Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1975

2026-05-08T09:56:42Z

WMLTomoko1917594: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1970s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Kottarakkara Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T08:49:44Z

WMLTomoko1917594: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kottarakkara
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 119
| state = Kerala
| map_image = File:Pulamon Junction in Kottarakara,.jpg
| map_caption = Pulamon Junction in Kottarakara town
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,00,586 (2016)
| mla = [[K. N. Balagopal]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
}}
'''Kottarakara''' or '''Kottarakkara''' is a [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is one among the 11 assembly constituencies in [[Kollam district]]. As of the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]], the current MLA is K N Balagopal of CPI(M).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html |title=CONSTITUENCIES IN KERALA |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-04-18}}</ref>

==Structure==
As per the recent changes on Assembly constituency delimitations, Kottarakara Assembly constituency consists of the municipality of [[Kottarakkara]] and seven neighbouring panchayaths including [[Ezhukone]], [[Kareepra]], [[Kulakkada]], [[Mylom]], [[Neduvathoor]], [[Veliyam]] and [[Ummannoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/election/Delimitation.pdf |title=ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES AND THEIR EXTENT – Kerala |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |title=Constituencies – Kollam District |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer – Kerala |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123818/http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* '''Municipalities:''' [[Kottarakara]]
* '''Panchayaths:''' [[Ezhukone]], [[Kareepra]], [[Kulakkada]], [[Mylom]], [[Neduvathoor]], [[Ummannoor]],[[Veliyam]]
* '''Neighbourhood towns:''' [[Thrikkannamangal]], [[Kunnicode]], [[Valakom, Kottarakara|Valakom]], [[Odanavattam]]

==Electoral history==
===Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly Elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!Party
!Vote Margin
!Coalition
|-
|1951
|Krishnan Nair
|Socialist
|3,526
|NA<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |title=Election to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly-1951 and to the Madras Assembly Constituencies in the Malabar Area |page=37 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2018-10-17 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080302/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|1954
|B. B. Pandarathil
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|6,586
|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954 to the Legislative Assembly of Travancore-Cochin |page=37 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|[[E. Chandrasekharan Nair]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1957–1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|D. Damodaran Potti
|{{Party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|1960–1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |3rd
|E. Chandrasekharan Nair
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|1967–1970
|-
|1970*
|[[C. Achutha Menon]]
|1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|Kottara Gopalakrishnan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1970–1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="7" |[[R. Balakrishna Pillai]]
| {{Party name with color|rowspan=4|Kerala Congress}}
|1977–1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980–1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|1982–1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987–1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1991–1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| {{Party name with color|rowspan=2|Kerala Congress (B)}}
|1996–2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001–2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="3" |[[P. Aisha Potty]]
| {{Party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2006–2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011–2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016-2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
||[[K. N. Balagopal]]
|Incumbent
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kottarakkara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. Aisha Potty]]|votes=62,914|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[K. N. Balagopal]]|votes=63,926|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party= BJP|candidate=R. Reshmi|votes=20,664|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate= Mamachan Daniel|votes=386|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Wilfred Zacharias|votes=236|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Equality Party of India|candidate=Suresh G|votes=117|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes611=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,00,587 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kottarakkara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. N. Balagopal]]|votes=68,770|percentage=45.98|change={{decrease}}9.46|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=R. Resmi|votes=57,956|percentage=38.75|change={{increase}}11.64|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vayakkal Soman|votes=21,223|percentage=14.19|change={{decrease}}1.80|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=574|percentage=0.38|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mathews K. Lukose|votes=136|percentage=0.09|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Lal Viswan|votes=103|percentage=0.07|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=10,814|percentage=7.23|change={{decrease}}21.10}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,49,552|percentage=74.56|change={{decrease}}0.48}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}9.46|}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,00,527 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kottarakkara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. Aisha Potty]]|votes=83,443|percentage=55.44|change={{increase}}1.55|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Savin Sathyan|votes=40,811|percentage=27.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rajeshwary Rajendran|votes=24,062|percentage=15.99|change={{increase}}11.36|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=742|percentage=0.49|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Madhu B.|votes=491|percentage=0.33|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=R. Sukumaran|votes=386|percentage=0.26|change={{decrease}}0.40|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Veliyam Shaji|votes=325|percentage=0.22|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Hariprasad|votes=173|percentage=0.11|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ajaykumar Thankappan|votes=80|percentage=0.05|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=42,632|percentage=28.33|change={{increase}}13.35}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,50,513|percentage=75.04|change={{increase}}0.72}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}1.55}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,84,97 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kottarakkara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=P. Aisha Potty|votes=74,069|percentage=53.89|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (B)|candidate=N. M. Murali|votes=53,477|percentage=38.91|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vayakkal Madhu|votes=6,370|percentage=4.63|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Dhaneshlal Panavely|votes=1,063|percentage=0.77|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. T. Prasanna Kumar|votes=911|percentage=0.66|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=S. Solomon|votes=773|percentage=0.56|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Prakash V.|votes=454|percentage=0.33|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Prakash R.|votes=320|percentage=0.23|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=20,592|percentage=14.98|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,437|percentage=74.32|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Kerala Congress (B)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Government of Kollam]]
[[Category:Politics of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kollam district]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Wathar

2026-05-03T12:59:25Z

WMLTomoko1917594: stub

{{short description|Town in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Wathar
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|17.8903553|N|74.138383|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Koregaon]]
| governing_body = '''Gram Panchayat'''
| elevation_m = 803
| population_total = 5393
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank1_title = Literacy
| population_blank1 = 80.40%
| population_demonym = '''Watharkar''', Satarkar
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 415524
| area_code = 02371
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| registration_plate = MH-11
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Indian road network|Major Highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 965D (India)|NH-965D]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| image_skyline = Wathar Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption = Wathar Railway Station
}}
'''Wathar''' also known as '''Wathar Station''' is a town in [[Koregaon]] taluka of [[Satara district|Satara]] district in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is located on [[National Highway 965D (India)|NH-965D]] and [[Pune-Miraj-Londa line|Pune-Miraj-Londa Railway Line]]. This town comes under [[Phaltan Assembly constituency]] and [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency]]. Wathar has a population of about 5393.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wathar Population (2011) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/828/download/36180/DH_2011_2731_PART_A_DCHB_SATARA.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra, Govt. of India |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Wathar is located in northern side of [[Koregaon]] taluka. It is 26 km away from [[Satara (city)|Satara]], district headquarters. [[Mahabaleshwar|Mahabaleshwar Hill station]] is 68 km away from Wathar. Passengers leave the train here for [[Mahabaleshwar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wathar Railway Station to Mahabaleshwar |title=A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kEKAQAAIAAJ&dq=wathar+station&pg=PA483 |publisher=J. Murray |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Wathar railway station in [[Satara district]] is one of the preferred location for shoots. This town is a major contributor to the revenue of the [[Central Railway zone|Indian Central Railway Zone]] for shooting films and commercial advertisements.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wathar Railway Station shooting location |title=Central Railway breaks into a song as film shoots rake in Rs 2.3 crore in a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/central-railway-breaks-into-a-song-as-film-shoots-rake-in-rs-2-3-crore-in-a-year/articleshow/96440117.cms |publisher=Times of India |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Central Railway earns ₹ 2.32 crore from film shoots at its locations in 2022 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/central-railway-earns-232-crore-from-film-shoots-at-its-locations-in-2022 |publisher=Free Press Journal |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of some movies and commercial shot in Wathar
|-
! Sr.No. !! Movie/Commercial shot !! Year
|-
| 1. || [[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]] || 2013
|-
| 2. || [[Zila Ghaziabad]] || 2013
|-
| 3. || [[Gunday]] || 2014<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gunday Movie shooting at Wathar Station |title=Stations hot shoot locations; CR, WR make a killing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/stations-hot-shoot-locations-cr-wr-make-a-killing/ |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 4. || [[Jigariyaa]] || 2014
|-
| 5. || Cola Advertisement || 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Cola Advertisement film shot at Wathar Station |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/mh-central-railway-film-shootings-bes1-1220591-2018-04-26 |publisher=India Today |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 6. || [[Dabangg 3]] || 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Dabangg 3 |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/maharashtra/apta-railway-station-bollywood%E2%80%99s-most-preferred-film-shooting-location-after-csmt-53945 |publisher=The Bridge Chronicle |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Transport ==
Wathar is well connected by road and rail transport. [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|MSRTC]] buses are available from Wathar to [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Karad]], [[Koregaon]], [[Lalgun]], [[Phaltan]], [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], etc. It is also connected to [[Pune]] and [[Miraj]] by [[Pune-Miraj-Londa line|Pune-Miraj-Londa Railway Line]] of [[Central Railway zone|Indian Central Railway Zone]]. 
'''Trains available from Wathar Railway Station:'''
* [[Sahyadri Express]]
* [[Koyna Express]]
* [[Maharashtra Express]]
* Satara-Pune Passenger<ref>{{cite web |title=Trains available from Wathar railway station |url=https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/train-search |publisher=IRCTC |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Satara district]]

Onakona

2026-04-25T15:52:09Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding a post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Onakona
|other_name = Ona Kona, Odemadih
|settlement_type = village
|image_skyline = Onakona Rudra Temple Chhattisgarh 15.jpg
|caption = The Shiva temple at Onakona
|pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
|coordinates = {{coord|20.581|81.442|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[India]]
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
|subdivision_type2 = District
|subdivision_name2 = [[Dhamtari District]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
|subdivision_name3 = Gurur
|governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
|area_total_km2 = 3.3673
|population_footnotes = <ref name="census_2011"/>
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 182
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]]
|postal_code = 491226
}}
'''Onakona''', also known as '''Odemadih''', is a village in the [[Durg District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], India.<ref name="census_2011"/>

Onakona is located on the banks of the [[Gangrel Dam]] reservoir, built on the [[Mahanadi River]]. In the 21st century, Tirath Raj Futan of [[Dhamtari]] commissioned the construction of a [[Shiva]] temple at Onakona, modeled after the [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ओनाकोना बनेगा पर्यटन स्थल |newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar |language=Hindi |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MAT-CHH-OTH-c-206-82046-NOR.html |access-date=2022-12-08 }}</ref> The temple is surrounded by a hill on one side, and the reservoir on the other, with a waterfall pond nearby, making it a popular tourist spot.<ref>{{cite news |title=नया साल मनाने के लिए जिले में है कई खूबसूरत स्थान |newspaper=Nai Dunia |date=2021-12-27 |language=Hindi |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/balod-there-are-many-beautiful-places-in-the-district-to-celebrate-the-new-year-7209589 |access-date=2022-12-08 }}</ref>

Onakona is located in the [[Gurur]] [[tehsil]], and comes under the administration of the Karrajhar [[gram panchayat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=बालोद के पर्यटन व धार्मिक स्थलों पर नए वर्ष में आज जुटेंगे पर्यटक |newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar |language=Hindi |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-OTH-MAT-latest-dallirajhara-news-031503-1701920-NOR.html |access-date=2022-12-08 }}</ref> As of 2011, the village has a population of 182 people, including 95 males and 87 females, who live in 38 houses. The effective literacy rate, that is the literacy rate of population aged 7 years and above, is 72.53%.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Chhattisgarh - District Durg - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41087 |access-date=2022-12-08 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Rudra temple, Onakona}}

[[Category:Villages in Durg district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Barkagaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:40Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding basic entry and citations!

{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in Jharkhand}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| name = Barkagaon
| map_image = Barkagaon constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Roshan Lal Choudhary]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| electors = {{formatnum:340643}}
| constituency_no = 22
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Barkagaon Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]] under Hazaribagh district.<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> It consists of three blocks namely [[Barkagaon (community development block)|Barkagaon]], [[Keredari (community development block)|Keredari]] and Patratu.

[[Indian National Congress]] MLAs in Jharkhand claimed that their colleague, Barkagaon's current MLA ''Nirmala Devi'', was arrested on 25 August 2015 for a murder in the Hazaribagh district 9 days before.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 26, 2015|first1=Alok K. N.|last=Mishra|title=Cong MLA arrested near assembly, say colleagues|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/cong-mla-arrested-near-assembly-say-colleagues/articleshow/48672936.cms|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Fellow MLA, ''Irfan Ansari'' of [[Jamtara Assembly constituency|Jamtara]] constituency, condemned the arrest, alleging that the government is trying to attack INC legislators by falsely accusing them of crimes they never committed. Its come under Hazaribagh district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||rowspan=2|[[Shashank Manjari]]
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan=3|Mahesh Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Kailash Pati Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1980|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Elections in India}}</ref> ||rowspan=3|[[Ramendra Kumar (politician)|Ramendra Kumar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1985|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1990|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/2019-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1995|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1995-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Elections in India}}</ref> ||rowspan=2|[[Loknath Mahto]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Loknath Mahto]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Yogendra Sao]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Nirmala Devi
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Amba Prasad (politician)|Amba Prasad]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Roshan Lal Choudhary]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkagaon<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Roshan Lal Choudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,24,468 |percentage=46.85% |change={{increase}}32.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amba Prasad (politician)|Amba Prasad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=93,075 |percentage=35.03% |change={{decrease}}9.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baleshwar Kumar |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=26,867 |percentage=10.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,668 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aniruddh Kumar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,385 |percentage=0.90% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md Shamim Miyan |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes=1,643 |percentage=0.62% |change={{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohar Mahto |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Ulgulan) |votes=1,638 |percentage=0.62% |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,179 |percentage=0.44% |change={{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,393 |percentage=11.82% |change= {{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,65,680 |percentage=68.82% |change= {{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,86,072 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkagaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amba Prasad (politician)|Amba Prasad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=98,862 |percentage=44.13% |change={{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal Choudhary |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=67,348 |percentage=30.06% |change={{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Loknath Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,761 |percentage=14.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Charan Prasad |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=3,347 |percentage=1.49% |change={{decrease}}5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Mahto |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Ulgulan) |votes=3,205 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Singh |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes=3,022 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mithilesh Kumar Dangi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,710 |percentage=1.21% |change={{decrease}}6.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=960 |percentage=0.43% |change={{decrease}}0.52 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,514 |percentage=14.07% |change= {{increase}}13.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,24,045 |percentage=65.77% |change= {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,40,643 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkagaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmala Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,817 |percentage=29.24% |change={{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal Chaudhary |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=61,406 |percentage=29.04% |change={{increase}}11.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=32,496 |percentage=15.37% |change={{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramendra Kumar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,631 |percentage=7.87% |change={{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivlal Mahto |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=15,068 |percentage=7.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Kumar Das |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,851 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartik Mahto |party=Independent politician |votes=3,122 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,002 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=411 |percentage=0.19% |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,11,447 |percentage=65.87% |change= {{increase}}11.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,21,008 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkagaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yogendra Sao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,683 |percentage=25.83% |change={{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Loknath Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,319 |percentage=24.92% |change={{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal Choudhary |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=26,945 |percentage=17.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=17,990 |percentage=12.01% |change={{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bindhyachal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,329 |percentage=6.90% |change={{decrease}}7.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Quamuddin Ansari |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=2,269 |percentage=1.52% |change={{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=1,897 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,364 |percentage=0.91% |change= {{decrease}}9.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,49,740 |percentage=54.80% |change= {{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,73,225 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkagaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Loknath Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,283 |percentage=29.14% |change={{decrease}}6.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yogendra Sao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,902 |percentage=19.05% |change={{increase}}12.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramendra Kumar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=23,992 |percentage=14.79% |change={{decrease}}11.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivlal Mahto |party=Independent politician |votes=18,258 |percentage=11.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=15,751 |percentage=9.71% |change={{increase}}2.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pairu Pratap Ram |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=3,254 |percentage=2.01% |change={{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan Ganjhu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,233 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,381 |percentage=10.10% |change= {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,246 |percentage=58.95% |change= {{increase}}11.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,75,221 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkagaon<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Loknath Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,921 |percentage=35.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Ram Shahu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=30,342 |percentage=26.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mithilesh Kumar Singh |party=Marxist Co-Ordination |votes=10,882 |percentage=9.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivlal Mahto |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=7,876 |percentage=6.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Gope |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=7,860 |percentage=6.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Idris Ansari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,908 |percentage=6.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guni Ouran |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=2,993 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,579 |percentage=9.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,955 |percentage=47.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,41,318 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.85|85.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ramgarh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Narender Kandola

2026-04-18T19:18:37Z

WMLTomoko1917594: started stub

{{short description| Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Narender
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|10|7|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| position = Raider
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| team = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Kabaddi]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|Junior World Kabaddi Championship}}
{{MedalGold | 2nd Junior World Kabaddi Championship|2023 [[Urmia]],([[Iran]])}}
| show-medals = yes
}}
'''Narender Kandola''' (born 7 October 2000) is an Indian professional [[kabaddi]] player who plays as Raider in [[Pro Kabaddi League]] for [[Tamil Thalaivas]].
He was part of the Indian team that won the gold medal at the 2023 2nd Junior World Kabaddi Championship, Urmia (Iran).<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Junior World Kabaddi Champions |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/junior-world-kabaddi-championship-2023-india-crowned-champions#:~:text=2nd%20Junior%20World%20Kabaddi%20Championship%202023%3A%20India%20crowned%20as%20champions,over%20Iran%20in%20the%20Final&text=The%202nd%20edition%20of%20the,41%2D33%20in%20the%20Final.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=जूनियर कबड्डी विश्व चैंपियनशिप में भारत ने रचा इतिहास, ईरान को हराकर जीता खिताब |url=https://hindi.thebridge.in/kabaddi/india-win-junior-kabaddi-world-championship-title-created-history-40222}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=जूनियर वर्ल्ड कबड्डी चैंपियनशिप के लिए भारतीय मेंस टीम का ऐलान |url=https://khelnow.com/hindi/2023-02-hindi-kabaddi-indian-squad-for-2nd-junior-kabaddi-world-championship-2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Kandola played in national games for [[Haryana]]. He made his debut in [[2022 Pro Kabaddi League]]. He is currently playing for [[Tamil Thalaivas]] in [[Pro Kabaddi League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Narender Kandola profile |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/players/narender-hoshiyar-kandola-profile-3795 |work=Pro Kabaddi |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Narender Kandola profile |url=https://www.mykhel.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-narender-hoshiyar-kandola-p3795/ |work=MyKhel |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From 'Nanha' to star: How Pro Kabaddi League transformed Narender's life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/from-nanha-to-star-how-pro-kabaddi-league-transformed-narenders-life-2605189-2024-09-23 |date=23 September 2024 |work=India Today |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Narender Kandola Stars as Tamil Thalaivas Decimate Gujarat Giants |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/pro-kabaddi-league-narender-kandola-stars-as-tamil-thalaivas-decimate-gujarat-giants-9104903.html#goog_rewarded |date=30 October 2024|work=News 18 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandola, Narender}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Copra

2026-04-16T08:17:51Z

WMLTomoko1917594:

{{short description|Dried meat or kernel of the coconut}}
{{For|the superhero series ''Copra''|Michel Fiffe}}
{{Redirect|Kopra|the name|Kopra (surname)}}
{{For|the venomous snake|Cobra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2012}}
[[File:Kerala coconut.jpg|thumb|right]]

'''Copra''' (from [[Tamizh]], kopparai or koprai)<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|title=Copra |access-date=25 February 2026|date=2026 |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=copra}}</ref> is the dried, white flesh of the [[coconut]] from which [[coconut oil]] is extracted. Traditionally, the coconuts are sun-dried, especially for export, before the oil, also known as copra oil, is pressed out.

The oil extracted from copra is rich in [[lauric acid]], making it an important commodity in the preparation of [[lauryl alcohol]], soaps, fatty acids, and cosmetics, and thus a lucrative product for many coconut-producing countries. The palatable oil cake, known as copra cake, is a residue in the production of copra oil used in animal feeds. The ground cake is known as coconut or copra meal.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-first=Philip B. |editor-last=Gove |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged |publisher=G. & C. Merriam |year=1961}}</ref>

==Production==

Copra has traditionally been grated and ground, then boiled in water to extract [[coconut oil]]. It was used by Pacific island cultures and became a valuable commercial product for merchants in the [[Polynesia|South Seas]] and [[South Asia]] in the 1860s. Nowadays, coconut oil (70%) is extracted by crushing copra; the by-product is known as copra cake or copra meal (30%).

The coconut cake which remains after the oil is extracted is 18–25% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], but contains so much [[dietary fiber]] it cannot be eaten in large quantities by humans. Instead, it is normally fed to [[ruminant]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimwood |first1=BE |last2=Ashman |first2=F |last3=Dendy |first3=DAV |last4=Jarman |first4=CG |last5=Little |first5=ECS |last6=Timmins |first6=WH |year=1975 |title=Coconut Palm Products – Their processing in developing countries |location=Rome |publisher=FAO |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA193 |isbn=978-92-5-100853-9}}</ref>

[[File:LaDigueCopra3.jpg|thumb|right|Copra kiln drying]]
[[File:LaDigueCopra1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Crushing copra]]

The production of copra – removing the shell, breaking it up, drying – is usually done where the coconut palms grow. Copra can be made by smoke drying, [[Sun-drying|sun drying]], or [[kiln]] drying. Hybrid solar drying systems can also be used for a continuous drying process. In a hybrid solar drying system, solar energy is utilized during daylight and energy from burning [[Biomass (energy)|biomass]] is used when sunlight is not sufficient or during night time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hybrid Solar Dryer for Copra |url=http://copra.co.id/copra.html |website=Copra Indonesia}}</ref> Sun drying requires little more than racks and sufficient sunlight. Halved nuts are drained of water, and left with the meat facing the sky; they can be washed to remove [[Mold (fungus)|mold]]-creating contaminants. After two days the meat can be removed from the shell with ease, and the drying process is complete after three to five more days (up to seven in total). Sun drying is often combined with kiln drying, eight hours of exposure to sunlight means the time spent in a kiln can be reduced by a day and the hot air the shells are exposed to in the kiln is more easily able to remove the remaining moisture. This process can also be done in reverse order: partially drying the copra in the kiln, and finishing the process with sunlight. Starting with sun drying requires careful inspection to avoid contamination with mold while starting with kiln-drying can harden the meat and prevent it from drying out completely in the sun.

In India, small but whole coconuts can be dried over the course of eight months to a year, and the meat inside removed and sold as a whole ball. Meat prepared in this fashion is sweet, soft, oily and is cream-coloured instead of being white. Coconut meat can be dried using direct heat and smoke from a fire, using simple racks to suspend the coconut over the fire. The smoke residue can help preserve the half-dried meat but the process overall suffers from unpredictable results and the risk of fires.<ref>Grimwood et al., 1975, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA49 49–56].</ref>

While there are some large [[plantation]]s with integrated operations, copra remains primarily a [[smallholder]] crop. In former years copra was collected by traders going from island to island and port to port in the [[Pacific Ocean]] but South Pacific production is now much diminished, with the exception of [[Copra plantations in New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], the [[Solomon Islands]] and [[Vanuatu]].<ref name=Observatory/>

===Economics===
Copra production begins on coconut plantations. Coconut trees are generally spaced {{cvt|9|m|ft}} apart, allowing a density of 100–160 coconut trees per hectare. A standard tree bears around 50–80 nuts a year, and average earnings in Vanuatu (1999) were [[United States dollar|US$]]0.20 per kg (one kg equals 8 nuts)—so a farmer could earn approximately US$120 to US$320 yearly for each planted hectare. Copra has since more than doubled in price, and was quoted at US$540 per ton in the Philippines on a [[Incoterms#CIF .E2.80.93 Cost.2C Insurance .26 Freight .28named port of destination.29|CIF]] Rotterdam basis (US$0.54 per kg) by the ''[[Financial Times]]'' on 9 November 2012.

In 2017 the value of global exports of copra was $145-146 Million. The largest exporter was [[Papua New Guinea]] with 35% of the global total, followed by [[Indonesia]] (20%), [[Solomon Islands]] (13%) and [[Vanuatu]] (12%). The largest importer of copra is the [[Philippines]], which imports $93.4 Million or 64% of the global total.<ref name=Observatory>{{Cite web |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/hs92/1203/ |title=OEC: The Observatory of Economic Complexity |first1=AJG |last1=Simoes |first2=CA |last2=Hidalgo |website=oec.world |language=en |publisher=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> A very large number of small farmers and tree owners produce copra, which is a vital part of their income.

===Nutrition===
{{Nutritional value
| name = Coconut meat, raw
| water=47
| kcal=354
| protein=3.3 g
| fat=33.5
| carbs=15.2
| sugars=6.23
| fiber=9 g
| iron_mg=2.43
| calcium_mg=14
| magnesium_mg=32
| phosphorus_mg=113
| potassium_mg=356
| sodium_mg=20
| zinc_mg=1.1
| pantothenic_mg=1.014
| vitB6_mg=0.05
| folate_ug=26
| thiamin_mg=0.066
| riboflavin_mg=0.02
| niacin_mg=0.54
| vitE_mg=0.24
| vitC_mg=3.3
| vitK_ug=0.2
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170169/nutrients Link to USDA FoodData Central database]
}}
Before drying to make copra, raw coconut meat is 47% water, 33% [[fat]], 15% [[carbohydrate]]s, and 3% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]] (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, raw coconut flesh supplies 354 [[calorie]]s of [[food energy]], and is a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[manganese in biology|manganese]] (65% DV), with various other [[mineral (nutrient)|dietary minerals]] in moderate amounts (10–18% DV; table). It is a poor source of [[vitamin]]s. Raw coconut meat has a high content of [[Fatty_acid#Saturated_fatty_acids|saturated fatty acids]] (30% of total fats), with [[lauric acid]] as the main saturated fat (15% of total; USDA source in table).

===Aflatoxin susceptibility===
Copra is highly susceptible to the growth of molds and their production of [[aflatoxin]]s if not dried properly. Aflatoxins can be highly toxic, and are among the most potent known natural [[carcinogen]]s, particularly affecting the liver.<ref name="LuiWu">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yan |last2=Wu |first2=Felicia |title=Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=June 2010 |volume=118 |issue=6 |pages=818–824 |doi=10.1289/ehp.0901388 |pmid=20172840 |pmc=2898859|bibcode=2010EnvHP.118..818L }}</ref> Aflatoxins in copra cake, fed to animals, can be passed on to [[milk]] or meat from livestock, leading to human illnesses.<ref name=Fratamicopm>{{cite book |last1=Fratamico |first1=Pina M. |last2=Bhunia |first2=Arun K. |last3=Smith |first3=James L. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology |date=2008 |publisher=Horizon Scientific Press |location=Norofolk, UK |isbn=978-1-898486-52-7}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pradeepkiran |first1=Jangampalli Adi |name-list-style=vanc |title=Analysis of aflatoxin B1 in contaminated feed, media, and serum samples of Cyprinus carpio L. by high-performance liquid chromatography |journal=Food Quality and Safety |date=December 2018 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=199–204 |doi=10.1093/fqsafe/fyy013 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Animal feed==
Copra meal is used as [[fodder]] for horses and cattle. Its high oil and protein levels are fattening for stock.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cocos nucifera |publisher=Fao.org |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/aGa/agap/FRG/afris/Data/498.HTM |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014160517/http://www.fao.org/ag/aGa/agap/FRG/afris/Data/498.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AFRIS – Animal feed Resources Information System |publisher=Fao.org |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/aGa/agap/FRG/afris/default.htm |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122063958/http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/afris/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The protein in copra meal has been heat treated and provides a source of high-quality protein for cattle, sheep and deer, because it does not break down in the [[rumen]].

Coconut oil can be extracted using either mechanical expellers or solvents ([[hexane]]). Mechanically expelled copra meal is of higher feeding value, because it contains typically 8–12% oil, whereas the solvent-extracted copra meal contains only 2–4% oil. Premium quality copra meal can also contain 20–22% crude protein, and < 20ppb [[aflatoxin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nutrient Specs – Stance Equine |publisher=Stanceglobal.com.au |url=http://www.stanceglobal.com.au/Staging/Equine/DynamicPage.aspx?EntityId=103501 |access-date=2012-11-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706112106/http://www.stanceglobal.com.au/Staging/Equine/DynamicPage.aspx?EntityId=103501 |archive-date=2011-07-06}}</ref>

High-quality copra meal contains < 12% non-structural carbohydrate (NSC),<ref>[http://www.stanceglobal.com.au/Staging/Equine/DynamicPage.aspx?EntityId=104238] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026042521/http://www.stanceglobal.com.au/Staging/Equine/DynamicPage.aspx?EntityId=104238|date=26 October 2009}}</ref> which makes it well suited for feeding to horses that are prone to [[ulcer]]s, [[insulin]] resistance, [[Horse colic|colic]], [[tying up]], and [[acidosis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CoolStance Benefits – Stance Equine |publisher=Stanceglobal.com.au |url=http://www.stanceglobal.com.au/Staging/Equine/DynamicPage.aspx?EntityId=105260 |access-date=2012-11-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706112317/http://www.stanceglobal.com.au/Staging/Equine/DynamicPage.aspx?EntityId=105260 |archive-date=2011-07-06}}</ref>

==Shipment==
Copra has been classed with [[dangerous goods]] due to its [[spontaneously combustive]] nature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copra |publisher=Tis-gdv.de |url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oelsaat/kopra/kopra.htm#selbsterhitzung |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> It is identified as a [[HAZMAT Class 4 Flammable Solids|Division 4.2]] substance.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Copra}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coconut}}

[[Category:Food ingredients]]
[[Category:Coconuts]]
[[Category:Energy crops]]
[[Category:Commodity markets in Kerala]]
[[Category:Cocossian cuisine]]

Misrikh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:33Z

WMLTomoko1917594: started data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Misrikh
| constituency_no = 153
| map_image = 153-Misrikh.svg
| established = 1951
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Ram Krishna Bhargava]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 318,150 (2012)
}}
'''Misrikh''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 153.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 11 Jul 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/misrikh.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Misrikh Assembly constituency is KCs Mishrikh, Machhrehata, Aurangabad & Misrikh- CumNeemsar MB of Mishrikh Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | 01 || rowspan="2" | [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || Ganga Dhar Sharma || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="2" | Mar-1952 || rowspan="2" | Mar-1957 || rowspan="2" | 1,849 || rowspan="4" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Dalla Ram
|-
| rowspan="2" | 02 || rowspan="2" | [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Mool Chand || rowspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] || rowspan="2" | Apr-1957 || rowspan="2" | Mar-1962 || rowspan="2" | 1,800 || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Awadhesh Kumar
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Awadhesh Kumar || [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || R. Bahadur || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Awadhesh Kumar || [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="4" | Ram Ratan Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Om Prakash Gupta || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ram Ratan Singh || [[Indian National Congress]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | Om Prakash Gupta || rowspan="5" | [[Samajwadi Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || Anoop Kumar || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ram Pal Rajwanshi]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sasha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Ram Krishna Bhargava]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||
|-
| 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Misrikh<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramkrishna Bhargava
|votes = {{formatnum:91092}}
|percentage = 41.15
|change = +1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Rajvanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:79627}}
|percentage = 35.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shyam Kishor
|votes = {{formatnum:34654}}
|percentage = 15.66
|change = -14.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4087}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Dharmendra Dhangar
|votes = {{formatnum:3764}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1498}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11465}}
|percentage = 5.18
|change = -4.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221341}}
|percentage = 61.57
|change = -2.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Misrikh<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Krishna Bhargava
|votes = {{formatnum:86403}}
|percentage = 39.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manish Kumar Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:65731}}
|percentage = 29.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Pal Rajvanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:61231}}
|percentage = 27.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2222}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20672}}
|percentage = 9.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219695}}
|percentage = 63.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Misrikh}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ram Pal Rajwanshi]]
|votes = 61,346
|percentage = 32.76
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manish Kumar Rawat
|votes = 59,824
|percentage = 31.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ram Krishna
|votes = 34,040
|percentage = 18.18
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 32,073
|percentage = 17.11
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,522
|percentage = 0.81
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 187,283
|percentage = 58.87
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==

*[[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sitapur district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitapur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex

2026-04-11T12:23:57Z

WMLTomoko1917594: place

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex
| image = Brick Temple Complex, Kalayat, Kaithal, Haryana, India 11.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Haryana#India
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
| coordinates = {{coord|29|40|28|N|76|15|17|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district =
| location = [[Kalayat]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Hinduism]], [[Shiva]], [[Katyayini]]
| festivals=
| architecture =[[Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty|Gurjara Pratihara Style]]
| temple_quantity = 3
| monument_quantity= 2
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 8th century
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Kalayat Ancient Brick Temple Complex''' is a ruined brick temple complex north of Delhi, is located in [[Kalayat]] town in [[Kaithal district]] of the state of [[Haryana]], India. It comprises the several [[Hindu temple]]s, including two ancient temples dating from the 8th century.<ref name=Ref1>{{Cite web|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5234|title= Ancient Brick Temple|access-date=2014-11-22|publisher=Government of Haryana Tourism Department}}</ref> This temple constitutes an important point in the series of [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305091416/http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tradition avers that the temples are associated with the [[Shalivahana]] ([[Raja Sálbán]]).<ref name=asin1>Monuments & Sites in Haryana, Archaeological Survey Of India, page 34-35.</ref>

==History==

The name Kalayat appears to be derived from "Kapilayatana", which translates to the "home of [[Kapila|sage Kapila]]". According to local legends, in ancient times, five brick temples were located beside the holy tank. However, only two temples now survive. These temples are built in the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] style, and can be dated to 8th century CE. One of the two surviving temples has undergone heavy modifications.<ref name=Ref1/>

==Temple complex==

The temples were built in [[Hindu temple architecture#Nagara architecture|Nagara style]] of [[Gurjara-Pratihara#Gurjara-Pratihara art|Gurjara-Pratihara School]]. The layout of the temples indicates there were originally five temples in the [[Panchayatana (temple)|Panchayatan]] group on the banks of holy ''Kapilayatna'' [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]] (water tank). In the [[Panchayatana (temple)|Panchayatan]] the main shrine was surrounded by four subsidiary shrines, which is contemporaneous to the temples of [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]] and [[List of temples in Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneshwar]]. Locally made red bricks were the main source of material for the buildings and sculptures. They were built without using any plaster or mortar. Only two temples survive. One temple is a [[Shiva]] temple in the [[Pancha Rathas]] style with a [[Linga]] statue and snake statue.<ref>[http://www.hoparoundindia.com/haryana/kalayat-attractions/brick-temple.aspx Kalayat temples]</ref> Temples have a square-shaped shrine of the carved bricks joined without any mortar. The bricks in the [[sikhara]] are joined to form beehive patterns similar to the facade of the [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] [[chaitya]] hall of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] or [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]]. This style of sculpting evolved from the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] (4-6th century CE) and post-Gupta architecture.<ref name=asin1/>

There are stairs at the back leading to the [[Kapila|Kapil Muni]] Tirtha comples, where pilgrims take a bath before worship,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portofcall1.blogspot.com/2014/03/kalayat-in-haryana.html |title=Kalayat in Haryana |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106211727/http://portofcall1.blogspot.com/2014/03/kalayat-in-haryana.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The pond is named Chyavan Giri Kund after another [[Vedic]] sage [[Chyavana]] who regained health and youth by consuming [[Chyawanprash]] (made by Raj[[Vaidhya]] [[Ashvins|twin Ashwini Kumar brothers]]) at his [[Ashram]] on [[Dhosi Hill]] near [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]] in [[Mewat district]].

{{anchor | Katyayini}}
There is also a temple of [[Katyayini]] devi who was the daughter of [[Sanskrit grammarian]], [[mathematician]] and [[Vedic]] Sage [[Kātyāyana]].

There is also a [[Hanuman]] temple and [[Akhara]].

==Access==
[[Kalayat]], where the temple complex is located, is connected by road. Rail and air links are available in the nearby major cities such as [[Chandigarh]] and [[Delhi]].

Its distance from other major cities is as follows: [[kaithal]] 30 km, [[Jind]] 52 km, [[Kurukshetra]] 77 km, [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] 90 km, [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]] 90 km, [[Panipat]] 95 km, [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]] 133 km, [[Chandigarh]] 150 km, [[Ludhiana]] 159 km, [[Delhi]] 193 km, [[Dehradun]] 222 km, [[Shimla]] 250 km, [[Amritsar]] 287 km, [[Dharamshala]] 368 km, [[Agra]] 393 km and [[Khajuraho]] 820 km.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/karnail/sets/72157604312033470/ Flicker Pictures Of Kalayat temples]
* [http://asichandigarhcircle.in/photo_walk_image.php?gall_name=Ancient%20Brick%20Temple,%20Kalayat Kalayat temple images from ASI website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129054717/http://asichandigarhcircle.in/photo_walk_image.php?gall_name=Ancient%20Brick%20Temple,%20Kalayat |date=29 November 2014 }}

{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Kaithal district]]

Punjab (disambiguation)

2026-04-08T10:04:17Z

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{{wiktionary|Punjab}}
The '''[[Punjab]]''' region is an area of South Asia stretching from central and eastern Pakistan to northwest India.

'''Punjab''' or '''Panjab''' may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}
==Places==
===Punjab===
*[[Punjab, India]], a state in India forming the eastern part of the Punjab region
*[[Punjab, Pakistan]], a province of Pakistan forming the western part of the Punjab region
* [[Punjab Province (British India)]] (1849–1947), a former province of British India

===Others===
*[[Panjab District, Afghanistan]], in Bamyan province of Afghanistan
**[[Panjab, Afghanistan]], the capital of Panjab District
*[[Panjab, Iran]], a village in Amol County of Mazandaran province

==Other uses==
*[[Panjab Ali Biswas]], Bangladeshi politician
*Punjab, a character in ''[[Little Orphan Annie]]''
*[[Punjab circuit]], a Hindi film distribution circuit in India

==See also==
* [[Eastern Punjab (disambiguation)]], the part of the British Punjab Province which became part of India after partition
** [[East Punjab (state)]] (1947–1966)
** [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (1948–1956), a former state of modern India
*[[Central Punjab (disambiguation)]]
* [[Northern Punjab]]
* [[Northern Punjab cricket team]], Indian cricket team
* [[Punjab Assembly (disambiguation)]]
* [[Punjab cricket team (disambiguation)]]
* [[Punjab Hill States Agency]] (1936–1947), an administrative unit of British India
* [[Punjab Province (disambiguation)]]
* [[Punjab Rangers]], border security officers in Pakistan
* [[Punjab States Agency]] (1930–1947), an administrative unit of British India
* [[Punjab University (disambiguation)]]
* [[Punjabi (disambiguation)]]
* [[South Punjab (disambiguation)]]
* [[Western Punjab (disambiguation)]], the part of the British Punjab Province which became part of Pakistan as a province after partition
** [[West Punjab]] Province (1947–1955)
** [[Bahawalpur (princely state)]], a princely state of British India and later Pakistan
* [[Panj (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ab (disambiguation)]]
*{{intitle|Punjab}}
*{{lookfrom|Punjab}}

{{disambiguation|geo}}

India Photo Archive Foundation

2026-04-06T10:44:27Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
The '''India Photo Archive Foundation''' is a Public Charitable Trust engaged in digitising, annotating, and preserving photographic archives.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/life/article2814020.ece Business Line : Features / Life : History through her lens]</ref> This came out as a result of [[Aditya Arya Archive]] by Aditya Arya, a photographer in India. The Foundation has been active since 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lightstalkers.org/india-photoarchive-foundation |title=India Photoarchive Foundation, Photo Archives From Indi {{!}} Lightstalkers |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717220333/http://www.lightstalkers.org/india-photoarchive-foundation |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Vision ==
The aim of the Foundation is preservation of photographic data for use of future generations. The idea is to preserve the original as well as create a digital version of negatives and prints so that a visual history database can be created. This is to enable the discourse on history to be extended to a larger population as the medium is visual rather than literal. The Foundation uses exhibitions, publications and the internet as media to share the works of the archives it has access to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaphotoarchive.org/#/home?i=302|title=India Photo Archive, India Photo Archive Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adityaaryaarchive.com/#/home?i=965 |title= INDIA PHOTO ARCHIVES PHOTO ARCHIVES OF INDIA, Kulwant Roy Mahatma Gandhi, Photo of Indian Freedom|website=www.adityaaryaarchive.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102122358/http://www.adityaaryaarchive.com/ |archive-date=2013-01-02}}</ref>

== Vintage Analogue Camera Museum ==
The Foundation has a Vintage Camera Museum next to the office of Aditya Arya.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://phototravelings.blogspot.in/2012/06/meeting-with-aditya-arya-at-india-photo.html A Meeting with Aditya Arya at INDIA PHOTO ARCHIVE FOUNDATION | PHOTO JOURNEY]</ref> The museum showcases cameras and other photography material all the way from the late 1800s. It has cameras of Kodak, Mamiya, Fujifilm, Hasselblad etc. This goes along with the historical photographs of [[Kulwant Roy]] which contain nationalist leaders such as [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Sardar Patel, Mohummad Ali Jinnah, Khan [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] etc. and general images if India before and after independence all of which belong to [[Aditya Arya Archive]]. It is open for viewing free of charge.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

== Projects ==

===Exhibitions===
The Foundation displays pictures at its museum by Kulwant Roy and has organised exhibitions in collaboration with others of his works. Notable instances of this are; the exhibition of Kulwant Roy’s work that took place at Delhi’s [[Indira Gandhi]] National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) in October 2008.,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VTEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=aditya+arya+archive&pg=PA66 Outlook – Google Books]</ref> an exhibition of photographs from 'History in the Making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy'(the book written by Aditya Arya and Invindar Kamtekar based on the photographs by Roy), was organized in collaboration with [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] and India Canada Association at three venues in Canada in June, 2009: 5th Parallel Gallery, Riddell Center, University of Regina; George Bothwell Dunlop Art Gallery, Regina and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiacanadasask.ca/content/rare-indian-photographs-visit-regina |title=Rare Indian photographs to visit Regina {{!}} India Canada Association of Saskatchewan |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123232947/http://indiacanadasask.ca/content/rare-indian-photographs-visit-regina |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dunlopartgallery.org/events/archives_2009.html Dunlop Art Gallery :: Past Programs and Events :: 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123232947/http://www.dunlopartgallery.org/events/archives_2009.html |date=2016-01-23 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.sfu.ca/archive-sfunews/news/story_06190901.shtml SFU News Online - SFU PEOPLE IN THE NEWS - 19 June 2009 – 19 June 2009]</ref> The Gandhi Memorial Center, Washington, D.C. held an exhibition of photographs from same book, sponsored by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations and in cooperation with the Indian Embassy of India in October, 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gandhitopia.org/events/event/listByLocation?location=Gandhi+Memorial+Center%2C+Bethseda%2C+MD%2C+USA |title=Events – GandhiTopia |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123232947/http://www.gandhitopia.org/events/event/listByLocation?location=Gandhi+Memorial+Center%2C+Bethseda%2C+MD%2C+USA |url-status=dead }}</ref> soon after the book launch of 'History in the Making', The Piramal Art Gallery at Mumbai’s National Center for Performing Arts hosted an exhibition of Roy’s works in April, 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/visual-archives-kulwant-roy-529186 |title='History in the making': The visual archives of Kulwant Roy {{!}} CNN Travel |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913225129/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/visual-archives-kulwant-roy-529186 |archive-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the exhibition 'Where Three Dreams Cross, 150 Years of Photography from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh', at the [[Whitechapel Gallery]] in London in April 2011, displayed some selected images from the Kulwant Roy collection<ref name=autogenerated3>[http://www.asianartnewspaper.com/article/where-three-dreams-cross Where Three Dreams Cross | Asian Art] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726134759/http://www.asianartnewspaper.com/article/where-three-dreams-cross |date=26 July 2013 }}</ref> and an exhibition of Roy's works title 'The Visual Archives of Kulwant Roy' was held at the National Gallery of Modern Art(NGMA), New Delhi which was inaugurated on 14 November 2012.<ref>[http://netindian.in/news/2012/11/15/00022047/ngma-displays-rare-photographs-kulwant-roy NGMA displays rare photographs by Kulwant Roy | NetIndian]</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/history-as-it-is/article4099692.ece The Hindu : FEATURES / FRIDAY REVIEW : History as it is]</ref>

===Publications===
The book launch and exhibition of 'History in the Making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy' was organized at Teen Murti, New Delhi in April, 2010. Mrs.GursharanKaur, wife of India’s Prime Minister Manmohann Singh, was invited as a special guest at the occasion.,<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2010/04/25/gursharankaur-dedicates-book-on-photojournalist-kulwantroy.html GursharanKaur dedicates book on photojournalist Kulwant Roy's works - Oneindia News]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/525610.aspx Snapshots of history when the ‘camera did not lie’ - Hindustan Times] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726130133/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/525610.aspx |date=26 July 2013 }}</ref>
'History in the Making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy' was launched at Mayfair’s Nehru Centre, London by the High Commissioner of India in May, 2010.<ref>[http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=38228 Unpublished Images of India's History Recovered from Yellow Crates]</ref> Book launch and exhibition of History in the making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy took place at Morlaix France in September, 2010.<ref>[http://www.letelegramme.com/local/finistere-nord/morlaix/ville/exposition-a-la-manu-l-inde-en-54-cliches-historiques-14-09-2010-1049224.php’ Le Télégramme - Morlaixville - Exposition à la Manu. L'Inde en 54 clichés «historiques»]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130107144431/http://www.agglo.morlaix.fr/fr/agenda-des-manifestations.php?op=search&show=1&commune=0&dateDebut=20100903&dateFin=20110118&categorie_main=&categorie_second=&mot_clef=&operateur=&page=5&search=1 MorlaixCommunauté, Agenda des manifestations]</ref>[[File:Visual Archives of Kulwant Roy- Gandhi Collection.jpg|thumb|History in the Making- Gandhi Collection]]

A collector's edition called 'History in the Making, Visual Archives of Kulwant Roy- Gandhi Collection' was published by the Foundation with only 200 copies. It is presented in a pure raw silk box and bound with pure raw Khadi cloth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adityaaryaarchive.com/#/-about-archive/buy-limited-edition-collectors-gandhi-book |title= INDIA PHOTO ARCHIVES PHOTO ARCHIVES OF INDIA, Kulwant Roy Mahatma Gandhi, Photo of Indian Freedom|website=www.adityaaryaarchive.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102122358/http://www.adityaaryaarchive.com/ |archive-date=2013-01-02}}</ref> The first one was bought by Manmohan Singh, the second by Suresh Neotia and the Third was gifted to President Obama in November 2009<ref>[http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/none/visual-archives-kulwant-roy-529186 'History in the making': The visual archives of Kulwant Roy | CNN Travel]</ref>

=== Films ===
A film was shot about the Kulwant Roy collection and screened on Doordarshan talking about Aditya Arya's and the Foundation's work on the collection<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAmKXfQZJhQ Kulwant Roy History In The Making, India Photo Archive Foundation, AdityaArya Documentary - Youtube]</ref>

==Archiving and digitizing==
The Foundation preserves old and broken negatives and prints and makes digital copies of them too. It also works towards restoration of old archival material.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaphotoarchive.org/#/archiving-digitizing?i=326|title = India Photo Archive, India Photo Archive Foundation}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in India]]

Harlal Saharan

2026-04-05T00:29:09Z

WMLTomoko1917594: data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harlal Saharan
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Churu Assembly constituency|Churu]]
| country =
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Singh Rathore]]
| successor =
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|05|06|df=y}}
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Harlal Saharan''' is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Churu Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/harlal-saharan-bjp-2008-churu-22|title=Harlal Saharan's election Profile|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/churu-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-2551078|title=Churu Election Result 2023 Live: BJP's Harlal Saharan wins, AAP's Sanjay Khan remains at second place|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=abplive.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-churu-assembly-election-result-2023-bjp-congress-other-parties-rajasthan-vidhan-sabha-chunav-vote-counting-live-winners-losers-candidates-list-266969|title=Rajasthan Churu Election Result 2023: Harlal Saharan of BJP wins Churu seat, beats Rafiq Mandelia of Congress by 6740 votes|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=Zeebiz. com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/ConstituencyWise.aspx|title=Member Details|publisher=Rajasthan Assembly|access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the Churu Assembly constituency, defeating Rafique Mandelia, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 6740 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Churu Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Harlal Saharan defeats INC's Rafique Mandelia with 6740 votes|date=3 December 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/churu-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470630-2023-12-03|publisher=indiatoday. in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saharan, Harlal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Divyansha Kaushik

2026-03-31T10:34:32Z

WMLTomoko1917594: starting entry

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian patronymic|Divyansha|Kaushik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divyansha Kaushik
| image = Divyansha Kaushik.png
| caption = Divyansha in 2019
| occupation = Actress
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| years_active = 2019–present
}}
'''Divyansha Kaushik''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. She made her acting debut with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Majili]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyansha Kaushik is a superstar in the making; actress has terrific lineup of projects |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/divyansha-kaushik-is-a-superstar-in-the-making-actress-has-terrific-lineup-of-projects/articleshow/92899774.cms}}</ref>

==Early life==
Divyansha was born and brought up in [[Delhi]]. Her mother, Anju Kaushik, is an established make-up artiste in [[Hindi cinema]], who has mostly worked with [[Rani Mukerji]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyansha Kaushik shares a pic with her mom Anju Kaushik, the internet loves it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/divyansha-kaushik-shares-a-pic-with-her-mom-anju-kaushik-the-internet-loves-it/articleshow/68795598.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> She worked as an intern with [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyansha Kaushik: From her early life in Delhi to working as an intern in YRF, known all about the Majili actress |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 March 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/divyansha-kaushik-gets-candid/article26509576.ece/}}</ref>

==Career==
Divyansha made her acting debut in 2019 with the Telugu film ''[[Majili]]'' opposite [[Naga Chaitanya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyansha Kaushik plays Anshu in her debut film 'Majili' opposite Naga Chaitanya |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 April 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/divyansha-kaushik-plays-anshu-in-her-debut-film-majili/articleshow/68593157.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/majili-movie-review-naga-chaitanya-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-immerse-themselves-in-moving-and-rewardi-2018948 |title=Majili Movie Review: Naga Chaitanya And Samantha Ruth Prabhu Immerse Themselves In Moving And Rewarding Narrative. |publisher=NDTV |date=5 April 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> It became a box-office success. ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Divyansha Kaushik is a terrific new talent and she is the big surprise package of Majili."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/majili-movie-review-naga-chaitanya-delivers-career-best-performance-ably-supported-by-samantha-6394011.html |title=Majili movie review: Naga Chaitanya delivers career-best performance, ably supported by Samantha and Divyansha |website=Firstpost |date=5 April 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/majili-box-office-collections-day-10-naga-chaitanya-samantha-and-divyansha-kaushiks-film-makes-rs-32-93-cr-share-worldwide/articleshow/68903409.cms |title='Majili' box office collections day 10: Naga Chaitanya, Samantha and Divyansha Kaushik's film makes Rs 32.93 Cr share worldwide |website=The Times of India |date=16 April 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>

She then made her [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film debut with ''[[List of ZEE5 original films|The Wife]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wife Official Trailer: A ZEE5 Original Film Streaming On ZEE5 On 18 March 2021 |work=ZEE5-Youtube |access-date=12 March 2021 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cSlUGmtItKE&ved=2ahUKEwjSs4r2gMn5AhWJUGwGHZ5ZA4AQtwJ6BAgzEAI&usg=AOvVaw3FM6jRKJTUZG-v2cY-iheO}}</ref> The film received mostly mixed reviews from critics and released on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wife Review: An average horror flick that doesn't offer many jump-scares |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-wife/ottmoviereview/81511459.cms |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref>

She portrayed the lead opposite [[Ravi Teja]] in the 2022 Telugu film ''[[Ramarao on Duty]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyansha Kaushik and Rajisha Vijayan to play the leading ladies in Ravi Teja starrer Ramarao On Duty |work=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/divyansha-kaushik-and-rajisha-vijayan-play-leading-ladies-ravi-teja-starrer-ramarao-duty-819377%3famp |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020040118/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/divyansha-kaushik-and-rajisha-vijayan-play-leading-ladies-ravi-teja-starrer-ramarao-duty-819377?amp |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated "Divyansha is not given a substantial role. She is merely like a junior artist and seems miscast".<ref>{{cite web |title=Rama Rao On Duty Movie Review : Ravi Teja and Venu deserved a better film to face-off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rama-rao-on-duty/movie-review/93206758.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> It became a box-office failure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ravi Teja's Rama Rao on Duty Off to a Disappointing Start; Collection Details Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ravi-tejas-rama-rao-on-duty-off-to-a-disappointing-start-collection-details-inside-5657041.html |website=[[News 18]] |access-date=31 July 2022 |quote=Rama Rao on Duty has been made on a budget of Rs 50-60 crores.}}</ref>

Divyansha next appeared in the 2023 film ''[[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]'' opposite [[Sundeep Kishan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael First Look: Sundeep Kishan looks feisty in this Vijay Sethupathi and Divyansha Kaushik co-starrer |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/michael-first-look-sundeep-kishan-looks-feisty-vijay-sethupathi-co-starrer/ |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> Divyansha has [[Sudheer Varma]]'s next Telugu film opposite [[Nikhil Siddharth]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Divyansha Kaushik: I have a Telugu film with Sudheer Varma - Exclusive! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rama-rao-on-duty-actress-divyansha-kaushik-naga-chaitanya-and-ravi-teja-garu-are-pranksters-exclusive/articleshow/93188232.cms |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> and the long delayed Tamil film ''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]'' opposite [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyansha Kaushik signs Siddharth-Karthik's next 'Takkar' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/divyansha-kaushik-signs-siddharth-karthiks-next/articleshow/64147602.cms |access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Majili]]''
| Anshu
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyansha Kaushik is happy to be part of Telugu film Majili |work=Zee News |access-date=28 March 2019 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/divyansha-kaushik-happy-to-be-part-of-telugu-film-majili-2190691.html/amp}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[The Wife (2021 film)|The Wife]]''
| Katrina Murad
| [[Hindi]]
|Released on [[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH! ZEE5 Original Horror Film 'The Wife' (2021) - Full Movie |work=ZEE5 |access-date=20 March 2021 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/the-wife/0-0-365889}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ramarao on Duty]]''
| Nandini Ramarao
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Teja's Ramarao On Duty to release on July 29. See poster |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ravi-teja-s-ramarao-on-duty-to-release-on-july-29-see-poster-1965719-2022-06-23}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| [[Michael (2023 film)|''Michael'']]
| Theera
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyansha Kaushik roped in to play the female lead in Sundeep Kishan's Michael |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/divyansha-kaushik-roped-in-to-play-the-female-lead-in-sundeep-kishans-michael/articleshow/88323183.cms}}</ref>
|-
| [[Takkar (2023 film)|''Takkar'']]
| Mahalakshmi "Lucky"
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Takkar trailer is here: Siddharth is on the run to make money |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/21/takkar-trailer-is-here-siddharth-is-on-the-run-to-make-money-43681.html |website=Cinema Express |access-date=21 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''[[The Family Star]]''
| Govardhan's colleague
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/family-star-teaser-family-is-everything-for-vijay-deverakonda-in-this-action-drama-9195297/ |title=Family Star teaser: Family is everything for Vijay Deverakonda in this action drama |accessdate=30 March 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]''
| Tulasi / Chumbana
|
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
|2019
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
|''[[Majili]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9991000}}
{{Commons}}

{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushik, Divyansha}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mongols

2026-03-29T11:13:07Z

WMLTomoko1917594: fixed details for clarity and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|East Asian ethnic group}}
{{About|the East Asian ethnic group}}
{{Distinguish|Mongolic peoples}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Mongols
| native_name = {{lang|mn|Монголчууд}} {{transliteration|mn|Mongolchuud}} {{MongolUnicode|{{lang|mn|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ}}}}
| native_name_lang =
| image = Naadam, Mongolian traditional festival.jpg
| caption = Mongolians in [[Deel (clothing)|traditional dress]] during [[Naadam]] festival
| total = {{circa|10 million}}
| region1 = {{flag|China}}
| pop1 = [[Mongols in China|6,290,204]]<ref name="Census2020_1">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html|title=Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census|website=Stats.gov.cn|access-date=25 July 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511031334/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ref1 =
| region2 = {{flag|Mongolia}}
| pop2 = 3,046,882
| ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA /summary/|url=https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715110250/https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En |archive-date=2021-07-15 }}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop3 = 651,355
| ref3 = <ref>2,986 Mongols proper, 461,389 [[Buryats]], 183,372 [[Kalmyks]], 3,608 [[Soyot]]s ([[Russian Census (2010)]])</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|South Korea}}
| pop4 = 37,963
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210926000093| title = Number of foreigners in Korea up for 1st time in 20 months| date = 26 September 2021| access-date = 22 November 2021| archive-date = 30 September 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230930223640/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210926000093| url-status = live}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flag|Japan}}
| pop5 = 20,416
| ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00047.html |title=令和６年６月末現在における在留外国人数について |website=moj.go.jp |language=ja |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop6 = 19,170
| ref6 = <ref name="Census2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Main_report_Eng.pdf&ln=En |title=2020 Population and housing census of Mongolia |publisher=National Statistical Office of Mongolia |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817174257/https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Main_report_Eng.pdf&ln=En |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region7 = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| pop7 = 12,000
| ref7 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=697|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206105008/http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=697|title=President of Mongoli Received the Kalmyk Citizens of the Kyrgyz. 2012|archive-date=December 6, 2016}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| pop8 = 10,236
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/2006_c01t13.pdf/67393c23-669d-4730-b367-e75ca1cab680?version=1.0 |title=T13 Cizinci podle typu pobytu a pohlaví – 25 nejčastějších státních občanství k 30. 6. 2020 |language=Czech |website=czso.cz |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221613/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/2006_c01t13.pdf/67393c23-669d-4730-b367-e75ca1cab680?version=1.0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region9 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop9 = 9,090
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Census Profile 2021|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada|website=Census Profile, 2021 Census|date=7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103201320/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region10 = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| pop10 = 7,218
| ref10 = <ref name="Census2020"/>
| region11 = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop11 = 6,992
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning-och-levnadsforhallanden/befolkningens-sammansattning-och-utveckling/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/utrikes-fodda--medborgarskap-och-utlandsksvensk-bakgrund/befolkning-efter-fodelseland-och-ursprungsland-31-december-2024-totalt/|title=Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland, 31 december 2024, totalt|journal=Utrikes födda, medborgarskap och utländsk/Svensk bakgrund|language=sv|trans-title=Foreign-born, citizenship and foreign/Swedish background|date=December 2024|publisher=Statistiska centralbyrån}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop12 = 5,538
| ref12 = <ref name="Census2020"/>
| region13 = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop13 = 3,972
| ref13 = <ref name="Census2020"/>
| region14 = {{flag|France}}
| pop14 = 3,102
| ref14 = <ref name="Census2020"/>
| region15 = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop15 = 2,716
| ref15 = <ref name="Census2020"/>
| region16 = {{flag|Austria}}
| pop16 = 2,658
| ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/pages/407/Bev_Staatb_Geschl_Bundesl_2022.ods|title= Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland|trans-title= Population by citizenship and country of birth|language= de}}</ref>
| languages = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and other [[Mongolic languages]] [[Mandarin Chinese]]{{·}}[[Russian language|Russian]]
| religions = Predominantly: [[Tibetan Buddhism]]<ref name='mongolian'>{{cite book |author=[[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]] |title=Tabulation of the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China |publisher=China Statistics Press |date=April 2012 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm |access-date=2013-02-19 |isbn=978-7-5037-6507-0 |archive-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813031919/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-mongolian.htm| title = China.org.cn – The Mongolian ethnic minority| access-date = 2013-05-29| archive-date = 2018-08-16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180816211312/http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-mongolian.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136937.htm| title = China.org.cn – The Mongolian Ethnic Group| access-date = 2008-10-15| archive-date = 2017-10-19| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171019145235/http://china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136937.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>{{·}}[[Mongolian shamanism]]{{sfn|Bira|2011}} ([[Tengrism]])
 Minorities: [[Christianity]] ([[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]{{·}}[[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]]){{·}}[[Sunni Islam]]
| related-c = Other [[Mongolic peoples]]
}}
'''Mongols'''{{efn|({{langx|mn|Монголчууд}}, {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ}}, {{transliteration|mn|Mongolchuud}}, {{IPA|mn|ˈmɔɴ.ɢɔɬ.t͡ʃot|}}; {{lang-zh|c=蒙古族|p=Ménggǔ zú}}; {{langx|ru|Монголы|Mongoly}})}} are an [[East Asian people|East Asian]] [[ethnic group]] native to [[Mongolia]] and [[China]] ([[Inner Mongolia]] and other 11 [[Mongols in China#Distribution|autonomous territories]]), as well as the republics of [[Buryatia]] and [[Kalmykia]] in [[Russia]]. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of [[Mongolic peoples]]. The [[Oirats]] and the [[Buryats]] are classified either as distinct ethno-linguistic groups or as subgroups of Mongols.

The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and [[ethnic group|ethnic identity]], descending from the [[Proto-Mongols]]. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the [[Mongolian language]]. The contiguous geographical area in which the Mongols primarily live is referred to as the [[Mongol heartland]], especially in discussions of the Mongols' history under the [[Mongol Empire]].

== Definition ==
Broadly defined, the term includes the Mongols proper (also known as the [[Khalkha Mongols]]), [[Buryats]], [[Oirats]], the [[Kalmyks]] and the Southern Mongols. The latter comprises the [[Abaga Mongols]], [[Abaganar]], [[Aohans]], Arkhorchin, [[Asud]], [[Baarins]], [[Chahars]], Darkhan ([[Shar Darkhad]]), Dörvön Khüükhed, [[Eastern Dorbet]]s, [[Gorlos Mongols]], Ikhmyangan, Jalaids, Jaruud, [[Kharchin Mongols|Kharchins]], [[Khishigten]], [[Khorchin Mongols|Khorchins]], Khuuchid, Muumyangan, [[Naimans]], Onnigud, [[Ordos Mongols|Ordos]], Sunud, [[Tumed]], [[Urad Mongols|Urad]] and [[Üzemchin Mongols|Üzemchins]].{{sfn|Ochir|2008}}

The designation "Mongol" briefly appeared in 8th century records of [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] to describe a tribe of [[Shiwei people|Shiwei]]. It resurfaced in the late 11th century during the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]-ruled [[Liao dynasty]]. After the fall of the Liao in 1125, the [[Khamag Mongol]]s became a leading tribe on the [[Mongolian Plateau]]. However, their wars with the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-ruled [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] and the [[Tatar confederation]] had weakened them.

In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group of [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic-speaking]] tribes united under the rule of [[Genghis Khan]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Mongolia: Ethnography of Mongolia
| url = https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27420/Mongolia#394579.hook
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| access-date = 2007-07-22
| archive-date = 2008-07-06
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080706041059/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27420/Mongolia#394579.hook
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
{{See also|Mugulü}}
There are several proposals for the ethnonym Mongol's etymology:
* A [[Language change|change]] from ''Mongkhe-[[tengri]]-gal'' ("Eternal Sky Fire");<ref>National University of Mongolia, School of Social Sciences, Department of History (1999). "2. Хүний үүсэл, Монголчуудын үүсэл гарвал" [2. Origins of Humanity; Origins of the Mongols]. Монгол улсын түүх [History of Mongolia] (in Mongolian). Admon. pp. 67–69.</ref>
* A derivation from the personal name, transcribed in Chinese-language sources as {{lang|zh|木骨閭}} '''Mùgǔlǘ''' (from [[Middle Chinese]] *''muwk-kwot-ljo''), of the [[Mugulü|progenitor]] of the [[Rouran Khaganate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Сүхбаатар|first= Гүнжийн|title=Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть |year=1992 |volume=3 |pages=330–550 |language=mn |trans-title=Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III |chapter=Монгол Нирун улс |trans-chapter=Mongol Nirun ([[Rouran]]) state}}</ref>

== History ==

{{Main|History of Mongolia}}

{{see also|Genetic history of East Asians}}
[[File:Map of the Rouran Khaganate.png|thumb|right|upright=1.65|Asia in 330{{endash}}555, showing the [[Rouran Khaganate]] and its neighbors, including the [[Tuoba Wei]] and the [[Tuyuhun]], all of which were established by Proto-Mongols]]

The ethnogenesis of Mongolic peoples is largely linked with the expansion of [[Ancient Northeast Asian]]s. The Mongolian pastoralist lifestyle may in part be derived from the [[Western Steppe Herders]], but without much geneflow between these two groups, suggesting cultural transmission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population dynamics and the rise of empires in Inner Asia: Genome-wide analysis spanning 6,000 years in the eastern Eurasian Steppe gives insights to the formation of Mongolia's empires |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201105183836.htm |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiaomin |last2=Sarengaowa |last3=He |first3=Guanglin |last4=Guo |first4=Jianxin |last5=Zhu |first5=Kongyang |last6=Ma |first6=Hao |last7=Zhao |first7=Jing |last8=Yang |first8=Meiqing |last9=Chen |first9=Jing |last10=Zhang |first10=Xianpeng |last11=Tao |first11=Le |last12=Liu |first12=Yilan |last13=Zhang |first13=Xiu-Fang |last14=Wang |first14=Chuan-Chao |date=2021 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Genetic Structure and Natural Selection of Mongolians |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=12 |article-number=735786 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.735786 |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=8693022 |pmid=34956310 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In various times Mongolic peoples have been equated with the [[Scythians]], the [[Gog and Magog|Magog]], and the [[Tungusic peoples]]. Based on Chinese historical texts the ancestry of the Mongolic peoples can be traced back to the [[Donghu people|Donghu]], a nomadic confederation occupying eastern Mongolia and [[Manchuria]]. The Donghu neighboured the [[Xiongnu]], whose identity is still debated today. Although some scholars maintain that they were [[proto-Mongols]], they were more likely a multi-ethnic group of Mongolic and [[Turkic tribes]].<ref name="Geng 2005">Geng 2005</ref>{{full citation needed|date=October 2023}} It has been suggested that the language of the [[Huns]] was related to the Xiongnu.<ref>Étienne de la Vaissière, Xiongnu. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/xiongnu Encyclopædia Iranica online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104081516/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/xiongnu |date=2012-01-04 }}, 2006</ref>


The Donghu, however, can be much more easily labeled proto-Mongol since the Chinese histories trace only Mongolic tribes and kingdoms ([[Xianbei]] and [[Wuhuan]] peoples) from them, although some historical texts claim a mixed Xiongnu-Donghu ancestry for some tribes (e.g. the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]).<ref>Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in ''The Origins of Chinese Civilization''. University of California Press, pp. 411–466.</ref><ref>[[Frances Wood]], ''The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia'', p. 48</ref>

=== In the Chinese classics ===
{{see also|Timeline of Mongols prior to the Mongol Empire}}
[[File:元骑马武士俑1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yuan dynasty]] Mongol rider]]
The Donghu are mentioned by [[Sima Qian]] as already existing in [[Inner Mongolia]] north of [[Yan (state)|Yan]] in 699–632 BCE along with the [[Shanrong]]. Unofficial Chinese sources such as ''[[Yi Zhou Shu]]'' ("Lost Book of Zhou")<ref>''Yi Zhou Shu'', [https://ctext.org/lost-book-of-zhou/wang-hui/zh "Wanghui jie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203155740/https://ctext.org/lost-book-of-zhou/wang-hui/zh |date=2021-12-03 }} quote: "'''東胡'''黃羆。... 正北空同、大夏、莎車、姑他、旦略、豹胡、代翟、匈奴、樓煩、月氏、孅犁、其龍、'''東胡'''，請令以橐駝、白玉、野馬、騊駼、駃騠、良弓為獻。"</ref> and the ''[[Classic of Mountains and Seas]]''<ref>''Classic of Mountains and Seas'', [https://ctext.org/shan-hai-jing/hai-nei-xi-jing?searchu=%E6%9D%B1%E8%83%A1&searchmode=showall#result "Classic of the Regions Within the Seas: West"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203155740/https://ctext.org/shan-hai-jing/hai-nei-xi-jing?searchu=%E6%9D%B1%E8%83%A1&searchmode=showall#result |date=2021-12-03 }} quote: "'''東胡'''在大澤東。夷人在'''東胡'''東。" translation: "Donghu are located east of the Great Marsh. [[Dongyi|Yi people]] are located east of Donghu."</ref> project the Donghu's activities back to the [[Shang dynasty]] (1600–1046 BCE). However, the Hu (胡) were not mentioned among the non-Shang ''fang'' (方 "border-region"; modern term ''fāngguó'' [[:zh:方國|方國]] "fang-countries") in the extant oracle bones from the Shang period.<ref>For a list of known fang-countries see Anderson, Matthew Mccutchen. (2015). "Change and Standardization in Anyang: Writing and Culture in Bronze Age China". ''Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations''. 1589. [https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589 https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524194604/https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589/ |date=2022-05-24 }} pp. 96–98</ref>

The Xianbei formed part of the Donghu confederation, and possibly had in earlier times some independence within the Donghu confederation as well as from the Zhou dynasty. During the Warring States the poem "[[The Great Summons]]" ({{CJKV|t=大招|s=大招|p=Dà zhāo}}) in the anthology [[Chu Ci|Verses of Chu]] mentions small-waisted and long-necked Xianbei women,<ref>''Chu Ci'', [https://ctext.org/chu-ci/da-zhao#n51934 "Da Zhao"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318135244/https://ctext.org/chu-ci/da-zhao#n51934 |date=2022-03-18 }}. quote: "小腰秀頸，若'''鮮卑'''只。". translation (by Gopal Sukhu, 2017): "And she is as small-waisted and long-necked [a]s a '''Xianbei''' woman."</ref> and possibly also the book ''[[Guoyu (book)|Discourses of the States]]'', which states that during the reign of [[King Cheng of Zhou]] (reigned 1042–1021 BCE) the Xianbei came to participate at a meeting of Zhou subject-lords at Qiyang (岐阳) (now [[Qishan County]]) but were only allowed to perform the fire ceremony under the supervision of [[Chu (state)|Chu]] since they were not [[Vassal state#Ancient China|vassals]] (诸侯) by [[Fengjian|enfeoffment and establishment]]. The Xianbei chieftain was appointed joint guardian of the ritual torch along with Chu viscount [[Xiong Yi (11th century BC)|Xiong Yi]].<ref>''Discourses of the States'', [https://ctext.org/guo-yu/jin-yu-ba "Discourses of Jin 8"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203161711/https://ctext.org/guo-yu/jin-yu-ba |date=2021-12-03 }} quote: "昔成王盟諸侯于岐陽，楚為荊蠻，置茅蕝，設望表，與鮮卑守燎，故不與盟。今將與狎主諸侯之盟，唯有德也，子務德無爭先，務德，所以服楚也。"</ref><ref>Zhang, Zhengming. (2019) A History Of Chu (Volume 1) Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. p. 42-46</ref>{{efn|Zhang Zhengming (2017) accepts the reading 鮮卑<ref>Zhang, Zhengming. (2019) A History Of Chu (Volume 1) Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kthDEAAAQBAJ&q=xianbei+%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91 p. 45] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003212058/https://books.google.com/books?id=kthDEAAAQBAJ&q=xianbei+%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91 |date=2023-10-03 }}. quote: "and tending the shrine flames together with the '''Xianbei 鮮卑''' clan leader."</ref> (also seen in the early 19th century version published by Jinzhang bookstore ({{lang|zh|錦章図書局}}) in Shanghai<ref name = "gy-wul-2-36">''Guoyu'', explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, vol. 2 [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36 p. 36] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109001052/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36 |date=2023-11-09 }} Waseda University Library's copy</ref>) as the ethnonym of the people who accompanied the Chu. However, 鮮卑 Xianbei is likely a scribal error for '''鮮牟 Xianmou''' (as in other versions like Sibu Congkan ([[:w:zh:四部叢刊|四部叢刊]]),<ref name = "gy-sbck-140">''Guoyu'', explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 3 [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F p. 140] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613202958/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F |date=2023-06-13 }} of 154</ref> or [[Siku Quanshu]] ([[:w:zh:四庫全書|四庫全書]])<ref name = "gy-skqs-42">''Guoyu'', explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Siku Quanshu version, vol. 3-7, [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=42#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F p. 42] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613202956/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=42#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F |date=2023-06-13 }} of 148</ref>). [[Eastern Wu]] scholar [[Wei Zhao (Eastern Wu)|Wei Zhao]] states that the 鮮牟 Xianmou were an [[Dongyi|Eastern Yi]] nation,<ref name = "gy-sbck-140-wz">''Guoyu'', "Jinyu 8", explained by Wei Zhao, 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 3 [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B p. 140] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613202958/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B |date=2023-06-13 }} of 154. quote: "鮮牟東夷國"</ref><ref name = "gy-skqs-43">''Guoyu'', "Jinyu 8", explained by Wei Zhao. Siku Quanshu version, vol. 3-7, [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=43#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F p. 43] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613202959/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=43#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F |date=2023-06-13 }} of 148. quote: "鮮牟東夷國"</ref> while the 鮮卑 Xianbei were of [[Shanrong|Mountain Rong]] origin.<ref>''Guoyu'', explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu", 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 2, [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77609&page=90#%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%8E%E4%BB%8A%E4%B9%8B%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91 p. 90] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613203001/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77609&page=90#%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%8E%E4%BB%8A%E4%B9%8B%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91 |date=2023-06-13 }} of 160, quote: "山戎今之鮮卑"</ref><ref>''Guoyu'', explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu". Siku Quanshu version, vol. 6-8, [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68894&page=28 p. 28] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613203210/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68894&page=28 |date=2023-06-13 }} of 111, quote: "山戎今之鮮卑"</ref> The apparent scribal error results in contradicting statements, apparently by Wei Zhao, that the Xianbei were an Eastern Yi nation<ref name = "gy-wul-2-36-dy">''Guoyu'', explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, vol. 2 [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36 p. 36] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109001052/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36 |date=2023-11-09 }}. quote: "鮮卑東夷國". Waseda University Library's copy</ref> and a people of Mountain Rong origin.<ref name="gy-wul-1-42-sr">''Guoyu'', explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_1.pdf&page=42 p. 42] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116155305/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_1.pdf&page=42 |date=2023-11-16 }}. quote: "山戎今之鮮卑". Waseda University Library's copy</ref> [[Huang Pilie]] (1763-1825) states that the reading 鮮卑 Xianbei was inauthentic and identifies the 鮮牟 Xianmou with '''根牟 [[Genmou]]''', an Eastern Yi nation conquered by the [[Lu (state)|Lu state]] in the 9th year of Duke Xuan of Lu's reign (600 BCE).<ref>''[[Spring and Autumn Annals|Chunqiu]] [[Zuo Zhuan]]'' "Duke Xuan's 9th year" [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E7%B6%93_9 jing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405052350/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E7%B6%93_9 |date=2023-04-05 }}; quote:（秋，取根牟。）; rough translation: "In autumn, [Lu] conquered Genmou." [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_9 zhuan]; quote:（秋，取根牟，言易也。）; rough translation: "In autumn, [Lu] conquered Genmou. It's said that was easy."</ref><ref>[[Du Yu]], 《春秋經傳集解》 ''Chunqiu Zuozhuan - Collected Explanations'', "vol. 2" [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77349&page=151#%E6%A0%B9%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%9F p. 151 of 190] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109000700/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77349&page=151#%E6%A0%B9%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%9F |date=2023-11-09 }}. quote:（根牟東夷國也）</ref><ref>Xu Yuangao & Wang Shumin (2002). 國語集解 (''Discourses of the States - Collected Explanations'') Publisher: [[Zhonghua Book Company]]. p. 430. quote:（黃丕烈曰：「鮮牟，一本作『鮮卑』，非。『鮮牟』即宣九年之『根牟』也，…… 。」）; rough translation: "Huang Pilie said: 'Xianmou (鮮牟), in one copy it is written as Xianbei (鮮卑), which is inauthentic. The Xianmou (鮮牟) are the Genmou (根牟) in (Duke) Xuan's 9th year. [...].'"</ref>}}

These early Xianbei came from the nearby [[Zhukaigou culture]] (2200–1500 BCE) in the [[Ordos Desert]], where maternal DNA corresponds to the Mongol [[Daur people]] and the Tungusic [[Evenks]]. The Zhukaigou Xianbei (part of the [[Ordos culture]] of Inner Mongolia and northern [[Shaanxi]]) had trade relations with the Shang. [[Liu Song dynasty]] commentator Pei Yin (裴駰), in his Jixie (集解), quoted [[Han dynasty#Eastern Han|Eastern Han dynasty]] scholar Fu Qian (服虔)'s assertion that [[Shanrong]] (山戎) and Beidi (北狄) are ancestors of the present-day Xianbei (鮮卑).<ref>[[Sima Qian]]'s [[Shiji]], [https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E8%A8%BB/%E5%8D%B7110 ch. 110] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720135707/https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E8%A8%BB/%E5%8D%B7110 |date=2021-07-20 }}, with commentaries; text: "服虔云：「山戎蓋今鮮卑。」"</ref><ref>''Shiji: Sanjiazhu'', text: "〔一〕集解服虔曰:「山戎, 北狄, 蓋今鮮卑也。」, [https://books.google.com/books?id=29pjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT491 page 491]"</ref> Again in Inner Mongolia another closely connected core Mongolic Xianbei region was the [[Upper Xiajiadian culture]] (1000–600 BCE) where the Donghu confederation was centered.

After the Donghu were defeated by Xiongnu king [[Modu Chanyu]], the [[Xianbei]] and [[Wuhuan]] survived as the main remnants of the confederation. [[Tadun]] Khan of the Wuhuan (died 207 AD) was the ancestor of the proto-Mongolic [[Kumo Xi]].<ref>[[Xin Tangshu]] 219. 6173.</ref> The Wuhuan are of the direct Donghu royal line and the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'' says that in 209 BCE, Modu Chanyu defeated the Wuhuan instead of using the word Donghu. The Xianbei, however, were of the lateral Donghu line and had a somewhat separate identity, although they shared the same language with the Wuhuan. In 49 CE the Xianbei ruler Bianhe (Bayan Khan?) raided and defeated the Xiongnu, killing 2000, after having received generous gifts from [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]]. The Xianbei reached their peak under [[Tanshihuai]] (reigned 156–181) who expanded their vast but short lived [[Xianbei#Xianbei Confederation|confederation]].
[[File:Genomic_evidence_from_Avar_period_human_remains.png|thumb|Analysis of DNA extracted from the remains of [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] found in Hungary has provided evidence that they originated in what is now Mongolia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gnecchi-Ruscone |first1=Guido Alberto |title=Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites |journal=Cell |date=14 April 2022 |volume=185 |issue=8 |pages=1402–1413.e21 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007 |pmid=35366416 |pmc=9042794 |s2cid=247859905 |language=en |issn=0092-8674}}</ref>]]
Three prominent groups split from the [[Xianbei state]] as recorded by the Chinese histories: the [[Rouran]] (claimed by some to be the [[Pannonian Avars]]), the [[Khitan people]] and the [[Shiwei people|Shiwei]] (a subtribe called the "Shiwei Menggu" is held to be the origin of the Genghisid Mongols).<ref>University of California, Berkeley. Project on Linguistic Analysis, ''Journal of Chinese linguistics'', p. 154</ref> Besides these three Xianbei groups, there were others such as the [[Murong]], [[Duan (tribe)|Duan]] and [[Tuoba]]. Their culture was nomadic, their religion [[shamanism]] or [[Buddhism]] and their military strength formidable. There is still no direct evidence that the Rouran spoke [[Mongolic languages]], although most scholars agree that they were Proto-Mongolic.<ref>Thomas Hoppe, ''Die ethnischen Gruppen Xinjiangs: Kulturunterschiede und interethnische'', p. 66</ref> The Khitan, however, had two scripts of their own and many Mongolic words are found in their half-deciphered writings.

