Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Nee (band)

2026-04-29T17:37:20Z

WEMBruce20: Started Details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Nee
|background = group_or_band
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|origin = [[Bangalore]], India
|genre = [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Fusion (music)|Fusion]], [[Arabic Music|Arabic]], [[Classical Music|Classical]], [[Pop Music|Pop]], [[Rock Music|Rock]]
|years_active = 2009 – Present
|label = Nee Music
Rating by RadioGirmit {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.radiogirmit.com/musicreviews/nee]
|website = http://www.bandnee.com
|current_members = Siddeshwar Sairam Vikram Joshi Sumithra Priya Yadav<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/10/2011051120110511235648212ad9e1208/Weekend-musicians-bag-film-contract.html |title=Weekend musicians bag film contract, News – City – Bangalore Mirror, Bangalore Mirror |website=bangaloremirror.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117143415/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/10/2011051120110511235648212ad9e1208/Weekend-musicians-bag-film-contract.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
'''Nee''' is a [[Kannada]] music band, founded by Siddeshwar, released their debut album on Nee Music in June 2009.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/04/stories/2009070450530800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105030827/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/04/stories/2009070450530800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-05|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-07-04|title=Archive News}}</ref>
They are notably the first band composed of IT professionals that make Kannada music.<ref name="bangaloremirror.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=20090625200906250018595647e124c0b |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707212948/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=20090625200906250018595647e124c0b |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Complete Package">[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/complete-package-416]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="radiogirmit.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiogirmit.com/musicreviews/nee |title=Sa re ga ma pa da NEE | Radio Girmit – Online Kannada Radio Station |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220012212/http://www.radiogirmit.com/musicreviews/nee |archive-date=20 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="usirekannada.com">http://www.usirekannada.com/articles/read-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-da-nee_25.html{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

The duo from the band, Siddeshwar and Vikram has composed music for a [[Cinema of Karnataka|Sandalwood]] film [[Jaihind|Jai Hind]], produced by Major Srinivas Pujar.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/160848/stepping-sandalwood.html|title=Stepping into Sandalwood|date=12 May 2011}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/dynamic-duo-442 |title=The dynamic duo |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011085354/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/dynamic-duo-442 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early days ==
The thought process emanated early in the year 2001 with an objective of making music albums. Siddeshwar, the founder of Nee, went on a talent search to build a strong music team to make innovative songs. Sairam became a strong pillar of Nee since 2004 and composed several Hindi songs which include a Nee Album Hit score 'Pahadi'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/10777/techies-craze-kannada-rock.html|title=Techies craze for Kannada rock|date=29 June 2009}}</ref>

Nee became a complete music troop in the year 2007 with Sumitra and Joshi joining in.<ref name="bangaloremirror.com" />
The Nee group performed live on 15 December 2008 on the sets of TV9 (National News Channel) that became a big booster for them to create a music album.

[[File:Audio Release by Raghu Dixit.JPG|250px|right|thumbnail|Audio Release of Nee on 27 June 2009 at Planet M, by [[Raghu Dixit]]]]
[[File:Raghu Dixit and Team Nee.JPG|250px|right|thumbnail|Raghu Dixit (Centre) during the audio release along with Sumithra, Siddeshwar, Vikram Joshi and Sairam]]

== Motive ==
Nee's motive is to give a message to the society; one of the album's songs showcases the four noble truths of life as enlightened by [[Gautama Buddha]].

This album showcases all shades of life like happiness, sorrow, romance, excitement, enjoyment, love for nature so on and so forth. ''Nee'' is the first Kannada music album of its kind, which gratifies likes of all ages.

== Discography ==

=== 2009: ''Nee'' – Rebirth of Music ===
The band Nee's self-titled debut album was launched by the popular music director [[Raghu Dixit]]<ref name="hindu.com" /> on the band's new independent record label 'Nee Music'.<ref name="radiogirmit.com" />
{| class="wikitable"
! Track
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Composer(s)
! Lyricist(s)
! Length
|-
| 01
| Kuniyona
| Sumithra
| Siddeshwar, Sumithra
| Siddeshwar
| 4:14
|-
| 02
| Malenaadavanu
| Sairam
| Siddeshwar, Sairam
| Siddeshwar
| 5:10
|-
| 03
| Ee Nayanagalu
| Sumithra
| Siddeshwar, Sumithra
| Siddeshwar
| 4:07
|-
| 04
| Marulaade
| Joshi
| Joshi
| Siddeshwar, Ravi
| 4:16
|-
| 05
| Noorase
| Sumithra, Sairam, Joshi
| Siddeshwar, Sairam
| Siddeshwar
| 4:28
|-
| 06
| Manasaagide
| Joshi
| Joshi
| Joshi, Niranjan
| 3:36
|-
| 07
| Nee
| Sumithra, Joshi
| Siddeshwar, Sumithra
| Siddeshwar
| 4:40
|-
| 08
| Dastak
| Sairam
| Siddeshwar, Sairam
| Sairam
| 5:39
|-
| 09
| Tunturu
| Sairam
| Siddeshwar, Sairam
| Siddeshwar
| 3:54
|-
| 10
| Pahadi
| Sairam
| Siddeshwar, Sairam
| Sairam
| 5:11
|-
| 11
| Pahadi (unplugged)
| Sairam
| Siddeshwar, Sairam
| Sairam
| 4:42
|-
| 12
| Nee (Remix)
| Sarada, Sairam
| Siddeshwar, Sumithra
| Siddeshwar
| 4:21
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091123093307/http://www.bandnee.com/ Official Band Website]
* [http://www.myspace.com/bandnee My Space]
* [http://www.kannadaaudio.com/Songs/Pop/home/Nee-Band.php Band Nee's Free Audio Streaming at KannadaAudio.com]
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/album/K0000270.html Band Nee's Free Audio Streaming at Raaga.com]


[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2009]]

Nidhivan, Vrindavan

2026-04-27T09:09:39Z

WEMBruce20: Adding Post

{{short description|Sacred forest site dedicated to Radha and Krishna in Vrindavan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Nidhivan
|deity= [[Radha Krishna]]
|tradition= [[Vaishnavism]], [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya|Radha-Vallabha Sampradaya]]
|festivals=[[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Radhashtami]], [[Holi]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Kartik Purnima]]
|temple_tree=[[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulasi]]
|district=[[Mathura district]]
|location=[[Vrindavan]]
|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|country=[[India]]
|image= Nidhivan.jpg
|caption=Dense [[Tulasi]] forest of Nidhivan
|coordinates={{coord|27.583269|77.697643|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption=Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|map_type=India Uttar Pradesh
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Nidhivan''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: निधिवन meaning, '''Tulsi Forest''') is one of the sacred sites of [[Vrindavan]], situated in the [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Religious tourism in vrindavan: Perspectives & insights-Indian Journals|url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:tajmmr&volume=6&issue=4&article=001|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.indianjournals.com}}</ref> It is considered as the most prominent site dedicated to the pastimes of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deities [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] and their cowherd companions, the [[Gopi|Gopikas]]. It is a common belief among devotees that Nidhivan still witnesses the [[raslila|rasa-lila]] (dance) of Radha and Krishna during the night and thus, to protect the forest's sanctity, Nidhivan is closed with barricades during the night.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-12|title=The Mysterious Nidhivan in Vrindavan and Its Popular Tales|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/blog/the-mysterious-nidhivan-in-vrindavan-and-its-popular-tales/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Tour My India|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Radharani Nidhivan.jpg|thumb|Sri Bansichori Radharani Temple in Nidhivan, the shrine is dedicated to the event when Radha stole Krishna's [[Bansuri|flute]].]]
The forest has numerous [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulasi]] trees which are short in height, but are found in pairs and have entangled trunks. Besides the Tulasi plants, the premises also houses a temple called Rang Mahal, where it is believed that Radha and Krishna spend their night after the exhausting dance. Within the premises, there is also another temple called ''Sri Bansichori Radharani Temple'', a shrine dedicated to [[Swami Haridas]] who created the [[Banke Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari]] idol, Raslila Sthali where the dance is performed and the [[Lalita (gopi)|Lalita]] Pond which was believed to be made by Krishna himself, when the cowherds asked for water amidst of their tiring dance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-08|title=Mysterious Nidhivan Vrindavan - The Complete Story|url=https://yatradham.org/blog/mysterious-nidhivan-vrindavan/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=YatraDham|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-14|title=Mystery of Nidhivan Vrindavan, Nidhivan Story in Hindi, Images, Videos, Map|url=https://shrimathuraji.com/nidhivana-vrindavan/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Shri Mathura Ji|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Nidhi Van, Vrindavan - Darshan & Pastimes|url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/5b2b6aa29f7ab760360f9cb4/nidhi-van-pastimes|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan.}}</ref>

== Features==
=== Tulasi Plants ===
Nidhivan is considered one of the mysterious places of [[Vrindavan]]. It is a dense forest with lush green trees, primarily [[Tulasi]], which is considered a holy plant in [[Vaishnavism]]. The interesting thing is that the bark of the trees is hollow and the land is dry, but the tree remains loaded with green leaves throughout the year. All the trees are in a bending position towards the ground. Many [[Monkey|monkeys]] and [[Indian peafowl|peacocks]] inhabit the area. The common belief is that these trees turn into the [[gopi]] cowherds in the night to perform the [[Raslila]] dance, before returning from their original form at dawn. Every plant on the premises is found in pairs signifying the pair of the cowherds and [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nidhivan Temple Vrindavan, Timings, History, Mystery, Photos|url=https://www.gosahin.com/places-to-visit/nidhivan/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Gosahin - Explore Unexplored Destinations|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=15 May 2017|first=Sameera|last=Yusuf |title=Nidhivan - Mysterious Facts About Nidhivan Temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/religious-places/mysterious-facts-about-nidhivan-temple/articleshow/68206141.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Rang Mahal ===
[[File:Rang Mahal in Nidhivan.jpg|thumb|Inside the Rang Mahal depicting the main altar for Radha and Krishna. The disarranged clothes and bangles are seen on the ground.]]
Rang Mahal, meaning ''Colourful Palace'', is another temple in Nidhivan, known as the place where Radha was dressed up by Krishna. It is believed, that every night, Radha and Krishna themselves come to this palace to relax after their exhausting dance. The temple has sandalwood beds for sleeping. Every evening, before closing the temple gates, the temple priests make the bed, place ornaments like bangles, flowers and clothes for Radha, Tulasi leaves, [[Azadirachta indica|Neem]] twigs to be used as toothbrushes, sweets and [[Betel nut chewing|betel nuts and leaves]] to eat, and a jar full of water beside the bed. After all the arrangements are made by the priests, the main doors of the Rang Mahal and Nidhivan are locked from the outside and unlocked only in the morning. But every morning, they find that the bed looks as if someone has slept on it, the Neem twigs look used and the sweets and betel leaves look like they were partially eaten by someone. Also, the bangles, flowers and clothes look used, disordered and disarranged.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

No one is allowed inside the premises of the temple after the sun sets down. It is believed that Radha and Krishna come to the temple every night to rest. Anyone who tries to trespass Nidhivan to see what happens in the night either dies or loses their eyesight and mentality. Although the houses built in the vicinity of Nidhivan have access to the view of the area, no one dares to attempt to do so. Many people who live in the vicinity have sealed their windows with bricks and those who have open windows, also close them down after the final [[Arti (Hinduism)|aarti]] in the evening. Many of them also claimed to hear the sounds of anklets coming from Nidhivan at night.<ref name=":0" /> Even the monkeys and peacocks leave the Nidhivan temple after the sunset.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Nidhivan|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/mathura-vrindavan/nidhivan.html|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> Some people have also claimed to see Krishna himself in his divine form as a teenage cowherd, wearing yellow clothes and jewellery, a crown with a peacock feather attached to it, and playing the flute.

=== Appearance of Banke Bihari ===
[[File:Nidhivana Vrindavan Prakatyasthala bankebihariji.JPG|thumb|upright|The place where the Banke Bihari idol appeared for Swami Haridas in Nidhivan.]]
Nidhivan is also considered the place of appearance of the [[Banke Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari]] idol. It is said that the saint [[Swami Haridas]] with his sheer devotion and dedication, propitiated Radha and Krishna and they appeared in front of him. Later, both [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] formed an idol called Banke Bihari to stay with Haridas. For a few years, Banke Bihari was worshipped in Nidhivan and then it was enshrined in a separate [[Banke Bihari Temple|shrine]].<ref name=":2" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Nidhi van Vrindavan Main gate.JPG| The main entrance gate of Nidhivan.
File:Nidhivana Vrindavan Prakatyasthala bankebihariji.JPG|The place where the Banke Bihari idol appeared for Swami Haridas in Nidhivan.
File:Sevakunja Vrindavan.JPG|View of the Seva Kunj adjoining Nidhivan.
File:Banke bihari (444).JPG|Inside the forest at night.
File:Nidhivana Vrindavan.JPG|The [[tulasi]] plants in Nidhivan
</gallery>

== Timings ==
The time zone ([[UTC+05:30]]) observed through India by the priest.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-18|title=Nidhivan Temple Timings, Opening & Aarti Timing, Vrindavan|url=https://shrimathuraji.com/nidhivan-temple-timings-vrindavan/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Shri Mathura Ji|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Summer Timings''' - 05:00 am to 08:00 pm.(Closed Between 1.00PM to 3.30 PM)

'''Winter Timings''' - 06:00 am to 07:00 pm.(Closed Between 1.00PM to 3.30 PM)

== Nearby attractions ==

* Seva Kunj
* [[Bankey Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari Temple]]
* [[Radha Raman Temple]]
* [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Damodar Temple]]
* Radha Gopinath Temple
* [[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Vallabh Temple]]
*Gopeshwar Mahadev
*Mote ganesh ji

== See also ==
* [[Gopi]]s
* [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|Krishna Balrama Temple]]
* [[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]]
* [[Radha Krishna]]
* [[Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan]]
* [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Madan Mohan Temple]]
* [[Radha Rani Temple]]
* [[Raslila]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/do-you-know-about-the-mysterious-nidhivan-in-vrindavan-where-krishna-still-performs-raasleela/as65654845.cms
* https://kalingatv.com/features/nidhivan-the-mystery-land-where-krishna-rasleela-happens-every-night/

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura district]]

Kareena Kapoor filmography

2026-04-26T20:33:41Z

WEMBruce20: creating initial details initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Kareena Kapoor 2015.jpg|thumb|Kapoor Khan at an event for ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' in 2015|alt=A picture of Kareena Kapoor, looking away from the camera.]]
[[Kareena Kapoor]] is an Indian actress who has appeared in more than 66 [[Hindi]] films. She made her acting debut opposite [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in the 2000 drama ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'', for which she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].{{sfn|Rishi|2012|page=34}} The following year, she appeared in five films, including the romance ''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]'', the thriller ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'', and the ensemble melodrama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''. The latter emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film in overseas to that point,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Box Office India]] |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Overseas |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |access-date=30 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052405/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date= 6 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers 2000–2009 (Figures in Ind Rs)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014070531/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Gopal|2012|page=63}} and the success of these films established her in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress|title=Top Actress|access-date=17 February 2014|publisher=Box Office India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104803/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> This success was followed by repetitive roles in a series of commercial failures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.anupamachopra.com/media/pdf/Kareena_Kapoor_Starry_Heights_Sep_08_2003.pdf |title=Starry Heights |access-date=11 July 2012 |author=Chopra, Anupama |date=8 September 2003 |work=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422132238/http://www.anupamachopra.com/media/pdf/Kareena_Kapoor_Starry_Heights_Sep_08_2003.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2014 }}</ref>

In 2004, Kapoor portrayed a prostitute in the drama ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'', which proved to be a turning point in her career,<ref name="Journey">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1375 |title=Exploring 10 years journey of Kareena Kapoor — Part II |access-date=8 September 2010 |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=4 September 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808230812/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1375 |archive-date= 8 August 2013 }}</ref> earning her a [[Filmfare Special Award]].<ref name="Chameli">{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/512087.cms|title=Awards 2003: Winners of the 49th Manikchand Filmfare Awards|publisher=Indiatimes|access-date=8 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709111513/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/512087.cms|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> That same year, she played a Muslim woman affected by the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] in [[Govind Nihalani]]'s political drama ''[[Dev (2004 film)|Dev]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/733684.cms |title=Dev: Gujarat in Bollywood, finally |access-date=19 November 2007 |author=Gupta, Parul |date=11 June 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408184017/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/733684.cms |archive-date= 8 April 2015 }}</ref> and two years later, she played the [[Desdemona]] character in ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' (2006), an adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Othello]]'' from director [[Vishal Bhardwaj]].{{sfn|Burnett|2013|p=59}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/05/omkara_preview.shtml |title=Omkara |access-date=19 May 2009 |author=Gajjar, Manish |date=May 2006 |publisher=[[BBC]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111074642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/05/omkara_preview.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2011 }}</ref> She won two [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]] for these films.<ref name="Awards">{{cite web|url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8746/index.html|title=Kareena Kapoor: Awards & Nominations|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806140053/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8746/index.html|archive-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> In 2007, Kapoor played a loquacious [[Sikh]] girl in ''[[Jab We Met]]'', a commercially successful romantic comedy co-starring [[Shahid Kapoor]], for which she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].{{Sfn|Edgar|p=93}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=31 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115223235/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kapoor co-starred with [[Aamir Khan]] in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s comedy-drama ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009),<ref>{{cite news|title=Celebs in Geeky look |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-in-geeky-look/articleshow/20878534.cms |access-date=12 February 2015 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303065937/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-in-geeky-look/articleshow/20878534.cms |archive-date= 3 March 2015 }}</ref> which emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Indian film]] to that point.<ref>{{cite web|title=All Time Grossers |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=303&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=31 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227105607/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=303&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her role in the family drama ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'' and played a tomboy in the lucrative comedy ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (both 2010).<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers 2010–2019 (Figures in Ind Rs)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=317&catName=MjAxMC0yMDE5|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115031944/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=317&catName=MjAxMC0yMDE5|archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhushan |first1=Nyay |title='Udaan' Tops Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/udaan-tops-filmfare-awards-94585 |access-date=31 January 2015 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=31 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304095520/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/udaan-tops-filmfare-awards-94585 |archive-date= 4 March 2015 }}</ref> In 2011, she played the leading lady in the [[List of Bollywood films of 2011|top-grossing]] action films ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' and ''[[Ra.One]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Grossers-INDIA in 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103032301/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2011 |archive-date= 3 January 2015 }}</ref> Among her four releases in 2012, she received praise for playing a free-spirited woman in ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'',<ref>{{cite news|date=12 February 2012|title=Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu (2012)|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2012/02/13/movies/ek-main-aur-ekk-tu-bollywood-romcom-set-in-las-vegas.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|url-status=live|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215182117/http://movies.nytimes.com/2012/02/13/movies/ek-main-aur-ekk-tu-bollywood-romcom-set-in-las-vegas.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|archive-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> a troubled actress in ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' and a prostitute in ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rana |first1=Preetika |title=Review Round-Up: Kareena, a Lone 'Heroine' |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/09/21/review-round-up-kareena-a-lone-heroine/ |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=14 February 2015 |date=21 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214061623/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/09/21/review-round-up-kareena-a-lone-heroine/ |archive-date=14 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121201/jsp/entertainment/story_16259714.jsp |title=Howler hunt! |access-date=20 December 2012 |author=Gupta, Pratim D |date=1 December 2012 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204144533/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121201/jsp/entertainment/story_16259714.jsp |archive-date= 4 December 2012 }}</ref> In the next few years, she (now Kapoor Khan) decreased her workload, taking on smaller parts of the love-interest in the [[androcentrism|androcentric]] films ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014) and ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015); the latter ranks among Indian cinema's highest earners.<ref name="Rolereversal">{{cite news|title=Role reversal|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/role-reversal/article8396223.ece|access-date=13 April 2016|author=Chaudhuri, Mohini|date=25 March 2016|work=[[Business Line]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227093734/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/role-reversal/article8396223.ece|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ajay Devgn's Singham Returns chases Kick as second highest 2014 grosser |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Ajay-Devgns-Singham-Returns-chases-Kick-as-second-highest-2014-grosser/articleshow/40773386.cms |access-date=31 January 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011030006/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Ajay-Devgns-Singham-Returns-chases-Kick-as-second-highest-2014-grosser/articleshow/40773386.cms |archive-date=11 October 2014 }}</ref> This changed in 2016 when she starred in two commercial successes, the satire ''[[Ki & Ka]]'' and the acclaimed drama ''[[Udta Punjab]]''.<ref name="Rolereversal"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Prashant |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/neerja-to-udta-punjab-films-that-worked-at-the-box-office-in-2016/story-FxTiYIFGsv2CGP3p2XJTgP.html |title=Neerja to Udta Punjab: Films that worked at the box office in 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 July 2016 |date=30 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731051539/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/neerja-to-udta-punjab-films-that-worked-at-the-box-office-in-2016/story-FxTiYIFGsv2CGP3p2XJTgP.html |archive-date=31 July 2016 }}</ref> Further success came with the ensemble comedies ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' (2018) and ''[[Good Newwz]]'' (2019).<ref name="scroll23">{{cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|website=Scroll.in|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1056245/whats-behind-the-kareena-kapoor-khan-swerve-its-important-to-keep-changing-yourself|title=What's behind the Kareena Kapoor Khan swerve: 'It's important to keep changing yourself'|date=20 September 2023|access-date=21 September 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928092609/https://scroll.in/reel/1056245/whats-behind-the-kareena-kapoor-khan-swerve-its-important-to-keep-changing-yourself|url-status=live}}</ref> After reuniting with Aamir Khan in the commercially failed drama ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]'' (2022), Kapoor Khan had her first streaming film release in the thriller ''[[Jaane Jaan (2023 film)|Jaane Jaan]]'' (2023).<ref name="scroll23"/> In 2024, she had another female-led commercial success in the comedy ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=8 April 2024 |title=Ektaa R Kapoor, Rhea Kapoor Celebrate Success of Kareena Kapoor Khan, Tabu, Kriti Sanon's 'Crew,' Tease Sequel: 'The Chemistry Is Banging' |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kareena-kapoor-khan-tabu-kriti-sanons-crew-sequel-1235963663/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Variety |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408100447/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kareena-kapoor-khan-tabu-kriti-sanons-crew-sequel-1235963663/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She, then, appeared in Rohit Shetty's ''[[Singham Again]]'', an installment in the ''[[Cop Universe]]''.

