last1=Doshi|first1=Balkrishna V.|last2=Tsuboi|first2=Yoshikatsu|last3=Raj|first3=Mahendra}}</ref><ref name="GansCorbusier2006">{{cite book|first1=Deborah|last1=Gans|title=The Le Corbusier guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsUvawMUeGsC&pg=PA211|access-date=4 April 2012|year=2006|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=978-1-56898-539-8|pages=211–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602030907/http://books.google.com/books?id=qsUvawMUeGsC&pg=PA211|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="GargianiRosellini2011">{{cite book|author-link1=Roberto Gargiani|first1=Roberto|last1=Gargiani|first2=Anna|last2=Rosellini|title=Le Corbusier: Beton Brut and Ineffable Space (1940–1965): Surface Materials and Psychophysiology of Vision|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqwHOVYYVl0C&pg=PA417|access-date=4 April 2012|date=25 November 2011|publisher=[[EPFL Press]]|isbn=978-0-415-68171-1|pages=417–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602030736/http://books.google.com/books?id=bqwHOVYYVl0C&pg=PA417|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> [[Christopher Charles Benninger]]'s first work, the Alliance Française, is located in the Ellis Bridge area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Christopher Charles Benninger Architects |url=http://www.ccba.in/alliance_writeup.htm |access-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404204446/http://www.ccba.in/alliance_writeup.htm |archive-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> [[Anant Raje]] designed major additions to [[Louis Kahn]]'s [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad|IIM-A]] campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/surat/28153636_1_architecture-works-institution |title=He was a teacher and an institution |date=1 July 2009 |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/surat/28153636_1_architecture-works-institution |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some of the most visited gardens in the city include [[Law Garden]], Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after the College of Law situated close to it. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of [[Queen Victoria]]. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of [[Kankaria Lake]] and also houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include [[Parimal Garden]], Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden.<ref name="Law_garden">{{cite web|title=Law Garden Night Market|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/ahmedabad-amdavad/shopping/other/law-garden-night|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|access-date=24 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126145749/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/ahmedabad-amdavad/shopping/other/law-garden-night|archive-date=26 November 2011}}</ref>
Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes, [[caracal]]s, [[Dhole|Asiatic wolves]] and [[chinkara]].<ref name="cza">{{cite web|url=http://www.cza.nic.in/species.html |title=Endangered species Identified for breeding and their species coordinator |publisher=Central Zoo Authority India |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930232403/http://www.cza.nic.in/species.html |archive-date=30 September 2008}}</ref>

The [[Kankaria]] Lake, built in 1451 AD, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gujarat-Daman-Diu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7EHTBl_pyQC&q=Kankaria+1451&pg=PA31|access-date=1 June 2012|isbn=9788125013839|year=1998|last=Ward|first=Philip| publisher=Orient Longman Limited |archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120726/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7EHTBl_pyQC&q=Kankaria+1451&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref> In earlier days, it was known by the name ''Qutub Hoj'' or ''Hauj-e-Kutub''.<ref name="kndfg">{{cite news|title=Reminiscing the Kankaria Lake of yore|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_reminiscing-the-kankaria-lake-of-yore_1670566|author=Pandya, Yatin|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=1 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414145158/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_reminiscing-the-kankaria-lake-of-yore_1670566|archive-date=14 April 2012|date=2 April 2012}}</ref> Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010, another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29 will be developed by the [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]] (AUDA).<ref>{{cite news|first=Ruturaj |last=Jadav |title=City of lakes-With 34 new lakes under development, Ahmedabad is set to pose a challenge to Udaipur |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=2010041420100414024003550f8f5a989 |access-date=6 October 2012 |newspaper=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508223054/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=2010041420100414024003550f8f5a989 |archive-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> [[Vastrapur lake]] is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad. Beautified by local authorities in 2002, it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vastapur lake travel guide |url=https://www.trodly.com/india/destination-4541/vastrapur-lake |website=Trodly |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509080905/https://www.trodly.com/india/destination-4541/vastrapur-lake |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chandola Lake]] covers an area of 1200 hectares. It is home to [[cormorants]], [[painted stork]]s and [[spoonbill]]s.<ref>It's a Jungle Out tHere [sic]. ''The Indian Express'', 18 August 2013</ref> During the evening time, many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/lakes/chandola-lake.html|title=Chandola Lake|work=ahmedabad.org.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205110638/http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/lakes/chandola-lake.html|archive-date=5 December 2012}}</ref> There is a recently developed lake in [[Naroda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-get-ready-to-pay-entry-fee-at-naroda-lake-1394714|title=Get ready to pay entry fee at Naroda Lake|work=dna|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526114929/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-get-ready-to-pay-entry-fee-at-naroda-lake-1394714|archive-date=26 May 2015|date=11 June 2010}}</ref> and there is also the world's largest collection of antique cars in Kathwada at IB farm (Dastan Farm).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vccci.com/vintage-car-museum|title=VCCCI|work=vccci.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526111342/http://www.vccci.com/vintage-car-museum|archive-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> AMC has also developed the [[Sabarmati Riverfront]].<ref name="Mahadevia">{{cite book|first=Darshin|last=Mahadevia|title=Inside the Transforming Urban Asia: Processes, Policies and Public Actions|year=2008|publisher=Concept|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8069-574-2|page=650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdKvxlYzTFkC&q=Sabarmati+riverfront|edition=1. publ.|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120717/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdKvxlYzTFkC&q=Sabarmati+riverfront|url-status=live}}</ref>

Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site, the [[Ahmedabad City Police]] is going to install outdoor [[air purifier]]s at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-ahmedabad-air-purifiers-to-be-installed-near-pirana-dumping-site-for-traffic-police-2717465|title=Ahmedabad: Air purifiers to be installed near Pirana dumping site for traffic police|date=8 February 2019|website=dna|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204552/https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-ahmedabad-air-purifiers-to-be-installed-near-pirana-dumping-site-for-traffic-police-2717465|archive-date=22 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Sidi-Saiyyed-Jaali-Ahmedabad.jpg|[[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]]
File:Mosque of Sidi Sayed Jaali.JPG|A marble screen from the exterior of the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque
File:Jama Masjid Ahmedabad heritage.jpg|[[Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad]]
File:Hathee-Singh-Jain-Temple-Ahmedabad.jpg|Hutheesing Jain Derasar main entrance
File:Pole 44.jpg|[[Pol (housing)|Pol]] area of [[Old Ahmedabad]]
File:Sabarmati riverside.jpg|[[Sabarmati Riverfront]]
File:Kankaria lake.JPG|[[Kankaria Lake]], Ahmedabad
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== Civic administration ==
[[File:Gujarat-High-Court.jpg|thumb|[[Gujarat High Court]] in Ahmedabad]]

Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of [[Ahmedabad district]], administered by the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed by the [[Government of Gujarat|state government]] who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas the corporation is headed by the [[mayor of Ahmedabad]]. The city residents elect the 192 [[Councillor|municipal councillors]] by popular vote, and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The mayor, Bijal Patel, was appointed on 14 June 2018.<ref name="AhmMir-15Jun">{{cite news |title=Bijal Patel appointed city Mayor |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/bijal-patel-appointed-city-mayor/articleshow/64593445.cms |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185401/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/bijal-patel-appointed-city-mayor/articleshow/64593445.cms |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are: water and sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire services, public transport and the city's infrastructure.<ref name="AMC"/> AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for "the best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=Ajesh|title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems|url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf|website=janaagraha.org|publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy|access-date=7 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/city-registers-two-accidents-per-hour-and-gujarat-18-emri-108/articleshow/66672987.cms|title=Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour and Gujarat 18: EMRI 108 |work=The Times of India|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120231342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/city-registers-two-accidents-per-hour-and-gujarat-18-emri-108/articleshow/66672987.cms|archive-date=20 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city is divided into seven zones constituting 48 wards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CCRS|url=http://www.amccrs.com/AMCPortal/View/ZonewiseWardList.aspx?m=ZoneWardList|access-date=30 May 2021|website=www.amccrs.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2015|title=Delimitation order announced: Ahmedabad to have 48 wards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/delimitation-order-announced-ahmedabad-to-have-48-wards/|access-date=30 May 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The city's urban and suburban areas are administered by the [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]] (AUDA).
* The city is represented by two elected members of parliament in the [[Lok Sabha]] (the lower house of the Indian Parliament) and 21 [[member of the Legislative Assembly|members of the Legislative Assembly]] at the Gujarat [[Vidhan Sabha]].
* The [[Gujarat High Court]] is located in Ahmedabad, making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/ahemdabad_cityinfo.jsp|work=aai.aero/|title=City Information|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505035807/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/ahemdabad_cityinfo.jsp|archive-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> Law enforcement and public safety is maintained by the [[Ahmedabad City Police]], headed by the [[Police Commissioner]], an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer.<ref name="Saikia new Ahmedabad police chief">{{Cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Saikia-new-Ahmedabad-police-chief/230451/ |title=Saikia new Ahmedabad police chief |date=20 October 2007 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125055049/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Saikia-new-Ahmedabad-police-chief/230451/ |archive-date=25 January 2008}}</ref>

=== Public services ===
* Health services are primarily provided at [[Ahmedabad civil hospital]], the largest civil hospital in Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Manas|last=Dasgupta|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-25/ahmedabad/27916381_1_biggest-hospital-civil-hospital-beds|title=Civil Hospital planned as world's biggest hospital|date=25 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902075703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-25/ahmedabad/27916381_1_biggest-hospital-civil-hospital-beds|archive-date=2 September 2012|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Electricity in the city is generated and distributed by [[Torrent Power]] Limited, owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company, which was previously a state-run corporation.<ref name="torrent">{{cite web|url=http://www.torrentlimited.com/aec.htm |title=Group Companies—The Ahmedabad Electricity Company Limited |publisher=Torrent Group |access-date=21 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123092555/http://www.torrentlimited.com/aec.htm |archive-date=23 January 2010}}</ref> Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised.<ref name="Vedavalli2007">{{cite book|first=Rangaswamy|last=Vedavalli|title=Energy for Development: Twenty-first Century Challenges of Reform and Liberalization in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeIRJAF5QtsC&pg=PA215|access-date=11 August 2012|date=13 March 2007|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-223-9|pages=215–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611234344/http://books.google.com/books?id=zeIRJAF5QtsC&pg=PA215|archive-date=11 June 2013}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Ahmedabad}}
[[File:Navratri Garba.jpg|thumb|[[Navaratri]] celebrations in Ahmedabad]]

The people of Ahmedabad celebrate a vast range of festivals. Celebrations and observances include [[Uttarayana|Uttarayan]], a harvest festival which involves kite-flying on 14 and 15 January. The nine nights of [[Navratri]] are celebrated with people performing [[Garba (dance)|Garba]], the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city. The annual [[Rath Yatra]] procession takes place on the ''Ashadh-sud-bij'' date of the [[Hindu calendar]] at the [[Jagannath Temple, Ahmedabad|Jagannath Temple]]. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, Christmas and Muharram (pan-Indian festivals) are also celebrated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=Lacklustre Uttarayan for kite sellers due to demand slump |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/lacklustre-uttarayan-for-kite-sellers-due-to-demand-slump-8380687/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Festive fervour high as people gear up for Navratri celebrations |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/festive-fervour-high-as-people-gear-up-for-navratri-celebrations-8162810/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

One of the most popular dishes in Ahmedabad is the Gujarati ''[[thali]]'', which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Charmaine|title=The Penguin Food Guide to India|date=2013|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-575-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&q=gujarati+thali+is+popular+in+ahmedabad&pg=PT290|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120721/https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&q=gujarati+thali+is+popular+in+ahmedabad&pg=PT290|url-status=live}}</ref> It consists of [[roti]] (Chapati), [[dal]], rice and {{transliteration|gu|shaak}} (cooked vegetables, sometimes with [[curry]]), with accompaniments of [[Indian pickle|pickles]] and roasted ''[[papad]]s''. Sweet dishes include [[laddu|laddoo]], [[mango]], and {{transliteration|gu|italic=no|vedhmi}}. ''Dhoklas'', {{transliteration|gu|theplas}} and {{transliteration|gu|dhebras}} are other popularly consumed dishes in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Tarla|title=The Complete Gujarati Cookbook|date=2003|publisher=Sanjay & Co.|isbn=81-86469-45-1|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXtEgtCJVucC&q=gujarati+thali+is+popular+in+ahmedabad&pg=PA4|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120719/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXtEgtCJVucC&q=gujarati+thali+is+popular+in+ahmedabad&pg=PA4|url-status=live}}</ref> Beverages include [[buttermilk]] and tea. Drinking alcohol is legally banned in Ahmedabad as Gujarat is a 'dry' state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/were-beneficiaries-of-reverse-colonialism-boris/articleshow/60092530.cms|title=We're beneficiaries of reverse colonialism: Boris|date=17 August 2017|author=Naomi Canton|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824223606/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Were-beneficiaries-of-reverse-colonialism-Boris/articleshow/60092530.cms|archive-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

There are many restaurants, which serve Indian and international cuisines. Most of food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as there exists a strong tradition of vegetarianism that has been maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities over centuries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Food – IIMA|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/institute/about-ahmedabad/food.html|publisher=iimahd.ernet.in|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626132252/http://iimahd.ernet.in/institute/about-ahmedabad/food.html|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> The first all-vegetarian [[Pizza Hut]] in the world opened in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Made for India: Succeeding in a Market Where One Size Won't Fit All|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4358|work=India Knowledge@Wharton|publisher=The Wharton School|access-date=18 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629194914/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4358|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen,<ref>{{cite web|title=KFC in Ahmedabad |url=http://ahmedabad.burrp.com/brand/kfc/111135198 |publisher=Burrp.com [[Network 18]] |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605121835/http://ahmedabad.burrp.com/brand/kfc/111135198 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Avinash|title=Kentucky {{sic|Friend|nolink=y}} Chicken changes dress code for {{sic|vegeterian|nolink=y}} Gujarat|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/news/30289880_1_kfc-brand-kentucky-friend-chicken-vegetarian-menu|access-date=27 April 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501205406/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/news/30289880_1_kfc-brand-kentucky-friend-chicken-vegetarian-menu|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> as does McDonald's.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hum dono hai alag alag|url=http://www.mcdonaldsindia.com/McDonald's-VegVsNonVegPressRels-HumDonoHaiAlaghAlagh-Aug'09.pdf|work=press release|publisher=[[McDonald's]] India|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016224558/http://mcdonaldsindia.com/McDonald's-VegVsNonVegPressRels-HumDonoHaiAlaghAlagh-Aug'09.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mcdonald's in Ahmedabad |url=http://ahmedabad.burrp.com/brand/mcdonalds/183286326 |publisher=Burrp.com [[Network 18]] |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605130447/http://ahmedabad.burrp.com/brand/mcdonalds/183286326 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Ahmedabad has a number of restaurants serving typical [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, [[Kalupur]] and [[Jamalpur, Jaunpur|Jamalpur]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Ahmedabad Food |url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=33&destinationid=50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612004722/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=33&destinationid=50 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2011 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Traveller]] |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

[[Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)|Manek Chowk]] is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon. However, it is best known for becoming a vast congregation of food stalls in the evening, which sell local [[street food]]. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba [[Maneknath]].<ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book|author=Anjali H. Desai|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA106|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2007|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|page=93|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602030524/http://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA106|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their [[folk art]]. The artisans of Rangeela ''pol'' make [[tie-dye]]d ''[[Kerchief|bandhinis]]'', while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional ''mojdi'' (also known as ''mojri'') footwear. Idols of the Hindu deity [[Ganesha]] and other religious icons are made in large numbers by artisans in the Gulbai Tekra area. In 2019, there was a surge in demand for eco-friendly idols due to increased awareness surrounding the effects of submerging the traditional plaster-of-paris idols in the Sabarmati river.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/go-green-with-ganesha/articleshow/70917990.cms|title=Go green with Ganesha|last1=Paniker|first1=Shruti|date=31 August 2019|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902074133/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/go-green-with-ganesha/articleshow/70917990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The shops at the [[Law Garden]] sell mirrorwork handicrafts.<ref name="Law_garden"/>

[[File:Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur Ahmedabad Gujarat.jpg|thumb|left|[[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad]]]]

Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of [[Gujarati literature]]: [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] and [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]]. [[Saptak School of Music]] festival is held in the first week of the new year. This event was inaugurated by [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule of Virasat — virasatfestival.org |url=http://www.virasatfestival.org/Schedule%20of%20Events'13.pdf |publisher=virasatfestival.org |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212054005/http://www.virasatfestival.org/Schedule%20of%20Events%2713.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saptak Music Festival|url=http://kadmusarts.com/festivals/4072.html|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212750/http://kadmusarts.com/festivals/4072.html|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

The [[Sanskar Kendra]], one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by [[Le Corbusier]], is a museum displaying the city's history, art, culture and architecture. The [[Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya]] and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial]] have permanent displays of photographs, documents and other articles relating to the Gujarat-born Indian independence movement leaders, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Sardar Patel]]. The [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments and textiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calicomuseum.com/ |title=The Calico Museum of Textiles |publisher=Calicomuseum.com |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601220001/http://calicomuseum.com/ |archive-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library]] has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].{{citation needed |date=December 2015}} The Vechaar Utensils Museum has stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc and German silver tools on display.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/16|title=Vechaar Utensils Museum|access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121043906/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/16|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vechaar.com|title=Vechaar ~ Utensils Museum Vishalla Environmental Center for Heritage of Art Architecture and Research|last=Kaushalam|website=vechaar.com|access-date=18 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916004054/http://vechaar.com/|archive-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> The [[Conflictorium]] is an interactive installation space that explores conflict in society through art.

The Shreyas Foundation has four museums on its campus. The Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) has art forms and artefacts from various Gujarati communities. The [[List of children's museums in India|Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museum]] has a collection of toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of [[Gujarat]]. Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/21|title=Shreyas Folk Museum|access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121043427/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/21|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shreyasfoundation.in/museums.html |title=Shreyas Foundation |publisher=Shreyasfoundation.in |access-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105065734/http://www.shreyasfoundation.in/museums.html |archive-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/ahmedabad-amdavad/attractions/lokayatan-folk-museum/a/poi-sig/478392/356239 |title=Lokayatan Folk Museum |access-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121165705/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/ahmedabad-amdavad/attractions/lokayatan-folk-museum/a/poi-sig/478392/356239 |archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

The L. D. Institute of Indology houses 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books, making it the largest collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and decorative art, paintings of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and art of Nepal and Tibet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/19|title=L D Museum of Indology|access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121045514/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/19|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> The N. C. Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/20|title=N C Mehta Gallery|access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042244/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/20|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1949, the [[Darpana Academy of Performing Arts]] was established by the scientist [[Dr. Vikram Sarabhai]] and his wife, [[Bharat Natyam]] dancer [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]. Its influence has led Ahmedabad to become a centre of [[Indian classical dance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-21 |title=Dancer, patron of the arts Mrinalini Sarabhai: Her feet are footsteps in Ahmedabad's history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dancer-patron-of-the-arts-mrinalini-sarabhai-her-feet-are-footsteps-in-ahmedabads-history/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Gujrat university.JPG|thumb|[[:Gujarat University|Gujarat university, Ahmedabad]]]]
{{Main|Education in Ahmedabad}}
Ahmedabad had a [[literacy]] rate of 79.89% in 2001 which rose to 89.62 percent in 2011. As of 2011, the literacy rate among males and females were 93.96 and 84.81 percent, respectively.