Geographically, the [[Tuoba]] Xianbei ruled the southern part of Inner Mongolia and northern China, the Rouran ([[Yujiulü Shelun]] was the first to use the title [[khagan]] in 402) ruled eastern Mongolia, western Mongolia, the northern part of Inner Mongolia and northern Mongolia, the Khitan were concentrated in eastern part of Inner Mongolia north of [[Korea]] and the Shiwei were located to the north of the Khitan. These tribes and kingdoms were soon overshadowed by the rise of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] in 555, the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] in 745 and the [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] states in 840. The Tuoba were eventually absorbed into China. The Rouran fled west from the Göktürks and either disappeared into obscurity or, as some say, invaded Europe as the Avars under their Khan, [[Bayan I]]. Some Rouran under Tatar Khan migrated east, founding the [[Tatar confederation]], who became part of the [[Shiwei people|Shiwei]]. The Khitans, who were independent after their separation from the [[Kumo Xi]] (of [[Wuhuan]] origin) in 388, continued as a minor power in Manchuria until one of them, [[Abaoji]] (872–926), established the [[Liao dynasty]] (916–1125).

===Mongol Empire===
{{Main|Mongol Empire|Northern Yuan}}

[[File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg|thumb|A portrait of [[Kublai Khan]] by [[Araniko]] (1245–1306)]]
[[File:Anonymous - Tartar Huntsman - 19.166 - Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|Mongol huntsmen, [[Ming dynasty]]]]

The destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate by the Kirghiz resulted in the end of Turkic dominance in Mongolia. According to historians, Kirghiz were not interested in assimilating newly acquired lands. The Khitans occupied the areas vacated by the Turkic Uyghurs bringing them under their control. The [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] state was centered on [[Khakassia]] and they were expelled from Mongolia by the Khitans in 924. Beginning in the 10th century, the Khitans, under the leadership of [[Abaoji]], prevailed in several military campaigns against the [[Tang dynasty]]{{'}}s border guards, and the [[Kumo Xi|Xi]], [[Shiwei people|Shiwei]] and [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] nomadic groups.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = The Other Press| isbn = 978-983-9541-88-5| last = San| first = Tan Koon| title = Dynastic China: An Elementary History| date = 2014-08-15}}</ref>

Remnants of the Liao dynasty led by [[Yelü Dashi]] fled west through Mongolia after being defeated by the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-led [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] and founded the [[Qara Khitai]] (Western Liao dynasty) in 1124 while still maintaining control over western Mongolia. In 1218, [[Genghis Khan]] incorporated the Qara Khitai after which the Khitan passed into obscurity. Some remnants surfaced as the [[Qutlugh-Khanids|Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty]] (1222–1306) in Iran and the [[Dai Khitai (Hazara tribe)|Dai Khitai]] in Afghanistan. With the expansion of the [[Mongol Empire]], the Mongolic people settled over almost all Eurasia and carried on military campaigns from the [[Adriatic Sea]] to [[Indonesia]]n [[Java]] and from [[Mongol invasion of Japan|Japan]] to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. They simultaneously became [[Padishah]]s of [[Persia]], [[Emperors of China]], and [[Great Khans]] of the Mongols, and one ([[Al-Adil Kitbugha]]) became [[Sultan of Egypt]]. The Mongolic peoples of the [[Golden Horde]] established themselves to govern Russia by 1240.<ref name="Jerry Bentley 1993">Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 136.</ref> By 1279, they conquered the Song dynasty and brought all of [[China proper]] under the control of the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref name="Jerry Bentley 1993"/>

{{blockquote|... from Chinggis up high down to the common people, all are shaven in the style ''pojiao''. As with small boys in China, they leave three locks, one hanging from the crown of their heads. When it has grown some, they clip it; the strands lower on both sides they plait to hang down on the shoulders.{{sfn|Garcia|2012|p=325}}|Zhao Gong}}

With the breakup of the empire, the dispersed Mongolic peoples quickly adopted the mostly Turkic cultures surrounding them and were assimilated, forming parts of Afghanistan's [[Hazaras]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Karakalpaks]], [[Tatars]], [[Bashkirs]], [[Turkmens]], [[Uyghurs]], [[Nogais]], [[Kyrgyzs]], [[Kazakhs]], [[People of Caucasus|Caucasus peoples]], [[Iranian peoples]] and [[Mughal (tribe)|Moghuls]]; linguistic and cultural [[Persianization]] also began to be prominent in these territories. Some Mongols assimilated into the [[Yakuts]] after their migration to northern Siberia and about 30% of [[Yakut language|Yakut words]] have Mongol origin. However, remnants of the Yuan imperial family retreated north to Mongolia in 1368, retaining their language and culture. There were 250,000 Mongols in southern China and many Mongols were massacred by the rebel army. The survivors were trapped in southern China and eventually assimilated. The [[Dongxiangs]], [[Bonans]], [[Yugur]] and [[Monguor people]] were invaded by the [[Ming dynasty]].

===Northern Yuan===
[[File:Northern Yuan and Golden Horde.svg|thumb|280px|The [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] and [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turco-Mongol]] residual states and domains by the 15th century]]

After the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Mongols continued to rule the [[Northern Yuan]] in northern China and the Mongolian steppe. However, the [[Oirad]]s began to challenge the Eastern Mongols under the [[Borjigin]] monarchs in the late 14th century and Mongolia was divided into two parts: [[Western Mongolia]] ([[Oirats]]) and [[Tatar (Mongolia)|Eastern Mongolia]] ([[Khalkha]], [[Inner Mongols]], [[Barga Mongols|Barga]], [[Buryats]]). The earliest written references to the plough in [[Middle Mongol language]] sources appear towards the end of the 14th c.<ref>MOLNÁR, ÁDÁM. "THE PLOUGH AND PLOUGHING AMONG THE ALTAIC PEOPLES." Central Asiatic Journal 26, no. 3/4 (1982): 215–24.</ref>

In 1434, Eastern Mongol [[Taisun Khan]]'s (1433–1452) Oirat prime minister Togoon Taish reunited the Mongols after killing [[Adai Khan]] in [[Ejin Banner|Ejin]]. Togoon died in 1439 and his son [[Esen Taish]] became ruler of Northern Yuan dynasty. Esen later unified the Mongol tribes. The Ming dynasty attempted to invade the Northern Yuan in the 14–16th centuries, however, the Ming dynasty was defeated by the Oirat, Southern Mongol, Eastern Mongol and united Mongol armies. Esen's 30,000 cavalries defeated 500,000 Chinese soldiers in the 1449 [[Tumu Crisis]]. Within eighteen months of his defeat of the titular Khan Taisun, in 1453, Esen himself took the title of [[Great Khan]] (1454–1455) of the [[Great Yuan]].<ref>Sechin Jagchid, Van Jay Symons – Peace, war, and trade along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese interaction through two millennia, p.49</ref>

The Khalkha emerged during the reign of [[Dayan Khan]] (1479–1543) as one of the six [[Tumen (unit)|tumen]]s of the Eastern Mongolic peoples. They quickly became the dominant Mongolic clan in Mongolia proper.<ref>[[Juha Janhunen|Janhunen, Juha]] ''The Mongolic languages'', p.177</ref><ref>Elizabeth E. Bacon ''Obok: A Study of Social Structure in Eurasia'', p.82</ref> He reunited the Mongols again. In 1550, [[Altan Khan]] led a [[Tumed]] Mongol raid on Beijing. The Mongols voluntarily reunified during Eastern Mongolian [[Tümen Zasagt Khan]] rule (1558–1592) for the last time (the Mongol Empire united all Mongols before this).

Eastern Mongolia was divided into three parts in the 17th century: [[Outer Mongolia]] (Khalkha), [[Inner Mongolia]] (Inner Mongols) and the Buryat region in southern [[Siberia]].

The last Mongol khagan was [[Ligdan Khan|Ligdan]] in the early 17th century. He got into conflicts with the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] over the looting of Chinese cities, and managed to alienate most Mongol tribes. In 1618, Ligdan signed a treaty with the Ming dynasty to protect their northern border from the Manchus attack in exchange for thousands of taels of silver. By the 1620s, only the [[Chahars]] remained under his rule.

=== Qing era ===
{{see also|Mongolia under Qing rule}}

[[File:Qing Dzungar wars.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|Map showing [[Dzungar–Qing Wars|wars]] between Qing dynasty and Dzungar Khanate]]
[[File:Langshining mao.jpg|thumb|A [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]] soldier called [[Ayusi]] from the high Qing era, by [[Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)|Giuseppe Castiglione]], 1755]]
[[File:Battle of Oroi-Jalatu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.30|The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu in 1755 between the Qing (that ruled China at the time) and Mongol Dzungar armies. The fall of the [[Dzungar Khanate]]]]

The Chahar army was defeated in 1625 and 1628 by the Inner Mongol and Manchu armies due to Ligdan's faulty tactics. The Qing forces secured their control over Inner Mongolia by 1635, and the army of the last khan Ligdan moved to battle against Tibetan [[Gelugpa]] sect (Yellow Hat sect) forces. The Gelugpa forces supported the Manchus, while Ligdan supported [[Kagyu]] sect (Red Hat sect) of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. Ligden died in 1634 on his way to [[Tibet]]. By 1636, most Inner Mongolian nobles had submitted to the [[Qing dynasty]] founded by the Manchus. Inner Mongolian Tengis [[noyan]] revolted against the Qing in the 1640s and the Khalkha battled to protect Sunud.

Western Mongol Oirats and Eastern Mongolian Khalkhas vied for domination in Mongolia since the 15th century and this conflict weakened Mongol strength. In 1688, the Western Mongol [[Dzungar Khanate]]'s king [[Galdan Boshugtu Khan|Galdan Boshugtu]] attacked Khalkha after murder of his younger brother by Tusheet Khan Chakhundorj (main or Central Khalkha leader) and the Khalkha-Oirat War began. Galdan threatened to kill Chakhundorj and [[Zanabazar]] (Javzandamba Khutagt I, spiritual head of Khalkha) but they escaped to Sunud (Inner Mongolia). Many Khalkha nobles and folks fled to Inner Mongolia because of the war. Few Khalkhas fled to the Buryat region and Russia threatened to exterminate them if they did not submit, but many of them submitted to Galdan Boshugtu.

In 1683 [[Galdan Boshugtu Khan|Galdan]]'s armies reached [[Tashkent]] and the [[Syr Darya]] and crushed two armies of the [[Kazakhs]]. After that Galdan subjugated the [[Kyrgyz people|Black Khirgizs]] and ravaged the [[Fergana Valley]]. From 1685 Galdan's forces aggressively pushed the Kazakhs. While his general Rabtan took [[Taraz]], and his main force forced the Kazakhs to migrate westwards.<ref>Michael Khodarkovsky – Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771, p.211</ref> In 1687, he besieged the [[Turkistan (city)|City of Turkistan]]. Under the leadership of [[Abul Khair Khan]], the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungars at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |title=Country Briefings: Kazakhstan |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113054/http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 }}</ref>

The Khalkha eventually submitted to [[Mongolia under Qing rule|Qing rule]] in 1691 by [[Zanabazar]]'s decision, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under the rule of the Qing dynasty but Khalkha ''de facto'' remained under the rule of Galdan Boshugtu Khaan until 1696. The Mongol-Oirat's Code (a treaty of alliance) against foreign invasion between the Oirats and Khalkhas was signed in 1640, however, the Mongols could not unite against foreign invasions. Chakhundorj fought against Russian invasion of [[Outer Mongolia]] until 1688 and stopped Russian invasion of [[Khövsgöl Province]]. Zanabazar struggled to bring together the Oirats and Khalkhas before the war.

Galdan Boshugtu sent his army to "liberate" Inner Mongolia after defeating the Khalkha's army and called Inner Mongolian nobles to fight for Mongolian independence. Some Inner Mongolian nobles, [[Tibetans]], [[Kumul Khanate]] and some [[Moghulistan]]'s nobles supported his war against the Manchus, however, Inner Mongolian nobles did not battle against the Qing.

There were three khans in Khalkha and Zasagt Khan Shar (Western Khalkha leader) was Galdan's ally. Tsetsen Khan (Eastern Khalkha leader) did not engage in this conflict. While Galdan was fighting in Eastern Mongolia, his nephew [[Tseveenravdan]] seized the Dzungarian throne in 1689 and this event made Galdan impossible to fight against the Qing Empire. The Russian and Qing Empires supported his action because this coup weakened Western Mongolian strength. Galdan Boshugtu's army was defeated by the outnumbering Qing army in 1696 and he died in 1697. The Mongols who fled to the Buryat region and Inner Mongolia returned after the war. Some Khalkhas mixed with the Buryats.

The Buryats fought against Russian [[Russian conquest of Siberia|invasion]] since the [[Expansion of Russia 1500–1800|1620s]] and thousands of Buryats were massacred. The Buryat region was formally annexed to Russia by treaties in 1689 and 1727, when the territories on both the sides of [[Lake Baikal]] were separated from Mongolia. In 1689 the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] established the northern border of [[Manchuria]] north of the present line. The Russians retained [[Trans-Baikal]]ia between Lake Baikal and the [[Argun River (Asia)|Argun River]] north of Mongolia. The [[Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)]], along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk, regulated the relations between Russian and Qing empires until the mid-nineteenth century, and established the [[Mongolia-Russia border]]. [[Oka River (Siberia)|Oka]] Buryats revolted in 1767 and Russia completely conquered the Buryat region in the late 18th century. Russia and Qing were rival empires until the early 20th century, however, both empires carried out united policy against Central Asians.

The Qing Empire conquered Upper Mongolia or the Oirat's [[Khoshut Khanate]] in the 1720s and 80,000 people were killed.<ref name="montaa.mn">[http://montaa.mn/content/view/73/ БУЦАЖ ИРЭЭГҮЙ МОНГОЛ АЙМГУУД] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115172101/http://montaa.mn/content/view/73/ |date=2013-11-15 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref> By that period, Upper Mongolian population reached 200,000. The [[Dzungar Khanate]] conquered by the Qing dynasty in 1755–1758 because of their leaders and military commanders conflicts. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]] population were destroyed by a combination of warfare and disease during the Qing conquest of the Dzungar Khanate in 1755–1758.<ref>[http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf Michael Edmund Clarke, ''In the Eye of Power'' (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706114903/http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf |date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref> Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on [[genocide]],<ref>[http://www.soton.ac.uk/history/profiles/levene1.html Dr. Mark Levene] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135041/http://www.soton.ac.uk/history/profiles/levene1.html |date=2008-12-16 }}, [[Southampton University]], see "Areas where I can offer Postgraduate Supervision". Retrieved 2009-02-09.</ref> has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence."<ref>A. Dirk Moses (2008). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316173830/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC |date=2023-03-16 }}''". Berghahn Books. p.188. {{ISBN|1845454529}}</ref> The Dzungar population reached 600,000 in 1755.

About 200,000–250,000 Oirats migrated from western Mongolia to [[Volga River]] in 1607 and established the [[Kalmyk Khanate]].The Torghuts were led by their Tayishi, [[Kho Orluk]]. Russia was concerned about their attack but the [[Kalmyks]] became a Russian ally and a treaty to protect the southern Russian border was signed between the Kalmyk Khanate and Russia. In 1724 the Kalmyks came under control of Russia. By the early 18th century, there were approximately 300,000–350,000 Kalmyks and 15,000,000 Russians.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} The [[Tsardom of Russia]] gradually chipped away at the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. These policies, for instance, encouraged the establishment of Russian and German settlements on pastures the Kalmyks used to roam and feed their livestock. In addition, the Tsarist government imposed a council on the Kalmyk Khan, thereby diluting his authority, while continuing to expect the Kalmyk Khan to provide cavalry units to fight on behalf of Russia. The [[Russian Orthodox church]], by contrast, pressured Buddhist Kalmyks to adopt Orthodoxy. In January 1771, approximately 200,000 (170,000)<ref name="oirad.mn">[http://www.oirad.mn/2011/12/%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB/ ТИВ ДАМНАСАН НҮҮДЭЛ] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130628032215/http://www.oirad.mn/2011/12/%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB/ |date=2013-06-28 }} (Mongolian)</ref> Kalmyks began the migration from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga to Dzungaria, through the territories of their [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] and [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] enemies. The last Kalmyk khan [[Ubashi Khan|Ubashi]] led the migration to restore Mongolian independence. Ubashi Khan sent his 30,000 cavalries to the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)]] to gain weapon before the migration. The Empress [[Catherine the Great]] ordered the Russian army, Bashkirs and Kazakhs to exterminate all migrants and the Empress abolished the Kalmyk Khanate.<ref name="oirad.mn"/><ref>[http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=1186139 Ижил мөрөн хүртэлх их нүүдэл] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131130070013/http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=1186139 |date=2013-11-30 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref><ref>[http://www.shudarga.mn/news/10489.html Тал нутгийн Нүүдэлчин Халимагууд Эх нутаг Монгол руугаа тэмүүлсэн түүх] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203120601/http://www.shudarga.mn/news/10489.html |date=2013-12-03 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref><ref>[http://www.hicheel.mn/index.php?module=menu&cmd=content&id=3007&menu_id=437 Баруун Монголын нүүдэл суудал] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001654/http://www.hicheel.mn/index.php?module=menu&cmd=content&id=3007&menu_id=437 |date=2013-12-03 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref><ref>[http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/V2/45-54.pdf К вопросу о бегстве волжских калмыков в Джунгарию в 1771 году] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725190713/http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/V2/45-54.pdf |date=2012-07-25 }} '''(Russian)'''</ref> The [[Kyrgyzs]] attacked them near [[Balkhash Lake]]. About 100,000–150,000 Kalmyks who settled on the west bank of the [[Volga River]] could not cross the river because the river did not freeze in the winter of 1771 and Catherine the Great executed influential nobles of them. After seven months of travel, only one-third (66,073)<ref name="oirad.mn"/> of the original group reached Dzungaria (Balkhash Lake, western border of the Qing Empire).<ref>Michael Khodarkovsky (2002)."''[https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405117767 Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making Of A Colonial Empire, 1500–1800]''". Indiana University Press. p.142. {{ISBN|0253217709}}</ref> The Qing Empire transmigrated the Kalmyks to five different areas to prevent their revolt and influential leaders of the Kalmyks died soon (killed by the Manchus). Russia states that Buryatia voluntarily merged with Russia in 1659 due to Mongolian oppression and the Kalmyks voluntarily accepted Russian rule in 1609 but only [[Georgia (country)#Within the Russian Empire|Georgia]] voluntarily accepted Russian rule.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FIvp2uSOsIYC&pg=PA49| title = Владимир Андреевич Хамутаев, Присоединение Бурятии к России: история, право, политика| year = 2012| publisher = ARAMNG| isbn = 978-5-8200-0251-9}} '''(Russian)'''</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131214084211/http://burinfo.org/news/kham_u/ Известный бурятский ученый Владимир Хамутаев собирается получить политическое убежище в США]}} '''(Russian)'''</ref>
[[File:Mongolia, near Ulaanbaatar.jpg|thumb|A Mongolian Buddhist noble in [[Niislel Hüree|Urga]], 1913]]
In the early 20th century, the late Qing government encouraged [[Han Chinese]] settlement of Mongolian lands under the name of "[[New Policies]]" or "New Administration" (xinzheng). As a result, some Mongol leaders, especially those of Outer Mongolia, decided to seek Mongolian independence. After the [[Xinhai Revolution]], the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|Mongolian Revolution on 30 November 1911]] in Outer Mongolia ended an over 200-year rule of the Qing dynasty.

=== Post-Qing era ===
[[File:A Mongolian lady sits for her portrait before a Chinese photographer (cropped).png|thumb|A Mongol woman seated for a [[portraiture]], 1921]]
With the independence of Outer Mongolia, the Mongolian army controlled Khalkha and Khovd regions (modern day [[Uvs Province|Uvs]], [[Khovd Province|Khovd]], and [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii provinces]]), but Northern [[Xinjiang]] (the Altai and Ili regions of the Qing empire), [[Upper Mongolia]], [[Barga Mongols|Barga]] and [[Inner Mongolia]] came under control of the newly formed [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]. On February 2, 1913, the [[Mongolia (1911–24)|Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]] sent Mongolian cavalries to "liberate" Inner Mongolia from China. Russia refused to sell weapons to the Bogd Khanate, and the Russian czar, [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], referred to it as "Mongolian imperialism". Additionally, the [[United Kingdom]] urged Russia to abolish Mongolian independence as it was concerned that "if Mongolians gain independence, then Central Asians will revolt". 10,000 Khalkha and Inner Mongolian cavalries (about 3,500 Inner Mongols) defeated 70,000 Chinese soldiers and controlled almost all of Inner Mongolia; however, the Mongolian army retreated due to lack of weapons in 1914. 400 Mongol soldiers and 3,795 Chinese soldiers died in this war. The Khalkhas, Khovd Oirats, Buryats, Dzungarian Oirats, [[Upper Mongols]], [[Barga Mongols]], most Inner Mongolian and some Tuvan leaders sent statements to support Bogd Khan's call of [[Pan-Mongolism|Mongolian reunification]]. In reality however, most of them were too prudent or irresolute to attempt joining the Bogd Khan regime.<ref>Proceedings of the Fifth East Asian Altaistic Conference, December 26, 1979 – January 2, 1980, Taipei, China, p144</ref> Russia encouraged Mongolia to become an autonomous region of China in 1914. Mongolia lost [[Barga Mongols|Barga]], Dzungaria, [[Tuva]], Upper Mongolia and Inner Mongolia in the [[Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)|1915 Treaty of Kyakhta]].

In October 1919, the Republic of China occupied Mongolia after the suspicious deaths of Mongolian patriotic nobles. On 3 February 1921 the [[White movement|White Russian]] army—led by [[Baron Ungern]] and mainly consisting of Mongolian volunteer cavalries, and Buryat and Tatar [[cossacks]]—liberated [[Ulaanbaatar]]. Baron Ungern's purpose was to find allies to defeat the [[Soviet Union]]. The Statement of Reunification of Mongolia was adopted by Mongolian revolutionaries in 1921. The Soviet, however, considered Mongolia to be Chinese territory in 1924 during a secret meeting with the Republic of China. Finally, the [[Nationalist government|National Government of the Republic of China]] officially [[1945 Mongolian independence referendum|recognized Mongolian independence in 1945]]. Although the Soviet Union supported the Mongolian People's Republic, Soviets carried out various policies (political, economic and cultural) against Mongolia until its fall in 1991 to prevent Pan-Mongolism and other [[List of active separatist movements in Asia#China|irredentist]] [[List of active separatist movements in Europe#Russia|movements]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

On 10 April 1932, Mongolians [[1932 armed uprising in Mongolia|revolted]] against the government's new policy and Soviets. The government and Soviet soldiers defeated the rebels in October.

The Buryats started to migrate to Mongolia in the 1900s due to Russian oppression. [[Joseph Stalin]]'s regime stopped the migration in 1930 and started a campaign of ethnic cleansing against newcomers and Mongolians. During the [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia]], almost all adult Buryat men and 22,000–33,000 Mongols (3–5% of the total population; common citizens, monks, Pan-Mongolists, nationalists, patriots, hundreds of military officers, nobles, intellectuals and elite people) were shot dead under Soviet orders.<ref>[http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=113303 Богд хааны жолооч хилс хэрэгт хэлмэгдсэн нь] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021133/http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=113303 |date=2013-12-03 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref><ref name="Death Tolls">{{cite web| url = http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat5.htm#Mong2| title = Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls| access-date = 2013-12-01| archive-date = 2019-10-22| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191022115708/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat5.htm#Mong2| url-status = live}}</ref> Some authors also offer much higher estimates, up to 100,000 victims.<ref name="Death Tolls"/> Around the late 1930s the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] had an overall population of about 700,000 to 900,000 people. By 1939, Soviet said "We repressed too many people, the population of Mongolia is only hundred thousands". The proportion of victims in relation to the population of the country is much higher than the corresponding figures of the [[Great Purge]] in the Soviet Union.

[[File:Khalkhin Gol George Zhukov and Khorloogiin Choibalsan 1939.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]], leader of the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] (left), and [[Georgy Zhukov]] consult during the [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] against Japanese troops, 1939]]
The [[Manchukuo]] (1932–1945), puppet state of the [[Empire of Japan]] (1868–1947) invaded [[Barga Mongols|Barga]] and some part of Inner Mongolia with Japanese help. The Mongolian army advanced to the [[Great Wall of China]] during the [[Soviet–Japanese War (1945)|Soviet–Japanese War of 1945]] (Mongolian name: ''Liberation War of 1945''). Japan forced Inner Mongolian and Barga people to fight against Mongolians but they surrendered to Mongolians and started to fight against their Japanese and Manchu allies. Marshal [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] called Inner Mongolians and Xinjiang Oirats to migrate to Mongolia during the war but the [[Red Army|Soviet Army]] blocked Inner Mongolian migrants' way. It was a part of a Pan-Mongolian plan and few Oirats and Inner Mongols ([[Huuchid]]s, Bargas, [[Tümed]]s, [[Üzemchin Mongols|about 800 Uzemchins]]) [[Demographics of Mongolia#Ethnic groups of Mongolia|arrived]]. Inner Mongolian leaders carried out active policy to merge Inner Mongolia with Mongolia since 1911. They founded the [[Inner Mongolian Army]] in 1929 but the Inner Mongolian Army disbanded after ending World War II. The Japanese Empire supported Pan-Mongolism since the 1910s but there have never been active relations between Mongolia and Imperial Japan due to Russian resistance. The nominally independent Inner Mongolian [[Mengjiang]] state (1936–1945) was established with support of Japan in 1936; also, some Buryat and Inner Mongol nobles founded a Pan-Mongolist government with the support of Japan in 1919.

[[File:Monumento ruso en Ulan Bator, Mongolia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|World War II [[Zaisan Memorial]], Ulaanbaatar, from the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] era.]]

The Inner Mongols established the short-lived [[Inner Mongolian People's Republic]] in 1945, before its integration into the [[Chinese Communist Party]]-led zones.

Another part of Choibalsan's plan was to merge Inner Mongolia and Dzungaria with Mongolia. By 1945, Chinese communist leader [[Mao Zedong]] requested the Soviets to stop Pan-Mongolism because China lost its control over Inner Mongolia and without Inner Mongolian support the Communists were unable to defeat Japan and [[Kuomintang]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Mongolia and the Soviets supported the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] and [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] [[Second East Turkestan Republic|separatist movement]] during the 1930s and 1940s. By 1945, the Soviets refused to support them after their alliance with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and Mongolia interrupted its relations with the separatists under pressure. Xinjiang Oirat militant groups operated together the Turkic peoples but the Oirats did not have the leading role due to their small population. [[Basmachi movement|Basmachi]]s or Turkic and [[Tajiks|Tajik]] militants fought to liberate [[Soviet Central Asia]] until 1942.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

On February 2, 1913, the [[Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet|Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet]] was signed. Mongolian agents and the Bogd Khan disrupted Soviet secret operations in [[Tibet (1912-51)|Tibet]] to change its regime in the 1920s.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

On October 27, 1961, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 166|Mongolia officially became an official member of the United Nations]].

The powerful states of Russia and China have committed many abuses against Mongols in their homeland, including war crimes and crimes against humanity, sometimes characterized as [[cultural genocide]], with targets among the Mongol language, culture, tradition, history, religion, and ethnic identity. [[Peter the Great]] said: "The headwaters of the [[Yenisei River]] must be Russian land".<ref>L.Jamsran, Mongol states in Russia, 1995</ref> The Russian Empire sent the Kalmyks and Buryats to war to reduce the populations ([[World War I]] and other wars). During the 20th century, Soviet scientists attempted to convince the Kalmyks and Buryats that they were not Mongols under its demongolization policy. 35,000 Buryats were killed during a rebellion in 1927, and around one-third of the Buryat population in Russia died in the 1900s–1950s.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pandia.ru/text/77/152/9539.php| title = Войны ХХ века и их жертвы /тысяч человек/}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} '''(Russian)'''</ref><ref>[http://horidoimergen.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry128563 Буриад-Монголын үндэстний хөдөлгөөн, тулгамдсан асуудлууд] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121332/http://horidoimergen.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry128563 |date=2013-12-03 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref> 10,000 Buryats of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were massacred by Stalin's order in the 1930s.<ref>[http://baigalmirny.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1336&Itemid=96 История (до и начало XX века)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227122719/http://baigalmirny.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1336&Itemid=96 |date=2014-12-27 }} '''(Russian)'''</ref> In 1919, the Buryats established a small [[theocratic]] Balagad state in the [[Kizhinginsky District]] of Russia which later fell in 1926. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

On 22 January 1922, Mongolia proposed to migrate the Kalmyks during the Kalmyk Famine, but Bolshevik Russia refused. 71,000–72,000 (93,000?; around half of the population) Kalmyks died during the [[Russian famine of 1921–22]].<ref name="Munkhbayar">{{cite web| url = http://sonin.mn/blog/Munkhbayar/21142| title = XX зууны 20, 30-аад онд халимагуудын 98 хувь аймшигт өлсгөлөнд автсан| access-date = 2013-11-24| archive-date = 2013-10-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131031003919/http://sonin.mn/blog/Munkhbayar/21142}} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref> The Kalmyks revolted against the Soviet Union in 1926, 1930 and 1942–1943. In 1913, [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], tsar of Russia, said: "We need to prevent from the Volga [[Tatars]]. But the Kalmyks are more dangerous than them because they are the Mongols so send them to war to reduce the population".<ref name="ulstor.com">[http://www.ulstor.com/2010/10/blog-post_1768.html Халимагийн эмгэнэлт түүхээс] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227071634/http://www.ulstor.com/2010/10/blog-post_1768.html |date=2014-12-27 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref> On 23 April 1923 [[Joseph Stalin]], communist leader of Russia, said: "We are carrying out wrong policy on the Kalmyks who related to the Mongols. Our policy is too peaceful".<ref name="ulstor.com"/> In March 1927, Soviet deported 20,000 Kalmyks to Siberia, the [[tundra]] and [[Karelia]].The Kalmyks founded the sovereign [[List of Mongol states#Modern states|Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk]] on 22 March 1930.<ref name="ulstor.com"/> The Oirats' state had a small army and 200 Kalmyk soldiers defeated 1,700 Soviet soldiers in Durvud province of Kalmykia but the Oirats' state was destroyed by the Soviet Army in 1930. Kalmykian [[nationalists]] and Pan-Mongolists attempted to migrate Kalmyks to Mongolia in the 1920s. Mongolia suggested to migrate the Soviet Union's Mongols to Mongolia in the 1920s but Russia refused the suggestion.

Stalin [[Kalmyk deportations of 1943|deported]] all Kalmyks to [[Siberia]] in 1943 and around half of the (97,000–98,000) Kalmyks deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/4580467.stm| title = Regions and territories: Kalmykia| date = 29 November 2011| access-date = 24 November 2013| archive-date = 14 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181014073605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/4580467.stm| url-status = live}}</ref> The government of the Soviet Union forbade teaching the [[Kalmyk language]] during the deportation. The Kalmyks' main purpose was to migrate to Mongolia and many Kalmyks joined the German Army. Marshal [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] attempted to migrate the deportees to Mongolia and he met with them in Siberia during his visit to Russia. Under the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples," repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as acts of genocide.
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Mongolia August 2009-26.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mongolian President [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] (right)]]

On 3 October 2002, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] announced that Taiwan [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#Mongolia|recognizes]] Mongolia as an independent country,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237|title=Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year|newspaper=Taipei Times|date=2002-10-11|access-date=2009-05-28|quote=In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory.|archive-date=2009-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210192036/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237}}</ref> although no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|title=Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China|work=BBC News|date=2002-02-26|access-date=2009-05-28|archive-date=2004-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526084615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Offices established to support Taipei's claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5|title=The History of MTAC|publisher=Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission|access-date=2009-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508080715/http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5|archive-date=2009-05-08}}</ref> lie dormant.

[[Agin-Buryat Okrug]] and [[Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug]]s merged with [[Irkutsk Oblast]] and [[Chita Oblast]] in 2008 despite Buryats' resistance. Small scale protests occurred in Inner Mongolia in [[2011 Inner Mongolia unrest|2011]]. The [[Inner Mongolian People's Party]] is a member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.unpo.org/members/7883| title = unpo.org| access-date = 2014-01-23| archive-date = 2012-03-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302213407/http://www.unpo.org/members/7883| url-status = live}}</ref> and its leaders are attempting to establish a sovereign state or merge Inner Mongolia with Mongolia.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[File:Gurvger.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|A Mongolic [[yurt|Ger]]]]

== Language ==
{{Main|Mongolic languages}}

[[File:MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg|thumb|left|Chronological tree of the Mongolic languages]]
Mongolian is the official national language of Mongolia, where it is spoken by nearly 2.8 million people (2010 estimate),<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last1=Janhunen|first1=Juha|title=Mongolian|date=November 29, 2012|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|page=11|chapter=1}}</ref> and the official provincial language of China's [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]], where there are at least 4.1 million ethnic Mongols.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tsung|first1=Linda|title=Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China|date=October 27, 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|page=59|chapter=3}}</ref> Across the whole of China, the language is spoken by roughly half of the country's 5.8 million ethnic Mongols (2005 estimate)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> However, the exact number of Mongolian speakers in China is unknown, as there is no data available on the language proficiency of that country's citizens. The use of Mongolian in China, specifically in Inner Mongolia, has witnessed periods of decline and revival over the last few hundred years. The language experienced a decline during the late Qing period, a revival between 1947 and 1965, a second decline between 1966 and 1976, a second revival between 1977 and 1992, and a third decline between 1995 and 2012.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tsung|first1=Linda|title=Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China|date=October 27, 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|chapter=3}}</ref> However, in spite of the decline of the Mongolian language in some of Inner Mongolia's urban areas and educational spheres, the ethnic identity of the urbanized Chinese-speaking Mongols is most likely going to survive due to the presence of urban ethnic communities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Iredale|first1=Robyn|last2=Bilik|first2=Naran|last3=Fei|first3=Guo|title=China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies|date=August 2, 2003|page=84|chapter=4}}</ref> The multilingual situation in Inner Mongolia does not appear to obstruct efforts by ethnic Mongols to preserve their language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Janhunen|first1=Juha|title=Mongolian|date=November 29, 2012|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|page=16|chapter=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Otsuka|first1=Hitomi|title=More Morphologies: Contributions to the Festival of Languages, Bremen, 17 Sep to 7 Oct, 2009|date=30 Nov 2012|page=99|chapter=6}}</ref> Although an unknown number of Mongols in China, such as the Tumets, may have completely or partially lost the ability to speak their language, they are still registered as ethnic Mongols and continue to identify themselves as ethnic Mongols.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Iredale|first1=Robyn|title=China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies|date=August 2, 2003|publisher=Routledge|pages=56, 64–67|chapter=3}}</ref> The children of inter-ethnic Mongol-Chinese marriages also claim to be and are registered as ethnic Mongols.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Janhunen|first1=Juha|title=Mongolian|date=November 29, 2012|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|page=11|chapter=1}}{{cite book|last1=Iredale|first1=Robyn|last2=Bilik|first2=Naran|last3=Fei|first3=Guo|title=China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies|date=August 2, 2003|page=61|chapter=3}}</ref>

The specific origin of the Mongolic languages and associated tribes is unclear. Linguists have traditionally proposed a link to the [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language families, included alongside Mongolic in the broader group of [[Altaic languages]], though this remains controversial. Today the Mongolian peoples speak at least one of several Mongolic languages including Mongolian, Buryat, Oirat, Dongxiang, Tu and Bonan. Additionally, many Mongols speak either Russian or Mandarin Chinese as languages of inter-ethnic communication.

== Religion ==
{{Main|Buddhism in Mongolia|Mongolian Shamanism}}

[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Buryatia August 2009-2.jpg|thumb|Buddhist temple in [[Buryatia]], Russia]]
[[File:Tamerlan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Timur]] of Mongolic origin himself had converted almost all the [[Borjigin]] leaders to [[Islam]].]]

The original religion of the Mongolic peoples was [[Mongolian shamanism]]. The Xianbei came in contact with [[Confucianism]] and [[Daoism]] but eventually adopted Buddhism. However, the Xianbeis and some other people in Mongolia and [[Rouran]]s followed a form of shamanism.{{sfnm|1a1=Bira|1y=2011|1pp=|2a1=Schlehe|2y=2004|2pp=283–96|3a1=Balogh|3y=2010|3pp=229–38|4a1=Bumochir|4y=2014|4pp=473–91}} In the 5th century the Buddhist monk Dharmapriya was proclaimed "State Teacher" of the [[Rouran Khaganate]] and 3,000 families and some Rouran nobles became Buddhists. In 511 the Rouran [[Douluofubadoufa Khan]] sent Hong Xuan to the Tuoba court with a pearl-encrusted statue of the Buddha as a gift. The Tuoba Xianbei and Khitans were mostly Buddhists, although they still retained their original Shamanism. The Tuoba had a "sacrificial castle" to the west of their capital where ceremonies to spirits took place. Wooden statues of the spirits were erected on top of this sacrificial castle. One ritual involved seven princes with milk offerings who ascended the stairs with 20 female shamans and offered prayers, sprinkling the statues with the sacred milk. The Khitan had their holiest shrine on Mount Muye where portraits of their earliest ancestor Qishou Khagan, his wife Kedun and eight sons were kept in two temples. Mongolic peoples were also exposed to [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Manicheism]], [[Nestorianism]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] and [[Islam]] from the west.

The Mongolic peoples, in particular the Borjigin, had their holiest shrine on [[Burkhan Khaldun|Mount Burkhan Khaldun]] where their ancestor Börte Chono (Blue Wolf) and Goo Maral (Beautiful Doe) had given birth to them. [[Genghis Khan]] usually fasted, prayed and meditated on this mountain before his campaigns. As a young man he had thanked the mountain for saving his life and prayed at the foot of the mountain sprinkling offerings and bowing nine times to the east with his belt around his neck and his hat held at his chest. Genghis Khan kept a close watch on the Mongolic supreme shaman Kokochu Teb who sometimes conflicted with his authority. Later, [[Tengrism]], the imperial cult of Genghis Khan centered on the [[Mausoleum of Genghis Khan|eight white gers]] and nine white banners in [[Ordos Loop|Ordos]] grew into a highly organized indigenous religion with scriptures in the [[Mongolian script]].{{sfn|Bira|2011|p=14}} Indigenous moral precepts of the Mongolic peoples were enshrined in oral wisdom sayings (now collected in several volumes), the anda (blood-brother) system and ancient texts such as the ''Chinggis-un Bilig'' (Wisdom of Genghis) and ''Oyun Tulkhuur'' (Key of Intelligence). These moral precepts were expressed in poetic form and mainly involved truthfulness, fidelity, help in hardship, unity, self-control, fortitude, veneration of nature, veneration of the state and veneration of parents.

[[:ja:メリク (オゴデイ家)|Melig]], the younger son of [[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]], was the first of the [[Borjigin|Mongolian royal]] line to accept [[Islam]].
[[File:Szaman.jpg|thumb|A Mongolian shaman, photo by Sakari Pälsi, 1909]]
In 1254 [[Möngke Khan]] organized a formal religious debate (in which [[William of Rubruck]] took part) between Christians, Muslims and Buddhists in [[Karakorum]], a cosmopolitan city of many religions. The Mongolic Empire was known for its religious tolerance, but had a special leaning towards Buddhism and was sympathetic towards Christianity while still worshipping [[Tengri]]. The Mongolic leader [[Abaqa Khan]] sent a delegation of 13–16 to the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274), which created a great stir, particularly when their leader 'Zaganus' underwent a public baptism. A joint crusade was announced in line with the [[Franco-Mongol alliance]] but did not materialize because Pope Gregory X died in 1276. [[Yahballaha III]] (1245–1317) and [[Rabban Bar Sauma]] (c. 1220–1294) were famous Mongolic Nestorian Christians. The [[Keraites]] in central Mongolia were Christian. In Istanbul the [[Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols]] stands as a reminder of the [[Byzantine-Mongol alliance]].

The western Khanates, however, eventually adopted Islam (under [[Berke]] and [[Ghazan]]) and the Turkic languages (because of their commercial importance), although allegiance to the Great Khan and limited use of the Mongolic languages can be seen even in the 1330s. In 1521 the first Mughal emperor Babur took part in a military banner milk-sprinkling ceremony in the Chagatai Khanate where the Mongolian language was still used. [[Al-Adil Kitbugha]] (reigned 1294–1296), a Mongol Sultan of Egypt, and the half-Mongol [[An-Nasir Muhammad]] (reigned till 1341) built the [[Madrassa of Al-Nasir Muhammad]] in Cairo, Egypt. An-Nasir's Mongol mother was Ashlun bint Shaktay. The Mongolic nobility during the Yuan dynasty studied Confucianism, built Confucian temples (including [[Beijing Confucius Temple]]) and translated Confucian works into Mongolic but mainly followed the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] school of Tibetan Buddhism under [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa|Phags-pa Lama]].
[[File:Zanabanzar self-portrait.jpg|thumb|Self-portrait of [[Zanabazar]], the Buddhist spiritual leader of Mongolia from 1649 until his death in 1723]]
The general populace still practised [[Shamanism]]. [[Dongxiang people|Dongxiang]] and [[Bonan people]] adopted Islam, as did [[Moghol language|Moghol]]-speaking peoples in Afghanistan. In the 1576 the [[Gelug]] school of Tibetan Buddhism became the state religion of Mongolia. The Red Hat school of Tibetan Buddhism coexisted with the Gelug Yellow Hat school which was founded by the half-Mongol [[Je Tsongkhapa]] (1357–1419). Shamanism was absorbed into the [[Buddhism in Mongolia|state religion]] while being marginalized in its purer forms, later only surviving in far northern Mongolia. Monks were some of the leading intellectuals in Mongolia, responsible for much of the literature and art of the pre-modern period. Many Buddhist philosophical works lost in Tibet and elsewhere are preserved in older and purer form in Mongolian ancient texts (e.g. the Mongol [[Kangyur|Kanjur]]). [[Zanabazar]] (1635–1723), [[Zaya Pandita]] (1599–1662) and [[Danzanravjaa]] (1803–1856) are among the most famous Mongol holy men. The 4th Dalai Lama [[Yonten Gyatso]] (1589–1617), a Mongol himself, is recognized as the only non-Tibetan [[Dalai Lama]] although the current 14th Dalai Lama is of Mongolic [[Monguor people|Monguor]] extraction.<ref name="hill">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Nathan |title=Review of Sam van Schaik. Tibet: A History |work=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |location=London and New York |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2011 |volume=75 |issue=1 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X11001108 |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13173/1/Hill_rv_2012_van_Schaik_review.pdf |quote=Finally, the remark that '[[Yonten Gyatso]] ... remains the only non-Tibetan to have held the role of Dalai Lama' (p. 177) presents a [[Monpa people|Monpa]] ([[sixth Dalai lama]]), and a Monguor (fourteenth Dalai Lama) as Tibetan although neither spoke Tibetan natively. |access-date=2018-10-04 |archive-date=2018-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212151717/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13173/1/Hill_rv_2012_van_Schaik_review.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The name is a combination of the Mongolian word dalai meaning "ocean" and the Tibetan word (bla-ma) meaning "guru, teacher, mentor".

Many Buryats became Orthodox Christians due to the Russian expansion. During the socialist period religion was officially banned, although it was practiced in clandestine circles. Today, a sizable proportion of Mongolic peoples are [[atheist]] or [[agnostic]]. In the most recent census in Mongolia, almost forty percent of the population reported as being atheist, while the majority religion was Tibetan Buddhism, with 53%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf| title = National Census 2010 Preliminary results| language = mn| access-date = 2011-08-31| archive-date = 2013-10-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131025083636/http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> Having survived suppression by the Communists, Buddhism among the Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western Mongols is today primarily of the [[Gelugpa]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. There is a strong shamanistic influence in the Gelugpa sect among the Mongols.{{sfn|Heissig|1980}}

== Kinship and family life ==
{{See also|Society of the Mongol Empire}}
[[File:Across Mongolian plains; a naturalist's account of China's "great northwest", by Roy Chapman Andrews photographs by Yvette Borup Andrews (1921) (16769576222).jpg|thumb|350px|Mongols grazing livestock, by Roy Chapman Andrews photographs in 1921]]
The traditional Mongol family was patriarchal, patrilineal and patrilocal. Wives were brought for each of the sons, while daughters were married off to other clans. Wife-taking clans stood in a relation of inferiority to wife-giving clans. Thus wife-giving clans were considered "elder" or "bigger" in relation to wife-taking clans, who were considered "younger" or "smaller".<ref>Vreeland 1962:160</ref><ref>Aberle 1953:23–24</ref> This distinction, symbolized in terms of "elder" and "younger" or "bigger" and "smaller", was carried into the clan and family as well, and all members of a lineage were terminologically distinguished by generation and age, with senior superior to junior.

In the traditional Mongolian family, each son received a part of the family herd as he married, with the elder son receiving more than the younger son. The youngest son would remain in the parental tent caring for his parents, and after their death he would inherit the parental tent in addition to his own part of the herd. This inheritance system was mandated by law codes such as the [[Yassa]], created by Genghis Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mypolice.ca/research_and_publications/MongolianLawCodeYasa.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615073730/http://www.mypolice.ca/research_and_publications/MongolianLawCodeYasa.htm|title=THE INFLUENCE OF THE GREAT CODE "YASA" ON THE MONGOLIAN EMPIRE|archive-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> Likewise, each son inherited a part of the family's camping lands and pastures, with the elder son receiving more than the younger son. The eldest son inherited the farthest camping lands and pastures, and each son in turn inherited camping lands and pastures closer to the family tent until the youngest son inherited the camping lands and pastures immediately surrounding the family tent. Family units would often remain near each other and in close cooperation, though extended families would inevitably break up after a few generations. It is probable that the Yasa simply put into written law the principles of customary law.

{{blockquote|It is apparent that in many cases, for example in family instructions, the yasa tacitly accepted the principles of customary law and avoided any interference with them. For example, Riasanovsky said that killing the man or the woman in case of adultery is a good illustration. Yasa permitted the institutions of polygamy and concubinage so characteristic of southerly nomadic peoples. Children born of concubines were legitimate. Seniority of children derived their status from their mother. Eldest son received more than the youngest after the death of father. But the latter inherited the household of the father. Children of concubines also received a share in the inheritance, in accordance with the instructions of their father (or with custom).|Nilgün Dalkesen|Gender roles and women's status in Central Asia and Anatolia between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries<ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608663/index.pdf |title=Gender Roles and Women's Status in Central Asia and Anatolia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries |last=Dalkesen |first=Nilgün |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Middle East Technical University |date=August 2007 |access-date=30 July 2021 |hdl=11511/17218 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127001136/https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608663/index.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
[[File:Mongoliërs in een tent in Mongolië, KITLV 152237.tiff|thumb|A Mongol family in their [[Yurt|''ger'']], 1920]]
After the family, the next largest social units were the subclan and clan. These units were derived from groups claiming patrilineal descent from a common ancestor, ranked in order of seniority (the "conical clan"). By the [[Chingissid]] era this ranking was symbolically expressed at formal feasts, in which tribal chieftains were seated and received particular portions of the slaughtered animal according to their status.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcSsoJ0IXawC&q=%22Mongols%22+%22seniority%22+%22conical+clan%22&pg=PA77 | title=Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History| isbn=978-1-56639-832-9| last1=Adas| first1=Michael| year=2001| publisher=Temple University Press}}</ref> The lineage structure of [[Central Asia]] had three different modes. It was organized on the basis of genealogical distance, or the proximity of individuals to one another on a graph of kinship; generational distance, or the rank of generation in relation to a common ancestor, and birth order, the rank of brothers in relation to each another.<ref>Cuisenier (1975:67)</ref> The paternal descent lines were collaterally ranked according to the birth of their founders, and were thus considered senior and junior to each other. Of the various collateral patrilines, the senior in order of descent from the founding ancestor, the line of eldest sons, was the most noble. In the steppe, no one had his exact equal; everyone found his place in a system of collaterally ranked lines of descent from a common ancestor.<ref>Krader (1963:322, 269)</ref> It was according to this idiom of superiority and inferiority of lineages derived from birth order that legal claims to superior rank were couched.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 178975|title = Kinship Structure and Political Authority: The Middle East and Central Asia|journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume = 28|issue = 2|pages = 334–355|last1 = Lindholm|first1 = Charles|year = 1986|doi = 10.1017/S001041750001389X|hdl = 2144/3845| s2cid=131825544 |hdl-access = free}}</ref>

The Mongol kinship is one of a particular patrilineal type classed as [[Omaha kinship|Omaha]], in which relatives are grouped together under separate terms that crosscut generations, age, and even sexual difference. Thus, one uses different terms for a man's father's sister's children, his sister's children, and his daughter's children. A further attribute is strict terminological differentiation of siblings according to seniority.

The anthropologist Herbert Harold Vreeland visited three Mongol communities in 1920 and published a highly detailed book with the results of his fieldwork, ''Mongol community and kinship structure''.<ref>{{cite book| url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008324819;view=1up;seq=1| title = Mongol community and kinship structure. Vreeland, Herbert Harold, 1920| year = 1953| publisher = Human Relations Area Files| access-date = 2013-10-25| archive-date = 2016-01-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160117164832/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008324819;view=1up;seq=1| url-status = live}}</ref>

== Royal family ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Shazishan Tomb Fresco, Yuan Dynasty, Chifeng Museum.jpg|thumb|Mural of a Mongol family, [[Yuan dynasty]]]]
[[File:Humayun (left) with his father Babur (right), painted circa 1640 (Late Shah Jahan Album).jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The Mughal emperor [[Babur]] and his heir [[Humayun]]. The word ''Mughal'' is derived from the Persian word for Mongol.]]

The royal clan of the Mongols is the [[Borjigin]] clan descended from [[Bodonchar Munkhag]] ({{circa|850–900}}). This clan produced Khans and princes for Mongolia and surrounding regions until the early 20th century. All the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire, including its founder [[Genghis Khan]], were of the Borjigin clan. The royal family of Mongolia was called the ''Altan Urag'' (Golden Lineage) and is synonymous with Genghisid. After the fall of the Northern Yuan dynasty in 1635 the Dayan Khanid aristocracy continued the Genghisid legacy in Mongolia until 1937 when most were killed during the Stalinist purges. The four hereditary Khans of the Khalkha ([[Tüsheet Khan]], [[Sechen Khan|Setsen Khan]], [[Zasagt Khan]] and [[Sain Noyan Khan]]) were all descended from [[Dayan Khan]] (1464–1543) through Abtai Sain Khan, Sholoi Khan, Laikhur Khan and Tumenkhen Sain Noyan respectively. Dayan Khan was himself raised to power by [[Mandukhai|Queen Mandukhai]] ({{circa|1449–1510}}) during the crisis of the late 15th century when the line of Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, was on the verge of dying out.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The [[Khongirad]] was the main consort clan of the Borjigin and provided numerous Empresses and consorts. There were five minor non-Khonggirad inputs from the maternal side which passed on to the Dayan Khanid aristocracy of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The first was the [[Keraite]] lineage added through Kublai Khan's mother [[Sorghaghtani Beki]] which linked the Borjigin to the Nestorian Christian tribe of [[Cyriacus Buyruk Khan]]. The second was the Turkic [[Karluks|Karluk]] lineage added through Toghon Temur Khan's mother Mailaiti which linked the Borjigin to [[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]] (840–893) of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] and ultimately to the Lion-Karluks as well as the [[Ashina tribe]] of the 6th century [[Göktürks]]. The third was the Korean lineage added through Biligtü Khan's mother [[Empress Gi]] (1315–370) which linked the Borjigin to the [[Haengju Gi clan]] and ultimately to King [[Jun of Gojoseon|Jun of Gojeoson]] (262–184 BC) and possibly even further to [[King Tang of Shang]] (1675–1646 BCE) through [[Jizi]]. The fourth was the [[Esen Taishi]] lineage added through Bayanmunkh Jonon's mother Tsetseg Khatan which linked the Borjigin more firmly to the [[Oirats]]. The fifth was the [[House of Aisin-Gioro|Aisin-Gioro]] lineage added during the Qing dynasty. To the west, Genghisid Khans received daughters of the Byzantine emperor in marriage, such as when the Byzantine princess [[Maria Palaiologina]] married to Abaqa Khan (1234–1282), while there were also connections with European royalty through Russia, where, for example, Prince Gleb (1237–1278) married Feodora Sartaqovna the daughter of [[Sartaq Khan]], a great-grandson of Genghis Khan.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The Dayan Khanid aristocracy still held power during the [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]] (1911–1919) and the Constitutional Monarchy period (1921–1924). They were accused of collaboration with the Japanese and executed in 1937 while their counterparts in Inner Mongolia were severely persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Ancestral shrines of Genghis Khan were destroyed by the Red Guards during the 1960s and the Horse-Tail Banner of Genghis Khan disappeared.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

== Historical population ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Population !! Notes
|-
| 1 AD || 1–2,000,000? ||
|-
| 1000 || 2,500,000? ||[[Liao dynasty#Government|750,000 Khitans]]
|-
| 1200 || 2,600,000? || [[List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans|1,5–2,000,000]] Mongols
|-
| 1600 || 2,300,000? ||77,000<ref>[http://www.bur-culture.ru/index.php?id=news-detail&tx_ttnews=42&cHash=effe903f9ae6737362277ed761d6c2ca]{{Dead link|date=July 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Традиционная материальная культура бурятского этноса Предбайкалья. Этногенез и расселение. Средовая культура бурят (Russian)</ref><ref>[http://www.ugaizam.narod.ru/num_012/n_0012_001.html П.Б. Абзаев. Буряты на рубеже XX-XXI вв. Численность, состав, занятия] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225065931/http://www.ugaizam.narod.ru/num_012/n_0012_001.html |date=2019-12-25 }} (Russian)</ref> Buryats; 600,000 Khalkhas
|-
|1700 ||2,600,000? ||600,000 Khalkhas; 1,100,000? [[Oirats]]: 600,000 [[Zunghar Khanate|Zunghars]], 200–250,000? [[Kalmyks#Demographics|Kalmyks]], 200,000 [[Upper Mongols]]<ref name="montaa.mn"/>
|-
|1800 ||2,000,000? ||600,000 Khalkhas; 440,000? Oirats: 120,000 Zunghars, 120,000? Upper Mongols
|-
| 1900||2,300,000?||[[Buryatia#Ethnic groups|283,383]]<ref>[http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=225 Б.З. Нанзатов,ПЛЕМЕННОЙ СОСТАВ БУРЯТ В XIX ВЕКЕ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040827/http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=225 |date=2013-12-03 }} '''(Russian)'''</ref> Buryats (1897); 500,000? Khalkhas (1911); 380,000 Oirats: 70,000? Mongolian Oirats (1911), 190,648 Kalmyks (1897), 70,000? Dzungarian and [[Inner Mongolia]]n Oirats, 50,000 Upper Mongols;<ref name="montaa.mn"/> 1,500,000? [[Southern Mongols]] (1911)
|-
| 1927 ||2,100,000? ||'''600,000 Mongolians'''<ref>[http://www.burtgel.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=726:civilregister&catid=178:history&Itemid=374 ИРГЭНИЙ БҮРТГЭЛИЙН ТҮҮХЭН ТОЙМ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061204/https://www.burtgel.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=726:civilregister&catid=178:history&Itemid=374 |date=2013-12-04 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref> — 230,000? Buryats: 15,000? Mongolian Buryats, [[Buryatia#Ethnic groups|214,957]] Buryats in Russia (1926); 500,000? Khalkhas (1927); 330,000? Oirats: 70,000 Mongolian Oirats, 128,809 Kalmyks (1926)
|-
|1956||2,500,000?||228,647 Buryats: 24,625 Mongolian Buryats (1956), 135,798 Buryats of the ([[Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]; 1959), [[Agin-Buryat Okrug#Ethnic groups|23,374 Agin-Buryats]] (1959), [[Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug#Ethnic groups|44,850 Ust-Orda Buryats]] (1959); [[Demographics of Mongolia#Ethnic groups of Mongolia|639,141 Khalkhas]] (1956); 240,000? Oirats: 77,996 Mongolian Oirats (1956), 100,603 Kalmyks (1959), [[Demographics of China#Ethnic groups|1,462,956 Mongols in China]] (1953)
|-
|1980||4,300,000?||317,966? Buryats: 29,802 Mongolian Buryats (1979), 206,860 [[Buryatia]]n Buryats (1979), 45,436 Usta-Orda Buryats (1979), 35,868 Agin-Buryats (1979); 1,271,086 Khalkhas; 398,339 Oirats: 127,328 Mongolian Oirats (1979), 140,103 Kalmyks (1979), 2,153,000 Southern Mongols (1981)<ref name="lupm.org">[http://www.lupm.org/mn/pages/101026mn.htm Түмэдхүү, ӨМӨЗО-НЫ ХҮН АМЫН ХУВИРАЛТЫН ЗУРГИЙГ ҮЗЭЭД] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201133320/http://www.lupm.org/mn/pages/101026mn.htm |date=2018-12-01 }} (Southern) Mongolian Liberal Union Party '''(Mongolian)''' Millions of [[Han Chinese]] registered as "Mongol" and "[[Manchu people|Manchu]]" according to Chinese policy since the 1980s.There is no enough information about [[Ethnic minorities in China|Chinese ethnic minorities]] due to the government policy.</ref><ref name="sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn">[http://sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry464126 Өвөр Монголын хүн ам] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041738/http://sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry464126 |date=2013-12-03 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref>
|-
| 1990 ||4,700,000?||376,629 Buryats: 35,444 Mongolian Buryats (1989), 249,525 Buryatian Buryats (1989), 49,298 Usta-Orda Buryats (1989), 42,362 Agin-Buryats (1989); 1,654,221 Khalkhas; 470,000? Oirats: 161,803 Mongolian Oirats (1989), 165,103 Kalmyks (1989), 33,000 Upper Mongols (1987);<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=cn |title = ethnologue.com information |archive-url = https://archive.today/20121209163810/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Axtpd1oBnb-0J%3Awww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dcn+kok+nur+mongols+statistic+populations&cd=1&hl=mn&ct=clnk&gl=mn |archive-date = 9 December 2012 |access-date = 30 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || 5–9,200,000?<ref>768,000 families in Mongolia (2013).</ref> ||500,000? Buryats (45–75,000 Mongolian Buryats, 10,000 [[Hulunbuir]] Buryats); 2,300,000 Khalkhas (including [[Dariganga Mongols|Dariganga]], [[Darkhad]], [[Eljigin]] and [[Sartuul]]); 638,372 [[Oirats]]: 183,372 Kalmyks, 205,000 Mongolian Oirats, 90–100, 000 Upper Mongols, 2010 — 140,000 Xinjiang Oirats; 2013 — 190,000? Xinjiang Oirats: 100,000? Torghuts (Kalmyks), 40–50,000? Olots, 40,000? other Oirats: mainly Khoshuts; 1,5–4,000,000? 5,700,000? Southern Mongols<ref name="lupm.org"/>
|}

[[File:Mongols-map.png|thumb|upright=2.05|right|This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century [[Mongol Empire]] and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia and China.]]

== Geographic distribution ==
Today, the majority of Mongols live in the modern states of Mongolia, China (mainly Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang), Russia, [[Kyrgyzstan]] and Afghanistan.

The differentiation between tribes and peoples (ethnic groups) is handled differently depending on the country. The [[Tumed]], [[Chahar (Mongols)|Chahar]], [[Ordos people|Ordos]], [[Barga Mongols|Barga]], [[Altai Uriankhai]], [[Buryats]], [[Dörbed|Dörböd]] (Dörvöd, Dörbed), [[Torguud]], [[Dariganga Mongols|Dariganga]], [[Üzemchin]] (or Üzümchin), [[Bayads]], [[Khoton]], [[Myangad]] (Mingad), [[Eljigin]], [[Zakhchin]], [[Darkhad]], and [[Olots]] (or Öölds or Ölöts) are all considered as tribes of the Mongols.

=== Subgroups ===
The Eastern Mongols are mainly concentrated in Mongolia, including the [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]], [[Eljigin|Eljigin Khalkha]], [[Darkhad]], [[Sartuul|Sartuul Khalkha]], and [[Dariganga Mongols|Dariganga]] (Khalkha).

The Southern or Inner Mongols mainly are concentrated in [[Inner Mongolia]], China. They comprise the [[Abaga Mongols]], [[Abaganar]], [[Aohans]], Arkhorchin, [[Asud]], [[Baarins]], [[Chahars|Chahar]], Darkhan ([[Shar Darkhad]]), Dörvön Khüükhed, [[Durved]], [[Gorlos]], [[Kharchin]], [[Khishigten]], [[Khorchin]], Huuchid, Ikhmyangan, Jalaid, Jaruud, Muumyangan, [[Naiman (Southern Mongols)]], [[Onnigud]], [[Ordos Mongols|Ordos]], Sunud, [[Tümed]], [[Urad Mongols|Urad]], and [[Uzemchin]].

=== Sister groups ===
[[File:The Soviet Union 1963 CPA 2911 stamp (Regional Sports. Buryat archery).jpg|thumb|Buryat archery displayed on a Soviet stamp, 1963]][[File:Kalmyks 01.jpg|thumb|Kalmyk traditional dance]]The [[Buryats]] are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the [[Buryat Republic]], a federal subject of Russia. They are the major northern subgroup of the Mongols.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shimamura|first1=Ippei|title=The Roots Seekers: Shamanism and Ethnicity Among the Mongol Buryats|date=2014|publisher=Shumpusha|location=Kanagawa, Japan|isbn=978-4-86110-397-1}}</ref> The Barga Mongols are mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, China, along with the [[Buryats]] and [[Hamnigan]]. Some orientalists also include the [[Soyots]] in the Buryat sub-ethnic groups.<ref name="Zhukovskaia">Natalia Zhukovskaia (2005).[https://static.iea.ras.ru/books/Schaman/Vol%2011.pdf "Бурятские шаманки на международной конференции (тункинский опыт, июль 2004 г.) // Женщина и возрождение шаманизма."]. Москва: Российская академия наук. Институт этнологии и антропологии имени Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклая. Page 129. In Russian: ''"... здесь сформировался тот этнический состав населения, который относительно стабильно сохраняется до сегодняшнего дня - булагаты, хонгодоры, сойоты, которые (одни раньше, другие позже) вошли как субэтносы в состав бурят."''</ref><ref>{{cite book |surname=Nanzatov |given=B. Z. |chapter=Племенной состав бурят в XIX веке. |trans-chapter=Buryat tribe composition in the 19th century |chapter-url= https://www.academia.edu/4344018 |title=Народы и культуры Сибири. Взаимодействие как фактор формирования и модернизации |place=Irkutsk |year=2003 |pages=15–27 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Балдаев С. П. |title=Родословные легенды и предания бурят. Ч. 1 |language=ru |location=Улан-Удэ |year=1970 |page=166}}</ref>

The Western [[Oirats]] are mainly concentrated in Western Mongolia:
*184,000 Kalmyks (2010) — [[Kalmykia]], Russia
*205,000 Mongolian Oirats (2010)
*140,000 Oirats (2010) — [[Xinjiang]] region, China
*90,000 Upper Mongols (2010) — [[Qinghai]] region, China. The Khoshuts are the major subgroup of the Upper Mongols, along with the [[Choros people|Choros]], [[Khalkha]] and [[Torghut]]s.
*12,000 [[Sart Kalmyks]] (Zungharian descents) (2012) — [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Religion: [[Sunni Islam]].

[[Altai Uriankhai]], [[Baatud]], [[Bayads|Bayad]], [[Chantuu]], Choros, [[Durvud]], [[Khoshut]], [[Khoid]], [[Khoton]], [[Myangad]], [[Olots]], [[Sart Kalmyks]] (mainly Olots), [[Torghut]], [[Zakhchin]].
*[[Kalmyks]] — [[Baatud]], [[Buzava]], Choros, [[Durvud]], [[Khoid]], [[Olots]], [[Torghut]].
*[[Upper Mongols|Upper Mongolian Oirats]] — Choros, [[Khoshut]], [[Torghut]].

=== Mongolia ===
{{See also|Demographics of Mongolia#Ethnicity and languages}}

In modern-day Mongolia, Mongols make up approximately 95% of the population, with the largest ethnic group being [[Khalkha Mongols]], followed by Buryats, both belonging to the Eastern Mongolian peoples. They are followed by Oirats, who belong to the Western Mongolian peoples.

'''Mongolian ethnic groups:'''
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
*[[Baarins|Baarin]]
*[[Baatud]]
*[[Barga Mongols|Barga]]
*[[Bayads|Bayad]], [[Buryats|Buryat]]
*[[Chahar Mongols|Selenge Chahar]]
*[[Chantuu]]
*[[Darkhad]]
*[[Dariganga Mongols|Dariganga]]
*[[Dörbet Oirat]]
*[[Eljigin]]
*[[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]]
*[[Hamnigan]]
*[[Kharchin Mongols|Kharchin]]
*[[Khoid]]
*[[Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin]]
*[[Khotogoid]]
*[[Khotons|Khoton]]
*[[Huuchid]]
*[[Myangad]]
*[[Olots]]
*[[Sartuul]]
*[[Torgut]]
*[[Tümed]]
*[[Üzemchin Mongols|Üzemchin]]
*[[Zakhchin]].
{{Div col end}}

=== China ===
{{Main|Mongols in China}}

[[File:Six Strongmen In Traditional Dress, China.jpg|thumb|250px|Strong Mongol men at August games. Photo by Wm. Purdom, 1909]]
The 2010 census of the People's Republic of China counted more than 7 million people of various Mongolic groups. The 1992 census of China counted only 3.6 million ethnic Mongols.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The 2010 census counted roughly 5.8 million ethnic Mongols, 621,500 Dongxiangs, 289,565 Mongours, 132,000 Daurs, 20,074 Baoans, and 14,370 Yugurs.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} Most of them live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, followed by [[Liaoning]]. Small numbers can also be found in provinces near those two.

There were 669,972 Mongols in Liaoning in 2011, making up 11.52% of Mongols in China.<ref>"Tianya" network: [http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-259-10066-1.shtml General situation of Mongols in Liaoning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120937/http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-259-10066-1.shtml |date=2014-08-26 }} (in Chinese)</ref> The closest Mongol area to the sea is the Dabao Mongol Ethnic Township ({{lang|zh-hans|[[:zh:大堡蒙古族乡|大堡蒙古族乡]]}}) in [[Fengcheng, Liaoning|Fengcheng]], Liaoning. With 8,460 Mongols (37.4% of the township population){{citation needed|date=March 2020}} it is located {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} from the North Korean border and {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}} from [[Korea Bay]] of the Yellow Sea. Another contender for closest Mongol area to the sea would be Erdaowanzi Mongol Ethnic Township ({{lang|zh-hans|[[:zh:二道湾子蒙古族乡|二道湾子蒙古族乡]]}}) in [[Jianchang County]], Liaoning. With 5,011 Mongols (20.7% of the township population){{citation needed|date=March 2020}} it is located around {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}} from the [[Bohai Sea]].
[[File:Oirat Caravan.jpg|thumb|A photo of an Oirat caravan taken in the early 20th century]]
Other peoples speaking Mongolic languages are the [[Daur people|Daur]], [[Sogwo Arig]], [[Monguor people]], [[Dongxiangs]], [[Bonans]], [[Sichuan Mongols]] and eastern part of the [[Yugur people]]. Those do not officially count as part of the Mongol ethnicity, but are recognized as ethnic groups of their own. The Mongols lost their contact with the Mongours, Bonan, Dongxiangs, Yunnan Mongols since the fall of the Yuan dynasty. Mongolian scientists and journalists met with the Dongxiangs and Yunnan Mongols in the 2000s.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[Inner Mongolia]]: Southern Mongols, [[Barga Mongols|Barga]], [[Buryats|Buryat]], [[Dörbet Oirat]], [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]], [[Dzungar people]], [[Ejin Banner|Eznee Torgut]].

[[Xinjiang]] province: [[Altai Uriankhai]], [[Chahars|Chahar]], [[Khoshut]], [[Olots]], [[Torghut]], [[Zakhchin]].

[[Qinghai]] province: [[Upper Mongols]]: [[Choros people|Choros]], [[Khoshut]]

=== Russia ===
{{Main|Buryats|Kalmyks|Demographics of Russia|Demographics of Siberia}}

[[File:Khagdaev 02.jpg|thumb|Buryat [[shaman]] of [[Olkhon Island|Olkhon]], [[Lake Baikal]] in eastern Siberia]]
Two Mongolic ethnic groups are present in Russia; the 2010 census found 461,410 [[Buryats]] and 183,400 Kalmyks.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Kalmyks
| url = http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=2497
| publisher = World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
| year = 2005
| access-date = 2008-05-18
| archive-date = 2008-06-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080614030236/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=2497
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Elsewhere ===
{{main|Mongolian diaspora}}

Smaller numbers of Mongolic peoples exist in Western Europe and North America. Some of the more notable communities exist in [[Mongolians in South Korea|South Korea]], the [[Mongolian American|United States]], the [[Mongolians in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] and the [[Mongolians in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]].

== See also ==
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Altan Telgey]]
* [[American Center for Mongolian Studies]]
* [[Horse culture in Mongolia]]
* [[List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans]]
* [[List of modern Mongol clans]]
* [[List of Mongolians]]
* [[List of Mongol states]]
* [[Mongolian name]]
* [[Mongoloid]]
* [[Qara'unas]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Secondary sources ===
* {{cite journal |surname=Balogh |given=Matyas |title=Contemporary shamanisms in Mongolia |journal=Asian Ethnicity |year=2010 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=229–38 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631361003779489 |doi=10.1080/14631361003779489 |s2cid=145595446 |access-date=2021-06-27 |archive-date=2022-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612091852/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631361003779489 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book|surname=Bira |given=Shagdaryn |author-link=Shagdaryn Bira |title=Монголын тэнгэрийн үзэл: түүвэр зохиол, баримт бичгүүд |trans-title=Mongolian Tengerism: selected papers and documents |year=2011 |place=Ulaanbaatar |publisher=Sodpress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsLmwEACAAJ |language=mn |isbn=978-99929-55-93-2}}
* {{cite journal |surname=Bumochir |given=D. |year=2014 |title=Institutionalization of Mongolian shamanism: from primitivism to civilization |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=473–91 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631369.2014.939331 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2014.939331 |s2cid=145329835 |access-date=2021-06-27 |archive-date=2021-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627061303/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631369.2014.939331 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |surname=Garcia |given=Chad D.|year=2012 |title=A New Kind of Northerner}}
* {{cite book|surname=Heissig |given=Walther |author-link=Walther Heissig |title=The religions of Mongolia |translator=G. Samuel |place=London; Henley |publisher=Routledge; Kegan Paul |year=1980 |orig-date=1970 |isbn=0-7103-0685-7}}
* {{cite book |surname=Ochir |given=Taĭzhiud Ai︠u︡udaĭn |editor=Sh. Choĭmaa |year=2008 |title=Монголчуудын гарал, нэршил |trans-title=On the origin of Mongolian family: clan names and ethnonyms |place=Ulaanbaatar |publisher=[[International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations]] |language=mn |isbn=978-99929-59-97-8 |oclc=505674246}}
* {{cite conference |surname=Schlehe |given=Judith |editor-surname=Rasuly-Paleczek |editor-given=Gabriele |title=Shamanism in Mongolia and in New Age Movements |book-title=Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VIIth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies |place=Vienna |publisher=[[LIT Verlag]] |date=2004 |volume=1 |pages=283–96 |isbn=3-8258-8309-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4olreTVoj0C&q=judith+schlehe+and+weber+2001&pg=PA283}}

=== Primary sources ===
* {{cite book|title=[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]: a Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century |translator=[[Igor de Rachewiltz]] with a historical and philological commentary |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |volume=1–2 |year=2004 |orig-date=1971–85 |series=Inner Asian library |isbn=978-90-04-15363-9}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
{{wiktionary|Mongol}}
* "[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7007-8-15.pdf Evidence that a west–east admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427172440/http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7007-8-15.pdf |date=2011-04-27 }}" Li et al. ''BMC Biology'' 2010, 8:15.
* [http://www.chriskaplonski.com/images/ethnicmap_med.jpg Ethnic map of Mongolia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060127115944/http://www.chriskaplonski.com/images/ethnicmap_med.jpg |date=2006-01-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193742/http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0813/22/276037_230028707.shtml Map share of ethnic by county of China] (archived 1 January 2016)
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Mongols |volume=18 |pages=712–721 |first1=Robert Kennaway |last1=Douglas |first2=Bernhard |last2=Jülg |short=1}}

{{Mongol ethnic groups}}
{{Ethnic groups in Mongolia}}
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Pradesh Congress Committee

2026-03-28T14:06:12Z

WMLTomoko1917594:

{{short description|State wings of the Indian National Congress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{list|date=May 2020}}
{{Indian National Congress sidebar}}

A '''Pradesh Congress Committee''' (PCC) is the state-level unit of the [[Indian National Congress]]. It is responsible for the organization and management of the party's activities in a particular state of India. The PCC is made up of a president and several other office-bearers who are responsible for overseeing the party's activities in the [[States and union territories of India|state]].

The PCC is responsible for coordinating the activities of the Congress party at the district and block levels, and for organizing campaigns and events to mobilize public support for the party. It also works to build [[Political party alliances|alliances]] with other [[List of political parties in India|political parties]] and social groups to enhance the party's electoral prospects.

It is elected by card-holding members of the Congress and in turn elects state president and delegates to the [[All India Congress Committee]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021|reason=Your explanation here}} Each PCC has a working committee of twenty members, most of whom are appointed by the party president, the leader of the state party, who is chosen by the national president. Those elected as members of the states' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies.

== List of Pradesh Congress Committees ==

This is a list of the official state, territorial and regional committees of the Indian National Congress.