==Films==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Productions that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes productions that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2000
!scope="row"| ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''
| Nazneen "Naaz" Ahmed
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Refugee (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540318 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901143144/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540318 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2001
! scope="row" |''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]''
| {{Sort|Saxena|Pooja Saxena}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201567 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201567 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]''
| {{Sort|Puri|Isha Singh Puri}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaadein (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201813 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225413/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201813 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
| {{Sort|Malhotra|Priya Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Ajnabee (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201660 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201660 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]''
| Kaurwaki
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Asoka (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200455 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831201010/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200455 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
| {{Sort|Sharma|Pooja Sharma}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201895 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901143559/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201895 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002
! scope="row" |''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]''
| {{Sort|Kapoor|Tina Kapoor}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Mujhse Dosti Karoge (2002) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57071 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807072515/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57071 |archive-date= 7 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Jeena Sirf Merre Liye]]''
| Pooja Khanna (Pinky){{efn|name=two|Kapoor played a single character who has two different names.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gumaste |first1=Deepa |title=What a sad six-song routine! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/01jeena.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=12 February 2015 |date=1 November 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212155326/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/01jeena.htm |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sen |first1=Raja |title=Review: Agent Vinod just isn't clever enough |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-agent-vinod-just-isnt-clever-enough/20120323.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 February 2015 |date=23 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514181029/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-agent-vinod-just-isnt-clever-enough/20120323.htm |archive-date=14 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=I'm very much unlike the Bebo of 'Kambakkht Ishq': Kareena |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/i-m-very-much-unlike-the-bebo-of-kambakkht-ishq-kareena_34200.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=12 February 2015 |location=New Delhi |date=3 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212160424/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/i-m-very-much-unlike-the-bebo-of-kambakkht-ishq-kareena_34200.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Yuyutsu |first1=Arya |title='Talaash': 5 Things That Didn't Work |url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/talaash-5-things-that-didnt-work_5890.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=12 February 2015 |date=4 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212185558/http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/talaash-5-things-that-didnt-work_5890.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref>}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeena Sirf Merre Liye (2002) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201930 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171250/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201930 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2003
! scope="row" |''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...]]''
| {{Sort|Saluja|Tina Saluja}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Talaash... The Hunt Begins (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508262 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163251/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508262 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Khushi (2003 Hindi film)|Khushi]]''
| Khushi Singh (Laali)
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Khushi (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539713 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222530/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539713 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]''
| {{Sort|Satyaprakash|Sanjana Satyaprakash}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201790 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125111/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201790 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[LOC Kargil]]''
| Simran
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Loc-Kargil (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201799 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125459/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201799 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2004
! scope="row" |''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]''
| Chameli
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Chameli"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Chameli (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54484 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902181802/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54484 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Yuva]]''
| Mira
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Yuva (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510616 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901005452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510616 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Dev (2004 film)|Dev]]''
| Aaliya
| Also playback singer for "Jab Nahin Aaye The Tum"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Dev (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201702 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901070000/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201702 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Gahlaut, Kanika |title=Sing along |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20040426-kareena-kapoor-stars-in-upcoming-move-dev-director-govind-nihalani-790187-2004-04-25 |work=India Today |date=26 April 2004 |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160250/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kareena-kapoor-stars-in-upcoming-move-dev-director-govind-nihalani/1/196226.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Fida]]''
| {{Sort|Mehra|Neha Mehra}}
| Also playback singer for "Aaja Ve Mahi"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Fida (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201740 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901220051/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201740 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aitraaz]]''
| {{Sort|Saxena|Priya Saxena}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Aitraaz (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200448 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128003949/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200448 |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]''
| {{Sort|Pathak|Anjali Pathak}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Hulchul (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539387 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831182228/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539387 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2005
! scope="row" |''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]''
| {{Sort|Verma|Anjali Verma}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Bewafaa (2005) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538495 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213153/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538495 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kyon Ki]]''
| {{Sort|Khurana|Dr. Tanvi Khurana}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Kyon Ki (2005) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508854 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220401/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508854 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Dosti: Friends Forever]]''
| {{Sort|Saluja|Anjali Saluja}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Dosti – Friends Forever (2005) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534204 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233803/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534204 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2006
! scope="row" |''[[36 China Town]]''
| {{Sort|Singhania|Priya Singhania}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=36 China Town (2006) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508919 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829015523/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508919 |archive-date=29 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Chup Chup Ke]]''
| {{Sort|Chauhan|Shruti Chauhan}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Chup Chup Ke (2006) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54350 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430033045/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54350 |archive-date=30 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''
| [[Desdemona|Dolly Mishra]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Omkara (2006) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201587 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831131732/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201587 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]''
| Kamini
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Don – The Chase Begins Again (2006) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534291 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708065130/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534291 |archive-date= 8 July 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007
! scope="row" |''[[Kya Love Story Hai]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "It's Rocking"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Kya Love Story Hai (2007) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55702 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185717/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55702 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Jab We Met]]''
| {{Sort|Dhillon|Geet Dhillon}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Jab We Met (2007) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55709 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210255/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55709 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2008
! scope="row" |''[[Halla Bol]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Halla Bol (2008) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54395 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831182123/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54395 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]''
| {{Sort|Singh|Pooja Singh}}
| Also playback singer for "Pooja Ka Tashan"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Tashan (2008) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58411 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902082845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58411 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Roadside Romeo]]''
| Laila
| Animated feature film
Voice only
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Roadside Romeo (2008) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508599 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901145656/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508599 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
| Ekta Gill Santoshi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Golmaal Returns (2008) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56205 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803061023/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56205 |archive-date= 3 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2009
! scope="row" |''[[Luck by Chance]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Luck By Chance (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201796 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901203137/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201796 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Billu]]''
| Unnamed
| Special appearance in the song "Marjaani"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Billu (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/62945 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724031236/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/62945 |archive-date=24 July 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''
| {{Sort|Rai|Simrita Rai}}{{efn|name=two}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Kambakkht Ishq (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201764 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902004500/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201764 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]''
| {{Sort|Khanna|Raina Khanna}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Main Aurr Mrs Khanna (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65160 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214190236/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65160 |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''
| {{Sort|Ahuja|Avantika Ahuja}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Kurbaan (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539747 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231327/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539747 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[3 Idiots]]''
| {{Sort|Sahastrabuddhe|Pia Sahastrabuddhe}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards"/><ref>{{cite web|title=3 Idiots (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65530 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901132909/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65530 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010
! scope="row" |''[[Milenge Milenge]]''
| Priya Kapoor
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Milenge Milenge (2010) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831231912/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505022 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]''
| {{Sort|Arora|Shreya Arora}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3428 |title=Kareena Kapoor | Latest Celebrity Awards |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129093714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3428 |archive-date=29 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=We Are Family (2010) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/536232 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831141300/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/536232 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Golmaal 3]]''
| Divya
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Golmaal 3 (2010) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525442 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831121757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525442 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011
! scope="row" |''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
| Divya Rana/ Chhaya
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Bodyguard (2011) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537944 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214032752/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537944 |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Ra.One]]''
| Sonia Subramaniam
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Ra.One (2011) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/541043 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415031809/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/541043 |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2012
! scope="row" |''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''
| {{Sort|Braganza|Riana Braganza}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu (2012) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537949 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902101513/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537949 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''
| {{Sort|Bilal|Iram Parveen Bilal}}/ Dr. Ruby Mendes{{efn|name=two}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Agent Vinod (2012) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503036 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328064159/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503036 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''
|Unnamed
|Special appearance in song "Chinta Ta"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rowdy Rathore (2012) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545805 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627230732/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545805 |archive-date=27 June 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]''
| {{Sort|Arora|Mahi Arora}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Awards1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Heroine (2012) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537929 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901023906/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537929 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''
| Rosie/Simran{{efn|name=two}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Talaash (2012) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545485 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902131241/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545485 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Dabangg 2]]''
|Item Dancer
|Special appearance in the song "Fevicol Se"
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2013
! scope="row" |''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "[[Apna Bombay Talkies]]"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch: Bollywood's biggest stars dance to 'Apna Bombay Talkies' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-bollywoods-biggest-stars-dance-to-apna-bombay-talkies/387945-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502045433/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-bollywoods-biggest-stars-dance-to-apna-bombay-talkies/387945-8-66.html |archive-date= 2 May 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]]''
| {{Sort|Ahmed|Yasmin Ahmed}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Satyagraha (2013) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/566675 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829145229/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/566675 |archive-date=29 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein!]]''
| {{Sort|Sharma|Dia Sharma}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Gori Tere Pyaar Mein! (2013) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/584414 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831093254/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/584414 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014
! scope="row" |''[[Singham Returns]]''
| {{Sort|Kamat|Avni Kamat}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Singham Returns (2014) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/673370 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705032856/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/673370 |archive-date= 5 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Shaukeens|''[[The Shaukeens]]''}}
| Herself
|Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=After Abhishek Bachchan, Kareena Kapoor to do a cameo in The Shaukeens |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/2690419 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029204654/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/2690419 |archive-date=29 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]''
|Herself
|Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Happy Ending (2014) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/597897 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831174507/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/597897 |archive-date=31 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015
! scope="row" |''[[Gabbar Is Back]]''
| Sunaina
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabbar is Back (2015) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/598538 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119021054/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/598538 |archive-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
| Rasika Pandey
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/732337 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403082010/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/732337 |archive-date= 3 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
| Mary
| Special appearance in the song "Mera Naam Mary Hai"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Brothers (2015) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/745117 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524220932/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/745117 |archive-date=24 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016
! scope="row" |''[[Ki & Ka]]''
| Kia Sahni Bansal
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Ki & Ka (2016) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4850811 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412012652/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4850811 |archive-date=12 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Udta Punjab]]''
| {{sort|Sahni|Dr. Preet Sahni}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Kareena's 'doctor' look for 'Udta Punjab' unveiled |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kareena-s-doctor-look-for-udta-punjab-unveiled-116041400590_1.html |access-date=15 April 2016 |date=14 April 2016 |work=[[Business Standard]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423185947/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kareena-s-doctor-look-for-udta-punjab-unveiled-116041400590_1.html |archive-date=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" |''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
| {{sort|Puri|Kalindi Puri}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Trailer watch: Female friends and lots of f-words pepper the 'Veere Di Wedding' trailer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trailer-watch-female-friends-and-lots-of-f-words-pepper-the-veere-di-wedding-trailer/article23682995.ece |access-date=1 June 2018 |author=Radhakrishnan, Sruthi |date=26 April 2018 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427032623/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trailer-watch-female-friends-and-lots-of-f-words-pepper-the-veere-di-wedding-trailer/article23682995.ece |archive-date=27 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" |''[[Good Newwz]]''
| Deepti Batra
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-khan-s-good-news-to-release-on-december-27/story-sYRIF21QdnIgYTowUCbYfP.htmll|title=Akshay Kumar, Kareena Kapoor Khan's Good News to release on December 27|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 April 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528141609/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-khan-s-good-news-to-release-on-december-27/story-sYRIF21QdnIgYTowUCbYfP.htmll|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2020
! scope="row" |''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
|Naina Kohli
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/will-kareena-kapoor-khan-romance-irrfan-khan-angrezi-medium-actress-spills-beans/|title=Will Kareena Kapoor Khan romance Irrfan Khan in Angrezi Medium? Dinesh Vijan confirms|date=25 April 2019|access-date=25 April 2019|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425201330/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/will-kareena-kapoor-khan-romance-irrfan-khan-angrezi-medium-actress-spills-beans/|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
! scope="row" |''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
|Rupa D'Souza
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|work=Filmfare|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-55210.html|title=Laal Singh Chaddha Movie Review|date=12 August 2022|last=Sharma|first=Devesh|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817171548/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-55210.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
! scope="row" |''[[Jaane Jaan (2023 film)|Jaane Jaan]]''
| Maya D'Souza
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaane-jaan-teaser-kareena-kapoors-ott-debut-film-to-be-out-on-her-birthday-101692944348567.html|title=Jaane Jaan teaser: Kareena Kapoor, Jaideep Ahlawat, Vijay Varma's first looks out; film to have OTT release on this date|date=25 August 2023|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825072949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaane-jaan-teaser-kareena-kapoors-ott-debut-film-to-be-out-on-her-birthday-101692944348567.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[The Buckingham Murders]]''
| Jasmeet Bhamra
| Also producer
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kareena-kapoor-khans-film-the-buckingham-murders-to-screen-at-bfi-london-film-festival-2023|title=Kareena Kapoor Khan's film The Buckingham Murders to screen at BFI London Film Festival 2023|date=1 September 2023|access-date=1 September 2023|website=Film Companion|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901124901/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kareena-kapoor-khans-film-the-buckingham-murders-to-screen-at-bfi-london-film-festival-2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
! scope="row" |''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]''
| Jasmine Kohli
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Kareena Kapoor, Tabu, Kriti Sanon starrer 'The Crew' to release on this date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kareena-kapoor-tabu-kriti-sanon-starrer-the-crew-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/101429165.cms|date=2 July 2023|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702062919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kareena-kapoor-tabu-kriti-sanon-starrer-the-crew-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/101429165.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Singham Again]]''
| Avni Kamat Singham
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kareena Kapoor Khan kicks off the shoot for Rohit Shetty's Singham Again in Hyderabad|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kareena-kapoor-khan-kicks-off-shoot-rohit-shettys-singham-hyderbad-ranveer-singh-hints-sharing-screen-space/|date=7 October 2023|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 October 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008013815/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kareena-kapoor-khan-kicks-off-shoot-rohit-shettys-singham-hyderbad-ranveer-singh-hints-sharing-screen-space/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2024 |title=Rohit Shetty wraps shooting for Singham Again with Ajay Devgn: '33 years later, still going strong' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rohit-shetty-wraps-singham-again-with-ajay-devgn-101721646170938.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rohit-shetty-wraps-singham-again-with-ajay-devgn-101721646170938.html |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|2026
! scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''[[Daayra]]'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Post-production
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan, Prithviraj Sukumaran begin shooting for Meghna Gulzar's Daayra|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-prithviraj-sukumaran-begin-shooting-meghna-gulzars-daayra/|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=25 September 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
|}


==Documentary==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2000
! scope="row" | ''Bollywood im Alpenrausch''
| Herself
|Uncredited role
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood im Alpenrausch – Indische Filmemacher erobern die Schweiz |url=http://www.swissfilms.ch/en/film_search/filmdetails/-/id_film/974192573 |publisher=Swiss Films |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227012118/http://www.swissfilms.ch/en/film_search/filmdetails/-/id_film/974192573 |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | ''The Indian Food Wisdom and The Art of Eating Right''
| Herself
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kareena-karishma-saif-come-together-for-film-on-nutrition-113072501021_1.html |title=Kareena, Karishma-Saif come together for film on nutrition |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |date=25 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316021718/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kareena-karishma-saif-come-together-for-film-on-nutrition-113072501021_1.html |archive-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2015
! scope="row" |''Bollywood And Beyond: A Century Of Indian Cinema''
| Herself
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2015/bbc-india-season |title=BBC to show major season of programmes celebrating India |publisher=[[BBC Online]] |access-date=18 September 2015 |date=22 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929000314/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2015/bbc-india-season |archive-date=29 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Girl Rising India – Woh Padhegi, Woh Udegi''
|Herself
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teaser Of Girl Rising India – Woh Padhegi, Woh Udegi Released|url=https://www.koimoi.com/videos/teaser-of-girl-rising-india-woh-padhegi-woh-udegi-released/|date=25 August 2015|work=Koi Moi|access-date=16 March 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028151110/https://www.koimoi.com/videos/teaser-of-girl-rising-india-woh-padhegi-woh-udegi-released/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Television==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"| ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|Herself
|
|
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"| ''[[Punar Vivah]]''
| {{Sort|Arora|Mahi Arora}}
| Episode 154
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan |first1=Asad |last2=Behrawala |first2=Krutika |last3=Kulkarni |first3=Onkar |title=Ranbir Kapoor's 'triple' cameo |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ranbir-kapoor-s--triple--cameo/1000594/ |work=The Indian Express |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145149/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ranbir-kapoor-s--triple--cameo/1000594/ |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" |''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Herself
| Episode "Heroine Ka Khatra"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|author=Bhopatkar, Tejashree|title=Akshay Sethi plays an obsessive fan of Kareena on CID|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Akshay-Sethi-plays-an-obsessive-fan-of-Kareena-on-CID/articleshow/16378200.cms|work=The Times of India|date=13 September 2012|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114060342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Akshay-Sethi-plays-an-obsessive-fan-of-Kareena-on-CID/articleshow/16378200.cms|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" |''[[Naagin 3]]''
| Kaalindi
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" |''[[Dance India Dance: Battle of the Champions]]''
| Judge
|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" |''[[Spy Bahu]]''
| Narrator
| For first episode and trailers
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cyril|first=Grace|date=20 February 2022|title=Kareena Kapoor turns narrator for upcoming fiction drama Spy Bahu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kareena-kapoor-turns-narrator-for-upcoming-fiction-drama-spy-bahu-watch-first-promo-1915402-2022-02-20|access-date=7 April 2022|work=[[India Today]]|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210210/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kareena-kapoor-turns-narrator-for-upcoming-fiction-drama-spy-bahu-watch-first-promo-1915402-2022-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Kareena Kapoor|Awards and nominations received by Kareena Kapoor]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Edgar|first=Thorpe|title=The Pearson Current Events Digest 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aatFJFXjnggC|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2723-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Burnett|first=Mark Thornton|title=Shakespeare and World Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMV_m_-olwYC|year=2013|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-00331-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gopal|first1=Sangita|title=Conjugations: Marriage and Form in New Bollywood Cinema|date=26 January 2012|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-2263-042-74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVO6GMT_OIAC}}
* {{cite book|last=Rishi|first=Tilak|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC|year=2012|publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4626|name=Kareena Kapoor Khan}}

{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor Khan, Kareena filmography}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]
[[Category:Filmographies]]

Vedalam (soundtrack)

2026-04-19T21:15:02Z

WEMBruce20:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Vedalam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover = Vedhalam album cover.jpeg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|21}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:33
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Naanum Rowdydhaan]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

'''''Vedalam''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] for the 2015 Tamil film [[Vedalam|of the same name]], written and directed by [[Siva (director)|Siva]] starring [[Ajith Kumar]] in the titular lead role. The film marks Anirudh's first collaboration with Ajith and Siva. The album featured five songs (including a theme track) and lyrics were written by [[Madhan Karky]], [[Rokesh]], [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]] and Siva.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajith's 'Thala 56' to have 4 songs and 1 theme track by Anirudh Ravichander|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/ajiths-thala-56-to-have-5-songs-and-1-theme-track-by-anirudh-ravichander.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 21 October 2015 through the [[Sony Music India]] record label.<ref>{{Citation |title=Vedalam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=2015-10-21 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3KOvSxSNXC7mPvVESt1rVT |language=en |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref>

== Development ==
In November 2014, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] who worked with Ajith in several projects, was speculated to compose the music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=2014-11-17 |title='Thala 56': Ajith Starrer to Have Music by Yuvan Shankar Raja? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/thala-56-ajith-starrer-have-music-by-yuvan-shankar-raja-614187 |access-date=2021-07-02 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> Later [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] too was reported to be on-board.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=25 February 2015 |title=Ajith's 'Thala 56' Update: GV Prakash Bags Siruthai Siva's Movie |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ajiths-thala-56-update-gv-prakash-bags-siruthai-sivas-movie-624463 |work=International Business Times, India Edition |accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> On 19 March 2015, [[Anirudh Ravichander]] was roped in to compose music for the film and was officially confirmed his inclusion for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-19 |title=Anirudh Ravichander to score music for Ajith's Thala 56! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/anirudh-ravichander-to-score-music-for-ajiths-thala-56-485784/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref> He started working for the film's music during mid-April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-07 |title=Ajith's Die Hard Fan on composing Music for his Film |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anirudh-scoring-music-for-thala-56-says-he-is-die-hard-fan-of-ajith-kannada-news-139354 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V.P. |first=Nicy |date=2015-04-16 |title='Thala 56': Ajith Starrer Get Five Songs by Anirudh Ravichander |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/thala-56-ajith-starrer-has-five-songs-composed-by-anirudh-anirudh-ravichander-629434 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 May 2015, coinciding with Ajith's birthday, Anirudh reported to social media, that the introduction song and theme music for the film has been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anirudh kick starts Thala 56, Intro song is ready! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anirudh-kick-starts-thala-56-intro-song-is-ready-news-tamil-pfcmxRbebechb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507023430/http://www.sify.com/movies/anirudh-kick-starts-thala-56-intro-song-is-ready-news-tamil-pfcmxRbebechb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2015 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thala56 theme music is ready |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/thala56-theme-music-is-ready/articleshow/47119750.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> "Veera Vinayaka", the introductory number is based on the [[Vinayagar Chathurthi]] celebrations, similar to "Maha Ganapathi" from ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999) and "Pillayarpatti Hero" from ''[[Vaanmathi]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-18 |title='Thala56' Breaking: 'Thala' Ajith's Opening Song Details |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thala56-breaking-thala-ajiths-opening-song-details-kannada-news-133078 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2015-05-02 |title='Thala 56': Ajith's Intro Song is Ready |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/thala-56-ajiths-intro-song-ready-631118 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The theme track of the film is rumoured to be titled "Verithanam" which was proved untrue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thala 56 theme revealed to be 'verithanam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thala-56-theme-revealed-to-be-verithanam/articleshow/47746780.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Lyricist [[Rokesh]] in an interview to ''[[The Hindu]]'', said that "Aaluma Doluma" means a 'sneaky troublemaker' in colloquial [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language in [[North Chennai]]. He saw few women fight for water in his locality, which made him to write the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-20 |title=What is madras baashai? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Made-in-Madras/article14585069.ece |access-date=2022-03-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Anirudh roped in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-rapper [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], in his first Tamil song for the track "Aaluma Doluma".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh ropes in Punjabi sensation for Vedalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-ropes-in-Punjabi-sensation-for-Vedalam/articleshow/49348325.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-13 |title=Anirudh to introduce hiphop sensation Badshah to Kollywood with Ajith's Vedalam! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/anirudh-to-introduce-hiphop-sensation-badshah-to-kollywood-with-ajiths-vedalam-611330/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>