Among the several [[:Category:universities and colleges in Ahmedabad|universities in Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat University]] is the largest and claims to be the oldest;<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat University|url=http://www.gujaratuniversity.org.in/web/WebBriefHistory.asp|website=gujaratuniversity.org.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730065148/http://www.gujaratuniversity.org.in/web/WebBriefHistory.asp|archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> although the [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] was established in 1920 by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] – it received no charter from the [[British Raj]], becoming a [[deemed university]] only in 1963.<ref name="Gujarat Vidyapith: History">{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratvidyapith.org/history.htm|title=Gujarat Vidyapith: History|publisher=Gujarat Vidyapith|access-date=19 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516203439/http://www.gujaratvidyapith.org/history.htm|archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> A large number of colleges in the city are affiliated with Gujarat University.
[[Gujarat Technological University]], [[CEPT University]], [[Nirma University]], [[IITRAM|Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM)]] and [[Ahmedabad University]] all date from this century. [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University]] has over 100,000 students enrolled on its distance learning courses.<ref name="universities">{{cite web |publisher=University Grants Commission, India |title= List of University (State wise)—Gujarat |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/univbrowse.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608111127/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/univbrowse.php?st=Gujarat |archive-date=8 June 2007 |access-date=30 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction|url=http://www.baou.edu.in/introduction|website=baou.edu.in|publisher=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091109/http://www.baou.edu.in/introduction|archive-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>[[file:Louis Kahn Plaza, IIM Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]]]]Ahmedabad is home to the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]], which was ranked first among management institutes in the country by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ManagementRanking.html|title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)|website=nirfindia.org|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134654/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ManagementRanking.html|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Established in 1947 by the scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]], the oldest of the [[:Category:research institutes in Ahmedabad|research institutes in Ahmedabad]], the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] is active in space science, astronomy, high-energy physics and other areas of research.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jain|first1=R.|last2=Dave|first2=H.|last3=Deshpande|first3=M. R.|title=Solar X-ray Spectrometer (SoXS) development at Physical Research Laboratory/ISRO|journal=Solar Encounter. Proceedings of the First Solar Orbiter Workshop |publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|page=109|date=September 2001|volume=493 |bibcode=2001ESASP.493..109J}} {{bibcode|2006JApA...27..175J}}</ref>
The [[Darpana Academy of Performing Arts]] was listed by UNESCO as an institution active in the "Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage".<ref>{{cite web|title=Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002342/234289m.pdf|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|date=5 February 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221553/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002342/234289m.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 2.COM 4 – intangible heritage – Culture Sector|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/Decisions/2.COM/4|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120805/https://ich.unesco.org/en/Decisions/2.COM/4|url-status=live}}</ref>

Schools in Ahmedabad are either run publicly by the AMC, or privately by entities, trusts and corporations. The majority of schools are affiliated with the [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]], although some are affiliated with the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]], [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], [[IB Diploma Programme|International Baccalaureate]] and [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open School]].

== Media ==
[[File:Ahmedabad DoordarshanTower.jpg|thumb|left|Broadcasting tower of the Ahmedabad Doordarshan]]

Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Indian Express]]'', ''[[Daily News & Analysis|DNA]]'', ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', ''[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]'' and ''Metro''.<ref name="newspapersss">{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad Newspapers |url=http://www.allyoucanread.com/ahmedabad-newspaper-india/ |publisher=All you can read |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602012638/http://www.allyoucanread.com/ahmedabad-newspaper-india/ |archive-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> Newspapers in other languages include ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', ''[[Sandesh (newspaper)|Sandesh]]'', ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', ''[[Sambhaav]]'', and ''Aankhodekhi''.<ref name=newspapersss /> The city is home to the historic [[Navajivan Trust|Navajivan Publishing House]], which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi copyright breathes life into Navjivan Trust|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-10-01/ahmedabad/27179585_1_printing-press-navjivan-trust-gandhiji|access-date=1 June 2012|date=1 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501202732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-10-01/ahmedabad/27179585_1_printing-press-navjivan-trust-gandhiji|archive-date=1 May 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The state-owned [[All India Radio]] Ahmedabad is broadcast both on [[medium wave|medium wave bands]] and FM bands (96.7 MHz) in the city.<ref name="Radio">{{cite web |publisher=All India Radio |title=requency Schedule for 30 March 2008 to 26 October 2008 |url=http://www.allindiaradio.org/schedule/freq_wr.html |access-date=23 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518021513/http://allindiaradio.org/schedule/freq_wr.html |archive-date=18 May 2008}}</ref> It competes with five private local FM stations: [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1 MHz), [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] (95.0 MHz), [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz) and Mirchi Love (104 MHz). [[Gyan Vani]] (104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio station run under the media co-operation model.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gyan Vani to be expanded|url=http://hindu.com/2001/07/30/stories/14302187.htm|access-date=6 October 2012|date=29 July 2001|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110234907/http://hindu.com/2001/07/30/stories/14302187.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> In March 2012, [[Gujarat University]] started a campus radio service on 90.8 MHz, which was the first of its kind in the state and the fifth in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed|first=Syed Khalique|title=GU launches first campus FM radio station in state, fifth in country|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gu-launches-first-campus-fm-radio-station-in-state-fifth-in-country/930856/1|access-date=6 October 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=31 March 2012}}</ref>

The state-owned television broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] provides free terrestrial channels, while three [[multi system operator]]s—InCablenet, [[Siti Cable]] and GTPL—provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels via [[cable television|cable]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Paras|title=Historic silence: Staff strike switches off Akashvani, Doordarshan in Gujarat|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_historic-silence-staff-strike-switches-off-akashvani-doordarshan-in-gujarat_1471296|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=DNA India|date=24 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316141046/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_historic-silence-staff-strike-switches-off-akashvani-doordarshan-in-gujarat_1471296|archive-date=16 March 2011}}</ref> Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as [[Jio]], [[BSNL Mobile]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], and [[Vodafone Idea Limited|Vodafone Idea]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Haslam|first=Catherine|title=A Guide to India's Telecom Market|url=http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=175079&print=yes|work=lightreading.com|publisher=Light reading Asia|access-date=27 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311143207/http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=175079&print=yes|archive-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Ahmedabad}}
[[File:SabarmatiThermalPlant.jpg|thumb|[[Torrent Power]] thermal power station at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad]]

The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at $64 billion in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Engineering Expo – Ahmedabad |url=http://www.mpponline.in/events/engineering-expo-ahmedabad/ |publisher=mpponline.in |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010809/http://www.mpponline.in/events/engineering-expo-ahmedabad/ |archive-date=28 May 2014 |quotation=Total GDP of Ahmedabad is 64 Billion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Know the 10 most developed Indian cities based on GDP|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-10-most-developed-indian-cities-gdp-32256.html?page=8|work=IndiaTVNews|access-date=27 May 2014|date=9 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527211837/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-10-most-developed-indian-cities-gdp-32256.html?page=8|archive-date=27 May 2014 |quotation=Ahmedabad. This largest industrial hub in Gujarat contributes a GDP of about $64 billion. }}</ref> The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Indian Cities and Their Major Industrial Activities|url=http://listice.com/top-10-indian-cities-and-their-major-industrial-activities/|work=Listice|access-date=27 May 2014|date=3 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214041/http://listice.com/top-10-indian-cities-and-their-major-industrial-activities/|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May 1861 [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]] founded the first Indian textile mill, the [[Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited]],<ref name="Textile industry of Ahmedabad">{{cite web|url=http://atmaahd.com/textahme.htm|title=Textile industry of Ahmedabad|publisher=Ahmedabad Textile Mills' Association|access-date=25 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212052029/http://www.atmaahd.com/textahme.htm|archive-date=12 December 2008}}</ref> followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as [[Calico Mills]], Bagicha Mills and [[Arvind Mills]]. By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city.<ref name="History of textile industry in Ahmedabad">{{cite web|url=http://www.taindia.com/history.htm|title=History of textile industry in Ahmedabad|publisher=Textile Association of India|access-date=22 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225235612/http://www.taindia.com/history.htm|archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref> The textile industry underwent rapid expansion during the [[First World War]] and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's [[Swadeshi movement]], which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods.<ref>
{{Cite book
|title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium
|publisher=Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design
|year=2002
|page=34
|chapter=Industry and Commerce}}</ref> Ahmedabad was known as the "Manchester of the East" for its textile industry.<ref name="manchester"/> The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of [[gemstone]]s and jewellery in India.<ref name="jnnurm"/> The [[Automotive industry in India|automobile industry]] is also important to the city; after [[Tata Group|Tata's]] [[Tata Nano|Nano]] project, [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Suzuki]] and [[Peugeot]] have established engine and/or vehicle manufacturing plants near Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Groundbreaking performed for Peugeot plant at Sanand site in Gujarat|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/11/02/groundbreaking-ceremony-for-peugeot-plant-today/|publisher=deshgujarat.com|access-date=24 February 2012|date=2 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107053051/http://deshgujarat.com/2011/11/02/groundbreaking-ceremony-for-peugeot-plant-today/|archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Reuters]]|title=Suzuki to pick Gujarat for new $1.3 bln plant|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/suzuki-to-pick-gujarat-for-new-1-3-bln-plant/articleshow/9976365.cms|access-date=24 February 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ford bets big on India, to build plant in Gujarat|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58494820110728|work=Reuters|access-date=24 February 2012|date=28 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315195519/http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/07/28/idINIndia-58494820110728|archive-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>

The [[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]], located in the Ambavadi area of the city, is India's second oldest stock exchange. It is now defunct.<ref>{{cite news|title=ASE to sell off iconic Manekchowk building|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ase-to-sell-off-iconic-manekchowk-building_1698792|access-date=7 June 2012|newspaper=DNA India|date=6 June 2012|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120837/https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-ase-to-sell-off-iconic-manekchowk-building-1698792|url-status=live}}</ref> Two of the biggest [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceutical companies of India]] — [[Zydus Cadila]] and [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]] – are based in the city. The [[Nirma]] group of industries, which runs detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city houses the corporate headquarters of the [[Adani Group]], a multinational trading and infrastructure development company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adani.com/contact.aspx|title=Adani Group locations|work=Adani.com|access-date=7 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529103602/http://www.adani.com/contact.aspx|archive-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> The [[Sardar Sarovar Project]] of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narmada water reaches Ahmedabad |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/03/14/stories/141460l2.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=24 February 2012 |date=14 March 2001 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723170131/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/03/14/stories/141460l2.htm |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Information technology in India|information technology]] industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad, with companies such as [[Tata Consultancy Services]] opening offices in the city.<ref name="Ahmedabad, Kolkata among new global hotspots">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/dec/11spec.htm|title=Ahmedabad, Kolkata among new global hotspots|first=Nitasha|last=Tiku|date=11 December 2007|publisher=Rediff|access-date=22 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211204001/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/dec/11spec.htm|archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> A [[NASSCOM]] survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country.<ref name="Ahmedabad joins ITES hot spots">{{Cite news|url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19249001.cms |title=Ahmedabad joins ITES hot spots |work=The Times of India |date=16 August 2002 |access-date=30 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103080350/http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19249001.cms |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Ahmedabad|url=http://www.ozoneindiagroup.com/about_ahmedabad.htm|publisher=ozoneindiagroup|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413033417/http://www.ozoneindiagroup.com/about_ahmedabad.htm|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>
Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as [[Cadila Healthcare]], [[Rasna]], [[Gujarat Tea Processors & Packers Ltd|Wagh Bakri]], [[Nirma]], [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]], and [[Intas Biopharmaceuticals]]. Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web|first=Smriti|last=Chand|title=Cotton Textile Industry in India: Production, Growth and Problems|date=9 December 2013 |url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/cotton-textile-industry-in-india-production-growth-and-problems/19704/|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010043/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/cotton-textile-industry-in-india-production-growth-and-problems/19704/|archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> Many cotton manufacturing units operate in and around Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Soma Textiles & Industries, Ltd|url=https://www.somatextiles.com|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005206/https://www.somatextiles.com/|archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kumar Textile Industries |url=http://www.kumartextile.com |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517173532/http://kumartextile.com/ |archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Textiles:: Reliance Industries Limited |url=http://www.ril.com/html/business/textiles.html |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220257/http://www.ril.com/html/business/textiles.html |archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Growth of Cotton Textile Industry in Ahmedabad|url=http://www.importantindia.com/4685/growth-of-cotton-textile-industry-in-ahmedabad/|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212819/http://www.importantindia.com/4685/growth-of-cotton-textile-industry-in-ahmedabad/|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Vipul|title=Longman Vistas 8|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2910-6|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BY5squlyzXcC&q=textiles+in+major+industry+in+ahmedabad&pg=PA174|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120900/https://books.google.com/books?id=BY5squlyzXcC&q=textiles+in+major+industry+in+ahmedabad&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref> Textiles are one of the major industries of the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Makrand|title=The Ahmedabad Cotton Textile Industry: Genesis and Growth|date=1982|publisher=New Order Book Co}}</ref> Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in [[Sanand]] taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dave|first=Kapil|title=Six new GIDC estates to come up in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/six-new-gidc-estates-to-come-up-in-ahmedabad-gandhinagar/791016/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 May 2014|date=15 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220623/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/six-new-gidc-estates-to-come-up-in-ahmedabad-gandhinagar/791016/|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[File:Sabarmati Railway Station.JPG|thumb|Sabarmati Railway Station]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi inaugurating the Ahmedabad Metro in Ahmedabad, Gujarat on September 30, 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Ahmedabad Metro]]]]
[[File:Ahmedabad Airport Terminal 2.jpg|thumb|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], Ahmedabad]]

=== Air ===
[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} from the city centre, provides domestic and international flights for Ahmedabad and the adjoining state capital [[Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ourairports.com/airports/VAAH/routes/ | title=Routes to/from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport | publisher=Our Airports | access-date=26 June 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608020448/http://www.ourairports.com/airports/VAAH/routes/ | archive-date=8 June 2012 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is the busiest airport in Gujarat and the [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic|seventh-busiest]] in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref name="traffic_stats2">{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K19Annex2.pdf|title=Traffic News for the month of March 2019: Annexure-II|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|date=1 May 2019|access-date=1 May 2019|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224637/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k18annex2.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Ahmedabad airport was earlier managed by [[Airports Authority of India]] and was leased to the city-based [[Adani Group]] in November 2020 for operations and maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Group takes over Ahmedabad airport on lease for 50 years, starts operations|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/adani-group-takes-over-ahmedabad-airport-on-lease-for-50-years-starts-operations/story/421427.html|access-date=20 June 2021|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=8 November 2020 }}</ref> The [[Dholera International Airport]] is currently under proposal to be built near [[Fedara]]. It will be the largest airport in India with a total area of 7,500 hectares.<ref name="Federa">{{cite news|title=Federa, father of all airports|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-30/ahmedabad/28132955_1_new-airport-third-runway-airports-authority|access-date=31 May 2012|date=30 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026132458/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-30/ahmedabad/28132955_1_new-airport-third-runway-airports-authority|archive-date=26 October 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Seaplane ====
The first seaplane service in India started between Ahmedabad and the [[Statue of Unity|Statue of Unity, Kevadia]], on 31 October 2020. The 19-seater plane makes four trips daily between the two destinations.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Langa|first1=Mahesh|last2=Chandra|first2=Jagriti|date=31 October 2020|title=PM Modi inaugurates seaplane services to Statue of Unity|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-launches-seaplane-service-in-gujarat/article32989740.ece|access-date=27 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
Ahmedabad is one of six operating divisions in the [[Western Railway zone]].<ref name="WR Organisation">{{Cite news|url=http://www.wr.indianrail.gov.in/organisation.htm|title=Organisation|publisher=Western Railways|access-date=4 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619140115/http://www.wr.indianrail.gov.in/organisation.htm|archive-date=19 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ahmedabad railway station]], locally known as [[Kalupur]] station, is the main terminus to differentiate it from other suburban railway stations.{{cn|date=August 2023}} It is the centre point for railway stations in Gujarat and the Western Railway zone. Many lines originate in the city, connecting to a host of locations in [[Gujarat]] and India. There also exist other main stations which connect to different cities, such as [[Sabarmati Junction]], {{stnlnk|Maninagar}},
{{stnlnk|Gandhigram}},
{{stnlnk|Asarva}}, and
{{stnlnk|Chandlodiya}} among others.