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
!State/UT
!Committee
!Seats in {{nowrap|[[Lok Sabha]]}}
!Seats in {{nowrap|[[Rajya Sabha]]}}
!Seats in {{nowrap|[[State legislative assemblies of India| State Legislative Assemblies]]}}
!Seats in {{nowrap|[[State legislative councils of India| State Legislative Councils]]}}
|-
|{{nowrap|[[India]]}}
!{{nowrap|[[All India Congress Committee|AICC]]}}
| {{Composition bar|101|543|hex=#00BFFF}}(1 Vacant)
| [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|Elected]]{{Composition bar|29|233|hex=#00BFFF}}(1 Vacant)
[[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]{{Composition bar|0|12|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|545|4126|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|60|426|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" style="background: #00BFFF; color:white;" |State Committees of the Indian National Congress
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
! [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|Andhra PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|0|25|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|11|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|175|hex=#00BFFF}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Elected]]{{Composition bar|0|50|hex=#00BFFF}}[[Reserved political positions in India|Nominated]]{{Composition bar|0|8|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
! [[Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee|Arunachal PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|0|2|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|1|60|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| [[Assam]]
! [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee|Assam PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|3|14|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|7|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|20|126|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
| [[Bihar]]
! [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee|Bihar PCC]]
| {{Composition bar|3|40|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|1|16|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|6|243|hex=#00BFFF}}
| [[Bihar Legislative Council|Elected]]{{Composition bar|3|63|hex=#00BFFF}}[[Reserved political positions in India|Nominated]]
{{Composition bar|0|12|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
! [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee|Chhattisgarh PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|1|11|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|3|5|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|35|90|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rowspan="6"|
|-
|[[Goa]]
! [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee|Goa PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|1|2|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|3|40|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
! [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|Gujarat PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|1|26|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|1|11|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|12|182|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Haryana]]
! [[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee|Haryana PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|5|10|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|5|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|37|90|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
! [[Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee|Himachal PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|0|4|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|1|3|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|40|68|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
! [[Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee|Jharkhand PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|2|14|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|1|6|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|16|81|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
! [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|Karnataka PCC]]
| {{Composition bar|9|28|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|5|12|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|136|224|hex=#00BFFF}}
| [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Elected]]{{Composition bar|30|64|hex=#00BFFF}}[[Reserved political positions in India|Nominated]]
{{Composition bar|7|11|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Kerala]]
![[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee|Kerala PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|14|20|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|1|9|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|21|140|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rowspan="2"|
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
![[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee|Madhya Pradesh CC]]
|{{Composition bar|0|29|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|3|11|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|63|230|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
![[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|Maharashtra PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|14|48|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|3|19|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|16|288|hex=#00BFFF}}
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Elected]]{{Composition bar|6|66|hex=#00BFFF}}[[Reserved political positions in India|Nominated]]{{Composition bar|0|12|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Manipur]]
![[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee|Manipur PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|2|2|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|5|60|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rowspan="9"|
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
![[Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee|Meghalaya PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|1|2|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Mizoram]]
![[Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee|Mizoram PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|1|40|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
![[Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee|Nagaland PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Odisha]]
![[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|Odisha PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|1|21|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|10|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|11|147|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
![[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee|Punjab PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|7|13|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|7|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|16|117|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
! [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee|Rajasthan PCC]]
| {{Composition bar|8|25|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|5|10|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|67|200|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Sikkim]]
! [[Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee|Sikkim PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
! [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee|Tamil Nadu CC]]
|{{Composition bar|9|39|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|1|18|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|17|234|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Telangana]]
! [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Telangana PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|8|17|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|3|7|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|76|119|hex=#00BFFF}}
|[[Telangana Legislative Council|Elected]]{{Composition bar|10|34|hex=#00BFFF}}[[Reserved political positions in India|Nominated]]{{Composition bar|3|6|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Tripura]]
! [[Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee|Tripura PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|0|2|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|3|60|hex=#00BFFF}}
|
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
! [[Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee|Uttar Pradesh CC]]
| {{Composition bar|6|80|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|31|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|2|403|hex=#00BFFF}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Elected]]{{Composition bar|0|90|hex=#00BFFF}}[[Reserved political positions in India|Nominated]]{{Composition bar|0|10|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
! [[Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee|Uttarakhand PCC]]
| {{Composition bar|0|5|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|3|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|20|70|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
! [[West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee|West Bengal PCC]]
| {{Composition bar|1|42|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|16|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|294|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" style="background: #00BFFF; color:white;" |Territorial Committees of the Indian National Congress
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
! Andaman and Nicobar TCC
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rowspan="3" colspan="2"|
| rowspan="8"|
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
![[Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee|Chandigarh TCC]]
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
!Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu TCC
|{{Composition bar|0|2|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Delhi]]
![[Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee|Delhi PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|0|7|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|3|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|70|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
! [[Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee|Jammu and Kashmir PCC]]
| {{Composition bar|0|5|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|0|4|hex=#00BFFF}}
| {{Composition bar|6|90|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Ladakh]]
!Ladakh TCC
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]
!Lakshadweep TCC
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
![[Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee|Puducherry PCC]]
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Elected]]{{Composition bar|2|30|hex=#00BFFF}}[[Reserved political positions in India|Nominated]]
{{Composition bar|0|3|hex=#00BFFF}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[All India Congress Committee]]
* [[Congress Core Committee]]
* [[Congress Working Committee]]
* [[List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.inc.in/en/pcc-presidents PCC website]

{{Indian National Congress}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress by state or union territory| ]]

{{India-party-stub}}

M. G. Deo

2026-03-26T11:51:22Z

WMLTomoko1917594: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian oncologist and pathologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. G. Deo
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1932|4|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Madhav Gajanan Deo
| occupation = Pathologist Molecular medicine specialist
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Molecular medicine]] research
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Amrut Mody Research Foundation Award [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] [[Medical Council of India|MCI]] Research Award Rameshwardas Birla National Award AIPNA Life Time Achievement Award Hari Om Alembic Research Fund Award
}}

'''Madhav Gajanan Deo''' (born 6 April 1932) is an Indian oncologist, pathologist and educationist, known for his contributions to the field of [[Molecular medicine]].<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N74-0202 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812231553/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N74-0202 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=12 August 2016 | title=INSA Indian Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> He is the founder president of the ''Indian Association of Cancer Research'' and one of the founders of the ''Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine''.<ref name="ICRD profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=144 | title=ICRD profile | publisher=Indian Cancer Research Database | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015 | archive-date=11 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511193713/http://incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=144 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a recipient of the [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]].<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1990.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Madhav Deo was born on 6 April 1932<ref name="IAS Fellowship">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Deo&intials=Madhav&year=06-04-1932 | title=IAS Fellowship | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> and graduated in medicine from [[Gajara Raja Medical College|Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior]] under [[Agra University]] in 1955.<ref name="Leading Lights of IDD">{{cite web | url=http://iqplusin.org/index.php/about-us/leading-lights-of-idd | title=Leading Lights of IDD | publisher=ICCIDD Global Network | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015 | archive-date=29 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329155031/http://iqplusin.org/index.php/about-us/leading-lights-of-idd | url-status=dead }}</ref> His master's degree (MD) came from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] for his research under [[Vulimiri Ramalingaswami]] which he completed in his first attempt in May 1960<ref name="AIIMS MD students">{{cite web | url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/pathology_old_3_11_11/Pathoalumini.htm | title=AIIMS MD students | publisher=All India Institute of Medical Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> after which he secured a doctoral degree (PhD) in July 1964 from the same institution.<ref name="AIIMS PhD Students">{{cite web | url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/pathology_old_3_11_11/Pathoalumini1.htm | title=AIIMS PhD Students | publisher=All India Institute of Medical Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> Joining AIIMS, he became a professor of pathology in 1974 and held the post till 1978, when he was appointed as the director of ''Cancer Research Institute'', (present day Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer - ACTREC, a satellite institution of the [[Tata Memorial Centre]]).<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow" /> He stayed at the centre till 1975, and after a short stint at [[Jaslok Hospital]] as the director of Research and Chief of Laboratories (1997–1998), he shifted his base to Mauritius as the director of ''SSR Centre for Medical Studies and Research'', [[University of Mauritius]] where he worked for two years, till his retirement in 2000.<ref name="Leading Lights of IDD" /> He also served as a ''[[John E. Fogarty|Fogarty]] Scholar in Residence'' at [[John E. Fogarty International Center]] of the [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health, Bethesda]], USA and as a visiting professor at the [[University of Paris VII]].<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow" />

==Legacy==
[[File:Kone med stor struma.jpg|right|140 px|thumb|[[Goitre]] (Struma Class III)]]
During his masters and doctoral research at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], along with [[V. Ramalingaswami]], Deo was able to develop a non-human primate model of human protein energy malnutrition.<ref name="Bone growth in protein deficiency. A study in rhesus monkeys">{{cite journal | title=Bone growth in protein deficiency. A study in rhesus monkeys |author1=G. J. Jha |author2=M. G. Deo |author3=V. Ramalingaswami |name-list-style=amp | journal=Am J Pathol |date=December 1968 | volume=53 | issue=6 | pages=1111–1123 | pmc=2013535 | pmid=4972502}}</ref><ref name="Experimental Protein Deficiency">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwYHsbAyjfMC&q=non-human+primate+model+of+human+protein+energy+malnutrition+MG+Deo&pg=PA56 | title=Experimental Protein Deficiency |vauthors=Deo MG, Sood SK, Ramalingaswami V | journal=Arch. Pathol. | year=1965 | volume=80 | pages=14–23| isbn=9780323153171 }}</ref> Together, they propounded the necessity of iodization of common salt,<ref name="The Aetiology of Himalayan Endemic Goitre">{{cite journal | url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(61)90118-0/abstract | title=The Aetiology of Himalayan Endemic Goitre |author1=V. Ramalingaswami |author2=T. A. V. Subramanian |author3=M. G. Deo |author4=M. B. Agra | journal=The Lancet |date=April 1961 | volume=277 | issue=7181 | pages=791–794 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(61)90118-0 | pmid=13739307| url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Prevention of endemic goitre with iodized salt">{{cite journal | title=Prevention of endemic goitre with iodized salt |vauthors=Sooch SS, Deo MG, Karmarkar MG, Kochupillai N, Ramachandran K, Ramalingaswami V | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year=1973 | volume=49 | issue=3 | pages=307–312 | pmid=4546523 | pmc=2481146}}</ref> which formed the base for the ''National Goitre Control Programme'' in India.<ref name="Endemic Goitre: Why the Apathy? Review of National Goitre Control Programme">{{cite journal | jstor=4375830| title=Endemic Goitre: Why the Apathy? Review of National Goitre Control Programme |author1=C. S. Pandav |author2=N. Kochupillai |author3=M. G. Karmarkar |author4=L. M. Nath | journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=June 1986 | volume=21 | issue=25/26 | pages=1121–1128}}</ref> He is credited with the development of an anti-leprosy vaccine from killed ICRC [[bacillus]] which was accomplished during his stint at the Cancer Research Institute.<ref name="ICRC 'anti-leprosy vaccine'">{{cite journal | title=ICRC 'anti-leprosy vaccine' | author=M. G. Deo | journal=Vaccine |date=April 1989 | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=92–93 | doi=10.1016/0264-410x(89)90041-8 | pmid=2665352}}</ref><ref name="Potential anti-leprosy vaccine from killed ICRC bacilli--a clinicopathological study">{{cite journal | title=Potential anti-leprosy vaccine from killed ICRC bacilli--a clinicopathological study |vauthors=Deo MG, Bapat CV, Chullawalla RG, Bhatki WS | journal=Indian J Med Res |date=August 1981 | volume=74 | pages=164–177 | pmid=7030942}}</ref> Continuing his research at the institute, Deo and his colleagues, discovered an ''Enhancing Factor'' (EF), a 14 kDa protein, isolated from the small intestine of mice.<ref name="Expression of enhancing factor gene and its localization in mouse tissues.">{{cite journal | title=Expression of enhancing factor gene and its localization in mouse tissues. | author=Mulherkar R1, Desai SJ, Rao RS, Wagle AS, Deo MG. | journal=Histochemistry | year=1991 | volume=96 | issue=4 | pages=367–370 | pmid=1787109 | doi=10.1007/bf00271358| s2cid=38630308 }}</ref> This gene is presently in use for producing [[Genetically modified mouse|transgenic mice]].<ref name="Paneth cell differentiation in the developing intestine of normal and transgenic mice">{{cite journal | title=Paneth cell differentiation in the developing intestine of normal and transgenic mice | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. | volume=91 | issue=22 | pages=10335–10339 | date=1994 | doi=10.1073/pnas.91.22.10335| pmid=7937951 | last1=Bry | first1=L. | last2=Falk | first2=P. | last3=Huttner | first3=K. | last4=Ouellette | first4=A. | last5=Midtvedt | first5=T. | last6=Gordon | first6=J. I. | pmc=45014 | bibcode=1994PNAS...9110335B | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Enhancing factor protein from mouse small intestines belongs to the phospholipase A2 family.">{{cite journal | title=Enhancing factor protein from mouse small intestines belongs to the phospholipase A2 family. |vauthors=Mulherkar R, Rao R, Rao L, Patki V, Chauhan VS, Deo MG | journal=FEBS Lett. |date=February 1993 | volume=317 | issue=3 | pages=263–66 | pmid=8425615 | doi=10.1016/0014-5793(93)81289-c|s2cid=9947061 | doi-access=free }}</ref> His researches have been documented by way of several articles, published in peer-reviewed journals<ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/directory%20of%20emer.pdf | title=Directory of Emeritus Professors | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> and papers presented at national and international conferences.<ref name="Articles">{{cite web | url=http://movingacademy.org/Publication.htm | title=Articles | publisher=Moving Academy | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065445/http://movingacademy.org/Publication.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1980, Deo and a few other oncological researchers and medical practitioners, got together for the promotion of cancer research and interaction among scientific community and to disseminate knowledge about the disease among the common man and that resulted in the formation of the ''Indian Association of Cancer Research''<ref name="Activities of IACR">{{cite web | url=http://www.iacr.org.in/activities.htm | title=Activities of IACR | publisher=Indian Association of Cancer Research | date=2015 | access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> with Deo as its founder president.<ref name="Founding Members">{{cite web | url=http://www.iacr.org.in/ | title=Founding Members | publisher=Indian Association of Cancer Research | date=2015 | access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> He was among the twelve medical researchers who assisted [[N. H. Wadia|Noshir Hormusjee Wadia]] in founding the ''Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine'', in 2001, to spread the knowledge about the modern trends in medical and bio-medical research,<ref name="Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine Home">{{cite web | url=http://www.movingacademy.org/governing-body.htm | title=Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine Home | publisher=Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine | date=2015 | access-date=4 September 2015 | archive-date=9 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809065257/http://www.movingacademy.org/governing-body.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> of which he is the incumbent vice president.<ref name="Governing Council Members">{{cite web | url=http://www.movingacademy.org/governing-body.htm | title=Governing Council Members | publisher=Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine | date=2015 | access-date=4 September 2015 | archive-date=9 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809065257/http://www.movingacademy.org/governing-body.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The organization plays a role in conducting periodical workshops at institutions, thereby providing easy access for the medical student community to modern medical information;<ref name="Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine Home" /> the ''First National Medical Students' Research Conference'' was conducted in 2006 at [[Pune]], which was open to medical graduate students.<ref name="Our history">{{cite web | url=http://www.informer.org.in/about-us/history | title=Our history | publisher=Indian Forum For Medical Students' Research (INFORMER) | date=2015 | access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> The next one, the ''First Asian and Second National Medical Students' Research Conference'' was staged two years.after which, the students, under Deo's leadership, formed an association, the ''Indian Forum For Medical Students' Research (INFORMER)''.<ref name="Our history" /> The forum promotes research based education and assists members to secure funds for education and research.<ref name="Our history" /> He serves as the member of the editorial board of ''The Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University''<ref name="Editorial Board-The Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University">{{cite web | url=http://www.jkimsu.com/editorial-board.html | title=Editorial Board-The Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University | publisher=The Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University | date=2015 | access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> and has served as an advisor to many national and international medical organizations<ref name="Leading Lights of IDD" /> such as ''Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences'', where he serves as a member of their expert panel.<ref name="Planning & Monitoring Board - PIMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.pravara.com/planning-board.html | title=Planning & Monitoring Board - PIMS | publisher=Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> He also worked as an honorary visiting professor at the ''School of Health Sciences'' of the [[University of Pune]]<ref name="NASI Fellowship">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |title=NASI Fellowship |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717020647/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref> and was a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the National AIDS Research Institute.<ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors" />

==Awards and honours==
M. G. Deo is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1974), served its council as a member from 1977 to 1980 and was its secretary from 1978 to 1982.<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow" /> Two years later, the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as their fellow in 1976.,<ref name="IAS Fellowship" /> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], another elite Indian science academy, elected him as a fellow in 1991.<ref name="NASI Fellowship" /> He has also been a [[Rockefeller Foundation]] fellow<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow" /> and is a fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] which has honoured him by selecting him as its lifetime ''Emeritus Professor''.<ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors" />

Deo has delivered several notable award lectures such as the Bires Chandra Guha Lecture of [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1978), Basanti Devi Amir Chand Oration of [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (1980), Silver Jubilee Oration of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi]], Platinum Jubilee Lecture Award of [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (1988) and [[Vikram Sarabhai]] Oration.<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow" /><ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors" /> He received the Amrut Mody Research Foundation Award in 1972<ref name="Leading Lights of IDD" /> and the [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] in 1988.<ref name="Medicine">{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/health.html | title=Medicine | publisher=Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> The next year, the [[Medical Council of India]] awarded him the Silver Jubilee Research Award (1989).<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow" /> The [[Government of India]] included him in the 1990 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] for the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> Two years later, he received the Rameshwar Das Birla National Award (1992) and Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Visiting Fellowship Award of [[Indian National Science Academy]] reached him 1993.<ref name="INSA Indian Fellow" /> He is also a recipient of the Hari Om Alembic Research Fund Award<ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors" /> and the Association of Pathologist of Indian of North America, USA selected him for the Life Time Achievement Award in 2008.<ref name="Leading Lights of IDD" />

==Selected bibliography==
* {{cite journal | title=Enhancing factor protein from mouse small intestines belongs to the phospholipase A2 family. |vauthors=Mulherkar R, Rao R, Rao L, Patki V, Chauhan VS, Deo MG | journal=FEBS Lett. |date=February 1993 | volume=317 | issue=3 | pages=263–66 | pmid=8425615 | doi=10.1016/0014-5793(93)81289-c|s2cid=9947061 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Bone growth in protein deficiency. A study in rhesus monkeys |author1=G. J. Jha |author2=M. G. Deo |author3=V. Ramalingaswami |name-list-style=amp | journal=Am J Pathol |date=December 1968 | volume=53 | issue=6 | pages=1111–1123|pmid=4972502 |pmc=2013535 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Experimental Protein Deficiency |vauthors=Deo MG, Sood SK, Ramalingaswami V | journal=Arch. Pathol. | year=1965 | volume=80 | pages=14–23}}
* {{cite journal | title=The Aetiology of Himalayan Endemic Goitre |author1=V. Ramalingaswami |author2=T. A. V. Subramanian |author3=M. G. Deo |author4=M. B. Agra | journal=The Lancet |date=April 1961 | volume=277 | issue=7181 | pages=791–794 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(61)90118-0 | pmid=13739307}}
* {{cite journal | title=Prevention of endemic goitre with iodized salt |vauthors=Sooch SS, Deo MG, Karmarkar MG, Kochupillai N, Ramachandran K, Ramalingaswami V | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year=1973 | volume=49 | issue=3 | pages=307–312 | pmid=4546523 | pmc=2481146}}
* {{cite journal | title=ICRC 'anti-leprosy vaccine' | author=M. G. Deo | journal=Vaccine |date=April 1989 | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=92–93 | doi=10.1016/0264-410x(89)90041-8 | pmid=2665352}}
* {{cite journal | title=Potential anti-leprosy vaccine from killed ICRC bacilli--a clinicopathological study |vauthors=Deo MG, Bapat CV, Chullawalla RG, Bhatki WS | journal=Indian J Med Res |date=August 1981 | volume=74 | pages=164–177 | pmid=7030942}}
* {{cite journal | title=Expression of enhancing factor gene and its localization in mouse tissues. | author=Mulherkar R1, Desai SJ, Rao RS, Wagle AS, Deo MG. | journal=Histochemistry | year=1991 | volume=96 | issue=4 | pages=367–370 | pmid=1787109 | doi=10.1007/bf00271358| s2cid=38630308 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Enhancing factor protein from mouse small intestines belongs to the phospholipase A2 family. |vauthors=Mulherkar R, Rao R, Rao L, Patki V, Chauhan VS, Deo MG | journal=FEBS Lett. |date=February 1993 | volume=317 | issue=3 | pages=263–66 | pmid=8425615 | doi=10.1016/0014-5793(93)81289-c|s2cid=9947061 | doi-access=free }}

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Vulimiri Ramalingaswami]]
* [[Genetically modified mouse]]
* [[N. H. Wadia]]
* [[Molecular medicine]]
{{Div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, M. G.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Indian pathologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Rockefeller Fellows]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Paradesi C/o London

2026-03-24T00:29:06Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding new details

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paradesi C/o London
| image = Paradesi Co London.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = M Rajashekar
| writer =
| screenplay = M Rajashekar
| story = M Rajashekar
| based_on = 
| producer = B Badari Narayana
| starring = [[Vijay Raghavendra]] Raashi Mahadev
| narrator =
| cinematography = H K Chidanand
| editing = K M Prakash
| music = Veer Samarth
| studio = BVS Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2018|12|28|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Paradesi C/o London''''' ({{translation|Foreigner in London}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language romantic drama film directed by M. Rajasekhar and starring [[Vijay Raghavendra]] and Raashi Mahadev in her debut.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Ram
*Raashi Mahadev as Swathi
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Kenche Gowda
*[[Tabla Nani]]
*[[Prashanth Siddi]] as Siddha
*Mohan Juneja
*Bhaskar
*[[Shobaraj]]
*[[Suchendra Prasad]]
*Danny Kuttappa
*Petrol Prasanna
* [[M. S. Umesh]] as doctor
* Pooja Hunasuru
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
*Kuri Sunil
*Pavan Maja Talkies
* Sangeetha
* Manjula Reddy
* Kumuda
}}

== Production ==
According to the director, the film takes into account both meanings of ''Paradesi'', which can mean a foreigner or a native person.<ref name="AN">{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/entertainment/top-5-reason-to-watch-vijay-raghavendra-upcoming-movie-paradesi-c-o-london-pkdr21|title=ಲಂಡನ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ‘ಪರದೇಸಿ’ಯಾದ ವಿಜಯ್!|language=kn|work=[[Kannada Prabha]]|via=[[Asianet News]]|date=27 December 2018|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> The film was shot in Ballari, Bengaluru, Mangalore, Mysore and Siraguppa.<ref name="AN"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/vijay-ponders-destiny-ahead-directorial-1925173|title=Vijay ponders destiny ahead of directorial debut|first1=Tini Sara|last1=Anien|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=16 March 2018|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Veer Samarth with lyrics by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]], [[Kaviraj]], [[Yogaraj Bhat]], and Shivu Beragi.<ref name="AN"/>
#"Hagalalli Nodidara" - Ravindra Soragavi, [[Shamitha Malnad]]
#"Kashta Patt" - [[Vijay Prakash]]
#"Dhana Dhana Ghante" - Shashank Sheshagiri, ''Kannada Kogile'' Gangamma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publictv.in/aradesi-c-o-london-vijaya-raghavendra-acted-in-duifferent/|title=ಪರದೇಸಿ ಕೇರಾಫ್ ಲಂಡನ್ – ಇಲ್ಲಿರೋದು ಡಿಫರೆಂಟ್ ವಿಜಯ್ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ!|date=5 December 2018|work={{ill|Public TV|kn|ಪಬ್ಲಿಕ್ ಟಿವಿ}}|access-date=4 November 2025|language=kn}}</ref>
#"Arey Rey" - Deepak Doddera, [[Anuradha Bhat]]
#"Kanasellavu" - [[Hemanth Kumar]]

== Reception ==
Kavya Christopher of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Tailored to be a situational comedy, the story has its share of drama and emotional connections. The script allows scope for the few number of song and dance as well as fight sequences to cater to those who enjoy the larger-than-life scenarios that give you a break from reality".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/paradesi-c/o-london/movie-review/67289432.cms|title=Paradesi C/o London Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Paradesi C/o London by Times of India|date=28 December 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Kavya|last=Christopher|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''Chitratara.com'' wrote, "This is a ''Pukka'' ({{Translation|pure}}) commercial film with love, action, thrill, comedy following at regular intervals".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Cinemas/Movies%20Latest%20News,%20Kannada%20New%20Cinemas/Movies,%20Latest%20Kannada%20Cinema/Movies&title=PARDESI%20C/OF%20LONDON%20INTERESTING%20-%20Rating:3/5%20***&id=11876&ptype=Reviews|title=PARDESI C/O OF LONDON INTERESTING - Rating:3/5 ***|website=Chitratara.com|date=29 December 2018|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|9537320}}

[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]

S. Janaki

2026-03-23T17:25:06Z

WMLTomoko1917594: expanded article and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1938)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sistla|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Janaki
| image = S. Janaki amma.jpg
| caption = Janaki in the 1980s
| birth_name = Sistla Sreeramamurthy Janaki
| alias = Janakiamma, Gana Kokila, Gana Kogile, Nightingale of India
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 1957–2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1938|4|23}}
| birth_place = Sircilla, [[Karimnagar]], (Currently in [[Telangana]])
| spouse = {{marriage | V. Ramprasad | 1959 | 1997 |reason= died}}
| children = 1 
| relatives = [[Garimella Balakrishna Prasad]] (nephew)
| website = {{URL|sjanaki.net}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Indian classical music|semi-classical]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">"[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/10-janaki-songs-that-should-be-in-everyones-playlist-4915919/lite/ 10 Janaki songs that should be in everyone's playlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131085455/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/10-janaki-songs-that-should-be-in-everyones-playlist-4915919/lite/ |date=31 January 2022 }}", ''The Indian Express''.</ref>
* [[Devotional song|devotional]]<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
* [[Pop music|pop]]<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
* [[disco]]
* folk
* classical
}}
}}
}}
'''Sistla Janaki''' (born 23 April 1938) is an Indian [[playback singer]] and occasional music composer. She is widely referred to as '''Janaki Amma''' and "[[Nightingale of India|Nightingale of South India"]] or "Nightingale of India". She is one of the greatest and most influential singers in the history of [[Indian music]].

Janaki has recorded over 48,000 songs in films, albums, television, and radio, which includes solos, duets, chorus and title tracks in 20 Indian languages, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]],[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Badaga language|Badaga]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], as well as in foreign languages such as [[English language|English]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[German language|German]], and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]. She is one of the most versatile singers in India. The language in which she sang the most songs in her career was Kannada, followed by Malayalam. She is widely acclaimed as the "[[Musical expression|Queen of Expression and Modulation]]".

Janaki began her singing career with the Tamil film ''Vidhiyin Vilayattu'' (1957) at the age of 19 and recorded songs in six different languages in the same year.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/nostalgia-alert-nightingale-of-south-s-janaki-recorded-her-first-song-on-this-day-in-1957/articleshow/99244372.cms | title=Nostalgia alert: Nightingale of South, S Janaki recorded her first song on this day in 1957! | newspaper=The Times of India | date=4 April 2023 }}</ref> Her career spanned over six decades until 2016, when she announced her retirement from singing for films and stage appearances. However, she returned in 2018, singing for the Tamil film ''Pannaadi''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/07/s-janaki-makes-singing-comeback-9139.html |title=S Janaki makes singing comeback |publisher=Cinema Express |date=7 December 2018 |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423080616/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/07/s-janaki-makes-singing-comeback-9139.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was active in the music industry for 60 years.

Janaki has won 4 National Film Awards and 33 different State Film Awards. She is a recipient of an honorary doctorate from the [[University of Mysore]], the [[Kalaimamani]] award from the Tamil Nadu State Government, and the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] award from the Government of Karnataka. In 2013, she refused to accept the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award of the Government of India. Janaki said that she deserves the [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian award of the Government of India for her contributions to music.

== Early life and family ==
[[File:S Janaki .jpg|thumb|right|Janaki in early years]]
Janaki was born on 23 April 1938 in Pallapatla, [[Repalle]] Taluka in [[Guntur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/29/stories/2007062950420200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108154101/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/29/stories/2007062950420200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 November 2012 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Timeless voice |date=29 June 2007}}</ref> Her father, Sistla Sreeramamurthy, was an [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] doctor and teacher. She spent most of her childhood in [[Sircilla]] where she got her first on-stage performance opportunity at the age of nine. She learnt the basics of music through a [[Nadaswaram]] vidwan, Paidiswamy. She never pursued any formal training in classical music.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67d3peJHqHo SP Balu birthday Special Townhall Nellore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115232942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67d3peJHqHo&gl=US&hl=en |date=15 November 2020 }}. YouTube. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref>

Janaki married V. Ramprasad in 1959. He encouraged her career and accompanied her during most of her recordings. He died in 1997 due to [[cardiac arrest]].<ref>Sagaram, Sangeetha (12 October 2016) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402192628/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/sangeetha-sagaram/s-865/s-janaki-sings-for-you/1000154223 S. Janaki Sings For You]. ''Hostsar''</ref>

Janaki's mother tongue is [[Telugu language|Telugu]], but she can fluently converse and write in Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi.<ref name="YouTube">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV2K1aYOyr8 Legendary singer S.Janaki interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909174950/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV2K1aYOyr8 |date=9 September 2021 }}. YouTube. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQPIZ7uI-eM S Janaki musical night- Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115233009/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQPIZ7uI-eM&gl=US&hl=en |date=15 November 2020 }}. YouTube (25 November 2017). Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref><ref>Sagaram, Sangeetha (11 October 2016) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190429044138/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/sangeetha-sagaram/s-865/s-janaki-on-the-show/1000154049 S. Janaki on the Show!]. ''Hotstar''</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlyH2GQYz_8 S Janaki speaks about A R Rahman @ ARR honored by cine musicians union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221192758/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlyH2GQYz_8&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1&bpctr=9999999999 |date=21 December 2019 }}. YouTube (8 March 2009). Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQO84i2QDTU South Indian singer S Janaki refuses to accept Padma Bhushan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115233009/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQO84i2QDTU&gl=US&hl=en |date=15 November 2020 }}. YouTube (25 January 2013). Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref>

== Career ==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by S. Janaki}}

While in her twenties, Janaki moved to [[Chennai]] on the advice of her uncle to work with the music composer [[R. Sudarsanam]] in [[AVM Productions|AVM Studios]] as a singer. She started her career as a playback singer in the Tamil movie ''Vidhiyin Vilayattu'' in 1957. Subsequently, she performed in the Telugu film ''[[M.L.A. (1957 film)|M.L.A.]]''. She sang film songs in 6 languages in her first year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004072700010100.htm&date=2004/07/27/&prd=mp& |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126105125/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004072700010100.htm&date=2004/07/27/&prd=mp& |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title="Kavidaye Padalaga," presented by poet and film lyricist Vairamuthu, this evening, will transform poetry into song |work=The Hindu |date=27 July 2004 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref>

She picked the Malayalam lullaby "Amma Poovinum"<ref>{{Citation |last=Malayalam Muzik247 |title=Pathu Kalpanakal {{!}} Ammapoovinum Song Video {{!}} Janaki Amma {{!}} Anoop Menon, Meera Jasmine {{!}} Official |date=3 October 2016 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aLjsLqIwbT4 |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509220649/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aLjsLqIwbT4 |url-status=live }}</ref> from ''[[10 Kalpanakal]]'' as the [[Swan song|swansong]] of her 60-year singing career and retired on 28 October 2017 with a concert held at [[Mysore|Mysuru]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/I-have-sung-enough-S.-Janaki/article14995499.ece |title=I have sung enough: S. Janaki |first=P. K. Ajith |last=Kumar |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 September 2016 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810191559/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/I-have-sung-enough-S.-Janaki/article14995499.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Kannada films ===
S. Janaki's has sung the most songs in her career in Kannada.<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web |date=22 October 2017 |title=Dr. S Janaki Speaking at Naadanamana ll Part 2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIJwJEinfnw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/lIJwJEinfnw |archive-date=21 December 2021 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Her solos and duets with legends such as [[P B Srinivas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], and [[Dr. Rajkumar]] are considered evergreen hits.

Janaki sang her first Kannada song in 1957. By the early 60s, she had started working with many prominent music composers. Throughout the 1970s and 80s, she remained the number one go-to female playback singer in Kannada films. Most of the music directors, from [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[Rajan–Nagendra]] to [[Hamsalekha]], offered her most of their top compositions.

She has a record number of duets with P B Srinivas, S P Balasubrahmanyam, and Dr Rajkumar. She was awarded the Rajyotsava Prashasti in 2014. She was awarded an [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Mysore]] for her tremendous contribution to Kannada film and music.

Some of her top hit solos in Kannada cinema are:
* "Shiva shiva ennada naaligeyeke" [[Hemavathi (film)]] (1977)
* "Poojisalende Hoogala" [[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]] (1974)
* "Gaganavu Ello" [[Gejje Pooje]] (1969)
* "Omme Ninnanu" [[Gaali Maathu]] (1981)
* "Gaaligopura Ninnashatheera" [[Nanda Deepa]] (1963)
* "Nambide Ninna" [[Sandhya Raga]] (1966)
* "Barede Neenu" [[Seetha (1970 film)]]
* "Banallu Neene" [[Bayalu Daari]] (1976)
* "Karedaru Kelade" [[Sanaadi Appanna]] (1977)
* "Deepavu Ninnade" [[Mysore Mallige (film)]] (1992)
* "Bharatha Bhooshira" [[Upasane]] (1974)
* "Sukhada Swapna Gaana" [[Mareyada Haadu]] (1981)
* "Thangaliyalli Naanu" [[Janma Janmada Anubandha]] (1980)
* "Akasha Deepavu Neenu" [[Pavana Ganga]] (1977)
* "Aaseya Bhava Olavina Jeeva" Mangalya Bhagya (1976)
* "Devara Aata" [[Avala Hejje]] (1981)
* "Hoovinda Hoovige" [[Hombisilu]] (1978)
* "Nagu Endhidhe" [[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]] (1983)
* "Panchama Veda" [[Gejje Pooje]] (1969)
* "Kareye Kogile" [[Navajeevana]] (1964)
* "Yava Janmadha Maithri" [[Gowri (1963 film)]]
* "Pogadirelo Ranga" [[Haalu Jenu]] (1982)
* "Naa Mechchidha" [[Naa Mechida Huduga]] (1972)
* "Hele Gelathi" [[Kesarina Kamala]] (1973)
* "Thanu Ninnadu" [[Ibbani Karagithu]] (1983)
* "Maguve Ninna Hoonage" [[Gejje Pooje]] (1969)
* "Nee Yaro Enosaka" [[Hasiru Thorana]] (1970)
* "Nodu Baa Nodu Baa" [[Miss Leelavathi]] (1965)
* "Baagila Theredhiruve" Premanubandha (1981)
* "Bhuvaneshwariya Nene" [[Mareyada Haadu]] (1981)
* "Indu Enage Govinda" [[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]] (1974)
* "Kamalada Mogadole" Hosa Ithihaasa (1984)
* "Mahalaksmi Manege" Lakshmi Kataksha (1985)
* "Oh Panduranga" Sathi Sakkubai (1985)
* "Hagalo Irulo" [[Mayura (film)]] (1975)
* "Aadona Baa Baa Gopala" [[Malli Maduve]] (1963)
* "Kandu Kandu Nee" [[Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta]] (1971)
* "Aacharavilladha Nalige" [[Upasane]] (1974)
* "Hoovondu Beku Ballige" [[Pavana Ganga]] (1977)
* "Ragavendra- Bidenu Ninna Pada" Naa Ninna Bidalare (1979)
* "Kangalu Thumbiralu" [[Chandanada Gombe]] (1979)
* "Olavina Gelayane" [[Naniruvude Ninagagi]] (1979)
* "Manase Nagaleke" [[Namma Makkalu]] (1969)
* "Nagisalu Neenu" [[Gaali Maathu]] (1981)

=== Malayalam films ===
[[File:S Janaki in Pune, India 2007.JPG|thumb|right|Janaki in Pune 2007]]
Janaki sang her first Malayalam song in 1957. She practiced the correct accent and the nuances of the language, which made her the most sought-after singer in the industry throughout 1970s until mid 80s. She was the favorite of many popular music composers like [[V. Dakshinamoorthy|V Dakshinamoorthi]], [[Baburaj|MS Baburaj]], [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]], [[M. B. Sreenivasan|MB Sreenivasan]], A.T.Ummer and [[Salil Chowdhury|Salil Choudhary]].

Janaki went on to sing thousands of songs from the early 1960s to the mid-80s. She received her first [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala state film award]] for best singer in 1970 and went on to win the same award almost every year for the next 15 years.

Some of her hit solo tracks in Malayalam films are:
* "Thaliritta Kinaakkal" [[Moodupadam]] (1963)
* "Sooryakaanthi" [[Kattuthulasi]] (1965)
* "Keshaadipadam Thozhunnen" (Pakal Kinavu) (1966)
* "Oru Kochu Swapnathin" (Tharavattamma) (1966)
* "Ezhuthiyathaaraanu" (Udhyogastha) (1967)
* "Akale Akale Neelaakasham" (Midumidukki) (1968)
* "Vaikkathashtami Naalil" (Bharyamar Sookshikkuka) (1968)
* "Yamune Yadukula Rathidevanevide" (Rest House) (1969)
* "Thaane Thirinjum" (Ambalapravu) (1970)
* "Chinnum Venthaarathin" (Jeevitha Samaram) (1971)
* "Lokam Muzhuvan" (Snehadeepame Mizhi Thurakkoo) (1972)
* "Oru Varam Thedi" (Sree Guruvayoorappan) (1972)
* "Aa Nimishathinte" [[Chandrakantham]] (1974)
* "Unni Arariro" [[Avalude Ravukal]] (1978)
* "Mazhavil Kodi Kavadi" [[Swapnam]] (1973)
* "Unaroo Vegam Nee" [[Moodalmanju]] (1970)
* "Vasantha Panchami Naalil" [[Bhargavi Nilayam]] (1964)
* "Sandhye Kanneerithende" [[Madanolsavam]] (1978)
* "Ellam Neeye Shoure" (Srimad Bhagavad Geeta) (1978)
* "Malarkodi Pole" [[Vishukkani|Vishukanni]] (1977)
* "Mizhiyoram" [[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]] (1980)
* "Mouname Nirayum" [[Thakara]] (1980)
* "Naadha Neevarum Kaalocha" [[Chamaram]] (1980)
* "Oru Mayilpeeliyaay Njan" (Aniyatha Valakal) (1980)
* "Thenum Vayambum" [[Thenum Vayambum]] (1981)
* "Ettumanoor Ambalathil" (Oppol) (1981)
* "Ente Janmam Neeyeduthu" (Itha Oru Dhikkari) (1981)
* "Thumbi Vaa Thumbakudathin" [[Olangal]] (1982)
* "Swarna Mukile" [[Ithu Njangalude Katha]] (1982)
* "Oru Vattam Koodiyen" (Chillu) (1982)
* "Aadi Vaa Katte" (Koodevide) (1983)
* "Gopike Nin Viral" (Kattathe Kilikkoodu) (1983)
* "Kasthuriman Kurunne" (Kanamarayathu) (1984)
* "Yamune Ninnude Nenjil" (Yathra) (1985)
* "Moham Kondu Njan" (Shesham Kazhchayil) (1985)
* "Konchi Karayalle" [[Poomukhappadiyil Ninneyum Kaathu]] (1986)
* "Ilam Manjin Kulirumaay" (Ninnishtam Ennishtam) (1986)
* "Aa Mukham Kanda Naal" (Yuvajanotsavam) (1986)
* "Olathumbathirunnu" [[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]] (1992)
* "Kaikkudanna Niraye" [[Maya Mayooram|Mayamayooram]] (1993)
* "Chicha Chicha" (Mazhayethum Munpe) (1995)
* "Mele Mele" (No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North) (1995)
* "Sarapoli Mala" 19 April (1996)
* "Mayilay Parannu Va" [[Mayilpeelikkavu]] (1998)
* "Saandhyathaaram Thiriyanachu" (Dubai) (2001)
* " Mizhiyithalil" (Onnaman) (2002)
* "Aazha Kadalinte" (Chanthupottu) (2005)
* "Thazhampoo Thottilil" (Mizhikal Sakshi) (2008)
* "Amma Poovinum" [[10 Kalpanakal]] (2016)<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch S Janaki's last song Ammapoovinum from Malayalam movie 10 Kalpanakal |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/watch-janakis-last-song-ammapoovinum-074221813.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Tamil films ===
Janaki sang her first Tamil song in 1957. The song ''Singaravelane Deva'' from the movie ''[[Konjum Salangai]]'' brought her into the limelight in Tamil films. [[M. S. Viswanathan]] gave her many hit songs every year throughout the 60s and early 70s. It was the song ''Unnidathil ennaik kodutthen'' from [[Avalukendru Or Manam]] (1971) that consolidated her position among the most promising singers in the Tamil industry.

She sang many songs under many famous composers. [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], and Janaki produced songs together from 1970s till the 1990s. Janaki is the only singer who has won state awards under the oft-called top three music composers of the state ([[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and [[A. R. Rahman]]).

Some of her best solos in Tamil cinema are:
* "Singara Velane Deva" [[Konjum Salangai]] (1962)
* "Oho Endhan Baby" (Thennilavu) (1961)
* "Adichirukku Nallathoru Chansu" (Nallavan Vazhvan) (1961)
* "Indha Mandrathil Odi Varum" [[Policekaran Magal]] (1962)
* "Kannan Mananilayai" [[Deivathin Deivam]] (1962)
* "Pakalil Pesum Nilavinai Kanden" (Sengamala Theevu) (1962)
* "Pandhal Irundhaal" (Bandha Pasam) (1962)
* "Enguminge Iyarkaiyin Kaadchi" (Panam Panthiyile) (1962)
* "Poojaikku Vandha Malare Vaa" (Paadha Kaanikkai) (1962)
* "Raadhaikketra Kannano" (Sumaithaangi) (1962)
* "Azhagukkum Malarukkum" (Nenjam Marappathillai) (1963)
* " Aadavendum Mayile" (Arunagirinathar) (1964)
* "Neela Niram" (En Annan) (1970)
* "Malare Kurinji Malare" (Dr. Siva) (1970)
* "Vandavargal Vaazhga" (Engirundho Vandhaal) (1970)
* "Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen (Avalukendru Or Manam) (1971)
* "Konduvaa Innum Konjam" (Neerum Neruppum) (1971)
* "Azhagiya Megangal" [[Ganga Gowri (1973 film)|Ganga Gowri]](1973)
* "Ulagam Ulagam" (Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban) (1973)
* "Iravugalai Paatha" (Pattikkattu Ponnaiya) (1973)
* "Ange Varuvadhu" ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' (1974)
* "Konja Neram Ennai" (Sirithu Vazha Vendum) (1974)
* [[Annakkili]] (1976)
*# "Annakkili Unnai"
*# "Machana Parthingala"
*# "Sudhachamba Patcharisi"
* "Sendhoora Poove" [[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)
* "Kuyile Kavikkuyile" [[Kavikkuyil]] (1977)
* "Vasantha Kala Kolangal" (Thyagam) (1978)
* "Poovarasam Poo" (Kizhakke Pogum Rail) (1978)
* "Ninaivo Oru Paravai" (Sigappu Rojakkal) (1978)
* "Oru Vanavil Pole" (Kaatrinile Varum Geetham) (1978)
* "Unnidam Solven" (Mangudi Minor) (1978)
* "Kattappulle" (Bairavi) (1978)
* "Ye Paadal Ondru" (Priya) (1978)
* "Poovizhi Vaasalil Yaaradi Vandadu" (Dheepam) (1978)
* "Muthal Muthalaga" (Niram Maratha Pookkal) (1979)
* "Ninaithaal Inikkum" (Kalyanaraman) (1979)
* "Kedacha Unakku" (Azhiyatha Kolangal) (1979)
* "Azhagiya Kanne" [[Uthiripookkal]] (1979)
* "Oru Kodi" (Neeya?) (1979)
* "Sorgam Therikiradhu" (Mangala Vaathiyam) (1979)
* "Puli Varudhu" (Kuppathu Raja) (1979)
* "Vanna Vanna Poove" (Poottaatha Poottukkal) (1980)
* "Paruvame Puthiya Paadal Paadu" (Nenjathai Killathe) (1980)
* "Perai Chollava" (Guru) (1980)
* "Kanna Nee Engey" (Rusi Kanda Poonai) (1980)
* "Kaatril Endhan" [[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]] (1980)
* "Dhoorathil Naan Kanda Un Mugam" [[Nizhalgal]] (1980)
* "Enthan Kairasi Parum" (Kallukkul Eeram) (1980)
* "Entha Poovilum" (Murattu Kaalai) (1980)
* "Paruva Kaalangalin" (Moodu Pani) (1980)
* [[Ullasa Paravaigal]] (1980)
*# "Azhagu Aayiram"
*# "Naan Undan Thaayaaga"
* "Kali Bhadrakali" (Kaali) (1980)
* "Naan Neerodaiyil" (Oru Kai Osai) (1980)
* "Unnaithan Ennu" (Maria, My Darling) (1980)
* "Idhu Oru Nila Kaalam" [[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]] (1981)
* "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" [[Alaigal Oivathillai]] (1981)
* "Sangeethame" [[Koyil Puraa]] (1981)
* "Andhi Mazhai Pozhigiradhu" (Raja Paarvai) (1981)
* "Sippi Irukkuthu" (Varumayin Niram Sivappu) (1981)
* "Thalattuthe Vaanam" (Kadal Meengal) (1981)
* "Ramanin Mohanam" (Netrikkan) (1981)
* "Rojavai Thalattum Thendral" (Ninaivellam Nithya) (1981)
* "Vanthathu Nallathu" (Garjanai) (1981)
* "Megam Thiraluthadi" (Thanneer Thanneer) (1981)
* "Mani Osai" (Payanangal Mudivathillai) (1982)
* "Yethanaiyo" (Moondru Mugam) (1982)
* "Nila Kayuthu" (Sakalakalavallavan) (1982)
* "Megam Karukkudhu" (Ananda Ragam) (1982)
* "Ponmeni Urugudhe" [[Moondram Pirai]] (1982)
* "Naatham En Jeevanae" [[Kaadhal Oviyam]] (1982)
* "Sangathil Padatha" (Auto Raja) (1982)
* "Thanga Sangili" (Thooral Ninnu Pochu) (1982)
* "Santhana Kaatre" (Thanikkattu Raja) (1982)
* "Pokkirikku Pokkiri Raja" (Pokkiri Raja) (1982)
* "Ponvaanam Panneer Thoovuthu" [[Indru Nee Nalai Naan]](1983)
* "Unnai Azhaithathu" (Thaai Veedu) (1983)
* "Varudhu Varudhu" (Thoongaathey Thambi Thoongaathey) (1983)
* "En Thegam Amudham" (Oru Odai Nadhiyagiradhu) (1983)
* "Azhagu Malaraada" ''[[Vaidhegi Kaathirunthaal]]'' (1984)
* "Pillai Nila" ''[[Neengal Kettavai]]'' (1984)
* "Thaazham Poove Vaasam" (Kai Kodukkum Kai) (1984)
* "Poove Pani Poove" ''[[Nilavu Suduvathillai]]'' (1984)
* [[Naan Paadum Paadal]] (1984)
*# "Paadavaa Un Paadalai"
*# "Devan Kovil "
* "Andha Indhiralogamey" ''Ponnu Pudichirukku'' (1984)
* "Vechukkava" (Nallavanukku Nallavan) (1984)
* "Kaathalin Deepam Ondru" (Thambikku Entha Ooru)
* "Othaiyile Pen Kuthirai" (Nalla Naal) (1984)
* "Thaazham Poove Vaasam" (Kai Kodukkum Kai) (1984)
* [[Mouna Ragam]] (1986)
*# "Chinna Chinna Vannakuyil"
*# "Oho Megam Vanthatho"
* "Raasave Unna Nambi" [[Muthal Mariyathai]] (1985)
* "Vaidhegi Raman" [[Pagal Nilavu]] (1985)
* "Mullaikodi Allikadi" (Bandham) (1985)
* "Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum" (Thendrale Ennai Thodu) (1985)
* "Unakkum Enakkum" (Sri Raghavendrar) (1985)
* "Maalai Karukkalil" (Neethiyin Marupakkam) (1985)
* "Jodi Kili" (Padikkadavan) (1985)
* "Siriya Paravai" (Andha Oru Nimidam) (1985)
* "Ooru Sanam" [[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]] (1986)
* "Kannan Manam Yenna" [[Vasantha Raagam]] (1986)
* "Panneeril Nanaintha" [[Uyire Unakkaga]] (1986)
* "Enthan Uyirin" ( Mr. Bharath) (1986)
* "Manthira Punnagaiyo" (Mandhira Punnagai) (1986)
* "Sippikkul Oru Muthu" (Vikram) (1986)
* "Kaalai Mera Poonguyil" (Amman Kovil Kizhakale) (1986)
* "Melatha Mella" (Aruvadai Naal) (1986)
* "Naan Thedum Sevanthi" (Dharma Pathini) (1986)
* "Raagam Naanethan" (Viduthalai) (1986)
* "Pottu Vaiththa Nila" (Oru Iniya Udhayam) (1986)
* "Maina Oru Maina Partha" (Marumagal) (1986)
* "Thanni Thavikuthu" (Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu) (1986)
* "Kannan Vanthu" [[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]] (1987)
* "Neeradi Vaa Thenrale" [[Mangai Oru Gangai]] (1987)
* "Radha Azhaikkiral" [[Therkathi Kallan]] (1987)
* [[Agni Natchathiram]] (1988)
*# "Oru Poonga Vanam"
*# "Roja Poo Adivanthathu"
* "Vaanin Devi Varuga" (Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam) (1988)
* "Enathu Vizhi" (Solla Thudikkuthu Manasu) (1988)
* "Ennathaan Sugamo" (Mappillai) (1989)
* "Ninaithathu Yaaro" (Paattukku Oru Thalaivan) (1989)
* "Maankuyile Poonkuyile" (Karagattakkaran) (1989)
* "Vaazhavaikkum Kaathalukku Jey" (Apoorva Sagodharargal) (1989)
* "Iravu Nilavu" [[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]] (1990)
* "Sadugudu Sadugudu" (Pagalil Oru Pournami) (1990)
* "Intha Bhoomiye Enga"(Pudhu Pattu) (1990)
* "Adhi Kaalai Nilave" (Urudhi Mozhi) (1990)
* "Sundhari Neeyum" (Michael Madana Kamarajan) (1990)
* "Akkam Pakkam Yaarum Ella" (Pudhu Padagan) (1990)
* "Deva Malligai" (Nadigan) (1990)
* "Nooru Varusham" (Panakkaran) (1990)
* "Thalattum Poongkaatru" [[Gopura Vasalile]] (1991)
* "Udhayam Neeye" [[Ennarukil Nee Irunthal]] (1991)
* "Chinna Thayaval" [[Thalapathi]] (1991)
* "[[Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan]]" ([[Gunaa]]) (1991)
* "Athi Kaalai Kaatre Nillu" [[Thalaivasal (film)|Thalaivasal]] (1992)
* "Thoodhu Selvadharadi" [[Singaravelan]] (1992)
* "Ezhelu Jenma Bandham" [[Therku Theru Machan]] (1992)
* "Anthi Vanathile Oru" (Annai Vayal) (1992)
* "Inji Iduppazhagi" (Thevar Magan) (1992)
* "Adikkuthu Kuliru" (Mannan) (1992)
* "Endhan Nenjil" (Kalaignan) (1993)
* "Oru Naalum Unnai Maravadha" (Yajaman) (1993)
* "Aasai Athigam Vechu''" [[Marupadiyum]](1993)''
* "Thayilla Pillai" (Chinna Kannamma) (1993)
* "Anbe Vaa Arugile''" [[Kilipetchu Ketkava]](1993)''
* ''[[Aranmanai Kili]]'' (1993)
* "Ninaikkatha Neramillai" [[Thangakkili]](1993)
* "Ottagathai Kattikko" (Gentleman) (1993)
* "Alli Alli Veesuthama''" [[Atha Maga Rathiname]](1994)''
* "Karavai Maadu" (Magalir Mattum) (1994)
* "Chinna Chinna Sol Eduthu" (Rajakumaran) (1994)
* "Nyabagam Illaiyo" ''[[Priyanka (1994 film)|Priyanka]]'' (1994)
* "Solladha Raagangal" [[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|''Mahanadhi'']] (1994)
* "Erani Kuradhani" ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994)
* "Oru Santhana Kaattu''" [[Ellame En Rasathan]]'' (1995)
* "Sollaayo Vaaithiranthu''" [[Mogamul]]'' (1995)
* "Nenjinile Nenjinile''" [[Dil Se..|Uyire]] (1998)''
* "Kadhal Kaditham" ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' (1999)
* "Mudhalvane Ennai" ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999)
* "Margazhi Thingal Allava" ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' (1999)
* "Amma Amma" ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' (2014)

=== Telugu films ===
S Janaki started her career in Telugu films in 1957 in the film M.L.A. Movies like ''Bava Maradallu'', ''[[Pooja Phalam]]'' and ''[[Bangaru Panjaram]]'' had songs by S. Janaki which were immensely popular. She sang continuous hits throughout the 1960s and 70s, continuing this streak until about the mid 90s. S Janaki has won 12 [[Nandi awards]], 10 for films and 2 for television serial songs. A few of her solos are:

* "Nee Aasa Adiyaasa" and "Idenandi Idenandi Bhagyanagaramu" - [[M.L.A. (1957 film)|M.L.A.]] (1957)
* "Podamu Ravoi Bava" - [[Kutumba Gowravam]] (1957)
* "Anukunadanta" - [[Anna Thammudu (1958 film)|Anna Thammudu]] (1958)
* "Gaajulamma Gaajulu" - [[Karthavarayuni Katha]] (1958)
* "Le Le Le" - [[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]] (1958)
* "Yentho Yentho Vinthale" - [[Bala Nagamma (1959 film)|Bala Nagamma]] (1959)
* "Mallipoola Rangayya" - [[Banda Ramudu]] (1959)
* "Andaala O Chandamama" "Ninu Variyinchi" - [[Daiva Balam]] (1959)
* "Neeve Ninoy" "Aadu Pilla" - [[Rechukka Pagatichukka]] (1959)
* "Ayyalu Ammalu.... Suno Chinnababu" - [[Vachina Kodalu Nachindi]] (1959)
* "Dabbarasam bale nara dabbarasam" - Anna Chellelu (1960)
* "Go Go Go Gongura", "Entha Madhura", "Kalaganti Namma", "Jagamantha" and "Bhaliraa" - [[Devanthakudu (1960 film)|Devanthakudu]] (1960)
* "Theeyani Patalu" - [[Kadeddulu Ekaram Nela]] (1960)
* "O Daarinapoye Chinnavada" - [[Maa Babu]] (1960)
* "Akkayyaku Seemantham" - [[Pelli Kanuka (1960 film)|Pelli Kanuka]] (1960)
* "Nindu Punnami Eela" and "Andhamaina Baava" - [[Runanubandham]] (1960)
* "Giliginthalu" - [[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]] (1960)
* "Kanara Raja" and "Jaya Jaya Meghanatha" - [[Indrajeet (Sati Sulochana)]] (1961)
* "Idereeyi Kaadoyi" and "Niganigalaade Chirunavvu" - [[Pendli Pilupu]] (1961)
* "Adurika Ledae" - [[Sabhash Raja]] (1961)
* "Kalalalo Kavitha Latha" and "O Paluvannela Pavurama" - [[Santha (1961 film)|Santha]] (1961)
* "Yemiti Kavalo" and "Mamaiah Tirunaalaku" - [[Taxi Ramudu]] (1961)
* "Maa Kittayya Puttinadinam" and "Tappatlo Talalo" - [[Vagdanam]] (1961)
* "Neeli Meghalalo" - Bava Maradallu (1961)
* "Adadani Orachupulo" and "Englishlona Marriage" - [[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aradhana]] (1962)
* "Adagali Adagali Adigedevaro Telali" - [[Chitti Tammudu]] (1962)
* "Idhi Chakkani Lokam" - [[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]] (1962)
* "O Raayudo" - [[Gaali Medalu]] (1962)
* "Unnadhi Chepputha Vintara," "Kaaligajje Kadalakamunde," "Kalala Alalapai Telenu Manasu Malle Poovai," and "Salamalekum Sahebugaru" - [[Gulebakavali Katha]] (1962)
* "Ee Nijam Telusuko" - [[Khaidi Kannayya]] (1962)
* "Oho Oho Paavurama" - [[Manchi Manasulu]] (1962)
* "Aakashamele Andala Raje" - [[Rakta Sambandham]] (1962)
* "Ee Pagalu" - [[Siri Sampadalu]] (1962)
* "Venugaanammu Vinipinchene" Siri Sampadalu (1962)
* "Puvvu Navvenu" Siri Sampadalu (1962)
* "Varaniki Okkate Sunday" Siri Sampadalu (1962)
* "Maimarapinche Ee Sogaru" Swarna Manjari (1962)
* "Aadaenu Paadaenuga" Swarna Manjari (1962)
* "Chootham Rare" Swarna Manjari (1962)
* "Yemo Yemo Yedhalona" Swarna Manjari (1962)
* "Nava Bhavanalu" Tiger Ramudu (1962)
* "Varudhuni Pravarakyudu" Tiger Ramudu (1962)
* "Ulakaka Palakaka" Tiger Ramudu (1962)
* "Kallallo Neerendhulaku Kalakaalam Vilapinchutaku" Constable Koothuru (1963)
* "Jigi Jigelumani" Irugu Porugu (1963)
* "Nrutya Rupakam" Irugu Porugu (1963)
* "Sannajaji Chelimi Kori" Irugu Porugu (1963)
* "Virise Challani Vennela Marala Eenadu Maa Kannula" Lava Kusa (1963)
* "Jal Jal Jal" Manchi Chedu (1963)
* "Jeevana Raagam" and "Kannula Vindav Andaalu" Pempudu Koothuru (1963)
* "Zara Tahro" Savati Koduku (1963)
* "Mudamu Kanedepudo" and "Kanthude Pranamaguchu" Valmiki (1963)
* "Naravara O Kuruvara" [[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]] (1963)
* "Sevalu Cheyyale" Bobbili Yuddham (1964)
* "Sagamapa Gari", "Yichate Pondavoyi" and "Chikkevule Dora" Desa Drohulu (1964)
* "Ontiga Samayam Chikkindhi" Doctor Chakravarthy (1964)
* "Manchi Manasu" Kalavari Kodalu (1964)
* "Ponnakayavanti Police" Manchi Manishi (1964)
* "Mogunaa Ee Veena" Murali Krishna (1964)
* "Pagale Vennela", "Madhana Manasayera" and "Siva Dheeksha" [[Pooja Phalam]] (1964)
* "Are Kushi Kushi", "Bhalare Dheeruda" and "Naaku Neeve Kaavalera" Devata (1965)
* "Mavayya Chikkavayya", "Naa Kanti Velugu" and "Evare Naa Cheli" Dorikithe Dongalu (1965)
* "Nee Kanu Doyini" Gudi Gantalu (1965)
* "Dheedikku" Mangamma Sapatham (1965)
* "Nee Kaliki" and "Okaru Kavali" Manushulu Mamathalu (1965)
* "Oh Vannekaada" Pandava Vanavasam (1965)
* "O Deva Varaaha Mukha Nrusimha Sikha" + 4 songs Sri Simhachala Kshetra Mahima (1965)
* "Yevevo Chilipi Talapulu" Sumangali (1965)
* "Valapuloni" Thodu Needa (1965)
* "Kalla Kapatam" Veerabhimanyu (1965)
* "O Cinnoda" and "Emantunnadi Ni Hrudayam" Visala Hrudayalu (1965)
* "Nene Nene Letha" Zamindar (1966)
* "Cheli Yemaaye" Aggi Barata (1966)
* "Andala Chinadanini" and "Bhale Bhale Posukolu Bavaiah" Mangalasutram (1966)
* "Teeyani Tolireyi" and "Oka Megham" Palnati Yuddham (1966)
* "Idhigo Vacchithi Rathi Raajaa" and "Enaleni Aanandam" Paramanandayya Sishyula Katha (1966)
* "Andamannadi Neelo Chudali" and "Idhigo Idhigo Tamasha" Potti Pleader (1966)
* "Nadireyi Eee jamulo" and "Vennela Reyi Chandamama" Rangula Ratnam (1966)
* "Silakave" and "Rasakreeda Ika" Sangeeta Lakshmi (1966)
* "Karuninchave Tulasi Maata" Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966)
* "Kusalama Echanuntivo", "Ne Raanantina Oo Mavaiah", "Ohiri Saahiri", "Kusalamaa Kusalamaa", "Vallabhaa Priya Vallabha" and "Vasanta Gaaliki Valapulu Rega" Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnuvu Katha (1966)
* "Janani Varadayini Trilochani", "Sirisiri Lali Chinnari Lali", "Jayaho Jayaho", and "Kanulaku Veluguvu Neeve" Bhakta Prahlada (1967)
* "Uyyalo Uyyalo" and "Entha Bagunadhi" Gopaludu Bhoopaludu (1967)
* "Siggenduke Cheli" and "Sarileru Neekevvaru" Kanchu Kota (1967)
* "Ekkada Untavo" and "Manasunte Chaladule" Private Master (1967)
* "Swagatamayya" and "Hayee Veredhi" Sati Sumathi (1967)
* "Edevela Naa Valapu", "Digara Digara" and "O Sundari Kondalanni Vedikenu" Vasantha Sena (1967)
* "Hello Mr.Govula Gopanna" and "Hadapettakoi Bava" Govula Gopanna (1968)
* "Ille Kovela Challani Valape Devatha" Lakshmi Nivasam (1968)
* "Preminchuta Pillala Vantu" and "Thulli Thulli Padutondi" Manchi Kutumbam (1968)
* "Nene Unnanu Nee Kosam" Nenante Nene (1968)
* "Yelamarachinaavo" Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha (1968)
* "Thappantaavaa", "Emo Emo Idhi", "Kannu Kannu Chaera", "Laddu Laddu", and "Evaranukunnaave" Aggi Pidugu (1969)
* "Kaipekkinche Kammani Reyi" Ardharathiri (1969)
* "Nee Padamule Chaalu Raama Nee Pada Dhoolule Padivelu", "Pagalaite Doravera Raatiri Naa Raajuvula", and 3 more Bangaru Panjaram (1969)
* "Pagalaite Doravera" [[Bangaru Panjaram]] (1970)
* "Niddurapora Saami" and "Antha Thelisi Vachchane" Kodalu Diddina Kapuram (1970)
* "Sukravarapu Poddu Sirini", "Kilakila Bullammo" + 3 more Lakshmi Kataksham (1970)
* "Em Chestavoy Bullemma" Marina Manishi (1970)
* "Idigo Idigo" and "Annagarina Brathukulo" Maro Prapancham (1970)
* "Nuvvu Navvu Thunnavu" Thalla ? Pellama ? (1970)
* "Yelukora Veeraadhi Veera" + 2 more Vijayam Manade (1970)
* "Ee Daari Naa Swamy Nadichene... Rane Vacchadu" Chelleli Kapuram (1971)
* "Nallavaade" Dasara Bullodu (1971)
* "Po Po Entha Dooram" Manasu Mangalyam (1971)
* "Sarananna Vaarini" and "Chirunavvula" Pavitra Hrudayalu (1971)
* "Chinnari Maradaliki Pellavutundi" Ramalyam (1971)
* "Kalagantini", "Priya Priya", "Maatameeragalada", "Gopi Munijana" + 5 more Sri Krishna Satya (1971)
* "Je Jela Talliki" Sri Krishna Vijayamu (1971)
* "Gunna Mamidi Komma Meedha Goollu Rendunnayi" Bala Mitrula Katha (1972)
* "Nuvvu Nenu Ekkamainamu" and "Idenannamata" Koduku Kodalu (1972)
* "Inthe Inthe" Kula Gowravam (1972)
* "Chikkani Gopala Krishnudu" Sri Krishnanajaneya Yuddham (1972)
* "Madi Madi Suchi Suchi" Desoddharakulu (1973)
* "Pilla Shokillaa" Manchivallaku Manchivadu (1973)
* "Yemkavaloi Neeku" and "Netiki Mallee Maaintlo" Vaade Veedu (1973)
* "Paala Raathi Bommaku" and "Amma Nanna Jagadamlo" Ammayi Pelli (1974)
* "Nanna Ane Rendu" Deeksha (1974)
* "Gopala Nanu Palimparaava" and "Challni Swamy" Manushullo Devudu (1974)
* "Thaka Thaka Thaka" Nomu (1974)
* "Sudha Neeke" Maya Maschindra (1975)
* "Ontarigaa Unnaamu" Samsaram (1975)
* "Ra Ra O Raja" Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham (1975)
* "Chikapanta" Teerpu (1975)
* "Tell Me, Tell Me, Tell Me" America Ammayi (1976)
* "Neekaela Intha Niraasa", "Nede Thelisindhi", "Naa Madi Ninnu Pilichindi" ,"Gadasari Bulloda" and "Laila Majnu" Aradhana (1976)
* "Kallalo Unnadedo Kannulake Telusu" Anthuleni Katha (1976)
* "Idhi Maro Lokam" Bangaru Manishi (1976)
* "Siva Siva Ananelara" Bhakta Kannappa (1976)
* "Sirimalle Puvvalle Navvu, Chinnari Papalle Navvu" Jyothi (1976)
* "Diamond Rani" Neram Nadi Kadu Akalidi (1976)
* "Eesaana Nenu Needana" Vemulawada Bheemakavi (1976)
* "Yendayya Idi" Aame Katha (1977)
* "Ammathodu Abbathodu", "Ennallakennaallaku Ennellu" and "Choodara Choodara" Adavi Ramudu (1977)
* "Okata Renda Thommidi" Chanakya Chandragupta (1977)
* "Telisenule Priyaa Rasikaa" + 3 more Dana Veera Sura Karna (1977)
* "Balaraju" Edureeta (1977)
* "Anuragam" ''[[Maa Iddari Katha]]'' (1977)
* "Oh Pilla" Annadammula Savaal (1978)
* "Tholi Kodi" Athani Kante Ghanudu (1978)
* "Poonindiro Polerama" KD No.1 (1978)
* "Padaharellaku Neelo Nalo" Maro Charitra (1978)
* "Ide Melu Kolupu" and "Ide Melu Kolupu-II" Melu Kolupu (1978)
* "Sirimallepoova", "Vayasanta Mudupugatti Vastantale Adukundaam", "Kattukathalu Nenu Cheppi Navviste" and "Pantachelo Paalakanki Navvindi" [[Padaharella Vayasu]] (1978)
* "Nomallo Mamilla Tota Kada" Pranam Khareedu (1978)
* "Sannallakochchadu" and "Dikkulenni Dhaataado" Rajaputra Rahasyam (1978)
* "Tholivalapu Tondaralu" and "Abbo Neredu Pallu" Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi (1978)
* "Lathalaga Oogevollu" Sri Rama Pattabhishekam (1978)
* "Jeevitha Madhusaala" Vayasu Pilichindi (1978)
* "Yemani Cheppedi" + 2 more Andadu Aagadu (1979)
* "Andamaina Anubhavam" Andamaina Anubhavam (1979)
* "Gaalikadupu Ledu Kadalikanthu Ledu" Idi Katha Kaadu (1979)
* "Aaraneekuma Ee Deepam Karthika Deepam" and "Nee Kougililo Taladachi Nee Chetulalo Kanumoosi" Karthika Deepam (1979)
* "Ravivarmake Andani" Ravanude Ramudayithe ? (1979)
* "Nirajanam Jayanirajanam" + 2 more Sri Madvirata Parvam (1979)
* "Idhi Puvullu Pooyani" Vetagadu (1979)
* "Daa Daa Daa Daa Daa" +2 more Yugandhar (1979)
* "Ammi Olammi" Chuttalunnaru Jagratha (1980)
* "Aaakali Meedha" and "Akka Chellelu" Circus Ramudu (1980)
* 5 songs in Guru (1980)
* 2 songs in Jathara (1980)
* "Naa Manasu" Kaksha (1980)
* 3 songs in Kotha Jeevithalu
* "Radha Krishnayya" Moodu Mulla Bandham (1980)
* 2 songs in Nayakudu Vinayakudu (1980)
* "Omkaara Naadaanusandhanamou" and "Saamajavaragamana" Sankarabharanam (1980)
* "Jyothilakshmi" Sardar Paparayudu (1980)
* "Andamaina Lokamani" and "Kudirinda Rogam" Tholi Kodi koosindi (1980)
* "Nemaliki Nerpina" [[Saptapadi]] (1981)
* "Kanne Pillavani" and "Tu Hai Raja" Akali Rajyam (1981)
* "Sundaramo Sumaduramo" Amavasya Chandrudu (1981)
* "Chilakaluri Peta Chinnadaanni" Maha Purushudu (1981)
* "Aliveni Aanimutyama", "Neelalu Kaarenaa Kaalaalu", "Kalakanthi Kolakullo" and + 2 more songs Mudda Mandaram (1981)
* "Nada Nilayude Sivudu" + 3 more songs Parvathi Parameswarulu (1981)
* "Aata Tandana Tana" and "Maa Inti Alluda" Prema Mandiram (1981)
* "Germany Ke Andam" Prema Pichi (1981)
* "Hari Om Govinda" Prema Simhasanam (1981)
* "Govullu Tellana", "Bhamane Satyabhamane", "Marugelara O Raghava", "Nemaliki Nerpina Nadakalivi", "Om Jatavedase" (Sri Durga Suktam) and "Ye Kulamu Needante" [[Saptapadi]] (1981)
* "Manchi Tharunam" + 3 songs Satyam Sivam (1981)
* "Udayakirana Lekhalo" Srivari Muchatlu (1981)
* "Mallemogga" + 2 songs Swapna (1981)
* "Nadaka Hamsadhvani" + 1 song Bangaru Kanuka (1982)
* "Rasikudavani" Kalavari Samsaram (1982)
* "Meghama" Manchu Pallaki (1982)
* "Ragamo Anuragamo" Nalugu Stambhalata (1982)
* "Vinnapaalu Vinavale Vintavintalu", "Nee Jada Kucchulu Naa Medakucchulu", "Oho Taddhimi Takajhanu" and "Marugelaraa O Raaghavaa" Subha Lekha (1982)
* "Ikkada Ikkada" Swayamvaram (1982)
* Yama Kinkarudu (1982)
* "Banthee Chamanthi", "Navvindi Malle Chendu", "Urakalai Godavari", "Sande Poddula Kada" and "Vela Pala Ledu" Abhilasha (1983)
* "Kougili Isthe" Chattaniki Veyi Kallu (1983)
* "Chekkateppudavutundo" Kirayi Kotigadu (1983)
* "Emani Ne Cheli Paduduno", "Sala Sala Nanu Kavvinchanela", "Manasa Sirasa" and "Ammagade Bujjigade" Mantri Gari Viyyankudu (1983)
* "Kanubommala Pallakilpna Kanne Siggu Vadhuvayyindi" + 2 songs Nelavanka (1983)
* "Sambararala Sankranthi"and "O Bhama Nee Nomu" Oorantha Sankranthi (1983)
* "Chinnadani Konachoopu" and "Yavvanam Neeku Swagatham" Roshagadu (1983)
* "Jabili Vachindi" + 4 songs Simham Navvindi (1983)
* "Veyi Chukka" Siripuram Monagadu (1983)
* "Navarasa Baritham" + 2 songs Sivudu Sivudu Sivudu (1983)
* "Om Namah Shivaaya""Mounamana Neram" and "Baala Kanakamaya Chela [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983)
* "Pilichina Muraliki" and "Koluvaitiva Ranga Saayi" Ananda Bhairavi (1984)
* "Mallepulu Gollumannavi" Anubandham (1984)
* "Induvadana", "Om Santhi", "Manase Mykam", "Bhama Ee Thippalu" and "Sayamkalam Sagarateeram" Challenge (1984)
* "Aakesi" Devanthakudu (1984)
* "Devathalara" and "Monnarathri" Hero (1984)
* "Tadisina Andaalalo" and "Ghallu Ghalluna" Janani Janma Bhoomi (1984)
* "O Priyatama Naa Gaganama" Kanchana Ganga (1984)
* "Modhalettana Pooja" Kathanayakudu (1984)
* "Gourisankara Sringam", "Idi Naa Priya Narthana" + 3 songs Mayuri (1984)
* "Breake Vesthe" Sahasame Jeevitham (1984)
* "Vennello Godari Andam","Kukukoo Kukukoo","Nee Gaanam" and "Jilibili Palukulu" Sitaara (1984)
* "Tholisaari Mimmalni", "Manasa Thullipadake" and "Lipileni Kanti Baasa" Srivariki Premalekha (1984)
* "Navvara Navvara" Tandava Krishnudu (1984)
* "Maduram Jeevana Sangeetham" + 4 songs Vasantha Geetham (1984)
* "Keeravani", "Ekantha Vela", "Edalo Laya" and "Ilalo" (1985)
* "Telusa Neeku Telusa" + 2 songs Babai Abbai (1985)
* "Andhama Ala" and "Idhi Pandhem" Donga (1985)
* "Evevo Kalalu Kannanu" + 2 songs Jwala (1985)
* "Gumma Gumma" and "Muddo Voo Vaddu" Maha Manishi (1985)
* "Madhura Murali" + 3 songs Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu (1985)
* "Vennelaina Cheekataina" + 3 songs Pachani Kapuram (1985)
* "Venu Gana Loludiki" + 5 songs Pattabhishekam (1985)
* "Ee Chaitra Veena", "Gopemma Chethulo", "Nirantharamu"and "Vayyari Godaramma" Preminchu Pelladu (1985)
* "O Maavayyo" and "Kanda Chusi Gunde Chusi" Puli (1985)
* "Hamma Hammamma Emito" Rakta Sindhuram (1985)
* "Aakasama Neevekkada"and "Edaya Mee Daya" Vande Mataram (1985)
* "Nee Meeda" and "6 o' Clock" Vijetha (1985)
* "Ee Dhuryodhana" [[Pratighatana]] (1985)
* "Swapna Priya Swapna" + 2 songs Apoorva Sahodarulu (1986)
* "Bugga Gilluko" Brahma Rudrulu (1986)
* "Bangaru Thotalo" & "Ramba Ramba" Kaliyuga Krishnudu (1986)
* "Ee Kourava Ee Dhanava" + 4 songs Kaliyuga Pandavulu (1986)
* "Sari Sari Nee Pani Sari" & "Sogasuga Mrudanga Talam" Karu Diddina Kapuram (1986)
* "Sampenga Muddu", "Nee Pere Pranayama","Nee Moogaveenai Mogena","Akasam Bhumi Kalise" and "Oka Muddu Chalu" Kirathakudu (1986)
* "Angaanga Veeraangame" Kondaveeti Raja (1986)
* "Hayamma Hayamma" & "Porapatidhi" Ladies Tailor (1986)
* "Jatha kalise Iddaram" & "Mana Jeevithalu" Magadheerudu (1986)
* "Em Cheyanu" & "Idhigo Chettu Chaatuga" Muddula Krishnayya (1986)
* "Iruku Iruku Raikalo" Nippulanti Manishi (1986)
* "Aakasam Eenatidho"&"Yamuna Theere" Nirrekshana (1986)
* 3 songs in Punyastree (1986)
* "Muddugare Yasoda"&"Ee Toorupu Aa Paschimam" Padamati Sandhya Ragam (1986)
* "Hey Naughty","Malli Malli","Acha Acha","Giliga Gili","Nee Meeda"and "Jaya Jaya" Rakshasudu (1986)
* "Kastandhuko","Viraha Veena" and"Johar Pellama" Rendu Rellu Aaru (1986)
* "Toli Poddullo" Srinivasa Kalyanam (1986)
* "Manasu Palike","Suvvi Suvvi"and "Chinnaari Ponnaari" Swathi Muthyam (1986)
* "Singari Eedu" Veta (1986)
* "Salami Dhigo" Vikram (1986)
* 3 songs in Ajeyudu (1987)
* "Ashadam Vacchindhi" and "Banthi Pula Bavayya" Allari Krishnayya (1987)
* "Are Emaindhi" + 3 songs Aaradhana (1987)
* "Yerra Yerrani Bugga" and "Kamalam Kamalam" Agni Putrudu (1987)
* "Aadindhe Aata" and "Ammaa Abbaa" Bhale Mogudu (1987)
* "Kattukunna Mogude" and "Mallepoovu" Bhanumati Gari Mogudu (1987)
* "Anando Brahma" and "Vayyarama Nee Yavvaramemi" Bhargava Ramudu (1987)
* "Anando Brahma" and "Vannelaraani Kinnerasaani" Charkravarthy (1987)
* "O Chinuku" +2 songs Dharmapatni (1987)
* "Kokammaa Cheppammaa"and "Nee Kokakintha" Donga Mogudu (1987)
* "Tholisaari Thelisindi" and "Jebulu Kotte" Gandhinagar Rendo Veedhi (1987)
* "Hawa Hawai Choopokati" and ""Pora Kuyya" Jebu Donga (1987)
* "Kurise Megalu" + 2 songs Kirayi Dada (1987)
* "Emandii Illaalugaaruu" Lawyer Suhasini (1987)
* "Kondavagai Kodenagai" Madana Gopaludu (1987)
* "Sumam Pratisumam","Konalo"and "Matarani" Maharshi (1987)
* "Adagandhe Ammaina"and "Hey Hey Hero" Makutamleni Maharaju (1987)
* "Kashmiri Loyalo" + 2 songs Pasivadi Pranam (1987)
* "Sitrabngi Pilindi" President Gari Abbai (1987)
* "Vaanemi Chestundi" Ramu (1987)
* "Orori Sureeda"and"Suvvi Gopalude" Sahasa Samrat (1987)
* "Toli Poddullo" Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987)
* "Mera Jootha Hai Japani" and "Sri Saaradaamba" Sruthilayalu (1987)
* "Paaraahushaar","Sinnii Sinnii Korikaladagaa","Hello Hello Darling","Siggoo Poobanti"and"Kaamudu Kaamudu" Swayam Krushi (1987)
* "Mangchaav Mangchaav"and"Bye Bye Bye" Trimurthulu (1987)
* "Look At Me" Vijetha Vikram (1987)
* "Swathi Chinuku" Akhari Poratam (1988)
* "Manchu Kurise""Chukkalanti""Rangulalo Kalavo" (1988)
* "Adenu Oka Puvvalle" Asthulu Anthasthulu (1988)
* "Naa Villu Harivillu" Bava Marudula Saval (1988)
* "Chakkiligili Chikkulamudi"and"Kotta Pellikutura"Bazaar Rowdy (1988)
* 3 Songs in Bharatamlo Bala Chandrudu (1988)
* 2 Songs in Brahma Puthrudu (1988)
* 4 Songs in Chikkadu Dorakadu (1988)
* 2 Songs in Chinababu (1988)
* 3 Songs in Chuttalabbayi (1988)
* 2 Songs in Donga Pelli (1988)
* "Asale Kasi Kasi" Donga Ramudu (1988)
* "Alaa Choodaboku" Inspector Pratap (1988)
* "Lagi Jigi" and "Edi Swathi Jallu" Jamadagni (1988)
* "Ni Charanam Kamalam" Janaki Ramudu (1988)
* "Samsara Jeevitham", "Muddoche Bulbul Pita"and "O Vayyari" Jeevana Jyothi (1988)
* "Repo Mapo Pellanta" Jhansi Rani (1988)
* "Guvva Gorinka Tho""Righto Atto Ito""Atu Amalapuram" "Chali Gali Kottindamma" Khaidi No.786 (1988)
* 3 songs in Mugguru Kodukulu (1988)
* "Premante Mosamani" Murali Krishnudu (1988)
* 2 songs in Prana Snehithulu (1988)
* 5 songs in Ramudu Bheemudu (1988)
* "Sa Sa Saragaladali" and "Madhura Madhura Meevela" Rao Gari Illu (1988)
* 4 Songs in Rowdy No.1 (1988)
* 4 Songs in Sahasam Cheyara Dimbaka (1988)
* "Eynadu""Nuvvuna""Telisindile""Mallika Pogadaku""Siggestonda"and "Vennelai Padana" Sri Kanakamahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe (1988)
* "Kothaga Rekkalochena"and"Aathmathvam" Swarnakamalam (1988)
* 4 Songs in Thodallullu (1988)
* "Pedda Pedda Kalla" Tiragabadda Telegubidda (1988)
* "Lovely Lakumuki""Natukottudu"and"Chempala Kempula" Trinetrudu (1988)
* "Seetarama Swamy" Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988)
* "Vanajallu Gillutunte"and "Pillatoti" Yamudiki Mogudu (1988)
* 5 Songs in Agni (1989)
* "Endaro Mahanubhavulu"and"Jhanak Jhanak" Ashoka Chakravarthy (1989)
* 4 songs in Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu (1989)
* 3 songs in Bala Gopaludu (1989)
* 5 songs in Bhale Donga (1989)
* 2 songs in Dharma Teja (1989)
* 4 songs in Dhruva Nakshatram (1989)
* 1 songs in Gaduggayi (1989)
* "Om Namaha" Geethanjali (1989)
* 4 songs in Goonda Rajyam (1989)
* "Achulu Padaharu" "Idi Saragamlerugani Raagamu" Hai Hai Nayaka (1989)
* "Sandhya Ragapu Sarigamalo" and "Dora Dora Donga Muddu" Indrudu Chandrudu (1989)
* 2 songs in Koduku Diddina Kapuram (1989)
* "Jivvumani Kondagali", "Padaharella Vayasu" + 2 songs in Lankeswarudu (1989)
* "Ye Bapu Neerpinidi" + 4 songs in Mouna Poratam (1989)
* 2 songs in Muddula Mavayya (1989)
* "Premalekha Raasa"and "Ichcohuko" Muthyamantha Muddu (1989)
* 2 songs in Ontari Poratam (1989)
* "Sarasalu" in Siva (1989)
* 3 songs in Swathi Chinukulu
* "One Two Three" + 2 songs in Two Town Rowdy (1989)
* 4 songs in Vicky Daada (1989)
* 2 songs in Vijay (1989)
* 5 songs in Ayudham (1990)
* 5 songs from Aggi Ramudu (1990)
* "Idi Cheragani Prema" & "Goranta Deepam" Ankusam (1990)
* "Prematho" Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata (1990)
* "Ayyo Ayyo" "Kanya Kumari" and "Odante Vinade" Bobbili Raja (1990)
* 2 songs from Chaitanya (1990)
*"Yamaho Nee""Priyatama" and "Andalalo" Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari (1990)
*"Kola Kolamma""Tip Top""Sri Anjaneyam"and "Devi Sambavi" Kondaveeti Dongs (1990)
* "Baalayya Baalayya" and "Dasara Vachindayya" Lorry Driver (1990)
* "Osi Manasa Neeku Thelusa" and "Kondallo Bada O Konallo" Neti Siddhardha (1990)
* 4 songs from Prananiki Pranam (1990)
* "Swathi Muthyapu" + 5 songs in Prema Yuddham (1990)
* "Ellelo" in Raja Vikramarka (1990)
* 3 songs in Rao Garintlo Rowdy (1990)
* "Raasaleela Vela" "Centurilu Kottey Vayassu" and "Suramodamu" Aditya 369 (1991)
* "Hello Guru" "Mila Mila" and "Epudepudepudani" Nirnayam (1991)
* 7 songs in Shanti Kranthi (1991)
* 1 song in Stuartpuram Police Station (1991)
* "Jijinaka Jinkara" in Surya IPS (1991)
* "Pavuramaa Pavuramaa" + 3 songs in Aa Okkati Adakku (1991)
* 3 songs from Asadhyulu (1992)
* 3 songs from Aswamedham (1992)
* "Madhurame Sudha Ganam""Oho Oho Bujji Pavurama""Aa Roju Naa Rani" and "Abbo Emi Vinta" Brundavanam (1992)
* "Bullipitta" in Chinarayudu (1992)
* "Muddhuto Shrungara Beetu" "Are Inka Janka" and "Pelliki Munde Okka Sari"[[Dharma Kshetram]] (1992)
* 3 songs from Killer (1992)
* 2 songs from Raguluthnna Bharatham (1992)
* "Kotha Pittaro Kokko" Detective Narada (1993)
* 5 songs from Tholi Muddhu (1993)
* "Narudaa O Narudaa" and "Ambaa Shambavi" [[Bhairava Dweepam]] (1994)
* "Rajashekara" in Mugguru Monagallu (1994)
* "Bandenaka Bandi" in Palnati Pourusham (1994)
* "Pakka Gentleman Ni" in Super Police (1994)
* "Errani Kurrathani" in [[Kaadhalan]] - (D) (1994)
* 3 songs from Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam (1996)
* "Ramudu Mechina Udatha" in Mama Bagunnava (1997)
* "Pullalla Mantivi" in Osey Ramulamma (1997)
* "Suridu Poova" in Anthahpuram (1998)
* 5 songs from Pape Naa Pranam (1998)
* "Okkari Kosam" in Kshemanga Velli Labhanga Randi (2000)
* "Maha Kanaka Durga" in Devullu (2000)
* "Amma Ane Pilichi" in Simharasi (2001)

=== Hindi films ===
Composer [[Bappi Lahiri]] was impressed by a Hindi song sung by S Janaki for a Tamil movie, when he visited [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Studio]]. He decided to have songs sung by her in his upcoming Hindi movies and introduced her to Bollywood.<ref name="YouTube" /> She sang many duets with singer [[Kishore Kumar]].