Anirudh recalled in 2021 at the [[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|''Super Singer'']] reality show, saying that he was not impressed with the tune he came for "Aaluma Doluma". He called Siva not to shoot for the song and convinced him that he would give another song for the situation. The following day, when Anirudh called Siva, saying that he had liked the track and had finished shooting for the song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A stylish number for Thala Ajith! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/a-stylish-number-for-thala-ajith-news-tamil-qjjo6zjchbfdf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913165010/http://www.sify.com/movies/a-stylish-number-for-thala-ajith-news-tamil-qjjo6zjchbfdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> He later added that the track became a viral hit and was convinced with the success of the song.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anirudh: I wasn't happy with 'Aaluma Doluma' but it became a viral hit! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anirudh-i-wasnt-happy-with-aaluma-doluma-but-it-became-a-viral-hit-news-tamil-ve1dqjbahijcd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427033533/https://www.sify.com/movies/anirudh-i-wasnt-happy-with-aaluma-doluma-but-it-became-a-viral-hit-news-tamil-ve1dqjbahijcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
The marketing rights for the musical album were purchased by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony Music snaps Thala 56 audio rights |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sony-music-snaps-thala-56-audio-rights-news-tamil-pgmkgCefdaejc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612100719/http://www.sify.com/movies/sony-music-snaps-thala-56-audio-rights-news-tamil-pgmkgCefdaejc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2015-06-12 |title='Thala 56': Sony Music Bags Ajith Starrer Audio Rights |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/thala-56-sony-music-bags-ajith-starrer-audio-rights-635640 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The film's incomplete track list featuring the song titles, was released through Anirudh's [[Twitter]] handle on 12 October 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh to go mass for Vedalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-to-go-mass-for-Vedalam/articleshow/49333782.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and the official track list was unveiled shortly after two days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-14|title=Vedalam track list is here!|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vedalam-track-list-is-here.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-13|title='Vedalam' audio: Countdown for Ajith's album release begins; track list to be unveiled shortly|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vedalam-audio-countdown-ajiths-album-release-begins-track-list-be-unveiled-shortly-650287|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> It was reported that the soundtrack album will be released during the composer's birthday on 16 October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-24|title=The album of Ajith's Vedhalam to release on Anirudh's birthday, the 16th of October.|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/the-album-of-ajiths-vedhalam-to-release-on-anirudhs-birthday-the-16th-of-october.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-12|title=Vedalam audio from 16th of October.|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vedalam-audio-from-1th-of-october.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> But the album was eventually released on 21 October 2015, coinciding with [[Dusshera]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-21|title='Vedalam' music released: Ajith's audio album gets positive reviews [VIDEO+LYRICS]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vedalam-music-released-ajiths-audio-album-gets-positive-reviews-link-listen-songs-online-650686|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-23|title='Vedalam' (Vedhalam) Music Review: Ajith-Anirudh's songs get thumbs up|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vedalam-vedhalam-music-review-ajith-anirudhs-songs-get-thumbs-650914|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> Shortly after the audio release, the song teasers of "Aaluma Doluma" and "Veera Vinayaka" were released on 25 and 30 October.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 26, 2015 |title=Vedalam: Aaluma Doluma song teaser gets 2.5 lakh views in 11 hours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vedalam-aaluma-doluma-song-teaser-gains-2-5-lakh-in-11-hours-268195-2015-10-15 |access-date=2022-03-04 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=Vedalam song teaser: Veera Vinayaka high on beats, energy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vedalam-song-teaser-veera-vinayaka-high-of-beats-energy/story-enPRQk6pCaFTCltYfdLbyJ.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Within 12 hours, the former garnered over 4 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music director Anirudh's 'Aaluma Doluma' for Ajith's 'Vedhalam' set to be his biggest hit? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-music-director-anirudh-s-aaluma-doluma-for-ajith-s-vedhalam-set-to-be-his-biggest-hit-2135158 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> An extended version of the track featuring Anirudh and rapper [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] was released on 31 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-31 |title=Vedalam song Aaluma Doluma: Anirudh Ravichander and Badshah belt a CRACKER for Thala Ajith! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vedalam-song-aaluma-doluma-anirudh-ravichander-and-badshah-belt-a-cracker-for-thala-ajith-615108/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = Behindwoods
| rev1score = {{Rating|2.75|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-10-21|title=Vedalam (aka) Vedhalam songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vedalam/vedalam-songs-review.html|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
| rev2 = IndiaGlitz
| rev2score = {{Rating|3.0|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vedalam (aka) Vedhalam Music review songs lyrics|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vedalam-aka-vedhalam-tamil-movie-songs-19278|access-date=2020-08-06|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
| rev3 = Moviecrow
| rev3score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedalam Songs - Music Review |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/9878/vedalam-songs---music-review |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
| rev4 = BollywoodLife
| rev4score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-10-23|title=Vedalam music review: Anirudh FAILS to come up with a terrific album for Ajith!|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vedalam-music-review-anirudh-fails-to-come-up-with-a-terrific-album-for-ajith-613108/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref>
| rev5 = India.com
| rev5score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-22|title=Vedhalam music review: Ajith's introduction song highlight of otherwise average album|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/vedhalam-music-review-ajiths-introduction-song-highlight-of-otherwise-average-album-635356/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref>}}
The album received mixed response from critics. Reviewing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Sharanya CR wrote "After giving a hit album like Naanum Rowdy Dhaan, Anirudh effortlessly changes his game in this mass album."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Review: Vedalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Vedalam/articleshow/49673100.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave the album, a rating of 2.75 out of 5 saying "Anirudh serves it hot for Ajith fans!"<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-10-21|title=Vedalam (aka) Vedhalam songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vedalam/vedalam-songs-review.html|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''Milliblog'' reviewed it as a "punchy" and "likeable commercial soundtrack."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vedalam (Music review), Tamil – Anirudh by Milliblog!|date=16 October 2015|url=https://milliblog.com/2015/10/16/vedalam-music-review-tamil-anirudh/|access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and stated the album as "Modern", "youthful" and "energetic".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vedalam (aka) Vedhalam Music review songs lyrics|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vedalam-aka-vedhalam-tamil-movie-songs-19278|access-date=2020-08-06|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In contrast, ''[[BollywoodLife.com|Bollywoodlife.com]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated the album as "okayish",<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-10-23|title=Vedalam music review: Anirudh FAILS to come up with a terrific album for Ajith!|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vedalam-music-review-anirudh-fails-to-come-up-with-a-terrific-album-for-ajith-613108/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref> while ''[[India.com]]'' rated the same and opined that "the album is a let down and the four songs and the theme fail to meet expectations."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-22|title=Vedhalam music review: Ajith's introduction song highlight of otherwise average album|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/vedhalam-music-review-ajiths-introduction-song-highlight-of-otherwise-average-album-635356/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref> Reviewing for ''Moviecrow'', Ramesh S Kannan who gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 stated that "Anirudh has got mired into an unimpressive set of tunes with occasional highs in terms of orchestration. Overall, songs don't do justice to the high expectations or the legacy of the immensely innovative composer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedalam Songs - Music Review |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/9878/vedalam-songs---music-review |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> Despite the mixed response, the song "Aaluma Doluma" became a viral hit upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title='Kolaveri' to 'Kutti Story': Five Tamil songs that went viral among different audiences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kolaveri-to-kutti-story-five-tamil-songs-that-went-viral-among-different-audiences/photostory/74457943.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' chose the track as one of the "top 15 Tamil songs of 2015".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 21, 2015 |title=Mental Manadhil to Donu Donu: Top 20 Tamil songs that rocked 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mental-manadhil-to-donu-donu-top-20-tamil-songs-that-rocked-2015-278193-2015-12-21 |access-date=2022-03-04 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' called it as "one of the best dance numbers of the decade",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-03 |title=Dance numbers of the decade that rocked fans to the core |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dance-numbers-of-the-decade-that-rocked-fans-to-the-core/photostory/80076223.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> as was ''[[DT Next]]'' which published the special edition of "10 iconic dance numbers in Tamil cinema" on the [[International Dance Day]] (29 April 2021), included the song in the list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-29 |title=International Dance Day: Get nostalgic with Tamil cinema's 10 iconic dance numbers |url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/04/29224410/1291046/International-Dance-Day-Get-nostalgic-with-Tamil-cinemas-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304102630/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/04/29224410/1291046/International-Dance-Day-Get-nostalgic-with-Tamil-cinemas-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=dtNext.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:33
| title1 = Veera Vinayaka
| writer1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Don't You Mess With Me
| writer2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra2 = [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| length2 = 4:56
| title3 = Uyir Nadhi Kalangudhey
| writer3 = Viveka
| extra3 = Ravi Shankar
| length3 = 3:03
| title4 = The Theri Theme
| writer4 = [[Siva (director)|Siva]]
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length4 = 1:52
| title5 = Aaluma Doluma
| writer5 = [[Rokesh]]
| extra5 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| length5 = 4:18
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q21010886|id=tt5178278|title=Vedalam (soundtrack)}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]

Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:48Z

WEMBruce20: put up

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Assam–Lingjey
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 9,052
| mla = Kunga Zangpo Bhutia
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Sherab Palden || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Sonam Dupden Lepcha || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Tseten Tashi
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Tseten Tashi Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Kunga Zangpo Bhutia
|}
== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Assam–Lingjey<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunga Zangpo Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,641 |percentage=64.77% |change={{increase}}19.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,415 |percentage=33.71% |change={{increase}}32.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lall Bahadur Lepcha |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=109 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,226 |percentage=31.07% |change= {{increase}}29.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,165 |percentage=79.15% |change= {{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,052 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}19.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Assam–Lingjey<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tseten Tashi Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,951 |percentage=45.32% |change={{increase}}17.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunga Zangpo Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,850 |percentage=43.77% |change={{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Dupden Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=624 |percentage=9.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Major Tshering Gyatso Kaleon (Retd.) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=87 |percentage=1.34% |change={{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=101 |percentage=1.55% |change= {{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,512 |percentage=83.39% |change= {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,983 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}13.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Assam–Lingjey<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tseten Tashi |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,574 |percentage=31.68% |change={{decrease}}28.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namgey Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,388 |percentage=27.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunga Zangpo Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=810 |percentage=16.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sherap Palden |party=Independent politician |votes=583 |percentage=11.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Major T. Gyatso |party=Indian National Congress |votes=283 |percentage=5.70% |change={{decrease}}24.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Dupden Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=5.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azing Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=70 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=186 |percentage=3.74% |change= {{decrease}}26.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,969 |percentage=84.76% |change= {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,992 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}28.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Assam–Lingjey<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Dupden Lepcha |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,359 |percentage=59.90% |change={{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sherab Palden |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,184 |percentage=30.07% |change={{decrease}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=279 |percentage=7.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,175 |percentage=29.84% |change= {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,938 |percentage=78.14% |change= {{increase}}14.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,891 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Assam–Lingjey<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Dupden Lepcha |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,341 |percentage=55.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sherab Palden |party=Indian National Congress |votes=824 |percentage=34.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Wangdi |party=Independent politician |votes=172 |percentage=7.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Thrudu |party=Independent politician |votes=39 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gompa Namgyal Kazi |party=Janata Party |votes=20 |percentage=0.83% |change={{decrease}}4.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=517 |percentage=21.54% |change= {{decrease}}19.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,400 |percentage=67.16% |change= {{increase}}9.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,621 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}7.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Assam–Lingjey<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sherab Palden |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=1,120 |percentage=63.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phuchung Tshering |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=405 |percentage=23.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Dedup |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=129 |percentage=7.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Norchen Lucksom |party=Janata Party |votes=101 |percentage=5.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=715 |percentage=40.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,755 |percentage=58.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,113 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.28|88.65|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Assam-Lingjey Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Bahadur Khan Rohilla

2026-04-18T01:17:20Z

WEMBruce20: put up

{{Short description|Regent of the Kingdom of Rohilkhand from 1749 to 1774}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Khan bahadur khan memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial dedicated to Khan Bahadur Khan at the District Jail in [[Bareilly]]]]
'''Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla''' (1823 – 24 February 1860) was the grandson of [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech|Hafiz Rahmat Khan]], the [[Regent]] of the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]] from 1749 to 1774. Bahadur Khan formed a government in [[Bareilly]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Ultimately, Bareilly was captured by the British. Bahadur Khan escaped to the [[Kingdom of Nepal]], where the Nepalese army captured him and turned him over to the British. Bahadur Khan was tried, sentenced to death, and hanged in the Kotwali Police Station on 24 February 1860.<ref>[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/127414-War-of-Independence Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla and the War of Independence] The News International, Published 13 June 2016, Retrieved 3 January 2018</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rUkcAQAAIAAJ&dq=khan+bahadur+khan+rohilla&pg=PA439 Rohilla chieftain Khan Bahadur Khan on GoogleBooks website] Retrieved 3 June 2018</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohilla, Khan Bahadur Khan}}
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1860 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

2021–22 Indian Super League

2026-04-18T00:32:06Z

WEMBruce20: new...

{{Short description|8th season of the Indian Super League}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox football league season
| image = File:2021–22 Indian Super League poster.jpg
| pixels = 220
| caption = League announcement poster
| competition = [[Indian Super League]]
| season = [[2021–22 in Indian football|2021–22]]
| dates = 19 November 2021 – 20 March 2022
| shield = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] 1st ISL Shield title
| shieldtitle = League Winners' Shield
| winners= [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] 1st ISL Cup title [[List of Indian football champions|Indian title]]

| continentalcup1 = [[2023–24 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| continentalcup2 = [[2023–24 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| continentalcup2 qualifiers = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] [[Mohun Bagan]]
| matches = 115
| total goals = 354
| league topscorer = [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]] (18 goals)
| best goalkeeper = [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]] (7 clean sheets)
| biggest home win = {{nowrap|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] 6–1 [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}} (28 December 2021)
| biggest away win = {{nowrap|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] 0–5 Hyderabad}} (31 January 2022) {{nowrap|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] 0–5 [[FC Goa|Goa]]}} (9 February 2022)
| highest scoring = {{nowrap|[[Odisha FC]] 6–4 [[East Bengal FC]]}} (30 November 2021)
| longest wins = 7 matches [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| longest unbeaten = 15 matches [[Mohun Bagan]]
| longest winless = 11 matches [[East Bengal FC]]
| longest losses = 3 matches [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] [[East Bengal FC]] [[FC Goa|Goa]] [[NorthEast United FC|North East United]] [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| prevseason = [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
| nextseason = [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
}}

The '''2021–22 Indian Super League season''' was the eighth season of the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) since its formation in 2013 and the 26th season of the top division of [[Indian football league system]]. The season started on 19 November 2021 and concluded with the [[2022 Indian Super League final|final]] on 20 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isl-2021-22-fixtures-announced|title=Hero ISL 2021-22 fixtures announced|publisher=Indian Super League|date=13 September 2021|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913083651/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isl-2021-22-fixtures-announced|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Super League announce fixtures for second-half of ISL 2021-22 season|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-teams-fixtures-venue-details-kick-off-time|date=21 December 2021|publisher=Khel Now|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hero ISL 2021-22 Semi-final dates announced; Final on March 20|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isl-2021-22-semi-final-dates-announced-final-on-march-20|date=17 February 2022|publisher=Indian Super League|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> Except for the final, it was hosted [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] across three venues in [[Goa]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/isl-set-to-allow-crowds-first-time-in-two-years/article38437376.ece|title=ISL set to allow crowds for the first time in two years|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=24 February 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] won the League Winners' Shield and [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] won the trophy having defeated [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamshedpur FC clinch League Winners' Shield after beating ATK Mohun Bagan|date=7 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-clinch-league-winners-shield-after-beating-atk-mohun-bagan|publisher=Indian Super League|access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307173759/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-clinch-league-winners-shield-after-beating-atk-mohun-bagan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Laxmikanth Kattimani the hero as Hyderabad FC beat Kerala Blasters FC on penalties to win first Hero ISL title |date=20 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/laxmikanth-kattimani-the-hero-as-hyderabad-fc-beat-kerala-blasters-fc-on-penalties-to-win-first-hero-isl-title |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322104911/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/laxmikanth-kattimani-the-hero-as-hyderabad-fc-beat-kerala-blasters-fc-on-penalties-to-win-first-hero-isl-title |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Changes from last season ==
The [[All India Football Federation]] Executive Committee decided to implement the 3+1 rule in [[I-League]] and discussed implementing it in the [[Indian Super League|Super League]] from the 2021–22 season.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=|title=AIFF Executive Committee meets via video conferencing|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-meets-via-video-conferencing|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200509/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-meets-via-video-conferencing|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Football Sports Development Limited|FSDL]], agreeing to the suggestions made by [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Executive Committee have made significant changes in players registration and foreign players number in the squad enforceable from 2021 to 2022 Indian Super League season.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=|title=Hero ISL's new regulation gives a push to more Indian players on-field|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isls-new-regulation-gives-push-to-more-indian-players-on-field|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609070700/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isls-new-regulation-gives-push-to-more-indian-players-on-field|url-status=live}}</ref> The changes have been made keeping in mind the AFC Club competitions regulations which follow 3+1 foreign players rule and to give more chances to domestic players in the league. The changes made were:

* A club can now sign maximum of '''six''' and minimum of '''four''' foreigners including at least one player who hails from an [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] affiliated nation.
* Four foreigners can play on the field at any instant of a match.
* A decrease in foreign player numbers from 5 to 4 mandates the clubs to have a minimum of seven 7 Indian players on the field at any time.
* A club also has the option to sign a foreign marquee player within the League-approved classifications.
* Clubs to increase their development player signing from a minimum of 2 to 4 while continuing to have 2 of such development players be part of the match-day squad.
* A club can have a maximum squad strength of 35 players, with at least three registered goalkeepers. A club can also have an injury replacement for an Indian player (outside the max. 35 registered players).
* The squad [[salary cap]] remains at {{INRConvert|16.5|c|year=2021}} for season 2021–22.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=|title=Hero ISL's new regulation gives push to more Indian players on-field|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isls-new-regulation-gives-push-to-more-indian-players-on-field|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609070700/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isls-new-regulation-gives-push-to-more-indian-players-on-field|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{location map+ |India |float=right
|width=350
|alt=Locations of the Indian Super League teams
|caption=Locations of the Indian Super League teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.58 |long=77.34 |label_size=100|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08389 |long=80.27000 |label_size=100|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=15.49300 |long=73.81800 |label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.47 |long=86.12 |label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]}}|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.4121531|long=78.1278513 |label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]}}|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.11|long=91.44|label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=20.2878|long=85.82381|label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}}|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.97|long=76.28|label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972|label_size=100|label= '''Kolkata'''|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=18.0 |long=86 |label_size=80|label='''Kolkata teams''' 
{{nowrap|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC]]}}
|position=right}}
}}

===Stadiums and locations===
{{location map+ |India Goa|float=right
|width=240
|caption=Locations of the stadiums in Goa
|places=
{{location map~ |India Goa|lat=15.40 |long=73.81 |label_size=100|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]'''}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Goa|lat=15.28 |long=73.96 |label_size=100|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[Fatorda Stadium]]'''}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Goa|lat=15.46 |long=73.86 |label_size=100|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]'''}}</div>|position=right}}
}}<section end=map />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club
! State/Region
! City
! Host Venue
! Capacity
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|19000}}
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| [[Assam]]
| [[Guwahati]]
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="4" | [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|3000}}
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| [[Goa]]
| [[Margao]]
|-
| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Chennai]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|5000}}
|-
| [[East Bengal FC]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[Kolkata]]
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| [[Kerala]]
| [[Kochi]]
|-
| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| [[Odisha]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
|}