==== Ahmedabad Metro ====
The [[Ahmedabad Metro]] began construction in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_new-firm-to-speed-up-metro-in-ahmedabad_1252343 |title=New firm to speed up Metro in Ahmedabad |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=2 May 2009 |access-date=27 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529170329/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_new-firm-to-speed-up-metro-in-ahmedabad_1252343 |archive-date=29 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="DeshGuj32015">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=First 6 km works of Ahmedabad Metro to be completed by September 2016:CM | website=DeshGujarat | date=14 March 2015 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2015/03/14/first-6-km-works-of-ahmedabad-metro-to-complete-by-september-2016cm/ | access-date=12 April 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404045909/http://deshgujarat.com/2015/03/14/first-6-km-works-of-ahmedabad-metro-to-complete-by-september-2016cm/ | archive-date=4 April 2015 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref name="aa2015">{{cite web | title=Ahmedabad Metro set to roll by October 2017 | website=The Times of India | date=12 December 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-Metro-set-to-roll-by-October-2017/articleshow/50146882.cms | access-date=16 December 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214090351/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-Metro-set-to-roll-by-October-2017/articleshow/50146882.cms | archive-date=14 December 2015 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="The Hans India 2015">{{cite web | title=IL&FS; Engineering Services Bags Rs. 374.64 Cr Metro Rail Contract in Gujarat | website=The Hans India | date=15 December 2015 | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-15/ILFS-Engineering-Services-Bags-Rs-37464-Cr-Metro-Rail-Contract-in-Gujarat---193217 | access-date=16 December 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104615/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-15/ILFS-Engineering-Services-Bags-Rs-37464-Cr-Metro-Rail-Contract-in-Gujarat---193217 | archive-date=22 December 2015 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> The first phase of the Ahmedabad metro is 40 km long; 6.5 km is underground and the remaining stretch is elevated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ashaval.com/the-metro-mechanism-087479/|title=The Metro Mechanism of Ahmedabad|last=Rai|first=Neha|date=30 August 2018|website=Ashaval.com|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111320/https://ashaval.com/the-metro-mechanism-087479/|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the first section between Vastral Gam and Apparel Park on 4 March 2019 and was opened to public on 6 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/ahmedabad-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-flags-off-ahmedabad-metro-takes-inaugural-ride-2002544|title=PM Modi Flags Off Ahmedabad Metro, Takes Inaugural Ride|website=NDTV.com|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304202348/https://www.ndtv.com/ahmedabad-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-flags-off-ahmedabad-metro-takes-inaugural-ride-2002544|archive-date=4 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The rest of the Phase-1 was inaugurated on 30 September 2022.<ref name="ix12">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/pm-modi-to-launch-ahmedabad-metro-phase-1-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-8177573/lite/ | title=PM Modi to launch Ahmedabad Metro Phase 1, flag off Vande Bharat Express during two-day Gujarat visit | date=28 September 2022 }}</ref> The construction of the Phase-2 was started in 2021 connecting Gandhinagar.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Very important gifts for Ahmedabad, Surat': PM Modi launches metro rail projects in Gujarat|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-modi-bhoomi-poojan-ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-surat-metro/708480|access-date=18 January 2021|website=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125141746/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-modi-bhoomi-poojan-ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-surat-metro/708480|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Road ===
[[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with [[New Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]]. The [[National Highway 147 (India)|National Highway 147]] also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar. It is connected to [[Vadodara]] through [[Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway|National Expressway 1]], a {{convert|94|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2003/01/30/stories/2003013001841300.htm|title=PM flags off Ahmedabad expressway|work=Business Line|date=30 January 2003|access-date=30 July 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102922/http://www.blonnet.com/2003/01/30/stories/2003013001841300.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

In 2001, Ahmedabad was ranked as the most-polluted city in India out of 85 cities by the Central Pollution Control Board. The [[Gujarat Pollution Control Board]] gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of {{Indian rupee}}10,000 to convert the fuel of all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner-burning [[compressed natural gas]] to reduce pollution. As a result, in 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th most-polluted city in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Economy/Ahmedabad_riding_clean_fuel_wave/articleshow/3347029.cms |title=Ahmedabad riding clean fuel wave to healthier future |work=The Economic Times |location=India |access-date=10 August 2008 |date=10 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103090303/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Economy/Ahmedabad_riding_clean_fuel_wave/articleshow/3347029.cms |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref>

=== Bus ===
==== Ahmedabad BRTS ====
''[[Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System|Ahmedabad BRTS]]'' is a [[bus rapid transit]] system in the city. It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiary of [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] and others.<ref name="owa">{{cite web | title=About-Ahmedabad Janmarg Ltd | website=Ahmedabad BRTS | url=http://www.ahmedabadbrts.org/web/About_JanMarg.html | access-date=12 January 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000224/http://www.ahmedabadbrts.org/web/About_JanMarg.html | archive-date=5 March 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="abrt">{{cite web | url=http://www.niua.org/projects/tpt/AHMEDABAD%20BRTS.pdf | title=Ahmedabad BRTS:Urban Transport Initiatives in India: Best Practices in PPP | publisher=National Institute of Urban Affairs | year=2010 | access-date=5 January 2013 | pages=18–48 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514121650/http://niua.org/projects/tpt/AHMEDABAD%20BRTS.pdf | archive-date=14 May 2012 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> Inaugurated in October 2009, the network expanded to {{convert|89|km|mi}} by December 2015 with daily ridership of {{formatnum:132000}} passengers.<ref name="x12016">{{cite web | title=City's BRTS didn't enhance public transport usage | website=The Times of India | date=5 January 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Citys-BRTS-didnt-enhance-public-transport-usage/articleshow/50450129.cms | access-date=12 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208160833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Citys-BRTS-didnt-enhance-public-transport-usage/articleshow/50450129.cms | archive-date=8 February 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service]] (AMTS), maintained by [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]], runs the public bus service in the city.<ref name="AMTS">{{cite news|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2009/02/03/highlites-of-ahmedabad-civic-budget-2009-10/|access-date=1 June 2012|newspaper=Desh Gujarat|date=3 February 2012|title=Highlights of Ahmedabad civic budget 2009–10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219174052/http://deshgujarat.com/2009/02/03/highlites-of-ahmedabad-civic-budget-2009-10/|archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref> More than 750 AMTS buses serve the city.<ref name="AMTS" /> Ahmedabad BRTS also runs 50 electric buses apart from CNG and diesel busses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vtvgujarati.com/news-details/brts-new-electric-bus-in-ahmedabad|title=Ahmedabad BRTS electric bus|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230145456/https://www.vtvgujarati.com/news-details/brts-new-electric-bus-in-ahmedabad|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Ahmedabad Inner Ring Road Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ahmedabad 132 feet Ring Road Skyline]]

==== AMTS ====
[[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service]] is a public bus service launched on 1 April 1947 and solely operated by [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]. It has a fleet of more than 900 buses as of 2018 covering almost every part of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat govt approaches HC for purchase of heavy diesel vehicles - ET Auto|url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/commercial-vehicle/mhcv/gujarat-govt-approaches-hc-for-purchase-of-heavy-diesel-vehicles/57750631|access-date=27 July 2021|website=ETAuto.com}}</ref>

=== Bike ===
A bicycle renting and sharing service was started in Ahmedabad in 2013 by [[MYBYK]]. The project started with 200 bicycles and aimed to provide bicycles for commuting from one BRTS station to another. As of 2021, it had 150 bicycle hubs with a fleet of 6,000 bicycles, making Ahmedabad India's largest public bicycle share (PBS) city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 June 2021|first=Niyati |last=Parikh|title=Amdavadi firm aims to make city country's bicycle capital {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/amdavadi-firm-aims-to-make-city-countrys-bicycle-capital/articleshow/83509423.cms|access-date=27 July 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 June 2021|first=Niyati|last=Parikh|title=The 'cycling' shift in Ahmedabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/thecycling-shift-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/83674480.cms|access-date=27 July 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Aka arena .jpg|thumb|[[EKA Arena]] is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in the city]]
[[Cricket in India|Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sports in Ahmedabad|url=http://www.ahmedabadonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-ahmedabad|publisher=ahmedabadonline|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220715/http://www.ahmedabadonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-ahmedabad|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], also known as the [[Motera]] Stadium, originally ''[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]]'' built in 1982, hosts both [[one day international]]s and [[Test cricket|test matches]]. It is the [[List of stadiums by capacity|largest stadium in the world by capacity]], with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/motera-stadium-worlds-largest-cricket-stadium/article30942091.ece|title=All about Motera stadium, the largest cricket stadium in the world|work=The Hindu|date=28 February 2020 |access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202225901/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/motera-stadium-worlds-largest-cricket-stadium/article30942091.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It hosted the 1987, 1996 and 2011 [[Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref name="Indian Grounds">{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC96/GROUNDS/IND/|title=Indian Grounds|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204194133/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC96/GROUNDS/IND/|archive-date=4 December 2008}}</ref> It is the home ground of the [[first-class cricket|first-class]] team [[Gujarat cricket team]], which competes in domestic tournaments. Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad|Sports Club of Gujarat]].<ref name="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium">{{cite news|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57852.html|title=Sardar Patel Stadium|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010025055/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57852.html|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

Other popular sports include [[field hockey]], badminton,
[[tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]] and golf. Ahmedabad has nine [[golf course]]s.<ref name="Five more golf courses to tee off in state">{{Cite news|url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1342524.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103160702/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1342524.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Five more golf courses to tee off in state |first=Himanshu |last=Kaushik |date=20 January 2007 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 August 2008}}</ref> [[Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex]] is being developed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to promote various indoor sports.<ref name="Multi-crore sports complex in city">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-23/ahmedabad/27992376_1_indoor-sports-amc-budget-allocation|title=Multi-crore sports complex in city|first=Kumar|last=Manish|date=23 September 2007|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-23/ahmedabad/27992376_1_indoor-sports-amc-budget-allocation|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ahmedabad has also hosted national level games for [[roller skating]] and table tennis.<ref name="Looking to Feature">{{cite web|url=http://sycd.gov.in/sag/sagchp5.htm |title=Looking to Feature |publisher=Sports Authority of Gujarat |access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828113755/http://sycd.gov.in/sag/sagchp5.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kart racing]] is gaining popularity in the city, with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on [[Formula One]] design concepts.<ref name="No sense of adventure">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/no-sense-of-adventure/articleshow/933196.cms|title=No sense of adventure|first=Lekha|last=Menon|date=23 November 2004|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114112319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/No-sense-of-adventure/articleshow/933196.cms|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Karting">{{cite web |url=http://www.jktyre.com/motorsports/karting.html |title=Karting|publisher=J K Tyres|access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080716175934/http://www.jktyre.com/motorsports/karting.html |archive-date = 16 July 2008}}</ref>

[[file:Sabarmati marathon 2011-1.JPG|thumb|Participants in the [[Sabarmati Marathon]]]]
[[Sabarmati Marathon]] has been organized every year December–January since 2011; it has categories like a full and half-marathon, a 7 km dream run, a 5 km run for the visually disabled, and a 5 km wheelchair run.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Marathon Official Website-Race Categories|url=http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/categories.htm|work=sabarmatimarathon.net|access-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008013842/http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/categories.htm|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level [[Shooting sports|shooting]] games.<ref name="National Shooting C'ships to be held at Ahmedabad">{{Cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33599069_ITM|title=National Shooting C'ships to be held at Ahmedabad|date=20 December 2007|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=3 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224080852/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33599069_ITM|archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref>
The [[2016 Kabaddi World Cup]] was held in Ahmedabad at [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena by Transtadia]] (a renovated Kankaria football ground).
[[Geet Sethi]], a five-time winner of the [[World Professional Billiards Championship]] and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]], was raised in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geet Sethi Profile |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/billiards/players/geetsethi.html |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702062412/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/billiards/players/geetsethi.html |archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>

The Adani Ahmedabad Marathon has been organized by the [[Adani Group]] every year since 2017; it attracted 8,000 participants in its first edition and also hosted its first virtual marathon in 2020 in compliance with [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2020|title=Fourth edition of Ahmedabad Marathon goes virtual with app-based remote running|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/fourth-edition-of-ahmedabad-marathon-goes-virtual-with-app-based-remote-running/story-mCHpXK1OvfIAe79GRRobHP.html|access-date=20 June 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Ahmedabad 2036 Olympics Bid ===
Ahmedabad has been identified as a potential host city for the [[2036 Summer Olympics]]. The [[Gujarat government]] has identified 33 sites in and around Ahmedabad for the development of infrastructure to support the Olympic bid.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahead of Olympics bid, Gujarat identifies 33 sites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahead-of-olympics-bid-gujarat-identifies-33-sites/articleshow/102735573.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> The city's bid is also being shaped with international expertise, including Australian consultants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aussie flair to shape Ahmedabad bid for 2036 Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/aussie-flair-to-shape-abad-bid-for-oly-2036/articleshow/101711062.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) is being set up by the Gujarat government to manage Ahmedabad's bid for the games.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat govt to set up SPV for Ahmedabad's 2036 Olympic Games bid |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/06/13/gujarat-govt-to-set-up-spv-for-ahmedabads-2036-olympic-games-bid/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Desh Gujarat}}</ref> The fate of the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]] is under consideration as part of the city's preparation for the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |title=As Ahmedabad preps for Olympics 2036, AMC in quandary about Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium's fate |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/as-ahmedabad-preps-for-olympics-2036-amc-in-quandary-about-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-stadiums-fate-article-103049047 |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Times Now News}}</ref>

== Tourist attractions ==
===Heritage===
*[[Gates of Ahmedabad]]
*[[Pols in Ahmedabad]]
*[[Bhadra Fort]]
*[[Teen Darwaza]]
*[[Manek Burj]]

===Mosques and tombs===
*[[Sidi Bashir Mosque]]-Shaking Minarets
*[[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]]
*[[Sarkhej Roza]]
*[[Ahmed Shah's Mosque]]
*[[Haibat Khan's Mosque]]
*[[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad|Jama Mosque]]
*[[Ahmad Shah's Tomb]]
*[[Rani no Hajiro]]
*[[Qutbuddin Mosque]]
*[[Saiyad Usman Mosque]]
*[[Dastur Khan's Mosque]]
*[[Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque]]
*[[Achut Bibi's Mosque]]
*[[Dariya Khan's Tomb]]
*[[Azam and Muazzam Khan's Tomb]]
*[[Qutub-e-Alam's Mosque]]
*[[Shah-e-Alam's Roza]]
*[[Muhafiz Khan Mosque]]
*[[Rani Rupamati's Mosque]]
*[[Rani Sipri's Mosque]]
*[[Malik Isan's Mosque]]
*[[Mohammed Ghous Mosque]]
*[[Baba Lului's Mosque]]
*[[Wajihuddin's Tomb]]
*[[Sardar Khan's Roza]]

===Museums===
*[[Calico Museum of Textiles]]
*[[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum]]
*[[Gujarat Science City]]
*Auto World Vintage Car Museum

===Stepwells===
*[[Mata Bhavani's Stepwell]]
*[[Dada Harir Stepwell]]
*[[Adalaj Stepwell]]
*[[Amritavarshini Vav]]

===Temples===
*[[Hutheesing Jain Temple]] - [[Shahibaug]]
*[[Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur]] - [[Kalupur]]
*[[Jagannath Temple, Ahmedabad|Shree Jagannath Mandir]] - Jamalpur
*[[Camp Hanuman Temple|Camp Hanuman Mandir]] - [[Shahibaug]]

===Others===
*[[Shahibaug]]
*[[Sabarmati Ashram]]
*[[Sabarmati Riverfront]]
*[[Kankaria Lake]]
*[[Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary]]
*[[Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park]]
*[[Atal Pedestrian Bridge]]

== Notable people ==


*[[Gautam Adani]] (born 1962), chairman and founder of the [[Adani Group]]
*[[Ali Sher Bengali]] (died 1570s), Islamic scholar and author
*[[M. C. Bhatt]] - Human rights lawyer
*[[Jasprit Bumrah]] (born 1993), cricketer
*[[Kishore Chauhan]] - Indian entrepreneur and founder of the electronics company [[Arise India|Arise India Limited]]
*[[Alisha Chinai]] - (Born 1965) Indian pop singer known for playback singing in Indi-pop albums and Hindi cinema
*[[Jhinabhai Desai]] - Gujarati poet better known as Snehrashmi, author, educator, political leader and Indian independence activist
*[[Prakash K. Desai]] - Air Marshal of Indian Air Force
*[[Prasannavadan Bhagwanji Desai]] - Indian demographer, economist and independence activist
*[[Drashti Dhami]] - Indian television actress, known for her roles in Hindi TV serials such as Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi and Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon
*[[B. V. Doshi]], architect, Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate
*[[Subramaniam Hariharan Iyer]] - Human rights lawyer
*[[Gaurang Jani]] - Sociologist
*[[Naresh Kanodia]] - Indian actor and politician, known for his work in Gujarati cinema
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] - Indian actor, known for his roles in Bollywood films in the 1970s
*[[Shrenik Kasturbhai Lalbhai]] - Indian businessman and philanthropist, known for his contributions to education and research in India.
*[[Jhaverchand Meghani]] - Indian poet, writer and freedom fighter, known for his contributions to Gujarati literature and folk literature of Gujarat
*[[Ketan Mehta]] - Indian film director, known for his work in Bollywood and Gujarati cinema
*[[Sudhir Mehta]] - Indian businessman and chairman of the [[Torrent Group]], a leading Indian pharma and power company
*[[Rohinton Mistry]] - Indian-Canadian novelist and short-story writer
*[[Narhari Parikh]] (born 1891, died 1957), writer, activist, and social reformer
*[[Girishbhai Patel]] - Human rights lawyer
*[[Karsanbhai Patel]] - Indian billionaire entrepreneur and founder of [[Nirma]], a consumer goods company that specializes in soaps, detergents, and other household products
*[[Pankaj Patel]] - Indian businessman and former chairman of [[Zydus Lifesciences|Cadila Healthcare]], a leading pharmaceutical company in India
*[[Shamshad Pathan]] - Human rights lawyer
*[[Smita Patil]] - Indian actress, known for her work in Hindi, Marathi and Malayalam films during the 1970s and 1980s.
*[[Falguni Pathak]] - Indian singer and performer, known as the "Queen of Dandiya" for her popular Dandiya and Garba performances during Navratri.
*[[Amrita Pritam]] - Indian writer and poet, known for her Punjabi literature
*[[Mallika Sarabhai]] (born 1953), Indian classical dancer, choreographer, and activist
*[[Vikram Sarabhai]] (born 1919, died 1971), physicist and astronomer who founded the Physical Research Laboratory and played a role in founding ISRO.
*[[Jay Shah]] - [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] Secretary (administrator)
*[[Komal Shah (art collector)]], art collector, philanthropist, computer engineer, and businessperson in Silicon Valley<ref name="NYT23">{{Cite news |last=Sheets |first=Hilarie M. |date=2023-03-22 |title=Komal Shah, Champion of Female Artists, Works to Raise Their Profiles |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/arts/design/komal-shah-women-artists-art-basel-hong-kong.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] - Indian actor and director, known for his work in Bollywood and Indian parallel cinema
*[[Ravi Shankar]] - Indian musician and composer, known for his work in Indian classical music and for popularizing the sitar in the West
*[[Hemant Shesh]] - Indian cricketer who played for the Indian national team in the 1960s
*[[Mukul Sinha]] - Human rights lawyer
*[[Nirjhari Sinha]] - Human rights activist
*[[Manhar Udhas]] - Indian playback singer, known for his work in Hindi, Gujarati and other Indian languages
*[[Achyut Yagnik]] - Journalist, academic and activist
*[[Jyotsna Yagnik]] - Judge
*[[Disha Vakani]] - Indian Television Actress




== International relations ==

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}{{location map+|World|float=right|width=400|caption=Sister cities of Ahmedabad|places={{Location map~ |World|mark = Green pog.svg  |coordinates ={{coor d|23|N|72|E}}|label='''Ahmedabad''' |position=bottom |marksize=10 }}
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{Coord|46|21|00|N|48|02|06|E}} |label=[[Astrakhan]] |position=top |marksize=6 }}
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|23|07|48|N|113|15|36|E}} |label=[[Guangzhou]] |position=right |marksize=6 }}
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|40|42|36|N|74|03|36|W}} |label=[[Jersey City]] |position=left |marksize=6 }}}}

* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Astrakhan]], Russia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683|title=Modi to reconnect in Russia with Astrakhan|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Dadan|date=9 December 2015|website=www.rbth.com|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234439/https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], United States (2008) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.columbusceo.com/article/20150801/NEWS/308019767|title=The India Connection: Local leaders work to grow Columbus' robust Indian business community|website=Columbus CEO|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234437/https://www.columbusceo.com/article/20150801/NEWS/308019767|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China (September 2014)<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |last=Sanyal |first=Anindita |date=15 May 2015 |title=India Gets 3 Sister Cities in China, and One Sister Province |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-gets-3-sister-cities-in-china-and-one-sister-province-763295 |publisher=NDTV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517054555/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-gets-3-sister-cities-in-china-and-one-sister-province-763295 |archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jersey City]], United States (1994) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.jerseycitynj.gov/explore/dataset/sister-city-agreements/table/?sort=-date_of_resolution|title=Sister City Agreements|website=data.jerseycitynj.gov|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502121026/https://data.jerseycitynj.gov/explore/dataset/sister-city-agreements/table/?sort=-date_of_resolution|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Ahmedabad]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad]]
* [[Timeline of Ahmedabad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose. ''History of Interior Design in India'' Vol 1: Ahmedabad (2007) {{ISBN|81-904096-0-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Kenneth L. Gillion|title=Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lG8fnwEACAAJ|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072518/https://books.google.com/books?id=lG8fnwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book
|last = Altekar
|first = Anant Sadashiv
|title = A History of Important Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (From the Earliest Times Down to the Moslem Conquest)
|id = ASIN B0008B2NGA
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Crook
|given1 = Nigel
|year = 1993
|title=India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|isbn = 0-19-563172-2
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Rajan
|first = K. V. Soundra
|title=Ahmadabad
|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India
|year=1989}}
* {{cite book
|last = Forrest |first=George William |author-link=George William Forrest
|title=Cities of India
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation
|isbn = 0-543-93823-9 
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Gandhi
|first1 = R
|year = 1990
|title=Patel: A Life
|publisher= Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad
|id = ASIN B0006EYQ0A
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Michell
|first = George
|title=Ahmadabad
|publisher=Art Media Resources
|year=2003
|isbn=81-85026-03-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Spodek
|given1 = Howard
|year = 2011
|title=Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth-Century India
|publisher= Indiana University Press
|isbn = 978-0-253-35587-4
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://collectorahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/ Ahmedabad Collectorate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155654/http://collectorahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/ |date=21 July 2011 }}
*{{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Gujarat/Localities/Ahmedabad/}}
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Ahmadabad Ahmadabad] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
* {{osm|n|245711197}}

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Bharatanatyam costumes

2023-08-27T21:07:08Z

WWE07: Crafted a new page format.