Some of her notable Hindi songs are
* "Prabhu more awgun chit na dharo" and "Ayo prabhat sab mil gaayo" - [[Sur Sangam]] (1985)
* "Yaar Bina Chain Kahan Re" and "Jawan Hai Dil Jawan Hain Hum" - [[Saaheb]] (1985)
* "Aayaa jab se tu dil mein" - [[Jhoothi]] (1985)
* "Sun Rubia Tumse Pyar Ho Gaya" - [[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]] (1985)
* "Mamla Gadbad Hai" and "Aankhen do" - [[Dharm Adhikari]] (1986)
* "Tune mera doodh piya" [[Aakhree Raasta]] (1986)
* "Pag Paadam" [[Naache Mayuri]](1986)
* "Dil mein ho tum" [[Satyamev Jayate (film)|Satyamev Jayate]] (1987)
* "Main tere liye" [[Main Tere Liye]] (1989)
* "Poocho Na Kaisa Maza" [[Awwal Number]] (1990)
* "Gopala Gopala* Humse Hai Muquabala (1994)

=== Odia films ===
Janaki sang many evergreen songs in [[Odia language|Odia]]. She has sung about 68 songs in Odia films. Her songs are still popular today, and she also won 1 [[Orissa State Film Award]] for [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia film]] ''Sata Kebe Luchi Rahena'' (1986)

=== Other languages ===

Janaki also sang a few songs in other languages.
* One Japanese song in [[Adutha Veettu Penn]] (1960)
* One German song in [[Puthu Paatu]] (1990)
* One English song in [[Swayamkrushi]] (1986)
* One French song (uncredited)
* One [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] song in (Mal Peedi Prema Wrukshaye) (1959).

== Collaboration with Music Directors ==

Janaki has worked with music directors of different generations. From the early 1960s she was given songs by composers mainly in Kannada and Malayalam films. Though she sang fewer songs in Telugu and Tamil during the beginning of her career, she went on to rule the playback industry across all four south Indian languages from the mid 1970s.

=== G. K. Venkatesh ===
[[G. K. Venkatesh]] was one of the early composers who brought a renaissance in Kannada film music.
He started composing for more films from the early 1960s and went on to give some remarkable songs to Janaki. Two songs that need special mention from this combination are "Nambide ninna naadhadevate" from [[Sandhya Raga]] and "Karedaru kelade" from [[Sanaadi Appanna]]: both became very popular.
Dr. Rajkumar, who had begun his acting career in the 1950s, got to sing his first duet with Janaki – "[https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/thumbithu-manava/NF4Rcg1hbh4 Tumbitu Manavaa]" – for the film "Mahishasura Mardini" in which he played the villain.

=== M. Ranga Rao ===
[[M. Ranga Rao]] was one of the composers who contributed memorable songs to Kannada film music.
He collaborated with Janaki for many films, including [[Edakallu Guddada Mele]] ("Sanyasi Sanyasi") directed by Puttanna Kanagal. Ranga Rao composed memorable duets sung by Dr. Rajkumar and Janaki for "Vasanta Geeta", "Hosabelaku", and "Samayada Gombe".

For Hosabelaku, Ranga Rao composed a melodious tune for a poem by Rashtrakavi [[Kuvempu]] "Teredide Mane O Baa Atithi" and Janaki sung this along with another legendary singer, [[Vani Jayaram]].

=== M. S. Baburaj ===
The earliest recognised collaboration of Janaki's was with the Malayalam composer [[MS Baburaj]], who specialised in Hindustani music. Under his direction, Janaki was able to give voice to some of Kerala's best loved film songs of all time during the 1960s and early 1970s. The songs they've worked on have been known for their outward expressions, both in voice and the composition by itself. Some of Janaki's best known solos come from this collaboration, including ''Vasantha Panchami Naalil'' ([[Bhargavi Nilayam]]), ''Anjana Kannezhuthi'' ([[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]) and ''Thaane Thirinjum Marinjum'' ([[Ambalapravu]]).

=== Ilaiyaraaja ===
[[Ilaiyaraaja]] knew about Janaki's vocal range and versatility when he worked with G. K. Venkatesh. When he got a chance to compose music for his debut film [[Annakkili]] (1976) he asked Janaki to sing 3 songs which became immensely popular, beginning an era in Tamil cinema. This combination churned out hits after hits pushing S Janaki to the numero uno position for at least the next 2 decades. S Janaki won 4 state awards in Tamil in his compositions. He explored her voice in wide variety of songs, and she became the first choice for songs with village background.

She sang most of her duets with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. J. Yesudas]], and [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]]. Ilaiyaraaja himself sang around 200 duets with Janaki; most were chart busters. After Ilaiyaraaja started giving more songs to S. Janaki, other music composers followed by making her sing their top hits.

=== Rajan–Nagendra ===
Janaki was a part of almost all their albums. During the initial days, RN gave many duets to PBS-SJ. Later their main singers were SPB and Janaki. Radios called the pair of SPB and S Janaki as "Love Birds" and are termed to be the "Best singing pair" in Kannada cinema, owing mainly to their romantic duets composed by Rajan–Nagendra in the 1970s and 80s.<ref>[http://www.sjanaki.net/kannada/with-spb With S P Balasubramanyam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215215848/http://www.sjanaki.net/kannada/with-spb |date=15 February 2019 }}. Sjanaki.net (22 April 2011). Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref> In terms of numbers, it was Rajan–Nagendra who gave maximum songs to Janaki after Ilaiyaraaja. Some top hit songs came from movies such as Eradu Kanasu, Hombisilu, Gaali Maathu, Pavana Ganga, Avala Hejje, Chandana Gombe, Naa Ninna Bidalare and the list continues.

=== Hamsalekha ===
By the end of 80s [[Hamsalekha]] established himself as the top music composer in Kannada cinema pushing all the veteran composers to the background. His strong association with actor [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] resulted in many hit songs. Janaki was his first choice during the initial days of his career. SPB-SJ-HL created some of the evergreen duets in movies like [[Premaloka]] and [[Ranadheera]]. Janaki worked in more than 40 films with Hamsalekha and sang all-time hit solos and duets.

=== Vijaya Bhaskar ===
Though his main singers were P Susheela in 60s and Vani Jayaram and Chitra in 70s and 80s, he gave some of his best compositions to Janaki in movies like [[Gejje Pooje]], [[Bellimoda]], [[Upasane]], and [[Seetha (1970 film)]]. "Gaganavu ello bhoomiyu ello" remains one of the most memorable songs of Janaki.

=== A. R. Rahman ===
During the '90s, Janaki sang many great Tamil and Telugu songs for [[A. R. Rahman]] at the early stage of his career. Songs like "Ottagatha Kattiko", "Gopala Gopala", "Nenjinele", "Kadhal Kaditham Theetave", "Mudhalvane", "Endhan Nenjil", and "Margali Thingal" are still popular. She won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Margazhi Thinkal Allava" from the film [[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]] under his composition.

== Legacy and popularity ==
Janaki has done a wide range of voice modulation according to the age of the character in all four South Indian languages. Tamil Nadu state award for "Poda poda pokka" song from [[Uthiripookkal]] (1979) and Andhra Pradesh State award for "Govullu tellana" song from [[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]. The song "Kanna nee engey" from the Tamil film [[Rusi Kanda Poonai]] (1980), also penned by her, was sung entirely by Janaki in a child's voice. So was the song "Mummy Mummy" sung by her from the Malayalam film [[Ee Thanalil Ithiri Nerum]] (1985). Songs she sang in kids-voice in 70s in Kannada too were popular, one such song is "Thayiya thandeya" from the film [[Madhura Sangama]] (1978). She sang many such songs for many different characters of different ages. She sang more than 48000+ songs across all languages.

== Awards and honours ==

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 25em; text-align: center; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+Awards
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Awards
| style="background:#cec; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Wins
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
[[National Film Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|{{won|11}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Andhra Pradesh State Film Awards]]
|{{won|10}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|6}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
[[Karnataka Rajyotsava award]]
|{{won|1}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
[[Orissa State Film Award]]
|{{won|1}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
Total
|{{won|33}}
|}

;[[National Film Awards]]:
[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]

* 1977 – (Song: "Senthoora Poove") ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'',[[Tamil cinema|Tamil Film]]
* 1981 – (Song: "Ettumanoorambalathil") ''[[Oppol]]'', [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam Film]]
* 1984 – (Song: "Vennello godari andham") ''[[Sitaara]]'', [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Film]]
* 1992 – (Song: "Inji Iduppazhagha") ''[[Devar Magan]]'', [[Tamil cinema|Tamil Film]]

;[[Mirchi Music Awards]]:
* 2015 – Lifetime achievement award – South {{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] – 1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/lifetime-achievement-award-south-winners-down-the-years-6684.html |title=Lifetime Achievement Award (South) winners down the years... |work=filmfare.com |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714032840/http://www.filmfare.com/features/lifetime-achievement-award-south-winners-down-the-years-6684.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:
[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
* 1970 – ''Sthree''
* 1972 – ''[[Pulliman (1972 film)|Pulliman]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralafilmchamber.com/home/AwardDetails/135 |title=Awards |work=Kerala Film Chamber |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522003505/http://www.keralafilmchamber.com/home/AwardDetails/135 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1974 – ''[[Chandrakantham]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |title=STATE FILM AWARDS |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>
* 1976 – ''[[Aalinganam]]''<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |title=+++++++++++++ official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT OF KERALA +++++++++++++ |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>
* 1977 – ''[[Madanolsavam]]''<ref name=":0" />
* 1979 – ''[[Thakara]]''<ref name=":0" />
* 1980 – ''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]'',''[[Chamaram]]'', ''[[Aniyatha Valakal]]''<ref name=":0" />
* 1981 – Various films<ref name=":0" />
* 1982 – Various films<ref name=":0" />
* 1983 – Various film<ref name=":0" />
* 1984 – ''[[Kanamarayathu]]''<ref name=":0" />

;[[Nandi Awards]] (Andhra Pradesh State Film, Music, Television and Arts Awards)
[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
* 1980 – ''Sri Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari Mahatyam''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1981 – ''[[Sapthapadhi]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1983 – ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1985 – ''[[Pratighatana]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1986 – ''Aruna Kiranam''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1988 – ''[[Janaki Ramudu]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1994 – ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1997 – ''Thodu''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1998 – ''[[Antahpuram (1998 film)|Anthapuram]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} for the song "Suridu Puvva..."
* 2000 – ''Sri Sai Mahima''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
* 1970 – ''Namma Kuzhanthaigal''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1977 – ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' ''[[Song: Senthoora poove]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1979 – ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' ''[[Song: Azhagiya kanne]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1981 – ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1982 – ''[[Kaadhal Oviyam]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1999 – ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' ''[[Song: Margazhi thingal]]''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

;[[Orissa State Film Awards]]
* 1986 – Best Female Playback Singer – ''Sata Kebe Luchi Rahena''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

;[[Filmfare Awards]]
* 1986: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] – Nomination – "Yaar Bina Chain Kahan Re (''[[Saaheb]]'')

;Special Honours
* 1986 – [[Kalaimamani]] from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.Janaki-Playback singer-personalities- Musicians |url=https://www.webindia123.com/music/musicians/janaki.htm |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=webindia123.com}}</ref>
* 1987 – Sursinger Award for ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'' (Hindi Version){{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 1992 – Paavender Bharathidasan Award (Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award)
* 1997 – [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darpan |first=Pratiyogita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOgDAAAAMBAJ&q=tamil+filmfare+award&pg=PA791 |title=Competition Science Vision |date=August 1998 |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |language=en |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418065212/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOgDAAAAMBAJ&q=tamil%20filmfare%20award&pg=PA791 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2002 – Cinema 'Achiever Award' from the [[Government of Kerala]]{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 2001 – Special Jury [[Swaralaya Yesudas Award]] for outstanding performance in music{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* 2006 – Favourite Female Playback Singer [[Vijay Awards]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* 2009 – [[Honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Mysore]] for contributions to Kannada Cinema<ref name="doctorate">{{cite web |date=15 March 2009 |title=Kannada composers laud S Janaki for doctorate honor |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/kannada-composers-laud-s-janaki-for-doctorate-honour_25461.htm |access-date=11 August 2012 |publisher=Zee News |archive-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730103431/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/kannada-composers-laud-s-janaki-for-doctorate-honour_25461.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2009 |title=Mysore Varsity confers doctorate on playback singer Janaki |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Mysore-Varsity-confers-doctorate-on-playback-singer-Janaki/articleshow/4239143.cms |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520013233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Mysore-Varsity-confers-doctorate-on-playback-singer-Janaki/articleshow/4239143.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2011 – "Basava Bhushan" Award from Karnataka{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* 2012 – Evergreen Voice of Indian Cinema [[Vijay Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/Photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=251286705 |title=Vairamuthu, S Janaki – On-Spot: Vijay Music Awards 2012 |publisher=MSN |date=5 November 2012 |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002184522/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/Photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=251286705 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2013 – Maa Music Life Time achievement award by Maa Music Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/maamusic2013-lifetimejanaki.html |title=MAA music life time achievement award 2013 to S Janaki – Telugu cinema news |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=19 January 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214330/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/maamusic2013-lifetimejanaki.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2013 – [[Padma Bhushan]] Award from Government of India (She refused to accept it citing too late and too little)<ref name="CNN-IBN">{{cite news |title=Veteran singer S Janaki refuses to accept Padma Awards |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/317932/veteran-singer-s-janaki-refuses-to-accept-padma-awards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303190330/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/317932/veteran-singer-s-janaki-refuses-to-accept-padma-awards.html |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>
* 2013 – Lifetime Achievement Award from [[Udaya Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Eng |first=David |url=http://www.chinokino.com/2013/03/2013-udaya-film-awards-winners.html |title=2013 Udaya Film Awards – winners |publisher=Chino Kino |date=6 March 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104074601/http://www.chinokino.com/2013/03/2013-udaya-film-awards-winners.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2014 – [[Karnataka Rajyotsava award]], the second highest civilian award of the [[Karnataka]] state, by the Government of Karnataka in 2014<ref name="S Janaki Receive Award">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/117767.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104053334/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/117767.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2014 |title=S Janaki Receive Award |work=indiaglitz.com |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
* 2014 – [[Dr. Rajkumar Award|Dr. Rajkumar Lifetime Achievement Award]] for the contribution to the Kannada Cinema
* 2015 – Life Time Achievement Award from Radio Mirchi for Outstanding Contribution in all South Indian Languages [Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu]<ref name="S Janaki Receive Award" />
* 2016 – [[SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award]] for Outstanding Contribution in all South Indian Languages{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*2018 – Santosham Lifetime Achievement Award at [[16th Santosham Film Awards]].
* 2018 June 5 – SPB National Award by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].
* 2019– First Recipient of the [[MS Subbulakshmi]] National Award for immense contribution to the field of music, Tamil Nadu State Government{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

;Other Awards
* First Recipient of M S Baburaj Award{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* First Recipient of P. Susheela trust National Award{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
*First Recipient of V Dakshinamoorthi Award<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041822/http://www.dakshinamoorthysangeetholsavam.com/dakshinamoorthy-awards/ Dakshinamoorthi Awards]. dakshinamoorthysangeetholsavam.com</ref>
* Madhavapeddi Sathyam Award{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* Vayalar Award for contribution to Malayalam Film Music{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* Geeta Dutt Award from Andhra Pradesh Government{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* Chi Udayashankar Award<ref>[http://www.viggy.com/english/current_udayshankar_award.asp PB, SP and S. Janaki to receive Udayshankar Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201045626/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_udayshankar_award.asp |date=1 December 2020 }}. Viggy.com (13 March 2011). Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref>
* Sangeetha Ganga Gayana Award{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* Sangeetha Rathna by Sangeetha Kalavedika{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* Singer of the Century Award{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* Manna Dey Puraskaar in 2014{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* Singer Jikki Award in 2014{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* First Recipient of Ramu Karyat Foundation Award{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* Gulf Malayalam Musical Award{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYo0pdkewLnRTX064IvOnqYN7aZcaFJ48 Selected Songs of S Janaki]
* {{IMDb name|0754169}}
{{National Film Award Best Female Playback Singer}}
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South}}
{{SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janaki, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2014]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language singers]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

1980 Nepal earthquake

2026-03-15T21:19:59Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding the page from scratch!

{{Short description|1980 earthquake in the Nepal–India border}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 1980 Nepal earthquake
| timestamp = 1980-07-29 14:58:40
| anss-url = usp0001959
| isc-event = 642643
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = {{Location map+ | Nepal
|places =
{{Location map~|Nepal|lat=29.58|long=81.05|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 250
| float = right
| caption =
| relief =yes}}
| local-date = 29 July 1980
| local-time = 20:28:40
| duration = 20 seconds
| magnitude = 6.6 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name="ISC-GEM"/>
| depth = {{convert|15.0|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="ISC-GEM"/>
| location = {{coord|29.58|81.05|region:IN_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name="ISC-GEM"/>
| fault = [[Main Himalayan Thrust]]<ref name="Ghazoui et al.">{{cite journal |author1=Z. Ghazoui |author2=S. Bertrand |author3=K. Vanneste |author4=Y. Yokoyama |author5=J. Nomade |author6=A. P. Gajurel |author7=P. A. van der Beek |title=Potentially large post-1505 AD earthquakes in western Nepal revealed by a lake sediment record |journal=Nature Communications |date=2019 |volume=10 |issue=2258 |page=2258 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-10093-4 |pmid=31113962 |pmc=6529449 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.2258G }}</ref>
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Reverse]]
| affected = [[Uttarakhand]] & [[Nepal]]
| damage = [[United States dollar|$]] 245 million<ref name="NGDC"/>`
| intensity = {{MMI|8}}
| pga =
| tsunami =
| landslide =
| foreshocks = 5.7 {{M|b}}
| aftershocks =
| casualties = 200 dead, 5,600 injured
}}

The '''1980 Nepal earthquake''' devastated the [[Nepal–India border]] region on the evening of July 29. The epicenter of the 6.6 {{M|w|link=y}} earthquake was located in [[Nepal]], northwest of [[Khaptad National Park]].<ref name="ANSS">{{cite web |title=M 6.5 – 40 km NNE of Dipayal, Nepal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0001959/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> At least 200 people died and 5,600 were injured in the disaster. Extensive damage occurred on both sides of the border, amounting to 245 million [[United States dollar|USD]] (828.9 million in 2022).

==Tectonic setting==
The Himalaya is located at the [[convergent boundary]] where active convergence leads to [[continental collision]]. The India and Eurasian plates began colliding approximately 50 million years ago when the [[Tethys Ocean]] closed. The [[Main Himalayan Thrust]] (MHT), a [[decollement]] structure, defines the boundary between the [[Indian plate]] and [[Eurasian plate]]. The convergent zone also contains three other major faults; the [[Main Boundary Thrust]] (MBT), [[Main Central Thrust]] (MCT) and [[South Tibetan Detachment]] (STD). At the surface, the Main Himalayan Thrust propagates along the [[Main Frontal Thrust]]. These faults runs for approximately 2,300 km in an east–west direction, parallel to the southern foothills of the [[Lower Himalayan Range]] from [[Assam]], through [[Nepal]], and into [[Pakistan]]. This major [[thrust fault]] dips to the north, beneath the Himalaya at a shallow angle. It is the source of most of Himalayan earthquakes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=John|date=14 June 2016|title=Study: Nepal Could Be Due for Another Major Earthquake|publisher=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-13/nepal-could-be-hit-by-another-major-earthquake-say-scientists|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref><ref name="Himalayan earthquakes">{{cite journal |last1=Bilham |first1=Roger |title=Himalayan earthquakes: a review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2019 |volume=483 |issue=1 |pages=423–482 |doi=10.1144/SP483.16 |bibcode=2019GSLSP.483..423B |url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/483/1/423 |access-date=23 April 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Earthquakes on the convergent boundary are megathrust events that repeat every few centuries. Large Himalayan earthquakes including those in [[1505 Lo Mustang earthquake|1505]], [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|1934]] and [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake|1950]] with magnitudes of 8.0 to 8.9 were the result of rupturing the MHT. These events generated surface ruptures by breaching the surface via the Main Frontal Thrust. The [[Uttarakhand]] and west Nepal segment of the MHT was responsible for the {{M|w}} 7.8 [[1803 Garhwal earthquake]] as well as two smaller but deadly events in [[1991 Uttarkashi earthquake|1991]] and [[1999 Chamoli earthquake|1999]]. Deadly earthquakes occurred in 1966, and an {{M|w}} 7.0 struck the same region in 1916.

==Earthquake==
The earthquake occurred as the result of shallow [[thrust fault]]ing on the MHT boundary fault, between the MCT and the MBT. The [[earthquake rupture|rupture]] mechanism occurred on two separate fault planes; the latter corresponding to thrust faulting.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |author1=Vinod Singh |title=Earthquake of July 1980 in Far Western Nepal |journal=Journal of Nepal Geological Society |date=1982 |volume=2 |issue=2 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JNGS/article/view/32530}}</ref> A small right-lateral strike-slip component was measured as well.<ref name="Nakanishi & Kanamori">{{cite journal |author1=Ichiro Nakanishi |author2=[[Hiroo Kanamori]] |title=Source mechanisms of twenty-six large, shallow earthquake (M_S ≧ 6.5) during 1980 from P-wave first motion and long-period Rayleigh wave data |journal=[[Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America]] |date=1984 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=805–818 |doi=10.1785/BSSA0740030805 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/49160/1/805.full.pdf |issn=0037-1106}}</ref>

==Damage and casualties==
The [[mainshock]] was preceded by a strong 5.7 {{M|b}} [[foreshock]] almost three hours prior.<ref name="Aft5.7">{{cite web |title=M 5.7 – 31 km ENE of Dipayal, Nepal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0001955/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> Severe shaking lasted 20 seconds during the mainshock. The death toll would have been higher if not for the foreshock which had residents on high alert, and driven them out of their homes.

A total of 13,258 homes were destroyed, making at least 30,000 homeless. The greatest damage was situated in a narrow zone between northwest Darchula and southeast Bajhang. An inspection after the earthquake found that tall buildings were the most damaged. Houses with heavy roofs made of [[slate]] were also found to be greatly affected. The report concluded that weak foundations and haphazard construction practices were responsible for the extensive damage observed.<ref name="Manandhar">{{citation |last1=Manandhar |first1=Ramesh |title=People's earthquake engineering in Nepal |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/8_vol7_875.pdf}}</ref>

In the village of Moribagad, damage was minimal. The limited damage was, according to residents, because they followed the rules of their goddess. The rule stated that residents must not build a house with more than two floors, as a middle floor is forbidden. The next rule forbids slate roofs which were heavy, hence residents constructed lightweight [[thatch]] roofs.<ref name="Manandhar" />

The [[Mahakali Zone|Mahakali]] and [[Seti Zone]]s suffered major impacts. Three districts in the zone; [[Bajhang District|Bajhang]], [[Baitadi District|Baitadi]], and [[Bajura District|Bajura]] were the most affected. Up to 40 people died in the districts and 2,000 were injured. An additional 5,000 families were left without homes.<ref name="USAID">{{cite web |author1=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |title=Disaster Case Report: NEPAL – Earthquake |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAH060.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109035812/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAH060.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 9, 2022 |publisher=[[Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance]] |location=Washington D.C. |date=29 July 1980}}</ref>

Several major towns in [[Darchula District]] were obliterated. At least 90 schools were totally destroyed in Bajhang. The [[Rastriya Samachar Samiti]] (RSS) reported 12 district official and 21 village buildings, as well as 65 temples were also destroyed. The cost of damage in the district was $10.3 million. Telecommunication services were affected, as did army barracks and police stations suffer damage. The earthquake occurred during the monsoon season which further affected communications and transport services in the aftermath due to [[landslide]]s.<ref name="USAID" />

==See also==
* [[List of earthquakes in 1980]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Nepal]]
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name="ISC-GEM">{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2018) |url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2022|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 9.1}}</ref>
<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929000601/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 29, 2006|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year=1972|type = Data Set}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
* {{EQ-isc-link|642643}}

{{Earthquakes in 1980}}
{{Earthquakes in Nepal}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}
{{Disasters in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:1980 earthquakes]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Nepal]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:Sudurpashchim Province]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand (1947–present)]]
[[Category:July 1980 in Asia]]
[[Category:1980 in Nepal]]
[[Category:1980 in India]]
[[Category:Uttarkashi district]]
[[Category:1980 disasters in India]]
[[Category:1980 disasters in Nepal]]
[[Category:1980s in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bhim Sain Bassi

2026-03-15T19:01:03Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding basic entry w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Bhim Sain Bassi
|office = 19th [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi]]
|image = Kiren Rijiju inspecting the guard of honour, during his visit to the Delhi Police Headquarters, in New Delhi on December 30, 2014. The Delhi Police Commissioner, Shri B.S. Bassi is also seen.jpg
|caption =
Minister of State for Home Affairs Kiren Rijiju inspecting the guard of honour, accompanied by CP Delhi, B.S. Bassi, in 2014

|predecessor = [[Neeraj Kumar (police officer)|Neeraj Kumar]]
|successor = [[Alok Verma]]
|office2 = Special Commissioner of Police (Traffic) [[Delhi Police]]
|predecessor2 =
|successor2 = Sudhir Yadav
|office1 = Special Commissioner of Police (Administration) [[Delhi Police]]
|predecessor1 = Ajay Chadha
|successor1 = Vimla Mehra
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|2|20}}
|birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse = {{marriage|Sunira Bassi|1980}}
|alma_mater = [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] [[University of Delhi]],
|website = [http://delhipolice.nic.in/ Government website]
|term_start = 1 August 2013
|term_end = 29 February 2016
|appointer = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] {{small|(Home minister - [[Rajnath Singh]])}}
|term_start1 = January 2012
|term_end1 = July 2013
|appointer1 =
|appointer2 =
|term_start2 = October 2011
|term_end2 = January 2012
|office3 = [[Director General of Police]] [[Goa Police]]
|appointer3 =
|term_start3 = 2009
|term_end3 = 2011
|predecessor3 =
|successor3 =
}}

'''Bhim Sain Bassi''' or more commonly ''' B. S. Bassi''' (born 20 February 1956) is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer and has served as a member of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] since 31 May 2016 to February 2021. He served as the [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi]] from August 2013<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/cpmessage.html | title=COMMISSIONERS OF DELHI POLICE | publisher=[[Delhi Police]] | date=2 June 2014 | accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=hindustan>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/bs-bassi-is-delhi-police-chief/article1-1093547.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219144711/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/bs-bassi-is-delhi-police-chief/article1-1093547.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2015|title=BS Bassi is Delhi police chief|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=17 July 2013|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> to February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/alok-verma-takes-charge-as-delhis-new-police-commissioner-1282378 |title=Alok Verma Takes Charge As Delhi's New Police Commissioner |accessdate=29 February 2016 }}</ref> He previously served as the Special Commissioner of Police (Administration) of [[Delhi Police]] (2012–13), Special Commissioner of Police (Traffic) of [[Delhi Police]] (2011-2012), [[Director General of Police]] of [[Goa Police]] (2009-2011) and [[Inspector General of Police]] of [[Chandigarh Police]] (2000-2002).

Bassi, a 1977 batch [[Indian Police Service]] officer, started his police career as an assistant superintendent of police in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. Since then he has served in various capacities in [[Delhi]] and other parts of the [[India]], including [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Goa]].<ref name="thehin">{{cite news |date=17 July 2013 |title=Bassi next police chief |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/bassi-next-police-chief/article4922634.ece |accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="mint">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/51bFcsY5zE7Nr9Q7zFsePL/B-S-Bassi-is-new-Delhi-Police-chief.html|title=B. S Bassi is new Delhi Police chief|work=Live mint|date=17 July 2013|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bassi was born on 20 February 1956. He completed his graduation in commerce from [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] of [[University of Delhi]]. Which is followed by a degree in law studies.<ref name=thehin/>

== Police career==
{{Expand section|date=February 2015}}
Under his commission, the case against '''Kanhaiya Kumar''' in 2016 over alleged “anti-national slogans” at Jawaharlal Nehru University created major public debate. Bassi defended the police actions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-31 |title=Former Delhi Police chief B S Bassi appointed UPSC member |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-delhi-police-chief-b-s-bassi-appointed-upsc-member/articleshow/52521151.cms? |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Pondicherry
* Delhi (first tenure)
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Chandigarh
* Delhi (second tenure)
* Goa
* Delhi (third tenure)

==Personal life==
Bassi married to Sunira Bassi, who is retired bureaucrat and her last posting was with the [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]] as the Chief Traffic Planning Manager. The couple have a daughter and a son.<ref name=thehin/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://DelhiPolice.nic.in Delhi Police official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bassi, B. S.}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Commissioners of Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Chiefs of police]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Members of Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]

Bangalore Nagarathnamma

2026-03-11T05:26:43Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding a stub needs work!

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic singer (1878–1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{infobox person
| name = Bangalore Nagarathnamma
| image = Bangalore Nagarathnamma.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Nagarathnamma with her pet dog {{circa|1929}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1878|11|3}}
| birth_place = [[Nanjangud]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1952|5|19|1878|11|3}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvaiyaru]], [[Madras State]], India
| occupation = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] singer
}}
'''Bangalore Nagarathnamma''' (3 November 1878 – 19 May 1952)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eemaata.com/em/issues/200711/1166.html|title=విద్యాసుందరి – ఈమాట|date=November 2007 |language=en-US|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref> was an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] singer, cultural activist, scholar, and [[devadasi]].{{sfn|Ramamirthammal|Kannabiran|Kannabiran|2003|p=34}} A descendant of devadasis, she was also a patron of the arts and a historian.{{sfn|Chandra|2014|p=165}} Nagarathnamma built a temple over the [[samadhi]] of the Carnatic singer [[Tyagaraja]] at [[Thiruvaiyaru]] and helped establish the [[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] festival in his memory.{{sfn|C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation|1980|p=1}} Within a male-dominated festival, she was the feminist strong enough to ensure that women artists were given equality to participate in it.<ref name=Venkataraman/> She "was among the last practitioners of the devadasi tradition in India,"{{sfn|McGonigal|2010|p=76}} and the first president of the Association of the Devadasis of [[Madras Presidency]]. She also edited and published books on poetry and anthologies.

==Early life==
Nagarathnamma was born in 1878 to Puttu Lakshmi and Vakil Subba Rao,{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=16}} in [[Nanjangud]]. Puttu Lakshmi's ancestors served as singers and musicians in the court of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]].<ref name=Venkataraman>{{Cite web|last=Venkataraman|first=Rajagopalan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Carnatic-musics-first-feminist-from-Bengaluru/articleshow/45755135.cms|title=Carnatic music's first feminist, from Bengaluru|date=5 January 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=Shriram>{{cite news|last=Sriram|first=V|authorlink=V. Sriram|title=A shrine built by Nagarathnamma|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2795704.ece|date=12 January 2012}}</ref> Abandoned by Subba Rao, she found refuge under Shastri, a Sanskrit scholar in the court of the Mysore Maharaja. He educated Nagarathnamma in Sanskrit and music, and she was initiated in [[devadasi]] at the age of five.{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=16}} However, Shastri also abandoned Nagarathnamma who soon left Mysore and found protection under her uncle, Venkitaswamy Appa, a violinist by profession. Nagarthnamma continued her studies and learned Kannada, English and Telugu, also becoming proficient in music and dance.{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=16}} She was trained in [[Carnatic music]] by Munuswamappa in the 'shishya-parampara' (tradition of the student teacher learning process), on the process set by Thyagaraja.<ref name=Venkataraman/> She was able to make her first stage appearance before a learned audience as a violinist and dancer at the age of 15.{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=16}}

==Career==
[[File:Mukunda Mala stotra by Bengaluru Nagaratnamma.ogg|thumb|[[Mukundamala|Mukunda Mala]] stotra by Bengaluru Nagaratnamma]]
Nagarathnamma became a singer early in her life and emerged as one of the best Carnatic singers of her time. She sang in '''Kannada''', '''Sanskrit''' and '''Telugu'''.<ref name=Shriram/> Her special musical forte included [[Harikatha]]. Her talent in dance attracted the attention of the Mysore ruler [[Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]] who, impressed with her talent, made her the [[Asthana Vidushi]] (court dancer) in Mysore. Following the death of the ruler, she moved to [[Bangalore]]. She attained popularity in Bangalore not only in music but also in dance.<ref name=Venkataraman/> She was also patronized by many other royal houses such as those of [[Travancore]], [[Bobbili Estate|Bobbili]], and [[Vizianagaram Estate|Vijayanagaram]]. [[Narahari Rao]], a judge in the [[High Court of Mysore]], was one of Nagarathnamma's patrons and he suggested to her to move to Madras (now [[Chennai]]) to further her career as a musician and dancer. She shifted to there as it was considered the "Heart of Carnatic music" and her musical talent was further developed. Here, she specifically identified herself as Bangalore Nagarathnamma.<ref name=Venkataraman/>

The patronage she received from Justice Narahari Rao made her famous as a "concert artist" in Madras. As promoter of Tyagaraja Aradhana, she was the "first female artist to pay income tax" in Madras, India.{{sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=xvii}}

==Thyagaraja memorial and Aradhana==
[[File:Marble notice board at ashram of singer Tyagaraja at Thiruvaiyaru.jpg|right|thumb|Marble notice board at ashram of singer Tyagaraja at Thiruvaiyaru]]
According to Nagarathnamma, she was directed in a dream to build a memorial in honour of [[Thyagaraja]] and create a platform for perpetuating Carnatic music. Following this, she turned to an [[ascetic]] way of life and donated all her earnings to this cause.{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=17}}

While in Madras, Nagarathnamma was informed by her guru, [[Bidaram Krishnappa]], of the dilapidated status of the [[samadhi]] or tomb of saint Thyagaraja.<ref name=Venkataraman/> Bidaram Krishnappa's disciples, Krishna Bhagavatar and Sundara Bhagavatar, had erected a small edifice made of marble in 1903 and held annual music festivals in honour of Thyagaraja thereafter.<ref name=Shriram/> Within a few years, a feud had erupted among people interested in honouring the saint, and two rival groups were holding two rival concerts at the saint's samadhi. Upkeep of the tiny edifice had suffered and it had quickly fallen into dilapidation. This prompted Nagarathnamma to take steps to restore the samadhi and convert it into a memorial in honour of the Thyagaraja. She acquired the land where Thyagaraja's samadhi was located and built a larger edifice embodying a temple in his honour with her own financial resources. She arranged for an idol of sri Thyagaraja to be installed and consecrated by Brahmin priests and for prayers to be offered daily. The Thyagaraja Temple thus constructed was consecrated in 1921.

At that time, the music festival held at this location was male-dominated for the simple reason that in thosen days, decent woman would never sing or dance, and these skills were strictly the preserve of the courtesan and the devadasi, the two types of divine artists found in south India at that time. The idea of one or more female artist singing and participating in the annual functions of the shrine was anathema to society, and the rival performing groups therefore prevented Nagarathnamma from participating in the festival, even though she had paid for the renovation and she said that she would not sing or dance like a courtesan, but would only recite [[Harikatha]] in front of the deity. Nevertheless, she was refused. She took this as a challenge and started organizing a parallel music festival at the back of the saint's temple.<ref name=Venkataraman/> Her group was named "Pengal Katchi" (women's group), and the Aradhana organized by her was held concurrently with the one organized by the male centric groups of the music festival, known as the "Periya Katchi" or "major group".<ref name=Shriram/> Eventually, in 1941, her activism paid off, and the opposing groups involved with the festival merged into a single entity, allowing both men and women to sing in the festival.<ref name=Venkataraman/>

This music festival has become one of the most popular musical events in [[South India]].{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=17}} This tradition of women musicians' participation at the annual festival, known popularly as the "[[Thyagaraja Aradhana]]", along with male musicians, has continued over the years.<ref name=Venkataraman/> In 1927, Nagarathnamma and other devadasis established the Association of the Devadasis of Madras Presidency; she was elected its first president.{{sfn|Muthiah|2011|p=479}}

==Literary pursuits==
As an erudite and scholarly person, Nagarathnamma dabbled in editing and publishing books on poetry and [[anthologies]]. She was a [[linguist]] who held religious discourses not only in Kannada, her mother tongue, but also in other languages such as Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. During her foray into literature, she came across an old poem called the ''[[Radhika Santawanam]]'' (Appeasing Radhika), which she found inadequately covered vis-a-vis the original version written by [[Muddupalani]], a courtesan herself,{{sfn|Chandra|2014|p=165}} in Telugu verses. This was a book which [[Paidipati Venkatanarasu]] had edited based on the ready to print version, which [[Charles Phillip Brown]], an eminent scholar in Telugu, had prepared and deposited in the [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library|Oriental Manuscripts Library]] in 1855.{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=18}} However, Venkatanarasu, an associate of Brown, had printed an annotated version in 1887 (reprinted in 1907),{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=18}} but had deliberately dropped a few erotic verses and also the prologue from the original version as he had considered them inappropriate to the then prevailing social norms. The prologue which he had deleted was related to the devadasi tradition that had been adopted by Nagarathnamma's mother and grandmother. This exclusion was particularly disliked by Nagarthnamma and she made efforts to get the original version written on palm leaves. Once she found the original version, she reedited the ''Radhika Santawanam'', which fully conformed to the palm leaf manuscript version. In 1910,{{sfn|Kramarae|Spender|2000|p=1278}} she published this book with a preface in which she noted that she had read and reread the poetic verses of the book several times for its aesthetic quality. The book, published 150 years after the original manuscript was written by Muddupalani in Telugu, was reviewed by [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]], who, though a supporter of women's causes, attacked some of the erotic contents of the book as totally "inappropriate for women to hear let alone be uttered from a woman's mouth."{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=18}} Nagarathnamma strongly defended her version of the book and counterattacked saying that there was very much more titillating content included in the book titled ''Vaijayantivilasam'', which the critic (Veeresalingam) had reviewed and accepted for printing. She protested against this double standard and wondered "Does the question of propriety and embarrassment apply only in the case of women and not men".{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=19}}

Muddupalani's ''Radhika Santawanam'', edited by Nagarathnamma, was published but received criticism, with one Telugu magazine even noting that "a devadasi had composed the book and another devadasi had edited it."{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=20}} Following the adverse reaction to the book, it was banned. However, with the intervention by Raja Venkatagiri the issue was "soft-pedaled". It was alleged that it was a vindictive action by the Veerasilingham lobby, as books with much more suggestive content had been published. However, after India attained [[Independence of India|independence]] the ban on the book was lifted by [[Tanguturi Prakasam]], the then Chief Minister of Madras, with a comment that "he was restoring a few pearls to the necklace of [[Telugu literature]]".{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=20}}

==Death==
Nagarathnamma, in 1951, saw Thyagaraja in a dream or vision and he directed her to [[Venkatagiri]] where she saw her Lord Rama in [[Sathya Sai Baba]], swooning and falling in the process. She sought Baba's blessings and stated that she had seen her Lord. [https://archive.org/details/saibabainvitatio0000murp Sai Baba: Invitation to Glory by Howard Murphet] Nagarathnamma died in 1952 at the age of 74; a memorial in her honour was erected next to Thyagaraja's samadhi.{{Sfn|Paḷani|2011|p=21}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|author=C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation|title=Voice of Samanvaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ols8AAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation}}
*{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Vikram|title=Geek Sublime: The Beauty of Code, the Code of Beauty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4eBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT165|date=2 September 2014|publisher=Graywolf Press|isbn=978-1-55597-326-1}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kramarae|first1=Cheris|last2=Spender|first2=Dale|title=Routledge International Encyclopaedia of Women 4 Volume Set: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1278|date=27 December 2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96315-6}}
*{{cite book|last=McGonigal|first=Mike|title=Yeti 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vbcTgH2y_kC&pg=PA76|date=5 April 2010|publisher=Verse Chorus Press|isbn=978-0-9788786-9-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Muthiah|first=S|title=Madras Miscellany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHtZG8beGy4C&pg=PT479|year=2011|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-80032-84-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Paḷani|first=Muddu|title=The Appeasement of Radhika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvNR1V6hKJAC&pg=PR21|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341743-9}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ramamirthammal|first1=Muvalar|last2=Kannabiran|first2=Kalpana|last3=Kannabiran|first3=Vasantha|title=Muvalur Ramamirthammal's Web of Deceit: Devadasi Reform in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kSUx6Xbq1QC&pg=PA34|year=2003|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-81-86706-63-3}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book|title=The Devadasi and the Saint: The Life and Times of Bangalore Nagarathnamma|year=2007|publisher=East-West Books|place=Chennai|first=V.|last=Sriram|authorlink=V. Sriram}}
Kapile Haridalu kadalige ಕಪಿಲೆ ಹರಿದಳು ಕಡಲಿಗೆ , a novel written by prof.Maleyuru Guruswamy on the life of Bengaluru Nagarathnamma ...

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title= Bangalore Nagarathnamma (Profile from D V Gundappa's Jnapakachitrashaale translated from the Kannada original) |url=https://www.prekshaa.in/bangalore-nagarathnamma/#.Wkzg_1WWbIU|author=DV Gundappa|date=20 June 2016|access-date=22 January 2022}}
{{Commons category|Bangalore Nagarathnamma}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarathnamma, Bangalore}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
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[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian women social scientists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian women publishers]]
[[Category:20th-century publishers (people)]]
[[Category:19th-century publishers (people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Kannada-language journalists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Women educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Harikatha exponents]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:19th-century women poets]]

Oneworld Publications

2026-03-10T05:47:26Z

WMLTomoko1917594: added references

{{Short description|British book publishing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Oneworld Publications
| image =
| parent =
| status =
| founded = {{start date and age|1986}}
| founders = Novin Doostdar and Juliet Mabey
| successor =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| headquarters = [[Bloomsbury Street]] [[London]], {{postcode|WC|1}}
| distribution = [[Macmillan Distribution]] (UK) [[Faber and Faber|Faber]] (UK, Europe, Middle East and China) [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] (Australia) [[Jonathan Ball Publishers]] (South Africa) [[HarperCollins India]] (India) [[Penguin Random House]] (Singapore) [[Simon & Schuster]] (U.S.)<ref name="International Sales & Distributors">{{cite web|url=https://oneworld-publications.com/about/international-sales-distributors/?wpv-child-of=33 |title=International Sales & Distributors|website=Oneworld|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| keypeople =
| publications = [[Book]]s
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees = 23<ref name="Guardian interview" />
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|http://oneworld-publications.com}}
}}

'''Oneworld Publications''' is a British independent [[publishing firm]] founded in 1986 by Novin Doostdar and Juliet Mabey originally to publish accessible non-fiction by experts and academics for the general market.<ref name="oneworld_about">{{cite web|url=http://www.oneworld-publications.com/about |title=About |website=Oneworld |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Based in [[London]], it later added a literary fiction list (in 2009) and both a children's list ('''Rock the Boat''', 2015) and an upmarket crime list ('''Point Blank''', 2016), and now publishes across a wide range of subjects, including history, politics, current affairs, popular science, religion, philosophy, and psychology, as well as literary fiction, crime fiction and suspense, and children's titles.

==History==
Oneworld Publications was founded in 1986 by Novin Doostdar and Juliet Mabey, who had met as students in the 1970s and subsequently married;<ref name="Guardian interview">Alison Flood, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/15/oneworld-publisher-behind-man-booker-winners-juliet-mabey-novin-doostdar-interview "Oneworld: the tiny publisher behind the last two Man Booker winners"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 15 November 2016.</ref><ref>Robert Dex, [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/books/meet-the-husbandandwife-publishing-team-who-backed-booker-prize-winner-marlon-james-a3090331.html "Meet the husband-and-wife publishing team who backed Booker Prize winner Marlon James"], ''[[Evening Standard]]'', 14 October 2015.</ref> the company's name reflects their international approach to publishing with global values, initially producing non-fiction "with a focus on bold, intelligent non-fiction across the humanities".<ref>Juliet Mabey, [http://publishingperspectives.com/2011/04/oneworld-life-in-publishing/#.WCyCTNKLTZ4 "Oneworld, One Household: A Husband and Wife and a Life in Publishing"], ''Publishing Perspectives'', 8 April 2011.</ref><ref>[https://paperneverland.wordpress.com/tag/oneworld-publications/ "Oneworld Publications"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116232524/https://paperneverland.wordpress.com/tag/oneworld-publications/ |date=16 November 2016 }}, Paper Neverland, 1 December 2015.</ref>

In 2009, Oneworld launched a literary fiction list to focus on publishing inspiring, intelligent and thought-provoking novels from around the world. The list has received a string of prizes and award nominations, among them winning the prestigious [[Man Booker Prize]] for two years running: in 2015 with ''[[A Brief History of Seven Killings]]'' by [[Marlon James (novelist)|Marlon James]], the first Jamaican to win this prestigious award, and in 2016 with ''[[The Sellout (book)|The Sellout]]'' by [[Paul Beatty]], who became the first American winner of the prize.<ref>Alison Flood and Mark Brown, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/13/man-booker-shortlist-2016-announced-graeme-macrae-burnet-deborah-levy "Man Booker shortlist 2016: tiny Scottish imprint sees off publishing giants"], ''The Guardian'', 13 September 2016.</ref><ref>[http://themanbookerprize.com/news/sellout-wins-2016-man-booker-prize "Sellout Wins 2016 Man Booker Prize"]. The Man Booker Prize.</ref><ref>Alexandra Alter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/26/business/media/paul-beatty-wins-man-booker-prize-with-the-sellout.html "Paul Beatty Wins Man Booker Prize With ‘The Sellout’"], ''The New York Times'', 25 October 2016.</ref><ref>Tim Masters, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37770363 "Man Booker Prize: Paul Beatty becomes first US winner for The Sellout"], [[BBC News]], 26 October 2016.</ref> In 2023, [[Paul Lynch (writer)|Paul Lynch]] became the third Oneworld author to win the Booker Prize with his novel ''[[Prophet Song]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2023 {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2023 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, ''[[An American Marriage]]'' by [[Tayari Jones]] won the [[Women's Prize for Fiction]],<ref>Alison Flood, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/05/womens-prize-for-fiction-tayari-jones-novel-an-american-marriage "Women's prize for fiction goes to 'utterly moving' Tayari Jones novel"], ''The Guardian'', 5 June 2019.</ref> and in 2022 Tess Gunty's ''[[The Rabbit Hutch]]'' won the inaugural Waterstones Debut Fiction Prize.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/25/tess-gunty-the-rabbit-hutch-waterstones-debut-fiction-prize|first=Yash|last=Zodgekar|author2=Niva Yadav|title=Tess Gunty's 'fiercely original' The Rabbit Hutch wins inaugural Waterstones debut fiction prize|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 August 2022}}</ref>

Further awards include the longlisting of ''A Cupboard Full of Coats'' by [[Yvvette Edwards]], a debut British novelist, in 2011 for the Man Booker Prize<ref>Tim Masters, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14362415 "Booker longlist: Yvvette Edwards on A Cupboard Full of Coats"], BBC News, 2 August 2011.</ref> and it was shortlisted in 2012 for the [[Commonwealth Book Prize]].<ref>Katie Allen, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/oneworlds-edwards-shortlisted-commonwealth-book-prize "Oneworld's Edwards shortlisted for Commonwealth Book Prize"], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 25 April 2012.</ref> ''Reasons She Goes to the Woods'' by [[Deborah Kay Davies]] was longlisted for the [[Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction]] in 2014, as well as being shortlisted for the [[Encore Award]] in 2015. Also in 2015, [[Diane Cook]]'s ''Man V. Nature'' was shortlisted for the [[Guardian First Book Award]], ''Ishmael's Oranges'' by Claire Hajaj was shortlisted for the [[Authors' Club First Novel Award]] and the [[Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Literary Prize]]. In 2018 ''Grace'' by Paul Lynch won the [[Kerry Group Irish Novel of the Year]], and was shortlisted for the [[Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction]] and the [[William Saroyan International Prize for Writing]], and the following year ''Orchid & the Wasp'' by [[Caoilinn Hughes]] won the [[Collyer Bristow Prize]] and was shortlisted for the [[Butler Literary Award]], and the [[Hearst Big Book Award]], and was longlisted for the [[Authors' Club Best First Novel Award]] and the [[International DUBLIN Literary Award]]. On the crime side, ''Lola'' by Melissa Scrivner Love won the [[Crime Writers' Association]] [[CWA New Blood Dagger|John Creasey New Blood Dagger]] in 2018 and in 2019, [[Syd Moore]] was shortlisted for the [[Crime Writers' Association#Other Daggers|CWA Short Story Dagger]] with her story "Death Becomes Her", from the short-story collection ''The Twelve Strange Days of Christmas''. Also in 2019, Will Dean's ''Red Snow'', the second novel in his Tuva Moodyson Mystery series, won the [[Capital Crime/Amazon Publishing Readers' Independent Voice Award]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/rankin-braithwaite-and-killing-eve-win-amazon-publishing-readers-awards-1090116|title=Rankin, Braithwaite and Killing Eve win Amazon Publishing Readers' Awards|magazine=The Bookseller|date=30 September 2019|first=Katie|last=Mansfield|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

On the translated fiction front, ''The Meursault Investigation'' — a multi-award winner in France — was longlisted for the ''FT'' Emerging Voices Award and was also shortlisted for the [[Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize]] (translated by John Cullen), along with ''Laurus'' by [[Eugene Vodolazkin]] (translated by Lisa Hayden). ''Laurus'' also won the [[Read Russia Prize]] for translation in 2016. ''Umami'' by [[Laia Jufresa]] (translated by [[Sophie Hughes]]) was shortlisted for the [[Best Translated Book Award]] in the US, and ''Masha Regina'' by [[Vadim Levental]] (translated by Lisa Hayden) was shortlisted for the Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize. In 2017, ''Fever Dream'' by [[Samanta Schweblin]] (translated by [[Megan McDowell]]) was shortlisted for the [[Man Booker International Prize]], as was ''Frankenstein in Baghdad'' by [[Ahmed Saadawi]] in 2018 (translated by [[Jonathan Wright (translator)|Jonathan Wright]] and winner of the [[International Prize for Arabic Fiction]]), which went on to win the Golden Tentacle best debut novel award at the [[Kitschies]] given to the year's most progressive, intelligent and entertaining works that contain elements of the speculative or fantastic,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/miller-picks-red-tentacle-circe-kitschies-990436|title=Miller's Circe picks up Red Tentacle at Kitschies|date=16 April 2019|first=Mark|last=Chandler|magazine=The Bookseller|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> while Lisa Hayden's translation of ''Zuleikha'' by [[Guzel Yakhina]] was longlisted for the [[Warwick Prize for Women in Translation]] in 2019.

On the non-fiction side, Oneworld titles have received numerous prestigious prizes and nominations. In 2013, ''The Particle at the End of the Universe'' by Sean Carroll won the [[Royal Society Winton Prize]], for which [[Mary Roach]]'s ''Gulp'' was also shortlisted the following year; [[Greg Grandin]]'s ''The Empire of Necessity'' was shortlisted for the [[Samuel Johnson Prize]], while [[Serhii Plokhy]]'s ''The Last Empire'' won the [[Pushkin House (London)#Pushkin House Russian Book Prize|Pushkin House Russian Book Prize]] for 2015, and the same year saw a double shortlisting for the [[Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award|''FT''/McKinsey Business Book of the Year]] for ''The Rise of the Robots'' by [[Martin Ford (author)|Martin Ford]] and ''Unfinished Business'' by [[Anne-Marie Slaughter]] – and the prize was won by ''The Rise of the Robots''. In 2018, ''The Billionaire Raj'' by [[James Crabtree]] was shortlisted for the same award, and ''Black Tudors'' by [[Miranda Kaufmann]] was shortlisted for the [[Wolfson History Prize]] in 2018. In 2022 Oneworld published ''White Torture'' a non-fiction book by [[Narges Mohammadi]] who was named the recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2023. In 2023, ''Show Me the Bodies'' by [[Peter Apps]] won the [[Orwell Prize]] for Political Writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=15 May 2023 |title=Finalists for the Orwell Prizes Are Announced |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-orwell-prizes-are-announced/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref>

The co-founders are followers of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. Regarding the relationship between their work and religious perspective, they have stated:
{{Quote|We felt that there should be a readership for books that presented interfaith and global perspectives on many social and spiritual issues of the time. Obviously, this was very much inspired by an inclusive [[Baháʼí teachings|Baháʼí worldview]] on many current issues, but we didn’t set out to be a Baháʼí publishing company, since this was well looked after by other Baháʼí-owned publishers.<ref>Naysan Naraqi, [https://www.bahaiblog.net/articles/books/an-interview-with-oneworld-publications/ "An Interview with Oneworld Publications"], ''Baha’i Blog'', December 5, 2011.</ref>}}

Originally set up in [[Oxford]],<ref>Charlotte Williams, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/oneworld-publications-expands-london "Oneworld Publications expands into London"], ''The Bookseller'', 20 January 2011.</ref> Oneworld bought its first permanent office in [[Bloomsbury]], London, in 2012.

As of 2024, Oneworld publishes more than 100 titles a year,<ref name="oneworld_about" /> which are distributed worldwide by [[Macmillan Publishers]] (MDL) in the UK, by [[Simon & Schuster]] in the United States, by [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] in Australia, by [[Faber and Faber|Faber]] in Europe and the Middle East, by [[HarperCollins]] in India, by [[Jonathan Ball Publishers|Jonathan Ball]] in South Africa, and by a variety of regional distributors in Latin America and other territories.<ref name="International Sales & Distributors" />

===Imprints===
In 2015, Oneworld launched "Rock the Boat", a list of fiction and non-fiction for children and young adults 0–19,<ref>Lisa Campbell, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/oneworld-moves-ya-market-rock-boat "Oneworld moves into YA market with Rock the Boat"], ''The Bookseller'', 8 October 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.rocktheboat.london/about-us/ "About"], Rock the Boat.</ref> and in 2016 launched a literary crime list, "Point Blank".<ref>Natasha Onwuemezi, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/oneworld-launch-crime-imprint-called-point-blank-317945 "Oneworld creates new crime imprint Point Blank"], ''The Bookseller'', 8 December 2015.</ref><ref>[https://oneworld-publications.com/point-blank.html "Point Blank"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116233613/https://oneworld-publications.com/point-blank.html |date=16 November 2016 }} at Oneworld.</ref> In 2017, Oneworld set up Oneworld Academic. In 2021, Oneworld launched an upmarket bookclub fiction list, "Magpie".

==Awards==
In 2016, Oneworld won the Independent Publisher of the Year Award at the [[British Book Industry Awards]].<ref>John Dugdale, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2016/may/12/british-book-industry-award-prizes-everyone "The British Book Industry awards: all must have prizes"], ''The Guardian'', 12 May 2016.</ref>

In March 2016, Oneworld also won the Ruth Killick Publicity Trade Publisher of the Year Award at the 2016 [[IPG Independent Publishing Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2016 Awards|url=http://www.ipg.uk.com/independent-publishing-awards/awards-2016|publisher=Independent Publishers Guild|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Oneworld received the Alison Morrison Diversity Award at the 2017 IPG Independent Publishing Awards.<ref>[http://www.ipg.uk.com/independent-publishing-awards "The 2017 IPG Independent Publishing Awards: winners"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603034650/http://www.ipg.uk.com/independent-publishing-awards |date=3 June 2019 }}, Independent Publishers Guild (IPG).</ref>

In May 2017, Juliet Mabey, publisher and co-founder of Oneworld, won the Editor of the Year Award at the British Book Industry Awards.<ref>[https://www.thebookseller.com/british-book-awards/winners/2017 The British Book Industry Awards 2017]. ''The Bookseller''</ref>

In 2023, Oneworld once again won the Independent Publisher of the Year Award at the [[British Book Awards]].<ref> [https://www.thebookseller.com/awards/the-british-book-awards?tab=independent-publisher-of-the-year "The British Book Awards | Independent Publisher of the Year"], ''The Bookseller'', 15 May 2023.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.oneworld-publications.com}} of Oneworld Publication
*[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/15/oneworld-publisher-behind-man-booker-winners-juliet-mabey-novin-doostdar-interview Oneworld: the tiny publisher behind the last two Man Booker winners]
*[http://www.bookdepository.co.uk/publisher/oftheweek/name/oneworld-publications/ Oneworld Publisher of the Week at Book Depository]
*[http://publishingperspectives.com/2011/04/oneworld-life-in-publishing/ Oneworld, One Household: Publishing Perspectives Feature on Oneworld]
*[http://publishingperspectives.com/2011/08/booker-notoriety-sparks-rights-run-at-cinderella-indies/ Booker Longlist Focus on Oneworld]

[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in London]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Companies based in the London Borough of Camden]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in England]]

Monsoon Palace

2026-03-10T02:41:52Z

WMLTomoko1917594: started a entry

{{Short description|Palatial hilltop residence in Udaipur, Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Monsoon Palace
| image = Monsoon Palace.jpg
| alt = View of Sajjan Garh Palace on hill top
| caption = Monsoon Palace of Udaipur on the hill top
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan#India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.594|73.639|region:IN-RJ|display=inline}}
| location_town = [[Udaipur]]
| location_country = India
| architect = [[Maharana]] Sajjan Singh
| client = [[Mewar]] [[dynasty]]
| engineer =
| construction_start_date = 1884
| completion_date = Nineteenth century
| demolished_date =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| cost =
| structural_system = Marble and masonry
| architectural_style = [[Rajput]] [[Architecture]]
| size =
}}
[[File:Monsoon Palace Udaipur, Front Entrance.jpg|thumb|upright|Front entrance|alt=Front entrance of monsoon palace]]
The '''Monsoon Palace''', also known as the '''Sajjan Garh Palace''', is a hilltop palatial residence in the city of [[Udaipur, Rajasthan]] in [[India]], overlooking the [[Fateh Sagar Lake]]. It is named ''Sajjangarh'' after [[Maharana]] Sajjan Singh (1874–1884) of the [[Mewar]] [[dynasty]], whom it was built for in 1884. The palace offers a panoramic view of the city's lakes, palaces and surrounding countryside. It was built chiefly to watch the monsoon clouds; hence, appropriately, it is popularly known as Monsoon Palace. It is said that the Maharana built it at the top of the hill to get a view of his ancestral home, [[Chittorgarh]]. Previously owned by the Mewar royal family, it is now under the control of the Forest Department of the [[Government of Rajasthan]] and has recently been opened to the public. The palace provides a beautiful view of the sunset.<ref name=sajjan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Udaipur/Sajjangarh.aspx|title=Sajjangarh|access-date=2009-11-13|publisher=Rajasthan Tourism|archive-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029111035/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Udaipur/Sajjangarh.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=udai>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Udaipur.aspx|title=Udaipur|access-date=2009-11-13|publisher=Rajasthan Tourism|archive-date=14 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114005850/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Udaipur.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=monsoon>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/udaipur/sightseeing-in-udaipur/monsoon-palace-(sajjan-garh).html|title=Monsoon Palace (Sajjan Garh)|access-date=2009-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515012816/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/udaipur/sightseeing-in-udaipur/monsoon-palace-(sajjan-garh).html|archive-date=15 May 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name= Bindloss>{{Cite book|last= Bindloss|first= Joe |author2=Sarina Singh |title=India|work=Sajjan Garh|page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/221 221]|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|url-access= registration|quote= Monsoon Palace.|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2007|isbn=9781741043082}}</ref><ref name=Stott>{{Cite book|last=Stott|first=David|title=Footprint Rajasthan|work=Monsoon Palace|page=194|access-date=2009-11-14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igdKYE-fNcAC&q=Monsoon+Palace&pg=PA194|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=9781906098070|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219234140/https://books.google.com/books?id=igdKYE-fNcAC&q=Monsoon+Palace&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Mewar>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=Sajjangarh|title=Sajjangarh|access-date=2009-11-14|publisher=Eteranl Mewar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155546/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=Sajjangarh|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Singh/>{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2025}}

Its builder, [[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Maharana Sajjan Singh]], originally planned to make it a five-storey astronomical centre. The plan was cancelled with Maharana Sajjan Singh's premature death. It was then turned into a monsoon palace and hunting lodge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/udaipur/20/monsoon-palace|title=Monsoon Palace AKA Sajjangarh Fort, Udaipur - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2016-11-16|archive-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164052/http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/udaipur/20/monsoon-palace|url-status=live}}</ref>

High in the [[Aravalli Hills]], just outside Udaipur, the palace is illuminated in the evenings, giving a golden orange glow (see image in the infobox).<ref name =fodders>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/rajasthan-and-gujarat/review-110589.html|title=Sajjan Garh|access-date=2009-11-14|archive-date=6 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006075343/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/rajasthan-and-gujarat/review-110589.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The palace appeared in the 1983 [[James Bond]] film ''[[Octopussy]]'' as the residence of [[Kamal Khan (character)|Kamal Khan]] (Portrayed by [[Louis Jourdan]]), an exiled Afghan prince.

==History==
The history of the palace reflects the history of the [[Mewar|Mewar kingdom]]. Maharana Sajjan Singh, (b. 18 July 1859 d. 23 December 1884), the initial builder of the Monsoon Palace was the seventy–second ruler of the Mewar dynasty (1874–1884) and ruled from Udaipur for a short period of 10 years until his untimely death. The Mewar dynasty traces its history to Guhil, who founded the [[Mewar|Mewar State]] in 568 AD.<ref name=Singh>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=S|title=Encyclopedia –Sajjan Singh, Maharana|access-date=2009-11-14|publisher=Mewar Encyclopedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155635/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=S|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Sajjan Singh came to the throne when he was 15 years old. However, his uncle Sohan Singh challenged his right to the crown and even plotted through astrologers, who said the timing for the coronation was not appropriate. Fortunately for him the then British agent, who was in favour of Sajjan Singh, intervened and persuaded the astrologers to give a favourable date for the crowning. The eventual Coronation of Sajjan Singh took place two years after this. As the trouble-maker uncle was still persisting with his obstructions towards the newly crowned Maharana, his property was confiscated and he was eventually imprisoned.

After he was invested in 1876 as Maharana, he was considered an enlightened ruler and a "man of vision"{{by whom|date=June 2015}}, he launched a massive programme of developmental activities in his kingdom, in particular, enlarging infrastructure facilities such as roads, water supply and other civil works. He also introduced civil administration and courts. He also improved the general environment of Udaipur by afforestation and lake improvements. He had [[Lake Pichola]] desilted and the masonry dam re-built to improve storage capacity, as well as preserving the historical heritage in line with his personal interest in the arts and culture. The most ambitious project he undertook was building the Sajjan Garh Palace, or the Monsoon Palace, as a western backdrop to Udaipur city.

It was during Sajjan Singh's rule that Udaipur gained recognition as the second Municipality in India, after [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. In recognition of his outstanding achievements in preserving and developing the Mewar kingdom, and to remind him that his was a princely state under the [[British Raj]], he was conferred the title of "Grand Commander of the Star of India" in November 1881 by [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]], on the occasion of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]'s crowning as the [[Empress of India]].<ref name=Singh/>

==Structure==
[[File:Sajjan garh.jpg|thumb|upright|Monsoon Palace|alt=Monsoon palace at evening with interior lights on]]
The palace, built with white marble, is located on Bansdara peak of the Aravalli hill range at an elevation of 944 m (3100 ft) above mean sea level, overlooking [[Lake Pichola]] from the west about {{convert|1100|ft|m|abbr=on}} below the palace. The intention of the original planner, Maharana Sajjan Singh, was to build a nine-storey complex, basically as an [[astronomical]] centre and to keep track of the movement of [[monsoon]] clouds in the area surrounding the palace, and also to provide employment to people. It was also meant to serve as a resort for the royal family. Unfortunately, the Maharana died prematurely at the age of 26 (after only 10 years of rule between 1874 and 1884), which resulted in the shelving of his plans for some time. Before his death, he had built it partially, and it was subsequently completed by his successor king [[Maharana Fateh Singh]] who used it to watch the monsoon clouds. The royal family also used this building as a hunting lodge.<ref name=sajjan/><ref name=monsoon/><ref name=Mewar/><ref name=Singh/><ref name =fodders/>
The white marble palace has high turrets and guards regulating each of the towers. The palace has a grand central court with a staircase and many rooms and quarters. The palace is built on marble pillars, which are carved with exquisite motifs of leaves and flowers. The walls are plastered with lime mortar. At night, the illuminated palace with the Rajasthani architecture comprising domes, fountains and [[jharoka]]s gives it a "fairy tale beauty".{{tone inline|date=November 2023}}<ref name=monsoon/><ref name=garden/>
[[File:Monsoon palace,Udaipur.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|alt=Monsoon palace panoramic view]]
A unique water harvesting structure to collect rainwater in an underground cistern, with a storage capacity of 195,500 litres, exists in the precincts of the palace. In spite of this, the water supply was found to be inadequate and the palace was therefore abandoned.<ref name=garden>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gardenvisit.com/garden/sajjan_garh_monsoon_palace|title=Sajjan Garh Palace|work=Gardenvisit Editorial|access-date=2009-11-13|archive-date=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106194904/http://www.gardenvisit.com/garden/sajjan_garh_monsoon_palace|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sajan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udaipur-travel.com/monsoon_palace_udaipur.htm|title=Sajjangarh Fort (Monsoon Palace) in Udaipur|access-date=2009-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104055800/http://www.udaipur-travel.com/monsoon_palace_udaipur.htm|archive-date=4 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Other attractions==
[[File:Udaïpur palais de la mousson.jpg|thumb|left|View of [[Udaipur|Udaipur city]] from the Monsoon Palace|alt=View of Udaipur city from the Monsoon Palace]]
Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary, which encircles the palace, was established in 1987. It covers an area of {{convert|5.19|km2|mi2}}. It is now a well-protected sanctuary, with the Kishan Pol concrete wall surrounding it. The hillside is thickly wooded and the former rulers maintained this area as a royal shooting preserve. When Udaipur was attacked by the [[Scindia]]s in 1764, the hill was used as an ordnance dump; some cannons still remain.<ref name="sanctuary">{{Cite web |title=Sajjangarh Sanctuary |date=December 2023 |url=https://vnvtours.com/sajjangarh-palace-monsoon-palace-udaipur/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226092757/https://vnvtours.com/sajjangarh-palace-monsoon-palace-udaipur/ |archive-date=26 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-26 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The palace overlooks the sanctuary, which is a reserve for [[reptiles]], [[tiger]]s, [[nilgai]], [[sambar (deer)|sambhar deer]], [[wild boar]]s, [[hyena]]s, [[Panthera|panther]]s, and [[jackal]]s. It is also popular for bird watching.<ref name=sanctuary/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mekonginfo.org/mrc_en/doclib.nsf/0/B41739C3274F6B074725726F000EB428/$FILE/FULLTEXT.pdf|title=An Annotated Study Of Mammalian Fauna of the Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Udaipur, Rajasthan (India)|access-date=2009-11-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060821/http://www.mekonginfo.org/mrc_en/doclib.nsf/0/B41739C3274F6B074725726F000EB428/$FILE/FULLTEXT.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The reserve can also be approached by a trek (as an adventure) starting from the Gorilla Point to the Jiyan Sagar or the Bari Lake, to view the Aravalli hills and the wildlife of the reserve forest.{{tone inline|date=November 2023}}<ref name=sanctuary/>

==In popular culture==
[[File:Monsoon Palace3.jpg|thumb|Monsoon Palace|alt=Monsoon palace entrance against backdrop of cloudy skies]]
The Monsoon Palace was used as a location for the filming of the 1983 [[James Bond]] film, ''[[Octopussy]]''. It appears as the residence of the principal villain, an exiled Afghan prince named [[Kamal Khan (character)|Kamal Khan]] ([[Louis Jourdan]]).<ref name="MI6">{{cite web|url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/op_locations.php3|title=Location Guide - Octopussy|publisher=mi6.co.uk|access-date=2009-11-14|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219234153/http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/op_locations.php3|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Sequences shot at the palace include a 'tiger' hunt on [[elephant]]s where James Bond ([[Roger Moore]]) escapes from the palace and is pursued into the jungle and the finale, complete with a battle in the courtyard and an escape by [[Union Jack]] [[hot-air balloon]]. Other footage in the film was shot at [[Shiv Niwas Palace]] and the [[Lake Palace Hotel]].<ref name="MI6"/> However, scenes showing Bond eating dinner inside the palace, running between rooms, sliding down the grand staircase and finally a basement rendezvous for the villains in the film, were not shot inside the Monsoon Palace, nor were the sets for those sequences based on the layout or features of the Monsoon Palace. In 2008 [[The Cheetah Girls (band)|The Cheetah Girls]] filmed the song "[[Dance Me If You Can]]", for their Indian movie, at the palace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bostonglobe.longjaunt.com/photos/2008/06/24/themonsoonpalace/10/|title=The Monsoon Palace|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=2009-11-19|archive-date=22 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122032828/http://bostonglobe.longjaunt.com/photos/2008/06/24/themonsoonpalace/10/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Visitor information==
{{how-to|section|date=November 2023}}
The Monsoon Palace is {{convert|5|km|mi}} west of Udaipur and overlooks Lake Pichola. The palace can be accessed by a winding road through the surrounding Sajjan Singh Sanctuary by taxi or 'auto rickshaw'. The palace and the Sajjan Singh Sanctuary are major attractions and are open to visitors until sunset.<ref name=monsoon/> A boat ride across Lake Pichola in Udaipur provides views of the palace and allows visitors to view the palace.{{tone inline|date=November 2023}}<ref name=sajan/> Udaipur is well connected by road and air links to all parts of the country.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sajjangarh1.jpg|Remote view of Sajjangarh Palace
File:Udaipur from Sajjangarh fort.jpg|Udaipur view from Sajjangarh fort
File:Window at Sajjangarh fort, udaipur.jpg|Window at Sajjangarh fort, udaipur
File:Udaipur view from Sajjangarh fort.jpg|Udaipur view from Sajjangarh fort
File:Sajjangarh fort sidewall.jpg|Sajjangarh fort sidewall
File:Monsoon Palace2.jpg|Interior facade, Monsoon Palace
File:Sajjangarh fort, Udaipur.jpg|Sajjangarh fort, Udaipur
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Monsoon Palace}}
*[https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/monsoon-palace.html rajasthantourism]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160102232638/http://www.eternalmewar.in/research/index.aspx Sajjangarh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/prashanth_chandra/tags/monsoonpalace/ Flickr images]

{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1884]]
[[Category:Palaces in Udaipur]]

Telegram (software)

2026-03-07T19:21:56Z

WMLTomoko1917594: small fix

{{short description|Cross-platform instant messaging service}}
{{redirect|Telegram (messaging service)|the historical ones|telegram services}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Telegram
| logo = Telegram 2019 Logo.svg
| logo size = 150px
| screenshot =
| screenshot size =
| caption = Telegram running on [[iOS]], screenshot taken in 2024
| collapsible = no
| developer = Telegram FZ-LLC
| released = {{Start date and age|2013|8|14|df=yes}}
| ver layout = stacked
| repo =
| programming language = Desktop: [[C++]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]] Android: [[Java (programming language)|Java]] iOS: [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]
| platform = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], [[KaiOS]], [[Web app|Web platform]]
| language count = 66 (officially 12)
| language footnote = <ref>{{Cite web
| title = Translations
| url = https://translations.telegram.org/
| access-date = 2025-12-31
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251218062825/https://translations.telegram.org/
| archive-date = 2025-12-18
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Q: Can I translate Telegram?
| url = https://telegram.org/faq#q-can-i-translate-telegram
| publisher = Telegram Messenger LLP
| access-date = 2025-12-31
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251218060350/https://telegram.org/faq#q-can-i-translate-telegram
| archive-date = 2025-12-18
}}</ref>
| language = Chinese (Beta), English, Russian, Persian, Turkish, Italian, Arabic, Ukrainian, Kazakh, Uzbek, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Dutch, French, Japanese (Beta), Korean, Indonesian, Malay, Belarusian, Catalan, Polish, Finnish, Hebrew, Oomoo, Amharic
| genre = [[Instant messaging]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPLv3 only with OpenSSL linking exception]] ([[Client (computing)|clients]]),<ref name="teleapps">{{cite web
| title = List of Telegram applications
| url = https://telegram.org/apps
| date =
| access-date = 2025-12-31
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251229212301/https://telegram.org/apps
| archive-date = 2025-12-29
}}</ref> [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] ([[Server (computing)|server]])<ref name=faq-why-not-open-souce/>
| website = {{URL|https://telegram.org/}}
}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Telegram Messenger Inc.
| logo =
| location = [[Tortola]], [[British Virgin Islands]] (legal domicile)<ref name="Telegram Messenger Inc – RIPE NCC">{{Cite web
| title = Members ordered by country
| url = https://www.ripe.net/membership/member-support/list-of-members/vg/telegram/
| publisher = [[RIPE NCC]]
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250917121735/https://www.ripe.net/membership/member-support/list-of-members/vg/telegram/
| archive-date = 2025-09-17
}}</ref> [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] (operational center)
| founder = {{Unbulleted list|[[Pavel Durov]]|[[Nikolai Durov]]}}
| CEO = [[Pavel Durov]]
| industry = Software
| url = {{URL|https://telegram.org/}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2013|3}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| num_employees =
}}

'''Telegram''' (also known as '''Telegram Messenger''') is a [[Cloud computing|cloud-based]], [[Cross-platform software|cross-platform]] [[social media]] and [[instant messaging]] (IM) service. It launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 and Android on 20 October 2013. It allows users to exchange messages, share media and files, and hold private and group voice or [[Videotelephony|video calls]] as well as public [[Live streaming|livestreams]]. It is available for [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], and [[web browser]]s. Telegram offers [[end-to-end encryption]] in voice and video calls,<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=Telegram introduces end-to-end encrypted video calls |url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/08/14/telegram-introduces-end-to-end-encrypted-video-calls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301150437/https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/08/14/telegram-introduces-end-to-end-encrypted-video-calls/ |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=The Next Web}}</ref> and optionally in private chats if both participants use a [[mobile device]].