===Personnel and sponsorship===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:100%"
|-
!scope=col| Team
!scope=col| Head coach
!scope=col| Captain(s)
!scope=col class=unsortable| Kit Manufacturer
!scope=col class=unsortable| Main Sponsor
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Juan|Ferrando}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=ATK Mohun Bagan appoint Juan Ferrando as new head coach|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-mohun-bagan-appoint-juan-ferrando-as-new-head-coach|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Indian Super League|date=20 December 2021 |language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220165045/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-mohun-bagan-appoint-juan-ferrando-as-new-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|FIJ}} {{sort name|Roy|Krishna}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Pritam|Kotal}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Subashish|Bose}}
}}
| [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=atkmohunbaganfc |number=1327197220127567875 |date=12 November 2020 |title=We're delighted to announce Nivia Sports as our Kit Partner for the 2020-21 season!!|link=https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/1327197220127567875|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108133543/https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/1327197220127567875|archive-date=8 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-13|title=ISL 2020-21: Mohun Bagan ropes in Nivia sports as kit sponsor for ISL 2020|url=https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-ropes-in-nivia-sports-as-kit-sponsor-for-isl-2020/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=insidesport.co|language=en-gb|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130001152/https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-ropes-in-nivia-sports-as-kit-sponsor-for-isl-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[SBOBET|SBOTOP]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=atkmohunbaganfc |number=1324645418697809924 |date=6 November 2020 |title=Mohun Bagan is delighted to announce SBOTOP.net as our Principal team sponsor for 2020-21 Season.|link=https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/1324645418697809924 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108133543/https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/1324645418697809924 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marco Pezzaiuoli]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru FC appoint Marco Pezzaiuoli as new head coach {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-bengaluru-fc-appoint-marco-pezzaiuoli-as-new-head-coach/iu26p431q8951olms5krf7z77|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625192552/https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-bengaluru-fc-appoint-marco-pezzaiuoli-as-new-head-coach/iu26p431q8951olms5krf7z77|url-status=live}}</ref>
| | {{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Sunil|Chhetri}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Gurpreet Singh|Sandhu}}
}}
| [[Puma (brand)|Puma]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru FC and PUMA extend partnership |date=17 September 2020 |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2020/club-news/bengaluru-fc-puma-extend-partnership/ |publisher=Bengaluru FC Media |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917131055/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2020/club-news/bengaluru-fc-puma-extend-partnership/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[JSW Group|JSW]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2020-21 season marks the return of JSW Group as the principal sponsor |url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/1307374026650603521 |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=Bengaluru FC (Twitter) |date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919174325/https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/1307374026650603521 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Sabir Pasha]] (interim)
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Chennaiyin FC announce Nivia as official kit partner|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-announce-nivia-as-official-kit-partner/|website=Chennaiyin FC|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809051221/https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-announce-nivia-as-official-kit-partner/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Apollo Tyres]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CHENNAIYIN F.C. |url=https://www.apollotyres.com/en-in/car-suv-van/car-suv-van-campaigns/chennaiyin_fc/ |website=apollotyres.com |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913043853/https://www.apollotyres.com/en-in/car-suv-van/car-suv-van-campaigns/chennaiyin_fc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
| {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Rivera (football manager)|Mario Rivera]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=SC East Bengal Media|date=2022-01-01|title=SC East Bengal Appoint Mario Rivera as Head Coach for Remaining ISL Season|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoint-mario-rivera-as-head-coach-for-remaining-isl-season|access-date=2022-01-01|website=SC East Bengal|language=en}}</ref>
|
| Reyaur<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reyaur Sports announces partnership with East Bengal|url=https://twitter.com/reyaursports/status/1447527272869613568|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011113940/https://twitter.com/reyaursports/status/1447527272869613568|archive-date=11 October 2021|access-date=12 October 2021|publisher=Reyaur Sports}}</ref>
| [[Shree Cement]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SC East Bengal official website (front page) |url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/ |website=sceastbengal.co |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126123857/https://www.sceastbengal.co/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Derrick Pereira]]<ref name="stepsdown">{{Cite web|title=Juan Ferrando steps down as FC Goa head coach, Clifford Miranda to take interim charge|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/juan-ferrando-steps-down-as-fc-goa-head-coach-clifford-miranda-to-take-interim-charge|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Indian Super League|date=20 December 2021 |language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220112418/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/juan-ferrando-steps-down-as-fc-goa-head-coach-clifford-miranda-to-take-interim-charge|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Edu|Bedia}}
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1990)|Iván Gonzalez]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Brandon|Fernandes}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Seriton|Fernandes}}
}}
| Reyaur<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2021|title=FC Goa signs multi-year partnership with Reyaur Sports as Club's Official Kit and Merchandise Partner|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-signs-multi-year-partnership-with-reyaur-sports-as-clubs-official-kit-and-merchandise-partner|website=FC Goa|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809052116/https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-signs-multi-year-partnership-with-reyaur-sports-as-clubs-official-kit-and-merchandise-partner|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[1xBet|1xNews]]<ref>{{cite web|title=FC Goa welcomes 1Xnews as Principal Front of Shirt Sponsor for Hero Indian Super League 2021/22|date=18 November 2021|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-welcomes-1xnews-as-principal-front-of-shirt-sponsor-for-hero-indian-super-league-2021-22|access-date=19 November 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119080848/https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-welcomes-1xnews-as-principal-front-of-shirt-sponsor-for-hero-indian-super-league-2021-22}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Manuel|Roca|Manuel Márquez Roca}}<ref name="mroca">{{cite news |title=Manuel Marquez appointed as new head coach of Hyderabad FC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/manuel-marquez-hyderabad-fc-head-coach-appointment-6577521/ |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Indian Express |date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142617/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/manuel-marquez-hyderabad-fc-head-coach-appointment-6577521/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Joao|Victor|João Victor (footballer, born 1988)}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Laxmikant|Kattimani}}
* {{flagicon|NGA}} {{sort name|Bartholomew|Ogbeche}}
}}
| [[Hummel International|Hummel]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad FC signs kit deal with hummel|date=1 July 2021|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2021/announcement/hyderabad-fc-signs-kit-deal-with-hummel/|publisher=Hyderabad FC Media|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701104520/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2021/announcement/hyderabad-fc-signs-kit-deal-with-hummel/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Dafabet|DafaNews]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad FC announce DafaNews as Principal Sponsor|date=27 October 2021|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2021/club-news/hyderabad-fc-announce-dafanews-as-principal-sponsor/|access-date=27 October 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027121026/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2021/club-news/hyderabad-fc-announce-dafanews-as-principal-sponsor/}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} {{sort name|Owen|Coyle}}<ref name="owen">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Dhiman |title=Owen Coyle joins Jamshedpur FC on two-year deal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/owen-coyle-joins-jamshedpur-fc-on-two-year-deal/story-ODqO15l2xSsGtaPoxp1ysM.html |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 August 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927005531/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/owen-coyle-joins-jamshedpur-fc-on-two-year-deal/story-ODqO15l2xSsGtaPoxp1ysM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sort name|Peter|Hartley|Peter Hartley (footballer)}}
| [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Jamshedpur Football Club|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422000127/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Tata Steel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=About US: Jamshedpur FC |url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/about-us |website=fcjamshedpur.com |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129113123/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|SER}} [[Ivan Vukomanović]]<ref name="Ivan Vukomanović">{{Cite web|date=17 June 2021|title=ISL: Kerala Blasters appoints Ivan Vukomanovic as head coach|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/kerala-blasters-appoints-ivan-vukomanovic-head-coach-indian-football-news-isl-2021/article34737554.ece|website=Sportstar|access-date=17 June 2021|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617122206/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/kerala-blasters-appoints-ivan-vukomanovic-head-coach-indian-football-news-isl-2021/article34737554.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|URU}} [[Adrian Luna]]
}}
| [[SIX5SIX]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2021|title=KBFC signs 3year kitting and merchandise partnership with SIX5SIX|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/kbfc-signs-3-year-kitting-and-merchandise-partnership-with-six5six/|website=keralablastersfc|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701164744/https://keralablastersfc.in/kbfc-signs-3-year-kitting-and-merchandise-partnership-with-six5six/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[BYJU'S]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BYJU'S join hands with KBFC as title sponsor|date=7 November 2020|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/byjus-join-hands-with-kbfc-as-title-sponsor/|website=keralablastersfc.in|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115041403/https://keralablastersfc.in/byjus-join-hands-with-kbfc-as-title-sponsor/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Des Buckingham]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/club-statement-head-coach |title=Club Statement: Head Coach |date=8 October 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008094623/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/club-statement-head-coach |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]]
| [[Puma (brand)|Puma]]<ref>{{cite web|title=PUMA and Mumbai City sign long-term strategic partnership|date=20 October 2020|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/article/puma-and-mumbai-city-sign-long-term-strategic-partnership|publisher=Mumbai City FC Media|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023055902/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/article/puma-and-mumbai-city-sign-long-term-strategic-partnership|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |[[Expo 2020]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=Mumbai City announce Expo 2020 Dubai as Principal Partner|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-announce-expo-2020-dubai-as-principal-partner|access-date=2021-11-09|website=Mumbai City FC|language=en-US|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109060146/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-announce-expo-2020-dubai-as-principal-partner|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Khalid|Jamil}}<ref name="nus">{{cite news |title=NorthEast United FC appoint Gerard Nus as their new head coach |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/northeast-united-fc-appoint-gerard-nus-as-their-new-head-coach |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Indian Super League |date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922064100/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/northeast-united-fc-appoint-gerard-nus-as-their-new-head-coach |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Subhasish Roy|Chowdhury}}
* {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Hernan|Santana}}
}}
| [[SIX5SIX]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 September 2021|title=NorthEast United signs 2year kitting and merchandise partnership with SIX5SIX|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CUCrSWltdIb/|website=neutdfc|access-date=20 September 2021|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014174514/https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Amrit Cement<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 November 2021|title=NorthEast United announced their partnership with Amrit Cement as their Principal Sponsor|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1461297354447876096|website=neutdfc|access-date=18 November 2021|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014174514/https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Kino García<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC appoint Kino Garcia as interim Head Coach.|url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-appoint-kino-garcia-as-interim-head-coach|publisher=Odisha FC|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref> (interim)
| {{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Hector|Rodas}}
* {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Victor|Mongil}}
}}
| [[Hummel International|Hummel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha FC signs kit sponsorship deal with Danish sportswear brand hummel|url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-signs-kit-sponsorship-deal-with-danish-sportswear-brand-hummel|website=OdishaFC.com|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803083246/https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-signs-kit-sponsorship-deal-with-danish-sportswear-brand-hummel|archive-date=3 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Government of Odisha|Odisha Tourism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC - Partners|url=https://www.odishafc.com/#partners|website=OdishaFC.com|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823062420/https://www.odishafc.com/#partners|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Managerial changes===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| Team
!scope=col| Outgoing manager
!scope=col| Manner of departure
!scope=col| Date of vacancy
!scope=col| Position in table
!scope=col| Incoming manager
!scope=col| Date of appointment
! scope=col class=unsortable| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Naushad|Moosa}}
|End of interim period
|
| rowspan="6" | ''Pre-season''
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Marco Pezzaiuoli]]
|12 February 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2021|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/marco-pezzaiuoli-appointed-new-head-coach-bengaluru-fc/|title=Marco Pezzaiuoli appointed as new Head Coach of Bengaluru FC|website=Bengaluru FC|access-date=20 September 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212052150/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/marco-pezzaiuoli-appointed-new-head-coach-bengaluru-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
| End of interim period
| 26 February 2021
|{{flagicon|SER}} [[Ivan Vukomanović]]
| 17 June 2021
| <ref name="Ivan Vukomanović" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|HUN}} {{sort name|Csaba|László|Csaba László (footballer, born 1964)}}
| rowspan="1" | End of contract
| 10 April 2021
| {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Božidar Bandović]]
|10 July 2021
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-appoint-bozidar-bandovic-as-head-coach/|title=Chennaiyin FC appoint Bozidar Bandovic as head coach|date=10 July 2021|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710142313/https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-appoint-bozidar-bandovic-as-head-coach/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sort name|Steven|Dias}}
| rowspan="1" | End of interim period
| 27 February 2021
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Kiko|Ramírez}}
| 20 July 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2021|title=Odisha FC appoints Francisco "Kiko" Ramírez González as Head Coach|url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-appoints-francisco-kiko-ramirez-gonzalez-as-head-coach|website=OdishaFC.com|access-date=20 July 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720071025/https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-appoints-francisco-kiko-ramirez-gonzalez-as-head-coach}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sort name|Robbie|Fowler|Robbie Fowler}}
| rowspan="1" | Mutual Consent
| 8 September 2021
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Díaz]]
| 8 September 2021
| <ref name="Media">{{cite web|first=SC East bengal|last=Media|date=8 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/welcome-manolo|title=¡Hola, Manolo!|work=SC East Bengal|access-date=8 Sep 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908141442/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/welcome-manolo|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]
| rowspan="1" | End of contract
| 8 October 2021
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sort name|Des|Buckingham}}
| 8 October 2021
| <ref name="auto1"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio Lopez Habas]]
| rowspan="1" | Resigned
| 17 December 2021
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 6th
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Juan|Ferrando}}
| 20 December 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=ATK Mohun Bagan appoint Juan Ferrando as new head coach|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-mohun-bagan-appoint-juan-ferrando-as-new-head-coach|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Indian Super League|date=20 December 2021 |language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220165045/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-mohun-bagan-appoint-juan-ferrando-as-new-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Juan|Ferrando}}
| rowspan="1" |Resigned
|20 December 2021
|rowspan="1" align="center"|8th
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Derrick Pereira]]
|21 December 2021
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Díaz]]
| rowspan="1" |Resigned
|28 December 2021
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 11th
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Rivera (football manager)|Mario Rivera]]
|1 January 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=SC East Bengal Media|date=2022-01-01|title=SC East Bengal Appoint Mario Rivera as Head Coach for Remaining ISL Season|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoint-mario-rivera-as-head-coach-for-remaining-isl-season|access-date=2022-01-01|website=SC East Bengal|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{sort name|Kiko|Ramírez}}
| rowspan="1" |Sacked
|14 January 2022
|rowspan="1" align="center"|9th
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Kino García
|14 January 2022
|
<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC appoint Kino Garcia as interim Head Coach.|url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-appoint-kino-garcia-as-interim-head-coach|publisher=Odisha FC|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Božidar Bandović]]
| rowspan="1" |Sacked
|11 February 2022
|rowspan="1" align="center"|8th
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Sabir Pasha]]
|11 February 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-bozidar-bandovic-part-ways/|title=Chennaiyin FC, Bozidar Bandovic part ways|date=11 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Roster changes ===
{{Main|List of 2021–22 Indian Super League transfers}}

==Foreign players==
'''Bold''' letters suggest the player was signed in the winter transfer window
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:79%"
|-
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Club
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 1
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 2
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 3
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 4
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 5
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| AFC Player
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| ''Former Player(s)''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
| {{flagicon|FIJ}} {{sortname|Roy|Krishna}}
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} {{sortname|Hugo|Boumous}}
| {{flagicon|IRL}} {{sortname|Carl|McHugh}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Tiri||Tiri (footballer)}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Williams (Australian soccer)|David Williams]]
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Alan|Costa}}
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Ramires]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]
| '''{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Yaya Banana]]'''
| {{flagicon|CGO}} {{sortname|Prince|Ibara}}
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iman Basafa]]
| ''{{flagicon|GAB}} [[Yrondu Musavu-King|Musavu-King]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Vladimir Koman]]
| '''{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Nerijus Valskis]]'''
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Ariel Borysiuk]]
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Łukasz Gikiewicz]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Slavko Damjanović]]
| {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Mirlan Murzaev]]
| ''{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Crivellaro]]''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|'''{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Ribeiro (footballer)|Marcelo Ribeiro]]'''
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonio Perošević]]
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Franjo Prce]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Darren Sidoel]]
| '''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fran Sota]]'''
| {{flagicon|NEP}} '''[[Ananta Tamang]]'''
| ''{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Daniel Chima]]'' ''{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Amir Dervišević]]'' ''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tomislav Mrcela]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Airam Cabrera]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Alberto|Noguera}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu Bedia]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Iván|González|Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1990)}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Jorge|Ortiz|Jorge Ortiz Mendoza}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Dylan|Fox}}
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|João|Victor|João Victor (footballer, born 1988)}}
| '''{{flagicon|MRT}} [[Khassa Camara]]'''
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Javier|Siverio}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Juanan|}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Joel|Chianese}}
| ''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu García]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Alex Lima]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Peter|Hartley|Peter Hartley (footballer)}}
| '''{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Daniel Chima]]'''
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Jordan Murray]]
| ''{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Nerijus Valskis]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]
| {{flagicon|BIH}} {{sortname|Enes|Sipović}}
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Marko Lešković]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Álvaro|Vázquez}}
| {{flagicon|URU}} {{sortname|Adrián|Luna}}
|{{flagicon|BHU}} {{sortname|Chencho|Gyeltshen}}
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cássio Gabriel]]
| '''{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Mauricio]]'''
| {{flagicon|MAR}} {{sortname|Ahmed|Jahouh}}
| {{flagicon|SEN}} {{sortname|Mourtada|Fall}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brad Inman (soccer)|Bradden Inman]]
| ''{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ygor Catatau]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| '''{{flagicon|AUT}} {{sortname|Marco|Sahanek}}'''
| '''{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]'''
| '''{{flagicon|FRA}} {{sortname|Zakaria|Diallo}}'''
| {{flagicon|JAM}} {{sortname|Deshorn|Brown}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Hernán|Santana}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Patrick Flottmann]]
| ''{{flagicon|URU}} {{sortname|Federico|Gallego}}'' ''{{flagicon|MTQ|snake}} [[Mathias Coureur]]'' ''{{flagicon|MRT}} {{sortname|Khassa|Camara}}''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jonathas de Jesus]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridai Cabrera]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Héctor Rodas]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]]
| {{Flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Víctor|Mongil}}
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Liridon Krasniqi]]
|
|}

==Regular season==
===League table===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Regular season
|source= [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League]
|show_groups=no


|team1=JFC
|team2=HFC
|team3=MB
|team4=KBF
|team5=MCI
|team6=BFC
|team7=OFC
|team8=CFC
|team9=FCG
|team10=NEU
|team11=EAB

|note_HFC=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] qualified for [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions|Playoffs for 2023–24 AFC Cup qualifying playoffs]] by winning the [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]]

|win_MB=10 |draw_MB=7 |loss_MB=3 |gf_MB=37 |ga_MB=26
|win_BFC=8 |draw_BFC=5 |loss_BFC=7 |gf_BFC=32 |ga_BFC=27
|win_CFC=5 |draw_CFC=5 |loss_CFC=10 |gf_CFC=17 |ga_CFC=35
|win_EAB=1 |draw_EAB=8 |loss_EAB=11 |gf_EAB=18 |ga_EAB=36
|win_FCG=4 |draw_FCG=7 |loss_FCG=9 |gf_FCG=29 |ga_FCG=35
|win_HFC=11 |draw_HFC=5 |loss_HFC=4 |gf_HFC=43 |ga_HFC=23
|win_JFC=13 |draw_JFC=4 |loss_JFC=3 |gf_JFC=42 |ga_JFC=21
|win_KBF=9 |draw_KBF=7 |loss_KBF=4 |gf_KBF=34 |ga_KBF=24
|win_MCI=9 |draw_MCI=4 |loss_MCI=7 |gf_MCI=36 |ga_MCI=31
|win_NEU=3 |draw_NEU=5 |loss_NEU=12 |gf_NEU=25 |ga_NEU=43
|win_OFC=6 |draw_OFC=5 |loss_OFC=9 |gf_OFC=31 |ga_OFC=43
|result1=CLP1 |result2=ACP2 |result3=ACP4 |result4=ACP4
|status_HFC= C |status_JFC= L
|status_text_L= League Winners' Shield Winners

|name_FCG=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_BFC=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_EAB=[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|name_MB=[[Mohun Bagan SG|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|name_JFC=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_KBF=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_HFC=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots


|res_col_header=Q
|col_ACP4=yellow2 |text_ACP4=Qualification to [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]]
|col_ACP2=green2|text_ACP2= Qualification to [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]] and [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions|Playoffs for 2023–24 AFC Cup qualifying playoffs]]
|col_CLP1=green1|text_CLP1= Qualification to [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]] and [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions|Playoffs for 2023–24 AFC Champions League group stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

===Results===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/schedule-fixtures Indian Super League]
|update = 6 March 2022
|matches_style = FBR

|team1=MSG
|team2=BEN
|team3=CHE
|team4=EAB
|team5=GOA
|team6=HYD
|team7=JAM
|team8=KER
|team9=MCI
|team10=NEU
|team11=OFC


|name_MSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_CHE=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC]]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_HYD=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_KER=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]



 |match_MSG_BEN= 2–0
 |match_MSG_CHE= 1–1
 |match_MSG_EAB= [[Kolkata Derby|3–1]]
 |match_MSG_GOA= 2–1
 |match_MSG_HYD= 2–2
 |match_MSG_JAM= 0–1
 |match_MSG_KER= 4–2
 |match_MSG_MCI= 1–5
 |match_MSG_NEU= 3–1
 |match_MSG_OFC= 0–0



 |match_BEN_MSG= 3–3
 |match_BEN_CHE= 3–0
 |match_BEN_EAB= 1–1
 |match_BEN_GOA= 1–1
 |match_BEN_HYD= 1–2
 |match_BEN_JAM= 3–1
 |match_BEN_KER= 1–1
 |match_BEN_MCI= 1–3
 |match_BEN_NEU= 4–2
 |match_BEN_OFC= 2–1



 |match_CHE_MSG= 0-1
 |match_CHE_BEN= 2–4
 |match_CHE_EAB= 0–0
 |match_CHE_GOA= 0–5
 |match_CHE_HYD= 1–1
 |match_CHE_JAM= 1–4
 |match_CHE_KER= 0–3
 |match_CHE_MCI= 0–1
 |match_CHE_NEU= 2–1
 |match_CHE_OFC= 2–1



 |match_EAB_MSG= [[Kolkata Derby|0–3]]
 |match_EAB_BEN= 0–1
 |match_EAB_CHE= 2–2
 |match_EAB_GOA= 3–4
 |match_EAB_HYD= 0–4
 |match_EAB_JAM= 1–1
 |match_EAB_KER= 1-1
 |match_EAB_MCI= 0-0
 |match_EAB_NEU= 1–1
 |match_EAB_OFC= 1–2



 |match_GOA_MSG= 0–2
 |match_GOA_BEN= 2–1
 |match_GOA_CHE= 1–0
 |match_GOA_EAB= 1–2
 |match_GOA_HYD= 1–1
 |match_GOA_JAM= 1–3
 |match_GOA_KER= 4–4
 |match_GOA_MCI= 0–2
 |match_GOA_NEU= 1–1
 |match_GOA_OFC= 1–1



 |match_HYD_MSG= 1–2
 |match_HYD_BEN= 1–0
 |match_HYD_CHE= 0–1
 |match_HYD_EAB= 1–1
 |match_HYD_GOA= 3–2
 |match_HYD_JAM= 0–3
 |match_HYD_KER= 2–1
 |match_HYD_MCI= 2–1
 |match_HYD_NEU= 5–1
 |match_HYD_OFC= 6–1



 |match_JAM_MSG= 2–1
 |match_JAM_BEN= 0-0
 |match_JAM_CHE= 0–1
 |match_JAM_EAB= 1–0
 |match_JAM_GOA= 1–0
 |match_JAM_HYD= 1–1
 |match_JAM_KER= 3–0
 |match_JAM_MCI= 3–2
 |match_JAM_NEU= 3–2
 |match_JAM_OFC= 5–1



 |match_KER_MSG= 2–2
 |match_KER_BEN= 0–1
 |match_KER_CHE= 3–0
 |match_KER_EAB= 1–0
 |match_KER_GOA= 2–2
 |match_KER_HYD= 1–0
 |match_KER_JAM= 1–1
 |match_KER_MCI= 3–1
 |match_KER_NEU= 2–1
 |match_KER_OFC= 2–1



 |match_MCI_MSG= 1–1
 |match_MCI_BEN= 0–3
 |match_MCI_CHE= 1–0
 |match_MCI_EAB= 1–0
 |match_MCI_GOA= 3–0
 |match_MCI_HYD= 1–3
 |match_MCI_JAM= 4–2
 |match_MCI_KER= 0–3
 |match_MCI_NEU= 1–1
 |match_MCI_OFC= 4–1



 |match_NEU_MSG= 2–3
 |match_NEU_BEN= 2–1
 |match_NEU_CHE= 1–2
 |match_NEU_EAB= 2–0
 |match_NEU_GOA= 2–1
 |match_NEU_HYD= 0–5
 |match_NEU_JAM= 2–3
 |match_NEU_KER= 0–0
 |match_NEU_MCI= 3–3
 |match_NEU_OFC= 0–2



 |match_OFC_MSG= 1–1
 |match_OFC_BEN= 3–1
 |match_OFC_CHE= 2–2
 |match_OFC_EAB= 6–4
 |match_OFC_GOA= 1–1
 |match_OFC_HYD= 2–3
 |match_OFC_JAM= 0–4
 |match_OFC_KER= 0–2
 |match_OFC_MCI= 4–2
 |match_OFC_NEU= 1–0
}}