#REDIRECT [[Bharatanatyam]]

Sources of Sharia

2023-08-04T12:53:22Z

WWE07: Created page with ' == Sources of sharia == == What is the Sharia? == Sharia is the dynamic body of Islamic religious law. The term means "way" or "path to the water source"; it is...'

{{Short description|Sources of Islamic Law}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Islam}}

Various sources of Islamic Laws are used by [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] to elaborate the body of [[Islamic]] law.<ref name="Jurisprudence">{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/jurisprudence/ |title=Jurisprudence and its Principles |access-date=2008-07-26 |last=Mutahhari |first=Morteza |author-link=Morteza Motahhari |publisher=Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an}}</ref> In [[Sunni]] Islam, the scriptural sources of traditional jurisprudence are the [[Holy Qur'an]], believed by Muslims to be the direct and unaltered word of [[God in Islam|God]], and the [[Sunnah]], consisting of words and actions attributed to the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] in the [[hadith]] literature. In [[Shi'ite]] jurisprudence, the notion of Sunnah is extended to include traditions of the [[Imam]]s. <ref name="Jurisprudence"/>

Since legally relevant material found in Islamic scriptures did not directly address all the questions pertaining to Sharia that arose in Muslim communities, Islamic jurists developed additional methods for deriving legal rulings.<ref name="Jurisprudence"/> According to [[Sunni]] schools of law, secondary sources of Islamic law are [[Ijma|consensus]], the exact nature of which bears no consensus itself; [[Qiyas|analogical reason]]; [[Istislah|seeking]] the [[Maslaha|public interest]]; [[Istihsan|juristic discretion]]; the [[Fatwā|rulings]] of the [[Sahabah|first generation]] of Muslims; and [[urf|local customs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/law/shariahintroduction.html |title=Shari'ah and Fiqh |access-date=2008-07-26 |work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts |publisher=University of Southern California |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918043205/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/law/shariahintroduction.html |archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> [[Hanafi]] school frequently relies on analogical deduction and independent reasoning, and [[Maliki]] and [[Hanbali]] generally use the [[Hadith]] instead. [[Shafi'i]] school uses Sunnah more than Hanafi and analogy more than two others.<ref name="Jurisprudence"/><ref name="Ijtihad">{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/ijtihad-legislation.htm |title=The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation |access-date=2008-07-26 |last=Motahhari |first=Morteza |author-link=Morteza Motahhari |publisher=Al-Tawhid}}</ref>{{better source|reason=We need a better source on Sunni jurisprudence than a passing comment by a Shia jurist|date=March 2019}} Among [[Shia]], [[Usuli]] school of [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]] uses four sources, which are Qur'an, Sunnah, consensus and the [['aql|intellect]]. They use consensus under special conditions and rely on the intellect to find general principles based on the Qur'an and Sunnah, and use the [[usul al-fiqh|principles of jurisprudence]] as a methodology to interpret the Qur'an and Sunnah in different circumstances. [[Akhbari]] Ja'faris rely more on scriptural sources and reject [[ijtihad]].<ref name="Jurisprudence"/><ref>Momen (1985), pp. 185–187 and 223–234</ref> According to Momen, despite considerable differences in the principles of jurisprudence between Shia and the four Sunni schools of law, there are fewer differences in the practical application of jurisprudence to ritual observances and social transactions.<ref>Momen (1985), p. 188</ref>

==Primary sources==

=== Qur’an ===
[[File:Opened Qur'an.jpg|thumb|right|A copy of the Qur'an, one of the primary sources of Sharia.]]

The Qur'an is the first and most important source of Islamic law. Believed to be the direct word of God as revealed to Muhammad through angel [[Jibril|Gabriel]] in [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the scripture specifies the moral, philosophical, social, political and [[Islamic economics|economic]] basis on which a society should be constructed. The verses revealed in Mecca deal with [[Islamic philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Islamic theology|theological]] issues, whereas those revealed in Medina are concerned with socio-economic laws. The Qur'an was written and preserved during the life of Muhammad, and compiled soon after his death.<ref name=NomaniQ/>

The verses of the Qur'an are categorized into three fields: "science of speculative theology", "[[Islamic ethics|ethical principles]]" and "rules of human conduct". The third category is directly concerned with Islamic legal matters which contains about five hundred verses or one thirteenth of it. The task of interpreting the Qur'an has led to various opinions and judgments. The interpretations of the verses by Muhammad's companions for Sunnis and [[Shia Imams|Imams]] for Shias are considered the most authentic, since they knew why, where and on what occasion each verse was revealed.<ref name="Jurisprudence"/><ref name=NomaniQ>Nomani and Rahnema (1994), pp. 3–4</ref>

=== Sunnah ===
{{main|Sunnah}}
The Sunnah is the next important source, and is commonly defined as "the traditions and customs of Muhammad" or "the words, actions and silent assertions of him". It includes the everyday sayings and utterances of Muhammad, his acts, his tacit consent, and acknowledgments of statements and activities. According to [[Shi'ite]] jurists, the sunnah also includes the words, deeds and acknowledgments of the [[Imamah (Shi'a twelver doctrine)|twelve Imams]] and [[Fatimah]], Muhammad's daughter, who are believed to be [[The Fourteen Infallibles|infallible]].<ref name="Jurisprudence"/><ref name=NomaniH>Nomani and Rahnema (1994), pp. 4–7</ref>

Justification for using the Sunnah as a source of law can be found in the Qur'an. The Qur'an commands Muslims to follow Muhammad.<ref>{{cite quran|59|7|style=ref}}</ref> During his lifetime, Muhammad made it clear that his traditions (along with the Qur'an) should be followed after his death.<ref>Qadri (1986), p. 191</ref> The overwhelming majority of Muslims consider the sunnah to be essential supplements to and clarifications of the [[Qur'an]]. In Islamic jurisprudence, the Qur'an contains many rules for the behavior expected of Muslims but there are no specific Qur'anic rules on many religious and practical matters. Muslims believe that they can look at the way of life, or ''[[sunnah]]'', of Muhammad and his companions to discover what to imitate and what to avoid.

Much of the sunnah is recorded in the [[Hadith]]. Initially, Muhammad had instructed his followers not to write down his acts, so they may not confuse it with the Qur'an. However, he did ask his followers to disseminate his sayings orally. As long as he was alive, any doubtful record could be confirmed as true or false by simply asking him. His death, however, gave rise to confusion over Muhammad's conduct. Thus the Hadith were established.<ref name=NomaniH/> Due to problems of authenticity, the [[Science of hadith|science of Hadith]] (Arabic: 'Ulum al-hadith) is established. It is a method of textual criticism developed by early Muslim scholars in determining the veracity of reports attributed to Muhammad. This is achieved by analyzing the text of the report, the scale of the report's transmission, the routes through which the report was transmitted, and the individual narrators involved in its transmission. On the basis of these criteria, various Hadith classifications developed.<ref name="H-EoI">"Hadith", ''Encyclopedia of Islam''.</ref>

To establish the authenticity of a particular Hadith or report, it had to be checked by following the chain of transmission (''[[isnad]]''). Thus the reporters had to cite their reference, and their reference's reference all the way back to Muhammad. All the references in the chain had to have a reputation for honesty and possessing a good retentive memory.<ref name=NomaniH/> Thus biographical analysis (''[[Ilm ar-Rijal|'ilm al-rijāl]]'', lit. "science of people"), which contains details about the transmitter are scrutinized. This includes analyzing their date and place of birth; familial connections; teachers and students; religiosity; moral behaviour; literary output; their travels; as well as their date of death. Based upon these criteria, the reliability (''thiqāt'') of the transmitter is assessed. Also determined is whether the individual was actually able to transmit the report, which is deduced from their contemporaneity and geographical proximity with the other transmitters in the chain.<ref>Berg (2000) p. 8</ref> Examples of biographical dictionaries include [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]]'s "''[[Tahdhib al-Tahdhib (Asqalani)|Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb]]''" or [[al-Dhahabi]]'s "''[[Tadhkirat al-huffaz|Tadhkirat al-huffāz]]''."<ref>See:
*Robinson (2003) pp. 69–70;
*Lucas (2004) p. 15</ref>

Using this criterion, Hadith are classified into three categories:<ref name=NomaniH/>
#Undubitable (''[[mutawatir]]''), which are very widely known, and backed up by numerous references.
#Widespread (''mashhur''), which are widely known, but backed up with few original references.
#Isolated or Single (''wahid''), which are backed up by too few and often discontinuous references.

in a Shariah court a qadi (judge ) hears a case, including witnesses and evidence . then the qadi makes a ruling . sometimes the qadi consults a mufti or scholar of law, for an opinion.

==Secondary sources==
All medieval Muslim jurists rejected arbitrary opinion, and instead developed various secondary sources, also known as juristic principles or doctrines{{Clarify|date=September 2008}}, to follow in case the primary sources (i.e. the Qur'an and Sunnah) are silent on the issue.<ref>Makdisi, John (1985). "Legal Logic and Equity in Islamic Law", The American Journal of Comparative Law, '''33''' (1): 63–92</ref>

===Consensus===
{{main|Ijma}}
The ''ijma' '', or [[consensus]] amongst [[Fuqaha|Muslim jurists]] on a particular legal issue, constitutes the third source of Islamic law. Muslim jurists provide many [[Ayah|verses]] of the Qur'an that legitimize ''ijma' '' as a source of legislation.<ref name= Mahmasani>Mahmasani, S. ''Falsafe-e Ghanoongozari dar Eslam''. Tehran: Amir Kabir. p. 143</ref><ref>Verses {{cite quran|2|143|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|3|103|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|3|110|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|4|59|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|4|115|style=ref}} and {{cite quran|9|119|style=ref}} are presented by Mahmasani.</ref> Muhammad himself said:
*"My followers will never agree upon an error or what is wrong",
*"God's hand is with the entire community".<ref name = Mahmasani/><ref>Muslehuddin, M. ''Philosophy of Islamic Law and the Orientalists''. New Delhi: Taj printers, 1986. p. 146</ref>

In history, it has been the most important factor in defining the meaning of the other sources and thus in formulating the doctrine and practice of the Muslim community.<ref name = britIjma>Encyclopædia Britannica, ''Ijma''.</ref> This is so because ''ijma' '' represents the unanimous agreement of Muslims on a regulation or law at any given time.<ref>"Id̲j̲māʿ", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref>


There are various views on ''ijma' '' among Muslims. Sunni jurists consider ''ijma' '' as a source, in matters of legislation, as important as the Qur'an and Sunnah. Shiite jurists, however, consider ''ijma' '' as source of secondary importance, and a source that is, unlike the Qur'an and Sunnah, not free from error.<ref name=NomaniI>Nomani and Rahnema (1994), pp. 7–9</ref> ''Ijma' '' was always used to refer to agreement reached in the past, either remote or near.<ref name = britIjma/> Amongst the Sunni jurists there is diversity on who is eligible to participate in ''ijma' '', as shown in the following table:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 10px 0 10px 25px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: center;"
|- style="background: #E9E9E9"
! [[Madhab|School of jurisprudence]] !! Formation of ''ijma' '' !! Rationale
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Hanafi]]
|through public agreement of Islamic jurists
|the jurists are experts on legal matters
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Shafi'i]]
|through agreement of the entire community and public at large
|the people cannot agree on anything erroneous
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Maliki]]
|through agreement amongst the residents of [[Medina]], the first Islamic capital
|Islamic tradition says "Medina expels bad people like the furnace expels impurities from iron"
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Hanbali]]
|through agreement and practice of Muhammad's [[Sahaba|Companions]]
|they were the most knowledgeable on religious matters and rightly guided
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[Usuli]]
|only the consensus of the [[ulama]] of the same period as the Prophet or Shia Imams is binding.
|consensus is not genuinely binding in its own right, rather it is binding in as much as it is a means of discovering the Sunnah.
|-
|colspan ="7" style="background: #E9E9E9; font-size: 90%" | Source:<ref name="Jurisprudence"/><ref name =NomaniI/>
|}

In modern Muslim usage it is no longer associated with traditional authority and appears as democratic institution and an instrument of reform.<ref name= britIjma/>

===Analogical reason===
{{main|Qiyas}}
''Qiyas'' or analogical reason is the fourth source of [[Sharia]] for the majority of [[Sunni]] jurisprudence. It aims to draw analogies to a previously accepted decision. [[Shiite]]s do not accept analogy, but replace it with reason (''[['Aql|aql]]''); among Sunnis, the [[Hanbali]]tes have traditionally been reluctant to accept analogy while the [[Zahiri]]tes don't accept it at all. Analogical reason in Islam is the process of legal deduction according to which the jurist, confronted with an unprecedented case, bases his or her argument on the logic used in the [[Qur'an]] and [[Sunnah]]. Legally sound analogy must not be based on arbitrary judgment, but rather be firmly rooted in the primary sources.<ref name=NomaniQ1>Nomani and Rahnema (1994), pp. 9–12</ref>

Supporters of the practice of ''qiyas'' will often point to passages in the Qur'an that describe an application of a similar process by past Islamic communities. According to supporters of the practice, Muhammad said: "Where there is no revealed injunction, I will judge amongst you according to reason."<ref>Mahmasani, S. ''Falsafe-e Ghanoongozari dar Eslam''. Tehran: Amir Kabir. p. 140</ref> Further, supporters claim that he extended the right to reason to others. Finally, supporters of the practice claim that it is sanctioned by the [[ijma]], or [[consensus]], amongst [[Sahaba|Muhammad's companions]].<ref name=NomaniQ1/> Islamic studies scholar [[Bernard G. Weiss]] has pointed out that while analogical reason was accepted as a fourth source of law by later generations, its validity was not a foregone conclusion among earlier Muslim jurists.<ref>[[Bernard G. Weiss]], ''The Search for God's Law: Islamic Jurisprudence in the Writings of Sayf al-Din al-Amidi'', p. 633. [[Salt Lake City]]: [[University of Utah Press]], 1992.</ref> Thus the issue of analogical reason and its validity was a controversial one early on, though the practice eventually gained acceptance of the majority of Sunni jurists.

The success and expansion of Islam brought it into contact with different cultures, societies and traditions, such as those of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] and [[Persia]]ns. With such contact, new problems emerged for Islamic law to tackle. Moreover, there was a significant distance between [[Medina]], the Islamic capital, and the Muslims on the periphery on the Islamic state. Thus far off jurists had to find novel Islamic solutions without the close supervision of the hub of Islamic law (back in Medina). During the [[Umayyad dynasty]], the concept of ''qiyas'' was abused by the rulers. The [[Abbasid]]s, who succeeded the Umayyads defined it more strictly, in an attempt to apply it more consistently.<ref name=NomaniQ1/>

The general principle behind the process of ''qiyas'' is based on the understanding that every legal injunction guarantees a beneficial and welfare satisfying objective. Thus, if the cause of an injunction can be deduced from the primary sources, then analogical deduction can be applied to cases with similar causes. For example, [[Islam and alcohol|wine is prohibited in Islam]] because of its intoxicating property. Thus ''qiyas'' leads to the conclusion that all [[intoxicant]]s are forbidden.<ref name=NomaniQ1/>

The [[Hanafi]] [[maddhab|school of thought]] very strongly supports ''qiyas''. [[Imam]] [[Abu Hanifa]], an important practitioner of ''qiyas'', elevated ''qiyas'' to a position of great significance in [[Islamic law]]. Abu Hanifa extended the rigid principle of basing rulings on the Qur'an and Sunnah to incorporate opinion and exercise of free thought by jurists. In order to respond suitably to emerging problems, he based his judgments, like other jurists, on the explicit meanings of primary texts (the Qur'an and sunnah). But, he also considered the "spirit" of Islamic teachings, as well as whether the ruling would be in the interest of the objectives of Islam. Such rulings were based on public interest and the welfare of the Muslim community.<ref name=NomaniQ1/>

{{Rquote|right|The knowledge of ours is an opinion, it is the best we have been able to achieve. He who is able to arrive at different conclusions is entitled to his own opinion as we are entitled to our own.|[[Abu Hanifa]]<ref name=NomaniQ1/>}}

The [[Shafi'i]] [[maddhab|school of thought]] accepts ''qiyas'' as a valid source. Imam Shafi'i, however, considered it a weak source, and tried to limit the cases where jurists would need to resort to ''qiyas''. He criticized and rejected analogical deductions that were not firmly rooted in the [[Qur'an]] and [[sunnah]]. According to [[Shafi'i]], if analogical deductions were not strictly rooted in primary sources, they would have adverse effects. One such consequence could be variety of different rulings in the same subject. Such a situation, he argued, would undermine the predictability and uniformity of a sound legal system.
<ref name=NomaniQ2>Nomani and Rahnema (1994), pp. 13–15</ref>

[[Imam Malik]] accepted ''qiyas'' as a valid source of legislation. For him, if a parallel could be established between the effective cause of a law in the primary sources and a new case, then analogical deduction could be viable tool. Malik, however, went beyond his adherence to "strict analogy" and proposed pronouncements on the basis of what jurists considered was "public good".<ref name=NomaniQ2/>

===Juristic preference===
{{main|istihsan}}
[[Abu Hanifa]] developed a new source known as juristic preference.<ref name= britIstihsan>Encyclopædia Britannica, ''Istihsan''</ref> Juristic preference is defined as:
*A means to seek ease and convenience,
*To adopt tolerance and moderation,
*To over-rule analogical reason, if necessary.<ref name= Histihsan/>