Telegram also has social networking features, allowing users to post [[Story (social media)|stories]], create public groups with up to 200,000 members, and share one-way updates to unlimited audiences in so-called channels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Jay |date=16 February 2023 |title=Meta is copying Telegram channels in Instagram |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602833/meta-instagram-channels-telegram-facebook-messenger |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

Telegram was founded in 2013 by [[Pavel Durov|Pavel]] and [[Nikolai Durov]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=EWDN |date=30 August 2013 |title=Russia's Zuckerberg launches Telegram, a new instant messenger service |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS74722569420130830 |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128165349/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS74722569420130830 |archive-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Meet Telegram, A Secure Messaging App From The Founders Of VK, Russia's Largest Social Network |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/27/meet-telegram-a-secure-messaging-app-from-the-founders-of-vk-russias-largest-social-network/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126020419/http://techcrunch.com/2013/10/27/meet-telegram-a-secure-messaging-app-from-the-founders-of-vk-russias-largest-social-network/ |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref> Its servers are distributed worldwide with several data centers, and its headquarters are in [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2020 |title='Nobody can block it': how the Telegram app fuels global protest |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/nov/07/nobody-can-block-it-how-telegram-app-fuels-global-protest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107165623/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/nov/07/nobody-can-block-it-how-telegram-app-fuels-global-protest |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Telegram |url=https://telegram.org/evolution#october-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126120356/https://telegram.org/evolution#october-2013 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=Telegram}}</ref> It was the most downloaded app worldwide in January 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2021 |title=Durov Telegram |url=https://t.me/durov/152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209120844/https://t.me/durov/152 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=Telegram |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2021 |title=Telegram Tops The List Of Most Downloaded Apps In The World For January 2021: Report |url=https://in.mashable.com/tech/20166/telegram-tops-the-list-of-most-downloaded-apps-in-the-world-report |website=Mashable India}}</ref> with 1 billion downloads globally as of late August 2021. {{As of|2024}}, registration to Telegram requires either a phone number and a smartphone or one of a limited number of [[non-fungible token]]s (NFTs) issued in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/7/23498236/telegram-fragment-phone-number-crypto-verification-monetization |title=Now Telegram users don't need a phone number — they can buy a fake one with crypto |last=Shakir |first=Umar |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=The Verge}}</ref>

{{as of|March 2025|post=,}} Telegram has more than 1 billion monthly active users,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Du Rove's Channel|url=https://t.me/durov/337 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=www.t.me}}</ref> with India as the country with the most users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=30 August 2021 |title=Telegram surpasses 1 billion downloads |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/30/telegram-tops-1-billion-downloads/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Development ===
Telegram was launched in 2013 by the brothers [[Nikolai Durov|Nikolai]] and [[Pavel Durov]]. Previously, the pair founded the Russian social network [[VK (social network)|VK]], which they left in 2014, saying it had been taken over by the government.<ref name=DurovTI22414>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-22/news/49318882_1_social-network-vkontakte-pavel-durov-founder-mark-zuckerberg |title=Pavel Durov left Russia after being pushed out |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=23 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424024304/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-22/news/49318882_1_social-network-vkontakte-pavel-durov-founder-mark-zuckerberg |archive-date=24 April 2014 |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]] |via=Economic Times }}</ref> Pavel sold his remaining stake in VK and left Russia after resisting government pressure.<ref name=":0" /> Nikolai created the MTProto protocol that is the basis for the messenger, while Pavel provided financial support and infrastructure through his [[Axel Neff#Digital Fortress LLC|Digital Fortress]] fund.<ref name="TechCrunch">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/27/meet-telegram-a-secure-messaging-app-from-the-founders-of-vk-russias-largest-social-network/|title=Meet Telegram, A Secure Messaging App From The Founders Of VK, Russia's Largest Social Network|last=Shu|first=Catherine|date=27 October 2013|website=TechCrunch|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126020419/http://techcrunch.com/2013/10/27/meet-telegram-a-secure-messaging-app-from-the-founders-of-vk-russias-largest-social-network/|url-status=live}}</ref> Telegram Messenger denies that its end goal is to profit,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-are-you-going-to-make-money-out-of-this |title=Telegram F.A.Q |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209082001/https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-are-you-going-to-make-money-out-of-this |archive-date=9 February 2014 |quote=...making profits will never be an end-goal for Telegram.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/25/5445864/telegram-messenger-hottest-app-in-the-world |title=Why Telegram has become the hottest messaging app in the world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313050911/http://www.theverge.com/2014/2/25/5445864/telegram-messenger-hottest-app-in-the-world |archive-date=13 March 2016 |work=The Verge |access-date=25 February 2014 |quote=Telegram operates as a non-profit organization, and doesn’t plan to charge for its services.}}</ref> but it is not structured as a nonprofit organization.<ref name="WaPo1">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/11/23/the-secret-american-origins-of-telegram-the-encrypted-messaging-app-favored-by-the-islamic-state/|title=The secret American origins of Telegram, the encrypted messaging app favored by the Islamic State|last1=Dewey|first1=Caitlin|date=23 November 2015|access-date=31 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512135529/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/11/23/the-secret-american-origins-of-telegram-the-encrypted-messaging-app-favored-by-the-islamic-state/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Telegram is registered as a company in the [[British Virgin Islands]]<ref name="Telegram Messenger Inc – RIPE NCC"/> and as an [[Limited company|LLC]] in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web|title = Telegram Messenger on the App Store|url = https://apps.apple.com/app/telegram-messenger/id686449807|website = App Store|access-date = 19 November 2015|archive-date = 19 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190519201602/https://itunes.apple.com/app/telegram-messenger/id686449807|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.telegram_fz_llc.adcbb6d4f706fd666c04a7b5c9178b02.html Telegram FZ LLC – Dun & Bradstreet]</ref> It does not disclose where it rents offices or which legal entities it uses to rent them, citing the need to "shelter the team from unnecessary influence" and protect users from governmental data requests.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Lunch with the FT: Pavel Durov|url = https://www.ft.com/content/21c5c7f2-20b1-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0|newspaper = [[Financial Times]]|access-date = 19 November 2015|first = John|last = Thornhill|date = 3 July 2015|archive-date = 19 September 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919235800/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/21c5c7f2-20b1-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0.html|url-status = live}}</ref> After Pavel Durov left Russia in 2014, he was said to be moving from country to country with a small group of computer programmers consisting of 15 core members.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title = Once Celebrated in Russia, the Programmer Pavel Durov Chooses Exile|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/technology/once-celebrated-in-russia-programmer-pavel-durov-chooses-exile.html|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = 2 December 2014|access-date = 19 November 2015|first = Danny|last = Hakim|archive-date = 6 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024632/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/technology/once-celebrated-in-russia-programmer-pavel-durov-chooses-exile.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telecoms-mobileworld-telegram-idUSKCN0VW2CM|title=Telegram app free-speech advocate no stranger to Apple-FBI woes|newspaper=Reuters|date=23 February 2016|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512140540/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telecoms-mobileworld-telegram-idUSKCN0VW2CM|url-status=live|last1=Auchard|first1=Eric}}</ref>

While a former employee of VK said that Telegram had employees in [[Saint Petersburg]], Pavel said the Telegram team made [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], its headquarters in 2014, but failed to obtain German residence permits for everyone on the team and moved to other jurisdictions in early 2015.<ref name="Turton-2017-09-29">{{cite web|last1=Turton|first1=William|title=What isn't Telegram saying about its connections to the Kremlin?|url=https://theoutline.com/post/2348/what-isn-t-telegram-saying-about-its-connections-to-the-kremlin|website=The Outline|access-date=11 October 2017|date=29 September 2017|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518221134/https://theoutline.com/post/2348/what-isn-t-telegram-saying-about-its-connections-to-the-kremlin|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheVergeKorea">{{cite web |last=Brandom |first=Russell |date=6 October 2014 |title=Surveillance drives South Koreans to encrypted messaging apps |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/6/6926205/surveillance-drives-south-koreans-to-encrypted-messaging-apps |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106162327/http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/6/6926205/surveillance-drives-south-koreans-to-encrypted-messaging-apps |archive-date=6 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> Since 2017, the company has been based in Dubai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Descalsota |first1=Marielle |title=Meet Pavel Durov, the tech billionaire who founded Telegram, fled from Moscow 15 years ago after defying the Kremlin, and has a penchant for posting half-naked selfies on Instagram |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pavel-durov-telegram-billionaire-russia-instagram-wealth-founder-dubai-lifestyle-2022-3 |access-date=1 May 2022 |work=Business Insider |date=28 March 2022}}</ref> Its data centers are spread across a complex [[corporate structure]] of [[Shell corporation|shell companies]] in various jurisdictions to avoid compliance with government [[subpoena]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakim |first=Danny |date=2 December 2014 |title=Once Celebrated in Russia, the Programmer Pavel Durov Chooses Exile |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/technology/once-celebrated-in-russia-programmer-pavel-durov-chooses-exile.html |access-date=19 August 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Newton |first=Casey |date=26 August 2024 |title=How Telegram played itself |url=https://www.platformer.news/telegram-durov-arrest-france-explainer/ |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Platformer |language=en}}</ref> The company says this is done "to protect the data that is not covered by end-to-end encryption". Telegram's FAQ page says it does not process requests related to illegal content in chats and group chats, and that "to this day, we have disclosed 0 bytes of user messages to third parties, including governments".<ref name=":5" /> But according to Pavel, Telegram disclosed data for 203 legal requests from the Brazilian government in January to September 2024 and 6,992 legal requests from India, its largest market, during that period.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Du Rove's Channel |url=https://t.me/durov/346 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref> Users can use Telegram's transparency bot to check how many legal requests from their country it has processed.<ref name=":7" />

=== Usage ===
In October 2013, Telegram announced that it had 100,000 daily active users.<ref name="TechCrunch" />

On 24 March 2014, Telegram announced that it had reached 35 million monthly users and 15 million daily active users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/24/telegram-hits-35m-monthly-users-15m-daily-with-8b-messages-received-over-30-days/|publisher=TechCrunch|title=Telegram Hits 35M Monthly Users, 15M Daily With 8B Messages Received Over 30 Days|date=24 March 2014|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124123902/http://techcrunch.com/2014/03/24/telegram-hits-35m-monthly-users-15m-daily-with-8b-messages-received-over-30-days/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2014, [[South Korea]]n government surveillance plans drove many of its citizens to switch to Telegram from the Korean app [[KakaoTalk]].<ref name="TheVergeKorea" /> In December 2014, Telegram announced that it had 50 million active users, generating 1 billion daily messages, and that it had 1 million new users signing up on its service every week,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/billion|publisher=Telegram|title=Telegram Reaches 1 Billion Daily Messages|date=8 December 2014|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724110557/https://telegram.org/blog/billion|url-status=live}}</ref> traffic doubled in five months with 2 billion daily messages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/2-billion|publisher=Telegram|title=Telegram Hits 2 Billion Messages Sent Daily|date=13 May 2015|access-date=31 July 2015|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512141610/https://telegram.org/blog/2-billion|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2015, Telegram announced that the app had 60 million active users and delivered 12 billion daily messages.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/21/telegram-now-seeing-12bn-daily-messages-up-from-1m-in-february/|title = Telegram Now Seeing 12BN Daily Messages, up From 1BN in February|date = 21 September 2015|access-date = 19 November 2015|website = [[Techcrunch]]|last = Lomas|first = Natasha|archive-date = 27 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151127133011/http://techcrunch.com/2015/09/21/telegram-now-seeing-12bn-daily-messages-up-from-1m-in-february/|url-status = live}}</ref>

In February 2016, Telegram announced that it had 100 million monthly active users, with 350,000 new users signing up every day, delivering 15 billion messages daily.<ref>{{cite web|title = Encrypted Messaging App Telegram Hits 100M Monthly Active Users, 350k New Users Each Day|url = https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/23/encrypted-messaging-app-telegram-hits-100m-monthly-active-users-350k-new-users-each-day/|website = TechCrunch|access-date = 23 February 2016|first = Matt|last = Burns|date = 23 February 2016|archive-date = 9 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509222256/https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/23/encrypted-messaging-app-telegram-hits-100m-monthly-active-users-350k-new-users-each-day/|url-status = live}}</ref> In December 2017, Telegram reached 180 million monthly active users.<ref name="Bloomberg-2017-12-12">{{cite news |title = This $5 Billion Encrypted App Isn't for Sale at Any Price |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-12/cryptic-russian-crusader-says-his-5-billion-app-can-t-be-bought |newspaper = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date = 12 December 2017 |access-date = 22 December 2017 |archive-date = 20 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190520015516/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-12/cryptic-russian-crusader-says-his-5-billion-app-can-t-be-bought |url-status = live }}</ref> By March 2018, that number had doubled, with Telegram reaching 200 million monthly active users.<ref name="TelegramUsersMarch2018">{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/200-million|title=200,000,000 Monthly Active Users|date=22 March 2018|website=Telegram|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923104039/https://telegram.org/blog/200-million|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 March 2019, Pavel said that "3 million new users signed up for Telegram within the last 24 hours."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lomas |first1=Natasha |title=Telegram gets 3M new signups during Facebook apps' outage |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/14/telegram-gets-3m-new-signups-during-facebook-apps-outage/ |website=TechCrunch |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502055020/https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/14/telegram-gets-3m-new-signups-during-facebook-apps-outage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He did not specify what prompted this flood of new sign-ups, but the period matched a prolonged technical outage experienced by Facebook and its family of apps, including Instagram.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shieber |first1=Jonathan |title=Update: Facebook, Instagram and Messenger were down for many users |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/13/facebook-instagram-and-messenger-are-down-for-some-users/ |website=TechCrunch |date=13 March 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502055019/https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/13/facebook-instagram-and-messenger-are-down-for-some-users/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, as of October 2019, Telegram had 300 million monthly active users worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2019/comp-pr2019-212.pdf |title=SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ::Plaintiff, :19 Civ. 9439(PKC):-against -:ECF Case:TELEGRAM GROUPINC.andTON ISSUERINC. |date=11 October 2019 |website=The US Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015601/https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2019/comp-pr2019-212.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 April 2020, Telegram announced that it had reached 400 million monthly active users.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Telegram hits 500M monthly active users |url=https://t.me/durov/147/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611161236/https://t.me/durov/147 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Telegram |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 8 January 2021, Pavel announced in a blog post that Telegram had reached "about 500 million" monthly active users.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/respect-your-users-telegram-founder-slams-facebook/article33535421.ece |title="Respect your users": Telegram founder Pavel Durov slams Facebook |date=9 January 2021 |website=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093123/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/respect-your-users-telegram-founder-slams-facebook/article33535421.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In August, [[TechCrunch]] reported that India was Telegram's largest market, with a 22% share of total installs coming from the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/30/telegram-tops-1-billion-downloads/ |title=Telegram tops 1 billion downloads |date=30 August 2021 |website=TechCrunch |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Telegram then gained over 70 million new users as a result of an [[2021 Facebook outage|outage which affected Facebook and its affiliates]] on 5 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=6 October 2021|title=Telegram gains 70M new users in just one day after Facebook outage|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/6/22712191/telegram-70-million-new-users-facebook-outage-surge-whatsapp|access-date=6 October 2021|website=The Verge|language=en-US|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006143403/https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/6/22712191/telegram-70-million-new-users-facebook-outage-surge-whatsapp|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 June 2022, Telegram announced that it had reached 700 million monthly active users.<ref name="700M_premium">{{cite web |last1=Roth |first1=Emma |date=20 June 2022 |title=Telegram's Premium subscription is here and it costs $4.99 / month |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/19/23174976/telegram-premium-subscription-4-99-month-bigger-uploads-faster-downloads |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=The Verge}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=700 Million Users and Telegram Premium |url=https://telegram.org/blog/700-million-and-premium |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=Telegram}}</ref>

In July 2023, Telegram surpassed 800 million monthly active users,<ref name=":14">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |date=18 July 2023 |title=Telegram raises $210 million through bond sales |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/18/telegram-raises-210-million-through-bond-sales/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> later reaching 900 million in March 2024<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Hannah |date=11 March 2024 |title=Telegram hits 900mn users and nears profitability as founder considers IPO |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8d6ceb0d-4cdb-4165-bdfa-4b95b3e07b2a |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> and 950 million in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=23 July 2024 |title=Telegram's user base climbs to 950M, plans to launch app store |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/23/telegrams-userbase-climbs-to-950m-plans-to-launch-app-store/ |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2025, Pavel Durov announced that Telegram surpassed 1 billion monthly active users.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavel Durov |url=https://t.me/durov/404 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=2025-03-19 |title=Telegram founder Pavel Durov says app now has 1B users, calls WhatsApp a 'cheap, watered down imitation' |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/19/telegram-founder-pavel-durov-says-app-now-has-1b-users-calls-whatsapp-a-cheap-watered-down-imitation/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Features ==

=== Messaging ===
[[File:Telegram-account-self-destruction.png|thumb|Account self-destruction option.]]
To use Telegram, a user must sign up with their [[Telephone|phone]] number or an anonymous +888 number purchased from the Fragment blockchain platform.<ref name="Lopez">{{cite web |last=Lopez |first=Miguel |date=30 January 2014 |title=Configurando Telegram en el iPhone, en la web y en el Mac |trans-title=Configuring Telegram in the Apple iPhone, the Web and the Mac |url=http://www.applesfera.com/aplicaciones-ios-1/configurando-telegram-en-el-iphone-en-la-web-y-en-el-mac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807133141/https://www.applesfera.com/aplicaciones-ios-1/configurando-telegram-en-el-iphone-en-la-web-y-en-el-mac |archive-date=7 August 2019 |access-date=4 December 2014 |publisher=Applesfera |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=7 December 2022 |title=Telegram is auctioning phone numbers to let users sign up to the service without any SIM |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/07/telegram-is-auctioning-phone-numbers-to-let-users-sign-up-to-the-service-without-any-sim/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Changing the phone number in the app will automatically reassign the user's account to that number without exporting data or notifying their contacts.<ref name="Lopez" /><ref name="way-transf">{{cite web |last=Munizaga |first=Jonathan |date=1 December 2014 |title=Telegram ya permite migrar conversaciones y contactos a una línea nueva |trans-title=Telegram already allows migrating conversations and contacts to a new line |url=http://www.wayerless.com/2014/12/telegram-se-actualiza-permitiendo-ahora-migrar-tus-conversaciones-y-contactos-a-una-linea-nueva/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219220850/http://www.wayerless.com/2014/12/telegram-se-actualiza-permitiendo-ahora-migrar-tus-conversaciones-y-contactos-a-una-linea-nueva/ |archive-date=19 December 2014 |access-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=Wayerless |language=es }}</ref><ref name="te-transf">{{cite web |last=Mateo |first=David G |date=1 December 2014 |title=Telegram ahora permite traspasar mensajes al cambiar de número |url=http://www.tuexpertoapps.com/2014/12/02/telegram-ahora-permite-traspasar-mensajes-al-cambiar-de-numero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512143429/https://www.tuexpertoapps.com/2014/12/02/telegram-ahora-permite-traspasar-mensajes-al-cambiar-de-numero/ |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=TuExperto |language=es}}</ref> Phone numbers are hidden by default, with only a user's contacts able to see them. Sign-ups can be done only on an Android or iOS device.<ref name="BusinessInsider-2021">{{cite web |last=Witman |first=Emma |date=22 January 2021 |title=How to make a Telegram account and start using the popular group chatting app |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-make-a-telegram-account |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209074302/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-make-a-telegram-account |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name="desktop-login">{{cite web |title=no login by sms code in desktop version |url=https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop/issues/16153 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028101131/https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop/issues/16153 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref>

Messages users send and receive are tied to their numbers and custom usernames,<ref name="cs2.0">{{cite web |date=23 October 2014 |title=Secure Messaging App Telegram Adds Usernames And Snapchat-Like Hold-To-View For Media |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/23/secure-messaging-app-telegram-adds-usernames-and-snapchat-like-hold-to-view-for-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512143411/https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/23/secure-messaging-app-telegram-adds-usernames-and-snapchat-like-hold-to-view-for-media/ |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Techcrunch}}</ref> not the device. Telegram content is synced between users' [[Login|logged-in]] devices automatically through cloud storage, except for device-specific secret chats. By default, any account that is inactive for 6 months is deleted, but the period can be shortened or extended up to 18 months. Telegram allows groups, bots and channels with a verified social media or Bharatpedia page to be verified, but not individual user accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Verification Guidelines |url=https://telegram.org/verify |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114070820/https://telegram.org/verify |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus News and Verified Channels |url=https://telegram.org/blog/coronavirus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122205226/https://telegram.org/blog/coronavirus |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Telegram}}</ref>

Messages can contain formatted text, media, files up to 2 GB (4 GB with Premium), locations, and audio or video messages recorded in-app. Telegram messages in private chats can be edited for up to 48 hours; an "edited" icon indicates changes. Messages may also be deleted for both sides without a trace. Users may delete messages and whole chats for both themselves and other participants. Chats can be exported to preserve them via Telegram's Desktop client, but the saved data cannot be imported back into the user's account.

Users can import chat history, including both messages and media, from WhatsApp, Line, and [[KakaoTalk]] due to [[data portability]], making a new chat to hold the messages or adding them to an existing one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=آخرین میخ تلگرام بر تابوت واتساپ |url=https://www.eghtesadonline.com/بخش-فناوری-64/502325-آخرین-میخ-تلگرام-بر-تابوت-واتس-اپ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175049/https://www.eghtesadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-64/502325-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%AA%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%BE |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=اقتصاد آنلاین |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram's latest update lets you import chat history from other apps |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/telegrams_latest_update_lets_you_import_chat_history_from_other_apps-news-47472.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131214359/https://www.gsmarena.com/telegrams_latest_update_lets_you_import_chat_history_from_other_apps-news-47472.php |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

As users can be logged into many devices at once, starting to type a message on one of them will create a "cloud draft" that syncs with others, so that typing can be started on a phone and finished on a laptop, for example.<ref name="Drafts">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2016 |title=Telegram rolls out message drafts, picture in picture for iOS, video player for Android |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/06/14/telegram-rolls-out-message-drafts-picture-in-picture-for-ios-video-player-for-android/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525092951/https://venturebeat.com/2016/06/14/telegram-rolls-out-message-drafts-picture-in-picture-for-ios-video-player-for-android/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=VentureBeat}}</ref>

Any message can be translated by opening the context menu. Premium users can translate a whole chat with one click. Users can hide the translate button for messages written in specific languages.

Reactions can be used to respond to a message with emoji. Premium users have access to more reaction choices and can leave more reactions per message. Reactions are always on in private chats and can be enabled by admins in groups and channels. Specific reactions can be allowed or excluded. Reaction emoji play an animation with special effects.<ref name="xda-developers.com">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=Telegram's new update brings more emoji fun and lots of quality of life improvements |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-update-for-september-2022/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=XDA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schoon |first1=Ben |date=30 December 2021 |title=Telegram adds message reactions, bigger emoji animations, and more in latest update |url=https://9to5google.com/2021/12/30/telegram-adds-message-reactions-bigger-emoji-animations-and-more-in-latest-update/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |website=9to5Google}}</ref>

Users can also send stickers, which can be static, animated or video.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Itani |first1=Mahmoud |date=1 February 2022 |title=Telegram introduces video stickers, improved reactions, and more |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-video-stickers-improved-reactions/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |website=XDA}}</ref> Sticker packs are made by Telegram designers as well as regular users and can be shared via links. They use the [[WebP]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2021 |title=Animated Backgrounds |url=https://telegram.org/blog/animated-backgrounds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626105339/https://telegram.org/blog/animated-backgrounds |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Telegram}}</ref> or [[WebM]] format and do not require special software to create or upload. Some stickers feature full-screen effects that play out when first sent or when tapped.

Users can schedule messages to send at a particular time or when their conversation partner comes online,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2020 |title=Telegram 5.13 update brings Theme Editor 2.0, "Send when online", verifiable builds, and more |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-5-13-update-brings-theme-editor-2-0-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209123902/https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-5-13-update-brings-theme-editor-2-0-more/ |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> as well as choose to send a message "without sound" without a notification. Messages from private chats can be forwarded, with an option to hide the original sender's identity or to hide captions from media messages. Forwarded messages also maintain reply formatting, able to show which messages in a thread are replying to others. Any user can also send a message to a special "Saved Messages" chat as a form of bookmarking them. The contents of the chat are only visible to the user.

Chats can be sorted into folders to organize them with preset options like "Unread" and "Muted" or custom separations such as "Work" and "Family". Premium users have the ability to set any chat folder as the default screen in the app while regular users will always see the full chat list when first opening the app.[[File:A "secret chat" confirmation notice in Telegram.jpg|thumb|394x394px|A "secret chat" confirmation notice – screenshot from [[iOS 16]]]]
Users have the option to start a one-on-one, end-to-end-encrypted "Secret Chat",<ref name="techfaq" /> which remains accessible only on the device on which it started and self-destructs upon logging out.<ref name="TechCrunch" /><ref name="how-secure">{{cite web |title=FAQ: How secure is Telegram? |url=https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-secure-is-telegram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209082001/https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-secure-is-telegram |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |work=Telegram official website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Description of MTProto Mobile Protocol |url=https://core.telegram.org/mtproto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104149/https://core.telegram.org/mtproto |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=Telegram}}</ref> Secret Chats restrict screenshotting by Android devices and warn when one is taken on an iOS device, while also hiding the chat contents from the final image.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamburger |first1=Ellis |date=25 February 2014 |title=Why Telegram has become the hottest messaging app in the world |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/25/5445864/telegram-messenger-hottest-app-in-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313050911/http://www.theverge.com/2014/2/25/5445864/telegram-messenger-hottest-app-in-the-world |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2016 |website=The Verge |publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> Secret Chats support [[Perfect Forward Secrecy|perfect forward secrecy]] and switch encryption keys after a key has been used 100 times or a week has passed.<ref>{{harvnb|Rottermanner|Kieseberg|Huber|Schmiedecker|2015|p=2}}</ref><ref name="way-transf" /><ref name="te-transf" /><ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2014 |title=Perfect Forward Secrecy |url=https://core.telegram.org/api/end-to-end/pfs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107005120/https://core.telegram.org/api/end-to-end/pfs |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Telegram}}</ref><ref name="Rottermanner-2015-p6">{{harvnb|Rottermanner|Kieseberg|Huber|Schmiedecker|2015|p=6}}</ref> Secret Chats are available only on Android, iOS, and macOS clients.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 July 2015 |title=Github issue 871: missing secret chats |url=https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop/issues/871 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502055013/https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop/issues/871 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=25 July 2017 |website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref>

Both in Secret and regular chats, messages can self-destruct after they are read, disappearing for all parties after a period set by the user, ranging from one day to one year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2021 |title=How Telegram's new update is making messages private |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/how-telegram-s-new-update-is-making-messages-private-11614388851319.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228184333/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/how-telegram-s-new-update-is-making-messages-private-11614388851319.html |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=1 March 2021 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telegram Unsend Messages">{{cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Unsend Messages, Network Usage, and More |url=https://telegram.org/blog/unsend-and-usage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213549/https://telegram.org/blog/unsend-and-usage |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=Telegram}}</ref>

=== Groups and channels ===
Telegram users can create and join groups and channels. Groups are large multi-user chats that support up to 200,000 members and can be public or private. Users can freely join public chats and find them using the in-app search function, while private chats require an invitation. They support flexible admin rights and can use bots for [[content moderation|moderation]] to prevent spam and unwanted activity. Groups can be split into topics, effectively creating subgroups dedicated to various subjects with separate settings for each.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Nickolas Diaz |date=7 November 2022 |title=Telegram drops an update, adds topics in groups, Voice-to-Text, and new emoji packs |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/apps-software/telegram-update-voice-to-text-video-group-topics-collectible-usernames |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Android Central |language=en}}</ref>

Admins can choose to hide the list of members in a group, as well as post anonymously themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potts |first=Caleb |date=30 September 2020 |title=Telegram adds search filters, anonymous admins, channel replies, and more |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/09/30/telegram-adds-search-filters-anonymous-admins-channel-replies-and-more/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Android Police |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, groups and channels can have content protection enabled, which prevents screenshots, forwarding and downloading of media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2021 |title=Telegram monthly update brings Content Protection and Delete by Date feature |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/telegram-monthly-update-brings-content-protection-and-delete-by-date-feature-7662617/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gatlan |first=Sergiu |date=8 December 2021 |title=Telegram adds content protection support for groups and channels |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/telegram-adds-content-protection-support-for-groups-and-channels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223225101/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/telegram-adds-content-protection-support-for-groups-and-channels/ |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=Bleeping Computer |language=en-US}}</ref> Ownership of channels and groups can be transferred to one of the admins if the owner wishes to give up their rights.

Groups support threaded replies, where bringing up the context menu on a message allows one to open a screen with a thread of replies made to that message and the subsequent ones in the thread. Specific users can be tagged in the group by adding @username to a message, where "username" is that particular user's username.

Groups and channels also support polls, which can be open or anonymous and can support multiple choices. When forwarded, polls retain the answer data and any votes cast in other chats will count toward the overall total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Telegram introduces a new feature that WhatsApp doesn't have: Poll 2.0 |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/telegram-introduces-a-new-feature-that-whatsapp-doesn-t-have-poll-2-0-story-pOkzTJb1xvPl87Ic5ya9XI.html |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=HT Tech |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=Telegram 5.14 adds multiple-answer and quiz polls (APK Download) |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/01/23/telegram-5-14-adds-multiple-answer-and-quiz-polls-apk-download/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603124745/https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/01/23/telegram-5-14-adds-multiple-answer-and-quiz-polls-apk-download/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=Android Police}}</ref>

Channels are one-way feeds where the channel owner or admins can post content while followers can only read, react and comment, if comments have been enabled.<ref name="APSearchComments">{{cite web |date=30 September 2020 |title=Telegram adds search filters, anonymous admins, channel replies, and more |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/09/30/telegram-adds-search-filters-anonymous-admins-channel-replies-and-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125050457/https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/09/30/telegram-adds-search-filters-anonymous-admins-channel-replies-and-more/ |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=Android Police}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=Telegram 5.7 further enhances privacy, improves group and channel features, and more |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/06/01/telegram-5-7-further-enhances-privacy-improves-group-and-channel-features-and-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525092954/https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/06/01/telegram-5-7-further-enhances-privacy-improves-group-and-channel-features-and-more/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=Android Police}}</ref> Channels can be created for broadcasting messages to an unlimited number of subscribers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lobao |first1=Martim |date=22 September 2015 |title=Telegram v3.2 Brings Channels For Broadcasting Your Messages To The World |work=Android Police |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2015/09/22/telegram-v3-2-brings-channels-broadcasting-messages-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512175942/https://www.androidpolice.com/2015/09/22/telegram-v3-2-brings-channels-broadcasting-messages-world/ |archive-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> The list of those who subscribe to a channel can only be seen by its admins. Posting in the channel is anonymous, though admins can choose to add signatures to their posts. Channels offer detailed statistics on view counts, user growth and interactions, also visible only to admins.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2023 |title=Telegram 6.0 adds chat folders, channel statistics, and more |url=https://www.neowin.net/news/telegram-60-adds-chat-folders-channel-statistics-and-more/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Neowin |language=en}}</ref>

Channel owners are able to use Telegram to create giveaways, randomly awarding channel members with prizes such as Telegram Premium subscriptions to their followers, based on certain criteria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasile |first=Cosmin |date=7 November 2023 |title=Telegram update brings the ability to host giveaways |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/telegram-update-channel-giveaways_id152336 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=PhoneArena |language=en-US}}</ref> Users with a Telegram Premium subscription have a number of "boosts" that they can give to channels, which allow the channel to "level up" and unlock features, such as the ability to customize messages or post stories as the channel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellen |date=22 September 2023 |title=Telegram Adds Stories for Channels Where You Have All the Power |url=https://www.droid-life.com/2023/09/22/telegram-channel-stories-boost/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=www.droid-life.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2019, [[Bloomberg News]] moved their messenger-based newsletter service from [[WhatsApp]] to Telegram after the former banned bulk and automated messaging.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-04/how-to-follow-bloomberg-on-telegram|title=How to Follow Bloomberg on Telegram|last=Hess|first=Megan|date=3 December 2019|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|access-date=10 January 2020|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208134608/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-04/how-to-follow-bloomberg-on-telegram|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://digiday.com/media/bloomberg-news-using-telegram/|title=How Bloomberg News is using Telegram|last=Ting|first=Deanna|date=10 January 2020|website=Digiday|language=en-US|access-date=10 January 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209095859/https://digiday.com/media/bloomberg-news-using-telegram/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other news services with official channels on the platform include the ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Join the FT Telegram channel to receive Ukraine coverage alerts |url=https://www.ft.com/telegram |website=Financial Times |date=24 March 2020 |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ''[[Business Insider]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mahal |first1=Pavan |title=Sign up for Telegram updates from Business Insider |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sign-up-for-telegram-updates-business-insider-2021-1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The New York Times launches a Telegram channel to deliver news about the war. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/14/world/europe/telegram-nyt.html |website=The New York Times |date=14 March 2022 |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref>

Channels have also been used by governments and heads of state. Notable examples include [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]<ref name="TimeZelenskyy">{{cite magazine |last1=Bergengruen |first1=Vera |date=21 March 2022 |title=How Telegram Became the Digital Battlefield in the Russia-Ukraine War |url=https://time.com/6158437/telegram-russia-ukraine-information-war/ |access-date=1 May 2022 |magazine=TIME |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128122847/https://time.com/6158437/telegram-russia-ukraine-information-war/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Emmanuel Macron]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telegram: Contact @emmanuelmacron |url=https://t.me/emmanuelmacron |website=Telegram |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Channels have been used by journalists in oppressive regimes to establish independent news networks.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ptak |first1=Guillaume |title=The Telegram-Powered News Outlet Waging Guerrilla War on Russia |url=https://www.wired.com/story/february-morning-russia-ukraine-war/ |magazine=Wired |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>

=== Telegram Mini Apps ===
Telegram also provides an open [[API]] for the creation of custom bots which can perform various tasks, integrate other services into Telegram chats, or work as mini apps or games. Most of them work on the 8XR game engine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram Games |url=https://t.me/gam8s |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Platform |first=The Open |date=17 November 2023 |title=From Bots to Mini Apps: Unveiling Telegram's Web3 Ecosystem |url=https://topco.medium.com/from-bots-to-mini-apps-unveiling-telegrams-web3-ecosystem-edea254f9b5f |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> In July 2024, Telegram Mini Apps reached 500 million monthly active users.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.blockchaingamer.biz/news/35861/animoca-reports-34-million-active-ton-wallets/ | title=Animoca reports 34 million active wallets on TON | date=3 December 2024 }}</ref>

=== Video and voice calls ===
Since 2017, Telegram users have been able to initiate one-on-one calls in private chats. Calls are end-to-end encrypted and prioritize [[peer-to-peer]] connections. Video calls were introduced in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kim |date=15 August 2020 |title=Telegram launches one-on-one video calls on iOS and Android |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/15/21370420/telegram-video-calls-os-android |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Flaherty |first=Kate |title=Telegram Just Launched A Major New Feature To Beat Zoom |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/08/16/telegram-just-launched-a-major-new-feature-to-beat-zoom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209111454/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/08/16/telegram-just-launched-a-major-new-feature-to-beat-zoom/ |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> According to Telegram, there is a [[Artificial neural network|neural network]] working to learn various technical parameters about a call to provide better quality of service for future uses.<ref name="Telegram Voice Calls">{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/30/telegram-call/ |publisher=TechCrunch |title=Telegram introduces voice calls, touting end-to-end encryption |date=30 March 2017 |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525092951/https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/30/telegram-call/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Telegram added group voice chats in December 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telegram gets Discord-like group voice chats|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/23/22196894/telegram-voice-chats-group-discord-feature|access-date=23 December 2020|website=www.theverge.com|date=23 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223172226/https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/23/22196894/telegram-voice-chats-group-discord-feature|url-status=live}}</ref> and group video chats in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serrano |first=Jody |date=27 June 2021 |title=A Year Later, Telegram Finally Launches the Group Video Calls It Promised |url=https://gizmodo.com.au/2021/06/a-year-later-telegram-finally-launches-the-group-video-calls-it-promised/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Gizmodo Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> Group voice and video chats support picture-in-picture video, as well as sharing one's screen, creating a recording of the call, noise suppression and selective muting.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kew-Denniss |first=Zachary |date=25 June 2021 |title=Group video calls and animated backgrounds are finally here in Telegram 7.8 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/06/25/telegram-beta-7-8-adds-video-and-screen-sharing-in-groups/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191110/https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/06/25/telegram-beta-7-8-adds-video-and-screen-sharing-in-groups/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |work=Android Police}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kim |date=26 June 2021 |title=Telegram adds group video calling at last |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/26/22551652/telegram-adds-group-video-calling-chat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626140818/https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/26/22551652/telegram-adds-group-video-calling-chat |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |work=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2021 |title=Group Video Calls |url=https://telegram.org/blog/group-video-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625224638/https://telegram.org/blog/group-video-calls |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Telegram}}</ref> In channels, users can start a [[Live streaming|livestream]], that is able to integrate with third-party apps such as [[OBS Studio]] and [[XSplit]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telegram.org/blog/live-streams-forwarding-next-channel |title=Live Streams, Flexible Forwarding, Jump to Next Channel, Trending Stickers and More |date=31 August 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208183034/https://telegram.org/blog/live-streams-forwarding-next-channel |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonggolto |first1=Jay |title=Telegram picks up a new download manager and redesigns its attachment menu |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/telegram-update-download-manager-attachment-menu-live-streaming-with-third-party-apps |website=Android Central |date=11 March 2022 |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref>

Once launched, a group voice chat will remain active and open to all group members until an admin specifically closes it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=23 December 2020 |title=Telegram gets Discord-like group voice chats |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/23/22196894/telegram-voice-chats-group-discord-feature |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

=== Privacy and security features ===
By default, logging into Telegram requires either an SMS message sent to the registered number or a code message sent to one of the active sessions on another device. Users have the option to set a two-step verification password and add a recovery email.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Yasmin Ahmed |date=5 June 2020 |title=Telegram adds two-step verification for better security, launches in-app video editor to platform |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/telegram-adds-two-step-verification-for-better-security-launches-in-app-video-editor-to-platform-1685933-2020-06-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219051314/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/telegram-adds-two-step-verification-for-better-security-launches-in-app-video-editor-to-platform-1685933-2020-06-05 |archive-date=19 December 2020 |access-date=11 December 2020 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In late 2022, options to ''[[Sign in with Apple]]'' and ''Sign In with Google'' or with an email address were added.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beta Info English |url=https://t.me/s/betainfoen/1032 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=Telegram}}</ref> Whenever a new device successfully logs in to a user's account, a special service notification is sent and a login alert is displayed in the chat list of their other devices.<ref name="w550">{{cite web | title=Stories in Channels, View-Once Media and More | website=Telegram | date=September 22, 2023 | url=https://telegram.org/blog/channel-stories | access-date=October 8, 2025}}</ref>

In the ''Privacy and Security'' submenu of Settings, users have the option to hide their "Last Seen" status,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Hide Last Seen on Telegram |url=https://www.alphr.com/how-to-hide-last-seen-on-telegram/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=Alphr |date=6 June 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> which reflects the last time the user opened a Telegram app. Hiding the status obfuscates the exact time the user was online and hides the statuses of other people respectively. Similarly, users can hide their phone number and profile photo from people based on categories such as Non-Contacts or by adding exceptions. When a user chooses to hide their profile photo, they can set an alternative "Public Profile Picture" that will be shown instead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellen |date=30 December 2022 |title=Telegram's 10 New Features are Its Best in a While |url=https://www.droid-life.com/2022/12/30/telegram-update-adds-spoiler-alerts-profile-pic-controls-and-lots-more/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=www.droid-life.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the same menu, users can restrict the circle of people who can call them or invite them to groups and channels, while Premium users also have the option to restrict who can send them text and voice messages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espósito |first=Filipe |date=13 August 2022 |title=Telegram update approved in App Store after Apple complained about animated emoji |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/08/13/telegram-app-store-apple-complained-emoji/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=9to5Mac}}</ref>

The ''Devices'' submenu shows all of the active devices on a user's account and allows them to remotely log out from those devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Jon |last2=Mascellino |first2=Alessandro |date=22 March 2022 |title=Top 10 tips for using Telegram safely and securely |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/top-tips-using-telegram-safely-securely/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=Android Police |language=en}}</ref>

=== Data and storage settings ===
Telegram clients can turn off media autoplay and automatic downloads for both WiFi and mobile data, adjusting them for media type and size. Auto download settings can also be applied based on chat type such as group, channel or private.

Cache settings can be changed to automatically clear the cache once it reaches a certain size or a certain time passes. The interface shows users a visual representation of their storage usage and also lets them sort their cached media by size to clear specific items.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potuck |first=Michael |date=30 December 2022 |title=Telegram for iOS gets new drawing and text tools, updates for hidden media, zero storage use, more |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/12/30/telegram-ios-update-2/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=9to5Mac}}</ref>

=== Bots ===
In June 2015, Telegram launched a platform for third-party developers to create [[IM bot|bots]].<ref name="Telegram Bot Platform">{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/bot-revolution|publisher=Telegram|title=Telegram Bot Platform|date=24 June 2015|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212053626/https://telegram.org/blog/bot-revolution|url-status=live}}</ref> Bots are Telegram accounts operated by programs. They can respond to messages or [[Mention (blogging)|mentions]] directly or can be invited into groups, and are able to perform tasks, integrate with other programs and host mini apps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liao |first=Rita |date=26 September 2023 |title=Telegram starts to look like a super app, echoing WeChat |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/09/25/telegram-wechat-super-app-ton-foundation/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram Mini Apps |url=https://core.telegram.org/bots/webapps |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=core.telegram.org}}</ref> Bots can accept [[online payment]]s made with credit cards or [[Apple Pay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/payments|title=Payments for Bots|website=Telegram|date=18 May 2017|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509215757/https://telegram.org/blog/payments|url-status=live}}</ref> The Dutch website ''[[Tweakers]]'' reported that an invited bot can potentially read all group messages, when the bot controller changes the access settings silently at a later point in time. Telegram pointed out that it considered implementing a feature that would announce such a status change within the relevant group.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://tweakers.net/nieuws/104386/telegram-bots-kunnen-relatief-ongemerkt-meelezen-in-groepsgesprekken.html|title = Telegram-bots kunnen relatief ongemerkt meelezen in groepsgesprekken|date = 23 July 2015|access-date = 25 October 2015|website = [[Tweakers]]|last = Schellevis|first = Joost|language = nl|archive-date = 12 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512150205/https://tweakers.net/nieuws/104386/telegram-bots-kunnen-relatief-ongemerkt-meelezen-in-groepsgesprekken.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

There are also inline bots, which can be used from any chat screen. To activate an inline bot, a user must type the bot's username and a query in the message field. The bot then will offer its content. The user can choose from that content and send it within a chat.<ref name="Inline Bots">{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/inline-bots|publisher=Telegram|title=Introducing Inline Bots|date=4 January 2016|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809155850/https://telegram.org/blog/inline-bots|url-status=live}}</ref> Certain approved bots are also able to integrate into the attachment menu, making them accessible in any chat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launching Mini Apps from the Attachment Menu |url=https://core.telegram.org/bots/webapps#launching-mini-apps-from-the-attachment-menu |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=core.telegram.org}}</ref>

Bots can handle transactions provided by [[Paymentwall]], [[Yandex.Money]], [[Stripe (company)|Stripe]], Ravepay, Razorpay, QiWi and [[Google Pay (payment method)|Google Pay]] for different countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/payments|title=Payments for Bots|date=18 May 2017|website=Telegram|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509215757/https://telegram.org/blog/payments|url-status=live}}</ref> Bots power Telegram's gaming platform, which utilizes HTML5, so games are loaded on-demand as needed, like ordinary webpages. Games work on iPhone 4 and newer, and on Android 4.4 devices and newer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/games|title=Gaming Platform 1.0|date=3 October 2016|website=Telegram|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809190314/https://telegram.org/blog/games|url-status=live}}</ref>

People can use [[Internet Of Things]] (IoT) services with two-way interaction via [[IFTTT]] implemented within Telegram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/pin-and-ifttt|title=Pinned Chats and IFTTT Integrations|date=7 December 2016|website=Telegram|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081235/https://telegram.org/blog/pin-and-ifttt|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Telegram android app test receipt order Screenshot 20210627.png|alt=app window user interface shows shipment address, name, price, payment software|thumb|Test order receipt]]
In April 2021, the Payments 2.0 upgrade enabled bot payments within any chat, using third-party services such as Sberbank, Tranzoo, Payme, CLICK, LiqPay and ECOMMPAY to process the credit card information.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 April 2021|title=Telegram now lets retailers accept credit cards in any chat|url=https://www.windowscentral.com/telegram-adds-new-payment-features-latest-update|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Windows Central|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427155309/https://www.windowscentral.com/telegram-adds-new-payment-features-latest-update|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bots are also commonly used for businesses to communicate with customers as the bot APIs integrate with communication platforms so that Telegram messages can be sent and received in an [[omnichannel]]inbox. These platforms also enable businesses to add Telegram chat widget to their websites and gives them the option to automate conversations or let human agents reply. Examples of platforms providing Telegram bot integration include respond.io, Manychat and Trengo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaysia-based Respond.io helps businesses juggle multiple messaging apps |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/20/malaysia-based-respond-io-helps-businesses-juggle-multiple-messaging-apps/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=8 July 2025 |date=September 20, 2022}}</ref>

In February 2018, Telegram launched its [[social login]] feature, Telegram Login. It features a website widget that can be embedded into websites, allowing users to sign into a third party website with their Telegram account. The gateway sends the user's Telegram name, username, and profile picture to the website owner, while the user's phone number remains hidden. The gateway is integrated with a bot, which is linked with the developer's specific website domain.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Telegram 4.8 arrives with Telegram Login and streaming|language=en|work=Neowin|url=https://www.neowin.net/news/telegram-48-arrives-with-telegram-login-and-streaming|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518221145/https://www.neowin.net/news/telegram-48-arrives-with-telegram-login-and-streaming|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2021, an update introduced a new bot menu where users can browse and send commands while in a chat with a bot.<ref name=":2"/>

In April 2022, bots gained support for customized interfaces and inline page loading. Interfaces can be adjusted to match the app's theme even if it changes while interacting with the bot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=Notification Sounds, Bot Revolution and More |url=https://telegram.org/blog/notifications-bots |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref>

In October 2024, Telegram added increased messaging limits for bots, allowing bots to send up to 1000 messages per second to their users. Messages beyond the free limit of 30 per second are paid for using Telegram Stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram update brings Faster video loading, Playback speed options, Last edit timestamps and more |url=https://www.fonearena.com/blog/439282/telegram-faster-video-loading-playback-speed-options-last-edit-timestamps.html |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=www.fonearena.com}}</ref>

Telegram introduced affiliate programs in December 2024 that allow developers to create an affiliate program for their bot or mini app. Any Telegram user can join the affiliate program and be rewarded for referring others to the bot or mini app by receiving a commission from purchases made by the people they referred.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasile |first=Cosmin |date=6 December 2024 |title=Telegram launches referral program for mini app creators, improved sticker search |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/telegram-affiliate-programs-sticker-search-collages_id165591 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=PhoneArena |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Stickers, emoji, reactions and effects ===
Telegram has more than 40,000 [[sticker (messaging)|sticker]]s. Stickers are cloud-based, high-resolution images intended to provide more expressive [[emoji]]. When typing in an emoji, the user is offered to send the respective sticker instead. Stickers come in collections called "packs", and multiple stickers can be offered for one emoji. Telegram comes with one default sticker pack,<ref name="Telegram Stickers">{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/stickers-meet-art-and-history|publisher=Telegram|title=Telegram Stickers|date=2 January 2015|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806091723/https://telegram.org/blog/stickers-meet-art-and-history|url-status=live}}</ref> and users can install additional sticker packs provided by third-party contributors.

Sticker sets installed from one client become automatically available to all other clients. Sticker images use [[WebP]] file format, which is better optimized to be transmitted over the internet. The Telegram clients also support animated emoji.<ref name=":2" /> In January 2022, video stickers were added, which use the [[WebM]] file format and do not feature any software requirements to create.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Itani |first1=Mahmoud |title=Telegram introduces video stickers, improved reactions, and more |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-video-stickers-improved-reactions/ |website=XDA |date=1 February 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

In August 2019, Telegram introduced animated emoji,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Telegram |url=https://telegram.org/evolution#august-2019 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref> larger versions of familiar emoji with unique animations. In September 2021, Telegram added interactive emoji, a type of animated emoji which also play a fullscreen effect in the chat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Telegram |url=https://telegram.org/evolution#september-2021 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref> These kinds of effects were later used for Premium Stickers in June 2022<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Telegram |url=https://telegram.org/evolution#june-2022 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref> and for message effects in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Message Effects, Hashtag Search, and More |url=https://telegram.org/blog/message-effects-and-more |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref>

In August 2022, Telegram launched an emoji platform where users could upload their own custom emoji, either in animated or static versions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Telegram |url=https://telegram.org/evolution#august-2022 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref> While any user can upload custom emoji to the platform, the use of custom emoji in chats is only available to users with Telegram Premium.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukotun |first=Oluwasegun |title=Telegram introduces its Emoji Platform, rolls out Custom Animated Emoji Packs, Gifting Telegram Premium, and More |url=https://innovation-village.com/telegram-introduces-its-emoji-platform-rolls-out-custom-animated-emoji-packs-gifting-telegram-premium-and-more/ |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=innovation-village.com|date=16 August 2022 }}</ref>

Reactions were first added to Telegram in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Telegram |url=https://telegram.org/evolution#december-2021-second-update |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref> and expanded to include more emoji options for Premium users.<ref name="auto3"/> In September 2022, Telegram gave free users access to dozens of reactions, even some that were only previously available to Premium subscribers. To accommodate the new reactions, the reaction panel was expanded and redesigned.<ref name="xda-developers.com" />

=== People Nearby and Groups Near Me ===
People Nearby and Groups Near Me were features that helped users contact people in their physical vicinity, using their phone's [[GPS]] location.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/25/telegram-adds-location-flavored-extras-and-full-group-ownership-transfers/ |title=Telegram adds location-flavored extras and full group ownership transfers |date=25 June 2019 |website=TechCrunch |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603124745/https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/25/telegram-adds-location-flavored-extras-and-full-group-ownership-transfers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://telegram.org/blog/protected-content-delete-by-date-and-more|title = Protected Content, Delete by Date, Device Management and More|date = 7 December 2021|access-date = 8 December 2021|archive-date = 8 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211208180925/https://telegram.org/blog/protected-content-delete-by-date-and-more|url-status = live}}</ref> They were removed in 2024, with Durov saying that they had had "issues with bots and scammers".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Milmo |first1=Dan |last2=Sauer |first2=Pjotr |date=6 September 2024 |title=Telegram to drop 'people nearby' feature and improve moderation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/sep/06/telegram-to-drop-people-nearby-feature-and-improve-moderation |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Stories ===
Similar to other social platforms, Telegram users can post [[Story (social media)|stories]], a type of short-form content. Telegram stories have several distinctive features, like a dual-camera mode, extra privacy settings, the ability to edit stories after posting them, as well as to rewind and fast-forward them while watching.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=Telegram stories are finally available to everyone |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/telegram-10-update-stories-available/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Android Police |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Aisha |date=14 August 2023 |title=Telegram rolls out its Stories feature to all users |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/14/telegram-rolls-out-its-stories-feature-to-all-users/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram: Telegram rolls out new features with Halloween update: Replies 2.0, adjustable link previews and more |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/apps/telegram-rolls-out-new-features-with-halloween-update-replies-2-0-adjustable-link-previews-and-more/articleshow/104832900.cms |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Gadgets Now |language=en}}</ref>

=== Premium features ===
Telegram Premium was launched on 19 June 2022 with regional pricing.<ref name="700M_premium" /><ref name=":4" /> The optional paid subscription gives users increased limits in the app, such as larger file uploads, faster download speeds, unlimited voice message transcription,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weatherbed |first=Jess |date=1 December 2023 |title=Telegram opens up voice transcription to all users in latest update |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/1/23983851/telegram-update-voice-transcription-similar-channels-feature |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> as well as numerous other increases such as the number of pinned chats and folders. Premium users have access to extra stickers, emoji, reactions, and customization features like a special badge and the ability to change the look of their messages in chats. Premium users get access to additional settings, like instant chat translation, and the ability to restrict who can send them text and voice messages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=19 June 2022 |title=Telegram launches premium tier as it tops 700 million users |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/06/19/telegram-tops-700-million-users-launches-premium-tier/ |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=19 June 2022 |title=Telegram's Premium subscription is here and it costs $4.99 / month |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/19/23174976/telegram-premium-subscription-4-99-month-bigger-uploads-faster-downloads |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2023, Telegram Premium can be acquired via in-app purchases facilitated by Apple and Google, directly via Telegram's @PremiumBot, or with cryptocurrency on the Fragment platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=What is Telegram Premium and should you upgrade? |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/telegram-premium-price-features-availability-3177921/ |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}</ref> Users are able to purchase a subscription for themselves, or purchase a subscription for someone else to send as a gift. Premium subscriptions can also be won through official Channel Giveaways, in which Telegram channels pre-purchase a specific number of Premium subscriptions that are randomly given away to their subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasile |first=Cosmin |date=7 November 2023 |title=Telegram update brings the ability to host giveaways |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/telegram-update-channel-giveaways_id152336 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=PhoneArena |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Gifts ===
In October 2024, Telegram launched Gifts,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram launches new 'Gifts' feature with NFT integration {{!}} Telegram {{!}} CryptoRank.io |url=https://cryptorank.io/news/feed/ef676-telegram-launches-new-gifts-feature |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=CryptoRank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-05 |title=Gifts, Verification Platform and More |url=https://telegram.org/blog/gifts-verification-platform |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Telegram}}</ref> a type of virtual cosmetic item that users can purchase and send to each other in the app using Telegram Stars. In January 2025, Collectible Gifts<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Collectible Gifts, Message Search Filters and More |url=https://telegram.org/blog/collectible-gifts-and-more |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hitchcock |first=Decrypt / Logan |date=2025-01-03 |title=Telegram Will Let Users Convert Digital Gifts Into Tradable TON NFTs |url=https://decrypt.co/299477/telegram-convert-digital-gifts-ton-nfts |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Decrypt |language=en-US}}</ref> were released, which are unique collections that contain special artwork and attributes. Specific limited-edition gifts can be upgraded to a collectible version, unlocking a random appearance and other attributes. These collectible gifts are registered on the [[TON (blockchain)|TON blockchain]] as a form of [[Non-fungible token|NFT]] and can then be traded or sold both on the Telegram platform via the in-app Gift Marketplace<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Gift Marketplace, Posting Several Stories at Once, Auto-Translate For Channels |url=https://telegram.org/blog/gift-marketplace-and-more |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Telegram}}</ref> or via outside platforms and marketplaces.

In July 2025, Telegram partnered with the rapper and media figure Snoop Dogg to release a set of limited edition collectible gifts alongside his music video ''"Gifts"''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=JoVonn |first=Jeroslyn |date=2025-07-11 |title=Snoop Dogg's NFT Gift Launch In Partnership With Telegram Sold Out In Minutes |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/snoop-dogg-nft-digital-gifts-telegram/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Black Enterprise |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sknGyx2vRg4 |title=Snoop Dogg - Gifts (Official Music Video) |date=2025-07-09 |last=SnoopDoggTV |access-date=2025-10-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In November 2025, Telegram began using an auction-based system for new sets of collectible gifts and partnered with [[Khabib Nurmagomedov]] and with the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] for two limited-edition releases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zamin.uz |date=2025-11-24 |title=Pavel Durov, together with Khabib Nurmagomedov, will present a new auction - Zamin.uz, 24.11.2025 |url=https://zamin.uz/en/world/171508-pavel-durov-together-with-khabib-nurmagomedov-will-present-a-new-auction.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Uzbekistan and world news, latest news |language=en}}</ref>

== Related platforms ==
[[File:Telegra.ph example article editing.png|thumb|Telegraph article]]
People can use their Telegram accounts to author articles on Telegraph – a minimalistic text editor and publisher. While articles on Telegraph can be published anonymously, tying them to one's account allows one to check their view count and edit them later. Telegraph natively supports Instant View, a feature which lets users read full articles in the chat with no load time and without opening an external browser.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2016 |title= Secure messaging app Telegram now offers its own anonymous blogging platform |url= https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/22/telegram-telegraph/ |url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525092951/https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/22/telegram-telegraph/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date= 25 May 2021 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Custom Languages, Instant View 2.0 and More |url= https://telegram.org/blog/translations-iv2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081856/https://telegram.org/blog/translations-iv2 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020 | publisher =Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instant View |url= https://instantview.telegram.org/ |url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081927/https://instantview.telegram.org/ |archive-date= 9 December 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020 | publisher = Telegram}}</ref>

When an article is first published, the URL is generated automatically from its title. Non-Latin characters are transliterated, spaces are replaced with hyphens, and the date of publication is added to the address. For example, an article titled "Telegraph (blog platform)" published on 17 November would receive the URL <code>/Telegraph-blog-platform-11-17</code>.<ref name="auto" />

Text formatting options are also minimal: two levels of headings, single-level lists, bold, italics, quotes, and hyperlinks are supported. Authors could upload images and videos to the page, with a limit of 5 [[Megabyte|MB]], however, it has been disabled since September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Du Rove's Channel |url=https://t.me/durov/343 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=Telegram}}</ref> When an author adds links to YouTube, Vimeo, or Twitter, the service allows you to embed their content directly in the article.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2016 |title=Telegram launches Telegraph, a long-form publishing platform |url= https://venturebeat.com/2016/11/22/telegram-launches-telegraph-a-long-form-publishing-platform/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209084752/https://venturebeat.com/2016/11/22/telegram-launches-telegraph-a-long-form-publishing-platform/ |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2018, Telegram launched their [[social login]] feature to its users, named Telegram Login. It features a website widget that could be embedded into websites, allowing users to sign into a third party website with their Telegram account. The gateway sends users' Telegram name, username, and profile picture to the website owner, while users' phone number remains hidden. The gateway is integrated with a bot, which is linked with the developer's specific website domain.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telegram 4.8 arrives with Telegram Login and streaming |language=en |work=Neowin |url=https://www.neowin.net/news/telegram-48-arrives-with-telegram-login-and-streaming |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518221145/https://www.neowin.net/news/telegram-48-arrives-with-telegram-login-and-streaming |archive-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>

In July 2018, Telegram introduced their online authorization and [[identity-management system]], Telegram Passport, for platforms that require real-life identification.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2018 |title=Introducing Telegram Passport |url=https://telegram.org/blog/passport |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201209121831/https://telegram.org/blog/passport |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=4 August 2018 | publisher = Telegram}}</ref> It asks users to upload their own official documents such as passport, identity card, driver license, etc. When an online service requires such identification documents and verification, it forwards the information to the platform with the user's permission. Telegram stated that it does not have access to the data, while the platform will share the information only with the authorized recipient.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telegram Passport stores your real-world IDs in the cloud |language=en-US |work=Engadget |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/07/27/telegram-passport/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724110556/https://www.engadget.com/2018/07/27/telegram-passport/ |archive-date= 24 July 2019}}</ref> However, the service was criticised for being vulnerable to online [[brute-force attack]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canellis |first= David |date= 2 August 2018 |title=Telegram Passport is already drawing fire for not being secure enough |language=en-US | work = The Next Web |url= https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2018/08/02/telegram-passport-passwords-crack/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201209121912/https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2018/08/02/telegram-passport-passwords-crack/ |archive-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

In December 2020, Telegram launched a Bugs and Suggestions platform,<ref>{{Cite web | title=Telegram messenger launches voice chat for groups, to introduce premium features next year |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/telegram-messenger-launches-voice-chat-for-groups-to-introduce-premium-features-next-year/79936124 |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=ETTelecom | via = India Times}}</ref> where users can submit bug reports and suggestion cards for new features. Others can then vote and comment on the cards.

In October 2024, Telegram launched a verification platform, called Telegram Gateway, allowing third-party services to authenticate their users by sending verification codes via Telegram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morales |first=James |date=15 October 2024 |title=Pavel Durov Introduces Telegram Phone Verification Service, Calls Price 'Unprecedentedly Low' |url=https://www.ccn.com/news/technology/pavel-durov-telegram-gateway-phone-verification/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=CCN}}</ref>

== Architecture ==

=== Privacy ===
[[File:Explanation of secret chats (Telegram).png|thumb|300px|A simplified illustration of the MTProto encryption scheme]]
For encrypted chats (branded as Secret Chats), Telegram uses a custom-built [[symmetric encryption]] scheme called MTProto. The protocol was developed by [[Nikolai Durov]] and other developers at Telegram and, as of version 2.0, is based on 256-bit symmetric [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] encryption, 2048-bit [[RSA (cryptosystem)|RSA]] encryption and [[Diffie–Hellman key exchange]].<ref name="techfaq">{{cite web|url = https://core.telegram.org/techfaq|title = FAQ for the Technically Inclined|website = Telegram|access-date = 9 January 2016|archive-date = 28 January 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128144833/https://core.telegram.org/techfaq|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite arXiv |last1=Miculan |first1=Marino |last2=Vitacolonna |first2=Nicola |date=5 December 2020 |title=Automated Symbolic Verification of Telegram's MTProto 2.0 |class=cs.CR |eprint=2012.03141v1 }}</ref>

MTProto 1.0 was deprecated in favor of MTProto 2.0 in December 2017, which was deployed in Telegram clients as of v4.6.<ref name=":15" />

Version 2.0 was [[Zero-knowledge proof|proven formally correct]] in December 2020 by a team from the [[University of Udine|University of Udine, Italy]]. The team reviewed the protocol after realizing that they could only find in-depth verifications done of version 1.0, where most criticisms were levied. They used [[ProVerif]], a verifier based on the [[Symbolic model checking|symbolic]] [[Dolev–Yao model|Dolev-Yao model]]. In the published paper, they "provide a fully automated proof of the soundness of MTProto 2.0’s protocols for authentication, normal chat, end-to-end encrypted chat, and re-keying mechanisms with respect to several security properties, including authentication, integrity, confidentiality and perfect forward secrecy...MTProto 2.0 is assumed to be a perfect authenticated encryption scheme ([[Ciphertext indistinguishability|IND-CCA]] and INT-CTXT)."<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Miculan |first1=Marino |last2=Vitacolonna |first2=Nicola |title=Automated verification of Telegram's MTProto 2.0 in the symbolic model |journal=Computers & Security |date=March 2023 |volume=126 |article-number=103072 |doi=10.1016/j.cose.2022.103072}}</ref>

However, the team also stated that because all communication, including plaintext and ciphertext, passes through Telegram servers, and because the server is responsible for choosing Diffie–Hellman parameters, the "server should not be considered as trusted." They also concluded that a [[man-in-the-middle attack]] is possible if users fail to check the [[Fingerprint (computing)|fingerprints]] of their shared [[Key (cryptography)|keys]]. Finally, they qualified their conclusion with the caveat that "properties need to be formally proved in order to deem MTProto 2.0 definitely secure. This proof cannot be done in a symbolic model like ProVerif's, but it can be achieved in a computational model, using tools like [[CryptoVerif]] or EasyCrypt."

=== Servers ===
As with most instant messaging protocols, apart from [[XMPP]], Telegram uses [[Centralized computing|centralized]] servers. Telegram Messenger LLP has servers in a number of countries throughout the world to improve the response time of their service.<ref>{{cite web|trans-title=Telegram, the chat that competes with WhatsApp|place=[[Uruguay|UY]]|url=http://www.elpais.com.uy/vida-actual/que-telegram-chat-que-compite.html|work=El País|title=Telegram, el chat que compite con Whatsapp|language=es|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=8 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208163824/http://www.elpais.com.uy/vida-actual/que-telegram-chat-que-compite.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Telegram's server-side software is closed-source and proprietary.<ref name=faq-why-not-open-souce>{{Cite web|title=Telegram FAQ|url=https://telegram.org/faq#q-can-i-get-telegram-39s-server-side-code|access-date=29 March 2021|website=Telegram|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209082001/https://telegram.org/faq#q-can-i-get-telegram-39s-server-side-code|url-status=live}}</ref> Pavel Durov said that it would require a major architectural redesign of the server-side software to connect independent servers to the Telegram cloud.<ref>{{cite web|title = Pavel Durov, creador de Telegram: "Ninguna aplicación es 100% segura"|url = http://www.eldiario.es/turing/moviles_y_tabletas/telegram-pavel_durov-entrevista-app-movil-seguridad_0_224677688.html|work = eldiario.es|date = 2 February 2014|access-date = 12 February 2014|trans-title = Pavel Durov, creator of Telegram: "No application is 100% safe"|last = Rull|first = Antonio|language = es|archive-date = 8 February 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140208003046/http://www.eldiario.es/turing/moviles_y_tabletas/telegram-pavel_durov-entrevista-app-movil-seguridad_0_224677688.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

For users who signed in from the [[European Economic Area]] (EEA) or United Kingdom, the [[General Data Protection Regulation]]s (GDPR) are supported by storing data only on servers in the Netherlands, and designating a [[London]]-based company as their responsible data controller.<ref name=lexology-20200129>{{cite web |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=066cf923-6cb5-49d9-b0c7-2c433ba521ea |title=GDPR vs US Discovery: US Court Makes Clear Non-US Entities Can't Avoid Discovery |publisher=Law Business Research |work=Linklaters LLP |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621042801/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=066cf923-6cb5-49d9-b0c7-2c433ba521ea |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=telegram-storingdata>{{cite web |url=https://telegram.org/privacy#4-1-storing-data |title=Telegram Privacy Policy – Storing Data |publisher=Telegram |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908095619/https://telegram.org/privacy#4-1-storing-data |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=telegram-eea>{{cite web |url=https://telegram.org/privacy#1-4-eea-representative |title=Telegram Privacy Policy – EEA Representative |publisher=Telegram |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908095619/https://telegram.org/privacy#1-4-eea-representative |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Clients ===
Telegram has various client apps, some developed by Telegram Messenger LLP and some by the community. Most of them are [[free and open-source]] and released under the [[GNU General Public License|GNU General Public Licence]] {{Nowrap|version 2}} or 3. The official clients support sending any file format extensions. The built-in media viewer supports common media formats – JPEG, PNG, WebP for images and H.264 and HEVC in videos in MP4 container and MP3, FLAC, Vorbis, Opus and AAC for audio. This enables the building of clients for non-traditional platforms like [[KaiOS]] (supported by Telekram),<ref>{{Citation |last=Cyan |title=cyan-2048/solid-telekram |date=2025-06-24 |url=https://github.com/cyan-2048/solid-telekram |access-date=2025-07-22}}</ref> or [[Series 30+|S30+]]/Mocor Feature phones (still in development).

In 2021, the Telegram team announced a direct build of its Android app. Telegram for Android is available directly from the Telegram website.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telegram for Android|url=https://telegram.org/android|access-date=17 June 2021|website=Telegram|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614012044/https://telegram.org/android|url-status=live}}</ref> It is automatically updated and will most likely get new versions faster than the apps in the Play Store and App Store.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telegram Tips|url=https://t.me/TelegramTips/275|access-date=17 June 2021|website=Telegram|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200141/https://t.me/TelegramTips/275|url-status=live}}</ref> A distinctive feature of this version is the ability to view channels/groups on a specific topic without censorship, which cannot be viewed from an app distributed from Google Play or the Apple Store due to their policies.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

'''Common specifications:'''

* No cloud backup option for secret chat

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Platform(s) !! Official !! Source code license !! Support for secret chats !! Notes
|-
| Telegram || [[Android (operating system)|Android]] || {{yes}} || {{free|GPLv2 or later}}<ref name=Apps /><ref>{{cite web|author=DrKLO|url=https://github.com/DrKLO/Telegram|title=DrKLO/Telegram|website=GitHub|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123031644/https://github.com/DrKLO/Telegram|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{Yes}} || Supports [[tablet computer|tablets]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsslash.com/n/2288-telegram-anleitung-so-benutzt-man-den-messenger|language=de|title=Telegram-Anleitung: So benutzt man den Messenger|date=22 February 2014 |publisher=Newsslash|access-date=4 December 2014|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231618/https://www.newsslash.com/n/2288-telegram-anleitung-so-benutzt-man-den-messenger|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Wear OS]] smart watches.<ref>{{cite web|language=es|trans-title=Telegram updated with Android Wear compatibility|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/mobility/noticia/android/noticias-android/telegram-se-actualiza-con-compatibilidad-para-android-wear/|title=Telegram se actualiza con compatibilidad para Android Wear|publisher=ABC|place=Sevilla|access-date=7 December 2014|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209140512/https://sevilla.abc.es/mobility/noticia/android/noticias-android/telegram-se-actualiza-con-compatibilidad-para-android-wear/|url-status=live}}</ref> Support synchronisation between multiple devices.
|-
| Telegram || [[iOS]] and [[iPadOS]] || {{yes}} || {{free|GPLv2 or later}}<ref name=Apps /><ref>{{cite web|author=peter-iakovlev|url=https://github.com/peter-iakovlev/Telegram|title=peter-iakovlev/Telegram|website=GitHub|date=18 November 2015|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209140621/https://github.com/peter-iakovlev/Telegram|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{Yes}} || Launched in August 2013 for [[iPhone]] and [[iPod Touch]] and relaunched in July 2014 with support for [[iPad]] and [[Apple Watch]].<ref>{{cite web|language=es|url=https://www.cnet.com/es/noticias/telegram-se-actualiza-para-la-pantalla-del-ipad/|trans-title=Telegram updates for the iPad screen|title=Telegram se actualiza para la pantalla del iPad|publisher=Cnet|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209140716/https://www.cnet.com/es/noticias/telegram-se-actualiza-para-la-pantalla-del-ipad/|url-status=live}}</ref> No longer compatible with [[watchOS]].
|-
| Telegram X || [[Android (operating system)|Android]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=cpy|first1=Mujeeb|title=Telegram X for Android Released – What's New|url=https://ibcomputing.com/telegram-x-for-android-released/|website=IB Computing|access-date=23 January 2018|language=en|date=23 January 2018|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209140924/https://ibcomputing.com/telegram-x-for-android-released/|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Telegram X: Progress through Competition|url=https://telegram.org/blog/telegram-x|website=telegram.org|date=31 January 2018|publisher=Telegram LLC|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209141017/https://telegram.org/blog/telegram-x|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{free|GPLv3 or later}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Telegram X — a slick experimental Telegram client based on TDLib. |url=https://github.com/TGX-Android/Telegram-X |publisher=Telegram X |date=18 June 2022}}</ref> || {{yes}} || An alternative Telegram client written from scratch, with higher speed, slicker animations, themes and more efficient battery use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/TGX-Android/Telegram-X/commit/a760ab4108deedb4ca6ef17f908901d7866f5224|title=Emoji status (closes #311 and #312) (#388) · TGX-Android/Telegram-X@a760ab4|website=GitHub}}</ref>
iOS version was written with [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]. Android version based on TDLib.
The iOS version was discontinued, with its code merged with the main Telegram app.
|-
| Telegram Messenger || [[Windows Phone]] || {{yes}} || {{free|GPLv2 or later}}<ref name=Apps>{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/apps|website=Telegram.org|title=Telegram Apps|access-date=9 January 2016|archive-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522063000/https://telegram.org/apps|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{Yes}} || Provide synchronization between all platforms. No longer supported.
|-
| Telegram Desktop || [[Windows]], [[macOS]], and [[Linux]] || {{yes}} || {{free|GPLv3 with OpenSSL exception}}<ref>{{cite web|author=telegramdesktop|url=https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop|title=telegramdesktop/tdesktop|website=GitHub|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209141444/https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{no}} || Qt-based desktop client. The Windows client is a traditional desktop app published in three flavors (with installer, portable, [[Windows Store app]]). The desktop version cannot be used anymore to register and log in, this feature is officially supported by the mobile app only.<ref name="desktop-login"/>
|-
| Telegram || [[macOS]] || {{yes}} || {{free|GPLv2}}<ref>{{cite web|author=overtake|url=https://github.com/overtake/telegram|title=overtake/telegram|website=GitHub|date=1 December 2015|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209141738/https://github.com/overtake/telegram|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{yes}} || Native macOS client.
|-
| Telegram Web A / Web K || Web || {{yes}} || {{free|GPLv3}}<ref name="WebK">{{cite web|author=morethanwords|url=https://github.com/morethanwords/tweb|title=morethanwords/tweb|website=GitHub|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911021421/https://github.com/morethanwords/tweb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WebA">{{cite web|author=Ajaxy|url=https://github.com/Ajaxy/telegram-tt|title=Ajaxy/telegram-tt|website=GitHub|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026095217/https://github.com/Ajaxy/telegram-tt|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{No}} || Two web-based versions of Telegram.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Abhishek |date=15 April 2021 |title=Telegram released two Web Apps: WebZ and WebK |work=DroidMaze |url=https://droidmaze.com/telegram-released-two-web-apps-webz-and-webk/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922183345/https://droidmaze.com/telegram-released-two-web-apps-webz-and-webk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The web version cannot be used to register and log in, this feature is officially supported by the mobile app only.<ref name="web-login">{{cite web |title=no timer for sms code after sending to app on other device |url=https://github.com/zhukov/webogram/issues/2091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710160022/https://github.com/zhukov/webogram/issues/2091 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> The code for the legacy web client called Webogram is available as well, though this version is no longer supported.<ref name="gh-webogram">{{cite web|author=Igor Zhukov|url=https://github.com/zhukov/webogram|title=zhukov/webogram|website=GitHub|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209141256/https://github.com/zhukov/webogram|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== APIs ===
Telegram has public [[Application programming interface|APIs]] with which developers can access the same functionality as Telegram's official apps to build their own instant messaging applications.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.programmableweb.com/news/can-telegram-beat-whatsapp-public-api/2014/03/03|title=Can Telegram Beat WhatsApp with a Public API?|last=Roble|first=Patricio|date=3 March 2014|work=ProgrammableWeb|access-date=17 March 2016|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512230512/https://www.programmableweb.com/news/can-telegram-beat-whatsapp-public-api/2014/03/03|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2015, creators of the unofficial WhatsApp+ client released the Telegram Plus app, later renamed to Plus Messenger, after their original project got a [[Cease and desist|cease-and-desist order]] from [[WhatsApp]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2015/02/27/whatsapp-developer-releases-telegram-forced-drop-first-project/|title=WhatsApp+ Developer Releases Telegram+ After Being Forced To Drop The First Project|last=King|first=Bertel|date=27 February 2015|work=AndroidPolice|access-date=17 March 2016|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512230458/https://www.androidpolice.com/2015/02/27/whatsapp-developer-releases-telegram-forced-drop-first-project/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2015/01/21/whatsapp-now-officially-dead-receiving-cease-desist-real-whatsapp/|title=WhatsApp+ Is Now Officially Dead After Receiving A Cease And Desist From The Real WhatsApp|date=21 January 2015|website=Android Police|access-date=17 March 2016|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512230511/https://www.androidpolice.com/2015/01/21/whatsapp-now-officially-dead-receiving-cease-desist-real-whatsapp/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2015, [[Samsung]] released a messaging application based on these APIs.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://news.samsung.com/global/socializer-messenger-app-offers-a-new-approach-to-messaging|title = Socializer Messenger App Offers a New Approach to Messaging|date = 14 September 2015|access-date = 3 January 2016|archive-date = 12 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512230453/https://news.samsung.com/global/socializer-messenger-app-offers-a-new-approach-to-messaging|url-status = live}}</ref>

Telegram also offers an API that allows developers to create [[IM bot|bots]], which are accounts controlled by programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.programmableweb.com/news/telegram-launches-bot-api-and-platform/2015/06/29|title=Telegram Launches Bot API and Platform|last=Carter|first=Eric|date=27 June 2015|website=ProgrammableWeb|access-date=February 17, 2026|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512230507/https://www.programmableweb.com/news/telegram-launches-bot-api-and-platform/2015/06/29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/24/telegrams-new-platform-lets-developers-create-smart-message-bots-with-multiple-uses/|title=Telegram's New Platform Lets Developers Create Smart Message Bots With Multiple Uses|last=Butcher|first=Mike|date=24 June 2015|website=TechCrunch|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503201134/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/24/telegrams-new-platform-lets-developers-create-smart-message-bots-with-multiple-uses/|url-status=live}}</ref> Such bots are used, among other things, to emulate and play old games in the app and inform users about vaccine availability for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jilaxzone.com/2021/03/12/theres-retro-game-emulator-hiding-inside-telegram-messenger-heres-how-to-use-it-android-iphone/ |title=There's retro-game emulator hiding inside Telegram Messenger. Here's how to use it |last=Jilaxzone |first=Jonathan |date=12 March 2021 |website=Jilaxzone |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514230822/https://jilaxzone.com/2021/03/12/theres-retro-game-emulator-hiding-inside-telegram-messenger-heres-how-to-use-it-android-iphone/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/eligible-but-struggling-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-appointment-here-are-some-tips/2506408/ |title=Eligible But Struggling to Get a COVID-19 Vaccine Appointment? Here Are Some Tips |last=Budman |first=Scott |date=30 March 2021 |website=NBC Bay Area |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514230822/https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/eligible-but-struggling-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-appointment-here-are-some-tips/2506408/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition, Telegram offers functions for making payments directly within the platform, alongside an external service such as [[Stripe (company)|Stripe]].

==xAI==
In 2025, founder of Telegram claimed that [[XAI (company)|xAI]] had signed a $300mln program with Telegram for [[Grok (chatbot)|Grok]] to provide full functions within Telegram starting from Summer 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-28 |title=Telegram, Musk-owned xAI partner to distribute Grok to messaging app's users |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/telegram-musks-xai-partner-distribute-grok-messaging-apps-users-2025-05-28/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2025/05/28/elon-musk-xai-telegram-grok.html | title=Telegram CEO announces $300 million partnership with Elon Musk's xAI and Grok | work=CNBC | last1=Capoot | first1=Ashley }}</ref> The amount was paid using a combination of cash and xAI equity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Durov |first=Pavel |title=https://x.com/durov/status/1927703704863465953 |url=https://x.com/durov/status/1927703704863465953 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528163939/https://x.com/durov/status/1927703704863465953 |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en }}</ref> This seems to have been abandoned though as there has been no new announcement since and the promised features have not been released.

== Business ==
The company was initially supported by founding CEO Pavel Durov's personal funds after the sale of his stake in VK. In January 2018, it launched a private placement and collected $1.7 billion from investors such as [[Kleiner Perkins]], [[Sequoia Capital]], and [[Benchmark (venture capital firm)|Benchmark]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Chloe |last1=Cornish |first2=Richard |last2=Waters |title=Silicon Valley investors line up to back Telegram ICO |url=https://www.ft.com/content/790d9506-0175-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 |website=Financial Times |date=25 January 2018 |access-date=28 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928082709/https://www.ft.com/content/790d9506-0175-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the shutdown of the [[Telegram Open Network|TON]] project, the company needed to repay the investors the money that was not spent on its development during 2018 and the beginning of 2019, while the project was active.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schechner |first=Sam |date=15 March 2021 |title=Telegram App Is Booming but Needs Advertisers—and $700 Million Soon |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/telegram-app-is-booming-but-needs-advertisersand-700-million-soon-11615806001 |access-date=16 March 2021 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316153024/https://www.wsj.com/articles/telegram-app-is-booming-but-needs-advertisersand-700-million-soon-11615806001 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 March 2021, Telegram conducted a five-year public bonds placement worth $1 billion. The funding was required to cover the debts amounting to $625.7 million, including $433 million to investors who bought futures for Gram tokens in 2018 and included purchasers such as [[David Yakobashvili]].<ref name="Telegram разместил бонды на $1 млрд">{{cite web |url=https://www.rbc.ru/finances/15/03/2021/604f11019a794780341309c9 |title=Telegram разместил бонды на $1 млрд. На каких условиях инвесторы рискнули вложиться во внебиржевые бумаги |author1=Павел Казарновский|author2=Владислав Скобелев|author3=Анна Балашова |date=15 March 2021 |publisher=RBC |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315144542/https://www.rbc.ru/finances/15/03/2021/604f11019a794780341309c9 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 March, Telegram sold additional bonds worth $150 million to the Abu Dhabi [[Mubadala Investment Company]] and Abu Dhabi Catalyst Partners.<ref name="TC On Bonds">{{cite web|author=Natasha Lomas|date=23 March 2021|title=Telegram raises $150M from Mubadala and Abu Dhabi CP via pre-IPO convertible bonds|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/23/telegram-raises-150m-from-mubadala-and-abu-dhabi-cp-via-pre-ipo-convertible-bonds/|access-date=23 March 2021|publisher=TechCrunch|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323132059/https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/23/telegram-raises-150m-from-mubadala-and-abu-dhabi-cp-via-pre-ipo-convertible-bonds/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A day later, the Mubadala Investment Company stated that Russia's [[Russian Direct Investment Fund|sovereign wealth fund]] participated in its deal undisclosed through the Russia-[[UAE]] joint investment platform to buy convertible bonds. A Telegram spokesperson stated: "RDIF is not in the list of investors we sold bonds to. We wouldn't be open to any transaction with this fund" and "[t]he funds that did invest, including Mubadala, confirmed to us that RDIF was not among their LPs [''limited partners'']."<ref>{{cite web|author=Jake Rudnitsky, Zainab Fattah|date=23 March 2021|title=Mubadala Says It Brought RDIF Into Telegram Bond Stake|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/russia-mubadala-invest-in-telegram-after-kremlin-ban-failed|access-date=3 April 2021|publisher=Bloomberg|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325050817/https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/russia-mubadala-invest-in-telegram-after-kremlin-ban-failed|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the contract, the holders of the bonds will be provided with an option to convert them to shares at a 10% discount if the company conducts an open IPO.<ref name="Schechner" />

Durov stated that the move aimed to "enable Telegram to continue growing globally while sticking to its values and remaining independent". According to press reports, prior to the bonds placement, Durov had rejected an investment offer for a 5–10% stake in the company as well as several undisclosed ones, valuing the company in a $30–40 billion range.<ref name="TC On Bonds" /> In March 2024, Telegram sold an additional $330 million in bonds. Durov said the bond sale "will further solidify our position as an independent platform that is able to challenge the 'Goliaths' of our industry".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/telegram-secures-330-million-bond-sales-2024-03-18/|title=Telegram secures $330 million in bond sales|author=Harshita Mary Varghese|date=18 March 2024|publisher=Reuters|access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

=== Advertising and monetization ===
Telegram has stated that the company will never serve advertisements in private chats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dollarsandsense.sg/how-whatsapp-telegram-snapchat-make-money-why-you-should-care/ |title=How Does WhatsApp, Telegram And Snapchat Make Money? (And Why You Should Care) |author=Tao Ming Hui |date=16 November 2017 |publisher=Dollars and Sense |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913105808/http://dollarsandsense.sg/how-whatsapp-telegram-snapchat-make-money-why-you-should-care/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 2020, Durov announced that the company was working on its own ad platform, and would integrate non-targeted ads in public one-to-many channels, that already were selling and displaying ads in the form of regular messages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/23/telegram-to-launch-an-ad-platform-as-it-approaches-500-million-users/|title=Telegram, nearing 500 million users, to begin monetizing the app|date=23 December 2020 |access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627152101/https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/23/telegram-to-launch-an-ad-platform-as-it-approaches-500-million-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ads from Telegram's "Sponsored Messages" platform began to appear in channels with more than 1000 followers in October 2021.