===Results by match===
The table lists the results of the teams after each match. {{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
|pos1= W/W/L/L/D/D/W/W/D/D/W/D/W/D/W/W/W/D/W/L
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|pos2= W/L/D/L/L/L/D/D/W/D/W/L/D/W/W/W/L/L/W/W
|team3=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|pos3= W/W/D/D/L/W/L/L/W/L/D/W/L/D/L/L/D/L/L/L
|team4=[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|pos4= D/L/L/D/L/D/L/D/D/D/L/W/L/L/D/L/L/L/D/L
|team5=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|pos5= L/L/L/W/W/D/D/L/D/W/D/L/D/L/D/W/L/L/L/D
|team6=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|pos6= L/W/D/W/W/D/D/W/D/L/D/L/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W
|team7=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|pos7= D/W/D/W/L/W/D/D/L/W/W/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/W
|team8=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|pos8= L/D/D/W/D/W/W/D/D/W/W/W/D/L/W/L/W/L/W/D
|team9=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|pos9= W/L/W/W/W/W/L/D/L/D/L/L/L/D/D/W/W/W/W/L
|team10=[[Northeast United FC|Northeast United]]
|pos10= L/D/L/W/L/L/W/L/D/L/D/L/L/D/L/L/L/W/L/D
|team11=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|pos11= W/W/L/W/L/L/D/L/W/L/W/D/L/D/W/L/D/L/D/L
| color_W = green2| text_W =Win
| color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
| color_L = red2| text_L =Lose
|update = 7 March 2022
|source = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/schedule-fixtures Indian Super League]
}}

== ISL Cup Playoffs ==
{{main|2022 ISL Cup playoffs}}
=== Bracket ===
{{trim|{{#section:2022 Indian Super League playoffs|Bracket}}}}
=== Semi-finals ===
{{trim|{{#section:2022 Indian Super League playoffs|semis}}}}

=== Final ===
{{main|2022 Indian Super League final}}
{{football box
| date = 20 March 2022
| time = 14:00 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]/19:30[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Stadium = Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium,Goa
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 1–1
| penaltyscore = 3–1
| aet = yes
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/44486-hyderabad-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = [[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]] {{goal|88}}
| goals2 = [[Rahul Kannoly Praveen|Rahul KP]] {{Goal|68}}
|penalties1 =
*[[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|João MJT]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Khassa Camara|K. Camara]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Halicharan Narzary|Hali]] {{pengoal}}
|penalties2 =
*[[Marko Lešković|Lešković]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Nishu Kumar|Nishu]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Ayush Adhikari|Ayush]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Jeakson Singh|Jeakson]] {{penmiss}}
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao, Goa]]
| attendance = 11,500
| referee = Crystal John
}}

== Season statistics ==
=== Scoring ===
==== Top scorers ====
[[File:Bartholomew Ogbeche (cropped).png|thumb|upright|[[Bartholomew Ogbeche]] won his first [[Indian Super League Golden Boot]] after scoring 18 goals, a joint-record for an [[Indian Super League records and statistics#Goals|ISL season]].]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals<ref name="top goals">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-138-goals-player-statistics|title=Indian Super League Player Stats - Goals|publisher=Indian Super League|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120172115/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-138-goals-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
| align="left" | Hyderabad
| rowspan="1" | 18
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
| align="left" | Mumbai City
| rowspan="2" | 10
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
| align="left" | Jamshedpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| align="left" | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]
| align="left" | Bengaluru
| rowspan="2" | 9
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
| align="left" | Jamshedpur
|-
| rowspan="5" | 6
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
| align="left" | Goa
| rowspan="5" | 8
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jonathas de Jesus]]
| align="left" | Odisha
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]
| align="left" | Kerala Blasters
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]]
| align="left" | Mohun Bagan Super Giant
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Vázquez]]
| align="left" | Kerala Blasters
|}

==== Top Indian scorers ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals<ref name="top goals" />
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1
| align="left" | [[Liston Colaco]]
| align="left" | Mohun Bagan Super Giant
| rowspan="1" | 8
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2
| align="left" | [[Bipin Singh]]
| align="left" | Mumbai City
| rowspan="3" | 6
|-
| align="left" | [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| align="left" | Kerala Blasters
|-
| align="left" | [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
| align="left" | Mohun Bagan Super Giant
|-
| rowspan="4" | 5
| align="left" | [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
| align="left" | NorthEast United
| rowspan="4" | 4
|-
| align="left" | [[Ritwik Das]]
| align="left" | Jamshedpur
|-
| align="left" | [[V. P. Suhair]]
| align="left" | NorthEast United
|-
| align="left" | [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| align="left" | Bengaluru
|-
| rowspan="6" | 9
| align="left" | [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
| align="left" | Mohun Bagan Super Giant
| rowspan="6" | 3
|-
| align="left" | [[Vikram Pratap Singh]]
| align="left" | Mumbai City
|-
| align="left" | [[Ishan Pandita]]
| align="left" | Jamshedpur
|-
| align="left" | [[Danish Farooq Bhat]]
| align="left" | Bengaluru
|-
| align="left" | [[Udanta Singh]]
| align="left" | Bengaluru
|-
| align="left" | [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
| align="left" | Odisha
|}

==== Hat-tricks ====
{{Main|List of Indian Super League hat-tricks}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Player
!For
!Against
! style="text-align:center" | Result
!Date
!Ref
|-
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|Jamshedpur
|Odisha
|align="center" | 4–0 (A)
|{{dts|2021|12|14|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha vs. Jamshedpur - 14 December 2021 - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/12/14/india/indian-super-league/delhi-dynamos/jamshedpur/3654019/|access-date=15 December 2021|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209155749/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/12/14/india/indian-super-league/delhi-dynamos/jamshedpur/3654019/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Deshorn Brown]]
|NorthEast United
|Mumbai City
|align="center" | 3–3 (H)
|{{dts|2021|12|27|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United vs. Mumbai City - 27 December 2021 - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/12/27/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/mumbai-city/3654032/|website=int.soccerway.com|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215134742/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/12/27/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/mumbai-city/3654032/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|Hyderabad
|East Bengal
|align="center" | 4–0 (A)
|{{dts|2022|1|24|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal vs. Hyderabad - 24 January 2022 - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/01/24/india/indian-super-league/east-bengal-club-fc/hyderabad/3714097/|website=int.soccerway.com|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|East Bengal
|align="center" | 3–1 (H)
|{{dts|2022|1|29|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATK Mohun Bagan vs. East Bengal - 29 January 2022 - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/01/29/india/indian-super-league/atk-mohun-bagan/east-bengal-club-fc/3714102/|access-date=2022-01-29|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
|Goa
|Chennaiyin
|align="center" | 5–0 (A)
|{{dts|2022|2|9|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennaiyin vs. Goa - 9 February 2022 - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/02/10/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/india-fc-goa/3714114/|access-date=9 February 2022|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Airam Cabrera]]
|Goa
|Kerala Blasters
|align="center" | 4–4 (H)
|{{dts|2022|3|6|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa vs. Kerala Blasters - 6 March 2022 - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/06/india/indian-super-league/india-fc-goa/kerala-blasters/3714137/|access-date=6 March 2022|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref>
|}

=== Clean Sheets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean
sheets<ref name="clean sheets">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-141-clean-sheets-player-statistics |title=Indian Super League Player Stats - Clean Sheets |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124042259/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-141-clean-sheets-player-statistics |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]
| align="left" | Kerala Blasters
| 7
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rehenesh TP]]
| align="left" | Jamshedpur
| rowspan="2" | 6
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
| align="left" | ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
| rowspan="1" | 4
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
| align="left" | Mumbai City
| rowspan="1" | 5
|-
| rowspan="2" | 5
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
| align="left" | Bengaluru
| rowspan="2" | 3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Laxmikant Kattimani]]
| align="left" | Hyderabad
|}

=== Discipline ===
==== Player ====
* Most yellow cards: '''7'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Super League Player Stats - Yellow Cards |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-143-yellow-cards-player-statistics |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120173617/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-143-yellow-cards-player-statistics |url-status=live }}</ref>
**''6 players''

* Most red cards: '''1'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Super League Player Stats - Red Cards|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-144-red-cards-player-statistics|publisher=Indian Super League|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201171007/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-144-red-cards-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>
**''12 players''

==== Club ====
* Most yellow cards: '''50'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Super League Club Stats - Yellow Cards |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-133-yellow-cards-club-statistics |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208154937/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-133-yellow-cards-club-statistics |url-status=live }}</ref>
**Kerala Blasters

* Most red cards: '''3'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Super League Club Stats - Red Cards|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-134-red-cards-club-statistics|publisher=Indian Super League|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201171003/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-134-red-cards-club-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>
**ATK Mohun Bagan

== Awards ==


=== Season awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Winner
!Club
|-
|[[Indian Super League Hero of the League|Hero of the League]]||{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]||Jamshedpur
|-
|[[Indian Super League Golden Boot|Golden Boot]]||{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]||Hyderabad
|-
|[[Indian Super League Golden Glove|Golden Glove]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]||Kerala Blasters
|-
|[[Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League|Emerging Player of the League]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Roshan Singh]]||Bengaluru
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;" |Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Standout performers: Hero ISL 2021-22 season awards |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/end-of-season-awards-2021-22-greg-stewart-named-hero-of-the-league-roshan-naorem-the-best-emerging-player |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322105100/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/end-of-season-awards-2021-22-greg-stewart-named-hero-of-the-league-roshan-naorem-the-best-emerging-player |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Hero of the Match ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Match
! colspan="2" |Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2" |Match
! colspan="2" |Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2" |Match
! colspan="2" |Hero of the Match
|-
!Player
!Club
!Player
!Club
!Player
!Club
|-
|Match 1
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|Match 40
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1990)|Iván González]]
|Goa
|Match 78
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Mongil]]
|Odisha
|-
|Match 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh]]
|Bengaluru
|Match 41
|{{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 79
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Darren Sidoel]]
|East Bengal
|-
|Match 3
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonio Perošević]]
|East Bengal
|Match 42
|{{Flagicon|JAM}} [[Deshorn Brown]]
|NorthEast United
|Match 80
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|Match 4
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
|Mumbai City
|Match 43
|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|Hyderabad
|Match 81
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Vázquez]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
|Match 5
|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Vladimir Koman]]
|Chennaiyin
|Match 44
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|Match 82
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Ramires]]
|Bengaluru
|-
|Match 6
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]]
|Odisha
|Match 45
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Roshan Singh]]
|Bengaluru
|Match 83
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|Mumbai City
|-
|Match 7
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Hernan Santana]]
|NorthEast United
|Match 46
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
|Goa
|Match 84
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]]
|Odisha
|-
|Match 8
|{{flagicon|LIT}} [[Nerijus Valskis]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 47
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Sajid Dhot]]
|Chennaiyin
|Match 85
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|Match 9
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|Match 48
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
|Odisha
|Match 86
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
|Goa
|-
|Match 10
|{{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|João|Victor|João Victor (footballer, born 1988)}}
|Hyderabad
|Match 49
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]
|East Bengal
|Match 87
|{{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|Jamshedpur
|-
|Match 11
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 50
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Asish Rai]]
|Hyderabad
|Match 88
|{{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|João|Victor|João Victor (footballer, born 1988)}}
|Hyderabad
|-
|Match 12
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|Chennaiyin
|Match 51
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishan Pandita]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 89
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|Match 13
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Héctor Rodas]]
|Odisha
|Match 52
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]
|East Bengal
|Match 90
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh]]
|Mumbai City
|-
|Match 14
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikram Pratap Singh]]
|Mumbai City
|Match 53
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thoiba Singh Moirangthem]]
|Odisha
|Match 91
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
|Match 15
|{{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 54
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|Goa
|Match 92
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|Match 16
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hira Mondal]]
|East Bengal
|Match 55
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Vázquez]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 93
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rahim Ali]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
|Match 17
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Hernan Santana]]
|NorthEast United
|Match 56
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Roshan Singh]]
|Bengaluru
|Match 94
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joe Zoherliana]]
|NorthEast United
|-
|Match 18
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte]]
|Mumbai City
|Match 57
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 95
|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|Hyderabad
|-
|Match 19
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Adrián Luna]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 58
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 96
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mobashir Rahman]]
|Jamshedpur
|-
|Match 20
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jitendra Singh (footballer)|Jitendra Singh]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 59
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
|Chennaiyin
|Match 97
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Danish Farooq Bhat]]
|Bengaluru
|-
|Match 21
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
|Goa
|Match 60
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
|Goa
|Match 98
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh]]
|Mumbai City
|-
|Match 22
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakrabarti]]
|Hyderabad
|Match 61
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|Match 99
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Juanan]]
|Hyderabad
|-
|Match 23
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Cássio Gabriel]]
|Mumbai City
|Match 62
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 100
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sebastian Thangmuansang]]
|Odisha
|-
|Match 24
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Jonathas de Jesus]]
|Odisha
|Match 63
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Alex]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 101
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ricky Lallawmawma]]
|Jamshedpur
|-
|Match 25
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| Chennaiyin
|Match 64
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridai Cabrera]]
|Odisha
|Match 102
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjeev Stalin]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
|Match 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Devendra Murgaonkar]]
|Goa
|Match 65
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
|East Bengal
|Match 103
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
|Mumbai City
|-
|Match 27
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Adrián Luna]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 66
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Adrián Luna]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 104
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joe Zoherliana]]
|NorthEast United
|-
|Match 28
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Asish Rai]]
|Hyderabad
|Match 67
|{{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 105
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|Match 29
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 68
|{{Flagicon|SER}} [[Slavko Damjanović]]
|Chennaiyin
|Match 106
|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
|Jamshedpur
|-
|Match 30
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
|Mumbai City
|Match 69
|{{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Dylan|Fox}}
|Goa
|Match 107
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lara Sharma]]
|Bengaluru
|-
|Match 31
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|Match 70
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|Hyderabad
|Match 108
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakrabarti]]
|Hyderabad
|-
|Match 32
|{{flagicon|MTN}} [[Khassa Camara]]
|NorthEast United
|Match 71
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Cássio Gabriel]]
|Mumbai City
|Match 109
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Airam Cabrera]]
|Goa
|-
|Match 33
|{{Flagicon|SER}} [[Slavko Damjanović]]
|Chennaiyin
|Match 72
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh]]
|Bengaluru
|Match 110
|{{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Peter|Hartley|Peter Hartley (footballer)}}
|Jamshedpur
|-
|Match 34
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Airam Cabrera]]
|Goa
|Match 73
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akash Mishra]]
|Hyderabad
|Match 111 (SF)
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruivah Hormipam]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
|Match 35
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Vázquez]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 74
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rehenesh TP]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 112 (SF)
|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|Hyderabad
|-
|Match 36
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|Jamshedpur
|Match 75
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|Match 113 (SF)
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Adrián Luna]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
|Match 37
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]]
|ATK Mohun Bagan
|Match 76
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Roshan Singh]]
|Bengaluru FC
|Match 114 (SF)
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Laxmikant Kattimani]]
|Hyderabad
|-
|Match 38
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Adrián Luna]]
|Kerala Blasters
|Match 77
|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|Hyderabad
|Match 115 (F)
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Laxmikant Kattimani]]
|Hyderabad
|-
|Match 39
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
|East Bengal
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align:right;" |Source:<ref name="Awards">{{cite web|title=Awards - Match Awards|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-150-golden-boot-award-statistics|publisher=Indian Super League|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121052929/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-150-golden-boot-award-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[2021–22 I-League]]
* [[2021–22 in Indian football]]
* [[2022 AFC Champions League]]
* [[2022 AFC Cup]]
* [[2021 Durand Cup]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.indiansuperleague.com/}}

{{Indian Super League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2021–22 in Indian football}}
{{2021 in Asian football (AFC)}}
{{2022 in Asian football (AFC)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Super League}}
[[Category:2021–22 Indian Super League season| ]]
[[Category:Indian Super League seasons|2021–22]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football leagues|1]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Asian men's top-tier association football leagues|India]]
[[Category:Sport in Goa]]

P. K. T. Natarajaan

2026-04-11T12:39:21Z

WEMBruce20: Adding Stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{original research|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. K. T. Natarajaan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1953|6|6|df=y}}<ref name="mla"/>
| birth_place = Ayyampalayam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[I. Periyasamy]]
| successor1 = [[I. Periyasamy]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Agriculturist
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''P. K. T. Natarajan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from the village of Ayyampalayam in the [[Dindigul district]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party, he successfully contested the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Athoor Assembly constituency]] and became an MLA.<ref name="mla">{{cite book | title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001 | publisher=Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009 | year=2002 | location=Chennai-600009 | pages=444–446}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajaan. P. K. T. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,053 |percentage=49.13% |change=24.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,447 |percentage=46.36% |change=-17.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jeyaraj. C. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,570 |percentage=1.97% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mathialagan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,791 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thampidurai. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=711 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=David Jeyaprakash. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=277 |percentage=0.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Singaravelan . P. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=270 |percentage=0.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnasamy. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=265 |percentage=0.20% |change= ''New''}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,606 |percentage=2.77% |change=-36.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,384 |percentage=61.29% |change= -7.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,12,758 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kaushik Jain

2026-04-10T04:11:45Z

WEMBruce20: creating initial details v1...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kaushik Jain
| image = Kaushik Jain.png
| image_size =
| caption = Kaushik Jain in 2023
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname =
| 2namedata =
| 3blankname =
| 3namedata =
| 4blankname =
| 4namedata =
| 5blankname =
| 5namedata = August 2022 – Incumbent
| office1 = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Dariapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dariapur]]
| predecessor1 =
| term_start1 = 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1962|12|13}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| Education =
| website = {{URL|www.KaushikJain.in/}}
| footnotes =
| source = http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/epsurat13.htm
}}

'''Kaushik Sukhlal Jain''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur constituency]]. He was elected to represent the Dariapur Assembly constituency in December 2022. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Kaushik Jain has held a leadership position within the BJP, serving as the Vice President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neta |first=My |date=2022-11-19 |title=KAUSHIKBHAI SUKHLAL JAIN|url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6267|access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Myneta.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19 |title=Gujarat: Amit Shah inaugurates office of BJP MLA Kaushikbhai Jain in Ahmedabad|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/gujarat-amit-shah-inaugurates-office-of-bjp-mla-kaushikbhai-jain-in-ahmedabad20231015142144/ |website=ANINews.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kaushik Sukhlal Jain was born on 13 December 1962 in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19|title=Election Time|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/cong-demands-arrest-of-bjp-leader-over-communal-riots/|website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kaushik Jain was appointed the State Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] in the state of Gujarat. Later, he was also appointed the State Vice President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha in Gujarat. Additionally, he served as the City Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party in Karnavati Mahanagar (Ahmedabad City) and held the position of General Secretary.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated his JanSampark E-Karyalaya in Dariapur, Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19 |title=Inaugurated the Jansampark Karyalaya of MLA Shri Kaushikbhai Jain in Daryapur, Gujarat |url=https://amitshah.co.in/gallery/inaugurated-the-jansampark-karyalaya-of-mla-shri-kaushikbhai-jain-in-daryapur-gujarat |website=AmitShah.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Kaushik}}
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

East Satara Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:20:15Z

WEMBruce20: Put Up Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = East Satara
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 47,088
| mla = Patil Vithal Nanasaheb
| party = {{Party index link|Kamgar Kisan Paksha}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
East Satara Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was merged into [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] and [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]] constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Patil Vithal Nanasaheb || {{Full party name with color|Kamgar Kisan Paksha}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : East Satara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vithal Nanasaheb |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 9,128 |percentage = 33.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hakim Ismail Noormahmad |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,022 |percentage = 18.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Ibrahim Rassol |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,748 |percentage = 17.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Ghanashayam Ramkrishnasa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,196 |percentage = 11.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bakshi Vinayak Krishna |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 1,462 |percentage = 5.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Madhavrao Nanasaheb |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,015 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingawale Balkrishna Raghoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 831 |percentage = 3.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sabale Shankerrao Sawalaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 791 |percentage = 2.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Majgaonkar Baburao Madhavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 760 |percentage = 2.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,106 |percentage = 15.23% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,953 |percentage = 57.24% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,953}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,088 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Poorvapara

2026-04-01T12:01:55Z

WEMBruce20:

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Poorvapara
| image = Poorvapara.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]]
| writer = [[Jayant Kaikini]] (dialogue)
| screenplay = Jayant Kaikini P. Chandrashekhar K. S. Sridhar
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Poorvapara''|[[M. K. Indira]]}}
| producer = Cudavalli Chandrashekar
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
*[[Naveen Mayur]]
*[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = G. S. Bhasker
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| studio = Rathi Enterprises
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|3|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Poorvapara''''' ({{Translation|East and west/before and after}}) is a 2004 Indian Kannada-language drama film directed by [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]] in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/veteran-kannada-actor-chandrashekhar-passes-away-in-canada-aged-63-4322147.html|title=Veteran Kannada actor Chandrashekhar passes away in Canada aged 63|date=27 January 2018|work=Firstpost|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120004452/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/veteran-kannada-actor-chandrashekhar-passes-away-in-canada-aged-63-4322147.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Naveen Mayur]] and [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] with [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] and himself in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-actor-chandrashekhar-passes-away-in-canada/article22533810.ece|title=Kannada actor Chandrashekhar passes away in Canada|date=27 January 2018|first=K. V. Aditya|last=Bharadwaj|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127072219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-actor-chandrashekhar-passes-away-in-canada/article22533810.ece|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The film is based on [[M. K. Indira]]'s novel of the same name and is about the conflict that [[non-resident Indians|NRIs]] face about the separation from their loved ones.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/an-nri-story-on-screen/articleshow/414860.cms|title=An NRI story on screen|first=Geetha|last=Rao|date=9 January 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film follows a sixty-year old mother from [[Sringeri]] who goes to the United States with the intention of bringing her son and daughter-in-law back to India.<ref name="T2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/chandrashekar-returns-with-a-movie-of-his-own/articleshow/572357390.cms|title=Chandrashekar returns with a movie of his own|date=22 November 2001|last=Kashi|first=Anita Rao|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/yesteryear-kannada-actor-chandrashekar-passes-away-2628607.html|title=Yesteryear Kannada actor Chandrashekhar passes away in Canada|date=27 January 2018|author=Chennabasaveshwar|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230130605/https://www.oneindia.com/india/yesteryear-kannada-actor-chandrashekar-passes-away-2628607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was the first Kannada film to be screened at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280118/edakallu-chandrashekar-dies-in-canada.html|title=Edakallu' Chandrashekar dies in Canada|date=27 January 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131002442/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280118/edakallu-chandrashekar-dies-in-canada.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Sharade
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[Naveen Mayur]] as Sunder
*[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Vineetha
*[[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]] as Narendra
*Rasiya Robinson as Chitti
*Kitti
*Venkata Rao
*Shanthamma
*Radha Ramachandra
*[[Anil Kumble]] (guest appearance)<ref name="I"/>
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in late 2001 and marks [[Denver]]-based actor and telefilm director [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]]'s foray into feature films.<ref name="T2"/> New Jersey–based actress [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] plays a mother in the film while [[Naveen Mayur]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] and [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] play her son, daughter-in-law and husband, respectively.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/4592-poorvapara.html|title=Americadalli Chandru – Exclusive Chat Interview|work=Chitraloka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizhat.com/naveen-mayur-dies/|title=Naveen Mayur dies|work=BizHat|access-date=2023-10-15|archive-date=2023-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045923/https://www.bizhat.com/naveen-mayur-dies/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="T"/> Lakshmi Gopalaswamy debuted in Kannada cinema with this film. According to her, she plays "a girl who is traditionally brought up, finds her identity, re-discovers herself and tests new waters".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/511984.cms|title=Straight answers|first=Roopa|last=Radhakrishnan|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2004}}</ref> The shooting for the film began in the second week of February 2002 after the cast and crew got [[Travel visa|visas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/naveen-mayur-a-model-actor/articleshow/1053356652.cms|title=Naveen Mayur: A model actor|date=22 December 2001|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=G. S.|last=Kumar|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407150847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Naveen-Mayur-A-model-actor/articleshow/1053356652.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="C"/> The film was shot for about fifteen days in [[Sringeri]], [[Malenadu]] during [[Navaratri]] and for about fifteen to twenty days in Canada (where Chandrashekhar used to live) and the United States.<ref name="C"/><ref name="T"/> Visuals of the snowfall in Denver were included in the film.<ref name="C"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]. The lyrics are by [[Jayanth Kaikini]], Sandhya Ravindranath and [[Vijaya Narasimha]]. The songs were sung by [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Archana Udupa, Pallavi, Badriprasad and Sri Lakshmi.<ref name="C"/> Three songs were shot in the United States.<ref name="C"/>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "Kudhavalli Chandrasekhar deserves full compliments for the adaptation of the novel on the screen. He has put in a great effort and this film is worth watching. There are no shortfalls. While ''[[America! America!!|America America]]'' film gives a travelogue feeling ''Poorvapara'' gives an account of America’s social life".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2825-poorvapara-review.html|title=POORVAPARA MOVIE REVIEW|date=26 March 2004|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504110359/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2825-poorvapara-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "Poorvapara is a must see film for [[American-Born Confused Desi|A.B.C.D.]]s and people who have Dollar dreams!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_poorvapara.asp|title=Poorvapara film review|work=Viggy|date=2004|access-date=2023-10-15|archive-date=2022-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808021536/http://viggy.com/english/review_poorvapara.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that "''PURVAPARA'' speaks a lot through silence. Lot of things is untold in this film. This is not an anti-American film. American culture has not come in between the mother son relation, it is the son's expectations that comes in-between" and concluded that "Overall a good film".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/purvapara.html|title=Purvapara|date=1 April 2004|website=indiainfo.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807085255/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/purvapara.html|archive-date=7 August 2004|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> S. Viswanath of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Poorvaparva, a sure award-winner, draws excellent performances by the lead players. Here then is a film that is a must-see for the family. Kudos to Chandrashekar for a brave and brilliant effort".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar282004/mr3.asp|first=S.|last=Viswanath|website=Deccan Herald|title=Poorvapara|access-date=19 March 2025|date=28 March 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030043141/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar282004/mr3.asp|archive-date=30 October 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ontario]]
[[Category:Films shot in Denver]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2004 drama films]]

Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet

2026-03-29T18:42:10Z

WEMBruce20: adding new article - done

{{For|others with a similar name|Frederick Currie (disambiguation){{!}}Frederick Currie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Frederick Currie
| honorific_suffix = Bt.
| image = Sir Frederick Currie.jpg
| caption = Sir Frederick Currie, 1858
| birth_date = 3 February 1799
| birth_place = Bloomsbury, London
| death_date = {{Death date and age text|11 September 1875|3 February 1799}}
| death_place = St Leonards, Sussex, England
| occupation = diplomat
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet''' (3 February 1799 – 11 September 1875) was a [[British people|British]] diplomat, who had a career in the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] and the [[Indian Civil Service]]. His posts included Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, Member of the Supreme Council of India, Resident at [[Lahore]] and Chairman of the East India Company.<ref name=Burke>''Burke's Peerage and Baronetage'', section Currie.</ref><ref>''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004: H. M. Stephens, "Currie, Sir Frederick, first baronet (1799–1875)", rev. Katherine Prior.</ref>

He acted as an agent for the [[Governor-General]], [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]], during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1845-6 and was rewarded with a baronetcy in 1847 for his assistance in negotiating the Treaties of [[Treaty of Lahore|Lahore]] and Bhyrowal.

==Family background==
Currie was born on 3 February 1799 in Bloomsbury, Central London, the third of eight children of the brewer and banker Mark Currie of Upper Gatton, Surrey, and Elizabeth Currie<ref>Tate Gallery, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160610231445/http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/romney-mrs-mark-currie-n01651 ''portrait by George Romney of Mrs Mark Currie 1789'']</ref> née Close. The politician [[William Currie (British politician)|William Currie]] of East Horsley was his uncle and the diplomat [[Philip Currie, 1st Baron Currie]], his first cousin, once removed.<ref name="Burke" /> The Curries belonged to an old Scottish family descended directly from the Curries of Duns, Berwickshire, in the late 16th century and, via a cadet, from the [[Corrie family|Corrie/Currie family]] of Annandale, Dumfriesshire, in the 12th century.<ref name="Burke" /><ref>Bernard S Cohn, ''The British in Benares'', p. 433.</ref><ref>''The Scottish Nation'', [http://www.electricscotland.com/history/nation/currie.htm Currie]</ref>

Two younger brothers, Edward and Albert Peter, were also in the Bengal Civil Service and his elder brother [[Mark John Currie]] was a founder settler/administrator of Western Australia and Vice-Admiral, Royal Navy.

==Career==
===Early days===
He was at school at [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]] until at the age of 16 he entered the [[East India Company College]] at Haileybury.<ref>India Office Library, Personal Records</ref>

He arrived in Bengal in 1820 and after a number of minor judicial and revenue posts in the [[Gorakhpur district]] he became in 1835 Commissioner of the Benares Division.<ref name=acp>Advanced Centre Punjab {{Cite web |url=http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos/CURRIE%20SIR%20FREDERICK%20%281799-1875%29.html |title=Sir Frederick Currie |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220014435/http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos/CURRIE%20SIR%20FREDERICK%20%281799-1875%29.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 1840 he was selected to be a judge at Allahabad.<ref>register of the Honourable East India Company's civil servants of the Bengal establishment from 1790 to 1842.</ref><ref>"Obituary- The Late Sir Frederick Currie", ''[[The Times]]'', Thursday, 16 September 1875, p. 5; Issue 28422; col E.</ref>

He was appointed Foreign Secretary to the Government of India in 1844 and in that post negotiated the 1846 treaties of [[Treaty of Lahore|Lahore]], [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Amritsar]] and Bhyroval with the Sikhs at the end of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]].

===The First Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaties of Lahore and Bhyroval===
{{main|First Anglo-Sikh War}}
[[Image:Ranjitsingh.gif|thumb|left|160px|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]During the reign of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] the British were discouraged from attacking the [[Sikh Empire]] of the Punjab by the Maharaja's diplomatic skills, popularity and 35,000 strong united [[Sikh Khalsa Army]]. In the years following his death in 1839, assassinations, weak government and warring factions<ref>All About Sikhs [http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/the-first-anglo-sikh-war-causes-of-anglo-sikh-war Causes of the Anglo-Sikh war]</ref> provided the British with an argument and opportunity to invade. In 1842 a new Governor-General, [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], began preparations for war and in 1844 his successor, [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]], a veteran of the [[Peninsular War]] under [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]], accelerated these preparations.<ref name=war1>All About Sikhs [http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/historical-sikh-events-the-first-anglo-sikh-war The first Anglo-Sikh war]</ref>

As foreign secretary, Currie fell in with the designs of Ellenborough and Hardinge and supported the actions against the Sikhs in 1845 of the British Representative to the Punjab, Major George Broadfoot.<ref name=acp/> The resultant provocative acts on both sides led to military escalation and on 13 December 1845 Hardinge issued a proclamation declaring war on the Sikhs.<ref name=war1/> During the war Currie accompanied Hardinge, who despite his seniority as Governor-General volunteered to act as second-in-command under [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]], another veteran of the Peninsular war.

[[File:Punjab map (topographic).png|right|300px]]The war was short. The first battle, at [[Battle of Mudki|Mudki]] on 18 December, was brief and indecisive.<ref name=war1/> The [[Battle of Ferozeshah]] three days later was nearly a disastrous defeat for the British, and Hardinge instructed Currie to destroy the state papers in the event of a defeat, to prevent them falling into the hands of the Sikhs.<ref name=malleson/> However Tej Singh, commanding the Sikh army, did not press home his advantage when the British were at his mercy. After this there was a temporary reduction of hostilities while the British waited for reinforcements. The last battle of the campaign took place at [[Battle of Sobraon|Sabhraon]] on 10 February 1846. The Sikhs were decisively defeated. Gough, paying tribute to their gallantry, wrote to [[Robert Peel|Sir Robert Peel]], the British Prime Minister, "...I could have wept to have witnessed the fearful slaughter of so devoted a body of men".<ref name=war1/>

Hardinge entered the Sikh capital Lahore on 20 February and Currie, assisted on military matters by Brevet-Major [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], arranged the terms of surrender. Currie led the negotiations, but did not determine the content of either of the two treaties which formed the [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed by Hardinge on 9 and 11 March 1846. However his diplomatic skills so impressed Hardinge that he urged the home authorities to reward Currie with a baronetcy, a request which was granted in January 1847.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=20685 |date=22 December 1846 |page=5925}}</ref> The terms of the Treaty were punitive. Sikh territory was reduced to a fraction of its former size, losing Jammu, Kashmir, [[Hazara Division|Hazara]],<ref>Article 4 of the [[Treaty of Lahore]]</ref> the territory to the south of the river Sutlej and the forts and territory in the [[Jalandhar]] [[Doab]] between the rivers [[Sutlej]] and [[Beas River|Beas]].

In consideration of the help Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu had given the British during the war and in restoring amicable relations after the war, he was to be recognised, under Article 12 of the 9 March Treaty, as independent sovereign "in such territories and districts in the hills as may be made over to the said Rajah Golab Sing by separate agreement between himself and the British Government". On 16 March, this separate agreement was signed by Currie and Lawrence, forming the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]], in which Kashmir was sold by the British Government to Gulab Singh for 7,500,000 rupees (75 lakhs Nanak Shahi). In acknowledgement of the supremacy of the British Government Gulab Singh agreed to make an annual present to the British of "one horse, twelve perfect shawl goats of approved breed (six male and six female), and three pairs of Cashmere shawls".<ref>Treaty of Amritsar [http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/TreatyofAmritsar.html Articles of the Treaty.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105164806/http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/TreatyofAmritsar.html |date=5 January 2009 }}</ref>

[[Image:Maharaja Duleep Singh.jpg|left|200px|thumb|The young Maharaja Duleep Singh.]]The terms of the Lahore Treaty did not remove the Sikh Government of the reduced territory or change its composition. The [[vizier]] Lal Singh and the majority of the members of the Lahore Durbar remained in office. [[Duleep Singh|Duleep Singh Bahadur]],<ref>Sikh Cyber Museum [http://www.sikhcybermuseum.org.uk/People/DuleepSinghRaja.htm Duleep Singh] Source: Encyclopaedia of Sikhism - Harbans Singh</ref> the seven-year-old son of Ranjit Singh, remained as Maharaja and his mother, [[Jind Kaur|Maharani Jind Kaur Sahiba]], was to remain as regent. The Maharani had not committed [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] on Ranjit Singh's funeral pyre with his four principal wives, as she needed to look after the (then) 10-month-old Duleep. At the request of the Durbar the Treaty had specified that the British were to retain a force in Lahore until no longer than the end of the year "for the purpose of protecting the person of the Maharaja and the inhabitants of the City during the reorganisation of the Sikh army". However, when the time came for the British to leave, the Durbar pressed them to remain and on 16 December 1846 Currie assisted by Lawrence, by this time a lieutenant colonel, signed the Treaty of Bhyroval,<ref>All About Sikhs [http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/?option=com_content&view=article&id=795 Treaty of Bhyroval]</ref> under the terms of which the British consented to remain until the Maharaja reached the age of 16. A condition of the agreement was that the Regent should be replaced by a resident British officer. The Maharani was awarded a pension of 150,000 rupees and replaced by Lawrence as Resident, who "shall have full authority to direct and control all matters in every Department of the State". In the words of a contemporary<ref>John Clark Marshman, editor of the periodical ''Friend of India''.</ref> "An officer of the company's artillery became, in effect, the successor of Ranjit Singh".

===The Period as Resident at Lahore and the events leading to the Second Anglo-Sikh War===
{{main|Second Anglo-Sikh War}}
In 1847 Currie was appointed to the Supreme Council of India. However, he was soon to be appointed to a different post. Henry Lawrence was granted sick leave in 1848 and travelled back to England with Hardinge, who had come to the end of his term of office as Governor-General. Hardinge was replaced on 12 January by the [[Earl of Dalhousie]], a former President of the Board of Trade in Sir Robert Peel's cabinet and, on 6 March, Currie replaced Lawrence as Resident at Lahore.

During the first few months of 1848 the Punjab had been disturbed by only a few incidents. Hardinge, when leaving, had predicted that peace in India would remain unbroken for the next seven years. The periodical ''The Friend of India'' reported "the last obstacle to the complete, and apparently the final, pacification of India has been removed". The London ''Morning Herald'' considered that "India is in the full enjoyment of a peace which, humanly speaking, there seems nothing to disturb".<ref name=nicholson>L. J. Trotter, ''The Life of John Nicholson, Soldier and Administrator'', Murray, 1898.</ref>

It was the calm in the eye of the storm. Beneath the surface there was turmoil in both camps. Many of the Sikh commanders were seething at what they saw as the treachery of their general Tej Singh during the war and the subsequent settlement.<ref name=Grewal>Professor J. S. Grewal, ''The Sikhs of the Punjab''.</ref> Before he left, Lawrence had exiled Lal Singh, for urging Kashmir governor Shaikh Imamuddin not to turn over that country to Gulab Singh, and had replaced him as [[vizier]] by Tej Singh. When Maharaja Duleep Singh refused to invest Tej Singh as prime minister, Lawrence had imprisoned the Regent, Maharani Jind Kaur, and this treatment of the widow of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, was a further source of anger and unrest.

In the British camp, [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], who had been expected to receive the Resident appointment during his brother's leave of absence, was critical of Currie, pointing out that the latter lacked military knowledge and experience of the feuds and alliances of the numerous Sikh, Muslim and Hindu factions. Lawrence, who at that time was Commissioner of the Jullundur District (he later became Viceroy and Governor-General of India), was charismatic and independent, traits he shared with several other officers connected with the Lahore Residency, including Captain (later Brigadier-General) [[John Nicholson (general)|John Nicholson]], Commissioner of the Sind [[Sagar district|Sagar District]], Captain [[James Abbott (Indian Army officer)|James Abbott]] (later General Sir James Abbott), Deputy Commissioner of Hazara and Lieutenant [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes|Herbert Edwardes]] of the 1st Bengal Fusiliers (later Major-General Sir Herbert Edwardes), Assistant at Bannu to the Resident.<ref name=nicholson/> These would have been a challenging bunch to manage even if circumstances had given Currie time to settle into his new post before the situation exploded.

When the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] Mul Raj Multanwala, governor of the Sikh province of [[Multan]], was faced with an increase in the levy imposed by the British, he resigned his office. To replace him, Currie appointed the Sikh [[Sardar]] Kahn Singh Man, who arrived at Multan on 18 April with two British officers, Mr Vans Agnew and Lieutenant William Anderson. The Diwan handed over the keys peacefully, but afterwards his soldiers attacked and wounded the British officers, who were rescued by Kahn Singh and his troops and carried to the British temporary camp at Idgah, half a mile from the fort of Multan. Agnew sent urgent messages to Lieutenant Edwardes and Colonel van Cortland, asking for help. However the following day a Mazhabi boy was shot by one of Kahn Singh's men and an angry mob from the city sought out and killed the British officers. Kahn Singh was taken prisoner and led before Mul Raj, who presented him with Vans Agnew's head and told him to take it back to Currie. Mul Raj then declared a holy war against the British and set about strengthening the defences of the citadel.<ref name=malleson>George Bruce Malleson, ''Decisive Battles of India''.</ref><ref name=nicholson/>

Lieutenant Edwardes quickly decided to quell what he saw as a local outbreak before it developed into a national revolt. With Currie's agreement he assembled a force with help from Cortland and the Khan of Bhawalpur, marched on Multan and called upon the rebels to surrender. When Dalhousie heard about this, he was furious that a subaltern should act in this way without his authority. He sharply reprimanded Currie for allowing Edwardes to march on Multan, and ordered him to "keep his reckless subaltern ''absolutely and utterly'' away from Multan".<ref>Advanced Centre Punjab [http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos/ANNEXATION%20OF%20THE%20PUNJAB.html Annexation of the Punjab]</ref> Currie wrote to Dalhousie defending Edwardes and asking for a free hand in dealing with the situation. He also wrote to Gough, the Commander-in-Chief, recommending that a British force should at once move upon Multan, capable of reducing the fort and occupying the city.<ref name=malleson/> Neither request was granted immediately. Gough, in his summer headquarters in the hill station at Simla, considered that military activity during the hot and monsoon seasons (May to September) was inadvisable. However, the Lahore garrison was reinforced, as were also the forces at Ambala and Firozpur.

[[File:Maharani Jind Kaur.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Maharani Jindan Kaur]]Meanwhile, the imprisonment of Maharani Jindan Kaur in the Sheikhupura Fort in the Punjab had not destroyed her determination and ability to influence the affairs of the Punjab. She maintained contact with Sikh leaders and Currie described her as "the rallying point of rebellion". On discovering plots by her against the British,<ref>Kaye and Malleson's ''History of the Indian Mutiny'', Volume 1, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofindianm01kayeuoft/historyofindianm01kayeuoft_djvu.txt Chapter 1]</ref> he decided to exile her from the Punjab. She was taken to the Chunar Fort, about 45 km from Varanesi, her allowance was reduced from 150,000 to 48,000 rupees and her jewellery and cash were taken from her. This caused deep resentment among Sikhs and fuelled the developing rebellion. The Muslim ruler of neighbouring Afghanistan, [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] protested that such treatment is objectionable to all creeds.<ref>All About Sikhs [http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/annexation-of-punjab-1849 Annexation of the Punjab.]</ref>

Trouble was also brewing in the Hazara province. During the first months of Currie's Residency Captain James Abbot had warned Currie that discontent was rife in the Sikh brigade stationed there and in August he reported that its Governor, Sardar [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla]] was planning an uprising against the British. Abbott raised a Muslim force and marched on the capital to expel Chatar Singh. Currie ordered an investigation by Captain John Nicholson, whose report excused the defensive measures the Governor had taken to protect the capital, but drew attention to Chatar Singh's numerous previous actions, which had given rise to and justified Abbott's assessment. Accordingly, Currie issued orders that substantially reduced Chatar Singh's authority and income. This angered his son, Raja [[Sher Singh Attariwalla|Sher Singh Atarivala]], who was fighting on the British side with Edwardes against Diwan Mul Raj. Sher Singh was a prominent member of the Council of the Regency and was until then well disposed to British interests.<ref name=malleson/> His sister was betrothed to Maharaja Duleep Singh and in November 1847 he had been honoured by the Lahore Durbar with the title Raja.