The source, inspired by the principle of conscience, is a last resort if none of the widely accepted sources are applicable to a problem. It involves giving favor to rulings that dispel hardship and bring ease to people.<ref name=NomaniQ2/> The doctrine was justified directly by the Qur'anic verse stating: "Allah desires you ease and good, not hardship".<ref name=Histihsan>Hasan (2004), pp. 157–160</ref> Though its main adherents were Abu Hanifa and his pupils (such as Abu Yusuf), Malik and his students made use of it to some degree. The source was subject to extensive discussion and argumentation,<ref>Hallaq, "Considerations on the Function and Character of Sunnī Legal Theory".</ref> and its opponents claimed that it often departs from the primary sources.<ref name=NomaniQ2/>

This doctrine was useful in the [[Islamic world]] outside the Middle East where the Muslims encountered environments and challenges they had been unfamiliar with in [[Arabia]].<ref name=britIstihsan/> One example of isthisan is cited as follows: If a well is [[Najis|contaminated]] it may not be used for ritual purification. Istihsan suggests that withdrawing a certain number of buckets of water from the well will remove the impurities. Analogical reason, however, dictates that despite removing some of the water, a small concentration of contaminants will always remain in the well (or the well walls) rendering the well impure. The application of analogy means the public may not use the well, and therefore causes hardship. Thus the principle of justistic preference is applied, and the public may use the well for ritual purification.<ref name=Histihsan/>

===Public interest===
Malik developed a tertiary source called ''[[Istislah|al-maslahah al-mursalah]]'', which means that which is in the best interests of the general public. According to this source of Islamic law, rulings can be pronounced in accordance with the "underlying meaning of the revealed text in the light of public interest". In this case, the [[Ulema|jurist]] uses his wisdom to pursue public interest. This source is rejected by the Shafi'ites, Hanbalites and Zahirites from Sunni jurisprudence.<ref name=NomaniQ2/>

===Inference===
Shafi'i accepted cases in which he had to be more flexible with the application of Qisas. Similar to Abu Hanifa and Malik, he developed a tertiary source of legislation. The Shafi'i school adopted ''istidlal'' or [[inference]], a process of seeking guidance from the source. Inference allowed the jurists to avoid strict analogy in a case where no clear precedent could be found. In this case, public interest was distinguished as a basis for [[legislation]].<ref name=NomaniQ2/>

Muslim scholars divided inference into three types. The first is the expression of the connection existing between one proposition and another without any specific effective cause. Next, inference could mean presumption that a state of things, which is not proved to have ceased, still continues. The final type of inference is the authority as to the revealed laws previous to Islam.<ref>Hodkinson, Keith. ''Muslim Family Law: A Sourcebook''. [[India]]: [[Routledge]], 1984.</ref>

===Reason===
{{main|Ijtihad}}
[[Shi'ite]] jurists maintain that if a solution to a problem can not be found from the primary sources, then ''aql'' or reason should be given free rein to deduce a proper response from the primary sources. The process, whereby rational efforts are made by the jurist to arrive at an appropriate ruling, when applied is called ''ijtihad'' (literally meaning "exerting oneself"). Shi'ite jurists maintain that qiyas is a specific type of ijtihad. The Sunni Shafi' school of thought, however, holds that both qiyas and ijtihad are the same.<ref name =NomaniIj>Nomani and Rahnema (1994), pp. 15–16</ref>

Sunni jurists accepted ijtihad as a mechanism for deducing rulings. They, however, announced an end to its practice during the thirteenth century. The reason for this was that centers of Islamic learning (such as [[Baghdad]], [[Nishapur]], and [[Bukhara]]) had fallen into the hands of the Mongols. Thus, the "doors to ijtihad", were closed.<ref name=NomaniIj/> In Sunni Islam, thus, ijtihad was replaced by ''taqlid'' or the acceptance of doctrines developed previously.<ref name=IjtEI>Ijtihad, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> Later in Sunni history, however, there were notable instances of jurists using reason to re-derive law from the first principles. One was [[Ibn Taymiyya]] (d. 728/1328), another was [[Averroes|Ibn Rus̲h̲d]] (Averroes d. 595/1198).<ref name = IjtEI/>

There are many justifications, found in the Qur'an and sunnah, for the use of ijtihad. For example, during a conversation with Mu'ādh ibn Jabal, Muhammad asked the former how he would give judgments. Mu'ādh replied that he would refer first to the Qur'an, then to the Sunnah and finally commit to ijtihad to make his own judgment. Muhammad approved of this.<ref>ʻAlwānī (1973), p. 9</ref>

A lawyer who is qualified to use this source is called a ''mujtahid''. The founders of the Sunni [[madhab]]s (schools of law) were considered such lawyers. All ''mujtahid'' exercise at the same time the powers of a ''[[mufti]]'' and can give ''[[fatwa]]''. Some ''mujtahid'' have claimed to be ''muj̲addid'', or "renewer of religion." Such persons are thought to appear in every century. In Shi'ite Islam they are regarded as the spokespersons of the hidden Imam.<ref name=IjtEI/>

===Local custom===
{{main|Urf}}

The term urf, meaning "to know", refers to the customs and practices of a given society. Although this was not formally included in Islamic law,<ref name=UrfEI>"Urf", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> Sharia recognizes customs that prevailed at the time of Muhammad but were not abrogated by the Qur'an or the tradition (called "Divine silence"). Practices later innovated are also justified, since Islamic tradition says what the people, in general, consider good is also considered as such by [[Allah|God]]. According to some sources, urf holds as much authority as ijma (consensus), and more than qiyas (analogical deduction). Urf is the Islamic equivalent of "[[common law]]".<ref name = Urf>Hasan (2004), pp. 169–71</ref>

Local custom was first recognized by Abū Yūsuf (d. 182/798), an early leader of the Ḥanafī school. However, it was considered part of the Sunnah, and not as formal source. Later, al-Sarak̲h̲sī (d. 483/1090) opposed it, holding that custom cannot prevail over a written text.<ref name=UrfEI/>

According to Sunni jurisprudence, in the application of local custom, custom that is accepted into law should be commonly prevalent in the region, not merely in an isolated locality. If it is in absolute opposition to Islamic texts, custom is disregarded. However, if it is in opposition to analogical reason, custom is given preference. Jurists also tend to, with caution, give precedence to custom over doctoral opinions of highly esteemed scholars.<ref name=Urf/> Shi'ite scholars do not consider custom as a source of jurisprudence, nor do the Hanbalite or Zahirite schools of Sunni jurisprudence.

==See also==

*[[Fiqh]]
*[[Ijazah]]
*[[Madrasa]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*ʻAlwānī, Ṭāhā Jābir Fayyāḍ. ''Uṣūl Al Fiqh Al Islāmī''. IIT. Based on the author's PhD thesis at [[Al-Azhar University]].
*{{cite book
| last = Hasan
| first = Abrar
| author-link = Abrar Hasan
| title = Principles of modern Islamic jurisprudence
| publisher = Pakistan Academy of Jurists
| year = 2004
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title= An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism| publisher=Yale University Press | year=1985 | isbn=0-300-03531-4}}
*{{cite book
| last = Motahhari
| first = Morteza
| author-link = Morteza Motahhari
| title = Jurisprudence and Its Principles, translator:Salman Tawhidi
| publisher = Moslem Student Association (Persian Speaking Group)
| year=1983
| url = http://www.al-islam.org/jurisprudence/
| isbn = 0-940368-28-5}}
*{{cite book
| last = Nomani
| first = Farhad
|author2=Rahnema, Ali.
| title = Islamic Economic Systems
| publisher = Zed books limited
|year=1994
| location =New Jersey
| isbn = 1-85649-058-0}}
*Qadri, A. A (1986). ''Islamic jurisprudence in the Modern World''. New Delhi: Taj Company.

===Encyclopedias===
*{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated | edition=Rev | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-59339-236-9}}
*Libson, G.; Stewart, F.H. "ʿUrf." [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. [[Brill Online]]. 10 April 2008

==Further reading==
* Fadlalla, Mohamed; Lang, Peter. ''Das islamische Ehe- und Kindschaftsrecht im Sudan'', Frankfurt, 2001. {{ISBN|3-631-37722-3}}
* Fadlalla, Mohamed. ''Die Problematik der Anerkennung ausländischer Gerichtsurteile: Beiträge zum Internationalen Zivilprozessrecht und zur Schiedsbarkeit''. Tectum, 2004. {{ISBN|3-8288-8759-7}}
* Glassé, Cyril. ''The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd Edition. London: Stacey International, 1991. {{ISBN|0-905743-65-2}}
* Goldziher, Ignaz; translated by Hamori, R. ''Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law''. [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]: [[Princeton University Press]], 1981. {{ISBN|0-691-10099-3}}
* Hallaq, Wael. "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?", ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', '''16''' (1): 3–41, 1984.
* Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. ''Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence'', Cambridge: Islamic Text Society, 1991. {{ISBN|0-946621-24-1}}
* Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. ''Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence'', 2003.
* Musa, Aisha Y. ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam'', New York: Palgrave, 2008.
* Richard Potz: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025271 Islamisches Recht und europäischer Rechtstransfer], in: [[Europäische Geschichte Online]], hrsg. vom [[Institut für Europäische Geschichte (Mainz)]], 2011, Zugriff am: 24.08.2011

==External links==
''Sunni''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080918043205/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/law/shariahintroduction.html Shari`ah and Fiqh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509183931/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/law/alalwani_usulalfiqh/ Source Methodology In Islamic Jurisprudence] by Taha Jabir Al 'Alwani

''Shia''
* [http://www.al-islam.org/jurisprudence/ Jurisprudence and Its Principles ] by [[Morteza Motahhari]]
* [http://al-islam.org/al-serat/default.asp?url=ijtihad.htm The Principle of Ijtihad in Islam ] by [[Morteza Motahhari]]
* [http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/ijtihad-legislation.htm The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation ] by [[Morteza Motahhari]]

{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sources Of Islamic Law}}
[[Category:Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Sharia]]

Modi: Journey of a Common Man

2023-07-14T12:22:11Z

WWE07:

{{Orphan}}

'''Modi: Journey of a Common Man''' is an Indian Hindi-language web series based on the book Modi : Common Man's PM written by author Kishor Mukwana. that explores the life and political journey of [[Narendra Modi|Narendra Damodardas Modi]], the [[List of prime ministers of India|14th Prime Minister of India]]. The show offers a fictionalized account of Modi's rise from humble beginnings to becoming one of the most influential figures in Indian politics. Produced by [[Eros Now]] and created by [[Umesh Shukla]], the series provides an insightful narrative of the challenges and triumphs encountered by Modi throughout his life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi - Journey Of A Common Man Review: Checkout review of web series Modi - Journey Of A Common Man |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/modi-journey-of-a-common-man/amp_seriesreview/79013193.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=m.timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi: Journey of a Common Man director Umesh Shukla: An honest attempt to show PM Narendra Modi’s human side |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modi-journey-of-a-common-man-director-umesh-shukla-narendra-modi-5661582/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Series overview ==
{{Series overview
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 7
| start1 = 2019
| end1 = 2019

| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 3
| start2 = 2020
| end2 = 2020
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt10094918}}

[[Category:Web series]]
[[Category:Books about Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian politics]]

Tanieya Khanuja

2023-07-08T00:34:46Z

WWE07: Wrote an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer (born 1980)}}
{{Orphan}}

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox fashion designer
| name = Tanieya Khanuja
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma mater = [[London College of Fashion]]
| occupation = [[Fashion designer]]
| parents =
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|http://tanieyakhanuja.com}}
}}

'''Tanieya Khanuja''' is an Indian fashion designer based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanieya Khanuja at Lakmé Fashion Week summer/resort 2020 |url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/gallery/lakme-fashion-week-summer-resort-2020-designer-tanieya-khanuja |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Casual goes couture! Please welcome lacy denim gowns |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/casual-goes-couture-please-welcome-lacy-denim-gowns/story-zRTXVvJAAvbFpGLUkCEkZO.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Arpita |last2=News |first2=India TV |title=Kareena has a great knowledge about fashion, trends, says designer Tanieya Khanuja |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-kareena-has-a-great-knowledge-about-fashion-trends-says-designer-tanieya-khanuja-417780 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

She did many shows in [[Lakme Fashion Week]] and Amazon India Fashion Week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanieya Khanuja at Amazon India Fashion Week spring/summer 2017 |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/tanieya-khanuja-amazon-india-fashion-week-springsummer-2017 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
Khanuja was invited to participate in Moscow fashion week in 2018. Khanuja has also participating in [[Paris Fashion Week|Paris fashion week]] for the past 12 seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Designer Tanieya Khanuja Presents Creations at Paris Fashion Week |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/designer-tanieya-khanuja-presents-creations-at-paris-fashion-week-1355984.html |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>{{clarify timeframe}}

== Early life ==

Khanuja was born in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].
She studied at the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology|National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)]], [[New Delhi]].
From there, Khanuja went to [[London College of Fashion]].

== Career ==

After attending London college of Fashion, she joined her family business in London where she was creative head and catered to 40 store across UK. She launched her own label "''Tanieya Khanuja''" at [[Fashion Design Council of India]] (FDCI) fashion week in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IN |first=FashionNetwork com |title=Varun Nidhika, Itrh, Tanieya Khanuja explore femininity at Lakmé Fashion Week x FDCI |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Varun-nidhika-itrh-tanieya-khanuja-explore-femininity-at-lakme-fashion-week-x-fdci,1495506.html |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
Her flagship store is in Defence Colony which she opened in 2019.

Many Bollywood celebrities like [[Madhuri Dixit|Madhuri Dxiit]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |title=Madhuri Dixit In This Red Gown Will Surely Make Your Heart Go 'Dhak Dhak' |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/madhuri-dixit-in-this-red-gown-will-surely-make-your-heart-go-dhak-dhak/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=THAKKER |first=NAMRATA |title=Malaika, Katrina, Alia: September's STYLISH celebs! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/malaika-katrina-alia-septembers-stylish-celebs/20191003.htm |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> [[Anushka Sharma]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Sridevi and Anushka Sharma wore on 05/07/2017 |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/daily-style-directory-06072017-sridevi-anushka-sharma |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anushka Sharma dazzles in this sequin bodycon dress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/anushka-sharma-bodycon-dress-fashion-photos-6291449/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Athiya Shetty]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Athiya Shetty Is On The Cover Of Cosmopolitan's Special Beauty Edition... But Of Course! |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2015/11/14/athiya-shetty-is-on-the-cover-of-cosmopolitans-special-beauty-edition-but-of-course |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=MissMalini |language=en}}</ref> [[Shraddha Kapoor|Shradha kapoor]], [[Gauahar Khan|Gauhar Khan,]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tanieya Khanuja dedicates new line to mothers, sisters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/tanieya-khanuja-dedicates-new-line-to-mothers-sisters-3079259/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Nushrratt Bharuccha|Nushraat Bharucha]], [[Surveen Chawla|Surveen chawla]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Surveen Chawla to walk for Tanieya Khanuja at Lakme Fashion Week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/surveen-chawla-to-walk-for-tanieya-khanuja-at-lakme-fashion-week/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], [[Nimrat Kaur]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=In Tanieya Khanuja |url=http://sports.yahoo.com/news/nimrat-kaur-tanieya-khanuja-bazaar-150504393.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> etc. have worn creations by Khanuja. Khanuja has been exhibiting at [[Paris Fashion Week]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Designer Tanieya Khanuja Presents Creations at Paris Fashion Week |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/designer-tanieya-khanuja-presents-creations-at-paris-fashion-week-1355984.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> since 2016. She also participating in Amazon India Fashion Week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanieya Khanuja at Amazon India Fashion Week spring/summer 2017 |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/tanieya-khanuja-amazon-india-fashion-week-springsummer-2017 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Awards==
She was invited to participate in Moscow fashion week in 2018.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Official website|http://tanieyakhanuja.com}}

[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]

Alex Wharf

2023-06-21T03:02:27Z

WWE07:

{{short description|English cricketer and umpire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Alex Wharf
| image = Alex Wharf umpiring 2019.jpg
| country = England
| fullname = Alexander George Wharf
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|6|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bradford]], England
| nickname = Gangster
| heightft = 6
| heightinch = 4
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast-medium
| role = Bowler, [[Umpire (cricket)|umpire]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2004-2005
| odidebutdate = 1 September
| odidebutyear = 2004
| odidebutagainst = India
| odicap = 183
| lastodidate = 13 February
| lastodiyear = 2005
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| odishirt =

| umpire = true
| testsumpired = 4
| umptestdebutyr = 2021
| umptestlastyr = 2023
| odisumpired = 12
| umpodidebutyr = 2018
| umpodilastyr = 2023
| t20isumpired = 36
| umpt20idebutyr = 2018
| umpt20ilastyr = 2022

| wtestsumpired = 2
| umpwtestdebutyr = 2015
| umpwtestlastyr = 2019
| wodisumpired = 11
| umpwodidebutyr = 2011
| umpwodilastyr = 2022
| wt20isumpired = 13
| umpwt20idebutyr = 2013
| umpwt20ilastyr = 2020

| club1 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year1 = 1994–1997
| club2 = [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]
| year2 = 1998–1999
| club3 = [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]]
| year3 = 2000–2009
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 13
| runs1 = 19
| bat avg1 = 9.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 9
| deliveries1 = 584
| wickets1 = 18
| bowl avg1 = 23.77
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/24
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 121
| runs2 = 3,570
| bat avg2 = 23.03
| 100s/50s2 = 6/14
| top score2 = 128[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 16,825
| wickets2 = 293
| bowl avg2 = 37.34
| fivefor2 = 5
| tenfor2 = 1
| best bowling2 = 6/59
| catches/stumpings2 = 63/–
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 155
| runs3 = 1,411
| bat avg3 = 16.21
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 72
| deliveries3 = 6,497
| wickets3 = 192
| bowl avg3 = 28.91
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 6/5
| catches/stumpings3 = 42/–
| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 33
| runs4 = 157
| bat avg4 = 12.07
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 19
| deliveries4 = 644
| wickets4 = 39
| bowl avg4 = 26.35
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/39
| catches/stumpings4 = 5/–

| date = 21 June 2023
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/22380.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Alexander George Wharf''' (born 4 June 1975)<ref name="YB"/> is a former English ODI cricketer and a [[first-class cricket]]er. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-handed fast-medium bowler, who ended his career with the [[Wales|Welsh]] side [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club]]. He is now an [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]].

==Domestic career==
Wharf commenced his first-class cricketing career with [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] in 1994, and played seven such matches for the county until 1997.<ref name="YB">{{cite book |title=The Yorkshire County Cricket Club: 2011 Yearbook |last=Warner |first=David |year=2011 |edition=113th |publisher=Great Northern Books |location=Ilkley, Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-905080-85-4 |page=381}}</ref> He later joined [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]], before moving to Glamorgan in 2000.