In late 2020, Durov announced that Telegram will consider adding paid features aimed at enterprise clients. According to him, these features will require more bandwidth and the added cost will be covered by the feature prices, in addition to covering some of the costs incurred by regular users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/telegram-private-messaging-app-500-million-users-premium-subscription-2021-pavel-durov-2342668|title= Telegram to Launch Paid Features for Business and Power Users in 2021 |work= NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=23 December 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

In June 2024, Telegram launched Telegram Stars to facilitate in-app purchases of digital goods and services, in compliance with policies from the App Store and Play Store.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Telegram Stars: Pay for Digital Goods and More |url=https://telegram.org/blog/telegram-stars#ready-for-app-stores |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Telegram}}</ref> Following the launch of Stars, Telegram released several updates to their functionality, such as allowing Stars to be used to unlock media in channels or to buy gifts for other users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hearn |first=Patrick |date=2025-01-02 |title=Telegram's first update of 2025 adds NFTs and more message reactions |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/telegram-update-collectible-gifts-nfts-service-message-reactions/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Android Police |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2024, Telegram CEO Pavel Durov announced that Telegram had reached profitability, due to significant growth in Premium subscriptions and Telegram ad sales, assisted by the other monetization features launched throughout 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=23 December 2024 |title=Pavel Durov says Telegram is now profitable |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/23/pavel-durov-says-telegram-is-now-profitable/ |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== TON Telegram Open Network ===
{{Main|The Open Network}}

In 2017, in an attempt to monetize Telegram without advertising, the company began the development of a [[blockchain]] platform dubbed either "The Open Network" or "[[Telegram Open Network]]" (TON) and its native [[cryptocurrency]] "Gram". The project was announced in mid-December 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/cryptic-russian-crusader-says-his-5-billion-app-can-t-be-bought |title=This $5 Billion Encrypted App Isn't for Sale at Any Price |author1=Stepan Kravchenko|author2=((Nour Al Ali))|author3=Ilya Khrennikov |date=11 December 2017 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627152101/https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/cryptic-russian-crusader-says-his-5-billion-app-can-t-be-bought |url-status=live }}</ref> and its 132-page technical paper became available in January 2018.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ucUeKg_NiR8RxNAonb8Q55jZha03WC0O/view|title=TON.pdf|website=Google Docs|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827165521/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ucUeKg_NiR8RxNAonb8Q55jZha03WC0O/view|url-status=live}}</ref> The codebase behind TON was developed by Pavel Durov's brother [[Nikolai Durov]], the core developer of Telegram's MTProto protocol.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coinpost.media/f/telegram-ton/ |title=Telegram TON (Telegram Open Network) |publisher=Coinpost |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303112734/https://coinpost.media/f/telegram-ton/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2018, a 23-page white paper<ref name="auto1"/> and a detailed 132-page technical paper<ref name="auto1"/> for TON blockchain became available.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/telegram-privacy-focused-user-could-180800518.html |title=Telegram's Privacy-Focused User Base Could Become TON Blockchain's Killer App |date=10 January 2018 |publisher=Bitcoin Magazine |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627152102/https://sports.yahoo.com/telegram-privacy-focused-user-could-180800518.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Durov planned to power TON with the existing Telegram user base, and turn it into the largest blockchain and a platform for apps and services akin to a decentralized [[WeChat]], [[Google Play]], and [[App Store]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/08/telegram-open-network/ |title=Telegram plans multi-billion dollar ICO for chat cryptocurrency |author=Mike Butcher, Josh Konstine |date=8 January 2018 |publisher=TechCrunch |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123181319/https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/08/telegram-open-network/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/15/inside-telegrams-ambitious-1-2b-ico-to-create-the-next-ethereum/ |title=Inside Telegram's ambitious $1.2B ICO to create the next Ethereum |author=Jon Russel |date=15 January 2018 |publisher=TechCrunch |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403222412/https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/15/inside-telegrams-ambitious-1-2b-ico-to-create-the-next-ethereum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Besides, the TON had the potential to become a decentralized alternative to [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] and [[MasterCard]] due to its ability to scale and support millions of transactions per second.<ref name=rbth>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/science-and-tech/331547-durov-vk-telegram-russia-networks |title=Telegram's Pavel Durov in court over his quest to revolutionize cryptocurrency |author=Josh Nadeau |date=15 January 2020 |publisher=Russia Beyond The Headlines |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228030201/https://www.rbth.com/science-and-tech/331547-durov-vk-telegram-russia-networks |url-status=live }}</ref> In January and February 2018, the company ran a private sale of futures contracts for Grams,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2018/01/09/telegram-ico-white-paper-leak|title=Here is the leaked white paper for the massive Telegram ICO|last=Mix|work=HardFork|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043158/https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2018/01/09/telegram-ico-white-paper-leak/|url-status=live}}</ref> raising around $1.7 billion.<ref name="cnews">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2018-04-02_pri_kakih_usloviyah_telegram_vernet_investoram|title=Under what conditions will Telegram return to investors the collected $ 2.55 billion|last1=Korolev|first1=Igor|date=2 April 2018|website=CNews|language=ru|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123182731/https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2018-04-02_pri_kakih_usloviyah_telegram_vernet_investoram|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="verge">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/1/17186004/telegram-presale-open-network-app-ico-cryptocurrency-ton|title=Telegram has raised a total of $1.7 billion from its two pre-ICO sales|last1=Liptak|first1=Andrew|date=1 April 2018|website=The Verge|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109011226/https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/1/17186004/telegram-presale-open-network-app-ico-cryptocurrency-ton|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="shen1">{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2018/03/30/bitcoin-price-telegram-ico-presale/|title=Even as Bitcoin Languishes, Telegram Raises $1.7 Billion Ahead of Largest ICO Ever|last1=Shen|first1=Lucinda|date=31 March 2018|access-date=31 March 2018|publisher=Fortune|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032339/https://fortune.com/2018/03/30/bitcoin-price-telegram-ico-presale/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2018/04/131248-telegram-files-new-form-d-with-sec-indicating-1-7-billion-will-be-raised/|title=Telegram Files New Form D with SEC Indicating $1.7 Billion will be Raised {{!}} Crowdfund Insider|date=2 April 2018|work=Crowdfund Insider|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030112035/https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2018/04/131248-telegram-files-new-form-d-with-sec-indicating-1-7-billion-will-be-raised/|url-status=live}}</ref> No public [[Initial coin offering|offering]] took place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/telegram-messaging-app-scraps-plans-for-public-coin-offering-1525281933?ns=prod/accounts-wsj|title=Telegram Messaging App Scraps Plans for Public Coin Offering|last=Vigna|first=Paul|date=2 May 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=11 November 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021355/https://www.wsj.com/articles/telegram-messaging-app-scraps-plans-for-public-coin-offering-1525281933?ns=prod%2Faccounts-wsj|url-status=live}}</ref>

The development of TON took place in a completely isolated manner, and the release was postponed several times. The test network was launched in January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebell.io/en/despite-delay-durov-on-track-to-launch-his-cryptocurrency-in-march/ |title=Despite delay, Durov on track to launch his cryptocurrency in March |work=The Bell — Eng |date=23 January 2019 |publisher=The Bell |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213105104/https://thebell.io/en/despite-delay-durov-on-track-to-launch-his-cryptocurrency-in-march/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The launch of the TON main network was scheduled for 31 October.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/27/20835987/telegram-gram-cryptocurrency-coin-october-31-deadline-ico |title=Telegram will launch its Gram cryptocurrency by October 31 or bust |author=Sean Hollister |date=27 August 2019 |publisher=The Verge |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003953/https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/27/20835987/telegram-gram-cryptocurrency-coin-october-31-deadline-ico |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 October, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] obtained a temporary restrictive order to prevent the distribution of Grams to initial purchasers; the regulator considered the legal scheme employed by Telegram as an unregistered securities offering with initial buyers acting as [[underwriters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/-/media/files/nrf/nrfweb/knowledge-pdfs/a-telegram-to-safts-beware.pdf |title=Blockchain law. A "Telegram" to SAFTs: "Beware!" |author=Robert A. Schwinger |date=26 May 2020 |publisher=New York Law Journal |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627152102/https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/-/media/files/nrf/nrfweb/knowledge-pdfs/a-telegram-to-safts-beware.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The judge hearing the ''Telegram v. SEC case'', [[P. Kevin Castel]], ultimately agreed with the SEC's argument<ref>{{cite web|title=Cooley|url=https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2020/2020-05-07-sec-v-telegram-key-takeaways-implications|website=www.cooley.com|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824212924/https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2020/2020-05-07-sec-v-telegram-key-takeaways-implications|url-status=live}}</ref> and kept the restrictions on Gram distribution in force. The ban applied to non-U.S.-based purchasers as well, because Telegram could not prevent the re-sale of Grams to U.S. citizens on a secondary market, as the anonymity of users was one of the key features of TON.<ref name=JDSUPRA>{{cite web |url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/is-there-life-for-safts-after-the-54728/ |title=Is There Life for SAFTs After the Telegram Case? |date=21 July 2020 |publisher=JD Supra |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907174839/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/is-there-life-for-safts-after-the-54728/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=GreenbergTraurig>{{cite web |url=https://www.gtlaw.com/en/insights/2020/4/sec-v-telegram--a-groundbreaking-decision-in-cryptocurrency-enforcement |title=SEC v. Telegram: A Groundbreaking Decision in Cryptocurrency Enforcement? |author=David I. Miller, Charlie Berk |date=1 April 2020 |publisher=Greenberg Traurig |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117023653/https://www.gtlaw.com/en/insights/2020/4/sec-v-telegram--a-groundbreaking-decision-in-cryptocurrency-enforcement |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NYLAW>{{cite web |url=https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/-/media/files/nrf/nrfweb/knowledge-pdfs/a-telegram-to-safts-beware.pdf |title=Blockchain law. A "Telegram" to SAFTs: "Beware!" |author=Robert A. Schwinger |date=26 May 2020 |publisher=New York Law Journal |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627152102/https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/-/media/files/nrf/nrfweb/knowledge-pdfs/a-telegram-to-safts-beware.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Following that, Durov announced the end of Telegram's active involvement with TON. On 26 June, the judge approved the settlement between Telegram and SEC. The company agreed to pay an $18.5 million penalty and return $1.22 billion to Gram purchasers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telegram to pay SEC fine of $18.5 million and return $1.2 billion to investors as it dissolves TON |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/26/telegram-to-pay-sec-fine-of-18-5-million-and-return-1-2-billion-to-investors-as-it-dissolves-ton/ |access-date=28 June 2020 |publisher=Techcrunch |date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627223615/https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/26/telegram-to-pay-sec-fine-of-18-5-million-and-return-1-2-billion-to-investors-as-it-dissolves-ton/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2021, Telegram launched a bonds offering to cover the debt and fund further growth of the app.<ref name="Telegram разместил бонды на $1 млрд" /><ref name="Schechner">{{Cite news|last=Schechner|first=Sam|date=15 March 2021|title=Telegram App Is Booming but Needs Advertisers—and $700 Million Soon|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/telegram-app-is-booming-but-needs-advertisersand-700-million-soon-11615806001|access-date=16 March 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316153024/https://www.wsj.com/articles/telegram-app-is-booming-but-needs-advertisersand-700-million-soon-11615806001|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Due to Telegram's mixed nature as both a private communication method and a social media-like platform with mass groups and channels, along with its minimal restrictions on content with only calls to violence, illegal forms of pornography,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Loucaides |first=Darren |date=8 February 2022 |title=How Telegram Became the Anti-Facebook |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-telegram-became-anti-facebook/ |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> and scamming forbidden, it has been used by organizations and large groups for recruitment and spreading their agendas. Organized use of the app has been linked to pro-democracy protests in Belarus,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Williams |first1=Sean |title=Belarus has torn up the protest rulebook. Everyone should listen |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/belarus-protests-telegram |magazine=Wired |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> Russia,<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia internet freedom: Mass rally in Moscow against Telegram ban |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43948618 |website=BBC |access-date=19 April 2024 |date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Hong Kong,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schectman |first1=Joel |title=Exclusive: Messaging app Telegram moves to protect identity of Hong Kong protesters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-telegram-exclusive/exclusive-messaging-app-telegram-moves-to-protect-identity-of-hong-kong-protesters-idUSKCN1VK2NI |website=Reuters |date=31 August 2019 |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> and Iran,<ref>{{cite news |last2=Woo |first1=Sam |last1=Schechner |first2= Stu |title=Iranians Turn to Telegram App Amid Protests |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/iranians-turn-to-telegram-app-amid-protests-1514919114 |website=Wall Street Journal| url-access= subscription}}</ref> as well as to dissemination of state propaganda and violent rhetoric in oppressive regimes, promotion of extremist views, and digitalization of services provided by government entities and private businesses.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite web |title=Минфин запустил Телеграм-бот для упрощения процесса получения материальной помощи и пособия на ребенка |url=https://podrobno.uz/cat/obchestvo/minfin-zapustil-telegram-bot-dlya-uproshcheniya-protsessa-poluchenie-materialnoy-pomoshchi-i-posobiya/ |website=Podrobno.uz |access-date=19 April 2024 |language=ru }}|{{cite web |title=SE "Medical Procurement of Ukraine" launched the Telegram chat-bot |url=https://medzakupivli.com/en/pro-mzu-eng/novini-eng/667-dp-medzakupivli-ukrainy-zapustylo-chat-bot-na-bazi-mesendzhera-telegram-2 |website=medzakupivli.com |access-date=19 April 2024 |language=en-gb |date=27 April 2021 }}|{{cite web |last1=Mae Soco |first1=Rhea |title=Chatbot launched as part of 'back to school' campaign |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50814827/chatbot-launched-as-part-of-back-to-school-campaign |website=Khmer Times |access-date=19 April 2024 |date=16 February 2021 }}|{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Andrew |title=Indonesia activates a disaster-relief chatbot after destructive floods |url=https://www.popsci.com/technology/chatbot-monsoons-humanitarian-indonesia/ |website=Popular Science |access-date=19 April 2024 |date=31 January 2023 }}|{{cite web |title=Usuarios del Transantiago podrán saber cuándo viene su bus a través de Facebook y Telegram |url=https://www.t13.cl/noticia/nacional/usuarios-del-transantiago-podran-saber-cuando-viene-su-bus-traves-facebook-y-telegram |website=www.t13.cl |date=23 June 2017 |access-date=19 April 2024 |language=es }}|{{cite web |publisher=Ministero della Salute |place=Italy |title=Covid-19, nasce il canale Telegram del ministero della Salute |url=https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/news/p3_2_1_1_1.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=null&id=4479 |language=IT |access-date=19 April 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825105217/https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/news/p3_2_1_1_1.jsp?id=4479&lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=null |url-status=dead }}}}</ref>

Numerous research institutions and internet monitoring bodies have criticized Telegram because violent organizations like [[Islamic State|ISIS]], [[Proud Boys]],<ref>{{cite web|website=[[The New York Times]]|title=Proud Boys celebrate Trump's 'stand by' remark about them at the debate|date=29 September 2020|access-date=11 October 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/29/us/trump-proud-boys-biden.html|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209052024/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/29/us/trump-proud-boys-biden.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|Myanmar junta]] used it to communicate, both privately between members and publicly through channel posts. Telegram made substantial efforts<ref>{{cite web |title=Telegram says it has had to remove 'hundreds' of public calls for violence |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/telegram-capitol-riots-violence-messaging-apps-b1789603.html |website=The Independent |access-date=19 April 2024 |language=en |date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2020/10/19/telegram-bans-350000-child-abusers-terrorists/|last=Ravlic |first=Tom |title=This dark world: messaging app bans more than 350,000 child abusers and terrorists |publisher=[[Crikey]]|date=19 October 2020}}</ref> to ban illegal content such as child abuse and pro-terrorist channels, including a partnership with Europol<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Europol and Telegram take on terrorist propaganda online |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/europol-and-telegram-take-terrorist-propaganda-online |website=Europol |access-date=19 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> to eliminate ISIS presence on the platform, but communities of far-right extremist users are still on the app. Such content is usually linked to Telegram allowing misinformation on the platform as, according to Pavel Durov, "conspiracy theories only strengthen each time their content is removed by moderators".<ref>{{cite web |title=Du Rove's Channel |url=https://t.me/durov/163 |website=Telegram |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=19 April 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422115238/https://t.me/s/durov/163 |archive-date=22 April 2024 }}</ref>

In September 2024, Telegram announced that it would begin to hand over users' IP addresses and phone numbers to authorities who have search warrants or other valid legal requests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=Telegram will now provide some user data to authorities |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvglp0xny3eo |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Russian use for destabilization activities===
Martin Jäger, the head of Germany's [[Federal Intelligence Service]] (BND), warned that Russia was recruiting saboteurs across Europe through Telegram by monitoring pro-Russian channels to identify potential "low-level agents" for small acts of sabotage, surveillance or provocation in exchange of small payments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/10/28/putins-secret-terror-in-germany-how-russia-recruits-its-agents-one-click-at-a-time|title=Putin's secret terror in Germany: How Russia recruits its agents, one click at a time|first=Johanna|last=Urbancik|newspaper=[[Euronews]]|date=27 October 2025}}</ref>

According to a study by the international analysis company OpenMinds published on the eve of the [[2025 Moldovan parliamentary election]], which was subject to external interference from Russia, a third of all Telegram channels in [[Moldova]] systematically spread [[State propaganda in the Russian Federation|Russian propaganda]] and one in eight comments came from [[Internet bot|bots]].<ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2025 |title=Каждый третий телеграм-канал в Молдове распространяет кремлёвскую пропаганду — отчет OpenMinds |url=https://nokta.md/kazhdyj-tretij-telegram-kanal-v-moldove-rasprostranyaet-kremljovskuju-propagandu-otchet-openminds/ |work=[[Nokta (Moldova)|Nokta]] |language=ru}}</ref> Moldovan president [[Maia Sandu]] denounced that Telegram refused any collaboration with the Moldovan state authorities against illegal activities taking place in its platform such as [[vote buying]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://agora.md/2025/09/25/sandu-telegram-spatiu-de-cumparare-a-voturilor-si-de-vanzare-a-drogurilor-zero-colaborare-din-partea-platformei|title=Sandu: Telegram, spațiu de cumpărare a voturilor și de vânzare a drogurilor. Zero colaborare din partea platformei|first=Capitolina|last=Turculeț|newspaper=Agora|date=25 September 2025|language=ro}}</ref>

===Use by militant groups===
In September 2015, in response to a question about the use of Telegram by [[Islamic State]] (ISIS), Pavel Durov stated: "I think that privacy, ultimately, and our right for privacy is more important than our fear of bad things happening, like [[terrorism]]."<ref>{{cite web|title = Telegram Now Seeing 12BN Daily Messages, Up From 1BN In February|url = https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/21/telegram-now-seeing-12bn-daily-messages-up-from-1m-in-february/|website = TechCrunch|access-date = 19 November 2015|first = Natasha|last = Lomas| date=21 September 2015 |archive-date = 27 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151127133011/http://techcrunch.com/2015/09/21/telegram-now-seeing-12bn-daily-messages-up-from-1m-in-february/|url-status = live}}</ref> Durov sarcastically suggested to ban words because terrorists use them for communication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2687387|title=Дуров о запрете на Telegram: предлагаю запретить слова, с помощью них общаются террористы|website=vesti.ru|language=ru|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502055024/https://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2687387|url-status=live}}</ref>

ISIS has used Telegram for recruiting attempts with some cells recommending the app<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamblen |first1=Matt |title=Paris attacks demand 'wake-up call' on smartphone encryption |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/3005570/paris-attacks-demand-wake-up-call-on-smartphone-encryption.html |website=CSO Online |language=en}}</ref> to their followers. In France, initial investigations<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/01/europe/france-church-attack-telegram/index.html|title=Killers of French priest met 4 days before attack|first1=Margot|last1=Haddad|first2=Tim|last2=Hume|publisher=cnn.com|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512224348/https://www.cnn.com/2016/08/01/europe/france-church-attack-telegram/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> of a terrorist act revealed the perpetrators used Telegram to communicate, though follow-up research suggested that the extent of the app's use was "unclear".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stone |first1=Jeff |title=ISIS Terrorists Used 'Burner' Phones: Report |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/isis-terrorists-used-disposable-burner-phones-activated-just-hours-carry-out-paris-2340265 |website=International Business Times |date=21 March 2016}}</ref> Beginning in December 2016, Telegram began publishing daily moderation statistics regarding terror-related content in an official channel named @ISISwatch.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Watch |url=http://t.me/ISISwatch |website=Telegram}}</ref> Following efforts by Telegram to remove ISIS-related content from the platform,<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesian government lifts ban on messaging service Telegram|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesian-government-lifts-ban-on-messaging-service-telegram|website=The Straits Times|publisher=SPH Digital News|date=11 August 2017|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512225245/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesian-government-lifts-ban-on-messaging-service-telegram|url-status=live}}</ref> the terrorist organization reportedly moved its recruitment groups to the dark web,<ref>{{cite web|title = Encrypted messaging app Telegram shuts down Islamic State propaganda channels|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/12004892/Encrypted-messaging-app-Telegram-shuts-down-Islamic-State-propaganda-channels.html|website = Telegraph.co.uk| date=19 November 2015 |access-date = 19 November 2015|archive-date = 12 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512224337/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/12004892/Encrypted-messaging-app-Telegram-shuts-down-Islamic-State-propaganda-channels.html|url-status = live}}</ref> with US officials citing the app's purging of terrorist content as particularly effective<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_struggles-regain-social-media-footing-after-europe-crackdown/6180532.html|title=IS Struggles to Regain Social Media Footing After Europe Crackdown|website=Voice of America|date=4 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=5 December 2019|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808102410/https://www.voanews.com/europe/struggles-regain-social-media-footing-after-europe-crackdown|url-status=live}}</ref> at deplatforming ISIS.

In 2023, Saudi Arabia's [[Global Center for Combating Extremist Ideology]] (Etidal) reported that in collaboration with Telegram, over 59 million pieces of extremist content had been removed from the platform since 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia's Etidal, Telegram remove 59m items of extremist content since 2022 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2445716/saudi-arabia |website=Arab News |language=en |date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

Throughout 2020, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps used groups and channels to dox Iraqi and Iranian citizens, while sharing propagandistic posts on the platform.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lawati |first1=Abbas Al |title=Cartoons and Quranic verses form the latest Saudi-Iran battleground |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/04/middleeast/iran-saudi-cartoons-quran-mime-intl/index.html |website=CNN |language=en |date=4 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cjr.org/the_feature/iraqi-journalists-watch-telegram-telegram-is-watching-them-back.php | title=Iraqi journalists watch Telegram. Telegram is watching them back }}</ref> After the 2021 coup d'état in Myanmar, the junta used Telegram channels to spread propaganda<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=How Myanmar lobbyists use Telegram to spread propaganda, fake news |url=https://www.mizzima.com/article/how-myanmar-lobbyists-use-telegram-spread-propaganda-fake-news |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=Mizzima Myanmar News and Insight |language=en}}</ref> and organize misinformation campaigns against pro-democracy groups. In response to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights call to prevent such abuse, Telegram reportedly banned 13 accounts related to or supporting the Myanmar military.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar: Social media companies must stand up to junta's online terror campaign say UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/03/myanmar-social-media-companies-must-stand-juntas-online-terror-campaign-say |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 April 2023, Telegram was temporarily suspended in Brazil and fined {{BRLConvert|1|m|year=2023|force=yes}} per day for not complying with a [[Federal Police of Brazil|Federal Police]] investigation into neo-Nazi activities on the platform. The company only partially fulfilled a court request for personal data on two antisemitic Telegram groups, which authorities considered an intentional lack of cooperation. The decision was made after a series of violent school attacks, with at least one incident linked to exchanges on an antisemitic group.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil court suspends Telegram app in neo-Nazi probe |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230426-brazil-court-suspends-telegram-app-in-neo-nazi-probe |access-date=27 April 2023 |work=France 24 |agency=Agen ce France-Presse |date=26 April 2023 |location=Rio de Janeiro}}</ref> Telegram's CEO then said that the requested data was technologically impossible to obtain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telegram CEO claims complying with Brazil order impossible |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/04/27/telegram-brazil-block/2ec1c1de-e554-11ed-9696-8e874fd710b8_story.html |access-date=10 May 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=27 April 2023}}</ref> A federal court lifted the suspension three days later but upheld the daily fine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telegram app back on in Brazil after judge lifts suspension |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-technology/telegram-app-back-on-in-brazil-after-judge-lifts-suspension/ |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=The Hill |agency=Associated Press |date=29 April 2023}}</ref> Twelve days later, Telegram told its users that the [[Brazilian Congressional Bill No. 2630]] against online disinformation, which was about to be approved, would end [[freedom of speech]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telegram calls Brazil disinformation law 'attack on democracy' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230509-telegram-calls-brazil-disinformation-law-attack-on-democracy |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=9 May 2023}}</ref>

Far-right and [[white supremacist]] communities on Telegram have spread videos of the Christchurch and Halle shootings<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Telegram: The Latest Safe Haven for White Supremacists |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/telegram-the-latest-safe-haven-for-white-supremacists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117191415/https://www.adl.org/blog/telegram-the-latest-safe-haven-for-white-supremacists |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]]}}</ref> in groups and channels after the original livestreams were taken down by Twitch. British far-right publication TR.news,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Richard |title=Deplatforming: Following extreme Internet celebrities to Telegram and alternative social media |journal=European Journal of Communication |date=June 2020 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=213–229 |doi=10.1177/0267323120922066 }}</ref> following multiple deplatformings, launched a Telegram channel to spread its posts and the Institute for Strategic Dialogue<ref>{{cite web|last=Lanigan|first=Michael|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/telegram-is-the-far-rights-weapon-of-choice-in-ireland/|title=Telegram Is the Far-Right's Weapon of Choice in Ireland|date=30 April 2021|website=Vice|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502124822/https://www.vice.com/en/article/93yw4p/telegram-is-the-far-rights-weapon-of-choice-in-ireland|url-status=live}}</ref> reported that Irish far-right groups grew substantially between 2019 and 2020. But research by Oxford University<ref name="comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk">{{cite web|website=The Computational Propaganda Project|title=Junk News Distribution on Telegram: The Visibility of English-language News Sources on Public Telegram Channels|date=20 July 2020|access-date=1 November 2020|url=https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/posts/junk-news-distribution-on-telegram-the-visibility-of-english-language-news-sources-on-public-telegram-channels/|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203103647/https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/posts/junk-news-distribution-on-telegram-the-visibility-of-english-language-news-sources-on-public-telegram-channels/|url-status=live}}</ref> suggests that, because Telegram does not use sorting algorithms in its search function, many such groups remain obscure and small while select others receive a lot of attention.

=== Illegal pornography ===
Telegram has been used to distribute illegal [[pornography]], including [[child pornography]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/nudes-revenge-porn-crime-telegram/|title=Telegram's massive revenge porn problem has made these women's lives hell|date=29 October 2020|website=Mashable|access-date=28 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128165434/https://mashable.com/article/nudes-revenge-porn-crime-telegram/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/tech/rape-videos-child-porn-terror-telegram-anonymity-is-giving-criminals-a-free-run/307959/|title=Rape videos, child porn, terror — Telegram anonymity is giving criminals a free run|date=19 October 2019|website=The Print|access-date=28 January 2021|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208201355/https://theprint.in/tech/rape-videos-child-porn-terror-telegram-anonymity-is-giving-criminals-a-free-run/307959/|url-status=live}}</ref> Telegram's internal reporting system has an option to report content that contains child abuse, including specific messages in groups and channels. The company has a verified channel called "Stop Child Abuse", where daily statistics on the number of groups and channels banned for sharing illegal materials are posted. It also provides an email address dedicated to reports of content related to child abuse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://t.me/s/stopCA |title=Stop Child Abuse – Telegram |website=Telegram |access-date=24 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115225608/https://t.me/s/stopCA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/15/asia/south-korea-telegram-digital-sex-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |title=South Korea is cracking down on digital sex crimes. Has it done enough? |date=17 January 2021 |website=CNN |access-date=24 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924162734/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/15/asia/south-korea-telegram-digital-sex-intl-hnk-dst/index.html }}</ref>

In January 2021, [[North Macedonia]]n media outlets reported that a now-banned Telegram group, "Public Room" ("Јавна соба"), with more than 7,000 members, was used to share nude photos of women and young teenage girls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.republika.mk/news/macedonia/users-of-telegram-group-where-pictures-of-underage-girls-were-shared-are-threatening-the-woman-who-reported-them/|title=Users of Telegram group where pictures of underage girls were shared are threatening the woman who reported them|date=27 January 2021|website=Republika English|access-date=28 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127095816/https://english.republika.mk/news/macedonia/users-of-telegram-group-where-pictures-of-underage-girls-were-shared-are-threatening-the-woman-who-reported-them/|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with the shared photographs, anonymous accounts shared the women's private information, including phone numbers and social media profiles, encouraging members of the group to contact the women and ask for sexual favors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.republika.mk/news/macedonia/one-of-the-girls-whose-pictures-were-shared-in-a-telegram-group-demands-action/|title=One of the girls whose pictures were shared in a Telegram group demands action|date=27 January 2021|website=Republika English|access-date=28 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134346/https://english.republika.mk/news/macedonia/one-of-the-girls-whose-pictures-were-shared-in-a-telegram-group-demands-action/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was done without the women's agreement or knowledge, causing intense public backlash and demand that the group be shut down. North Macedonia President [[Stevo Pendarovski]] and Prime Minister [[Zoran Zaev]] demanded an immediate response from Telegram and threatened to completely restrict access to the app in the country if no action was taken.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.republika.mk/news/macedonia/calls-to-shut-down-telegram-group-used-to-share-pictures-of-underage-girls/|title=Calls to shut down Telegram group used to share pictures of underage girls|date=28 January 2021|website=Republika English|access-date=28 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128111846/https://english.republika.mk/news/macedonia/calls-to-shut-down-telegram-group-used-to-share-pictures-of-underage-girls/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/Zoran_Zaev/status/1354759939902894081 |title=Зоран Заев on Twitter |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128115555/https://twitter.com/Zoran_Zaev/status/1354759939902894081 |url-status=live }}</ref> The group was banned, but no public statement was made.

An August 2024 [[BBC]] investigation found that Telegram had not responded to requests to join the US–based [[National Center for Missing & Exploited Children]] (NCMEC) or the UK–based [[Internet Watch Foundation]], both nonprofit [[Non-governmental Organizations|NGO]]s. In response, Telegram said that it "proactively moderates harmful content on its platform including child abuse material" and that its moderation is "within industry standards and constantly improving".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy54905nv0go|title=Telegram repeatedly refuses to join child protection schemes|website=BBC News|access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>

In August 2024, journalist Ko Narin of [[the Hankyoreh]] exposed Telegram chats of teenagers who used [[generative AI]] to deepfake images of their classmates and teachers for porn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpdlpj9zn9go|title=Inside the deep fake porn crisis engulfing Korean schools|date=3 September 2024 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/09/06/nx-s1-5101891/south-korea-deepfake|title=South Korea investigates Telegram over alleged sexual deepfakes|work=NPR |date=6 September 2024 |last1=Gong |first1=Se Eun }}</ref>

A February 2026 BBC investigation by journalist Wanqing Zhang found that Telegram was widely used to advertise and distribute non-consensual [[hidden camera]] pornography, including footage secretly filmed in hotel rooms across China, and that requests to remove such content often went unanswered. In response, Telegram said that sharing non-consensual pornography is forbidden under its terms of service and that it "proactively moderates" harmful content on the platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62rexy9y3no|title=We had sex in a Chinese hotel, then found we had been broadcast to thousands|first=Wanqing|last=Zhang|newspaper=BBC|date=2026-02-07|access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref>

=== Bot abuse ===

Volodymyr Flents, the chairman of the public organization "Electronic Democracy", announced on 11 May 2020 that a Telegram bot appeared on the Web, which sold the personal data of Ukrainian citizens. It is estimated that the bot contains data from 26 million Ukrainians registered in the [[Diia]] application. But deputy prime minister and minister of digital transformation [[Mykhailo Fedorov]] denied that any data from the app had leaked. The criminal activity of 25 people was confirmed and copies of 30 databases were seized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Утечка данных из анонимного Тelegram-канала: объявили 25 подозрений|url=https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-society/3051656-utecka-dannyh-iz-anonimnogo-telegramkanala-obavili-25-podozrenij.html|website=www.ukrinform.ru|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111073614/https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-society/3051656-utecka-dannyh-iz-anonimnogo-telegramkanala-obavili-25-podozrenij.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 June 2020|title=Cyber police searched for leaks in public and private databases | Techumble|url=https://techumble.com/cyber-%e2%80%8b%e2%80%8bpolice-searched-for-leaks-in-public-and-private-databases/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628012411/https://techumble.com/cyber-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bpolice-searched-for-leaks-in-public-and-private-databases/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2020|website=techumble.com|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Ukrainian data leak via telegram: MP will send requests to SBU and police | Techumble|url=https://techumble.com/ukrainian-data-leak-via-telegram-mp-will-send-requests-to-sbu-and-police/|website=techumble.com|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025142849/https://techumble.com/ukrainian-data-leak-via-telegram-mp-will-send-requests-to-sbu-and-police/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, Apple blocked a Telegram bot after it posted [[deepfake pornography]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The AI Telegram bot that abused women is still out of control|language=en-GB|magazine=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/porn-bots-in-telegram-deepfake|access-date=27 June 2021|issn=1357-0978|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127065028/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/porn-bots-in-telegram-deepfake|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, Telegram reportedly banned more than 350,000 bots and channels, including those that contained child abuse and terrorism-related content.<ref name="auto4"/>

In 2021, a bot was found selling leaked phone numbers from Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook users' phone numbers are for sale through a Telegram bot|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22249571/facebook-phone-number-hack-telegram-bot|access-date=26 January 2021|website=www.theverge.com|date=25 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126113721/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22249571/facebook-phone-number-hack-telegram-bot|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fraudulent jobs===
Telegram has received criticism for its failure to curb fraud. The most common mode of fraud involves scammers sending messages to unsuspecting users, offering part-time online jobs that comprise a series of tasks. Scammers employ a variety of [[confidence tricks]] to entice users into completing "prepaid tasks" in which users deposit money into scammers' accounts with the expectation of receiving high returns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Several job-seekers cheated in Telegram scam, Tambaram police urge cellphone users to be vigilant |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/several-job-seekers-in-telegram-scam-tambaram-urge-cellphone-users-to-be-vigilant/article66900587.ece |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=28 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Don't take the bait dropped through that missed call |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2023/05/25/online-fraid-missed-call-telegram-whatsapp.html |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=OnManorama}}</ref>

In July 2023, [[Hyderabad Police]] uncovered a fraud wherein 15,000 Indian citizens were duped out of {{INRconvert|712|c}} in less than a year, all related to "prepaid tasks" on Telegram. A cybercrime police investigation of the money trail revealed that the fraud originated in China and the money was laundered by [[money mule|mules]] through [[cryptocurrency wallets]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fraudsters dupe 15,000 people of ₹712 crore, launders money to China |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/fraudsters-dupe-15-000-people-of-rs-712-crore-launders-money-to-china-this-is-how-they-operated-11690206228894.html |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=mint |date=24 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No platform is fool proof, says Telegram on Rs 712 crore investment fraud |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/no-platform-is-fool-proof-says-telegram-on-rs-712-crore-investment-fraud-11063831.html |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2023, the [[Singapore Police Force]] stated that more than 6,600 Singaporeans had lost over {{SGDConvert|96.8|m}} to prepaid job scams on Telegram and WhatsApp since the start of the year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sin |first1=Carmen |title=Police warn of online job scam; 6,600 victims have lost $96.8m since January |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/police-warn-of-fake-online-job-scam-6600-victims-lost-968m-since-january |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=The Straits Times |date=16 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Copyright infringement ===
In March 2024, a judge of Spain's [[Audiencia Nacional]] ordered the temporary blocking of Telegram in Spain. The order came following a complaint from media organizations —[[Mediaset España|Mediaset]], [[Atresmedia]] and [[Movistar Plus+]]— saying the app allowed users to share copyrighted content without their consent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain's High Court orders block on Telegram messaging app as a precautionary measure|url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/03/23/spains-high-court-orders-block-on-telegram-messaging-app-as-a-precautionary-measure |work=Euronews |date=23 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=High Court orders temporary suspension of Telegram's services in Spain|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/high-court-orders-temporary-suspension-telegrams-services-spain-2024-03-23/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=23 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> A few days later, following repeated criticism, the same judge suspended his order until the police issue a report on the consequences this measure would have for users.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Marraco |first1=Manuel |last2=Diego Madueño |first2=Juan |date=25 March 2024 |title=Pedraz suspende el bloqueo de Telegram hasta recibir un informe sobre la incidencia en los usuarios |url=https://www.elmundo.es/papel/2024/03/25/66014c77e9cf4a84758b4570.html |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es}}</ref> Finally, the judge annulled the order, considering it "disproportionate".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2024 |title=Pedraz suspende el bloqueo de Telegram por considerarlo "excesivo y desproporcionado" |url=https://www.elmundo.es/papel/2024/03/25/66014c77e9cf4a84758b4570.html |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=ELMUNDO |language=es}}</ref>

=== Drug trade ===
In recent years, Telegram has become more popular for the purpose of buying and selling illicit drugs. In 2024, Sociology Compass released a paper exploring this trend in drug trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dewey |first1=Matías |last2=Buzzetti |first2=Andrés |date=February 2024 |title=Easier, faster and safer: The social organization of drug dealing through encrypted messaging apps |journal=Sociology Compass |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |article-number=e13175 |doi=10.1111/soc4.13175 |issn=1751-9020|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== User numbers ===
In August 2024, an EU probe was launched into Telegram to determine whether the platform breached EU digital rules by failing to provide accurate user numbers.<ref name="Financial Times">{{Cite news |last1=Klasa |first1=Adrienne |last2=Foy |first2=Henry |last3=Hancock |first3=Alice |last4=Tamma |first4=Paola |date=28 August 2024 |title=EU investigating Telegram over user numbers |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1f96e66d-00fe-46ca-9cb8-73e526125922 |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Telegram said in February 2024 that it had 41mn users in the EU. Under the EU's [[Digital Services Act]] (DSA), Telegram was supposed to provide an updated number in August but failed to do so, only declaring it had "significantly fewer than 45mn average monthly active recipients in the EU".<ref name="Financial Times"/>

=== Advertisements ===
As part of the monetization model, Telegram can display advertisement banners for non-premium users in public channels with more than 1000 subscribers. The revenue of these advertisements is shared with the channel owner in form of Telegram's Toncoin crypto currency.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=31 March 2024 |title=Sharing Revenue with Channel Owners |url=https://telegram.org/blog/monetization-for-channels |website=telegram.org |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref> As of August 2025, there was no option for channel owners to opt out of this mechanism. This is seen as an issue for non-profit organizations and similar entities who want to operate a Telegram channel.

In August 2025, the German public media broadcaster [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]] closed its ''tagesschau'' Telegram channel, which published summaries of news stories from the [[Tagesschau (German TV programme)|German television news service]] by the same name. The TV program and news stories are produced for the joint organization [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] to be simulcast by its members. The editorial staff was made aware of the advertisement by a Telegram user and the online magazine [[Übermedien]]. They argued the advertisements could be seen as a violation of the ''[[Rundfunkstaatsvertrag]]'' (Interstate Broadcasting Agreement), which places strict rules on how German public media broadcasters may generate revenue from advertisements, including an advertisement ban for online media apart from product placement. Additional criticism was expressed as some advertisements were described as "shady" or "fraudulent" offerings on sports bets. The NDR stated that they had not noticed these ads before, but closed the channel, stating that an advertisement-based accumulation of Toncoin, albeit unsolicited and not withdrawn, was unacceptable for a German public media broadcaster.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schneider |first1=Annika |date=7 August 2025 |title=Tagesschau: Dubiose Werbung im Telegram-Kanal |language=de |url=https://uebermedien.de/107997/der-kryptobot-der-tagesschau/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=Übermedien}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2025 |title=Chatbot: Wie die ARD auf Telegram fast an betrügerischen Sportwetten verdiente |language=de |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien-und-film/medienpolitik/chatbot-wie-die-ard-auf-telegram-fast-an-betruegerischen-sportwetten-verdiente-110630084.html |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=F.A.Z./epd |work=FAZ |publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung}}</ref>

===Use by scam syndicates===
In 2025, Telegram said it blocked [[Huione Group|Huione Guarantee]], which [[Elliptic (company)|Elliptic]] described as an escrow-style marketplace operating across thousands of Telegram channels and widely used by online scammers based in [[scam centers in Cambodia]].<ref name="ReutersTelegramBlocked2025">{{cite news
|title=2 massive black market services blocked by Telegram, messaging app says
|work=Reuters
|date=15 May 2025
|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/2-massive-black-market-services-blocked-by-telegram-messaging-app-says-2025-05-15/
}}</ref><ref name="EllipticCyberScamMarketplace">{{cite web
|title=Huione Guarantee: The multi-billion dollar marketplace used by online scammers
|website=Elliptic
|url=https://www.elliptic.co/blog/cyber-scam-marketplace
}}</ref> Huione lists businessman [[Hun To]], cousin of [[Cambodia]]n Prime Minister [[Hun Manet]], as a director.<ref name="ReutersHuionePayLazarus2024">{{cite news
|last=Wilson
|first=Tom
|title=Exclusive: North Korean hackers sent stolen crypto to wallet used by Asian payment firm
|work=Reuters
|date=15 July 2024
|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/cybersecurity/north-korean-hackers-sent-stolen-crypto-wallet-used-by-asian-payment-firm-2024-07-15/
}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Channels have been used by celebrities such as [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwarzenegger |first1=Arnold |title=You can and anyone you know also find this on my new Telegram channel if that is easier |url=https://twitter.com/Schwarzenegger/status/1504429787481194499 |website=Twitter }}</ref> and [[Snoop Dogg]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snoop Dogg |url=https://t.me/snoopdogg |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Telegram}}</ref> and politicians: [[President of France]] [[Emmanuel Macron]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Macron |url=https://t.me/emmanuelmacron |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Telegram}}</ref> former [[President of Brazil]] [[Jair Bolsonaro]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jair M. Bolsonaro 1 |url=https://t.me/jairbolsonarobrasil |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Telegram}}</ref> [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |url=https://t.me/RTErdogan |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Telegram}}</ref> [[President of Moldova]] [[Maia Sandu]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=🇲🇩 Președintele Maia Sandu |url=https://t.me/maiasandumd/16 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=Telegram}}</ref> [[President of Ukraine]] [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]],<ref name="TimeZelenskyy"/> former [[President of Mexico|Mexican President]] [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrés Manuel López Obrador |url=https://t.me/PresidenteAMLO |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Telegram}}</ref> former [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Singaporean Prime Minister]] [[Lee Hsien Loong]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lee Hsien Loong |url=https://t.me/leehsienloong |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Telegram}}</ref> [[President of Uzbekistan]] [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shavkat Mirziyoyev_press-service |url=https://t.me/shmirziyoyev |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Telegram}}</ref> former [[President of the Republic of China|Taiwan President]] [[Tsai Ing-wen]], [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abiy Ahmed Ali 🇪🇹 |url=https://t.me/AbiyAhmedAliofficial |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Telegram}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=בנימין נתניהו |url=https://t.me/bnetanyahu |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Telegram}}</ref> and others.

=== Security ===
{{Main|Reception of Telegram Security Features}}

Telegram's security model has received notable criticism by cryptography experts. They criticized how, unless modified first, the default general security model stores all contacts, messages and media together with their decryption keys on its servers continuously; and that it does not enable [[end-to-end encryption]] for messages by default.<ref name="cpj-2016-05-31">{{cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=Why Telegram's security flaws may put Iran's journalists at risk |url=https://cpj.org/blog/2016/05/why-telegrams-security-flaws-may-put-irans-journal.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819013449/https://cpj.org/blog/2016/05/why-telegrams-security-flaws-may-put-irans-journal.php |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref><ref name="Turton-2016-06-24">{{cite web|last1=Turton|first1=William|title=Why You Should Stop Using Telegram Right Now|url=https://gizmodo.com/why-you-should-stop-using-telegram-right-now-1782557415|website=Gizmodo|publisher=Gawker Media|access-date=22 December 2020|date=24 June 2016|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708145705/http://gizmodo.com/why-you-should-stop-using-telegram-right-now-1782557415|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pavel Durov]] has argued that this is because it helps to avoid third-party unsecured backups, and to allow users to access messages and files from any device. Criticisms were also aimed at Telegram's use of a custom-designed encryption protocol.<ref name="cpj-2016-05-31" /><ref name="Jakobsen 2015">{{harvnb|Jakobsen|Orlandi|2015}}</ref><ref name="Cox-2015">{{cite web|last1=Cox|first1=Joseph|title=Why You Don't Roll Your Own Crypto|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-you-dont-roll-your-own-crypto/|website=Motherboard|publisher=[[Vice Media]]|access-date=22 December 2020|date=10 December 2015|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226174309/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/why-you-dont-roll-your-own-crypto|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dailydot.com">{{cite news|last1=Turton|first1=William|title=Cryptography expert casts doubt on encryption in ISIS' favorite messaging app|url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/telegram-isis-encryption-cryptography/|website=The Daily Dot|access-date=11 December 2015|date=19 November 2015|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627184947/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/telegram-isis-encryption-cryptography/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2020, a study titled "Automated Symbolic Verification of Telegram's MTProto 2.0" was published, confirming the security of the updated MTProto 2.0 and reviewing it while pointing out several theoretical vulnerabilities.<ref name="Miculan 2020">{{harvnb|Miculan|Vitacolonna|2020}}</ref><ref name="Miculan 2023">{{harvnb|Miculan|Vitacolonna|2023}}</ref> The paper provides "fully automated proof of the soundness of MTProto 2.0's authentication, normal chat, end-to-end encrypted chat, and re-keying mechanisms with respect to several security properties, including authentication, integrity, confidentiality and perfect forward secrecy" and "proves the formal correctness of MTProto 2.0". This partially addresses the concern about the lack of scrutiny while confirming the formal security of the protocol's latest version.<ref name="Miculan 2020"/><ref name="Miculan 2023"/>

The desktop clients, excluding the [[macOS]] client, do not feature options for end-to-end encrypted messages. When the user assigns a local password in the desktop application, data is also locally encrypted. Telegram has defended the lack of ubiquitous end-to-end encryption by saying that online-backups that do not use [[client-side encryption]] are "the most secure solution currently possible".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/faq#q-why-not-just-make-all-chats-secret|title=Telegram F.A.Q.|website=Telegram|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209082001/https://telegram.org/faq#q-why-not-just-make-all-chats-secret|url-status=live}}</ref>

Telegram has organized two cryptography contests to challenge its own security. Third parties were asked to break the service's cryptography and disclose the information contained within a secret chat between two computer-controlled users. A reward of respectively {{US$|200000}} and {{US$|300000}} was offered. Both of these contests expired with no winners.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://telegram.org/blog/winter-contest-ends|title = Winter Contest Ends|date = 2 March 2014|access-date = 24 October 2015|website = Telegram|archive-date = 26 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226140739/https://telegram.org/blog/winter-contest-ends%20|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://telegram.org/blog/cryptocontest-ends|title = Crypto Contest Ends|date = 11 February 2015|access-date = 24 October 2015|website = Telegram|archive-date = 18 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190518221134/https://telegram.org/blog/cryptocontest-ends|url-status = live}}</ref>

Security researcher [[Moxie Marlinspike]], founder of the competing [[Signal (messaging app)|Signal]] messenger, and commenters on [[Hacker News]] criticized the first contest for being rigged or framed in Telegram's favor and said that Telegram's statements on the value of these contests as proof of the cryptography's quality are misleading. This was because the cryptography contest could not be won even with completely broken algorithms such as [[MD2 (hash function)]] used as key stream extractor, and primitives such as the [[Dual EC DRBG]] that is known to be backdoored.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://tech.eu/news/telegram-protocol-cracking-contest/|title = Cracking contest: first one who breaks Telegram gets $200,000 in bitcoins (but really, nobody wins)|first = Robin|last = Wauters|date = 19 December 2013|access-date = 2 March 2014|website = Tech.eu|archive-date = 26 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226140728/https://tech.eu/news/telegram-protocol-cracking-contest/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.cryptofails.com/post/70546720222/telegrams-cryptanalysis-contest|title = Telegram's Cryptanalysis Contest|date = 19 December 2013|access-date = 24 October 2015|newspaper = Tumblr|last = Hornby|first = Taylor|archive-date = 26 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226140737/http://www.cryptofails.com/post/70546720222/telegrams-cryptanalysis-contest|url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Censorship ===
{{Further|Government censorship of Telegram}}
[[File:Telegram-World.svg|Map showing the countries that are either currently blocking or have blocked Telegram in the past.{{legend|#335da3ff|Currently blocked}}{{legend|#64b4c2ff|Formerly blocked}}|thumb|271x271px]]

Telegram has been blocked temporarily or permanently by some governments including Iran, China, Brazil, and Pakistan. The Russian government blocked Telegram for several years before lifting the ban in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=1 May 2018 |title=Iran, Like Russia Before It, Tries to Block Telegram App |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/world/middleeast/iran-telegram-app-russia.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232828/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/world/middleeast/iran-telegram-app-russia.html |archive-date=6 November 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Russia lifts ban on private messaging app Telegram |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/telegram-russia-ban-lift-messaging-app-encryption-download-a9573181.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107020625/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/telegram-russia-ban-lift-messaging-app-encryption-download-a9573181.html |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilpatrick |first=Ryan Ho |date=13 July 2015 |title=China blocks Telegram messenger, blamed for aiding human rights lawyers |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2015/07/13/china-blocks-telegram-messenger-blamed-for-aiding-human-rights-lawyers/ |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP |language=en-GB}}</ref> The company's founder has said he wants the app to have an anti-censorship tool for Iran and China similar to the app's role in fighting censorship in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram founder says anti-censorship tech that defeated Russian authorities should be used against Iran and China |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2020/06/22/telegram-founder-says-anti-censorship-tech-used-to-defeat-russian-authorities-should-be-used-in-iran-and-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613170350/https://meduza.io/en/news/2020/06/22/telegram-founder-says-anti-censorship-tech-used-to-defeat-russian-authorities-should-be-used-in-iran-and-china |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Meduza |language=en}}</ref> On 19 April 2024, Apple removed Telegram from the App Store in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lomas |first1=Natasha |title=Apple pulls WhatsApp, Threads from China App Store following state order |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/19/threads-whatsapp-removed-from-china-app-store/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=19 April 2024 |date=19 April 2024}}</ref>

In September 2024, Ukraine banned the usage of Telegram by government officials, military personnel, and key workers on official devices, citing fears of Russian espionage. The [[National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine]] enforced the restrictions following evidence reported to them by [[Kyrylo Budanov]], showing Russia's ability to access messages and user data on the platform. Andriy Kovalenko, head of the security council's centre on countering disinformation, clarified that the ban was limited to official devices and did not extend to personal phones.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ukraine bans official use of Telegram app over fears of Russian spying |date=20 September 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/cybersecurity/ukraine-bans-official-use-telegram-app-over-fears-russian-spying-2024-09-20/ |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref>

In February 2026, Russia restricted Telegram, as officials said the platform failed to protect personal data and curb criminal content.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/11/world/video/russia-restricts-millions-of-its-telegram-users-digvid |title=Russia restricts millions of its Telegram users |publisher=CNN |date=2026-02-12 |last=Pleitgen |first=Frederik |language=en |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref> Durov responded that Telegram remained committed to protecting freedom of speech and user privacy, and accused Russian authorities of directing users toward a state-backed platform, presumably [[Max (app)|Max]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Telegram's Durov reaffirms commitment to privacy amid new Russian curbs |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/society-equity/telegrams-durov-reaffirms-commitment-privacy-amid-new-russian-curbs-2026-02-10/ |agency=Reuters |date=10 February 2026}}</ref>

==== 2019 Puerto Rico "Telegramgate" ====
{{Main|Telegramgate}}

Telegram was the main subject surrounding the 2019 Puerto Rico riots that ended up in the resignation of then-Governor [[Ricardo Rosselló]]. Hundreds of pages of a group chat between Rosselló and members of his staff were leaked. The messages were considered vulgar, racist, and homophobic, with members of the chat discussing how they would use the media to target potential political opponents.<ref>{{cite web|last=Serrano|first=Oscar J.|title=WhatsApp Gate 2.0: Nuevo chat expone a la Administración Rosselló|url=https://www.noticel.com/ahora/gobierno/whatsapp-gate-20-nuevo-chat-expone-a-la-administracion-rossello/1093250289|website=NotiCel|accessdate=19 July 2019|language=es|date=13 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727235312/https://www.noticel.com/ahora/gobierno/whatsapp-gate-20-nuevo-chat-expone-a-la-administracion-rossello/1093250289|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== 2021 shutdown of Russian political bots ====
In September 2021, prior to the [[2021 Russian regional elections|regional elections in Russia]], Telegram suspended several bots spreading information about the election, including a bot run by the opposition party and critics of incumbent president [[Vladimir Putin]]'s government,<ref name="RFE_TG_Censorship">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Telegram Messenger Blocks Navalny's Bot During Vote |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/telegram-navalny-smart-voting/31466263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918221938/https://www.rferl.org/a/telegram-navalny-smart-voting/31466263.html |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=RadioFreeEurope |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=AFP |date=18 September 2021 |title=Telegram Messenger Blocks Navalny Bot During Russian Election |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/09/18/telegram-messenger-blocks-navalny-bot-during-russian-election-a75079 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926151950/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/09/18/telegram-messenger-blocks-navalny-bot-during-russian-election-a75079 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |access-date=26 September 2021 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en}}</ref> citing [[election silence]] as the reason, though a blog post by the company's CEO implied the company was following Apple and Google, which "dictate the rules of the game to developers".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Telegram messenger blocks Russia opposition bot during vote |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/business-and-tech/20210918-telegram-messenger-blocks-russia-opposition-bot-during-vote |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918153809/https://www.rfi.fr/en/business-and-tech/20210918-telegram-messenger-blocks-russia-opposition-bot-during-vote |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RFE_TG_Censorship" /> The blocking of the main Smart Voting bot was criticized by allies of [[Alexei Navalny]], a Kremlin critic and former opposition leader. Navalny's spokeswoman Kira Yarmysh called the block and the deletion of the tactical voting app from app stores "censorship [...] imposed by private companies".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Navalny allies accuse YouTube, Telegram of censorship in Russian election |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/navalny-allies-accuse-telegram-censorship-russian-election-2021-09-18/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920012333/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/navalny-allies-accuse-telegram-censorship-russian-election-2021-09-18/ |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In a later blog post, Durov directly stated that the block was a result of pressure from Google and Apple as refusal to comply with their policies would result "in an immediate shutdown of Telegram for millions of users". The post included a screenshot showing an internal email sent by the [[App Store]] to developers, demanding the takedown of content related to Navalny.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durov's Channel |url=https://t.me/durov/168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926010611/https://t.me/durov/168 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Telegram |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== 2022 Delhi High Court ruling ====
On 24 November 2022, Telegram disclosed the admin names, phone numbers and IP addresses of channels accused of unauthorised sharing of national exam study materials following an order by the [[Delhi High Court]] which rejected Telegram's argument that its regional servers were located in Singapore and thus no data could be disclosed as the local laws prohibit it.<ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Neetu Singh vs Telegram FZ LLC|court=High Court of Delhi at New Dehli|date=24 November 2022|url=http://164.100.60.183/writereaddata/orderSan_Pdf/pms/2022/1669618366215_31241_2022.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204014758/http://164.100.60.183/writereaddata/orderSan_Pdf/pms/2022/1669618366215_31241_2022.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahsan |first1=Sofi |date=29 November 2022 |title=After Delhi High Court Ruling, Telegram Discloses Names, Phone Numbers & IP Addresses Of Users Accused Of Sharing Infringing Material |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/after-court-order-telegram-discloses-phone-numbers-ip-addresses-of-users-accused-of-sharing-infringing-material-215311 |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=LiveLaw}}</ref>

====2024 arrest of Pavel Durov====
{{Main|Arrest of Pavel Durov}}

On 24 August 2024, Pavel Durov, who is both a French and UAE citizen, was arrested in France by French authorities. On 28 August he was charged with a wide array of crimes, including complicity in managing an online platform to enable illegal transactions; complicity in crimes such as enabling the distribution of [[child sexual abuse]] material; drug trafficking and fraud; and refusal to cooperate with law enforcement authorities. Durov posted bail of five million Euros, was barred from leaving France, and was released on condition he report to a French police station twice weekly. The case would be handled by a special magistrate with investigative and prosecutorial powers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dalton |first1=Matthew |title=French Authorities Charge Telegram Founder Pavel Durov |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/telegram-ceo-pavel-durov-charged-french-authorities-43a125a2?mod=hp_lead_pos8 |access-date=28 August 2024 |agency=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones and Company}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Alt-tech}}
* [[Censorship of Telegram]]
* [[Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients]]
* {{annotated link|Internet privacy}}
* [[List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users]]
* [[Secure instant messaging]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/foci17/foci17-paper-espinoza.pdf|title=Alice and Bob, who the FOCI are they?: Analysis of end-to-end encryption in the LINE messaging application|last1=Espinoza|first1=Antonio|last2=Tolley|first2=William|date=August 2017|website=Usenix|publisher=USENIX Association|access-date=12 May 2021|ref={{harvid|Espinoza|Tolley|Crandall|2017}}|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511230541/https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/foci17/foci17-paper-espinoza.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite conference|last1=Rottermanner|first1=Christoph|last2=Kieseberg|first2=Peter|last3=Huber|first3=Markus|last4=Schmiedecker|first4=Martin|last5=Schrittwieser|first5=Sebastian|date=December 2015|title=Privacy and Data Protection in Smartphone Messengers|url=https://www.sba-research.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/paper_drafthp.pdf|conference=Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services (iiWAS2015)|publisher=ACM International Conference Proceedings Series|isbn=978-1-4503-3491-4|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327011416/https://www.sba-research.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/paper_drafthp.pdf|url-status=live}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|url=https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1177.pdf|title=On the CCA (in)security of MTProto|last1=Jakobsen|first1=Jakob|last2=Orlandi|first2=Claudio|date=8 December 2015|website=Cryptology ePrint Archive|publisher=International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR)|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=12 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212214527/http://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1177.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite arXiv|title=Automated Symbolic Verification of Telegram's MTProto 2.0|last1=Miculan|first1=Marino|last2=Vitocolonna|first2=Nicola|date=5 December 2020|class=cs.CR |eprint=2012.03141v1}}
* {{cite web|url=https://mtpsym.github.io/paper.pdf|title=Four Attacks and a Proof for Telegram|last1=Albrecht|first1=Martin R.|last2=Mareková|first2=Lenka|last3=Paterson|first3=Kenneth G.|last4=Stepanovs|first4=Igors|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716091205/https://mtpsym.github.io/paper.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last1=Abu-Salma|first1=Ruba|last2=Krol|first2=Kat|last3=Parkin|first3=Simon|last4=Kohl|first4=Victoria|last5=Kwan|first5=Kevin|last6=Mahboob|first6=Jazib|last7=Traboulsi|first7=Zahra|last8=Sasse|first8=M. Angela|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1560501/1/Abu-Salma%20et%20al.%20-%202017%20-%20The%20Security%20Blanket%20of%20the%20Chat%20World%20An%20Analyti.pdf|title=The Security Blanket of the Chat World:An Analytic Evaluation and a User Study of Telegram|publisher=[[University College London]]|journal=|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205025259/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1560501/1/Abu-Salma%20et%20al.%20-%202017%20-%20The%20Security%20Blanket%20of%20the%20Chat%20World%20An%20Analyti.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last1=Hannan Bin Azhar|first1=M A|last2=Barton|first2=Thomas Edward Allen|url=https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/download/3e59ded778529baaf67e0be4d5c9b31b7fca48bb14ef965948fa5cc6d578c3c6/685125/15054.pdf|title=Forensic Analysis of Secure Ephemeral Messaging Applications on Android Platforms|publisher=[[Canterbury Christ Church University]]|journal=|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627152104/https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/download/3e59ded778529baaf67e0be4d5c9b31b7fca48bb14ef965948fa5cc6d578c3c6/685125/15054.pdf|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Instant messaging}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=Companies|portal2=Internet|portal3=Freedom of speech|portal4=Telecommunications|portal5=Free and open-source software|commons=y|s-search=|d-search=|d=y|v-search=|v=y|s=y|commons-search=Category:Telegram Messenger|q-search=|q=y|b-search=|b=y|wikt-search=|wikt=y|n-search=|n=y}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telegram (software)| ]]
[[Category:2013 software]]
[[Category:Alt-tech]]
[[Category:Communication software]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:End-to-end encryption]]
[[Category:Free and open-source Android software]]
[[Category:Instant messaging clients]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2013]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Linux software]]
[[Category:Russian inventions]]
[[Category:Software that uses Qt]]
[[Category:Windows Phone software]]

Bhaktha Gowri

2026-03-06T03:40:29Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding some stub with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhaktha Gowri
| image = Bakthagowri_1941.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = S. Notani
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| writer =
| screenplay = D. V. Chari
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]] S. D. Subbaiah C. V. V. Panthulu [[Kali N. Rathnam]] [[T. S. Durairaj]]
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1941|4|5|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bhaktha Gowri''''' (also spelled Bhaktha Gauri) is a 1941 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] film directed by [[S. Nottani]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=581|url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf}}</ref> The film stars S. D. Subbaiah and [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]].<ref name=hindu>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/bhaktha-gowri-1941/article3020385.ece|title=Bhaktha Gowri 1941|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 January 2010|access-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180613072758/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/bhaktha-gowri-1941/article3020385.ece|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot==
Lord Shiva blesses the Saivaite couple (K. K. Perumal and P. A. Rajamani) with a girl child (U. R. Jeevarathinam). The girl falls in love with a Vaishnavaite boy (S. D. Subbaiah). The boy's mother (Paramakudi S. Sivabhaghyam) opposes their love as the girl is a Saivaite. After much trials and tribulations the boy and girl are married with Lord Shiva's blessings who shows to the world that Shiva and Vishnu are one and the same.

==Cast==
The list is adapted from [[The Hindu]] review article.<ref name=hindu />
{{Col-begin|width=65%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*S. D. Subbaiah
*K. K. Perumal
*C. V. V. Panthulu
*[[Kali N. Rathnam]]
*M. R. Swaminathan
*[[T. S. Durairaj]]
*L. Narayana Rao
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[U. R. Jeevarathinam]]
*P. A. Rajamani
*[[C. T. Rajakantham]]
*P. S. Sivabhaghyam
{{Col-end}}

==Production==
The film was produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] under his own banner [[Modern Theatres]] and was directed by S. Notani. P. A. Rajamani who featured as the mother of U. R. Jeevarathinam is the elder sister of actress and [[playback singer]] [[P. A. Periyanayaki]]. P. S. Sivabhaghyam, better known as Paramakudi Sivabhaghyam was famous for her gramophone records.

==Soundtrack==
S. Velsamy Kavi penned the lyrics. No single person was credited as the music composer. The group of instrumentalists are:
* T. M. Ibrahim... Organ, Piano
* B. Rangaiah Naidu... Clarinet
* M. K. Nadaraja Bhagavathar... Fiddle
* S. R. Marutha Pillai... Flute
* K. R. Harihara Iyer... Jalatharang
* S. Abdul Khader... Sarangi
* T. P. Chinniah... Tabela
* D. R. Rao... Gadam
* S. P. Ponraj... Udophon

The song "Theruvil varaandi, Velan thaeril varaandi", sung by U. R. Jeevarathinam is a hit even today.

==Reception==
[[Randor Guy]], writing in 2010 said the film is "Remembered for the melodious music and the hit of the day, Theruvil varaandee'".<ref name="hindu" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{youTube|zXACpNaxOSA|Theruvil Varaandee}} - song from the film
{{Modern Theatres}}

[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Operation Duryodhana (film)

2026-03-03T21:55:50Z

WMLTomoko1917594: improved article for accuracy for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Operation Duryodhana
| image = Operation_Duryodhana.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| producer = Posani Krishna Murali A. Mallikarjuna Rao
| writer = Posani Krishna Murali
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Mumaith Khan]]
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cinematography = Raja
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Aman International Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|05|31|[[India]]}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Operation Duryodhana''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]] [[political thriller film]], loosely inspired by the 2005 [[sting operation]] of [[Operation Duryodhana|the same name]]. The movie was written and directed by [[Posani Krishna Murali]] starring [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] in lead role. The movie was a box office success,<ref>{{cite news|last=staff|title='Success' story|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/22/stories/2007072258660200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220040758/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/22/stories/2007072258660200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2007|access-date=8 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 July 2007}}</ref> and Srikanth earned a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Filmfare Best Actor – Telugu]] for his portrayal in the movie. The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Thee (2009 film)|Thee]]''. It was also dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Operation Dhuryodhana''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=TEsTRLOkxS4#|title=Operation Dhuryodhana (Hindi) full movie|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> An unrelated sequel to the film, ''[[Operation Duryodhana 2]]'', released in 2013.

==Plot==
Mahesh (Srikanth) is a sincere and honest police officer. He loses his kids and his wife gets paralyzed as few politicians who don't like his sincerity harm his family. Mahesh changes his appearance and name to join the gang of politicians to become one. The rest of the story is about how he makes people realize that there is some fault in the system.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Mahesh [[Indian Police Service|I.P.S.]] ([[Circle Inspector]]) alias Politician Bagavanthudu
* [[Krishna Bhagavan]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Party President
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] as Mahesh's Wife
* [[Mumaith Khan]] as Party Secretary
* [[Nagendra Babu]] as Sincere Cop
* [[Paruchuri Gopala Krishna]] as master
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
* [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as one of the MLAs
* [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] in a guest role as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* ETV Prabhakar as Traffic constable Teja
* [[Gehana Vasisth]] in a dance number
* Aparna
* [[M.S. Narayana]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==

*"Rao Gari Annayya", Music:M.M. Srilekha
*"Ek Baar Dekho", Music:M.M. Srilekha

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "Posani Krishna Murali's work is far better compared to his earlier film Sravanamasam, but not good enough".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/operationduryodhana.html | title=Operation Duryodhana movie review - the Good, the Bad and the ugly - Telugu cinema - Srikanth }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1099998|Operation Duryodhana}}

{{Posani Krishna Murali}}

[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Sting operation]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about the labor movement]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Journalism adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films based on newspaper and magazine articles]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Posani Krishna Murali]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Aapadbandhavudu

2026-03-03T18:16:23Z

WMLTomoko1917594: basic cleanup article for clarity for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aapadbandhavudu
| image = Aapadbandhavudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] (dialogues)
| story = K. Viswanath
| screenplay = K. Viswanath
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Meenakshi Seshadri]]
| director = [[K. Viswanath]]
| producer = [[Edida Nageswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Poornodaya Movie Creations]]
| distributor = Poornodaya Movie Creations
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]] [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|10|09}}
| runtime =
| editing = G. G. Krishna Rao
| language = Telugu
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| country = India
}}
'''''Aapadbandhavudu''''' ({{Translation|Protector against danger}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Viswanath]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/k-viswanath-brought-dignity-and-grace-to-telugu-cinema/article18205585.ece|title=K Viswanath brought dignity and grace to Telugu cinema|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 April 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Produced by [[Edida Nageswara Rao]]'s [[Poornodaya Movie Creations]], the film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] while [[Jandhyala]], [[Sarath Babu]], and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AGNB|title=Aapadbandhavudu (1992)|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> It was the third collaboration between Chiranjeevi and Viswanath following ''[[Subhalekha]]'' (1982) and ''[[Swayamkrushi|Swayam Krushi]]'' (1987). The hospital scenes in the second half of the movie are widely considered to be copied from 1975 movie ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]''.

''Aapadbandhavudu'' was an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2007 |title=Films Released In 1992 And Their Box Office Success |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/films1992.htm |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=CineGoer.com |archive-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160907235519/http://web.archive.org/web/20160304114054/http://www.cinegoer.net/films1992.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> But, the film won critical acclaim with five state [[Nandi Awards]], including the [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]] for Chiranjeevi, and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] for Chiranjeevi. The film was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]], the [[Asia Pacific Film Festival]], and the [[Annapurna International School of Film and Media|AISFM Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aisfm.edu.in/blog/2014/the-films-of-k-viswanath/|title=The films of K. Viswanath|date=15 February 2014|website=AISFM Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1808/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|title=Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET|accessdate=30 April 2023}}</ref> The film was later dubbed and released into Tamil as ''Veera Marudhu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/37352888|title=A Critique of Star Worship in the Case of Malayalam Actor Dileep's Sexual Abuse Controversy|first=Serene|last=Zachariah|website=www.academia.edu}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Madhava is a loyal friend, servant, and cowherd to Hema and her father. He also performs in the local dramas, in which he portrays [[Shiva]]. Hema's father is a teacher and talented poet. However, since his classical poetry is no longer popular, he cannot find a publisher to print his poems. Even though Hema and Madhava love each other, neither realises this due to the societal divisions of caste and economic class present in their village. Hema is the first to realise her love for him, during a drama where she portrays [[Parvati]], but suppresses her feelings owing to social stigma.

One day, in order to pay for the wedding of Hema's elder sister Lalitha, Madhava sells his cows and gives the money to Hema's father through a family friend, as a loan. When Hema's father hears what he has done, he gives Madhava his manuscripts to have them printed. Madhava goes to town to have them printed; however, when he returns, he sees Hema being taken away to an asylum. He learns about the incidents which led to Hema's current mental state: Hema's brother-in-law's attempted rape and Lalitha's death.

Madhava pretends to be mentally unstable and is admitted to the same asylum, where he goes through many hardships in order to save Hema. After stopping a guard from attacking her, he is falsely accused of attempted rape and is given shock therapy. He tries many times to help her regain her memory. When she finally does and realizes what he did for her, she wants to marry him after she is safely rescued. However, Madhava objects to her proposal as he is from the lower strata of society. Hema's fiancé Sripathi convinces him to change his mind. Hema and Madhava finally unite.

== Cast ==
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Madhava
* [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] as Hema
* [[Jandhyala]] as Teacher (Hema and Lalitha's father)
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Sripati
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Lalita
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Sripati's father
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Madhava's friend
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Brahmanandam's grandmother
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Village President
* [[Vijayachander]] as Baba
* Silpa as Mental Asylum Nurse
* [[Kalpana Rai]] as Mental Asylum Nurse
* [[Suthi Velu]] as Mental Asylum Patient
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Mental Asylum Guard
* [[Mukku Raju]] as Dancer (cameo appearance)

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aapadbandhavudu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1992
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Sundarakanda (1992 film)|Sundarakanda]]
| prev_year = 1992
| next_title = [[President Gari Pellam]]
| next_year = 1992
}}
All songs are composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and audio is owned by Lahari Music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/apathbhandavudu/QbkdRGGuTbA_|title=Apathbhandavudu|date=4 January 1992|via=www.jiosaavn.com|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326035543/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/apathbhandavudu/QbkdRGGuTbA_|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/apathbhandavudu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1161145042|title=Apathbhandavudu|date=31 August 2014|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:31
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Odiyappa
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Aura Ammaka Chella
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 5:45
| title3 = Chukkallara (Female Version)
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 2:40
| title4 = Chukkallara (Duet)
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:53
| title5 = Puvvunavve Guvvanavve
| lyrics5 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 5:06
| title6 = Athala Vithala
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 2:12
| title7 = Parameswaruni
| lyrics7 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 2:00
}}

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] – Edida Nageswara Rao
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – Chiranjeevi
* [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] – Jandhyala
* [[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] – B. Chalam & Arun D Ghodgavnkar
* [[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]] – Bhushan Lakhandri

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] – Chiranjeevi <ref>[https://archive.org/download/40thFilmfareSouthBestActorActress/40th%20Filmfare%20South%20Best%20Actor%20Actress.jpg Best actor/actress] archive.org</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/download/40thFilmfareSouthBestActorActressFilmsLifetimeMusicDirector/40th%20filmfare%20south%20best%20actor%20actress%20films%20lifetime%20music%20director.jpg Music director] archive.org</ref>
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu]] – [[K. Viswanath]]
* Nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] - Meenakshi Sheshadri

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0245679|title=Aapatbandhavudu}}
{{Kasinathuni Viswanath}}
{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aapadbandhavudu}}
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Viswanath]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:1990s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals]]
[[Category:Films about depression]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Fiction about psychiatry]]

Allari Ramudu

2026-03-03T18:01:21Z

WMLTomoko1917594: cleanup content and updated info per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Allari Ramudu
| image = Allari Ramudu poster.jpg
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] [[Nagma]] [[Aarthi Agarwal]] [[Gajala]]
| director = [[B. Gopal]]
| cinematography = K. Ravindra Babu
| editing =
| producer = Chanti Addala
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|07|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Allari Ramudu''''' ([[English language|English]]: Naughty Ramu) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] film directed by [[B. Gopal]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]], [[Nagma]], [[Aarthi Agarwal]] and [[Gajala]]. It was dubbed into Hindi as ''Main Hoon Khuddar'' in 2007. It was remade in Bangladeshi Bengali as ''[[Number One Shakib Khan]]'' (2010).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100924231438/http://ittefaq.com.bd/content/2010/09/22/news0703.htm movie review]. ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'' 22 September 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2024</ref>

== Plot ==
Ramu, a servant falls for the beautiful daughter of his mistress, Chamundeswari, who is a business tycoon. After discovering Ramu's feelings for her daughter, Chamundeswari tries to separate them.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as Ramakrishna "Ramu"
* [[Nagma]] as Chamundeswari (Voice Dubbed by Saritha)
* [[Aarthi Agarwal]] as Mythili (Voice Dubbed by Savitha Reddy)
* [[Gajala]] as Rukmini (Voice Dubbed by Sunitha)
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Babu Rao, Mythili's father
* [[K. Viswanath]] as Ramachandrayya, Ramakrishna's grandfather
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Jayaprakash
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Raghvendra
* [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy
* [[Pavala Syamala]] as Mutyalu
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Sriram
* [[Achyuth]] as Hari Prasad, Ramu's father
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu
* [[Vizag Prasad]] as Chandra Shekhar
* [[Rajitha]] as Swarajya Lakshmi
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]] and released by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-allariramudu.html|title=Juke Box - Allari Ramudu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030203112143/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-allariramudu.html|archive-date=3 February 2003|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Allari Ramudu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 27.14
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = R. P. Patnaik
| prev_title =[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]
| prev_year =2002
| next_title =[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]
| next_year =2002
}}

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 27:14
| title1 = Oppulakuppa
| extra1 = [[Singer Usha|Usha]], [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| lyrics1 = Chaitanya Prasad
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Rendu Vela Rendu Varaku
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Usha
| lyrics2 = Pothula Ravikiran
| length2 = 5:11
| title3 = Cheliya
| extra3 = Usha, R. P. Patnaik
| lyrics3 = Chaitanya Prasad
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Jadaku Jada
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Usha, R. P. Patnaik
| lyrics4 = Pothula Ravikiran
| length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Bodduni Choodayyo
| extra5 = Usha, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics5 = Pothula Ravikiran
| length5 = 5:07
| title6 = Rukkumini
| extra6 = Usha, Ravi Varma
| lyrics6 = Chaitanya Prasad
| length6 = 4:07
}}

==Reception==
[[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The late NTR senior continues to be an inspiration for filmmakers who venture to do films with the junior. Dialogue writers Paruchuri Brothers, who had scripted many films for late NTR, seem to revel at their present involvement with NTR Jr".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-allariramudu.html|title=old wine in new bottle|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari|access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote "B Gopal dealt the first half well with mass comedy between Nagma and NTR. In the second half B Gopal lost grip over the subject and meandered through scenes that are unnecessarily inserted to glorify the mass image of NTR. The touch of B Gopal is missing in making the mass scenes effective the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-allariramudu.html|title = Telugu Cinema - Review - Allari Ramudu - NTR, Nagma, Ari Agrawal, Urvasi - RP Patnaik - B Gopal - Chanti|date=18 July 2002|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "On the whole director B.Gopal has worked well on NTR?s mass masala image".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/allari-ramudu-review-telugu-pclusQdjagbie.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719141116/https://www.sify.com/movies/allari-ramudu-review-telugu-pclusQdjagbie.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2020|title = Allari Ramudu|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1583218}}

{{B. Gopal}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Gopal]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2002 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{2000s-romantic-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

South Delhi Public School

2026-02-22T15:08:58Z

WMLTomoko1917594: updated page

{{distinguish|Delhi Public School (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = South Delhi Public School
| image_size =
| motto = ''Work is Worship''
| established = 1966
| type =
| chairman =
| founder = G. S. Rawat<ref>{{cite web |last1=Information |first1=School Founder |title=School Information |url=https://www.southdelhipublicschool.com/our-founder.php}}</ref>
| principal = Jyotsna Jain <ref name="cbse"/>
| address = [[Defence Colony]]<ref name="cbse"/>
| city = New Delhi
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5781883|77.2364812|type:school|display=Inline}}
| faculty = Full time
| gender = Co-Educational
| area =
| nickname =
| campus_type = Urban
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.southdelhipublicschool.com/}}
}}

'''South Delhi Public School ''' is a senior secondary school affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_Education/education/home/about+us/list+of+public+schools+recognised+by+doe| title = List of School Recognised by Delhi Government | accessdate = 30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/You-Read-They-Learn/YRTL-ListofSchools.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802221233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/You-Read-They-Learn/YRTL-ListofSchools.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 August 2012 |title= You Read, They Learn'| newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]| accessdate = 30 July 2015}}</ref> It is a co-educational day and boarding school.<ref name="cbse">{{cite web | url =http://www.cbse.nic.in/cce-phase-1/south.htm | title =CBSE School List |publisher= [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]|accessdate = 30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Students-of-South-Delhi-Public-School-excel-in-cultural-competitions/articleshow/25575080.cms |title= Students of South Delhi Public School excel in cultural competitions | newspaper = [[Times of India]]|date= 11 November 2013| accessdate = 30 July 2015}}</ref>

==History==
The School was founded in 1966 as a primary school (initially named Sharda Public School) in A-Block, Defence Colony, New Delhi by the South Delhi Education Society (Regd.). Encouraged with the performance of the School, in 1968 the School management succeeded in getting 1.378 acre land allotted at the present site. Upgraded as a Middle School (15 July 1972) with recognition from Directorate of Education, Delhi, the Institute shifted to its new semi-constructed premises. The school was upgraded to the Secondary stage in 1982, and then to Senior Secondary stage in 1983.