In July, Dalhousie granted Currie the free hand he had asked for in April.<ref name=nicholson/> Currie ordered a force from the East India Company's Bengal Army, under General Whish, to join Edwardes and the contingents from Van Cortland, Bhawalpa and Sher Singh in the [[Siege of Multan (1848-1849)|Siege of Multan]]. The forces under General Whish arrived outside Multan between 18 and 28 August.<ref>Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement - The First Siege of Multan.</ref> However, Sher Singh and his troops changed sides on 13 September, angered by the treatment of both his father and sister, and the Bhawalpa troops and a number of Edwardes' irregulars dispersed to their homes in sympathy with them, severely weakening the British side. The fortified city of Multan with its fortress citadel was considered to be the strongest in the Punjab and General Whish decided that the siege must be abandoned until the arrival of reinforcements from Bengal, so he withdrew to a position which commanded the principal roads to Bahawalpur and the Derajat. The reinforcements started arriving in November and heavy siege guns arrived at the beginning of December. Their batteries made two breaches in the city walls and on 30 August destroyed the main magazine in the citadel. The city itself fell early in January 1849, but the citadel held out for two more weeks, finally falling on 18 January.<ref>Wikipedia [[Siege of Multan (1848-1849)|Siege of Multan]]</ref>

Sher Singh had offered to assist Mul Raj, who declined his offer but gave him money to pay his army, so he moved northward with his troops at the end of September on the way to join his father. He proclaimed himself a servant of the Maharajah and the [[Khalsa]] and called upon the people of the Punjab to rise in arms and expel the British.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/ |title= Sher Singh Atarivala |last1=Ganda Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Meanwhile, the Sikh contingents at Bannu, Kohat, Tofik, Peshawar and Attock had joined Chatar Singh.

The monsoon over, Gough announced in early October the formation of "the Army of the Punjab" to operate under his personal control. He reached Lahore on 13 November. Full accounts of the campaign are given elsewhere. Summarising:
*22 November - Gough's cavalry fell into a trap at the ford of the [[Chenab River]] at [[Rasulnagar|Ramnager]], with severe losses, including the deaths of General Cureton and Colonel Havelock;<ref>British Battles [http://www.britishbattles.com/second-sikh-war/ramnagar.htm Ramnager] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225063653/http://www.britishbattles.com/second-sikh-war/ramnagar.htm |date=25 February 2007 }}</ref>
*13 January - a disastrous battle at [[Battle of Chillianwala|Chillianwala]],<ref>British Battles [http://www.britishbattles.com/second-sikh-war/chillianwallah.htm Chillianwala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227214839/http://www.britishbattles.com/second-sikh-war/chillianwallah.htm |date=27 February 2007 }}</ref><ref>Sikh Information [http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/july/chillianwala.htm Chillianwala]</ref> after which Lord Airey, referring to the infamous [[Charge of the Light Brigade]] at [[Battle of Balaklava|Balaklava]], said "It is nothing to Chillianwala";
*25 January - Sher Singh, joined by Chatar Singh's army, moved to Gujrat, on the Chenab River;
*18 February - General Whish's troops and heavy batteries arrived from Multan and during the next two days brigades from Bombay and Bengal arrived;
*21 February - the British won a decisive final victory in the [[Battle of Gujrat]];<ref>British Battles [http://www.britishbattles.com/second-sikh-war/goojerat.htm Gujrat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227065105/http://www.britishbattles.com/second-sikh-war/goojerat.htm |date=27 February 2007 }}</ref>
*14 March - Sher Singh surrendered to the British at Rawalpindi;
*29 March - the British flag was hoisted on the citadel of Lahore and the Punjab was formally proclaimed to be part of the British Empire.

Currie had called for military help to protect the young Maharaja and his government of the Lahore Durbar. However, despite his protests and strong opposition from Henry Lawrence, who by that time had returned from leave, Dalhousie had annulled the Lahore Government, exiled Duleep Singh and confiscated the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond, the symbol of his power.<ref>Famous Diamonds [http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/koh-i-noordiamond.html Koh-i-Noor]</ref> The Sikh Raj was ended. The annexation of the Punjab was complete. A Sikh warrior cried out "Aj Ranjit Singh mar gaya" - Today Ranjit Singh is dead.

===Later career and return to England===
On 12 March 1849, Currie again took up his office as a member of the Supreme Council of India. He returned to England in 1853 and the following year he was elected a director of the East India Company. In 1857 he was elected chairman of the company, the last person to hold that office, and advised the British government on the transfer of power from the company to the Crown.

A letter, dated 23 June 1858, from Currie and his Vice-Chairman to [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]], President of the Board of Control, expressed reservations regarding several of the clauses of a Bill before Parliament ''for the better Government of India''. The proposed [[Government of India Act 1858]] created a new [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|cabinet]] post of [[Secretary of State for India]] with sweeping powers, advised, if and when the Secretary wished, by a newly created ''Council of India''.<ref>Sir Malcolm C. C. Seton KCB, ''The India Office'', G. P. Putnam, 1926 [http://www.houseofdavid.ca/seton.htm India Office.]</ref> The reservations expressed in the letter related to the method of composition of the council, its constitution and its powers.<ref>''The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill'' [http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=264&chapter=21941&layout=html&Itemid=27 Letter From the East India Company to the President of the Board of Control 1858]</ref> The Act was passed by the British Parliament on 2 August 1858 and Currie was appointed Vice-President of the new Council, a post which he held until his death.<ref>Dictionary of National Biography [[s:Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 13.djvu/347|Currie]]</ref>

==Family==
Currie married three times. His first wife was Susannah, daughter of John Pascal Larkins of the Bengal Civil Service. They married on 7 August 1820 and had four children: Frederick, Mark Edward, William Close and Charles.

After Susannah's death in 1832 he married Lucy Elizabeth, daughter of [[Robert Merttins Bird]] of the Bengal Civil Service, on 3 September 1834. They had one son, Robert George; Lucy died three weeks later, on 25 July 1835.

[[File:Crayford, Manor House - geograph.org.uk - 173749.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Crayford Manor House]]His third wife was Katherine Maria, daughter of George Powney Thompson, also of the Bengal Civil Service. They had seven children: [[Fendall Currie|Fendall]], who played [[first-class cricket]] for the [[Gentlemen of Kent]] and became a Major-General, Harriet Sophia, Susan Mary, Katherine Louisa, Mabel Thornton, Hugh Penton and Rivers Grenfell. The 1861 and 1871 British Census returns show him living at the Manor House, May Place, [[Crayford]], Kent, England with his third wife Katharine Maria and the first six of his seven children by that marriage.

He was made an honorary Doctor of Civil Law by the University of Oxford in 1866. He died at St Leonards, Sussex, England, on 11 September 1875, aged 76. Katharine Maria survived him, dying on 30 January 1909, aged 87.

He was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Sir Frederick Currie, 2nd Baronet|Reverend Sir Frederick Larkins Currie, 2nd Bt]].<ref name=Burke/><ref>The Blackheath Connection, by Dan Byrnes [http://www.danbyrnes.com.au/blackheath/thebc25.htm Larkins of Blackheath]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Currie baronets]]

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Currie baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Wickham Bishops)'''
| years = 1847–1875}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Sir Frederick Currie, 2nd Baronet|Frederick Larkins Currie]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Currie, Frederick, 1st Baronet}}
[[Category:1799 births]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:Directors of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:1875 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bloomsbury]]

Jerry Pinto

2026-03-28T22:03:17Z

WEMBruce20: expanded structure for clarity for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian writer and poet (born 1966)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{infobox person
| name = Jerry Pinto
| image = File:Jerry Pinto at Amaravati Literature Festival 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pinto at Amaravati Literature Festival, 2025
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = ''[[Em and the Big Hoom]]'' (2012)
| works =
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|novelist|writer|translator|journalist}}
| awards = {{ubl|
* [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] (2007)
* [[The Hindu Literary Prize]] (2012)
* [[Crossword Book Award]] (2013)
* [[Windham–Campbell Literature Prizes]] (2016)
* [[Sahitya Akademi]] (2016)}}
}}

'''Jerry Pinto''' (born 1966) is an Indian poet, novelist, [[short story]] writer, translator, and journalist based in [[Mumbai]], India. He writes in English language. Pinto's works include ''[[Helen: The Life and Times of an H-Bomb]]'' (2006), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema Award]] at the 54th [[National Film Awards]], ''Surviving Women'' (2000) and ''Asylum and Other Poems'' (2003). His first novel ''[[Em and the Big Hoom]]'' was published in 2012.<ref>[http://alephbookcompany.com/em-and-the-big-hoom.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702050902/http://alephbookcompany.com/em-and-the-big-hoom.html|date=2 July 2012}} Em and The Big Hoom|Aleph Book Company website</ref> Pinto won the [[Windham–Campbell Literature Prizes|Windham-Campbell prize]] in 2016 for his fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://windhamcampbell.org/winners |title=Windham-Campbell prize: Winners |access-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105181704/http://windhamcampbell.org/winners |archive-date=5 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2016 for his novel ''Em and the Big Hoom''.

==Early life==
Jerry Pinto was born in [[Goa]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerry Pinto |url=https://windhamcampbell.org/festival/2016/recipients/pinto-jerry#:~:text=Born%20in%201966%20in%20Goa,of%20familial%20and%20political%20life. |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Windham Campbell Prizes |language=en}}</ref> He is a Roman Catholic and of Goan origin. He grew up in [[Mahim]], [[Bombay]].<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=19921&n_tit=%27You+Cannot+Think+of+Another+Helen...%27+-+Writer+Jerry+Pinto Rediff Interview / Jerry Pinto] 29 March 2006.</ref> Pinto received a liberal arts degree from [[Elphinstone College]], [[University of Mumbai]], and a law degree from Government Law College, [[Mumbai]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

== Career ==
Pinto' 2006 book about the Indian actress [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] titled ''The Life and Times of an H-Bomb'',<ref name=des>{{Cite web |url=http://www.despardes.com/in/ent/2006/28-helen-item-girl.html |title='Helen: The Life and the Times of an H-Bomb' |access-date=27 January 2010 |archive-date=23 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223225442/http://www.despardes.com/in/ent/2006/28-helen-item-girl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] in 2007.

His collection of poems, ''Asylum and Other Poems'' appeared in 2003. He has also co-edited ''Confronting Love'' (2005), a book of contemporary Indian love poetry in English. He returned to magazine journalism as a Consulting Editor at ''Man's World'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's behind Man's World? |url=http://mansworldindia.com/newsite/aboutus.asp |publisher=Man’s World |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405071720/http://mansworldindia.com/newsite/aboutus.asp |archive-date= 5 April 2010 }}</ref> Later, he joined Paprika Media (the publishing house that brings out [[Time Out (company)|Time Out]] Mumbai and Time Out Delhi) to edit their special projects. He is now a freelance [[journalist]], writing articles for the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and ''[[Live Mint]]'' newspapers, as well as '' The Man '' and ''MW''

In 2009, he coauthored ''Leela: A Portrait'' with [[Leela Naidu]], a semi-biographical book of anecdotes and photos from Leela Naidu's life. Leela Naidu was continuously listed as one of top ten or top five most beautiful women in the world in the 1950s and 1960s by magazines like ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''.

His first novel, ''Em and the Big Hoom'', was published in 2012, and won [[The Hindu Literary Prize]] that year. It was also shortlisted for the [[Commonwealth Book Prize]].

He has translated several books from Marathi to English including ''[[Cobalt Blue (novel)|Cobalt Blue]]'', ''[[Baluta (autobiography)|Baluta]]'', ''[[When I Hid My Caste]]'' and ''I, the Salt Doll''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/Translation-is-the-noblest-failure-Jerry-Pinto/article14619998.ece |title=Translation is the noblest failure: Jerry Pinto |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=September 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/892521/when-i-hid-my-caste-baburao-baguls-short-stories-were-steeped-in-his-ideologically-vibrant-youth |title='When I Hid My Caste': Baburao Bagul's short stories were steeped in his ideologically vibrant youth |last=Maitreya |first=Yogesh |date=September 1, 2018}}</ref> From Hindi into English he translated the novel ''Havan'' (''The Fire Sacrifice'', 1989) by the American-Indian writer [[Susham Bedi]].<ref>New Delhi : Tiger Books 2026</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Surviving Women''. Penguin Books, 2000. {{ISBN|0-14-028715-9}}.
* ''Bombay, meri jaan: writings on Mumbai'', with Naresh Fernandes. Penguin Books, 2003.
* ''Asylum and Other Poems''. (Poetry in English). Allied Publishers India., 2003. {{ISBN|81-7764-527-7}}
* ''Confronting Love, (edited with [[Arundhathi Subramaniam]] ) ''. (Poetry in English). [[Penguin Books]] India., 2005. {{ISBN|0-14-303264-X}}
* ''[[Helen: The Life and Times of an H-Bomb]]''. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2006. {{ISBN|0-14-303124-4}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/dancing-queen-of-bombay-cinema-489396|title=Dancing queen of Bombay cinema : The Tribune India}}</ref>
* ''Reflected in Water: Writings on Goa''. Penguin Group, 2006. {{ISBN|0-14-310081-5}}.
* ''Bollywood Posters'', with Sheena Sippy. Thames & Hudson, 2008. {{ISBN|9780500287767}}
* ''Leela: A Patchwork Life'' with [[Leela Naidu]]. Penguin Group, 2009. {{ISBN|9780670999118}}
* ''[[Em and the Big Hoom]]''. Aleph Book Company, 2012. {{ISBN|8192328023}}
* ''Phiss Phuss Boom'', with [[Anushka Ravishankar]] and [[Sayoni Basu]]. Illustrated by Vinayak Varma. Duckbill, 2013. {{ISBN|978-93-83331-08-6}}
* ''When Crows Are White'', 2013. {{ISBN|9788184778571}}
* ''Monster Garden''. Illustrated by [[Priya Kuriyan]]. Duckbill, 2016. {{ISBN|978-93-83331-26-0}}
* ''Murder in Mahim'', 2017. {{ISBN|9789385755293}}
* ''[[The Education of Yuri]].'' Speaking Tiger Books, 2022. {{ISBN|9789354472688}}
* ''[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/citizen-gallery-by-jerry-pinto-how-an-art-gallery-shaped-indias-modern-art-scene-455204 Citizen Gallery: The Gandhys of Chemould and the birth of modern art in Bombay],'' 2022

== Awards and honours ==
* 2007 [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] for ''[[Helen: The Life and Times of an H-Bomb]]''
* 2012 [[The Hindu Literary Prize]] winner for ''Em and the Big Hoom''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-hindu-literary-prize-goes-to-jerry-pinto/article4425328.ece |title=The Hindu Literary Prize goes to Jerry Pinto |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=[[Staff writer]] |date= 17 February 2013 |access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref>
* 2013 [[Crossword Book Award]] (fiction) for ''Em and the Big Hoom''<ref>{{cite web |title='Popular choice' ruled at book awards |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Popular-choice-ruled-at-book-awards/articleshow/26984253.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref>
* 2016 [[Windham–Campbell Literature Prizes]] (Fiction) for ''Em and The Big Hoom'' <ref>{{cite web |title=Nine writers win Yale's $150,000 Windham-Campbell Prizes|url=http://news.yale.edu/2016/03/01/nine-writers-win-yale-s-150000-windham-campbell-prizes#.VtWIPjy6wD9.twitter |work=[[Yale News]] |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref>
* 2016 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Em and The Big Hoom''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jerry Pinto}}
*[http://www.jerrypinto.com Jerry Pinto's Website]
*[http://india.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=14745 About Jerry Pinto and his poems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051945/http://india.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=14745 |date=21 July 2011 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041013185832/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/10/03/stories/2004100300290500.htm Jerry Pinto's book of poems, Asylum], reviewed by [[Ranjit Hoskote]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135551/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Search/Search.aspx?q=Jerry%20Pinto&nodate=1 Hindustan Times columns by Jerry Pinto.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080126130350/http://www.livemint.com/Articles/ByLineArticles.aspx?ByLine=Jerry+Pinto&type=wa Live Mint: columns by Jerry Pinto]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/one-per-cent-writing-and-99-per-cent-rewriting/article4278321.ece The Hindu: One per cent writing and 99 per cent rewriting]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185948/http://windhamcampbell.org/2016/winner/jerry-pinto Windham–Campbell Prizes Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinto, Jerry}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]

Haskell Indian Nations University

2026-03-26T11:50:47Z

WEMBruce20: started a details

{{Short description|Public university in Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Haskell Indian Nations University
| image = Haskell Indian Nations Uni Logo.png
| image_size = 150
| established = {{start date and age|1884}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Tribal colleges and universities|tribal]] [[land-grant university]]
| city = [[Lawrence, Kansas]]
| country = U.S.
| students = 878 (all undergraduate) (fall 2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Haskell&s=all&id=155140#enrolmt|title=Haskell Indian Nations University|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>
| former_names = United States Indian Industrial Training School (1884–1887) Haskell Institute (1887–1970) Haskell Indian Junior College (1970–1993)
| athletics_affiliations = [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics|NAIA]] – [[NAIA independent schools|Continental]]
| sports_nickname = [[Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians|Fighting Indians]]
| colors = Purple, gold and white {{color box|#49176e}} {{color box|#fcb217}} {{color box|white}}
| academic_affiliations = [[American Indian Higher Education Consortium|AIHEC]], [[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
| website = {{URL|https://haskell.edu/| haskell.edu}}
| logo = Haskell univ logohoriz.png
| logo_size = 250
}}

'''Haskell Indian Nations University''' ('''Haskell''' or '''HINU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[tribal university|tribal]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aihec.org/colleges/index.cfm | title=About Tribal Colleges and Universities | publisher=AIHEC | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421144522/http://www.aihec.org/colleges/index.cfm | archive-date=2012-04-21 | access-date=2011-09-03 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[land-grant university]] in [[Lawrence, Kansas]], United States. Founded in 1884 as a residential boarding school for Native American children,<ref name=125th>{{cite web | url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/12608 | title=HINU Commemorates 125th Anniversary | publisher=DiverseEducation.com | date=June 1, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211210450/http://diverseeducation.com/article/12608 | archive-date=2012-02-11 | access-date=2011-08-29 | url-status=live }}</ref> the school has developed into a university operated by the [[U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs]]<ref>[http://www.bie.edu/Schools/Colleges/index.htm Colleges and Universities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508015627/http://www.bie.edu/Schools/Colleges/index.htm |date=2015-05-08 }}. [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]. Retrieved on June 16, 2015.</ref> that offers both associate and baccalaureate degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/admission/index.html |title=Haskell Informational Recruiting Video |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004707/http://www.haskell.edu/admission/index.html |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The college was founded to serve members of federally recognized [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes in the United States. It is the oldest continually operating federal school for American Indians.<ref name="pember"/>

Approximately 140 Tribal nations and [[Alaska Native]] communities are represented at Haskell,<ref name="About Haskell">{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |title=About Haskell |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518023340/http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |archive-date=2012-05-18 }}</ref> which is funded directly by the [[Bureau of Indian Education]] as a U.S. Trust Responsibility<ref>{{cite web |last=Slade |first=Lynn H. |url=http://library.findlaw.com/1999/May/20/132928.html |title=The Federal Trust Responsibility in a Self-Determination Era |work=findlaw.com |date=May 20, 1999 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2012-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115035737/http://library.findlaw.com/1999/May/20/132928.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to Native American Tribes. While the school does not charge tuition, students are responsible for paying yearly fees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.edu/financial-aid/our-value-equation/|title=Our Value Equation|date=15 December 2016 |publisher=Haskell Indian Nations University|access-date=May 24, 2018|quote=On-Campus Living: $715 ... Off-Campus Living: $240 [as of 2018]|archive-date=October 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026190150/http://www.haskell.edu/financial-aid/our-value-equation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Twelve campus buildings have been designated as U.S. [[National Historic Landmark]]s. Haskell is home to the Haskell Cultural Center and Museum,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/cultural/index.html |title=The Haskell Cultural Center and Museum |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113005119/http://www.haskell.edu/cultural/index.html |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://americanindianathletichalloffame.com/ |title= Official website |publisher= The American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame |access-date= 2013-11-12 |archive-date= 2011-10-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111006171148/http://americanindianathletichalloffame.com/ |url-status= usurped }}</ref> the ''Indian Leader'', the oldest Native American student newspaper in the country;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/student_life/indian_leader.html |title=The Indian Leader |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004950/http://www.haskell.edu/student_life/indian_leader.html |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and numerous student clubs and organizations.<ref name="Student Life">{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/student_life/index.html |title=Student Life |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004311/http://www.haskell.edu/student_life/index.html |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Faculty and students built the Haskell Medicine Wheel Earthwork in 1992, and the [[Haskell-Baker Wetlands]] are important for migrating birds. The renowned Rinehart Collection is housed in the Haskell Cultural Center. Numerous sculptures and murals are located throughout the campus. Haskell also is a member of the [[American Council on Education]], the [[Council for Higher Education Accreditation]], the [[Higher Learning Commission]], and the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics]].<ref name=catalog>{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007055755/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf|archive-date=October 7, 2012 |title=Haskell General Catalog |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12}}</ref>

The university hosts cultural and academic events that attract visitors (both Native American and non-Native) from across the country and abroad. Such events include the annual Haskell Indian Art Market,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/art_market/index.html |title=Haskell Indian Art Market |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004618/http://www.haskell.edu/art_market/index.html |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Stories-n-Motion Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawrence.com/events/2011/apr/02/42903/ |title=7th Annual Stories-n-Motion Film Festival |publisher=Lawrence.com |date=2011-04-02 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113002147/http://www.lawrence.com/events/2011/apr/02/42903/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Haskell Commencement and [[Pow-Wow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitlawrence.com/events/2840/haskell-indian-nations-commencement-native-american-pow-wow |title=Haskell's Commencement & Pow-Wow |publisher=VisitLawrence.com |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004053/http://www.visitlawrence.com/events/2840/haskell-indian-nations-commencement-native-american-pow-wow |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These public events are held along with numerous educational conferences, workshops, and presentations.