Wharf announced his retirement from cricket during the [[2009 County Championship]], after failing to recover from a long-term injury. In 2010, Wharf played in the South Wales Premier Cricket League for Sully Centurians.<ref name=ECB>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/rules/umpires/ |title=Umpires list - 2011 |publisher=www.ecb.co.uk |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232819/http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/rules/umpires/ |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==International career==
He never played [[Test cricket]], but made his [[England cricket team|England]] [[One Day International]] debut at [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], against [[India national cricket team|India]] in 2004. Altogether he won 13 ODI caps.

==Umpiring career==
In 2011, he was added to the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] list of reserve umpires, alongside the late [[Russell Evans (cricketer)|Russell Evans]] and [[Billy Taylor (cricketer, born 1977)|Billy Taylor]].<ref name=ECB/>

Along with [[Rob Bailey (cricketer)|Rob Bailey]], he was one of the two onfield umpires for the [[Hurricane Relief T20 Challenge]] match played at [[Lord's]] on 31 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1141232.html |title=ICC World XI tour of England at London, May 31 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> The next month, he stood in his first [[One Day International]] (ODI) match, between [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018|England and Australia]], at [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]] on 16 June 2018.<ref name="ODI">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/44502567 |title=Alex Wharf to umpire his first One-Day International in Cardiff |work=BBC Sport |access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019, he was appointed as one of the twelve umpires to officiate matches in the [[2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier]] tournament in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1412092 |title=Match Officials announced for ICC Men’s T20 World Cup Qualifier 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> In February 2020, the ICC named him as one of the umpires to officiate in matches during the [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1607955 |title=ICC announces Match Officials for all league matches |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref> In June 2021, Wharf was named as the fourth official for the [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2167649 |title=Match officials for ICC World Test Championship Final announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, in the third match between [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|England and India]], Wharf stood in his first Test match as an umpire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/aug/25/india-vs-england-umpire-alex-wharf-had-dismissed-sourav-ganguly-vvs-laxman-rahul-dravid-on-debut-2349670.html |title=India vs England third Test: Umpire Alex Wharf had dismissed Sourav Ganguly, VVS Laxman, Rahul Dravid on debut |work=New Indian Express |access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>

In February 2022, he was named as one of the on-field umpires for the [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup]] in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-match-officials-world-cup-new-zealand |title=Eight women among 15 Match Officials named for ICC World Cup 2022 |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2497729 |title=Match officials chosen for ICC Women's Cricket World Cup 2022 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket umpires]]
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{cricinfo|id=22380}}

{{International Panel of ICC Umpires}}
{{ECB Umpires List}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wharf, Alex}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:England One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Nottinghamshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Glamorgan cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Bradford]]
[[Category:English cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English Test cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English cricketers of 1969 to 2000]]
[[Category:English cricketers of the 21st century]]

Guru Gobind Singh Ji

2023-05-16T01:06:28Z

WWE07: Shared an engaging piece.

#REDIRECT [[Guru Gobind Singh]]

Kashmir Gill

2022-12-05T14:01:05Z

WWE07: Created page with ''''Kashmir Gill''' is the current mayor of Yuba City. He is the son of Indian American parents and is of Sikh faith.<ref>http://www.dnaindia.com/india/r...'

{{distinguish|text=kick-boxing champion [[Kash Gill]]}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kashmir Gill
| native_name = ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ ਗਿੱਲ
| native_name_lang = pa
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |38 |2002 |08 |03 |noage= }}<ref name= split>Chawla, Ruchika (August 3, 2002). "Farmers keep their day jobs Many split time working the land with business professions". ''Appeal-Democrat'' (Marysville-Yuba City, California).</ref>
| birth_place = Lakhsian village, [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party =
| spouse = Neena Gill
| children = 3
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[California State University, Chico]]
| occupation = Senior V.P.
| profession = Banking
| order =
| office = Mayor of [[Yuba City, California]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2010
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2014
| office2 = Yuba City Council
| term_start2 = 2006
| term_end2 = 2010
| term_start3 = 2013
| term_end3 = 2014
}}

'''Kashmir (Kash) Gill''' ({{lang-pa|ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ ਗਿੱਲ}}) is the former mayor of [[Yuba City, California]]. Gill served two terms as mayor, from 2009 to 2010 and from 2013 to 2014. Gill also served on the City Council of Yuba City. Gill was the first [[Sikh]] to be elected mayor in the United States.<ref name= gill>Smith, Ken (October 24, 2013). "[http://www.newsreview.com/chico/sikhs-of-the-sacramento-valley/content?oid=11840883 Sikhs of the Sacramento Valley]". ''Chico News & Review'' (Chino, California).</ref>

==Early life==
At three years old, Gill emigrated with his family from Lakhsina village in the [[Hoshiarpur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]], after his uncle Bains sponsored them.<ref name= becomes/><ref name= cats>Chitkara, Vanita (September 6, 2010). "Capitol Cats". ''India Today'' (India).</ref> Gill worked in his family's [[peach]] orchards and [[prune]] orchards until he was 13 years old.<ref name= cats/> As an adult, Gill became the business manager of his family's farm.<ref>"[http://www.sikhpioneers.org/SikhFarmers.html Sikh Farmers in California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328084038/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/SikhFarmers.html |date=2012-03-28 }}". ''Sikhpioneers.org''. January 3, 1999. Retrieved January 30, 2012.</ref><ref>Payne, Melanie (July 11, 2000). "Tri Valley Co-op Files Chapter 11: Payments Fall Short to Suppliers, Growers". ''The Sacramento Bee'' (Sacramento, California). p. C1.</ref>

Gill graduated from [[Yuba City High School]], [[Yuba Community College]], and [[California State University, Chico]], where he earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in agricultural business in 1987.<ref name= council2006/> Gill graduated from California Agricultural Leadership Program and the Graduate School of Banking, [[Boulder, Colorado]], in 2006.<ref name= council2006/><ref name= citymayor/><ref>"[https://www.mechanicsbank.com/mechbank/mbwebsite.nsf/about/pr_kashgill Kash Gill Joins Mechanics Bank In Roseville] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090637/https://www.mechanicsbank.com/mechbank/mbwebsite.nsf/about/pr_kashgill |date=2016-03-04 }}". ''Mechanicsbank.com''. Retrieved January 30, 2012.</ref>

==Professional career==
As of 2000, Gill was vice president and regional manager of Butte Community Bank in Yuba City, California.<ref>Hansen, Todd R. (January 2, 2000). "Y-S economy looking up Business expected to pick up in 2000". ''Appeal-Democrat'' (Marysville-Yuba City, California).</ref> In 2001, Gill was on the [[board of directors]] of the Yuba City Sikh Temple.<ref>"Nativity at LDS church". ''Redding Record Searchlight'' (Redding, California). December 15, 2001. p. B4.</ref>

As of 2006, Gill was working at Banner Bank as senior vice president, where he leads the Northern California Agribusiness Division. Gill is an active member of the [[Republican Party of California|Republican Party]].

==Political career==
Gill ran for a seat on the five-member Yuba City Council in 2004,<ref>Nadeau, Tom (October 29, 2004). "Yuba candidates raise, shell out cash". ''The Sacramento Bee'' (Sacramento, California). p. B3.</ref><ref>Nadeau, Tom (October 30, 2004). "Accident doesn't slow council hopeful".''The Sacramento Bee'' (Sacramento, California). p. B2.</ref> but Gill did not win a seat in the election.<ref>Nadeau, Tom (November 5, 2004). "Yuba City race still tight for 2". ''The Sacramento Bee'' (Sacramento, California). p. B3.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20041224140129/http://www.yubacity.net/index.cfm?navid=198 City Council]". ''Yuba City, California''. Archived from [http://www.yubacity.net:80/index.cfm?navid=198 the original] on December 24, 2004.</ref>

Gill successfully ran for Yuba City Council in 2006.<ref name= council2006>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070621221940/http://www.yubacity.net/city-council/city-council-members.htm City Council Members]". ''Yuba City Council''. Archived from [http://www.yubacity.net/city-council/city-council-members.htm the original] on June 21, 2007.</ref> Gill ran for reelection to the Yuba City Council in 2008. Because Gill received the second-most votes in the election, he served as Yuba City's vice mayor in 2008,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100101174327/http://www.yubacity.net/documents/Agendas/2009/01-20-09-council/01-20-09-agenda.pdf Meeting Agenda]". ''Yuba City Council''. January 20, 2009. Archived from [http://www.yubacity.net/documents/Agendas/2009/01-20-09-council/01-20-09-agenda.pdf the original] on January 1, 2010.</ref> and Gill was subsequently sworn in as Yuba City's mayor on November 10, 2009.<ref name= becomes>"Sikh becomes first mayor of Yuba City in US". ''Indo-Asian News Service'' (India). November 14, 2009.</ref><ref name= citymayor>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100101173122/http://www.yubacity.net/city-council/city-council-members.htm City Council Members]". ''Yuba City Council''. Archived from [http://www.yubacity.net/city-council/city-council-members.htm the original] on January 1, 2010.</ref> The position of mayor of Yuba City is held in rotation by the two individuals who received the most votes in city council elections.<ref name= becomes/> Gill was the first [[Punjabi American]] and first [[Sikh]] to be mayor of Yuba City. Gill was also one of the first [[Indian people|Indian]] mayors in America, and the first Sikh to be elected mayor in the United States.<ref name= gebb>Gebb, Ashley (November 8, 2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20091114065024/http://www.appeal-democrat.com/articles/city-88423-gill-yuba.html Kash Gill: 'We are one community':Councilman set to become Y.C.'s first Punjabi-American mayor]". ''Appeal-Democrat''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20091114065024/http://www.appeal-democrat.com/articles/city-88423-gill-yuba.html the original] on November 14, 2009.</ref> Gill served a second term as vice-mayor of Yuba City from 2012 to 2013,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130701033719/http://www.yubacity.net/city-council/city-council-members.htm City Council Members]". ''Yuba City Council''. Archived from [http://www.yubacity.net/city-council/city-council-members.htm the original] on July 1, 2013.</ref> and he served a second term as mayor of Yuba City from 2013 to 2014.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215191131/http://www.yubacity.net/city-council/city-council-members.htm City Council Members]". ''Yuba City Council''. Archived from [http://www.yubacity.net/city-council/city-council-members.htm the original] on December 15, 2013.</ref>

As mayor, Gill advocated for federal funds to be used for the city's levee upgrades. He also formed the gang task force and economic task force.<ref name="appeal-democrat1">"[http://www.appeal-democrat.com/articles/gill-88542-kash-first.html Gill makes Y.C. history] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130117002040/http://www.appeal-democrat.com/articles/gill-88542-kash-first.html |date=2013-01-17 }}". ''Appeal-Democrat'' (Marysville-Yuba City, California). November 12, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2012.</ref>

In addition to Gill's public service as mayor, vice-mayor, and council member for Yuba City, he has served as chair of the Yuba-Sutter Chamber of Commerce; member of the board of directors of the Fremont-Rideout Hospital Foundation; and member of the board of directors of the Sutter Health Foundation.<ref name="appeal-democrat1"/>

==Personal life==
He is the son of Sikh American parents and is of the [[Sikh]] faith. Kash is married to Neena Gill, and they have three children named Harveen, Rajan, and Preya.<ref name= citymayor/><ref>"[http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIpoliticians/USA/A_Z/G/KASH_GILL/index.htm Kash, Gill, Member, City Council Yuba City]". ''Nriinternet.com''. November 7, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2012.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian Americans]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Kashmir}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:American mayors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:California politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from California]]
[[Category:California city council members]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]
[[Category:California State University, Chico alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in California]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:People from Yuba City, California]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Bundestag

2022-02-09T02:16:37Z

WWE07: Wrote an insightful write-up.

{{short description|Federal parliament of Germany}}
{{about|the current parliament of Germany|the governing body of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866|Bundesversammlung (German Confederation)|other historical parliaments of Germany|Reichstag (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = German Bundestag
| native_name = {{lang|de|Deutscher Bundestag}}
| legislature = [[List of members of the 20th Bundestag|20th Bundestag]]
| coa_pic = Deutscher Bundestag logo.svg
| coa_res = 150px
| leader1_type = [[President of the Bundestag]]
| leader1 = [[Bärbel Bas]]
| party1 = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
| election1 = 26 October 2021
| leader2_type = [[Presidium of the Bundestag|Vice presidents of the Bundestag]]
| leader2 = [[Aydan Özoğuz]]
| party2 = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
| election2 = 26 October 2021
| leader3_type = &ensp;
| leader3 = [[Yvonne Magwas]]
| party3 = [[CDU/CSU]]
| election3 = 26 October 2021
| leader4_type = &ensp;
| leader4 = [[Katrin Göring-Eckardt]]
| party4 = [[Alliance 90/The Greens]]
| election4 = 9 December 2021
| leader5_type = &ensp;
| leader5 = [[Wolfgang Kubicki]]
| party5 = [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]
| election5 = 24 October 2017
| leader6_type = &ensp;
| leader6 = [[Petra Pau]]
| party6 = [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]
| election6 = 7 April 2006
| leader7_type = &ensp;
| leader7 = ''Vacant''
| party7 = [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]]{{efn|name=vp_afd|The Rules of Procedure of the Bundestag (German: ''Geschäftsordnung'') allocate one Vice-President to each political group (''Fraktion''). However, each candidate must still be elected by a parliamentary majority. Due to the candidates put forth by the AfD and their unanimous rejection by all other parties, no AfD candidate has reached such a majority.}}
| leader8_type = [[Father of the House]]
| leader8 = [[Wolfgang Schäuble]]
| party8 = [[CDU/CSU]]
| election8 = 26 October 2021
| leader9_type = [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]
| leader9 = [[Olaf Scholz]]
| party9 = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
| election9 = 8 December 2021
| leader10_type = [[Leader of the opposition (Germany)|Leader of the Opposition]]{{efn|Though the by-laws of the Bundestag do not mention such a position, the leader of the largest opposition ''Fraktion'' is called leader of the opposition by convention.}}
| leader10 = [[Friedrich Merz]]
| election10 = 15 February 2022
| party10 = [[CDU/CSU]]
| members = 736<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/plenum/sitzverteilung_20wp |title=Sitzverteilung des 20. Deutschen Bundestages |language=de |publisher=Deutscher Bundestag |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
| structure1 = Bundestag (current composition).svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Scholz cabinet|Government]] (416)'''
: {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}}} [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] (206)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}} [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] (118)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}}} [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] (92)
'''Opposition (320)'''
: {{Color box|{{party color|CDU/CSU}}}} [[CDU/CSU]] (197)
:* {{Color box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}}} [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] (152)
:* {{Color box|{{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}}} [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] (45)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Alternative for Germany}}}} [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] (78)
: {{Color box|{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}}} [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (39)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}}} Non-attached (6)
:* {{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}}} [[Independent politician|Ind.]] (3)
:* {{Color box|{{party color|Alternative for Germany}}}} [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] (2)
:* {{Color box|{{party color|South Schleswig Voters' Association}}}} [[South Schleswig Voters' Association|SSW]] ([[Stefan Seidler|1]])
| voting_system1 = [[Mixed-member proportional representation]] (MMP)<br/>with [[Mixed-member proportional representation#Dealing with overhang seats|leveling seats]]
| last_election1 = [[2021 German federal election|26 September 2021]]
| next_election1 = [[Next German federal election|On or before 26 October 2025]]
| session_room = File:Deutscher Bundestag Plenarsaal Seitenansicht.jpg
| meeting_place = [[Reichstag building]]<br/>[[Mitte]], Berlin, Germany
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|1949|9|7}}
| preceded_by = [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] ([[Nazi Germany]], 1933–1945)
| disbanded =
| succeeded_by =
| website = {{official URL}}
| rules = [https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80060000.pdf Rules of Procedure of the German Bundestag and Mediation Committee] (English)
| native_name_lang = de}}
{{PoliticsGermany}}
The '''Bundestag''' ({{IPA-de|ˈbʊndəstaːk|-|De-Bundestag2.ogg}}, "Federal [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]]") is the [[Germany|German]] [[Federalism|federal]] parliament. It is the only federal representative body that is directly elected by the German people, comparable to the [[United States House of Representatives]] or the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]. The Bundestag was established by Title III{{efn|Articles 38 to 49}} of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]] ({{Lang-de|link=no|Grundgesetz}}, {{IPA-de|ˈɡʁʊntɡəˌzɛt͡s|pron|De-Grundgesetz.ogg}}) in 1949 as one of the legislative bodies of Germany and thus it is the historical successor to the earlier [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]].

The members of the Bundestag are representatives of the German people as a whole, are not bound by any orders or instructions and are only accountable to their electorate.{{efn|Article 38 Section 1 ''Grundgesetz''}} The minimum legal number of members of the Bundestag ({{lang-de|link=no|Mitglieder des Bundestages}}) is 598;{{efn|Paragraph 1 Section 1 of the Federal Elections Act (''Bundeswahlgesetz'')}} however, due to the system of [[overhang seat|overhang]] and [[leveling seat]]s the current 20th Bundestag has a total of 736 members, making it the largest Bundestag to date and the largest freely elected national parliamentary chamber in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das größte Parlament der Welt wächst und wächst: Politik bläht Bundestag immer weiter auf |url=https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/bundestagswahl/btw21-frag-mayer-das-groesste-parlament-der-welt-warum-sich-der-bundestag-immer-weiter-aufblaeht_id_13492686.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=FOCUS online}}</ref>

The Bundestag is elected every four years by German citizens{{efn|German Citizens are defined in Article 116 ''Grundgesetz''}} aged 18 or over.{{efn|name=law_eligibility|Article 38 Section 2 ''[[Grundgesetz]]'': Any person who has attained the age of eighteen shall be entitled to vote; any person who has attained the age of majority may be elected.}} Elections use a [[mixed-member proportional representation]] system which combines [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] elected seats with a [[Electoral list|proportional party list]] to ensure its composition mirrors the [[Popular vote (representative democracy)|national popular vote]]. An early election is only possible in the cases outlined in Articles 63 and 68 of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|''Grundgesetz'']].

The Bundestag has several functions. It is the chief legislative body on the federal level. The individual states ([[States of Germany|Bundesländer]]) of Germany participate in legislative process through the [[German Bundesrat|Bundesrat]], a separate assembly.<ref>{{cite book|title=Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland|publisher=Parlamentarischer Rat|location=Bonn|edition=23 December 2014|url=https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/10060000.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/10060000.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> The Bundestag also elects and oversees the [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]], Germany's [[head of government]], and sets the [[government budget]].