==Noted alumni==
*[[Rahul Verma]], social worker and activist; founded the [[Uday Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udayfoundationindia.org/about-us/ | title=About us|publisher=[[Uday Foundation]]|accessdate= 23 July 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Delhi]]
*[[List of schools in Delhi]]
*[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/South+Delhi+Public+School/@28.5781883,77.2364812,142m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390ce2547a078311:0x46cd6f3080a017d!8m2!3d28.5783408!4d77.2369508|title= South Delhi Public School}}

{{Portal bar|schools|Education}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:Private schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:CBSE Delhi]]

{{Delhi-school-stub}}

Siddhartha (1972 film)

2026-02-21T16:56:33Z

WMLTomoko1917594: stub.

{{short description|1972 film based on the novel of the same name by Hermann Hesse}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Siddhartha
| image = Siddhartha 1972.jpg
| director = [[Conrad Rooks]]
| writer = [[Conrad Rooks]] [[Paul Mayersberg]]
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Simi Garewal]] [[Romesh Sharma]]
| music = [[Hemant Kumar]]
| cinematography =[[Sven Nykvist]]
| editing = Willy Kemplen
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1973|7|18}}
| runtime = 89 minutes
| country =[[United States]] [[India]]
| language = English
}}
'''''Siddhartha''''' is a 1972 [[Indian American|Indo-American]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[mystery film]] based on the 1922 [[Siddhartha (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Hermann Hesse]], directed by [[Conrad Rooks]]. It was shot on location in Northern India, and features work by noted cinematographer [[Sven Nykvist]]. The locations used for the film were the holy city of [[Rishikesh]] and the private estates and palaces of the Maharajah of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]].

==Plot==
The film tells the story of the young Siddhartha (played by Shashi Kapoor), born in a rich family, and his search for a meaningful way of life. This search takes him through periods of harsh asceticism, sensual pleasures, material wealth, then self-revulsion and eventually to the oneness and harmony with himself that he has been seeking. Siddhartha learns that the secret of life cannot be passed on from one person to another, but must be achieved through inner experience.

==Cast==
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Siddhartha
* [[Simi Garewal]] as Kamala
* [[Romesh Sharma]] as Govinda
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Kamaswami
* Zul Vellani as Vasudeva
* Amrik Singh as Father
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1959)|Kunal Kapoor]] as Son
* Shanti Hiranand as Mother

==Controversy==
[[Simi Garewal]]'s nude scene caused controversy in India. The [[Indian Censor Board]], at that time, did not even permit on-screen kissing in Indian films.<ref>Aseem Chhabra, [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/21sid.htm ''Siddhartha, a lost tale''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630102315/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/21sid.htm |date=2020-06-30 }}</ref>

==Music==
All the Indian music was composed and sung by [[Hemant Kumar]], with lyrics to the songs by Gouriprasanna: Mother's song was by Shanti Hiranand.

Kumar's Bengali songs, adapted for ''Siddhartha'', "Pather Klanti Bhule" is from the 1956 movie ''Maru Tirtha Hinglaj'' and "O Nodire Ekti Kotha Shudhai" is from the 1959 movie ''[[Neel Akasher Neechey]]''.

No soundtrack album for the film was issued.

==Premiere and revival==
The film premiered in the West and the U.S. to positive reviews. Then during the 1970s and 1980s, it disappeared from distribution and runs in theaters. In 1996 it came back after much work and restoration, followed by release to TV and video. Those who saw the film applauded it as a tale of self-discovery and praised the restoration work. A region 1 DVD was released in 2002.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Siddhartha |oclc=51445306 |medium=DVD (region 1) |publisher=Milestone |date=2002}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of historical drama films of Asia]]
*[[Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0070689|Siddhartha}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Swiss novels]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Fiction about Buddhism]]
[[Category:Metaphysical fiction films]]
[[Category:1970s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Kumar]]
[[Category:American erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Hermann Hesse]]
[[Category:Films directed by Conrad Rooks]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Paul Mayersberg]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:1973 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:1973 English-language films]]
[[Category:1973 American films]]
[[Category:Films about Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Films about Buddhism]]
[[Category:1973 controversies]]
[[Category:English-language erotic drama films]]

Shri Kali Devi Temple, Patiala

2026-02-20T15:32:55Z

WMLTomoko1917594: stub

{{short description|Hindu Temple in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Shri Kali Devi Temple
| image = Shri Kali Devi Patiala.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Maa Kali inside the temple
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.336157|76.39418|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Patiala district]]
| location = [[Patiala]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Kali|Goddess Kali Devi]]
| year_completed =1938
| architecture =
| creator =
| website = {{url|https://mandirkalidevijipatiala.org}}
|founded_by={{tree list}} [[Maharaja of Patiala]]
** [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala]] {{tree list/end}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Congress|first=Indian History|title=Local Secretary Circular I – Indian History Congress|url=https://indianhistorycongress.com/local-secretary-circular-i/|access-date=2024-10-26|page=3|language=en-US|quote=Kali Devi Mandir: The Shri Kali Devi Temple in Patiala, dedicated to Maa Kali, was commissioned by aja Bhupinder Singh in 1936. The Maharaja, who ruled Patiala from 1900 to 1938, brought a 6-ft statue of ali and a sacred flame from Bengal and offered the first sacrifice of a water buffalo. The temple, now a al monument, attracts many devotees from both Hindu and Sikh communities.}}{{Vn|date=October 2024}}</ref>|native_name=}}

'''Shri Kali Devi Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. It was built by the Maharaja of [[Patiala]] in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kali Devi Temple- Apna Patiala|url=https://www.apnapatiala.com/tourist-destinations/kali-devi-temple/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.apnapatiala.com}}</ref> The Maharaja was inspired to build the temple and bring the six-foot-tall statues of Maa Kali and Paawan Jyot from Bengal to Patiala. Today, the temple is situated opposite the [[Patiala#Baradari_Gardens|Baradari Gardens]]. Shri Kali Devi is a [[Kuladevata|kul devi]] of many people. During the [[Navratra]]s, the temple has many visitors over the course of nine days.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{url|http://mandirkalidevijipatiala.org/|Official Website}}

[[Category:Devi temples in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Punjab, India]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Loktak Folklore Museum

2026-02-17T17:40:58Z

WMLTomoko1917594:

{{Short description|Folklore museum in Manipur}}
{{About|a folklore museum|folk [[goddess of Loktak]]|Loktak Ima|documentary film on [[Loktak]]|Loktak Lairembee (film)}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = Loktak Folklore Museum
|native_name = ({{langx|mni|Loktak Khunnung Pukei Lankei Shanglen}})
|native_name_lang = Manipuri
|logo =
|established = 16 October 2016
|location = [[Thanga|Thanga Island]], [[Loktak lake]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
|type = [[Folklore Museum]]
|key_holdings = Folklore artefacts
|founder = Tongbram Amarjit
|director = Tongbram Amarjit
|image = LOKTAK FOLKLORE MUSEUM.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|coordinates = {{coords|24|31|3.6|N|93|48|49.5|E|display=title,inline}}
|map_relief =
|pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
|map_type =
}}
The '''Loktak Folklore Museum''' ({{langx|mni|Loktak Khunnung Pukei Lankei Shanglen}}) or the '''Thanga Folklore Museum''' ({{langx|mni|Thanga Khunnung Pukei Lankei Shanglen}}) is a [[folk museum]] in [[Thanga|Thanga Island]] in the [[Loktak lake]] of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. It cares for and displays a collection of artistic, cultural and historical artefacts associated with the [[Loktak lake]].<ref name="Loktak Folklore Museum">{{Cite web|url=https://northeastheritage.in/ne-heritage-portal/search/VIRM/show/MAN_LFM?language=en|title=Loktak Folklore Museum|website=northeastheritage.in}}</ref><ref name="thepeopleschronicle.in">{{Cite web|url=http://thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/1524|title=Thanga folklore museum re-telling legendary Loktak tales|website=thepeopleschronicle.in|access-date=2022-01-12|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115164319/http://thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/1524|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Loktak_Folklore_Museum_aims_high_to_preserve_dying_practices_of_fishing_community|title=Loktak Folklore Museum aims high to preserve dying practices of fishing community|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The museum preserves the folk customs and beliefs, folk medicines, folk literature associated with the [[Loktak lake]].<ref name="Loktak Folklore Museum"/><ref name="thepeopleschronicle.in"/><ref name="e-pao.net"/>

== History ==
In 2016, the [[Tongbram]] family led by Tongbram Amarjit took initiatives to establish the Loktak Folklore Museum ({{langx|mni|Loktak Khunnung Pukei Lankei Shanglen}}) at Thanga Tongbram Leikai in [[Thanga]], [[Bishnupur District]] of [[Manipur]].
The museum was inaugurated by Tongbram Mangibabu, the then [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Thanga Assembly constituency]] in 2016. The inaugural event was presided by Dr. K. Sushila, Director of Art and Culture, [[Government of Manipur]].<ref name="Loktak Folklore Museum"/><ref name="thepeopleschronicle.in"/><ref name="e-pao.net"/><ref name="museumsofindia.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.museumsofindia.org/sp/node/401|title=Loktak Folklore Museum|website=www.museumsofindia.org|access-date=2022-01-12|archive-date=2022-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301161640/https://www.museumsofindia.org/sp/node/401|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Collections and features ==
The collections of the Loktak Folklore Museum include the fishing kits used by the fishermen of early times, literatures on the [[Moirang Kangleirol]] scattered over the [[Thanga]] and adjacent regions. It also houses the paintings of the spiritual and the mortal beings as well as traditional handloom and handicraft weaving accessories.<ref name="thepeopleschronicle.in"/>

Photography and videography are allowed inside the museum.<ref name="museumsofindia.org"/>

== Exhibitions ==
In October 2019, the Bangla Manipuri Poetry Festival was organised for 3 days (3 October – 5 October) at various locations in [[Manipur]]. On the second day of the festival, the event was conducted in the Loktak Folklore Museum. The event was organised by the Library and Information Center (LIC), [[Kakching]] and Sahitya Thoupang Lup (Sathoulup), [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/10/5/KAKCHING-Oct-5-Library-and-Information-Centre-LIC-Kakching-and-Sahitya-Thoupang-Lup-Sathoulup-Imphal-.amp.html|title=Bangla Manipuri Poetry Festival concludes|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=27..061019.oct19|title=Bangla Manipuri Poetry Festival concludes|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In 2021, the '''Kalen Art Exhibition''' was held at the Loktak Folklore Museum. The aim and the purpose of the art exhibition is to promote the cultural heritage and the significance of the [[Loktak lake]].<ref name="ifp.co.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/art/art-exhibition-encourages-youth-to-explore-cultural-heritage-of-loktak-lake|title=Art exhibition encourages youth to explore cultural heritage of Loktak lake|website=www.ifp.co.in}}</ref><ref name="Kalen Art Exhibition extended">{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=54..141221.dec21|title=Kalen Art Exhibition extended|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Tongbram Amarjit, the founder of the Loktak Folklore Museum, said:
<blockquote>"Museum as we know, is the soul of human civilisation and we can't simply abandon the things of the past.<ref name="ifp.co.in"/>"</blockquote>

The Loktak Folklore Museum had planned to organize the ''Kalen Art Exhibition'' associated with the [[International Museum Day]] on 18 May of the year. However, due to the [[COVID pandemic]], the planned event was postponed.<ref name="ifp.co.in"/><ref name="Kalen Art Exhibition extended"/>

''Kalen'' is the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] in which the [[Umang Lai]]s are worshipped. It is during this time that the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival is celebrated across the state. In association with this, the Kalen Art Exhibition focussed to inspire the youths to explore the cultural heritage of the [[Loktak lake]].<ref name="ifp.co.in"/>

== See also ==
* [[Een Chingba (Khamba Thoibi)]]
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]]
* [[INA War Museum]]
* [[Kakching Garden]]
* [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India
* [[Khonghampat Orchidarium]]
* [[Manipur State Museum]]
* [[Manipur Zoological Garden]]
* [[Phumdi]] - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India
* [[Sekta Archaeological Living Museum]]
* [[Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/401/loktak-folklore-museum Loktak Folklore Museum www.museumsofindia.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221111854/https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/401/loktak-folklore-museum |date=2022-02-21 }}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Loktak+Folklore+museum&sa.x=22&sa.y=12 Loktak Folklore Museum_e-pao.net]

[[Category:Meitei folklore in popular culture]]
[[Category:Museums in Manipur]]

Mohammad Yakub (cricketer)

2026-02-14T01:14:36Z

WMLTomoko1917594: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Maharashtra cricketers]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Sengai, India

2026-02-13T03:28:58Z

WMLTomoko1917594: pg.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sengai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Sengai.png
| map_caption = Map showing Sengai in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.03851|N|78.48035|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.579
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3123
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sengai''' ({{IAST|Seṃgaī}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 3,123, in 471 households.

== Geography ==
Sengai is located southeast of Firozabad and is basically surrounded by flat farmland. There is a prominent seasonal [[irrigation tank|tank]] on the east side of the village. The village of [[Dhakpura, Firozabad|Dhakpura]] is located very close to the west-northwest of Sengai; other nearby villages include [[Nanpi Pithni]] to the northeast, [[Hardaspur Nisfi]] to the east-southeast, [[Nargapur]] to the southeast, and [[Sikahra Hardaspur]] to the southwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Sengai had a population of 3,123, in 471 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 54.1% male (1,689) and 45.9% female (1,434). The 0–6 age group numbered 565 (294 male and 271 female), making up 18.1% of the total population. 292 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 9.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Sengai as having a population of 1,737 people (975 male and 762 female), in 291 households and 288 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Sengai as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 1,233 people (680 male and 553 female), in 208 households and 137 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 645 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Sengai had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Sachin Khurana

2026-02-10T03:14:11Z

WMLTomoko1917594: new.

{{short description|Indian model turned actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sachin Khurana
| image =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2002–present
|module = {{Infobox pageant titleholder |embed=yes
| competitions = [[Grasim Mr. India]] 1996
}}
}}

'''Sachin Khurana''' is an Indian actor, model and beauty pageant titleholder.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/sachin-khurana/biography.html |title=Sachin Khurana Biography |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035102/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/sachin-khurana/biography.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-07 |title=Sachin Khurana at the launch of the first concept store of Celio |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Sachin-Khurana-at-the-launch-of-the-first-concept-store-of-Celio/articleshow/27130111.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I never run after money : Sachin Khurana |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/interviews/i-never-run-after-money-sachin-khurana-090806 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/review-ankur-arora-murder-case-subject-is-not-dealt-with-any-degree-of-seriousness/1129084 Review Ankur Arora Murder Case: Subject is not dealt with any degree of seriousness]</ref> He won the title of [[Grasim Mr. India]] 1996 and represented India at the 1998 [[Mister World]] pageant at Portugal. He also represented India in Best Model of the World contest in 1996. As a model he has ramp presence in over 500 fashion shows in India and abroad. He also appeared in more than 200 advertisements.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/641958/that-handsome-hunk-screen.html|title=That Handsome Hunk on screen}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Movie!! Role
|-
|2005 ||''[[Pyaar Mein Twist]]'' ||
|-
|2008 ||''[[Dasvidaniya]]''|| Varun
|-
|2012 ||''Unforgettable'' || Sameer
|-
|2013 ||''[[Ankur Arora Murder Case]]''||Ajay
|-
|2022 ||''X or Y'' ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]''
|Arjun and Sooraj father
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Channel !! Role
|-
|2002 || ''Avinash IPS'' || [[Star Plus]] || Avinash
|-
|2004 ||''[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]]'' || [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]|| Shyam Ram
|-
|2005 ||''[[Saat Phere - Saloni Ka Safar]]''||[[Zee TV]]||Dhananjay
|-
|2007 ||''[[Tujko Hai Salaam Zindgi]]''||[[Sony Entertainment Television]]||Officer Khanna
|-
|2007 ||''[[Chandramukhi (TV series)|Chandramukhi]]'' ||[[DD National]]||Vanraj
|-
|2009 ||''[[Aapki Antara]]'' ||[[Zee TV]]||Vikram
|-
|2013 || ''[[Haunted Nights]]''|| The Entertainment Hub|| Inspector Ravi
|-
|2014 ||''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]''||[[Life OK]]||Super Villain
|-
|2014 || ''[[Savdhaan India]]''||[[Life OK]]|| Doctor
|-
|2014 || ''[[Ishq Kills]]'' ||[[Star Plus]] ||
|-
|2015 ||''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''||[[Sony Entertainment Television]]||
|-
|2017–2019 ||''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]''||[[Sony Entertainment Television]]||Anand Agarwal
|-
|2019 ||''[[Dil Yeh Ziddi Hai]]''||[[Zee TV]]||Anand Sharma
|-
|2024–present || ''Suhagan Chudail''||[[Colors TV]]||Omesh
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Streaming platform !! Role
|-
|2020 || ''[[Hostages (Indian TV series)|Hostages]]'' || [[Hotstar]] || SP Dutt
|-
|2024 ||''[[Heeramandi]]''||[[Netflix]]||Zakir Khan
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khurana, Sachin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{Asia-pageant-bio-stub}}

Michael Fell (Royal Navy officer)

2026-01-29T19:05:50Z

WMLTomoko1917594: correct layout for clarity and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Royal Navy Vice Admiral (1918–1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]]
|name = Sir Michael Fell
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB|DSO|DSC1}}
|image=
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1918|01|17|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]<ref>''Australia, World War II Military Service Records, 1939–1945''</ref>
|death_date= {{death date and age|1976|12|03|1918|01|17|df=yes}}<ref>''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995''</ref>
|death_place= [[Stoughton, West Sussex|Stoughton]], [[Chichester]], England
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[Royal Navy]]
|serviceyears= 1938–1974
|rank= [[Vice admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|commands= [[Flag Officer Naval Air Command|Naval Air Command]] [[Flag Officer, Carriers]] [[British Forces Gibraltar|Flag Officer, Gibraltar]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} {{HMS|Loch Killisport|K628|6}} [[RAF Lossiemouth|RNAS Lossiemouth]] {{HMS|Puma|F34|6}} [[878 Naval Air Squadron]] [[805 Squadron RAN|805 Naval Air Squadron]]
|battles= [[Second World War]] [[Korean War]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]] & [[Medal bar|Bar]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (2) [[King’s Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
[[Vice admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]] '''Sir Michael Frampton Fell''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|KCB|DSO|DSC1}} (17 January 1918 – 3 December 1976) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer who served as [[Flag Officer, Carriers]] from 1968 to 1970.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: Vice-Admiral Sir Michael Fell – Distinguished naval flier|work=[[The Times]] |date= 4 December 1976 |page= 14 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Fell was born in [[Calcutta]], British India, the younger son of Herbert Leigh Fell and Winifred Adeline Fell. He was educated at [[Harrow School]].<ref name="times"/>

==Naval career==
Fell joined the [[Royal Navy]] as a [[midshipman]] in July 1938.<ref name=bio>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=431&lot_id=275777|title=Medals of Sir Michael Fell|publisher=DNW|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref> After qualifying as a pilot, he became commanding officer of [[805 Squadron RAN|805 Naval Air Squadron]] in the [[Western Desert Campaign|Western Desert]] in late 1941 during the [[Second World War]].<ref name=bio/> He went on to command [[878 Naval Air Squadron]] in [[Sicily]] from early 1943 before becoming air commander on the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Searcher|D40|6}}, in which role he led the attacks on the [[German battleship Tirpitz|German battleship ''Tirpitz'']] as part of the Home Fleet Strike force of [[Operation Tungsten|Operation ''Tungsten'']], and then became air commander on the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Emperor|D98|6}}.<ref name=bio/>

Fell next served as air commander on the aircraft carrier {{HMAS|Sydney|R17|6}} during the [[Korean War]].<ref name=bio/> He went on to be commanding officer of the [[frigate]] {{HMS|Puma|F34|6}} in 1957, station commander of [[RAF Lossiemouth|RNAS Lossiemouth]] in 1958 and commanding officer of the frigate {{HMS|Loch Killisport|K628|6}} in 1961.<ref name=bio/> After that he became chief of staff to the [[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth]] in 1963, commanding officer of the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} in 1965 and [[British Forces Gibraltar|Flag Officer, Gibraltar]] in 1966.<ref name=bio/> His final appointments were as [[Flag Officer, Carriers]] in 1968, and as [[Flag Officer Naval Air Command]] in 1970 after promotion to [[Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)|vice admiral]] on 10 June 1970.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=45138 |date=26 June 1970 |page=7184 |supp= y }}</ref> He was then chief of staff to the Commander [[Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe]] from 1972 before retiring in 1974.<ref name=bio/>

==Personal life==
In 1948, Fell married Elise "Elsie" Joan McLauchlan-Slater.<ref name="times"/>

Fell collapsed and died at the wheel of his car on 3 December 1976, near his home at [[Stoughton, West Sussex]].<ref name="times"/> Lady Fell died on 2 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/188597/fell|title=Fell|work=The Telegraph|location=London|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fell, Michael}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Stoughton, West Sussex]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II]]
[[Category:Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Fleet Air Arm aviators]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:Royal Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)]]

Railways women's football team

2026-01-27T13:38:29Z

WMLTomoko1917594:

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Railways football team}}
{{Short description|Indian women's football club}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Railways
| current =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Railways women's football team
| nickname =
| motto =
| founded =
| ground = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]]
| capacity = 5,000
| owner = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]] [[Indian Railways]]
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Tapan Chakraborty
| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
| season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
| position = First round
| pattern_la1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b1 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh1 = _whitebottom
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 0D5C33
| body1 = 0D5C33
| rightarm1 = 0D5C33
| shorts1 = 0D5C33
| socks1 = 00A877
| pattern_la2 = _blackborder
| pattern_b2 = _blackcollar
| pattern_ra2 = _blackborder
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website =
}}

The '''Railways women's football team''' is the [[association football|football]] section representing the [[Indian Railways]] in domestic competitions, most notably the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]]. They have appeared in its finals four times, and have won the trophy once. They won their maiden championship title at the [[2015–16 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2015–16]] edition, defeating the reigning champions [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] in the [[penalty shootout]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|title=India – List of Women Champions |publisher=Rsssf.com |date=2009-12-21|access-date=2010-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Railways crowned champions of National Football Championship|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6929|work=AIFF Media Team|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref>

== Squad ==
As per 2024–25 group stages of [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/38204 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

# Anju
# Yumnam
# Jabamani Tudu
# Mamta
# Sanju Yadav
# Kunti
# Manisha
# Ashalata
# Supriya
# Ravina
# Rashmi(GK)
# Sasmita Swain
# Janjali Sahu
# Lochana Munda
# Laharee Mangaraj
# Madhsmita Barick
# Shilpi Tiwari
# Tara Khatoon
# Dipanita Dey
# Sangita Das
# Deepa
# Kabita Wari

'''Coach : Tapan Chakraborty'''

==Honours==
===State===
* '''[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] (Senior Women's NFC)'''
** Winners (1): [[2015–16 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2015–16]]
** Runners-up (3): 2016–17, [[2019–20 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2019–20]], [[2021–22 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Women's National Football Championship: Manipur beats Railways, claims 21st title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/womens-national-football-championship-manipur-beats-railways-claims-21st-title/article37916443.ece |website=Sportstar |last1=Ajith Kumar |first1=PK |date=9 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior National Women's Football Championship: Manipur Survive Penalty Shootout To Win Title |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/senior-national-womens-football-championship-manipur-survive-penalty-shootout-to-win-title-2644746 |publisher=NDTV |date=9 December 2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Railways football team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Sport in Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Railway football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Giribala Thakurbari, Agarpara

2026-01-11T07:55:23Z

WMLTomoko1917594: starting new info

{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Giribala Thakurbari
|image = Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 20.jpg
|caption = Giribala Thakurbari, [[Agarpara]]
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|district = [[North 24 Parganas district]]
|location = [[Agarpara]]
|deity = Radha Gobinda Jiu
|festivals =
|architecture = [[Bengal architecture]]
|temple_quantity = 12 main temple of Radha Gobinda, other smaller temples and a bathing ghat
|monument_quantity=
|year_completed = {{start date and age|1911|df=y}}
|founded_by = [[Janbazar Raj]]
|creator =
|website =
|architecture_style= [[Ratna Style|Pancha-ratna]]
|Official Name=
|Native Name=}}
'''Giribala Thakurbari''' is a notable [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Ratna Style|Pancha-ratna style]] historic temple complex located at [[Agarpara]], near [[Panihati]] in [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], on the banks of the [[Hooghly River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giribala Thakurbati (Radha Govind Kunj) |url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_details/ZjRlMWIxN2UyNDFiNTg2OGI0YzUxNmE5MmY1MjIwZjcyYjA5YzgwZTIzYWJlNmEzYWFjOTM1NDQ2ZTUyZGJkZTRjNWFhZWE4ODI3M2I5NDY1YmQzNmJkZWIwZjEzOGFlYTViZWFmZTQyZTJmNTVkMTFlNzRkNDRlOTNkODgzMmRCTHJYWkRGSUFiVWFSYzZGbnE0TVJDbCt6MHNESlhhOWxva0JOZUNXNE5RPQ== |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=West Bengal Heritage Commission |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== History ==
The complex was established in the year 1911 (18th Jaistha, 1318 Bangabda) by Giribala Debi, the wife of [[Babu (title)|Babu]] Gopal Krishna Das, of the [[Janbazar Raj|Janbazar Raj family]], the temple stands today as an important example of early-twentieth-century Bengali religious architecture and Vaishnavite heritage.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Features ==
The shrine is dedicated to [[Radha Krishna|Sri Radha-Govinda]], reflecting the strong devotional tradition of [[Vaishnavism]] prevalent in [[Bengal]]. Architecturally, Giribala Thakurbari is built in the classic [[Bengal temple architecture|Pancharatna style]], distinguished by five spires rising above the main sanctum, a central large tower surrounded by four smaller corner pinnacles. In front of the temple is a spacious natmandir used for congregational worship and devotional singing. The entrance to the complex is marked by a raised platform flanked by six small [[Shiva]] temples, three on each side, symbolizing the harmonious coexistence of [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions in Bengali religious culture. The temple premises also include a ceremonial ghat on the [[Hooghly River]], which has contributed to its popular description as a ''“Choto Dakshineswar”'' or ''“Small Dakshineswar,”'' because of its architectural layout and riverside setting resembling the famous [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home » Noble Footsteps » Gangar Ghat - Panihati Municipality |url=https://panihatimunicipality.in/hertg_bath-ghat |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=panihatimunicipality.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=IE Bangla Web |title=অনেকে বলে ছোট দক্ষিণেশ্বর, রানি রাসমণির নাতির স্ত্রী বানিয়েছিলেন এই মন্দির |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/giribala-thakurbari-panihati-north-twenty-four-parganas-482105/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |first=West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nci3AAAAIAAJ&q=giribala+thakurbari |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Nadīa |date=1965 |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |language=en}}</ref>
== Construction ==
The cost of the construction of the temple, was more than 3 lakh [[Rupee|rupees]], a huge amount in those days. The responsibility of designing and construction of the temples was delegated to the engineering firm of [[Gagan Chandra Biswas]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=গিরিবালা ঠাকুরবাড়ি : পুনর্জীবন পাওয়া শতাব্দী প্রাচীন এক পুরাকীর্তি |url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/giribala-thakurbari-panihati-north-twenty-four-parganas-west-bengal-heritage-site |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Bongodorshon {{!}} ইতিবাচক বাংলা}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 02.jpg|The main temple of Radha Gobinda Jiu
Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 01.jpg|The temple stands in the centre of the complex, similar to [[Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]]
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 03.jpg|Outside look
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 07.jpg|Pancha Ratna style
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 09.jpg|Seen from the Nat Mandir
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 15.jpg|Terracotta works
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 18.jpg
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 44.jpg| The Plaque
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 21.jpg|Pillar of the Temple
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 26.jpg|The Ghat
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 32.jpg| Images of the Ghat
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 37.jpg| Corinthian Pillars
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 39.jpg| Shiva Temple
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 45.jpg|Shiva Temples
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 48.jpg|The Premises
File:Premises of Thakurbari of Giribala dasi at Agarpara in Panihati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district 47.jpg|The Entrance
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Janbazar Raj]]
* [[Dakshineswar Kali temple]]
* [[Annapurna Temple, Titagarh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{authority control}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district]]

Raman Raghav

2026-01-05T03:59:04Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding a data

{{Short description|Indian serial killer}}
{{redirect|Psycho Raman|the film also known by that title|Raman Raghav 2.0}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=October 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2016}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Raman Raghav
| image = File:Raman-Raghav.jpg
| caption = [[Mug shot]] of Raghav
| birth_name = Raghava
| alias = The Ripper Sindhi Dalwai Talwai Anna Thambi Veluswami Psycho Raman<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/raman-raghav-20-review/5104024.article |title='Raman Raghav 2.0': Review |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=16 May 2016 |work=[[Screen Daily]] |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>
| birth_date = 1929
| birth_place = [[Tinnevelly]], Madras Presidency, British India (now [[Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu, India)
| death_date = 7 April 1995 (aged 65–66)
| death_place = [[Yerawada Central Jail]], Maharashtra, India
| criminal status = Deceased
| victims = 41
| height =
| weight =
| country = [[India]]
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| beginyear = 1965
| endyear = 1968
| apprehended = 27 August 1968
| conviction = [[Murder]]
| sentence = [[Capital punishment in India|Death]]; commuted to [[life imprisonment]]
| imprisoned = Yerawada Jail
}}

'''Raman Raghav''', also known as Sindhi Talwai, Anna, Thambi, and Veluswami, was a [[serial killer]] active during the mid-1960s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/the-summer-murders|title=The real man behind Raman Raghav 2.0: Mumbai's first big-ticket serial killer|date=2016-06-26|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/inside-the-mind-of-raman-raghav-mumbai-s-serial-killer-of-the-60s/story-LaA01MtT0wrAM0ZprCoLYJ.html|title=Inside the mind of Raman Raghav, Mumbai's serial killer of the 1960s|date=14 June 2016|first=Poonam|last=Saxena|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> Raghav went on a [[killing spree]] for over three years, with the first round of [[murders]] taking place in 1965 and 1966 when 19 people were attacked, and a second round of killings taking place in 1968. He was caught by [[Maharashtra Police]] on 27 September. Raghav was spared a death sentence due to mental illness, and was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment; he died in hospital while in prison custody in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Raman Raghav: When India's 'Jack the Ripper' terrorised Mumbai |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34719646 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=BBC}}</ref>

==Serial killer==
A series of murders occurred on the outskirts of [[Mumbai]] in August 1968. Pavement dwellers and homeless were bludgeoned to death while they slept. All the murders took place at night and were committed using a hard, blunt object.<ref name=":0"/> A similar series of murders had taken place a few years earlier (1965–66) in the Eastern suburbs of Mumbai with as many as 19 people being attacked, with 9 dying.<ref name=":0"/>

Police suspected Raman Raghav and arrested him. A homeless man, he had past mentions in the police files and spent five years in prison for robbery. As no solid evidence could be found against him for the new set of crimes, the police let him go. When the killer struck again in 1968, the police launched a manhunt for him. Ramakant Kulkarni, then the Deputy Commissioner of Police CID (Crime) took over the investigation and spearheaded a massive combing operation in the city. In this attempt, the police were successful in arresting him.

In his confession, he admitted that he had murdered 41 people in 1966 along the GIP (Great Indian Peninsular Railway as the [[Central Railway (India)]] was then known) line and almost a dozen in 1968 in the suburbs. It is suspected that he killed more. During his killings, many lived in fear in Mumbai with inhabitants of slums and apartments fearing sleeping in public or with open windows and balconies.

==Arrest==
Sub-inspector of police Alex Fialho recognized Raghav from obtained reports and descriptions from those who had seen him. Fialho searched for him and detained him with the help of two respectable witnesses from the area. He claimed to be Raman Raghav, but old records disclosed that he had several [[pseudonym|alias]]es including "Sindhi Dalwai", "Talwai", "Anna", "Thambi", and "Veluswami". The bush shirt and the khaki shorts that he had been wearing were bloodstained and his shoes were extremely muddy. His fingerprints matched with those on record and confirmed that he was Raman Raghav alias "Sindhi Dalwai". He was arrested under section 302 ''[[Indian Penal Code]]'' on the charge of murder of two persons; Lalchand Jagannat Yadav and Dular Jaggi Yadav at Chinchawli village, Malad, Greater Bombay.<ref name=Parikh>''Parikh's Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology for classrooms and courtrooms'', 1990; {{ISBN|81-239-0149-6}}</ref>

==Investigation and trial==
The preliminary trial was held in the court of the Additional Chief Presidency Magistrate. For a long time, Raghav refused to answer questions. However, he began to answer their questions after the police fulfilled his request for dishes of chicken to eat. He then gave a detailed statement, describing his weapon, and his ''[[modus operandi]]''. After this the case was committed to Sessions court, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-11-05|title=Raman Raghav: When India's 'Jack the Ripper' terrorised Mumbai|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34719646|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>

When the trial started in the court of Additional Session Judge, Mumbai on 2 June 1969, the counsel for defence made an application that the accused was incapable of defending himself on account of [[insanity defense|unsoundness of mind]] and he also submitted that even at the time of committing the alleged offences the accused was of unsound mind and incapable of knowing the nature of his acts or that they were contrary to the law.

Raman confessed to committing 41 murders. Post his confession, he took the police force on a citywide tour to show the places he operated in and to obtain the rod he had hidden in the northern suburbs.<ref>[https://www.scoopwhoop.com/The-Real-Raman-Raghav-Serial-Killer-Anurag-Kashyap/ All You Need To Know About Raman Raghav, The Serial Killer Who Inspired Anurag Kashyap's Next]</ref> The accused was therefore sent to the Police Surgeon, Mumbai, who observed him from 28 June 1969 to 23 July 1969 and opined that,<blockquote>The accused is neither suffering from psychosis nor mentally retarded. His memory is sound, his intelligence average and [he] is aware of the nature and purpose of his acts. He is able to understand the nature and object of the proceedings against him and [is] not certifiably insane.</blockquote>

With this medical opinion, the trial proceeded. The accused pleaded guilty. During the trial, a [[psychiatrist]] of Nair Hospital, Mumbai was cited as a defence witness. He had interviewed the accused in Arthur Road Prison on 5 August 1969 and gave evidence that the accused was suffering from [[Chronic (medicine)|Chronic]] [[paranoid schizophrenia]] for a long time and was therefore unable to understand that his actions were contrary to law. He was visiting the churches near by to seek forgivness. He once said whatever I do Jesus will forgive me.

In defence, it was said, "The accused did commit the act of killing with which he is charged. He knew the nature of the act, viz. killing human beings, but did not know, whether it was wrong or contrary to law". The Additional Sessions Judge, Mumbai, held the accused guilty of the charge of murder and sentenced him to death. Raman declined to appeal. Before confirming the sentence, the High Court of Mumbai ordered that the Surgeon General of Mumbai should constitute a Special Medical Board of three psychiatrists to determine whether the accused was of unsound mind and, secondly, whether in consequence of his unsoundness of mind, he was incapable of making his defence.

The members of the Special Medical Board interviewed Raman on five occasions for about two hours each time. In their final interview when they bade him goodbye and attempted to shake hands with him, he refused to do so saying that he was a representative of '' 'Kanoon' '' (Law) who would not touch people belonging to this wicked world.<ref>8.4 [https://www.scoopwhoop.com/The-Real-Raman-Raghav-Serial-Killer-Anurag-Kashyap/ All You Need To Know About Raman Raghav, The Serial Killer Who Inspired Anurag Kashyap's Next]</ref> The examination report found:

<blockquote>Throughout the five interviews he showed ideas of reference and fixed and systematized delusions of persecution and grandeur. The delusions which the accused experienced were as follows:
* That there are two distinct worlds; the world of 'Kanoon' and this world in which he lived.
* A fixed and unshakable belief that people were trying to change his sex, but that they are not successful, because he was a representative of 'Kanoon'.
* A fixed and unshakable belief that he is a power or 'Shakti'.
* A firm belief that other people are trying to put homosexual temptations in his way so that he may succumb and get converted to a woman.
* That homosexual intercourse would convert him into a woman.
* That he was "101 percent man". He kept on repeating this.
* A belief that the government brought him to Mumbai to commit thefts and made him commit criminal acts.
* An unshakable belief that there are three governments in the country - the Akbar Government, the British Government, and the Congress Government and that these Governments are trying to persecute him and put temptations before him.</blockquote>

==Verdict and death==
Raghav was found guilty and sentenced to death on 13 August 1969. Prior to confirming his sentence, psychiatrists determined he was not mentally sane. On 4 August 1987 Raghav's sentence was reduced to life imprisonment because he was found to be incurably mentally ill. He was sent to [[Yerwada Central Jail]], Pune and was under treatment at the Central Institute of Mental Health and Research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chopra |first=Parshvi |title=Serial killings: a study of Raman Raghav case |journal=Journal of Legal Research and Juridical Sciences |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=640–647}}</ref>

On 7 April 1995 Raghav died at Sassoon Hospital due to [[kidney failure]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Divyadeep |date=2023-06-04 |title=Raman Raghav: Unmasking Serial Killer's Reign Of Terror In City Of Dreams |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/raman-raghav-unmasking-serial-killer-s-reign-of-terror-in-city-of-dreams-mumbai-crime-1606473 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=who is "Butcher of Bombay". |url=https://vocal.media/criminal/who-is-butcher-of-bombay |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Criminal |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* Director [[Sriram Raghavan]] directed a 70-minute feature film on Raghav titled ''Raman Raghav - A City, A Killer'', starring [[Raghubir Yadav]] as the killer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raman Raghav - A City, A Killer. (Video)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12331898/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref>
* The 1978 Tamil film ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'' was reportedly loosely based on Raghav.<ref>{{cite news|first=Suprateek|last=Chatterjee|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/09/15/nawazuddin-siddiqui-raman_n_8137922.html|title=Nawazuddin Is Playing Serial Killer Raman Raghav In Anurag Kashyap's Next|date=15 September 2015|website=Huffingtonpost.in|access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'', a Bollywood film, is about a fictional serial killer who cites Raman Raghav as his inspiration, directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]] and starring [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] in the titular role. It premiered at the 2016 [[Cannes]] [[Directors' Fortnight]] and was released worldwide on 24 June 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Amit |title='Raman Raghav 2.0' opens to mixed reviews at Cannes |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/rZM00Uw9Agxj9MYrbbJeML/Anurag-Kashyaps-Raman-Raghav-20-opens-to-mixed-reviews-a.html |access-date=29 June 2019 |work=livemint.com |date=17 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Auto Shankar]]
*[[Charles Shobraj]]
*[[2006 Noida serial murders|Noida serial murders]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Ramakant Kulkarni, ''Footprints on the Sands of Crime'', MacMillan India (2004); {{ISBN|978-1-4039-2361-5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghav, Raman}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in Indian detention]]
[[Category:Serial killers who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Criminals from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Criminals from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]

List of The Doon School alumni

2025-11-28T17:50:55Z

WMLTomoko1917594: small changes

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
[[File:The Doon School.jpg|300px|thumb|Main Building of The Doon School]]
[[File:Doon School Old Boys' Society.jpg|300px|thumb|[[The Doon School Old Boys' Society]] is the alumni association, and students become members upon graduation.]]

[[The Doon School]] is a boys-only [[Selective school|academically selective]] boarding school in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India, founded in 1935 by [[Satish Ranjan Das]]<ref name="MacDougall2006-page100">{{citation|last=MacDougall|first=David|title=The corporeal image: film, ethnography, and the senses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFRF6vs5algC&pg=PA100|accessdate=31 March 2012|year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12156-7|pages=100–}}</ref> The school's first [[Head teacher|headmaster]] was [[Arthur Foot|Arthur E. Foot]], who had spent some nine years as a science master at [[Eton College]], England.<ref>'Foot, Arthur Edward’, in ''Who Was Who 1961–1970'' (London: A. & C. Black, 1979 reprint; {{ISBN|0-7136-2008-0}})</ref> The [[Old boy network|old boys]] of Doon are known as '''Doscos''', and the alumni body is represented by [[The Doon School Old Boys' Society]]. Admission to the school is based on a competitive entrance examination and an interview.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114929995090170584 |title=The Andover of India? |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Kapoor Jaskiran |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/class-apart/601507/0 |title=Class Apart |publisher=Indian Express |date=2010-04-11 |accessdate=2012-03-30}}</ref>

Doon remains a boys-only school despite continued pressure from political leaders to become [[Mixed-sex education|coeducational]].<ref name="president">{{cite news |last=Chopra |first=Jaskiran |title=President leads assault on Doon School heritage |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |date=24 October 2010}}</ref> However, girls are admitted in case they are daughters of the school staff (see entries for sculptor [[Latika Katt]] and actor [[Himani Shivpuri]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/nature-cricket-literature-history-1502519395.html|title=Of nature, cricket, literature and history|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=girl_doscos>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Neena|title=Girl Doscos - unbelievable, but true|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101023/dplus.htm#2|accessdate=16 July 2013|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=22 Oct 2010}}</ref> Although the total number of Doscos is relatively small (estimated at 5,000 since the school was founded in 1935), they include some of India's prominent politicians, artists, writers, social activists and businesspeople.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/how-the-most-influential-alumni-network-in-india-inc-works/articleshow/6872569.cms |title=How the most influential alumni network in India Inc works - The Times of India |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2010-11-05 |accessdate=2020-04-08}}</ref>

;Abbreviations used in the following tables

*'''DNG''' – Did not graduate
*'''?''' – Class year unknown

''Note'': The sub-headings are given as a general guide and some names might fit under more than one category
{{Dynamic list}}

== Government ==

<gallery class="center">
File:Rajiv Gandhi (1987).jpg|[[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[List of Prime Ministers of India|6th Prime Minister of India]] (Class of '62)
File:Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia.jpg|[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], [[16th Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] and [[Ministry of Information (India)|Minister of Information]] (Class of '88)
File:Dr-Karan-Singh-sept2009.jpg|[[Karan Singh]], Politician and Diplomat (Class of '49)
File:Naveen Patnaik 2013.jpg|[[Naveen Patnaik]], Former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] (Class of '64)
</gallery>

=== Prime minister ===
{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|year=1962
|nota=[[List of Prime Ministers of India|6th Prime Minister of India]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/20/magazine/the-rajiv-generation.html|title=The Rajiv Generation|first=Steven R.|last=Weisman|work=The New York Times |date=20 April 1986|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Cabinet Ministers ===

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
|year= 1958
|nota= [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj (India)|Minister of Panchayati Raj]], [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/16/narendra-modi-profile-indias-new-prime-minister|title=Narendra Modi: the controversial embodiment of a changing India|first1=Jason|last1=Burke|newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 May 2014|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Jitin Prasada]]
|year=1991
|nota=[[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/meet-the-chocolate-boy-of-shahjahanpur/story-gT7Gxiv8IAVcb2OdkfwpHO.html|title=Meet the chocolate boy of Shahjahanpur|date=22 June 2009|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
|year=1989
|nota=Minister of State for [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], from [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jyotiraditya-scindia-a-prominent-congress-leader-who-has-decided-to-move-on/family-background/slideshow/74571017.cms |title=Jyotiraditya Scindia: A prominent Congress leader who has decided to move on |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Arun Singh (former politician)|Arun Singh]]
|year=1960
|nota=Minister of State for [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0107/orun-f.html|title=Rajiv Gandhi and the 'two Aruns in waiting' -- a new way of running India|date=7 January 1985|journal=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh|C.P.N Singh]]
|year=1952
|nota=Minister of State for [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=India Today | volume=5 | issue=9-14 |year = 1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EScKAQAAIAAJ |location=New Delhi |publisher=Living Media India |page=41 | title=??? | quote=But late in the day, a new name has appeared: Doon School-educated C.P.N. Singh, 43, the Union Minister of state for defence production. }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Dinesh Singh]]
|year=1943
|nota=[[Foreign minister|Foreign Minister]] & [[Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce Minister]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/04/world/dinesh-singh-indian-cabinet-minister-70.html|title=Dinesh Singh, Indian Cabinet Minister, 70|work=The New York Times |date=4 December 1995|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Karan Singh]]
|year=1949
|nota=[[Rajya Sabha]] member, Former Indian Ambassador to the United States
|ref=<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/seven-doscos-in-15th-lok-sabha/468807/|title=Seven Doscos in 15th Lok Sabha - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[R. P. N. Singh|R.P.N. Singh]]
|year=1982
|nota=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India)|Minister for Road Transport and Highways]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Five-alumni-of-Doon-School-in-16th-Lok-Sabha/articleshow/35479318.cms|title=Lok Sabha: Five alumni of Doon School in 16th Lok Sabha|website=The Times of India|date=23 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Chief Ministers ===
{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|year=1964
|nota=Former [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]], earlier [[Lok Sabha]] member and cabinet minister
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amid-attention-from-both-camps-naveen-keeps-cards-close-to-chest/article27154547.ece|title=Amid attention from both camps, Naveen keeps cards close to chest|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 May 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Amarinder Singh]]
|year=1960
|nota=former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]], also [[Lok Sabha]] member
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/a-second-innings-for-amarinder-singh-in-punjab/story-tdfgB0nsXHgubJLspqBfNK.html|title=A second innings for Captain Amarinder Singh as CM of Punjab: Know the man, the writer, the leader|date=16 March 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Kamal Nath]]
|year=1964
|nota=former [[List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], [[Lok Sabha]] member
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/style/26iht-Luxury08-Nath.18176851.html|title=Kamal Nath, Indian minister for commerce and industry|work=The New York Times |date=26 October 2008|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Ghulam Jilani Khan]]
|year=1943
|nota=[[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
|ref=<ref name=times1980>Hasan Akhtar 'Pakistan Army hierarchy switch by President Zia' in ''[[The Times]]'', issue 60608 dated 23 April 1980, p. 6, col. B</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Members of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies ===

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|year=1983
|nota=[[Member of Parliament]], [[List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress|President of the Indian National Congress]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/rahul-gandhi-visits-alma-mater-doon-school-as-nephew-raihan-chairs-lok-sabha/story-E6bs835KXMSVaYh5Y8mcVO.html|title=Rahul Gandhi visits alma mater Doon School as nephew Raihan chairs 'Lok Sabha'|date=18 August 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Akbar Ahmad]]
|year=1966
|nota=[[Member of Parliament]]
|ref=<ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/doon-squad/464930/ |title=Doon squad |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-05-24 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Kalikesh Singh Deo]]
|year=1992
|nota=Member of [[Biju Janata Dal]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and later [[Lok Sabha]] member from [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
|ref=<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/orissas-heart-of-darkness-chooses-from-crorepatis/444101/0 |title=Orissa's heart of darkness chooses from crorepatis |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-04-07 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sanjay Gandhi]]
|year=1964 (DNG)
|nota= [[Lok Sabha]] member from [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/13/archives/indias-crown-prince-sanjay.html|title=India's Crown Prince|first=William|last=Borders|work=The New York Times |date=13 February 1977|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Piloo Mody]]
|year=1944
|nota= [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Gujarat]]
|ref=<ref name="indianexpress1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Dushyant Singh]]
|year=1991
|nota=[[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Rajasthan]]
|ref=<ref name="auto1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vishvjit Singh]]
|year=1964
|nota=[[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
|ref=<ref name="indianexpress1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Manpreet Singh Badal]]
|year=1981
|nota=Founder of [[People's Party of Punjab]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/governance-is-about-transforming-lives-1499464810.html|title='Governance is about transforming lives'|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar]]
|year=1966
|nota=[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] [[Muktsar]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.racingpulse.in/code/stpageprint.aspx?pgid=31409 |title=News Horse Racing - Sonny Brar: Gone but not forgotten - by Anil Mukhi - Racing India's first and foremost website on horse racing India |publisher=Racingpulse.in |accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
|year=1963
|nota=[[Orissa, India|Orissa]] Minister for [[Steel]] & Tourism, also [[Rajya Sabha]] member
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19980112-royal-battle-in-orissa-anang-uday-singh-deo-versus-sangeeta-singh-deo-825266-1998-01-12|title=Royal battle in Orissa: Anang Uday Singh Deo versus Sangeeta Singh Deo|first1=Ruben|last1=Banerjee|date=12 January 1998|website=India Today}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Adesh Pratap Singh Kairon]]
|year=1974
|nota=former Minister for Excise and Taxation
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pm-sonia-gadkari...-a-host-of-heavyweights-to-visit/898607/ |title=PM, Sonia, Gadkari... a host of heavyweights to visit |publisher=Indian Express |date=2012-01-12 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Uday Pratap Singh]]
|year=1977
|nota=MLA from [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|first=Atiq|last=Khan |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/81848/ |title=Kunda's Bhai |publisher=Indian Express |date=2005-11-13 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Murtaza Ali Khan]]
|year=1942
|nota=MLA from [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|ref=<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/the-one-school-that-produced-3-cms-several-leaders-who-dominate-indias-politics/165773/|title=In a first, 3 Doon alumni are CMs, all from the same powerful era|first=Ruhi|last=Tewari|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=19 December 2018}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Gajendra Singh Khimsar]]
|year=1974
|nota=[[Rajasthan]] Minister of Power
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/03/16/stories/2008031650260800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319234012/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/03/16/stories/2008031650260800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-03-19 |title=Magazine / Columns : Hideaway village in the dunes |date=2008-03-16 |accessdate=2012-03-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Chandra Vijay Singh]]
|year=1964
|nota=Member of the [[Lok Sabha]]
|ref={{fact|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Saurabh Narain Singh]]
|year=1993
|nota=MLA from [[Jharkhand]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/battle-royale-in-hazaribagh-sinha-son-vs-singh-scion/cid/202837|title=Battle royale in Hazaribagh - Sinha son vs Singh scion|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Nakul Nath]]
|year=1992
|nota=Member of the [[Lok Sabha]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/son-nakul-steps-into-kamal-nath-s-shoes/cid/1689622|title=Son Nakul steps into Kamal Nath's shoes|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Raninder Singh]]
|year=1982
|nota=Member of the [[Indian National Congress]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Old-boys-network-at-work-in-war-zone-Bathinda/articleshow/4415692.cms|title=Old boys' network at work in war-zone Bathinda|website=The Times of India|date=18 April 2009 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Jaivardhan Singh]]
|year=2004
|nota=Member of the 14th State Legislative Assembly, [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dont-believe-in-any-political-legacy-jaivardhan-digvijay-singhs-son/articleshow/21978362.cms?from=mdr|title=Don't believe in any political legacy: Jaivardhan, Digvijay Singh's son|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Diplomats and Bureaucrats ===
{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Wajahat Habibullah]]
|year=1969
|nota= Civil servant
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/anniversary-issue/story/20191230-the-swachh-yogi-1629595-2019-12-20|title=The Swachh Yogi}}</ref>
}}

{{Alum
|name=[[Parameswaran Iyer]]
|year=1977
|nota= Civil servant; led the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/anniversary-issue/story/20191230-the-swachh-yogi-1629595-2019-12-20|title=The Swachh Yogi}}</ref>
}}

{{Alum
|name=[[Uma Shankar Bajpai]]
|year=1936
|nota=[[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]], [[Ambassador]] to [[Canada]]
|ref={{fact|date=November 2025}}
}}

{{Alum
|name=[[Vinod Kumar Grover]]
|year=1953
|nota=Foreign Secretary, Ambassador to [[Netherlands]]
|ref=<ref>The Doon School Old Boys' Register: Grover, Vinod</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Inder Pal Khosla]]
|year=1954
|nota=Foreign Secretary, Ambassador to [[Afghanistan]]
|ref=<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IVAPgAACAAJ |title=India and the Gulf - Inder Pal Khosla, Association of Indian Diplomats|access-date=2012-03-09|isbn=9788122007435 |last1=Khosla |first1=I. P. |year=2009 |publisher=Konark Publishers }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Dalip Mehta]]
|year=1958
|nota=Foreign Secretary, Ambassador to [[Bhutan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/sonia-s-story/story-IpqxDsxQkq7AuAdCu8dUDI.html|title=Sonia's story|date=15 October 2011|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}

{{Alum
|name=[[Nagendra Nath Jha]]
|year=1964
|nota=[[Lieutenant Governor]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], Ambassador to [[Ireland]] and [[Turkey]]
|ref={{fact|date=November 2025}}
}}

{{Alum
|name=[[Aftab Seth]]
|year=1959
|nota=Ambassador to [[Japan]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/the-tokyo-story-125024.html|title=The Tokyo Story|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=21 February 2016}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Jamsheed Marker]]
|year=1940
|nota=Pakistan's Ambassador to nineteen countries
|ref=<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCyDRAAACAAJ |title=Quiet diplomacy: memoirs of an ambassador of Pakistan - Jamsheed Marker|access-date=2012-03-09|isbn=9780195477795 |last1=Marker |first1=Jamsheed |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vinay Sheel Oberoi]]
|year=1972
|nota=[[IAS officer]]; Secretary, [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]], [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/vinay-sheel-oberoi-retired-ias-officer-with-a-keen-camera-eye-passes-away-at-63/400326/|title=Vinay Sheel Oberoi, retired IAS officer with a keen camera eye, passes away at 63|first=ThePrint|last=Team|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Khursheed Marker]]
|year=1941
|nota=[[Ministry of Water and Power|Minister of Water and Power]], Pakistan
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/89817/obituary-khursheed-marker-is-no-more|title=Obituary: Khursheed Marker is no more|date=13 December 2010|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name= [[Abhinav Kumar (IPS)|Abhinav Kumar]]
|year=1991
|nota= IPS Officer, [[Director General of Police]]- Uttarakhand, India
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ips-news/who-is-ips-abhinav-kumar-the-new-dgp-of-uttarakhand|title=Abhinav Kumar named 12th DGP of Uttarakhand
}}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Communist Activist ===

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Kobad Ghandy]]
|year=1969
|nota=Communist activist
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|author=A Gokak |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/maoist-who-went-to-school-in-doon-london/520448/ |title=Maoist who went to school in Doon, London |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-09-23 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

===Law===

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Brahma Nath Katju]]
|year=1942
|nota=Chief Justice of the [[Allahabad High Court]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcSGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT126|title=My Allahabad Story|first=Himendra Nath|last=Varma|date=4 February 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9789388038027|via=Google Books}}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

== Armed forces ==
{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Lakshman Katre]]
|year=1944
|nota=[[Air Chief Marshal]], Chief of Air Staff
|ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs/262-LM-Katre.html |title=Indian Air Force :: Lakshman Mohan Katre |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |accessdate=2012-03-09 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208155054/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs/262-LM-Katre.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum|name=[[Biddanda Chengappa Nanda]]|nota=[[Lieutenant General]]|year=1949|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lt-gen-b-c-nanda-passes-away-707880.html|title=Lt Gen B C Nanda passes away|date=12 December 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Brijesh Dhar Jayal]]
|year=1953
|nota=[[Air Marshal]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4972 |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Brijesh Dhar Jayal 4972 F(P) |publisher=[www.bharat-rakshak.com] |date=1970-01-26 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Trilochan Singh Brar]]
|year=1943
|nota=[[Air Marshal]], Vice Chief of Air Staff
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/2884 |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Trilochan Singh Brar 2884 F(P) |publisher=[www.bharat-rakshak.com] |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[FN Billimoria]]
|year=1952
|nota= [[Lieutenant General]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/7793/Lt-Gen-FN-Bilimoria-A-Soldiers-General|title=Lt Gen FN Bilimoria: A Soldier|first=raj|last=kanwar|website=The Citizen}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Kuldip Singh Brar]]
|year=1954
|nota=[[Lieutenant General]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121003/main2.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Adi M. Sethna]]
|year=1942
|nota= [[Lieutenant General]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://parsi-times.com/2016/08/tribute-parsi-bravehearts/|title=A Tribute To Parsi Bravehearts|date=15 August 2016}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Deepak Summanwar]]
|year=1963
|nota=[[Lieutenant General]]
|ref=<ref name="in.reuters.com">{{cite web|url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officer-profile/PENL.BO/1198823|title=Officer Profile | Quotes|website=in.reuters.com|date=23 June 2023 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]]
|year=1949
|nota=Brigadier, [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/brigadier-sawai-bhawani-singh-brigadier-sukhjit-singh-the-maha-virs-291298|title=Brigadier Sawai Bhawani Singh, Brigadier Sukhjit Singh, the Maha Virs}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Bhawani Singh]]
|year=1949
|nota= Brigadier, [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
|ref= <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bubbles-the-king-who-tasted-life-in-the-trenches-book-on-the-life-of-bhawani-singh-the-only-rajasthan-royal-to-join-the-army/cid/342606|title=Bubbles, the 'king' who tasted life in the trenches - Book on the life of bhawani singh, the only rajasthan royal to join the army|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
}}

{{AlumniEnd}}

== Business ==

<gallery class="center">
File:Sunil Kant Munjal Horasis Global India Business Meeting 2014.jpg|[[Sunil Kant Munjal]], managing director of [[Hero MotoCorp]] (Class of '73)
File:Siddhartha Lal, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, Eicher Motors, India, at the World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg|[[Siddhartha Lal]], CEO and MD of [[Eicher Motors]] (Class of '91)
</gallery>

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Jivesh Bhandari]]
|year=2024
|nota=former director of [[Tata Sons]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials/secret-diary_2019/ishaat-hussain-secret-diary-part-1-5430|title=Ishaat Hussain Secret Diary - Part 1 | publisher=Outlook Business}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rajiv Dutta]]
|year=1976
|nota=[[Chief financial officer]], [[eBay]] and [[President (corporate title)|president]], [[Skype]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|last=Wingfield |first=Nick |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/01/31/remembering-rajiv-dutta-veteran-of-ebay-and-elevation/ |title=Remembering Rajiv Dutta, Veteran of EBay and Elevation - Digits - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2011-01-31 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Ajit Narain Haksar]]
|year=1943
|nota=Chairman [[ITC Limited]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050522/biz.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Business |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Anil Kumar (businessman)|Anil Kumar]]
|year=1976
|nota=Director, [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|last=Kripalani |first=Manjeet |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2006/gb20060223_186829.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226085602/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2006/gb20060223_186829.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2006 |title=India: The GE and McKinsey Club |publisher=Businessweek.com |date=2006-02-23 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vikram Lal]]
|year=1970
|nota=Chairman, [[Eicher Motors|Eicher Group]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/delhi-s-uber-rich-list-with-net-worth-of-above-rs-1-000-crore-grows-1359874-2018-10-10|title=Delhi's uber rich list with net worth of above Rs 1,000 crore grows|first=Vidya|last=S.|date=10 October 2018|website=India Today}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Siddhartha Lal]]
|year=1991
|nota=[[CEO]], [[Eicher Motors]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/siddhartha-lal |title=Siddhartha Lal, WEForum |publisher=World Economic Forum |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vittal Mallya]]
|year=1939
|nota=Chairman, [[United Breweries Limited]], [[Hoechst AG]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Doon-School-preparing-to-admit-girls/articleshow/980829.cms|title=Doon School preparing to admit girls?|website=The Times of India|date=6 January 2005 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[M. Ct. Muthiah]]
|year=1968
|nota=Director of [[Indian Overseas Bank]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/19/stories/2006091918651100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426200941/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/19/stories/2006091918651100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-26 |title=National : M.Ct. Muthiah passes away |date=2006-09-19 |accessdate=2012-03-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sunil Kant Munjal]]
|year=1973
|nota=[[Managing director|MD]], [[Hero MotoCorp]], [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|author=Sunil Kant Munjal |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=1212978&ticker=878603&previousCapId=20619&previousTitle=General%20Atlantic%20LLC |title=Sunil Munjal: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |accessdate=2012-03-09}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Nikhil Nanda]]
|year=1970
|nota=Head, [[Escorts group|Escorts]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/i-dont-have-a-chip-on-my-shoulder/387855/|title='I Don't Have a Chip on my Shoulder'|date=21 November 2008|website=The Financial Express}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sahgal Group|Mhd. Rafique Saigol]]
|year=1949
|nota=Chairman, [[Pakistan International Airlines]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2005/12/25/fea.htm |title=Dawn - Features; December 25, 2005 |date=25 December 2005 |publisher=Archives.dawn.com |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Analjit Singh]]
|year=1971
|nota=Chairman, [[Max Healthcare]], [[Vodafone India]]; founder member, [[Indian School of Business]]
|ref=<ref name="intoday1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Malvinder Mohan Singh]]
|year=1982
|nota=Executive chairman of [[Fortis Healthcare]] and former [[CEO]] & [[Managing director|MD]] of [[Ranbaxy]]
|ref=<ref name="intoday1">{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/healer-of-the-wellheeled/1/4464.html |title=Healer of the well-heeled - Business Today - Business News |publisher=Businesstoday.intoday.in |date=2009-08-09 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Shivinder Mohan Singh]]
|year=1983
|nota=[[Managing director|MD]], [[Fortis Healthcare]]
|ref=<ref name="intoday1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Gautam Thapar]]
|year=1976
|nota=Chairman, [[Avantha Group]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-03/news/29617252_1_gautam-thapar-avantha-group-thapar-group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607122441/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-03/news/29617252_1_gautam-thapar-avantha-group-thapar-group |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 June 2011 |title=Gautam Thapar taking Avantha group to greater heights - Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2011-06-03 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[L. M. Thapar]]
|year=1952
|nota=Chairman, [[Ballarpur Industries Limited]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/11/17/stories/2005111703310200.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : L.M. Thapar - 75 and still willing to learn |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=2005-11-17 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[A. Vellayan]]
|year=1976
|nota=Chairman, [[Murugappa Group]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/KQJnmo679eUbtgORBvh8hN/Arunachalam-Vellayan--Smash-hits.html|title=Arunachalam Vellayan | Smash hits|first=Personal Space | Sangitaa|last=Advani|date=27 January 2008|website=Livemint}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[R. C. Bhargava]]
|year=1949
|nota= [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, later CEO, [[Maruti Suzuki]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/rc-bhargava-maruti-suzuki/298661|title=R.C. Bhargava | Outlook India Magazine|date=4 February 2022 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Samir Modi]]
|year=1988
|nota=Director of [[Modi Enterprises]]; Founder of 24Seven convenience stores
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/if-i-hadnt-gone-to-doon-i-wouldve-been-a-spoilt-brat-samir-modi-colorbar-founder/articleshow/66743937.cms?from=mdr |title=Samir Modi | Colorbar: If I hadn't gone to Doon, I would've been a spoilt brat: Samir Modi, Colorbar founder |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2018-11-22 |accessdate=2020-03-24}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sharan Pasricha]]
|year=1998
|nota=CEO of Ennismore Hospitality, founder of [[The Hoxton]] and [[Gleneagles Hotel|Gleneagles]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/gleneagles-is-a-sleeping-giant-well-make-it-the-best-hotel-in-the-world-lbhjf75z0 |title='Gleneagles is a sleeping giant. We'll make it the best hotel in the world' | Business |work=[[The Times]] |date=2019-01-12 |access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=Rituraj Kishore Sinha
|year=1999
|nota=Managing Director [[SIS Limited]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/changing-lanes/how-rituraj-sinha-is-changing-the-security-company-his-father-founded/32674/1 |title='How Rituraj Sinha Is Changing The Security Company His Father Founded'; Business |work=The Forbes India |date=2012-04-10 |accessdate=2012-04-10}}</ref>
}}

{{AlumniEnd}}

== Journalism ==

<gallery class="center">
File:AROON PURIE.jpg|[[Aroon Purie]], editor-in-chief of [[India Today]] (Class of '62)
File:Vikram Chandra.png|[[Vikram Chandra (journalist)|Vikram Chandra]] CEO of [[NDTV]] (Class of '85)
File:Karan Thapar, Infotainment Television, Richter Frank-Jurgen.jpg|[[Karan Thapar]], Journalist (Class of '71)
File:Prannoy Roy.jpg|[[Prannoy Roy]], founder of [[NDTV]] (Class of '66)
File:Rajiv Makhni mid shot.jpeg|Rajiv Makhni, Technology journalist (Class of '84)
File:Rakesh Wahi AABLA 2014.jpg|[[Rakesh Wahi]], founder of [[CNBC Africa]] (Class of '75)
</gallery>

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Swaminathan Aiyar]]
|year=1960
|nota=[[Editor]] of [[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]], [[The Times of India]], correspondent for [[The Economist]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/schools-using-doon-in-their-names-to-cash-the-popularity-of-the-doon-school/articleshow/69224014.cms|title=Schools using Doon in their names to cash the popularity of The Doon School|website=The Times of India|date=8 May 2019 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Inderjit Badhwar]]
|year=1969
|nota=Executive editor of [[India Today]], writer
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/india-today-maga-zine-has-a-fresh-outlook/18812/1|title=India Today Magazine Has A Fresh Outlook|website=Forbes India}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vikramaditya Chandra]]
|year=1985
|nota=[[CEO]], NDTV
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/cbi-raids-on-ndtv-chief-prannoy-roy-how-sanjay-dutt-turned-from-claims-of-kinship-to-complainant-all-you-want-to-know/705183/|title=CBI raids on NDTV chief Prannoy Roy: How Sanjay Dutt turned from claims of kinship to complainant; all you want to know|date=7 June 2017}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Prem Shankar Jha]]
|year=1965
|nota=Editor of [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Economic Times]] and [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne230411Coverstory14.asp |title=India's Independent Weekly News Magazine |publisher=Tehelka |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Peter Mukerjea]]
|year=1971
|nota=former CEO, [[Star India|STAR TV]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/smalltown-girl-doon-school-boy/article7604295.ece|title=Small-town girl, Doon school boy|first=Hasan|last=Suroor|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 September 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Aroon Purie]]
|year=1960
|nota=Founder of the [[Living Media|India Today Group]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Tough-guys-not-little-babalog/articleshow/764205.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701123654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-07-04/special-report/27167119_1_doon-headmaster-kanti-bajpai-rajiv-gandhi |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Tough guys, not little babalog|date=4 July 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-05-12}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Prannoy Roy]]
|year=1964
|nota=Founder of [[New Delhi Television|NDTV]]
|ref=<ref name="frontlineonnet1">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2804/stories/20110225280412800.htm |title=Excellence personified |publisher=Frontlineonnet.com |accessdate=2012-03-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313163529/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2804/stories/20110225280412800.htm |archive-date=2011-03-13 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Tejeshwar Singh]]
|year=1965
|nota=[[Publisher]] and [[Newscaster]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|author=Express news service |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/tejeshwar-singh-voice-of-dd-news-passes-away/250839/ |title=Tejeshwar Singh, voice of DD news, passes away |publisher=Express India |accessdate=2012-03-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224214346/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Tejeshwar-Singh-voice-of-DD-news-passes-away/250839/ |archive-date=2012-02-24 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Karan Thapar]]
|year=1971
|nota=[[News presenter|Broadcaster]], [[Journalist]] - [[CNBC]] & [[CNN-IBN]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/boys-will-be-boys/story-UxdKhDLhEGUVHIwaXe2e7H.html |title=Boys will be boys - india |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2010-10-23 |accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rakesh Wahi]]
|year=1975
|nota=Founder - [[CNBC Africa]] & Forbes Africa
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/196865 |title=CNBC owners eye bigger investments in Rwanda |publisher=The New Times Rwanda |date=2016-02-08 |accessdate=2021-01-03}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[B G Verghese]]
|year=1958
|nota=Editor of the [[Times of India]], [[Magsaysay Award]] winner
|ref=<ref name="frontlineonnet1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Abhinandan Sekhri]]
|year=1992
|nota=CEO of ''[[Newslaundry]]''
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/09/02/the-boys-boarding-bogie|title=The Boys Boarding Bogey|first=Abhinandan|last=Sekhri|website=Newslaundry|date=2 September 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

== Literature ==
<gallery class="center">
File:Amitav Ghosh by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Amitav Ghosh]], Novelist (Class of '72)
File:Vikram Seth, in Oxfordshire.jpg|[[Vikram Seth]], Novelist (Class of '69)
File:Ram Guha Doon School library.jpg|[[Ramachandra Guha]], Historian and non-fiction writer (Class of '73)
</gallery>

=== Non-fiction ===
{{AlumniStart}}

{{Alum
|name=[[Shyam Bhatia]]
|year=1967
|nota=Writer (''Goodbye Shahzadi'', Bullets and Bylines, Brighter Than The Baghdad Sun, "Nuclear Rivals in the Middle East)
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/columnist/shyambhatia/ |title=Shyam Bhatia Columns, Leading Columnist |publisher=Indian Express |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Pushpindar Singh Chopra]]
|year=1959
|nota=Writer (''Touching the Sky'') and various other books about aviation and military history. Founder Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review.
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051121/punjab1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |accessdate=2012-03-27}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Mahmood Farooqui]]
|year=1990
|nota=Writer, [[Artist]] (''Besieged: Voices From Delhi 1857'')
|ref= <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lunchbs-mahmood-farooqui/405506/ |title=Lunch with BS: Mahmood Farooqui |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2010-08-24 |accessdate=2012-03-27}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Ramachandra Guha]]
|year=1973
|nota=[[Historian]], Writer (''India after Gandhi'')
|ref=<ref name="outlookindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?225730 |title=The Djinns Of Conceit |publisher=www.outlookindia.com |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[A. N. D. Haksar]]
|year=1950
|nota=Writer, [[Scholar]], Translator of Sanskrit texts
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/author/|title=Author|website=HarperCollins Publishers}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Shiv Kunal Verma]]
|year=1976
|nota=Writer (''The Long Road to Siachen: The Question Why'' and ''The Northeast Trilogy'')
|ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/Siachen_Review_files/Siachen_Review.html |title=Title: The Long Road To Siachen The Question Why |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |date=1999-07-05 |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501203243/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/Siachen_Review_files/Siachen_Review.html |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[B G Verghese]]
|year=1958
|nota=Writer, [[Journalist]] (''Agenda for India'')
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/veteran-journalist-bg-verghese-dies-at-88/article6739695.ece|title=Veteran journalist B.G. Verghese dies at 88|first=Pheroze L.|last=Vincent|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 December 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum

|name=[[Amardeep Singh (independent researcher)]]
|year=1986
|nota=Filmmaker, Writer (''Lost Heritage: The Sikh Legacy In Pakistan'' and ''The Quest Continues: Lost Heritage - The Sikh Legacy In Pakistan'')
|ref=
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Fiction, poetry and drama ===

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vikram Chandra (NDTV)|Vikramaditya Chandra]]
|year=1983
|nota=Writer (''The Srinagar Conspiracy'')
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?210109 |title=Ludlum In Kashmir | Sandipan Deb |publisher=Outlookindia.com |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Amitav Ghosh]]
|year=1972
|nota=Writer, [[Ibis trilogy]] and ''[[The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable]]''
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230938 |title=Class Up At Doon | Anjali Puri |publisher=Outlookindia.com |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vikram Seth]]
|year=1969
|nota=Writer, Poet (''The Golden Gate'', ''A Suitable Boy'')
|ref=<ref name="outlookindia1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vishvjit Singh]]
|year=1964
|nota=Writer (''Kuch Shabd Kuch Lakeerein'')
|ref=<ref name="outlookindia1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Ardashir Vakil]]
|year=1978
|nota=Writer (''Beach Boy'')
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970819/23150893.html |title=Face-off with Ardashir Vakil |last=Kalhra |first=Nonita |date=19 August 1997 |work=[[Indian Express]] |archive-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110228164438/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970819/23150893.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

== Education ==

<gallery class="center">
File:Ghulam Muhammad Jilani.jpg|[[Ghulam Jilani Khan]], founder of [[Chand Bagh School]] and former [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence Secretary]] of Pakistan (Class of '43)
File:Kanti Prasad Bajpai.jpg|[[Kanti Bajpai]], international affairs researcher and professor at [[National University of Singapore]] (Class of '72)
File:Chief Economic Advisor, Dr. Arvind Virmani, in New Delhi on December 16, 2008.jpg|[[Arvind Virmani]], economist (Class of '65)
File:UNCTAD Public Symposium 2013 - Plenary II (9200112948).jpg| [[Vijay Prashad]], historian (Class of '85)
</gallery>

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Arjun Singh Bedi]]
|year= 1988
|nota=Professor of Development Economics, [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eur.nl/people/arjun-bedi|title=Prof.dr. (Arjun) AS Bedi | Erasmus University Rotterdam }}</ref>
}}

{{Alum
|name=[[Bhaskar Vira]]
|year=1985
|nota=Head of [[Department of Geography, University of Cambridge]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.staff.admin.cam.ac.uk/general-news/the-environmentalist-researching-the-difficult-choices-we-need-to-make|title=The environmentalist researching the difficult choices we need to make|first=Nadine|last=Lewycky|date=15 May 2017|website=For staff}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Lalit Pande]]
|year=1963
|nota=Founder, Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi Environmental Education Centre
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-deodar-or-a-chocolate-bar/232551 |title=A Deodar Or A Chocolate Bar?
|publisher=Outlook |date=2006-09-18 |accessdate=2020-07-25}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Arvind Virmani]]
|year=1965
|nota=Economist, former [[Economic Advisory Council|Chief Economic Advisor]] to the [[Government of India]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/arvind-virmani-gets-plum-imf-job/512934/ |title=Arvind Virmani gets plum IMF job |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-09-04 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Suman Bery]]
|year=1964
|nota=Economist, former director general of [[National Council of Applied Economic Research]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-suman-bery-111032900107_1.html|title=Lunch with BS: Suman Bery|first=Kanika|last=Datta|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=29 March 2011|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Prasenjit Duara]]
|year=1967
|nota= Historian/Professor at [[Duke University]], Writer (''Culture, Power And The State'')
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/02/magazine/vikram-seth-s-big-book.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=Vikram Seth's Big Book - New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1993-05-02 |accessdate=2012-03-27 |first=Richard B. |last=Woodward}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Kanti Bajpai]]
|year=1972
|nota=Professor at [[Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy]], former headmaster of [[The Doon School]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002070200706200406|title=Pakistan and China in Indian Strategic Thought|first=Kanti|last=Bajpai|date=30 December 2007|journal=International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis|volume=62|issue=4|pages=805–824|doi=10.1177/002070200706200406|s2cid=150698166|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Shomie Das]]
|year=1953
|nota=Former [[Headmaster]] of The Doon School; [[Mayo College]]; [[Lawrence School, Sanawar]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/old-school-values-modern-charm/story-eiXCwZ41qGIxKFnwDi3foN.html|title=Old-school values, modern charm|date=1 December 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Wajahat Habibullah]]
|year=1961
|nota= Director of the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cic.gov.in/cvCIC.htm |title=Curriculum Vitae |publisher=Cic.gov.in |accessdate=2012-03-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506043532/http://cic.gov.in/cvCIC.htm |archive-date=6 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Deepak Lal]]
|year=1955
|nota=[[Economist]] at [[University of California, Los Angeles]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/obituary-economist-and-bs-columnist-deepak-lal-passes-away-at-80-120050100515_1.html|title=Obituary: Economist and BS Columnist Deepak Lal passes away at 80|first=T. C. A. Srinivasa|last=Raghavan|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=1 May 2020|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Gulab Ramchandani]]
|year=1948
|nota=Former [[Headmaster]] of The Doon School
|ref=<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ramchandani-old-boy-and-workaholic-headmaster-who-transformed-doon-school/articleshow/58185206.cms|title=Ramchandani: Old Boy and 'workaholic' headmaster who transformed Doon School|website=The Times of India|date=14 April 2017 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Ravi J. Matthai]]
|year=1945
|nota=[[Director (business)|Director]] of [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udayindia.org/content_06august2011/bookself.html |title=Uday India |publisher=Uday India |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402144826/http://www.udayindia.org/content_06august2011/bookself.html |archive-date=2 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vijay Prashad]]
|year=1985
|nota=Professor at [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]] (USA)
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-nuanced-gaze-on-west-asia/cid/1504048|title=A nuanced gaze on West Asia|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Lovraj Kumar]]
|year=1947
|nota=India's first [[Rhodes scholar]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
|ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodesscholarships-india.com/community_members.html |title=Rhodes Scholarships India |date=2011-07-31 |accessdate=2012-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126151521/http://www.rhodesscholarships-india.com/community_members.html |archive-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

== Arts ==

<gallery class="center">
File:Kapoor.jpg|[[Sir Anish Kapoor]], Artist (Class of '70)
File:Sandeep-khosla.jpg|[[Sandeep Khosla]], fashion designer (Class of '81)
File:Ali Fazal graces the World Premiere of ‘Victoria and Abdul’.jpg|[[Ali Fazal]], actor (Class of 2005)
File:ROHITKHOSLA-PORTRAIT.jpg|[[Rohit Khosla]], founder of Ensemble, fashion designer (Class of '76)
File:Ashwin kumar forest success party.jpg|[[Ashvin Kumar]], film director (Class of '91)
File:Tarun Tahiliani.jpg|[[Tarun Tahiliani]], fashion designer (Class of '80)
</gallery>

=== Fine arts ===
{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sohrab Hura]]
|year= 2000
|nota=[[Photography|Photographer]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2018-11-01|title=Sohrab Hura: Meet the reclusive yet gifted lensman|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/sohrab-hura-meet-the-reclusive-yet-gifted-lensman/story-Qv37rDXTsX0qKtb95NX1qM.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=14 August 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Anish Kapoor]]
|year=1970
|nota=[[Sculptor]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/03/its-a-spartan-life-at-the-eton-of-india/ |title=It's a spartan life at 'the Eton of India' |publisher=The Spectator |date=2017-03-18 |accessdate=2019-04-06}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Latika Katt]] nee Sharma
|year=1966
|nota=Sculptor
|ref=<ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Material-Queen/926610/ | Material Queen, [[Indian Express]] 22 March 2012</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vivan Sundaram]]
|year=1961
|nota=[[Painting|Painter]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/vivan_sundaram.htm |title=Vivan Sundaram |publisher=Contemporaryindianart.com |accessdate=2012-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205191729/http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/vivan_sundaram.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Abhishek Poddar]]
|year= 1986
|nota=[[Art collector]]; founder, [[Museum of Art & Photography]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theartstrust.com/CollectorsPerspective7.aspx |title=Abhishek Poddar |publisher=theartstrust.com |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Design ===