Since 1999, it has met in the [[Reichstag building]] in Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wegderdemokratie.de/en/plenarsaal-deutscher-bundestag|title=Plenarsaal "Deutscher Bundestag" – The Path of Democracy|website=www.wegderdemokratie.de|language=en|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> The Bundestag also operates in multiple new government buildings in Berlin and has its own [[German Parliament Police|police force]] (the [[German Parliament Police|''Bundestagspolizei'']]). The current [[president of the Bundestag]] since 2021 is [[Bärbel Bas]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]. The 20th Bundestag has five vice presidents and is the most visited parliament in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - From the Parliamentary Council to the most visited parliament... |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/parliament/history/history-197590 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Reichstag, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 46-48 HDR.jpg|thumb|left|The ''German Unity Flag'' is a national memorial to [[German reunification]] that was raised on 3 October 1990; it waves in front of the [[Reichstag building]] in Berlin, seat of the Bundestag.]]
Bundestag translates as "Federal Diet", with "{{Lang|de|Bund}}" (cognate to English "bundle") in this context meaning federation, and "{{Lang|de|Tag}}" (day) came to mean "meeting in conference" — another example being {{Lang|de|[[Reichstag (disambiguation)|Reichstag]]}} (similar to "diet", which is from Latin "{{Lang|la|dies}}", day).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=bundestag| title = Online Etymology Dictionary — Bundestag}}</ref>

With the dissolution of the [[German Confederation]] in 1866 and the founding of the [[German Empire]] ([[German Reich]]) in 1871, the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] was established as the German parliament in Berlin, which was the capital of the then [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (the largest and most influential state in both the Confederation and the empire). Two decades later, the current parliament building was erected. The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage (and not the [[Prussian three-class franchise|three-class electoral system]] prevailing in Prussia until 1918). The Reichstag did not participate in the appointment of the chancellor until the [[German constitutional reforms of October 1918|parliamentary reforms of October 1918]]. After the [[German Revolution of 1918–19|Revolution of November 1918]] and the establishment of the [[Weimar Constitution]], women were given the right to vote for (and serve in) the Reichstag, and the parliament could use the [[no-confidence vote]] to force the chancellor or any cabinet member to resign. In 1933, [[Adolf Hitler]] was appointed chancellor and through the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], the [[Enabling Act of 1933]] and the death of President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] in 1934, gained unlimited power. After this, the Reichstag met only rarely, usually at the [[Kroll_Opera_House#1933–1951:_Seat_of_the_Reichstag_and_destruction|Kroll Opera House]] to unanimously rubber-stamp the decisions of the government. It last convened on 26 April 1942.

With the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|new constitution of 1949]], the Bundestag was established as the new West German parliament. Because [[West Berlin]] was not officially under the jurisdiction of the constitution, a legacy of the [[Cold War]], the Bundestag met in [[Bonn]] in several different buildings, including (provisionally) a former waterworks facility. In addition, owing to the city's legal status, citizens of West Berlin were unable to vote in elections to the Bundestag, and were instead represented by 22 non-voting delegates<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F54jJBcrs50C&dq=bundestag+west+berlin+22&pg=PA34 ''Germany at the Polls: The Bundestag Elections of the 1980s''], Karl H. Cerny, Duke University Press, 1990, page 34</ref> chosen by the [[House of Representatives of Berlin|House of Representatives]], the city's legislature.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/GERMANY_FEDERAL_REPUBLIC_1980.PDF GERMANY (FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF) Date of Elections: 5 October 1980], [[International Parliamentary Union]]</ref> 

The [[Bundeshaus (Bonn)|Bundeshaus in Bonn]] is the former parliament building of Germany. The sessions of the German Bundestag were held there from 1949 until its move to Berlin in 1999. Today it houses the International Congress Centre Bundeshaus Bonn and in the northern areas the branch office of the [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]] ("Federal Council"), which represents the {{Lang|de|Länder}} – the federated states. The southern areas became part of German offices for the United Nations in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=The United Nations in Germany |url=https://new-york-un.diplo.de/un-en/botschaft/un-in-germany/931926 |website=Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations in New York |publisher=Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations in New York |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

The former [[Reichstag building]] housed a history exhibition ({{Lang|de|Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte}}) and served occasionally as a conference center. The Reichstag building was also occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the [[Bundesversammlung (German Confederation)|Federal Convention]], the body which elects the German federal president. However, the Soviets harshly protested against the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany and tried to disturb the sittings by flying supersonic jets close to the building.{{Citation needed}}

Since 19 April 1999, the German parliament has again assembled in [[Berlin]] in its original Reichstag building, which was built in 1888 based on the plans of German architect [[Paul Wallot]] and underwent a significant renovation under the lead of British architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Lord Norman Foster]]. Parliamentary committees and subcommittees, public hearings and parliamentary group meetings take place in three auxiliary buildings, which surround the Reichstag building: the {{Lang|de|Jakob-Kaiser-Haus, Paul-Löbe-Haus}} and {{Lang|de|Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus}}.{{Citation needed}}

In 2005, a small aircraft crashed close to the German Parliament. It was then decided to ban private air traffic over Central Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Small Plane Crashes Near German Parliament|url=https://dw.com/en/small-plane-crashes-near-german-parliament/a-1657221|access-date=29 December 2020|website=amp.dw.com}}</ref>

==Tasks==
Together with the [[Bundesrat (Germany)|Bundesrat]], the Bundestag is the [[legislative branch]] of the [[Politics of Germany|German political system]].

Although most legislation is initiated by the executive branch, the Bundestag considers the legislative function its most important responsibility, concentrating much of its energy on assessing and amending the government's legislative program. The committees (see below) play a prominent role in this process. [[Plenary sessions]] provide a forum for members to engage in public debate on legislative issues before them, but they tend to be well attended only when significant legislation is being considered.

The Bundestag members are the only federal officials directly elected by the public; the Bundestag in turn elects the [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|chancellor]] and, in addition, exercises oversight of the executive branch on issues of both substantive policy and routine administration. This check on executive power can be employed through binding legislation, public debates on government policy, investigations, and direct questioning of the chancellor or cabinet officials. For example, the Bundestag can conduct a question hour ({{Lang|de|Fragestunde}}), in which a government representative responds to a written question previously submitted by a member. Members can ask related questions during the question hour. The questions can concern anything from a major policy issue to a specific constituent's problem. Use of the question hour has increased markedly over the past forty years, with more than 20,000 questions being posed during the 1987–90 term. The opposition parties actively exercise their parliamentary right to scrutinize government actions.

Constituent services also take place via the Petition Committee. In 2004, the Petition Committee received over 18,000 complaints from citizens and was able to negotiate a mutually satisfactory solution to more than half of them. In 2005, as a pilot of the potential of [[internet petition]]s, a version of [[e-petitioner]] was produced for the Bundestag. This was a collaborative project involving The [[Scottish Parliament]], [[International Teledemocracy Centre]] and the Bundestag 'Online Services Department'. The system was formally launched on 1 September 2005, and in 2008 the Bundestag moved to a new system based on its evaluation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tab.fzk.de/de/brief/brief32.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316102923/http://www.tab.fzk.de/de/brief/brief32.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2009 |title=''Öffentliche Petitionen beim deutschen Bundestag - erste Ergebnisse der Evaluation des Modellversuchs'' = An Evaluation Study of Public Petitions at the German Parliament |access-date=16 June 2009 |last=Trenel |first=M. |work=TAB Brief Nr 32 |publisher=Deutscher Bundestag |year=2007 }}</ref>

== Electoral term ==
[[File:Chart Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany EN.svg|thumb|The Bundestag within the political system of Germany]]
The Bundestag is elected for four years, and new elections must be held between 46 and 48 months after the beginning of its [[electoral term]], unless the Bundestag is dissolved prematurely. Its term ends when the next Bundestag convenes, which must occur within 30 days of the election.<ref name="Electoral term">{{cite web |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0197 |title= Basic Law, Article 39: Electoral term – Convening| access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref> Prior to 1976, there could be a period where one Bundestag had been dissolved and the next Bundestag could not be convened; during this period, the rights of the Bundestag were exercised by a so-called "Permanent Committee".<ref>{{Cite book |language=de |page=28 |title=Der Bundestag: Eine Darstellung seiner Aufgaben und seiner Arbeitsweise |trans-title=The Bundestag: Its tasks and procedures|last= Schäfer| first=Friedrich |isbn=9783322836434 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JefKBgAAQBAJ |publisher=VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften}}</ref>



==Election==
{{See also|List of German Bundestag constituencies}} Germany uses the [[mixed-member proportional representation]] system, a system of [[proportional representation]] combined with elements of [[first-past-the-post voting]]. The Bundestag has 598 nominal members, elected for a four-year term; these seats are distributed between the sixteen German states in proportion to the states' population eligible to vote.<ref name="system">{{cite web|author1=Martin Fehndrich|author2=Wilko Zicht|author3=Matthias Cantow|url=http://www.wahlrecht.de/bundestag/index.htm|title=Wahlsystem der Bundestagswahl|publisher=Wahlrecht.de|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>

Every elector has two votes: a constituency vote (first vote) and a party list vote (second vote). Based solely on the first votes, 299 members are elected in [[single-member constituency|single-member constituencies]] by first-past-the-post voting. The second votes are used to produce a proportional number of seats for parties, first in the states, and then on the federal level. Seats are allocated using the [[Sainte-Laguë method]]. If a party wins fewer constituency seats in a state than its second votes would entitle it to, it receives additional seats from the relevant state list. Parties can file lists in every single state under certain conditions – for example, a fixed number of supporting signatures. Parties can receive second votes only in those states in which they have filed a state list.<ref name="system"/>

If a party, by winning single-member constituencies in one state, receives more seats than it would be entitled to according to its second vote share in that state (so-called [[overhang seat]]s), the other parties receive compensation seats. Owing to this provision, the Bundestag usually has more than 598 members. The 20th and current Bundestag, for example, has 736 seats: 598 regular seats and 138 overhang and compensation seats. Overhang seats are calculated at the state level, so many more seats are added to balance this out among the different states, adding more seats than would be needed to compensate for overhang at the national level in order to avoid [[negative vote weight]].<ref name="system"/>

To qualify for seats based on the party-list vote share, a party must either win three single-member constituencies via first votes (basic mandate clause) or exceed a [[electoral threshold|threshold]] of 5% of the second votes nationwide. If a party only wins one or two single-member constituencies and fails to get at least 5% of the second votes, it keeps the single-member seat(s), but other parties that accomplish at least one of the two threshold conditions receive compensation seats.<ref name="system"/> In the most recent example of this, during the [[2002 German federal election|2002 election]], the [[Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)|PDS]] won only 4.0% of the second votes nationwide, but won two constituencies in the state of [[Berlin]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Ergebnisse früherer Bundestagswahlen|url=https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/dam/jcr/397735e3-0585-46f6-a0b5-2c60c5b83de6/btw_ab49_gesamt.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/dam/jcr/397735e3-0585-46f6-a0b5-2c60c5b83de6/btw_ab49_gesamt.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=Der Bundeswahlleiter|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref> The same applies if an independent candidate wins a single-member constituency,<ref name="system"/> which has not happened since the [[1949 West German federal election|1949 election]].<ref name="history"/>

If a voter cast a first vote for a successful independent candidate or a successful candidate whose party failed to qualify for proportional representation, their second vote does not count toward proportional representation. However, it does count toward whether the elected party exceeds the 5% threshold.<ref name="system"/>

Parties representing recognized national minorities (currently [[Danes#Danish diaspora|Danes]], [[Frisians]], [[Sorbs]], and [[Romani people]]) are exempt from both the 5% threshold and the basic mandate clause, but normally only run in state elections.<ref name="system"/> The only party that has been able to benefit from this provision so far on the federal level is the [[South Schleswig Voters' Association]], which represents the minorities of Danes and Frisians in [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and managed to win a seat in [[1949 West German federal election|1949]] and [[2021 German federal election|2021]].<ref>{{Citation|last=NDR|title=Stefan Seidler (SSW): "Die ersten Zahlen sind sensationell"|url=https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/schleswig-holstein/bundestagswahl_2021/Stefan-Seidler-SSW-Die-ersten-Zahlen-sind-sensationell,shmag86702.html|language=de|access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Bundestagswahl 05 stimmzett.jpg|thumb|right|Bundestag ballot from the [[2005 German federal election|2005 election]] in the [[Würzburg]] district. The column for the constituency vote (with the name, occupation, and address of each candidate) is on the left in black print; the column for the party list vote (showing top five list candidates in the state) is on the right in blue print.]]

==Latest election result==
The latest federal election was held on Sunday, 26 September 2021, to elect the members of the 20th Bundestag.
{{See also|2021 German federal election}}
{{See also|Results of the 2021 German federal election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
! colspan="15" style="background:#F8F9FA; |[[File:Bundestag 2021.svg|center|300px]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Constituencies
! colspan="3" |Party list
! rowspan="2" |Total<br />seats
! rowspan="2" |+/–
|-
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!Votes
!%
!Seats
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}" | || align="left" |[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD)||12,234,690||26.4||121||11,955,434||25.7||85||206||+53
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}" | || align="left" |[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU){{efn|name=CDU/CSU}}||10,451,524||22.5||98||8,775,471||18.9||54||152||−48
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" | || align="left" |[[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (GRÜNE)||6,469,081||14.0||16||6,852,206||14.8||102||118||+51
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}" | || align="left" |[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP)||4,042,951||8.7||0||5,319,952||11.5||92||92||+12
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Alternative for Germany}}" | || align="left" |[[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD)||4,695,611||10.1||16||4,803,902||10.3||67||83||−11
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}" | || align="left" |[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|Christian Social Union]] (CSU){{efn|name=CDU/CSU}}||2,788,048||6.0||45||2,402,827||5.2||0||45||−1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}" | || align="left" |[[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (DIE LINKE)||2,307,536||5.0||3||2,270,906||4.9||36||39||−30
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Free Voters}};" | || align="left" |[[Free Voters]] (FREIE WÄHLER)||1,334,739||2.9||0||1,127,784||2.4||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Human Environment Animal Protection}};" | || align="left" |[[Human Environment Animal Protection]]||163,201||0.4||0||675,353||1.5||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany}};"| || align="left" |[[Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany|Grassroots Democratic Party]] (dieBasis)||735,451||1.6||0||630,153||1.4||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Die PARTEI}};" | || align="left" |[[Die PARTEI]]||543,145||1.2||0||461,570||1.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Team Todenhöfer}};" | || align="left" |[[Team Todenhöfer]]||5,700||0.0||0||214,535||0.5||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Pirate Party Germany}};" | || align="left" |[[Pirate Party Germany]] (PIRATEN)||60,839||0.1||0||169,923||0.4||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Volt Germany}};" | || align="left" |[[Volt Germany]] (Volt)||78,339||0.2||0||165,474||0.4||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Ecological Democratic Party}};" | || align="left" |[[Ecological Democratic Party]] (ÖDP)||152,792||0.3||0||112,314||0.2||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|National Democratic Party of Germany}};" | || align="left" |[[National Democratic Party of Germany|National Democratic Party]] (NPD)||1,090||0.0||0||64,574||0.1||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|South Schleswig Voters' Association}};" | || align="left" |[[South Schleswig Voters' Association]] (SSW)||35,027||0.1||0||55,578||0.1||1{{efn|name=SSW}}||1||+1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Partei für Gesundheitsforschung}};" | || align="left" |[[Partei für Gesundheitsforschung|Party for Health Research]]||2,842||0.0||0||49,349||0.1||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Party of Humanists}};" | || align="left" |[[Party of Humanists|The Humanists]] (Die Humanisten)||12,730||0.0||0||47,711||0.1||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance C – Christians for Germany}};" | || align="left" |[[Alliance C – Christians for Germany]]||6,222||0.0||0||39,868||0.1||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bavaria Party}};" | || align="left" |[[Bavaria Party]] (BP)||36,748||0.1||0||32,790||0.1||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|V-Partei³}};" | || align="left" |[[V-Partei³]]||10,644||0.0||0||31,884||0.1||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:#FF9900" | || align="left" |[[:de:Unabhängige für bürgernahe Demokratie|Independents for Citizen-oriented Democracy]]||13,421||0.0||0||22,736||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|The Grays – For All Generations}};" | || align="left" |[[:de:Die Grauen – Für alle Generationen|The Greys]] (Die Grauen)||2,368||0.0||0||19,443||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei}};" | || align="left" |[[Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei|The Urbans. A HipHop Party]] (du.)||1,912||0.0||0||17,811||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany}};" | || align="left" |[[Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany|Marxist–Leninist Party]] (MLPD)||22,534||0.0||0||17,799||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|German Communist Party}};" | || align="left" |[[German Communist Party]] (DKP)||5,446||0.0||0||14,925||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection}};" | || align="left" |[[Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection|Animal Protection Alliance]] (Tierschutzallianz)||7,371||0.0||0||13,672||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:#DC2F28" | || align="left" |[[:de:Europäische Partei Liebe|European Party Love]] (LIEBE)||873||0.0||0||12,967||0.0||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Conservative Reformers}};" | || align="left" |[[Liberal Conservative Reformers]] (LKR)||10,767||0.0||0||11,159||0.0||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:#D1165D" | || align="left" |Lobbyists for Children (LfK)||–||–||–||9,189||0.0||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|The III. Path}};" | || align="left" |[[The III. Path]] (III. Weg)||515||0.0||0||7,832||0.0||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:#004800" | || align="left" |[[:de:Gartenpartei|Garden Party]] (MG)||2,095||0.0||0||7,611||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:#44AAE0" | || align="left" |Citizens' Movement (BÜRGERBEWEGUNG)||1,556||0.0||0||7,491||0.0||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democracy in Motion}};" | || align="left" |[[Democracy in Motion]] (DiB)||2,609||0.0||0||7,184||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Menschliche Welt}};" | || align="left" |[[:de:Menschliche Welt|Human World]] (MENSCHLICHE WELT)||656||0.0||0||3,786||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:#E71F71" | || align="left" |[[:de:Die Pinken/Bündnis21|The Pinks/Alliance 21]] (BÜNDNIS21)||377||0.0||0||3,488||0.0||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:#F5A419" | || align="left" |[[:de:Partei des Fortschritts|Party of Progress]] (PdF)||–||–||–||3,228||0.0||0||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Socialist Equality Party (Germany)}};" | || align="left" |[[Socialist Equality Party (Germany)|Socialist Equality Party]] (SGP)||–||–||–||1,417||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität}};" | || align="left" |[[Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität|Civil Rights Movement Solidarity]] (BüSo)||811||0.0||0||727||0.0||0||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Klimaliste}};" | || align="left" |[[Klimaliste|Climate List Baden-Württemberg]] (KlimalisteBW)||3,967||0.0||0||–||–||–||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Family Party of Germany}};" | || align="left" |[[Family Party of Germany]] (FAMILIE)||1,817||0.0||0||–||–||–||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Volksabstimmung}};" | || align="left" |[[:de:Ab jetzt … Demokratie durch Volksabstimmung|Democracy by Referendum]] (Volksabstimmung)||1,086||0.0||0||–||–||–||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:#566467" | || align="left" |[[:de:Graue Panther (Partei)|Grey Panthers]] (Graue Panther)||961||0.0||0||–||–||–||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:#0083C1" | || align="left" |Thuringian Homeland Party (THP)||549||0.0||0||–||–||–||0||New
|-
| || align="left" |The Others (sonstige)||256||0.0||0||–||–||–||0||New
|-
| style="background-color:#66CCFF" | || align="left" |[[Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei"]] (B*)||222||0.0||0||–||–||–||0||0
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | || align="left" |[[Independent politician|Independents]] and voter groups||110,894||0.2||0||–||–||–||0||0
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="10" style="background: #E9E9E9" |
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="2" align="left" |Valid votes||46,362,013||98.9||–||46,442,023||99.1||–||–||–
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="2" align="left" |Invalid/blank votes||492,495||1.1||–||412,485||0.9||–||–||–
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="2" align="left" |'''Total votes'''||'''46,854,508'''||'''100.0'''||'''299'''||'''46,854,508'''||'''100.0'''||'''437'''||'''736'''||'''+27'''
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="2" align="left" |Registered voters/turnout||61,181,072||76.6||–||61,181,072||76.6||–||–||–
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="10" align="left" |Source: [https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/2021/ergebnisse/bund-99.html Bundeswahlleiter]
|}