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Martand Singh (textile conservator)|Martand Singh]]
|year=1962
|nota=[[Textile conservator]], curator, cultural historian
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/textile-exhibition-remembering-the-life-and-times-of-martand-singh/story-zPSCobLkjdhHSMRoq0YahJ.html|title=Textile exhibition: Remembering the life and times of Martand Singh|date=8 February 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rohit Khosla]]
|year=1976
|nota=[[Fashion designer]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09qXpwAACAAJ |title=Rohit Khosla|date= November 2011|access-date=2012-03-09|isbn=9786138606659 |last1=Fergus |first1=Richie Krishna |publisher=Spellpress }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Tarun Tahiliani]]
|year=1980
|nota=Fashion designer
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/graphiti/story_13169495.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203154234/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/graphiti/story_13169495.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Graphiti | Lord of the ramp |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2010-11-14 |accessdate=2012-03-09 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sandeep Khosla]]
|year=1981
|nota=Fashion & Interior designer
|ref=<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insideoutside.in/inside-outside/issue-magazine/1284/sandeep |title=Sandeep Khosla |publisher=insideoutside.com |accessdate=2014-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601060637/http://www.insideoutside.in/inside-outside/issue-magazine/1284/sandeep |archive-date=1 June 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Manoviraj Khosla]]
|year=1985
|nota=[[Fashion designer]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/designed-to-succeed/cid/481045|title=Designed to succeed|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Films ===
{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Shivendra Singh Dungarpur]]
|year=1987
|nota=Filmmaker, conservator, founder of [[Film Heritage Foundation]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kamal-Haasan-is-the-only-filmmaker-whos-passionate-about-film-heritage-Shivendra-Singh-Dungarpur/articleshow/48420720.cms|title=Kamal Haasan is the only filmmaker who's passionate about film heritage: Shivendra Singh Dungarpur |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Ali Fazal]]
|year=2005
|nota=[[Actor]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ali-Fazals-the-first-actor-in-his-family/articleshow/8837288.cms|title=Ali Fazal's the first actor in his family|website=The Times of India|date=14 June 2011 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sudhanshu Saria]]
|year=2002
|nota=[[Screenwriter]], [[Film director]]
|ref= <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/sudhanshu-saria-talks-to-the-hindu-weekend-on-masoom-building-indian-female-characters-and-season-three-of-delhi-crime/article34451505.ece|title=Inside an all-women writers' room: In conversation with director Sudhanshu Saria|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 April 2021|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Karishma}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Ashvin Kumar]]
|year=1991
|nota=[[Academy Award|Oscar-nominee]] [[Film director]]
|ref= <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ex-students-film-celebrating-Doon-draws-schools-ire-/articleshow/7159525.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104092748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-25/india/28269703_1_doon-school-ashvin-kumar-cbfc |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=Ex-student's film 'celebrating' Doon draws school's ire |date=2010-12-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rajiv Rai]]
|year=1972
|nota=Film producer and director
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0706800/|title=Rajiv Rai|website=IMDb}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Ashwin Mushran]]
|year=1990
|nota=Actor, [[Voice-over|Voice-over artist]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tom-alter-was-one-of-the-finest-theatre-and-character-actors-film-fraternity/article19776376.ece|title=Tom Alter was one of the finest theatre and character actors: film fraternity|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 September 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Roshan Seth]]
|year=1960
|nota=Actor
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/microsoft-s-new-boss-is-a-window-on-a-better-school-system-9115621.html|title=Microsoft's new boss is a window on a better school system|date=7 February 2014|website=The Independent}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Imaad Shah]]
|year=2004
|nota=Actor
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/whats-eating-imaad-shah/437859/ |title=What's eating Imaad Shah? |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-03-23 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Vivaan Shah]]
|year=2008
|nota=Actor
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020730/cth2.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2002-07-30 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Chandrachur Singh]]
|year=1986
|nota=Actor
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101024/dplus.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Plus |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Dan Dhanoa]]
|year=1974
|nota=Actor
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/years-after-going-down-to-bollywood-heroes-former-screen-villain-dan-dhanoa-defeats-covid-19-in-brazil/story-aWVyCKWl3yKDznf3hA2B0J.html|title=Years after going down to Bollywood heroes, former screen villain Dan Dhanoa defeats Covid-19 in Brazil|date=21 April 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Satyadeep Misra]]
|year=1991
|nota=Actor
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/starry-eyed/861954/|title=Starry Eyed - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Television ===
{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Himani Shivpuri]] (née Bhatt)
|year=1973
|nota=Actor
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rajesh-puri-himani-shivpuri-and-mouli-gangu/568004/ |title=Rajesh Puri, Himani Shivpuri and Mouli Ganguli in town |publisher=Indian Express |date=2010-01-16 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rajeev Siddhartha]]
|year=2004
|nota=[[Actor]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/960724/dont-mind-being-objectified-hundred-and-four-more-shots-please-actor-rajeev-siddhartha|title='Don't mind being objectified': 'Hundred' and 'Four More Shots Please!' actor Rajeev Siddhartha|first=Devarsi|last=Ghosh|website=Scroll.in|date=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Neel Madhav]]
|year=2011
|nota=[[Illusionist]], [[Actor]]
|ref=<ref name="doon">{{Cite magazine|url=https://issuu.com/dsirdoon/docs/dsir_spring_2019_issue |editor1-last=Sampath |editor1-first=Karan |title=The Doon School Informational Review |issue=May 2019 |access-date=30 May 2020 |last=Raggett |first=Matthew| quote="It was good to see two Doscos amongst the cast as they make their way in the world; Aditi Joshi played the bride in the first episode and Neel Madhav played Karan's younger brother in two episodes." |via=issuu.com |page=19 |institution=[[The Doon School]] |magazine=[[The Doon School Weekly]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Roopak Saluja]]
|year=1993
|nota=Ad director
|ref=<ref>Class of 1993, The Doon School</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

=== Music ===

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Bhaskar Menon]]
|year=1972
|nota=President, [[EMI Group]]
|ref=<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Nazir Jairazbhoy]]
|year=1945
|nota=[[Musicologist]] at [[University of California, Los Angeles]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-passings28-2009jun28,0,4168037.story |title=Passings |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2009-06-28 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sahej Bakshi]]
|year=2005
|nota=[[Electronic music]] composer, as "Dualist Inquiry"
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2017/30-under-30-sahej-bakshi-is-a-mainstay-at-indias-biggest-music-festivals/45775/1|title=30 Under 30: Sahej Bakshi Is A Mainstay At India's Biggest Music Festivals|website=Forbes India}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Hari & Sukhmani|Hari Singh]]
|year=2000
|nota=Singer, music producer, co-founder [[Hari & Sukhmani]]
|ref=
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

===Culinary===

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rahul Akerkar]]
|year= 1976
|nota=[[Chef]], [[restaurateur]], founder of Indigo
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2019-06-13|title=Restaurateur Rahul Akerkar's culinary journey
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/restaurateur-rahul-akerkars-culinary-journey/15906159|newspaper=Mid-day.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Deepak Nirula]]
|year= 1968
|nota=[[Restaurateur]], founder of [[Nirula's]]
|ref=?
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

== Sports ==

<gallery class="center">
File:Sanjit Bunker Roy at Time 2010.jpg|[[Bunker Roy]], Squash champion and founder of [[Barefoot College]], (Class of '62)
File:Narendra (Nandu) D. Jayal.jpg|[[Nandu Jayal]], Mountaineer and founder principal of [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] (Class of '42)
File:Abhinav Bindra and Mary Kom - British High Commission, Delhi, 27 July 2011 (cropped).jpg|[[Abhinav Bindra]], Olympic shooter champion (Class of 2000)
</gallery>

{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Abhinav Bindra]]
|year=2000
|nota=[[Beijing Olympics 2008]] Gold Medalist (Air Rifle)
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/world_olympic_dreams/8852481.stm |title=BBC Sport - Abhinav Bindra, India |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-07-26 |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Narendra Dhar Jayal|Nandu Jayal]]
|year=1942
|nota=[[Mountaineer]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/book-reviews-18/ |title=Book Reviews |publisher=Himalayan Club |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Bunker Roy]]
|year=1962
|nota=[[British National Squash Championships|National Squash Champion]]
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/sustainableenergyforall/home/members/Roy|title=High Level Group on Sustainable Energy - Sanjit 'Bunker' Roy}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Samarjitsinh Gaekwad]]
|year=1986
|nota=Cricketer
|ref=<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/the-doon-school-comes-hunting-for-exceptional-boys/articleshow/65274933.cms|title=The Doon School comes hunting for exceptional boys |website=The Times of India|date=5 August 2018 }}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Michael Dalvi]]
|year=1962
|nota=Cricketer
|ref=<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/VISHRANTI-an-ode-to-rest/article16894581.ece|title=Vishranti: an ode to rest|first=Shalini|last=Shah|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 November 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sam Agarwal]]
|year=2009
|nota=Cricketer
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/india-born-samridh-agarwal-scores-first-ever-triple-ton-for-oxford-university-1534150|title=India-born Samridh Agarwal scores first ever triple-ton for Oxford University | Cricket News|website=NDTVSports.com}}</ref>
}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

== Titular Princes ==
{{AlumniStart}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Miangul Aurangzeb]]
|year=1946
|nota=[[Crown prince]] of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-wali-ahad-of-swat-crown-prince-of-what-is-thought-to-be-the-last-princely-state-to-be-recognised-9794645.html|title=The Wali Ahad of Swat: Crown prince of what is thought to be the last|date=14 October 2014|website=The Independent}}</ref>}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Prince Mukarram Jah|Mukarram Jah]]
|year=1951
|nota=[[Titular ruler|Titular]] [[Nizam|Nizam of Hyderabad]] (1967–1971)
|ref=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-wealthiest-man-the-country-forgot-107033001010_1.html|title=India's wealthiest man the country forgot|first=Kishore|last=Singh|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=30 March 2007|via=Business Standard}}</ref>}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Hso Khan Pha]]
|year=1956
|nota= Titular [[Saopha]] of [[Yawnghwe]]
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keele.ac.uk/thekeeleoralhistoryproject/prioneeringinternationalkeelites/|title=Prioneering International Keelites, Keele University|first=Keele|last=University|website=Keele University}}</ref>}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Rana Hemant Singh]]
|year=1969
|nota=Titular [[Maharaja]] of [[Dholpur (princely state)|Dholpur]] (1969–1971)
|ref=<ref name="Mark Brentnall 2004 p. 36">Mark Brentnall, ''The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire'' (Indus, 2004), p. 36</ref>}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Sawai Bhawani Singh]]
|year=1947
|nota=Titular Maharaja of [[Jaipur]] (1970–71)
|ref=<ref name="Telegraph, UK Obituary">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8459319/Brigadier-Sawai-Bhawani-Singh.html |title=Brigadier Sawai Bhawani Singh, who died on Sunday aged 79, was the last titular Maharaja of Jaipur and the flamboyant owner of some of Rajasthan's most spectacular palaces |publisher=The Telegraph, London |date=2011-04-18 |accessdate=2012-05-20}}</ref>}}
{{Alum
|name=[[Pragmulji III]]
|year=?
|nota=Titular [[:Category:Maharajas of Kutch|Maharaja of Kutch]] (1991-2021)
|ref={{citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
{{AlumniEnd}}

== Sources ==

The class years of the alumni are sourced principally from the following:
* ''The Dosco Record'' is a book of short biographies, similar to what may be found in a [[Who's Who]], which was first produced by J.A.K. Martyn who deliberately modeled it on the ''Harrow Record''. (Martyn had been a schoolmaster at [[Harrow School]] before helping A.E. Foot start The Doon School.) As a consequence, alumni are listed in the year in which they joined Doon, rather than the year in which they graduated; Martyn believed that this would make it easier for Doscos to look up their friends. The book is updated every 8 years or so, and is published by the Doon School Old Boys Society ("DSOBS") and distributed only to alumni. It includes biographical information about every Dosco (even people like [[Sanjay Gandhi]] who was expelled before completing his studies); it also highlights family connections between Doscos such as whether a particular Dosco was the son of another Dosco, or married the sister or daughter of another Dosco.
* ''The Rose Bowl'' is a periodic newsletter that contains alumni news, obituaries, reminiscences, etc. It is produced by the DSOBS and distributed by post to all alumni; a [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] version is also sent by email to alumni.
* ''The Doon School Register'' is published, every few years, by the DSOBS. It includes the contact details of every Dosco; deceased alumni are noted as such. Also included are the small number of "Associate Members" (honorary members) of The Doon School Old Boys: for the most part these include former teachers; also included are people such as [[Salim Ali]] who had been frequent visitors to Doon and were considered to be part of the Dosco fraternity.
* ''Doon, The Story of a School'', edited by Sumer Singh, published by the Indian Public Schools Society 1985. This (somewhat slim) book was distributed to alumni and contains essays, reminiscences, and stories about the founding of the Doon School.
* ''The Doon School -- Sixty Years On'', edited by Pushpinder Singh Chopra, published by the DSOBS in October 1996. This book is similar in many respects to ''Doon: The Story of a School'', but longer.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=Category:Alumni of The Doon School |v=no |species=no |commons=Category:Alumni of The Doon School}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.doonschool.com/}}
* [http://www.dsobs.net/ Website of The Doon School Old Boys' Society]

{{The Doon School}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doon School Alumni, List Of}}
[[Category:The Doon School alumni|*]]
[[Category:The Doon School]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by school affiliation]]

Ahmad Shah's Bahmani Mausoleum

2025-11-23T03:06:13Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding initial data v1

{{refimprove|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|Building near Bidar in Karnataka, India}}
[[File:Mausoleum of Ahmad Shah Bahmani.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Sultan Ahmad Shah]]
The '''Mausoleum of Sultan [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah Bahmani]]''', (r. 825–839 AH / 1422–1436 CE) is located in the necropolis of the Bahmani sultanas in Ashtur, which is approximately 2.5km northeast of [[Bidar]] in [[Karnataka]], India. The tomb is dated on the epigraphical and grounds to the date of the Sultan's death, 839/1436, and is the earliest and the tallest in the cemetery besides the tomb of Alaa al Din Bahmani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mondini |first=Sara |title=Vague Traits Strategy and Ambiguities in the Decorative Programme of the Aḥmad Šāh I Bahmanī Mausoleum |url=https://www.academia.edu/27680839 |url-access=registration |journal=Borders: Itineraries on the Edges of Iran}}</ref>

==Patronage==

The Bahmani dynasty was, like most other contemporary Indian dynasties, originally [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]. However Ahmad Shah was [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]]. His conversion was purely personal matter; he did not force it on any of his subjects. Early in his reign he earned the title of ''Vali'' or "saint", after an incident when his prayer for rain was answered, bringing to an end a famine that caused much suffering to his kingdom.

Ahmad Shah was aware of the fame of the Shi'a saint, Shah [[Ni'matullāhī|Ni'mat-Allah]] of Mahan, which is near Kirman in the southern [[Iran]]. Accordingly, Ahmad Shah sent Sheikh Habib-Allah Junaidi, Mir Shams-al-din of Qum and others to Kirman to act as his representatives in requesting the presence of the saint's disciples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |date=January 1924 |title=The Religion of Ahmad Shah Bahmani |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x0009482x |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x0009482x |issn=0035-869X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

On that account Shah Ni'mat Allah sent Shah Mulla Qutub-al-din of Kirman in return with a box that fulfilled Ahmad Shah's recurring dream. Moreover, Shah Ni'mat Allah described Ahmad Shah in his letter "the greatest of kings Shihab-al-din Ahmad Shah, the ''Vali"'' . The relations got closer and stronger when Sultan Ahmad Shah sent a second mission to Shah Ni'mat Allah asking him to send one of his sons to India to act as spiritual guide. The Sheikh's grand son, Mir Nur-Allah was pleasurably received and was given the title by the Sultan as ''Malik -al- Mashaikh.''

After the arrival of Mir Nur-Allah the village of Ni'matabad and a Mosque were established on the banks of the Manjira River and Sultan Ahmad Shah awarded him the marriage of one of his daughters.

==Architecture==

<gallery mode=packed heights="180px" style="text-align:left">
Scenic view of the ruins of the Bahmani Tombs.jpg|Ruins of Bahmani tombs
Tomb of Sultan Ahmed Shah Al Wali.jpg|Tomb of Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahamani Tombs 08.jpg|Concentric circles
Bahamani Tombs 07.jpg|Wall decoration
Bahamani Tombs 06.jpg|Calligraphy and vegetal motifs
Ground plan of Ahmad Shah Mausoleum.jpg|Ground plan of the Mausoleum
</gallery>

Sultan Ahmad's mausoleum, contains evident proof that he was Shi'a. A square based plan is followed by an octagonal zone of transition that is topped by a hemispherical dome. The outer walls approximately 23.4696 m high, and the inner walls 15.8496 m high.
The facade of the mausoleum consists of three tiers of pointed and arched niches, seven at the upper and four on the lower two tiers, differentiating it from the two rows of arches in the earlier mausoleums.

The exterior has superb stucco decoration in the spandrels of the doors on each side. The windows with ''Jalis'' ornamenting the exterior of the tomb. The roof has crenulations with finials on the four corners. The ''Ayat-al- Kursi'' (The [[Throne Verse]]) in stucco is the only surviving inscription on the mausoleum's exterior.

The interior zone of transition is composed of [[squinches]] leading to a twenty-four sided base.

The dome is lavishly adorned with inscriptions . They are organized in concentric circles or ''silsilah'', the inner most (calling down) blessings and prayers on Prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima and the twelve Shi'a Imams: Ali al- Murtada, Hasan, Husain, Ali Zayn- al- Abidin, Baqir, Muhammad Ja'far, Musa Kazim, Ali b Musa al-Rida, Muhammad Taqi, Ali al-Naqi, Hasan al- Askari and [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]]. The first three caliphs are not mentioned in any of the inscriptions in the mausoleum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Firouzeh |first=Peyvand |date=2015-07-03 |title=Sacred Kingship in the Garden of Poetry; Aḥmad Shāh Bahmanī's tomb in Bidar (India)1 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2015.1094206 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=187–214 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2015.1094206 |issn=0266-6030|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Moving outwards, the second and third circles include the names of the holy men, each one starting with the name of prophet Muhammad and ending with Shah Ni'mat- Allah. It is highly probable that one portrays the natural and the other the spiritual line of heredity of Ni'mat- Allah from the prophet.

The walls are painted with exquisitely colored vegetal motifs that appeared in the stylized cartouches, in addition to paintings of vases with cypress trees coming out of them and calligraphy in a myriad of fashion and styles. The major recessed arches on the four walls are painted in arrangement of pentagons displayed around stars.

The calligraphy is mostly in gold ''[[thuluth]]'' or ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' in varied sizes; they are based on a ground of contrasting colors; dark blue, vermilion, black, turquoise, gold and green. The names of 'Ali, Muhammad and Allah, frequently in Timurid decoration, are frequently written in square [[Kufic]].

The signature of the painter named Shukrullah Qazvini hovers in a star near the top of an arch in the eastern door, it's inscribed over a white background in a dark writing "''al-abd Shukruallah al-Qazvini-ye Naqqash"''. His ''nisba'' "Qazvin" shows that he originated in Iran, which strengthens the idea of the tomb being a result of collaboration among foreign and local artists, patrons and mostly Sufi elites.

==Shi'a symbolism==

The Persian and the [[Arabic poetry]] of the Sufi Sheikh Ni'mat-Allah which is inscribed inside the mausoleum mediates around the term ''<nowiki/>'ain,'' a term that conveys various meanings in both Languages Persian and Arabic. ''<nowiki/>'Ain'' has several definitions such as eye, sight, vision or look and also a source of water or a fountain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Vivek |date=2017-10-01 |title=Interpreting the Eye ('ain) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00666637-4229701 |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.1215/00666637-4229701 |issn=0066-6637|url-access=subscription }}</ref> On a reasonable level, Ahmad Shah is commemorated for knowing the secret of the world's ample water source: rain.

[[Talisman|Talismans]] ''tilism'' play a large part in the overall decorative program of the Mausoleum, particularly in the form of calligraphy.

Sufis were acknowledged for their collections of talismanic objects, one of which was specimens of calligraphy. Thus, it reinforces the idea of Sufism and Calligraphy were congenial in Bidar, as indicated by Ya'qub bin Hasan Siraj Shirazi's ''Tuhfat al- Muhibbin'' (Bounty of the Two Lovers, 1454), a calligraphic monograph that was designated for Muhibb al-Din, son of Sheikh Ni'mat-Allah.
The lines chosen for the inscriptions are depicted in a way that creates a connection between the visitor of the mausoleum and Ahmad Shah, as if he is addressing the words of Shah Ni'mat-Allah to the visitors; welcoming them to his shrine, the lamp, the emerald coloured carpet, the dome, and the paintings where the whole of them is visible to the viewer.

The arcane power of the calligraphy in the zones of transition is developed by other ways in which it is reflective, the repeated knotted calligraphy adorning them created a mirror effect that occurs both internally and beyond the space of the mausoleum.

==Inscriptions==

The arrangement of the inscriptions inside Ahmad Shah's mausoleum sync perfectly with their visual context, indicating spatial poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Firouzeh |first=Peyvand |date=2015-07-03 |title=Sacred Kingship in the Garden of Poetry; Aḥmad Shāh Bahmanī's tomb in Bidar (India)1 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2015.1094206 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=187–214 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2015.1094206 |issn=0266-6030|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Demonstrated by the wall paintings that hold recognizable depictions. Furthermore, calligraphic talismans provide regenerated meanings to the landscape (water sources). These diverse features altogether created a deeply affective and mystical experience in which the poetry fulfilled a space and a visual context gave the poetry new meanings.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.91523|77.56151|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]
[[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]

Meenambakkam

2025-11-19T10:25:30Z

WMLTomoko1917594: further cleanup references for accuracy and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Neighborhood of Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Meenambakkam, Chennai
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Meenambakkam, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12.987500|N|80.175300|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 41
| population_total = 24,334
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600027
| registration_plate = '''TN-22'''
| website = www.chennaicorporation.gov.in
| footnotes =
| image_ =
| map_ =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
'''Meenambakkam''' is a southern neighbourhood of [[Chennai]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is home to [[Chennai International Airport]], the [[Airports Authority of India]] regional office, and the DGQA Complex. It was under the reign of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava kingdom]]. The name Meenambakkam signifies that it is a settlement near the coast. Pakkam means a settlement near to the coast. Meenambakkam was cherished with lakes, ponds and borderlines the [[Adyar river]]. This makes it a rich source of fishes. Hence the name Meenambakkam was coined.

==Temples==
'''Sri Radha Rukmani Sametha Venugopala Perumal Temple'''

Sri Radha Rukmani Sametha Sri Venugopala Perumal Temple located at V.O.C street, Meenambakkam is one of the prominent attraction in this location. The temple was established in the year 1920, as simple Bajanai Kovil. After time and years passed the temple was reconstructed into a concrete structure with a main Sanctum for Sri Radha Rukmani and Venugopala Perumal as the main deity and Sridevi Boodevi Sametha Varadaraja Perumal as urchava moorthy. Aadi perukku, Sri jayanthi, Puratasi Sanikizhamai and Vaikuntha Ekadashi are the major festivals celebrated here. [[File:Sri Radha Rukmai Sametha Venugopala Perumal Meenambakkam.jpg|thumb|Sri Radha Rukmai Sametha Venugopala Perumal Main Deity]] The temple is closer to the Meenambakkam bus stop, Metro Station and railway station.

===Sridevi Sakthi Santhiamman Temple===
Sridevi Sakthi Santhiamman Temple is one of the oldest temples in the city situated amidst the airport. The deity is called Santhiamman as she is believed to safeguard the village sitting at the ''santhi'', which means junction in Tamil. Santhiamman is worshiped by the local people.

===Sridevi Periyapalayathamman Temple===
Sridevi Periyapalayathamman Temple is one of the major temples situated in the locality. The goddesses is worshiped by the local villagers and the annual festival of this temple is the major celebration of the village. There are reports of mismanagement of the temple funds by the sitting committee, lack of maintenance of the temple structure, and failure to conduct regular festivals.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Allegations of misappropriation and mismanagement surround historic Sridevi Periyapalayathamman Temple in Meenambakkam, Chennai
| newspaper = Hindu Post
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = HinduPost.in
| date = 26 September 2023
| url = https://hindupost.in/dharma-religion/allegations-of-misappropriation-and-mismanagement-surround-historic-sridevi-periyapalayathamman-temple-in-meenambakkam-chennai/#
| access-date = 1 December 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Periapalayathamman Meenambakkam.jpg|thumb|200px|Main deity at the Sridevi Periapalayathamman temple in the neighbourhood]]

==Education==
* Government Adi Dravida Welfare Higher Secondary School
* Government Adi Dravida Welfare Primary School
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Meenambakkam
* Kendriya Vidyalaya DGQA
* Civil Aviation School
* Little Flower School (till UKG or Sr KG)
* Kalyanamayee Primary and Nursery School (until fifth)
* A. M. Jain School (CBSE Board)
* Prince Matriculation school
* [[A. M. Jain College]]

==Politics==
Meenambakkam comes under Greater Chennai Corporation Zone 12. The ward number in GCC is 159. It comes under Pallavaram assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India, that was formed after constituency delimitation in 2007 and Alandur Constituency. Located in newly formed Chennai district, it is included in the Sriperumbudur parliamentary constituency for [[Lok Sabha elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenambakkam Town Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803352-meenambakkam-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|type=
|1891 |3609
|1981 |3092
|1991 |3802
|2001 |4774
|2011 |6241
|footnote = Sources: 
* 1981 - 2001: {{cite book|title=WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN PERI-URBAN CHENNAI – CASE STUDY FINDINGS|author=G. Dattatri|publisher=Service Provision Governance in the Peri-Urban Interface of Metropolitan Areas|pages=8|date=10–11 February 2005}}
}}
{{As of|2016|alt=As of the 2016}} Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Meenambakkam had a population of more than 6,241. The voting population numbered 3,620, with 1,790 male and 1,830 female voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3303_PART_B_DCHB_KANCHEEPURAM.pdf}}</ref>

==Transportation==
'''Chennai Suburban Railway Network'''
{{Main|Meenambakkam railway station}}
Meenambakkam Railway Station is one of the railway stations of the Chennai Beach–Chengalpet section of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network. It serves the neighbourhood of Meenambakkam, a suburb of Chennai. It is situated at Grand Trunk Road across Chennai International Airport Cargo Terminal, with an elevation of {{convert|18|m}} above sea level. It is an upcoming busiest Suburban Railway station, which is also accessed by neighbourhood of [[Nanganallur]], [[Moovarasampettai]].

'''Metro'''
{{Main|Meenambakkam metro station}}
The Meenambakkam Metro station, comes under the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]], which is a part of the [[Chennai Metro]], was introduced in 2016. Initially it ran between Chennai International Airport and [[Koyambedu]], later the line is extended to [[Washermanpet]], as a part of [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tejonmayam|first1=U|title=Direct metro from Koyambedu to airport starts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Direct-metro-from-Koyambedu-to-airport-starts/articleshow/55216084.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 November 2016|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref>

==Theatres==
Meenambakkam has several theatres:Aero HUB PVR at the airport, Velan and Vetrivel (also known as Ranga theatre), Janatha Theatre [[Pallavaram]], Vetri, and Rakesh in [[Chrompet]] and recently PVR had launched its new Multiplex theatre at Thirusoolam Named PVR Grand Galada.

==See also==
* [[Meenambakkam bomb blast]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[https://hindupost.in/dharma-religion/allegations-of-misappropriation-and-mismanagement-surround-historic-sridevi-periyapalayathamman-temple-in-meenambakkam-chennai/#]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

India women's national rugby sevens team

2025-11-09T14:54:20Z

WMLTomoko1917594: added a info...

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|India men's national rugby sevens team}}
{{Infobox rugby team
| country = India Women's Sevens
| image =
| imagesize =
| union = Rugby India
| ground =
| captain = Shikha Yadav
| emblem =
| nickname =
| caps =
| top scorer =
| most tries =
| coach = [[Paul Delport]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Women’s Team Confirmed as India Set for Historic Asia Rugby Emirates Sevens Series Debut|url=https://rugbyindia.in/senior-womens-team-confirmed-as-india-set-for-historic-asia-rugby-emirates-sevens-series-debut/|website=Rugby India|date=11 September 2025}}</ref>
| from =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| socks1 =
| shorts1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| first =
| bigwin =
| bigloss =
| sevens = y
| World cup apps =0
| women = y
| year =
| founded =
| best =
}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{Medal|Comp|[[Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series#Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy|Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2017 Laos|}}
{{MedalSilver|2019 Indonesia|}}
{{MedalSilver|2022 Indonesia|}}
{{MedalSilver|2023 Qatar|}}
{{MedalSilver|2024 Nepal|}}
{{MedalBottom}}
The '''India women's national sevens rugby union team''' is [[India]]'s national representative in [[Rugby sevens]].

== History ==
Sevens was first played in India in 1886 at the Khajjiar Gymkhana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scottishsevens.sport.blog/2022/06/02/scotland-to-india-the-spread-of-sevens/|title=Scotland to India: the spread of Sevens|date=June 2, 2022}}</ref>

They played their first international [[Rugby sevens|sevens rugby]] at the [[Rugby sevens at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Asian Games]] in [[Guangzhou]], [[China]], where they finished seventh. India competed at the [[2019 Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series]] in the Trophy division and placed second overall.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-09|title=Indian Rugby sevens teams all set for Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/2019/08/09/indian-rugby-sevens-teams/|access-date=2021-10-31|website=Asia Rugby|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-11|title='The fairy tale has just begun' - Indian women on a high after Asian sevens silver|url=https://www.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/27366768/the-fairy-tale-just-begun-indian-women-high-asian-sevens-silver|access-date=2021-10-31|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref>

India were runners-up at the 2023 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy tournament in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=2023-11-05 |title=Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy 2023: Indian women win silver, men finish fifth |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy-2023-india-results-men-women |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=olympics.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=Indian women's rugby team finishes runners-up at Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy |url=https://thebridge.in/rugby/indian-womens-rugby-team-runners-up-asia-rugby-sevens-44648 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> They finished as runners up again in the same competition in 2024 this time held in [[Kathmandu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/formidable-indian-womens-team-clinch-silver-in-asia-rugby-sevens-in-kathmandu/cid/2053590|title=Formidable: Indian women's team clinch silver in Asia Rugby Sevens in Kathmandu}}</ref>

===Previous squad===
{{divhide
|Squad to Squad at [[Rugby union at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Asian Games]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.gz2010.cn/info/ENG_ENG/RU/RUE133A_RUW400400@@@@@@@@ENG_number=5002934.html | title =Team Members | author =Guangzhou Asian Games Organizing Committee | year =2009 | access-date =25 March 2012 | archive-date =13 April 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200413015421/http://www.gz2010.cn/info/ENG_ENG/RU/RUE133A_RUW400400@@@@@@@@ENG_number=5002934.html | url-status =dead }}</ref>
|color=#f2f2f2
}}
*Sitara Indramohan
*V. Boman Bharucha
*Niharika Bal
*Bhagyalaxmi Barik
*Neha Pardeshi
*Surabhi Date
*Tapasi Nandi
*Sutapa Das
*Kalpana Das
*Sheetal Maurya
*Annapurna Bothate
*Yogita Marathe
{{divhide|end}}

==Tournament history==
===Asian Games===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="10" |[[Rugby sevens at the 2010 Asian Games – Women|Asian Games]]
|-
!Year !! Position !!{{Tooltip|P|Games played}} !!{{Tooltip|W|Won}} !!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}} !!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}!!PF!!PA!!PD
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Rugby sevens at the 2010 Asian Games – Women|2010]] ||7th ||6 ||1 ||5 ||0||26 ||206 ||-180
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Rugby sevens at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|2014]] ||colspan="9" rowspan=1|''Did not compete''
|-
| {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rugby sevens at the 2018 Asian Games – Women|2018]] ||colspan="9" rowspan=1|''Did not compete''
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Rugby sevens at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|2022]] || 7th|| 4|| 0|| 4||0||7 ||122 ||-115
|-
!Total!!1/3!!10 !!1 !!9 !!0 !! 33!!328 !!-295
|}
===Asian Rugby Sevens Trophy===
{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |'''Won'''
| bgcolor="FFE4E1" |'''Lost'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+ [[2017 Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series|2017 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy]]
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 17 February || [[Laos]] || {{flagicon|Laos}} Laos || 22–7 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 17 February ||[[Laos]]|| {{Ru7w|Philippines}} || 12–5 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 17 February || [[Laos]] || {{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal || 43–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 17 February ||[[Laos]] || {{flagicon|MAS}} Malaysia || 26–12 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 18 February<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-womens-sevens-trophy/asia-rugby-womens-sevens-t/|title=Asia Rugby Women’s Sevens Trophy 2017 – Laos 7s}}</ref> || [[Laos]] || {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan || 5–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 18 February ||[[Laos]] || {{Ru7w|KOR}} || 0–29 || Loss
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+ 2018 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 20 October || [[Brunei]] || {{flagicon|UZB}} Uzbekistan || 5–10 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 20 October ||[[Brunei]]|| {{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal || 43–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 20 October || [[Brunei]] || {{Ru7w|PHI}} || 12–17 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 21 October ||[[Brunei]] || {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan || 43–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 21 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy/womens-2018/|title=Asia Rugby Women’s Sevens Trophy 2018}}</ref> || [[Brunei]] || {{flagicon|IDN}} Indonesia || 30–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 21 October ||[[Brunei]] || {{flagicon|Laos}} Laos || 31–10 || Win
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+ [[2019 Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series|2019 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy]]
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 10 August || [[Indonesia]] || {{flagicon|TPE}} Chinese Taipei || 34–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 10 August ||[[Indonesia]]|| {{Ru7w|Guam}} || 29–14 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 11 August || [[Indonesia]] || {{Ru7w|PHI}} || 12–19 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 11 August<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy/womens-2019/|title=Asia Rugby Women’s Sevens Trophy 2019}}</ref> ||[[Indonesia]] || {{flagicon|IDN}} Indonesia|| 21–17 || Win
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+ 2022 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6 August || [[Jakarta]] || {{flagicon|Mongolia}} Mongolia|| 39–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6 August ||[[Jakarta]]|| {{Ru7w|Guam}} || 26–21 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6 August || [[Jakarta]] || {{Ru7w|IRN}} || 21–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7 August || [[Jakarta]] || {{flagicon|IDN}} Indonesia|| 12–17 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 7 August<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy/womens-sevens-trophy-2022/|title=Asia Rugby Women’s Sevens Trophy 2022}}</ref> ||[[Jakarta]] || {{Ru7w|SIN}} || 5–17 || Loss
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+ 2023 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3 November || [[Doha]] || {{flagicon|Mongolia}} Mongolia|| 36–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3 November ||[[Doha]]|| {{Ru7w|Guam}} || 14–7 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 November || [[Doha]] || {{Ru7w|IRN}} || 34–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 4 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy/womens-sevens-trophy-2023/|title=Asia Rugby Women’s Sevens Trophy 2023}}</ref> ||[[Doha]] || {{Ru7w|UAE}} || 5–26 || Loss
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+ 2024 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 October || [[Nepal]] || {{Ru7w|SRI}} || 29–10 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 October ||[[Nepal]]|| {{flagicon|IDN}} Indonesia|| 17–10 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 October || [[Nepal]] || {{Ru7w|IRN}} || 20–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5 October || [[Nepal]] || {{Ru7w|Guam}} || 24–7 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 5 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy/asia-rugby-emirates-womens-sevens-trophy-2024-arst2024/|title=Asia Rugby Women’s Sevens Trophy 2024}}</ref> ||[[Nepal]] || {{Ru7w|PHI}} || 5–7 || Loss
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rugby union in India}}
{{National sports teams of India}}
{{Women's national rugby union sevens teams}}

[[Category:Women's national rugby sevens teams]]
[[Category:Rugby sevens teams in India|*]]
[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|R]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Ramavarappadu

2025-11-02T03:21:39Z

WMLTomoko1917594: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramavarappadu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = Vijayawada sign board at Ramavarappadu Ring.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Vijayawada Sign Board at Ramavarappadu Ring
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5256|N|80.6772|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.30
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 18
| population_total = 22222
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521108
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Vijayawada Rural mandal]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Vijayawada]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type6 = [[Metropolitan Area]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]
| area_code = +91-866
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
}}

'''Ramavarappadu''' is a residential hub located in the East-Central part of [[Vijayawada]] in [[NTR district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|page=17,48|format=PDF}}</ref> It is one of the major locality of the City. The nearest localities to Ramavarappadu are Currency Nagar, Gunadala, Prasadampadu<ref name="metropolitan">{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Vijayawada, 19 other contiguous areas notified as Metropolitan Area|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vijayawada-19-other-contiguous-areas-notified-as-metropolitan-area/article17665839.ece|accessdate=27 March 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref name="G.O.">{{cite web|title=Welcome to Government Order Issue Register|url=http://goir.ap.gov.in/Reports.aspx|website=goir.ap.gov.in|accessdate=27 March 2017}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the town had a population of {{formatnum:22222}}. The total population constitute, {{formatnum:11092}} males, {{formatnum:11130}} females and {{formatnum:2316}} children, in the age group of 0–6 years. The average literacy rate stands at 81.02% with {{formatnum:16127}} literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate)| url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|accessdate=7 August 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|accessdate=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archivedate=7 November 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{NTR district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Vijayawada]]

Sealdah railway division

2025-10-31T22:21:04Z

WMLTomoko1917594: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Railway division in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox rail
|railroad_name = Sealdah railway division
|system_map =
|map_caption = Sealdah railway division system map
|image = Sealdah Railway Station Outside - শিয়ালদহ রেলস্টেশন.jpg
|image_size = 300
|image_caption = Sealdah Division Headquarters at the [[Sealdah railway station]]
|start_year = 14 April 1952
| stations = 205<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Station categories in Eastern Railways division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,442,452,1787 |website=Indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
| locale = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]

|gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
|electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification]]
|length = {{convert|715.34|km|mi}}
|hq_city = Divisional Railway Managers's Office, DRM Building, Eastern Railway, Sealdah Division, Kaiser Street, [[Kolkata]]-700014
}}

'''Sealdah railway division''' is one of the four railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> Its headquarters is located in Kaiser Street in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] near the [[Sealdah railway station]]. Geographically the division covers the railway tracks and services in the areas between the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly river]] on the west, [[Bangladesh]] on the north and east and the [[Sundarbans]] in the south. The Railway network under Sealdah Division was part of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] (present-day [[Bangladesh Railway]]). The [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] was formed on 1 July 1884. On 1 January 1942, [[Assam Bengal Railway]] (present-day [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]) and [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] were amalgamated to form [[Bengal Assam Railway]]. Sealdah Division became a part of [[East Indian Railway]] (present-day [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] and [[East Central Railway]]) on 15 August 1947, after the [[Partition of India]] and [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]]. The [[East Indian Railway]] was formed on 1 June 1845. On 14 April 1952, [[East Indian Railway]] was renamed as [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]].<ref name=":0">[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452 Brief Detail of Sealdah Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625120205/http://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452|date=2018-06-25}}, ''Eastern Railway''</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |access-date=13 January 2016 |work=Indian Railways }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sealdah Division System Map |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597667046291-Sys%20Map%20SDAH%202020.pdf |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

== Services ==
The division primarily serves five major districts of the state of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]], namely the [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] districts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452,458 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The division forms the eastern part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] with numerous daily [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] services connecting Kolkata with the suburban areas of the five districts. The [[Sealdah railway station]] handles 124 [[Mail Express Trains Of India|mail/express trains]] connecting it to various parts of India along with 34 passenger trains & 921 suburban [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] train services, daily,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Details of Operating Department: Sealdah Division, Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,471 |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> while the [[Kolkata railway station]] handles 72 [[Mail Express Trains Of India|mail/express trains]] connecting it to various parts of India along with 4 passenger trains & 31 suburban [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] train services, daily.<ref name=":14" /> The [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata terminal]] also acts as an international passenger terminal for trains destined to Bangladesh namely the Maitree Express and Bandhan Express services.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Excitement mounts over train link |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7338284.stm |access-date=23 January 2022 |website=BBC|date=9 April 2008 }}</ref> Being located in the central business district of Kolkata, the [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah station]] plays a vital role in the management of suburban railway traffic.<ref name=":0" /> Suburban services are also provided to the Hooghly and Howrah districts via the [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line|Naihati–Bandel branch line]] and the [[Calcutta Chord link line]].<ref name=":14" />

[[Kolkata]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Diamond Harbour]], [[Dakshineswar]], [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Nabadwip Ghat]], [[Murshidabad]], [[Palashi|Plassey]], [[Shantipur]], [[Sagar Island]] and the [[Sundarbans]] are some of the major tourist and pilgrimage spots served by the division.<ref name=":0" />

The division handles international freight and passenger traffic with Bangladesh through the [[Gede railway station|Gede]] and [[Petrapole railway station|Petrapole]] stations.<ref name=":3" /> The major commodities loaded from this division are [[Intermodal container|containers]], [[Gunny bag|gunny bales]], [[Coal mining in india|coal]] and [[fertilizer]]s. [[Gunny bag|Gunny bales]] are loaded from [[Titagarh railway station|Titagarh]] and [[Naihati Junction railway station|Naihati]], while [[Intermodal container|containers]] are loaded from [[Container Corporation of India]] sidings at [[Kolkata Port|Kolkata Dock]], Kidderpore Dock and Cossipore Container Rail Terminal whereas [[Coal mining in india|coal]] and [[fertilizer]]s are loaded from Kidderpore Dock.<ref name=":14" /> An average 121 numbers of Freight wagons are interchanged daily wise in average via Gede and Petrapole interchanging points with for the financial year 2019–20 with [[Bangladesh Railway]] as well.<ref name=":14" /> The major commodities received by this division are cement, [[fertilizer]]s, food grains, [[Intermodal container|containers]], POL and coal for thermal power plants. The division also has 15 good sheds and 15 industrial sidings by which average interchange of this division is 28.21 rakes per day.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operative Goods Sheds and Sidings over Eastern Railway. As on 01.11.2019 |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1574855802354-Actvegood.pdf |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=Eastern Railway}}</ref>

== Routes ==
The total route length of the division is {{Convert|715.34|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} of which {{Convert|690.075|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} is fully electrified.<ref name=":3" /> The division is divided into 2 sections namely the [[Sealdah Main and North section]] and the [[Sealdah South section]]. The Sealdah Main section handles long-distance trains to the rest of India while the Sealdah North section is a suburban section primarily serving the Northern districts of [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]. The Sealdah South section is completely a suburban section connecting the Kolkata district with the numerous towns and villages of the [[South 24 Parganas District|South 24 Paraganas district]] and the [[Sundarbans]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":14" /> Both the sections are connected with each other via the [[Kolkata Circular Railway]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The following routes fall under the jurisdiction of the division:

* [[Sealdah Main and North section]]
** [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line]]
** [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line|Naihati–Bandel branch line]] ({{Rws|Naihati Junction}} railway station only)
** [[Calcutta Chord link line]] (up to {{Rws|Bally Halt}} railway station)
** [[Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line]]
** [[Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line|Shantipur loop line]]
** [[Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line|Krishnanagar City–Nabadwip Ghat line]] (under conversion to broad-gauge and extension)
** [[Sealdah–Bangaon line]]
** [[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Barasat–Hasnabad branch line]]
** [[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Ranaghat–Bangaon branch line]]
*[[Sealdah South section]]
** [[Sealdah South section|Sealdah–Diamond Harbour line]]
** [[Sealdah South section|Budge Budge branch line]]
** [[Sealdah South section|Canning branch line]]
** [[Sealdah South section|Namkhana branch line]]
*[[Kolkata Circular Railway]]
The division connects with the [[Port of Kolkata#Kolkata Dock System Railway (KDS Railway)|Kolkata Dock System Railway (KDS Railway)]] at {{Rws|Majerhat}} and {{Rws|Brace Bridge}} stations respectively.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Railway Facilities - Syama Prasad Mookherjee Port Trust, Kolkata |url=https://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/index1.php?layout=2&lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=650&lid=564 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] {{Reporting mark|:EBR}} company was formed in 1857 for the construction and working of a line from [[Calcutta]] to [[Dacca]], with a branch to [[Jessore]].<ref>"Money Market and City Intelligence", ''The Times'', Wednesday, 15 June 1859, #23333, 7a.</ref> The construction of the {{Convert|112|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] line began in 1859 and was completed in stages up to [[Kushtia]] by 1864 but the planned branch to [[Jessore]] was not built.<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |title=Administration Report on Railways 1918 |url=https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n55mode/1up |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":4">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228649/8330.pdf H.M. Government "Statute Law Repeals: Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill; April 2012"; pages 127-8, paragraphs 3.51 - 3.55] Retrieved on 2 Jun 2016</ref> The company also acquired a steam vessel service operating between [[Kushtia]] and [[Dhaka|Dacca]] on the [[Padma River|Padma river]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1871 the line was extended from Poradaha to a new ferry terminal at [[Goalundo|Goalundo Ghat]], about {{Convert|45|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} east of [[Kushtia]] and reducing the river trip to [[Dacca]]. and becoming the [[Main line (railway)|main line]] of the Eastern section of EBR.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27">{{Cite web |title=History Of Indian Railways, constructed and in progress', 31 March 1937 by 'The Government of India - Railway Department' |url=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650/2015.36650.India-Railway-Board-History-Of-Indian-Railways-Constructed-And-In-Progress.pdf |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> With the successful construction and opening of the [[Hardinge Bridge]] in 1915 and gauge conversion of the [[Chilahati–Parbatipur–Santahar–Darshana line|Santahar–Parbatipur–Siliguri line]] from 1924 to 1926, the Calcutta–Siliguri broad gauge line was completed and became the main line of the Eastern section of EBR.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" />

The Bengal Central Railway {{Reporting mark|:BCR}} company constructed two [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] lines: one connecting [[Ranaghat Junction railway station|Ranaghat]] and [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]] ({{Convert|21|mi|km|abbr=on}}) in 1882 and the other connecting [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum]] with [[Khulna railway station|Khulna]] (now in Bangladesh), via [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]] ({{Convert|108|mi|km|abbr=on}}) which opened in stages and was completed in 1884. These lines were merged with [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] in 1904, with the Sealdah–Bangaon–Jessore–Khulna line becoming the [[Main line (railway)|main line]] of the Central section of EBR.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" />

The [[Martin's Light Railways]] {{Reporting mark|:MLR}} company constructed and opened the {{Convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long, {{Gauge|2ft 6in}} narrow gauge Ranaghat–Krishnanagar Light Railway line from Aistalaghat (near Ranaghat on the right bank of [[Churni River|Churni river]]) to [[Krishnanagar City Junction railway station|Krishnanagar]] via [[Shantipur]] in 1899.<ref name=":3" /> This line was amalgamated with EBR on 1 July 1904.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" /> EBR further extended the line from Krishnanagar to Nabadwip Ghat and opened the line for traffic from 30 June 1926.<ref name=":2" /> EBR further built a {{Convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long {{Gauge|5ft 6in}} broad gauge extension from Ranaghat to the left bank of Churni River on 1902.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" /> In 1925 an alternate {{Gauge|5ft 6in}} broad gauge line was built from Kalinarayanpur (Churni Bridge) to Shantipur and the old {{Gauge|2ft 6in}} gauge line between Shantipur and Aistola Ghat was abandoned.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Santipur Local - Part 2 |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-santipur-local-part-2 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=Get Bengal}}</ref> The {{Convert|94.28|mi|km|abbr=on}} long Murshidabad Branch railway was constructed by EBR from Ranaghat to Lalgola Ghat in stages from 1905 to 1907.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" />

MLR also constructed and opened a {{Convert|26|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long {{Gauge|2ft 6in}} narrow gauge line from [[Barasat Junction railway station|Barasat]] to [[Basirhat railway station|Basirhat]] in 1905, known as the [[Barasat–Basirhat light railway|Barasat–Basirhat Light Railway]] {{Reporting mark|:BBLR}}.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" /> It was further extended via [[Taki Road railway station|Taki]] to [[Hasnabad railway station|Hasnabad]] (Chingrighata) in 1909. A {{Convert|16.62|mi|km}} long extension was built from Beliaghata Bridge on the Barasat–Basirhat line to [[Patipukur railway station|Patipukur]] in 1910. This was further extended to [[Belgachia]] in 1914 and was known as the Shyambazar Branch.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" />

On the southern side, the Calcutta and South-Eastern Railway {{Reporting mark|:CSER}} was formed in 1859 to connect [[Calcutta]] with {{stnlnk|Canning|India|Port Canning}} on the [[Matla River]]. It constructed and completed the {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} long line on 15 May 1863.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" /> It was the first railway track on the eastern bank of the [[Hooghly River]] and ran from what was then the Beliaghata railway station (presently {{stnlnk|Sealdah|3=Sealdah South railway terminus}}) to {{stnlnk|Canning|India|Port Canning}} on the [[Matla River]] via {{Rws|Jadavpur}} and {{Rws|Sonarpur}}.<ref name="timeline2">{{Cite web |title=Indian Railway History Time line |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |publisher=Indian Railways}}</ref><ref name="history2">{{cite web |title=The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian |url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802133149/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html |archive-date=2 August 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |publisher=railindia}}</ref> In 1868, CSER having suffered extensive losses due to floods and other problems, sold the line to the Indian government (management then being leased to the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]]) and the company was dissolved in March 1870.<ref name="timeline2"/><ref name="history2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=H.M. Government "Statute Law Repeals: Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill; April 2012 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228649/8330.pdf |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> Thus the line became a part of the Southern Section of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]].<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" />

In 1883, a {{convert|44|km|mi|abbr=on}} branch line to Diamond Harbour via {{Rws|Baruipur}} and [[Magra Hat railway station|Magrahat]] was constructed from {{Rws|Sonarpur}} on the Sealdah–Canning line of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]].This line, from Sealdah to Diamond Harbour, then became the [[Main line (railway)|main line]] of the Southern section of the Eastern Bengal Railway.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" /><ref name="timeline2" /><ref name="history2" /> The Budge Budge branch line was initially sanctioned in 1886 as a line to connect {{Rws|Ballygunge}} with the Kidderpore Docks. Sanction to an extension to Budge Budge was given in 1888 and the whole of {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} long line from {{Rws|Ballygunge}} to {{Rws|Komagata Maru Budge Budge|3=Budge Budge}} via {{Rws|Majerhat}} was opened on 1890 by the Eastern Bengal Railway.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" /><ref name=":42">[https://books.google.fr/books?isbn=8172681933 "Bengal District Gazetteers: 24-Parganas" – page 168 by Lewis Sydney Steward O'Malley,I.C.S];Retrieved 10 December 2015</ref> The [[Calcutta Port Commissioners' Railway|Calcutta Ports Commissioner's Railway]] {{Reporting mark|:CPCR}} built a branch line from Kidderpore Docks to Majerhat on 1893. It further constructed a branch line from the subsidiary marshaling yard at {{Rws|Brace Bridge}} to King George's Dock (renamed to Netaji Subhas Dock in 1973<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2020 |title=Explained: The significance of the Kolkata port, renamed by PM Modi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/significance-of-the-kolkata-port-renamed-by-pm-modi-6213004/ |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>) in 1928.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" /> In 1928, a {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} long line from {{Rws|Baruipur}} on the Diamond Harbour branch line to {{Rws|Lakshmikantapur}} via {{Rws|Jaynagar Majilpur}} was constructed by the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] and became a branch line of its Southern section.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":27" />

In 1942, EBR was merged with the [[Assam Bengal Railway]] {{Reporting mark|:ABR}} to form the Bengal and Assam Railway {{Reporting mark|:B&AR}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Railway |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Banglapedia – National Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh}}</ref>

Post the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the Eastern and Central sections of EBR were divided between India and East Pakistan. The direct connection between South Bengal and North Bengal was affected as the Calcutta–Siliguri line was snapped resulting in Haldibari–Chilahati and Gede–Darsana becoming international transit points for trains. In the Central section, [[Petrapole railway station]] was created as the terminus on the Indian side while the [[Benapole railway station]] became the terminus in the [[East Pakistan]]i side of the line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thapliyal, Sangeeta. "India-Bangladesh Transportation Links: A Move for Closer Cooperation". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-mar9-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001012050222/http://idsa-india.org/an-mar9-8.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 October 2000 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> All the railway lines east of Hooghly, south of Lalgola and west of East Pakistan that were under EBR were reorganised to be under the Sealdah division. The Sealdah division became a part of the Eastern Railway after the reorganization of railway zones on 14 April 1952.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Barasat–Basirhat light railway|Barasat–Basirhat Light Railway]] closed down in 1955 due to increasing losses.<ref name="history22">{{cite web |title=The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian |url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html |archive-date=16 March 2008 |access-date=2012-02-10 |publisher=railindia |df=dmy-all}}</ref> However a new {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] line was built in a new alignment between Barasat and Hasnabad from 1957 to 1962. The Shyambazar branch line was abandoned.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moonis Raza & Yash Aggarwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&q=Muri-Chandrapura+line&pg=PA60 |title=Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy |work=page 60 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company, A-15/16 Commercial Block, Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059 |year=1986 |isbn=81-7022-089-0 |access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Non-IR Railways in India |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html |access-date=2012-02-10 |publisher=[[IRFCA]]}}</ref> In an effort to give access to remote areas and promote new growth areas, the {{convert|47|km|mi|abbr=on}} long Lakshmikantapur–Namkhana line project was sanctioned in 1987-88 amongst other projects.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=STANDING COMMIlTEE ON RAILWAYS (1993-94) TENTH LOK SABHA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS FOURTH REPORT |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/56659/1/railways_10_04_1993.pdf |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> The line was extended up to [[Kulpi railway station|Kulpi]] by 1992 and was completed till [[Kakdwip railway station|Kakdwip]] by 2001.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Travel: A Great Escape |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153981:Travel:%20A%20Great%20Escape&catid=44:8th-day&from_page=search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614103041/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153981:Travel:%20A%20Great%20Escape&catid=44:8th-day&from_page=search |archive-date=14 June 2012 |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=The Statesman, 13 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech of Kumari Mamata Banerjee Introducing the Railway Budget for 2001-02, on 26th February 2001 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2001-02.pdf |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> The Kakdwip–[[Namkhana railway station|Namkhana]] section was completed by 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad Introducing the Railway Budget, for 2004-05, on 6th July, 2004 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2004-05_final.pdf |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> The [[Bagbazar railway station|Baghbazar]]-[[Prinsep Ghat railway station|Prinsep Ghat]] line was rehabilitated and commissioned for passenger traffic on 15 August 1984 and services were subsequently extended northwards towards [[Tala railway station|Tala]] and finally to [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum]] by 17 June 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech of Shri Bansi Lal Introducing the Railway Budget for 1985-86 on 14th March, 1985 |url=http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1985-86.pdf |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> The [[Prinsep Ghat railway station|Prinsep Ghat]]-[[Majerhat railway station|Majerhat]] elevated section was commissioned in 2005 thus completing the Circular railway line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad Introducing the Railway Budget for 2006-07, on 24th February 2006 |url=http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2006-07.pdf |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>

== List of major railway stations by commercial importance ==
The list includes the number of railway stations under the Sealdah railway division [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|categorized by their commercial importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Category-wise No. of stations over Eastern Railway as of 30 April 2021 |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624521405374-.4%20Category_wise%20Stations%20ZZZ.pdf |website=Eastern Railway}}</ref> Only major railway stations{{Efn|Major railway station here refer to any railway station which is [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|categorized by the Indian railways by commercial importance]] as between NSG-1 to NSG-4 or between SG-1 to SG-2 grade}} are listed.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%;"
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Non-Suburban Grade (NSG)'''
|-
! style="width:1%;" |Category
! style="width:1%;" |Number of Stations
! style="width:10%;" |Major railway stations{{Efn|Major railway station here refer to any railway station which is [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|categorized by the Indian railways by commercial importance]] as between NSG-1 to NSG-4 or between SG-1 to SG-2 grade}}

|-
| NSG-1 || 1 || {{rws|Sealdah}}
|-
| NSG-2 ||2|| {{rws|Kolkata}}, {{Rws|Naihati Junction}}
|-
| NSG-3 || 1 || {{rws|Berhampore Court}}
|-
| NSG-4 ||2|| {{rws|Beldanga}}, {{rws|Murshidabad Junction}}
|-
| NSG-5 ||10||
|-
| NSG-6 ||9||
|-
! colspan="3" | '''Suburban Grade (SG)'''
|-
| SG-1 || 0 || –
|-
| SG-2 || 16 || {{Rws|Barasat Junction}}, {{Rws|Barrackpore}}, {{Rws|Baruipur Junction}}, {{Rws|Belgharia}}, {{Rws|Bidhannagar Road}}, {{Rws|Chakdaha}}, {{Rws|Dum Dum Junction}}, {{Rws|Habra}}, {{Rws|Khardaha}}, {{Rws|Krishnanagar City Junction}}, {{Rws|Madhyamgram}}, {{Rws|Ranaghat Junction}}, {{Rws|Shyamnagar}}, {{Rws|Sodpur}}, {{Rws|Sonarpur Junction}}, {{Rws|Ichhapur}},{{Rws|Subhashgram|3=Subhasgram}}
|-
|SG-3
|112
|
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Halt Grade (HG)'''
|-
|HG-1
|0
|
|-
|HG-2
|0
|
|-
|HG-3
|53
|
|}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Zonal headquarters and divisions of Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Sealdah railway division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Eastern Railway zone|*]]

Muthamillh Murugan International Conference

2025-10-31T19:59:09Z

WMLTomoko1917594: started a post

{{Short description|Religious conference in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| name = Muthamillh Murugan International Conference
| date = 24 and 25 August, 2024
| venue = Arulmigu Palaniandavar College of Arts and Culture, [[Palani]]
| location = [[Palani]], [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| website = [https://muthamizhmuruganmaanadu2024.com]
}}

'''Muthamillh Murugan International Conference''' on the principles and teachings of the Hindu god [[Murugan]], held on 24 and 25 August, 2024 in [[Palani]] in [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. It was conducted in Arulmigu Palaniandavar College of Arts and Culture, Palani. It is not only a spiritual conference but also a conference on Tamil culture.<ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2024-08-25 |title=Muthamizh Murugan International Conference not just a spiritual conference but also a conference on Tamil culture: Udhayanidhi Stalin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/muthamizh-murugan-international-conference-not-just-a-spiritual-conference-but-also-a-conference-on-tamil-culture-udhayanidhi-stalin/article68566257.ece |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
The objective of the conference is to unite the devotees and thinkers of Lord Murugan globally and the conference was organised by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – English – MMIC 24 – Muthamizh Murugan Maanadu |url=https://muthamizhmuruganmaanadu2024.com/home-english/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Features ==
The conference is featured by Seminars, Photo exhibitions, 3D exhibitions, Virtual Reality shows, Speeches, Dance programs, Songs, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |author=B. Tilak Chandar |date=2024-08-24 |title=Muthamizh Murugan International Conference attracts a sea of devotees, visitors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/muthamizh-murugan-international-conference-attracts-a-sea-of-devotees-visitors/article68562818.ece |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
== Participants ==
Thousands of devotees from around the world especially from Singapore, Malaysia, England, Sri Lanka, etc. participated in the conference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second day of Global Muthamizh Murugan conference underway in Tamil Nadu today |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/second-day-of-global-muthamizh-murugan-conference-underway-in-tamil-nadu-today20240825124448/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
== Emphasis on Tamil ==
The importance of promoting Tamil in rituals and ceremonies is emphasized in the conference. Enhancing the uses of Siddha medicines is also emphasized.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=21 resolutions adopted at Global Muthamizh Conference in Palani to enhance Murugan devotion and siddha medicine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/21-resolutions-adopted-at-global-muthamizh-conference-in-palani-to-enhance-murugan-devotion-and-siddha-medicine/articleshow/112791745.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil-stub}}
{{Hinduism-stub}}
[[Category:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Religious conferences]]
[[Category:August 2024 in India]]
[[Category:2024 conferences]]

Gopal Chhotray

2025-10-10T14:35:19Z

WMLTomoko1917594:

{{Short description|Indian playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Gopal Chhotray
| image = Gopal Chhotray.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Chhotray in late 2002
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|04|20}}
| birth_place = Puranagarh, [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], India <ref>{{cite web |url= http://odisha.360.batoi.com/infopedia/odia-personalities/gopal-chhotray/ |title=Gopal Chhotray |work=odisha.360.batoi.com |quote=Gopal Chhotray was born on 1916 in Puranagarh village, Jagatsinghpur district. |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|01|22|1916|04|20}}
| death_place = Bhubaneswar, Odisha
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Odia Language|Odia]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = Hasyarasara Nataka
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = [[Devdas Chhotray]], Kasturi
| relatives =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Gopal Chhotray''' (20 April 1916 – 22 January 2003)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odisha.in/news/151/ARTICLE/2026/2008-01-22.html |title=Flower that vanishes with the Author |first=Prasanta |last=Patnaik |work=odisha.in |year=2008 |quote=Mausa left for his heavenly abode on 22nd January, 2003 |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916133449/http://www.odisha.in/news/151/ARTICLE/2026/2008-01-22.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> was an Indian dramatist and playwright. He was born in Puranagarh village of [[Jagatsinghpur district]] in [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[India]].

He is considered to be one of the chief architects of modern Oriya theatre. He brought in significant changes in the morphology of Oriya plays, both in theme and structure. He rescued them from the hold of opera and melodrama, and the overbearing influence of neighbouring Bengal.

== Life ==
Gopal Chhotray dominated the Oriya professional theatre for more than three decades. Beginning with Pheria (Come Back) in 1946, he wrote more than 15 original stage plays and 8 adaptations of eminent Oriya novels, most of which were runaway success in professional stage. There were days, when both the professional theaters of Cuttack, holding daily shows, used to stage his plays concurrently.

Apart from adapting works of eminent Odia novelists like Upendra Kishore Das (Mala Janha), [[Basanta Kumari Patnaik]] (Amadabata), Kanhu Charana Mohanty (Jhanja) and former Chief Minister of Odisha Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab (Pratibha), he also adapted Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's ‘Ramer Sumati’, Henrik Ibsen's 'Enemy of the People', A A Milne's 'Man in the Bowler Hat', Henry Fielding's 'Mock Doctor', and the English thriller 'The Evil That Men Do'.

Gopal Chhotray was associated with All India Radio (AIR), Cuttack since its inception in 1948. After years of writing as a freelancer, he joined AIR, Cuttack as an in-house script writer in 1956 and worked till 1975.

He wrote more than half a thousand radio plays, including musicals and features, and made listening to his works a household habit. His monthly serial 'Purapuri Paribarika'(Entirely A Family Matter), which ran uninterrupted for three years, was perhaps the earliest chain-play the AIR produced.

While in Radio, Gopal Chhotray made a unique contribution to the Odia musical tradition by reviving rural opera, which had gone out of fashion, and was frowned by the city bred and puritans. He brought both popularity and respectability for this genre by adapting them for broadcast by the AIR in 1960. He restored Baisnab Pani, the doyen of Odia Jatra, to his legitimacy and started an upsurge in musical plays by building up a large repertoire, consisting of his own originals and adaptations.

He has nearly twenty LP records and cassettes of his own work including the all-time best 'Srimati Samarjani' which he produced for the radio with Akshaya Mohanty, based on Fakir Mohan Senapati's short story 'Patent Medicine'. It continues to be a listening rage even after 40 years.

He was also pivotal in designing the dramatic contents of the Odisha Doordarshan when TV came to the State. He nurtured its foundation at Cuttack and continued to sustain it after it shifted to Bhubaneswar. He scripted nearly a hundred plays and features for the State TV, including serials and a memorable mythological called 'Devi Durga'.

== Career ==
He started his career as an amateur stage artist in Bharati Theatres in Cuttack, but soon became the foremost playwright and film script writer for the Odia stage and films respectively. After 'Pheria', his early plays in the 50s, such as 'Bharasa' and 'Para Kalam', were recognized as unique creations. His instant recognition for film script writing came with the production of the mega mythological 'Sri Jagannath' in 1950. In the next thirty five years, he wrote screenplays and dialogues for a number of 'middle of the road' cinemas, combining class and box office hits. 'Amadabata', 'Kie Kahara', 'Matira Manisha' and 'Badhu Nirupama' had received high critical acclaim for his dialogues and treatment.

When professional theatre withered away in Odisha and the State radio lost out its monopoly to private broadcasting and TV channels of doubtful quality, Gopal Chhotray, devoted himself to writing of short stories to respond to his creative urge. He published two volumes of his work, comprising about thirty stories, which were actually embryonic of the plays and films he wanted to write but could not.

Apart from several State awards like Sarala Samman, Bisuva Samman and Governor's Plaque of Honour (1991), he received the Kendriya Sahitya Akademi Award in 1982 and Kendriya Sangeet Natak Academi Award in 1987.

Gopal Chhotray spent his entire life in Cuttack. 2016 would be the centenary year of his birth.

== Publications ==

=== Plays ===

# Sahadharmini (1942)
# Pheria (1946)
# Bharasa (1954)
# Parakalama (1955)
# Nasta Urvashi (1955)
# Shankha Sindura (1956)
# Pathikabandhu (1958)
# Jhanja (1958)
# Janashatru (1958)
# Ardhangini (1959)
# Amadabata (1959)
# Ghataka (1960)
# Malajanha (1961)
# Abhaginira Swarga (1961)
# Pratibha (1962)
# Sadhana (1962)
# Purapuri Paribarika (1964)
# Dalabehera (1966) 19. Padmalaya (1972) 20. Shriharinka Sangsara (1974) 21. Shakha Prashakha (1977) 22. Nua Bou (1980) 23. Hasyarasara Nataka (1981) 24. Shataranji (1983) 25. Babaji (1984) 26. Shobha (1987) 27. Emiti Hue Nahin (1990) 28. Natakhata Nataka (1991) 29. Srestha Ekankika (1991) 30. Pahacha O Anya Nataka (1991) 31. Gajapati Heera O Anyanya (1991) 32. Babu Chandramani (1992) 33. Patent Medicine (1992) 34. Panchanatika (1993)

=== Musicals ===
1. Gansesha (1972)
2. Napahu Rati (1972)
3. Mahishamardini (1972)
4. Tinoti Apera Ekatra (1972)
5. Shrimati Samarjani (1974)
6. Gharabara Dekha (1977)
7. Bindu Sagara (1979)
8. Sampurna Ramayana (1980)
9. Sita, Laba-Kusha (1980)
10. Panchabati (1981)
11. Janmastami (1982)
12. Shree Jagannatha (1983)
13. Bole Hun Ti (1983)
14. Meera Bai (1988)
15. Ajodhya Kanda (1988)
16. Champuvinoda (1988)
17. Kapatapasha (1989)
18. Chhotray Geetinatya Sankalana (Anthology of Musicals)

=== Collections of stories ===
1. Sei Phula (1989)
2. Chandramukhi (1993)

=== Filmography ===
1. Shree Jagannatha (1950)
2. Maa (1958)
3. Nua Bou (1962)
4. Amada Bata (1964)
5. Abhinetri (1965)
6. Matira Manisha (1967)
7. Kie Kahara (1968)
8. Bandhan (1969)
9. Adina Megha (1970)
10. Dharitri (1973)
11. Ramayana (1980)
12. School Master (1985)
13. Badhu Nirupama (1985)

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]], 2002 <ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|url=http://www.gaodisha.gov.in/node/761|publisher=General Administration, Govt. of Odisha|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/2002/01/26/stories/2002012605090500.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602021959/http://www.hindu.com/2002/01/26/stories/2002012605090500.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 June 2009 |title=Gangubai Hangal, Yesudas, Borde among awardees |year=2002 |quote=Gopal Chhotray (literature, playwright, Jagatisinghpur, Orissa) |work= [[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
* Sarala Award, 2000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imfa.in/csr/saralaaward.htm |title=Sarala Award winners |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108033046/http://www.imfa.in/csr/saralaaward.htm |archive-date=8 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Bisuba Award, 1992
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 1982
* Odisha Sahitya Akademi awards, 1976
* Kendriya Sangeet Natak Akademi

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/chhotray.html
*http://www.odisha.in/news/151/ARTICLE/2026/2008-01-22.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916133449/http://www.odisha.in/news/151/ARTICLE/2026/2008-01-22.html |date=16 September 2016 }}
*[https://archive.today/20130411215614/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080421/jsp/jharkhand/story_9164885.jsp]

{{Odia literature}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhotray, Gopal}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jagatsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Odia dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Odisha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

Tamils in Italy

2025-08-20T17:19:58Z

WMLTomoko1917594: updated details

{{Short description|Ethnic Group residing in Italy}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tamils in Italy
| image =
| image_caption =
| population = 25,000
| popplace = [[Milan]], [[Palermo]], [[Rome]]
| langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[English language|English]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] (~95%), [[Catholicism]] (~5%)
| related =
}}
{{Tamils}}
'''Tamils in Italy''' are people of ethnic [[Tamil people|Tamil]] ancestry who reside in [[Italy]]. Recent estimates indicate that around 25,000 Tamils from both [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]] are living in Italy.<ref name="Tamil1">{{cite web | url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/italy.htm | title=Tamil Nation - Tamil Diaspora in Italy | access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="TAMIL2">""[http://tamilo.com/tamil-population-education-29.html World Tamil Population]", ''tamilo.com''</ref>

==History of Migration==
Though it is not established when the migration of Tamil people to Italy started, Tamils were reported to have migrated to [[Milan]] during the 1980s.<ref name="BR"/> More migrants came during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], which commenced in 1983. It is estimated that [[Sri Lankan Tamil]]s constitute at least a third of the Sri Lankan immigrants in Italy.<ref name="BR">{{cite web | url=http://www.berghof-peacesupport.org/publications/SL_Diaspora_in_italy.pdf | title=Sri Lankan Diaspora in Italy | access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>

The Tamil Diaspora is concentrated predominantly in [[Palermo]], [[Catania]], [[Milan]], [[Reggio Emilia]], [[Naples]], [[Bologna]] and [[Lecce]], where a number of cultural and linguistic organizations are based.<ref name="BR"/>

{{Portal|Tamils|Italy}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Diaspora}}
{{Immigration to Italy}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Italy]]
[[Category:Asian diaspora in Italy]]
[[Category:Demographics of Italy]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora by country|Italy]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Europe|Italy]]

Parashkol

2025-08-05T10:24:41Z

WMLTomoko1917594: adding a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parashkol
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|38|29.0|N|87|11|22.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.80
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11,112
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713322
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Parashkol''' is a [[census town]] located partly in the [[Pandabeswar (community development block)|Pandabeswar]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] and partly in the [[Andal (community development block)|Andal]] CD block of the [[Durgapur subdivision]] in the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=430| height=350| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|39|20|N|87|15|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and ECL Areas in the northern portion of Durgapur subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, R: rural administrative centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|23|44|4|N|87|14|22|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Kendra Khottamdi | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Kendra Khottamdi]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|40|N|87|16|28|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Ichhapur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Ichhapur, Paschim Bardhaman|Ichhapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|38|6|N|87|16|3|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Sarpi| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Sarpi, Paschim Bardhaman|Sarpi]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|39|49|N|87|18|0|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Nabaghanapur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Nabaghanapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|41|5|N|87|18|6|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Sirsha| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Sirsha, India|Sirsha]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|42|44|N|87|19|26|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Banagram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Banagram, Paschim Bardhaman|Banagram]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|42|10|N|87|18|37|E}} | label-pos7=bottom|label7= Mandarbani| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Mandarbani]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|11|20|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Bahula| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Bahula]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|25|N|87|11|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Chhora| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Chhora]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|41|10|N|87|11|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Haripur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Haripur, Paschim Bardhaman|Haripur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|40|15|N|87|14|5|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Sankarpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Sankarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Sankarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|40|47|N|87|14|41|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nabgram| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Nabgram]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|40|40|N|87|15|53|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Konardihi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Konardihi]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|42|35|N|87|17|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Mahal| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Mahal, Paschim Bardhaman|Mahal]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|43|12|N|87|16|42|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Baidyanathpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Baidyanathpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Baidyanathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|42|49|N|87|15|13|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Dalurband| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Dalurband]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|43|40|N|87|15|45|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramnagar| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Ramnagar, Pandaveswar|Ramnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|43|14|N|87|14|5|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bilpahari| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Bilpahari]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|38|35|N|87|15|40|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Chak Bankola| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Chak Bankola]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|38|29|N|87|11|22|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Parashkol| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=Parashkol (CT)|shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black 
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|40|0|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=ECL Kenda |labela21= Area Office |numbered21=0| mark-title21=[[Kenda Area|ECL Kenda Area Office]] (A)| label-size21=12| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|43|39|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos22= right|label22=ECL Pandaveswar Area Office | numbered22=0| mark-title22=[[Pandaveswar Area|ECL Pandaveswar Area Office]] (A)|shape-color22=#AA6666| label-size22=12
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|39|49|N|87|14|13|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=ECL Bankola|labela23= Area Office | numbered23=0| mark-title23=[[Bankola Area|ECL Bankola Area Office]] (A)|shape-color23= #AA6666|label-size23=12
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|40|21|N|87|17|16|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Jhanjhra Area Office | numbered24=0| mark-title24=[[Jhanjra|ECL Jhanjhra Area Office]] (A)|shape-color24=#AA6666| label-size24=12
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|40|50|N|87|10|50|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=ECL |labela25= Sonpur Bazari|labelb25 = Area Office | numbered25=0| mark-title25=[[Sonpur Bazari|ECL Sonpur Bazari Area Office]] (A)|shape-color25=#AA6666| label-size25=12
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|34|12|N|87|16|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label-color26=#800000| label26=Durgapur | numbered26=MC| mark-title26=[[Durgapur]] (MC)|shape-color14=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|39|25|N|87|18|27|E}} | label-pos27=right|label-color27=#C42222| label27= Laudoha | numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Laudoha]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|25|N|87|16|18|E}} | label-pos28=left|label-color28=#C42222| label28= Pandabeswar | numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Pandabeswar]] (R)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|17|33|E}} | label-pos29=right|label-color29=#C42222| label29= Tilaboni | numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Tilaboni]] (R)|shape-color29=#C42222
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|15|55|E}} | label-pos30=left|label-color30=#C42222| label30= Shyamsundarpur | numbered30=R| mark-title30=[[Shyamsundarpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|42|15|N|87|20|48|E}} | label-pos31=right|label-color31=#C42222| label31= Madhaipur | numbered31=R| mark-title31=[[Madhaipur]] (R)|shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23.75125|87.16556}}| label32=Ajay River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=0| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|23.554889|87.166754}}| label33=Damodar River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=20| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none}}

===Location===
[[Konardihi]], [[Nabgram]], [[Chak Bankola]], [[Sankarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Sankarpur]], [[Haripur, Paschim Bardhaman|Haripur]], [[Bahula]], [[Chhora]] and Parashkol form a cluster of census towns in the southern portion of Pandabeswar CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Series 20, Part XII A, Census of India 2011 | work= Map of Pandabeswar CD Block, page 243| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 September 2018}}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
According to the 2011 census, 79.22% of the population of the Durgapur subdivision was urban and 20.78% was rural. Durgapur subdivision has 1 municipal corporation at [[Durgapur]] and 38 (+1 partly) [[census town]]s (partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] the portion of Parashkol in Pandabeswar CD block had a total population of 10,367, of which 5,483 (53%) were males and 4,884 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,223. The total number of literate persons in this portion of Parashkol was 6,470 (70.76% of the population over 6 years). The portion of Parashkol in Andal CD block had a total population of 845, of which 480 (57%) were males and 365 (43%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 80. The total number of literate persons in this portion of Parashkol was 625 (81.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Andal (community development block)#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Parashkol had a population of 10,989. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Parashkol has an average literacy rate of 57%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 44%. In Parashkol, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Parashkol covered an area of 0.07+6.73 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water-supply involved overhead tank, tap water from treated sources, hand pump, tubewell, borewell. It had 75+856 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had were 4+1 primary schools, 0+3 middle schools, 0+1 secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school at [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] 7 km away. Among the important commodities it produced were paddy, bricks, vegetables.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
It is in the heart of the coal mining zone.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, p 666, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

As per ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the [[Kajora Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] in 2018 are: Central Kajora Colliery, Jambad OCP, Jambad UG, Khas Kajora Colliery, Lachipur Colliery, Madhusudanpur Colliery, Madhabpur Colliery, Naba Kajora Colliery and Porascole Colliery.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/kajora.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work = Kajora Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 18 August 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
Parashkol has two primary schools.<ref>[http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp 7th All-India School Education Survey 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Medical facilities in the Kajora Area of ECL are available at Kajora Area Dispensary (Kajora Morh, PO Kajoragram), Madhusudanpur Colliery (PO Dakshin Khanda), Naba Kajora (PO Kajora Gram), Jambad (UG) (PO Parasea), Madhabpur (PO Kajoragram), Parascole (E&W) (PO Parascole), Khas Kajora (PO Kajoragram), Lachipur (PO Kajoragram), Central Kajora (PO Kajoragram), Jambad OCP (PO Parasea).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrxiDIKi8Be4hgAXS67HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByYmpmZjA4BGNvbG8Dc2czBHBvcwMzBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--/RV=2/RE=1589705610/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.coalindia.in%2fDesktopModules%2fDocumentList%2fdocuments%2fDetails_of_Medical_Facility_in_CIL_and_its_Subsidiaries_05032018.xlsx/RK=2/RS=G5Llg8vcadCbsl1BI.JMH0rETxA- | title = Details of medical facilities in CIL and its subsidiaries | work= ECL| publisher = CIL|access-date = 15 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Sagrai

2025-07-28T00:55:31Z

WMLTomoko1917594: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sagrai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|09|10.0|N|87|48|58.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,755
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03451
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khandaghosh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandaghosh]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sagrai''' is a village in [[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|6|20|N|87|55|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ political centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|11|4|N|88|6|12|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Memari | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Memari]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|8|36|N|88|9|2|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Alipur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Alipur, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|6|56|N|87|48|18|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Seharabazar | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Seharabazar]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|45|N|87|59|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jamalpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Jamalpur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|4|43|N|87|53|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Raina| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Raina, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|1|9|N|87|52|33|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Madhabdihi| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Madhabdihi]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|12|56|N|87|41|23|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Khandaghosh| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Khandaghosh]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|14|35|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Paharhati| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Paharhati]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|16|N|87|51|59|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Shyamsundar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Shyamsundar]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|9|10|N|87|48|58|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Sagrai| numbered10=R| mark-title10= Sagrai (R)|shape-color10=black| label-size10=13|label-color10=black 
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|10|14|N|87|43|18|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Ukhrid| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ukhrid]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|58|46|N|87|55|33|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Gotan| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Gotan]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|4|34|N|87|54|22|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Maheshbati| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Maheshbati]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|18|N|88|2|26|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Masagram| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Masagram]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|11|6|N|88|1|47|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Rasulpur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Rasulpur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|9|13|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sat Deul| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Sat Deul]] (H)| shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.0486|87.6836}}| label17=Dwarakeswar River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=50| label-pos17=right| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.1967|87.8661}}| label18=Damodar River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=20| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none}}

===Urbanisation===
95.54% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 4.46% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 25 January 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Khandaghosh CD block are located at Sagrai.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 27 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | title = BDO Offices under Burdwan District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 8 February 2019 | archive-date = 5 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181005055734/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Sagrai had a total population of 1,755, of which 877 (50%) were males and 878 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 155. The total number of literates in Sagrai was 1,385 (86.56% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 27 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Transport==
The [[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|State Highway 7]], running from Rajgram (in Murshidabad district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district), passes through Sagrai.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | accessdate = 27 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
Sagrai Sukanta Vidyapith is a Bengali-medium coeducational higher secondary school. Established in 2003, it has facilities for teaching in classes VI to XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/sagrai-sukanta-vidyapith/19092003403 | title = Sagrai Sukanta Vidapith school| publisher = ICBSE|accessdate = 4 February 2019}}</ref>

Primary schools in Sagrai: Ahladipur FP School<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kulguru.com/school/ahladipur-f-p-school-sagrai-khandoghosh-bardhaman-west-bengal-x318ok6i | title = Ahladipur FP School, Sagrai| publisher = Kulguru |accessdate = 4 February 2019}}</ref> and Keudia Latifpur FP School.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/keudia-latifpur-f-p-school/19092002901 | title = Keudia Latifpur FP School| publisher = ICBSE |accessdate = 4 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]