==List of Bundestag by session==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#eecdab; text-align:center;"| Seat distribution in the German Bundestag (at the beginning of each session)
|- style="background:#ffffff"
! style="width:100px;"| Session
! style="width:100px;"| Election
! style="width:100px;"| Seats
! style="width:85px;"| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]/[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
! style="width:85px;"| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
! style="width:85px;"| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]
! style="width:85px;"| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]]{{efn|1983 to 1994 The Greens and 1990 to 1994 [[Alliance 90]], since 1994 [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]]}}
! style="width:85px;"| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]{{efn|1990 to 2005 [[Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus|PDS]] (Party of Democratic Socialism), 2005 to 2007 [[The Left Party.PDS]], since 2007 [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]}}
! style="width:80px;"| [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]]
! style="width:80px;"| Others<br />''Sonstige''
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| |'''[[First German Bundestag|1st]]''' || '''[[1949 West German federal election|1949]]'''
| 402 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 139 || 131 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 52 || – || – || – || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 80{{efn|[[German Party (1947)|DP]] 17, [[Bavaria Party|BP]] 17, [[Communist Party of Germany|KPD]] 15, [[Economic Reconstruction Union|WAV]] 12, [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]] 10, [[Deutsche Rechtspartei|DKP-DRP]] 5, [[South Schleswig Voter Federation|SSW]] 1, [[Independent politician|Independents]] 3}}
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[Second German Bundestag|2nd]]''' || '''[[1953 West German federal election|1953]]'''
| 487 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 243 || 151 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 48 || – || – || – || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 45{{efn|[[German Party (1947)|DP]] 15, [[All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights|GB/BHE]] 27, [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]] 3}}
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 3rd Bundestag|3rd]]''' || '''[[1957 West German federal election|1957]]'''
| 497 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 270 || 169 || 41 || – || – || – || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 17{{efn|[[German Party (1947)|DP]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 4th Bundestag|4th]]''' || '''[[1961 West German federal election|1961]]'''
| 499 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 242 || 190 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 67 || – || – || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 5th Bundestag|5th]]''' || '''[[1965 West German federal election|1965]]'''
| 496 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 245 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 202 || 49 || – || – || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 6th Bundestag|6th]]''' || '''[[1969 West German federal election|1969]]'''
| 496 || 242 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 224 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 30 || – || – || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 7th Bundestag|7th]]''' || '''[[1972 West German federal election|1972]]'''
| 496 || 225 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 230 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 41 || – || – || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 8th Bundestag|8th]]''' || '''[[1976 West German federal election|1976]]'''
| 496 || 243 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 214 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 39 || – || – || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 9th Bundestag|9th]]''' || '''[[1980 West German federal election|1980]]'''
| 497 || 226 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 218 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 53 || – || – || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 10th Bundestag|10th]]''' || '''[[1983 West German federal election|1983]]'''
| 498 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 244 || 193 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 34 || 27 || – || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 11th Bundestag|11th]]''' || '''[[1987 West German federal election|1987]]'''
| 497 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 223 || 186 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 46 || 42 || – || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 12th Bundestag|12th]]''' || '''[[1990 German federal election|1990]]'''
| 662 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 319 || 239 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 79 || 8 || 17 || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 13th Bundestag|13th]]''' || '''[[1994 German federal election|1994]]'''
| 672 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 294 || 252 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 47 || 49 || 30 || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 14th Bundestag|14th]]''' || '''[[1998 German federal election|1998]]'''
| 669 || 245 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 298 || 43 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 47 || 36 || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 15th Bundestag|15th]]''' || '''[[2002 German federal election|2002]]'''
| 603 || 248 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 251 || 47 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 55 || 2 || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 16th Bundestag|16th]]''' || '''[[2005 German federal election|2005]]'''
| 614 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 226 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 222 || 61 || 51 || 54 || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 17th Bundestag|17th]]''' || '''[[2009 German federal election|2009]]'''
| 622 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 239 || 146 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 93 || 68 || 76 || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 18th Bundestag|18th]]''' || '''[[2013 German federal election|2013]]'''
| 630 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 311 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 192 || – || 63 || 64 || – || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 19th Bundestag|19th]]''' || '''[[2017 German federal election|2017]]'''
| 709 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 246 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 153 || 80 || 67 || 69 || 94 || –
|- style="text-align:center; background:cornsilk;"
| '''[[List of members of the 20th Bundestag|20th]]''' || '''[[2021 German federal election|2021]]'''
| 736 || 197 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 206 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 92 || style="background:#82E0AA;"| 118 || 39 || 83 || 1{{efn|[[South Schleswig Voters' Association|SSW]]}}
|}
{{legend|#82E0AA|Parties in the ruling coalition}}

{{Image frame
| caption = Seat distribution in the Bundestag from 1949 to 2021
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{legend|#BE3075|[[The Left (Germany)|Left]]}}
{{legend|#EB001F|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]}}
{{legend|#64A12D|[[Alliance 90/The Greens|Green]]}}
{{legend|#003C8F|[[South Schleswig Voters' Association|SSW]]}}
{{legend|#FFED00|[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]}}
{{legend|#000000|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]}}
{{legend|#008AC5|[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]}}
{{legend|#009EE0|[[Alternative for Germany|AfD]]}}
{{div col end}}
Parties that were only present between 1949 and 1957
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
{{legend|#AAAAAA|Others}}
{{legend|#0047AB|[[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre]]}}
{{legend|#63B8FF|[[German Party (1947)|DP]]}}
{{legend|#C3C318|[[All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights|GB/BHE]]}}
{{div col end}}
| align = center
| content =
{{Graph:Chart
| width = 500
| height = 400
| type = stackedrect
| xAxisAngle = 45
| yAxisFormat = %
| yAxisMax = 1

| colors = #BE3075, #EB001F, #64A12D, #003C8F, #AAAAAA, #FFED00, #0047AB, #000000, #008AC5, #63B8FF, #C3C318, #009EE0

| x = 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017, 2021
| y8Title = CDU | y8 = 0.28537, 0.38703, 0.42775, 0.38580, 0.38996, 0.38803, 0.35907, 0.38803, 0.35645, 0.38846, 0.35645, 0.40483, 0.36310, 0.29596, 0.31509, 0.29316, 0.31190, 0.40412, 0.28209, 0.20544
| y9Title = CSU | y9 = 0.05854, 0.10216, 0.10597, 0.09597, 0.09459, 0.09459, 0.09266, 0.10232, 0.10019, 0.10192, 0.09441, 0.07704, 0.07440, 0.07025, 0.09619, 0.07492, 0.07235, 0.08875, 0.06488, 0.06122
| y2Title = SPD | y2 = 0.33171, 0.31827, 0.34875, 0.38964, 0.41892, 0.45753, 0.46718, 0.43243, 0.43931, 0.38846, 0.37187, 0.36103, 0.37500, 0.44544, 0.41625, 0.36156, 0.23473, 0.30586, 0.21580, 0.28027
| y6Title = FDP | y6 = 0.12927, 0.10413, 0.08478, 0.12860, 0.09653, 0.05985, 0.08108, 0.07722, 0.10405, 0.06731, 0.09249, 0.11934, 0.06994, 0.06428, 0.07794, 0.09935, 0.14952, , 0.11283, 0.12517
| y3Title = Green | y3 = , , , , , , , , , 0.05385, 0.08478, 0.01208, 0.07292, 0.07025, 0.09121, 0.08306, 0.10932, 0.09984, 0.09450, 0.16054
| y1Title = Left | y1 = , , , , , , , , , , , 0.02568, 0.04464, 0.05381, 0.00332, 0.08795, 0.12219, 0.10143, 0.09732, 0.05306
| y12Title = AfD | y12 = , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0.13258, 0.11293
| y4Title = SSW | y4 = 0.00244, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0.00136
| y10Title = DP | y10 = 0.04146, 0.02947, 0.03276
| y7Title = Centre | y7 = 0.02439, 0.00589
| y11Title = GB/BHE | y11 = , 0.05305
| y5Title = Others | y5 = 0.12683
}}
}}

{{clear}}

{{Timeline of political parties in the German Bundestag}}

==Presidents since 1949==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Presidents of the Bundestag
|-
! style="width:12px;"|No.
! style="width:280px;"|Name
! style="width:20px;"|Party
! style="width:180px;"|Beginning of term
! style="width:180px;"|End of term
! style="width:180px;"|Length of term
|-
| 1
| [[Erich Köhler]] (1892–1958)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|7 September 1949
| style="text-align:center;"|18 October 1950{{efn|Resigned for medical reasons}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1949|09|07|1950|10|18}}
|-
| 2
| [[Hermann Ehlers]] (1904–1954)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 October 1950
| style="text-align:center;"|29 October 1954{{efn|Died in office}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1950|10|19|1954|10|29}}
|-
| 3
| [[Eugen Gerstenmaier]] (1906–1986)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|16 November 1954
| style="text-align:center;"|31 January 1969{{efn|name="politres"|Resigned for political reasons}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1954|11|16|1969|01|31}}
|-
| 4
| [[Kai-Uwe von Hassel]] (1913–1997)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|5 February 1969
| style="text-align:center;"|13 December 1972
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1969|02|05|1972|12|13}}
|-
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" |5
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Annemarie Renger]]{{efn|First woman to hold the post}} (1919–2008)
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|13 December 1972
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|14 December 1976
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1972|12|13|1976|12|14}}
|-
| 6
| [[Karl Carstens]] (1914–1992)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|14 December 1976
| style="text-align:center;"|31 May 1979{{efn|Elected [[President of Germany]]}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1976|12|14|1979|05|31}}
|-
| 7
| [[Richard Stücklen]] (1916–2002)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|31 May 1979
| style="text-align:center;"|29 March 1983
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1979|03|31|1983|03|29}}
|-
| 8
| [[Rainer Barzel]] (1924–2006)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|29 March 1983
| style="text-align:center;"|25 October 1984{{efn|name="politres"}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1983|03|29|1984|10|25}}
|-
| 9
| [[Philipp Jenninger]] (1932–2018)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|5 November 1984
| style="text-align:center;"|11 November 1988{{efn|name="politres"}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1984|11|05|1988|11|11}}
|-
| style="background:#FFE8E8;" |10
| style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Rita Süssmuth]] (b. 1937)
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|25 November 1988
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|26 October 1998
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1988|11|25|1998|10|26}}
|-
| 11
| [[Wolfgang Thierse]] (b. 1943)
| style="text-align:center;""|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
| style="text-align:center;"|26 October 1998
| style="text-align:center;"|18 October 2005
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|1998|10|26|2005|10|18}}
|-
| 12
| [[Norbert Lammert]] (b. 1948)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|18 October 2005
| style="text-align:center;"|24 October 2017
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|2005|10|18|2017|10|24}}
|-
| 13
| [[Wolfgang Schäuble]] (b. 1942)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
| style="text-align:center;"|24 October 2017
| style="text-align:center;"|26 October 2021
| style="text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|2017|10|24|2021|10|26}}
|-
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" |14
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Bärbel Bas]] (b. 1968)
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|26 October 2021
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|''present''
| style="background:#ffe8e8; text-align:center;"|{{age in years and days|2021|10|26}}
|}

== Membership ==
{{Main|Member of the German Bundestag}}

==Organization==
[[File:Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus, Berlin-Mitte, 160328, ako.jpg|thumb|right|240px|The ''Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus'', one of the official buildings of the complex, housing the parliamentary library]]

===Parliamentary groups===
{{Main|Fraktion (Bundestag)}}
The most important organisational structures within the Bundestag are [[parliamentary group]]s (''Fraktionen''; sing. ''Fraktion''). A parliamentary group must consist of at least 5% of all members of parliament. Members of parliament from different parties may only join in a group if those parties did not run against each other in any German state during the election. Normally, all parties that surpassed the 5%-threshold build a parliamentary group. The [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]] have always formed a [[CDU/CSU|single united ''Fraktion'']] (CDU/CSU), which is possible, as the CSU only runs in the state of [[Bavaria]] and the CDU only runs in the other 15 states. The size of a party's ''Fraktion'' determines the extent of its representation on committees, the time slots allotted for speaking, the number of committee chairs it can hold, and its representation in executive bodies of the Bundestag. The ''Fraktionen'', not the members, receive the bulk of government funding for legislative and administrative activities.

The leadership of each ''Fraktion'' consists of a parliamentary party leader, several deputy leaders, and an executive committee. The leadership's major responsibilities are to represent the ''Fraktion'', enforce party discipline and orchestrate the party's parliamentary activities. The members of each ''Fraktion'' are distributed among [[working group]]s focused on specific policy-related topics such as social policy, economics, and foreign policy. The ''Fraktion'' meets every Tuesday afternoon in the weeks in which the Bundestag is in session to consider legislation before the Bundestag and formulate the party's position on it.

Parties that do not hold 5% of the Bundestag-seats may be granted the status of a ''Gruppe'' (literally "group", but a different status from ''Fraktion'') in the Bundestag; this is decided case by case, as the rules of procedure do not state a fixed number of seats for this. Most recently, this applied to the [[Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)|Party of Democratic Socialism]] (PDS) from 1990 to 1998. This status entails some privileges which are in general less than those of a ''Fraktion''.

===Executive bodies===
The Bundestag's executive bodies include the [[Council of Elders of the Bundestag (Germany)|Council of Elders]] and the [[Presidium of the Bundestag|Presidium]]. The council consists of the Bundestag leadership, together with the most senior representatives of each ''Fraktion'', with the number of these representatives tied to the strength of the Parliamentary groups in the chamber. The council is the coordination hub, determining the daily legislative agenda and assigning committee chairpersons based on Parliamentary group representation. The council also serves as an important forum for interparty negotiations on specific legislation and procedural issues. The Presidium is responsible for the routine administration of the Bundestag, including its clerical and research activities. It consists of the chamber's president (usually elected from the largest ''Fraktion'') and vice presidents (one from each ''Fraktion'').

===Committees===
Most of the legislative work in the Bundestag is the product of standing committees, which exist largely unchanged throughout one legislative period. The number of committees approximates the number of federal ministries, and the titles of each are roughly similar (e.g., defense, agriculture, and labor). There are, as of the current nineteenth Bundestag, 24 standing committees. The distribution of committee chairs and the membership of each committee reflect the relative strength of the various Parliamentary groups in the chamber. In the current nineteenth Bundestag, the [[CDU/CSU]] chaired ten committees, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] five, the [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] and the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] three each, [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] and the [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] two each. Members of the opposition party can chair a significant number of standing committees (e.g. the budget committee is by tradition chaired by the biggest opposition party). These committees have either a small staff or no staff at all.

=== Administration ===
The members of Bundestag and the presidium are supported by the Bundestag Administration. It is headed by the Director, that reports to the President of the Bundestag.
The Bundestag Administrations four departments are Parliament Service, Research, Information / Documentation and Central Affairs.
The Bundestag Administration employs around 3,000 employees.

==Principle of discontinuation==
As is the case with some other parliaments, the Bundestag is subject to the ''principle of discontinuation'', meaning that a newly elected Bundestag is legally regarded to be a body and entity completely different from the previous Bundestag. This leads to the result that any motion, application or action submitted to the previous Bundestag, e.g. a bill referred to the Bundestag by the Federal Government, is regarded as void by non-decision (German terminology: "''Die Sache fällt der Diskontinuität anheim''"). Thus any bill that has not been decided upon by the beginning of the new electoral period must be brought up by the government again if it aims to uphold the motion, this procedure in effect delaying the passage of the bill. Furthermore, any newly elected Bundestag will have to freshly decide on the rules of procedure (''Geschäftsordnung''), which is done by a formal decision of taking over such rules from the preceding Bundestag by reference.

Any Bundestag (even after a snap election) is considered dissolved only once a newly elected Bundestag has actually gathered in order to constitute itself (Article 39 sec. 1 sentence 2 of the Basic Law), which has to happen within 30 days of its election (Article 39 sec. 2 of the Basic Law). Thus, it may happen (and has happened) that the old Bundestag gathers and makes decisions even after the election of a new Bundestag that has not gathered in order to constitute itself. For example, elections to the 16th Bundestag took place on 18 September 2005,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/wahlen/pm-wahl-16-dbt/pd040211.htm |title=Verkürzte Fristen zur vorgezogenen Neuwahl des Deutschen Bundestages |access-date=20 October 2008 |publisher=[[Federal Returning Officer|Bundeswahlleiter]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007072932/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/wahlen/pm-wahl-16-dbt/pd040211.htm |archive-date=7 October 2007 }}</ref> but the 15th Bundestag still convened after election day to make some decisions on German military engagement abroad,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/15/15187.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/15/15187.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Stenographischer Bericht der 187. Sitzung des 15. Deutschen Bundestages am 28. September 2005 |trans-title=Stenographic report of the 187th session of the 15th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-09-28 |access-date=20 October 2008 |website=Deutscher Bundestag }}</ref> and was entitled to do so, as the newly elected 16th Bundestag did not convene for the first time until 18 October 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/16/16001.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/16/16001.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Stenographischer Bericht der 1. Sitzung des 16. Deutschen Bundestages am 18. Oktober 2005 |trans-title=Stenographic report of the 1st session of the 16th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-10-18 |access-date=20 October 2008 |website=Deutscher Bundestag }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[German governing coalition]]
* [[Parliamentwatch]]

==References==
'''Informational notes'''
{{notes|refs={{efn|name=CDU/CSU|The Christian Democratic Union and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria do not compete against each other in the same states and form one group within the Bundestag.}}{{efn|name=SSW|As reflected by the [[electoral threshold in Germany]], parties are usually required to meet a threshold of at least 5% of nationwide votes or win at least 3 constituency seats; the SSW got a seat as a representative of a recognised minority group (in their case, Danes and Frisians), an exception enshrined into German electoral law.}}}}
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.election.de/ German election database]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928053901/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahl2005/downloads/Karte_Wahlkreise_16DBT_A1.pdf Map of constituencies]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928021725/http://direkte-demokratie.de/tabelle/weiter/demokratie-schaubild-detail.htm Distribution of power]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054257/https://open.corsis.eu/ Plenary speech search engine]

{{Germany topics}}
{{National unicameral legislatures}}
{{Parliaments in Europe}}
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[[Category:Bundestag| ]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Germany]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Germany]]