==History==
{{main|American Indian boarding schools}}
The history of Haskell Indian Nations University reflects both U.S. Indian policy and [[self-determination]] efforts by American Indian and Alaska Native communities.<ref name="pember"/> Haskell was founded during an era following the Indian Wars when the federal government believed that Native Americans needed to assimilate into the majority culture in order to survive. The US government had earlier provided some schools on reservations according to treaties, which were usually administered by religious missions. In the late 19th century, it also began to establish off-reservation boarding schools. Native American children were recruited from a variety of tribes to attend for their education, and were expected to abandon their tribal traditions while there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/boardingschools.htm |title=ASU's Bibliography of Indian Boarding Schools: Approximately 1875 TO 1940 |publisher=Asu.edu |date=2013-11-08 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2011-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926215358/http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/boardingschools.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]], founded in 1879 in Pennsylvania, became the model for federal immersion programs in education. In 1882 the United States Congress authorized three new boarding schools to be established in [[Nebraska]], [[Kansas]], and [[Indian Territory]] (a plan that would cost $150,000), and the Carlisle school was the model for these soon-to-be-constructed institutions, including what became Haskell in Kansas.

When Haskell opened in 1884, it was called "United States Indian Industrial Training School".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Frances|title=American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780395633366|url-access=registration|date=2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=9780395633366|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780395633366/page/n211 174]}}</ref> It had 22 elementary school-age students the first year.<ref name="pember">{{cite web|url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/12608/|title=Haskell Indian Nations University Commemorates 125th Anniversary, Recognizes Painful History|last=Pember|first=Mary Annette|work=Diverse (Issues in Higher Education)|publisher=National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education|date=1 June 2009|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606173529/http://diverseeducation.com/article/12608/|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon boys were taught skills in tailoring, wagon making, blacksmithing, harness making, painting, shoe making, and farming, reflecting trades common to their mostly rural and small town environments of reservations. Girls studied cooking, sewing and homemaking. As was typical of many such rural schools, most of the students' food was produced on the associated Haskell farm. Older students were expected to work while at the school, as in the model of [[Tuskegee Institute]] and similar independent institutions.<ref name="About Haskell"/>

According to many sources, school living conditions during the 1880s and 1890s were harsh. Organized under the semi-military system of the [[Carlisle Indian School]], students wore uniforms to enforce conformity and end tribal identification. Their hair was cut when they entered school, which was especially painful for the boys, as in most tribes, adult men kept long hair. The children marched to classes and exercised regularly. Students were often physically punished if they failed to follow the rules of the institute.<ref name="pember"/><ref name="schwartz">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/12/us/professor-ex-addict-confronts-perils-american-indians-face.html|author=Schwarz, Alan|title=Overcoming Addiction, Professor Tackles Perils American Indians Face|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=May 11, 2013|access-date=September 29, 2017|archive-date=November 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103161845/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/12/us/professor-ex-addict-confronts-perils-american-indians-face.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At least 103 children died while attending the school.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2018/jan/02/haskell-installs-new-fence-around-cemetery-after-s/| author=Joanna Hlavacek| title=Haskell installs new fence around cemetery after vandalism| publisher=Lawrence Journal-World| date=January 2, 2018| access-date=November 15, 2021| archive-date=November 15, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115051241/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2018/jan/02/haskell-installs-new-fence-around-cemetery-after-s/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.france24.com/en/20140128-us-freeway-pave-over-history-native-american-suffering| author=Brenna Daldorph| title=US freeway to pave over history of Native American suffering| publisher=France24| date=January 28, 2014| access-date=November 15, 2021| archive-date=November 15, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115051234/https://www.france24.com/en/20140128-us-freeway-pave-over-history-native-american-suffering| url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:DCHaskell.jpg|thumb|170px|The school was named after Dudley C. Haskell, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the [[Kansas's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] district of Kansas.]]
In 1887, the school was renamed "Haskell Institute" in honor of [[Dudley Haskell]], the [[U.S. representative]] from Kansas's [[Kansas's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] district who achieved having the school built in [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]].

In 1889, Charles T. Meserve was appointed as the fifth superintendent in Haskell's five-year history. His discharge of many employees (including the principal teacher) brought criticism from the president of the [[National Education Association]]. Students reacted to his harsh treatment by sending four protesting petitions to the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|BIA]] in Washington, DC. A [[Special agent|Special Indian Agent]], appointed to investigate the incident, whitewashed the whole situation.<ref name="To the Stars">{{cite book|author=Nelson, Donald F|title=To the Stars over Rough Roads: The Life of Andrew Atchison, Teacher and Missionary|chapter=Chapter 4|publisher=TidePool Press|year=2008}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, Haskell continued to evolve while operated by the federal government. It added classes for upper grades, and in 1927 received accreditation as a Kansas high school. By 1935 it was classified as a vocational-technical school.<ref name="pember"/>

[[File:Haskell Indian Nations University circa 1900.jpg|thumb|left|Haskell campus circa 1900]]
[[File:Haskell Institute 1908 Phil Konstantin.jpg|thumb|300px|Students at Haskell Institute, 1908. Hiawatha Hall, the oldest building still on campus, can be seen in the background on the far left.]]
From the 1900s through the 1930s, Haskell became famous for its football teams. In competition with teams from colleges such as Harvard, Yale, and Brown, Haskell was known as the "Powerhouse of the West".<ref name="pember"/><ref name="About Haskell, page 5">{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title=About Haskell, page 5 |publisher=Haskell.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916013026/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf|archive-date=September 16, 2012}}</ref> From 1902 to 1919, Haskell won five of eleven games played against the University of Texas.<ref>{{cite web | title=Winsipedia College Football Database | url=https://www.winsipedia.com/texas }}</ref> 

During the 1960s, Native Americans organized to assert their cultures and work to realign the relationships between federally recognized tribes and the federal government. Among the areas they wanted to change was education of their children. They wanted more from the schools. They were encouraged by the [[civil rights movement]] of African Americans to press for fulfillment of treaty conditions. At Haskell, students and activists wanted to reconfigure the school's pedagogical approach to better serve [[Indian country]] and Alaska Native communities.<ref name=125th/> In 1965, Haskell graduated its last high school class.<ref name="About Haskell, page 5"/>

Two years later, with more curriculum development, the school in 1967 was renamed as "Haskell Indian Junior College", able to award associate degrees and certificates in special skills programs.<ref name="About Haskell, page 5"/> [https://archives.lib.ku.edu/repositories/3/resources/1573 Wallace Galluzzi] (1926–1984) was president of Haskell Indian Junior College (later Haskell Indian Nations University, previously Haskell Institute) in Lawrence, Kansas, from 1969 to 1981. By the late 1980s, planning began to develop the institution as a four-year, bachelor-degree granting university.<ref name="About Haskell, pp 5-6">{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title=About Haskell, pp. 5–6 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004701/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1993, the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, [[Ada Deer]], approved that development, which had been built on expansion of the curricula and programs. It was renamed Haskell Indian Nations University.<ref name="About Haskell, pp 5-6"/> Haskell offered its first four-year baccalaureate degree program in elementary teacher education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |title=About Haskell |access-date=2013-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518023340/http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |archive-date=2012-05-18 }}</ref> Within a few years, Haskell had developed its own, specialized bachelor's degree program in American Indian Studies;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/5754/1/ins.v02.n1.77-85.pdf |title="The American Indian Studies Program at Haskell Indian Nations University," in ''Indigenous Nations Studies Journal'', 2.1, Spring 2001, page 77 |access-date=2013-11-12 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Business Administration and Environmental Sciences degree programs soon followed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title="University History" page 6 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004701/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1994, Congress designated this college and 31 other tribal colleges as [[Land-grant university|land-grant colleges]], to provide them with benefits of related programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/1994%20LGU%20Anniversary%20Pub%20WEB_0.pdf |title=NIFA 1994s The First 20 Years of the 1994 Land-Grant Institutions Standing on Tradition, Embracing the Future |publisher=[[National Institute of Food and Agriculture]] |date=September 25, 2015 |access-date=December 20, 2020 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721170457/https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/1994%20LGU%20Anniversary%20Pub%20WEB_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the turn of the 21st century, Haskell had become a tribal-based university with a curriculum serving general Native American and Alaska Native goals. In 2013 it had about 1,000 students.<ref name="schwartz"/> Today, Haskell's alumni work in numerous areas to serve Indian country and Alaska Native communities.

The university faced national scrutiny in 2024 after a [[Bureau of Indian Education]] report revealed that university officials routinely failed to report or adequately respond to sexual harassment and assault complaints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Red Lake Nation |title=Scathing Investigation Reveals Years of Ignored Sexual Assault, Mismanagement at Haskell Indian Nations University |url=https://www.redlakenationnews.com/story/2024/05/15/news/scathing-investigation-reveals-years-of-ignored-sexual-assault-mismanagement-at-haskell-indian-nations-university/122408.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Red Lake Nation News |language=en}}</ref> The investigation found that students’ reports of sexual abuse were often ignored, and in some cases, survivors were denied support or faced retaliation, including expulsion following academic struggles related to their experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PEER |date=2024-04-22 |title=Report on Abuse of Indian Students Finally Surfaces |url=https://peer.org/report-on-abuse-of-indian-students-finally-surfaces/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=PEER.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The BIE report also documented that accused individuals were sometimes allowed to remain on campus and that staff accused of misconduct were reassigned rather than disciplined. These findings led to a congressional hearing, where lawmakers criticized the university's culture of neglect and the BIE's inadequate oversight, prompting calls for policy reforms and improved campus safety measures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investigating how the Biden Administration Ignored Cries for Help from Students at Haskell Indian Nations University {{!}} Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee {{!}} House Committee on Natural Resources |url=https://naturalresources.house.gov/calendar/eventsingle.aspx?EventID=416292 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=naturalresources.house.gov |language=en}}</ref>

On February 14, 2025, in the middle of the school year, Haskell was forced to lay off a quarter of its staff due to [[Education policy of the second Donald Trump administration|budget cuts by the Trump administration]].<ref name="blinder">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/05/us/haskell-university-native-students-cuts.html|author=Blinder, Alan|title=A Native University Is Losing a Quarter of Its Staff to Federal Cuts|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=March 5, 2025|access-date=March 6, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Haskell Indian Nations University lays off dozens of employees after federal orders |url=https://lawrencekstimes.com/2025/02/14/haskell-layoffs/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Lawrence Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Campus==
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Haskell Institute
| nrhp_type = nhld
| nocat = yes
| image = File:Tecumseh Hall (Haskell Indian Nations University).jpg
| caption = Haskell's Tecumseh Hall (2018)
| location = [[Lawrence, Kansas]]
| locmapin = Kansas#USA
| coordinates = {{coord|38|56|23|N|95|13|58|W|region:US-KS_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| area =
| designated_nrhp_type= July 4, 1961<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=228&ResourceType=none|title=Haskell Institute|access-date=2008-04-07|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615034824/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=228&ResourceType=None|archive-date=2009-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| added = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| architect =
| architecture =
| refnum=66000342
}}

The Haskell campus has 12 buildings that have been designated as U.S. [[National Historic Landmarks]]. In addition to its historic architecture, Haskell is recognized for its collection of public sculptures, murals, photographs, and paintings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Henning |first=Sarah |url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/apr/29/haskell-campus-populated-artwork-past-and-present/ |title=Haskell Artwork |publisher=.ljworld.com |date=2011-04-29 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2013-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115143401/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/apr/29/haskell-campus-populated-artwork-past-and-present/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Examples include the well-known sculpture, ''Comrade in Mourning,'' by [[Allan Houser]].

The [[Haskell-Baker Wetlands]] span approximately {{convert|640|acre|ha}} on the south side of the Haskell campus. These [[wetlands]] are home to 243 species of birds, 21 species of fish, 22 species of reptiles, and 26 species of plants. This area serves as a feeding and breeding ground for the [[Bird migration|migratory birds]] that breed in Canada and migrate to Mexico and South America. The Northern Crawfish Frog is an endangered species and its critical habitat is the wetlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/student_life/wpo.html |title=Wetlands Protection Organization |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004952/http://www.haskell.edu/student_life/wpo.html |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Blalock Hall===
Constructed in 1978, Blalock Hall was named in honor of Margaret Blalock, [[Ojibwe|Chippewa]], a Haskell alumna, and long-time employee at the college, who was committed to serving the students at Haskell.<ref name="University Residency Halls, p. 19">{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title=University Residency Halls, p. 19 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004701/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a residential hall for freshman (first year) men and male students transferring from other colleges and universities.<ref name=Housing>"[http://www.haskell.edu/housing/index.php Housing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629002046/http://www.haskell.edu/housing/index.php |date=2015-06-29 }}." Haskell Indian Nations University. Retrieved on June 16, 2015.</ref>

===Hiawatha Hall===
Originally constructed in 1898 and dedicated on March 12, 1899,<ref name="soqr-armitage">{{cite book|last1=Armitage|first1=Katie|title=Lawrence: Survivors of Quantrill's Raid|date=2010|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|location=[[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina|Mount Pleasant, SC]]|isbn=9780738577999|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPFcRs6CYbMC|access-date=May 24, 2018|archive-date=August 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821050352/https://books.google.com/books?id=vPFcRs6CYbMC|url-status=live}}</ref> Hiawatha Hall was named after the historic [[Onondaga people|Onondaga]] leader of the [[Hiawatha|same name]]. The hall was built by the [[United Methodist Church]] to serve as a campus chapel (although it has also served as a general auditorium and as a girl's gym at various times in the school's history),<ref name="haskell.edu"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Federal Writers' Project of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Kansas|title=Kansas: A Guide to the Sunflower State|date=1949|publisher=Hastings House|isbn=9781603540155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5sjp_1UBJMC|access-date=May 24, 2018|archive-date=August 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821050352/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5sjp_1UBJMC|url-status=live}}</ref> and today it is the oldest building still standing on the Haskell campus.<ref name="soqr-armitage"/><ref name="haskell.edu">{{cite web|title=A Walking Tour of Haskell Indian Nations University|url=http://haskell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Haskell_walking_tour.pdf|publisher=Haskell Indian Nations University|access-date=September 29, 2017|archive-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930040028/http://haskell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Haskell_walking_tour.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Brockington and Associates|title=Appendix C. Buildings on the Haskell Indian Nations University Campus|url=http://southlawrencetrafficway.org/downloads/Brockington%20Report/AppendixC.pdf|access-date=September 29, 2017|date=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411214152/http://southlawrencetrafficway.org/downloads/Brockington%20Report/AppendixC.pdf|archive-date=April 11, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hiawatha Hall is currently owned by the federal government and has been closed for decades because the government has not allocated money to pay for necessary repairs{{em dash}}despite the building being on the [[National Historic Landmark]]s list.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendricks|first1=Mike|title=Haskell hopes for independence as campus mires in disappointment|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article38038422.html|access-date=September 29, 2017|work=[[Kansas City Star]]|date=October 6, 2015|archive-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930035751/http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article38038422.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Osceola and Keokuk Halls===
Osceola and Keokuk Halls are collectively known as O-K Hall. Constructed in 1884, Osceola and Keokuk served as dormitories for men and women, respectively. [[Osceola]] was a famous [[Seminole]] warrior, whose name means "Rising Sun". [[Keokuk (Sauk chief)|Keokuk]], a Sac and Fox whose name means "Watchful Fox", was not a hereditary chief, but recognized for his skillful leadership, force of character, and brilliant oratory.<ref name="University Residency Halls, p. 19"/> O-K Hall is currently a residential hall for both women and men.<ref name=Housing/>

===Pocahontas Hall===
Pocahontas Hall was built in 1931 and was named after [[Pocahontas|the daughter]] of [[Powhatan]], [[paramount chief]] of the Powhatan confederacy. She married English colonist [[John Rolfe]], and they were ancestors to many descendants of [[First Families of Virginia]].<ref name="University Residency Halls, p. 19"/> It serves as a residential hall for freshman women and female students transferring from other colleges and universities.<ref name=Housing/>

===Pontiac Hall===
Built in 1934, Pontiac Hall was named after an [[Ottawa people|Ottawa]] [[Pontiac (Ottawa leader)|chief]]. It is located immediately south of the main quadrangle.<ref name="haskell.edu" />

===Powhatan Hall===
Powhatan Hall was constructed in 1932 and named after the paramount chief of the [[Powhatan Confederacy]], made up of 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. Originally used for classrooms, it has been adapted as a residential hall,<ref name="University Residency Halls, p. 19"/> housing Student Residential Assistants (SRS).<ref name=Housing/>

===Roe Cloud Hall===
Completed in 1997, Roe Cloud Hall was named after [[Henry Roe Cloud]], a member of the [[Winnebago Nation]]. He was the first American Indian superintendent of the Haskell Institute, serving from 1933 to 1935. Roe Cloud later served in the presidential administrations of [[Herbert Hoover]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]. He was a spokesman for American Indian issues and education throughout his life.<ref name="University Residency Halls, p. 19"/> It is a residential hall for both men and women.<ref name=Housing/>

===Sequoyah Hall===
Sequoyah Hall was built in 1961 and named for [[Sequoyah]], the Cherokee who developed a syllabary writing system for the Cherokee language in the early 19th century; this was the first known independent development of a writing system. It lies on the eastern edge of the main quadrangle area.<ref name="haskell.edu"/>

===Tecumseh Hall===
Built in 1915 as a gymnasium, Tecumseh Hall was named after the [[Shawnee]] [[Tecumseh|chief]] who led an effort to repulse the European-American settlers from Indian territory west of the Appalachian Mountains. It houses the Campus Shoppe, offices of the Student Senate, Student Activities, and the ''Indian Leader'' (the campus newspaper).<ref name="haskell.edu"/>

===Winona Hall===
Originally constructed in 1897, Winona Hall was rebuilt in 1962. The name ''Winona'' in Lakota tradition is for daughters who are the first-born child of the family. Winona Hall currently is a co-ed honors residential hall,<ref name="University Residency Halls, p. 19"/> serving both women and men.<ref name=Housing/>

<gallery mode=packed caption= "Haskell campus buildings" heights= 90>
File:HINU Campus.jpg|alt=View of Haskell campus looking Northwest|Aerial view of Haskell campus
File:Hiawatha Hall (Haskell Indian Nations University).tif|Hiawatha Hall
file:Auditorium (Haskell Indian Nations University).jpg|Auditorium
file:Haskell Arch (Haskell Indian Nations University).jpg|Haskell Arch
File:Haskell Indian Nations University Sign.jpg|The main sign to the university
File:Bandstand-Gazebo (Haskell Indian Nations University).jpg|The small bandstand gazebo was constructed in 1908 and is on the NRHP
</gallery>

== Museums and libraries ==
The Haskell Cultural Center and Museum provides exhibits of interest about the school's history, beginning with its opening in 1884. Its archives include collections on Haskell and aspects of Native American history.

Tommaney Library provides a range of academic research resources in print, online and digital form.

==Haskell Medicine Wheel Earthwork==
The Haskell Medicine Wheel Earthwork is located south of the campus. It was designed by Haskell professors, students, crop artist [[Stan Herd]], and tribal elders, and dedicated in 1992 as a response to the 500th commemoration of the "[[Christopher Columbus#Legacy|Columbian Legacy]]".

According to the Haskell Catalog, the medicine wheel earthwork:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title="Medicine Wheel" in the Haskell General Catalog, page 6 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004701/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<blockquote>symbolizes the scope and richness of indigenous cultures, from the beginning of humankind to the present. The circle is symbolic of the perpetual and sacredness of the spirituality of native peoples. The [[spoke]]s are the four directions. The circle marks the astrological locations of the Summer and Winter [[solstice]] and represent the death, rebirth, balance and healing in [[Mother goddess|Mother Earth]]. The bear claw represents the strength needed for the survival of indigenous people. The [[Thunderbird (mythology)|thunderbird]] located to the east represents the spiritual traditions of tribal people and points to the sacred circle and sacred fire contained within the Medicine Wheel Teachings.</blockquote>

A replica of the [[medicine wheel]] is carved in the tile at the Haskell Cultural Center and Museum as a way of balancing the campus (with a medicine wheel on the north and south ends of campus).<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.haskell.edu/cultural/pages/medicine_wheel.html | title= Medicine Wheel | publisher= Haskell.edu | access-date= 2013-11-12 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004825/http://www.haskell.edu/cultural/pages/medicine_wheel.html | archive-date= 2013-11-13 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

== Organization ==
The university is one of 37 members<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aihec.org/colleges/TCUroster.cfm |title=Tribal College and University Roster |publisher=Aihec.org |date=2013-10-22 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112130528/http://www.aihec.org/colleges/TCUroster.cfm |archive-date=2013-11-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the [[American Indian Higher Education Consortium]], an organization of Tribal colleges and universities.

== Academics ==
Haskell offers four baccalaureate degree programs and four associate degrees.

In 2022 the school's graduation was 45%, per the [https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/dfr/2023/ReportHTML.aspx?unitId=155140 2023 IPEDS Data Feedback Report] published by the Institute of Education Science. The university received a #13 ranking on the 2010 "Top 50 Dropout Factory" list from ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' in their College Guide, with a graduation rate of 9%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/rankings_2010/dropout_factories.php |title=2010 Dropout Factories |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825232547/http://washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/rankings_2010/dropout_factories.php |archive-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref>

===Associate degree programs===
Haskell offers associate of arts (AA) degrees in a variety of fields, including: Communication Studies, Liberal Arts, Media Communication, Para Professional Education, and Social Work. The school also offers associate of science (AS) degrees in: Community Health, Natural Sciences, and Recreation Fitness Management.<ref>{{cite web|title=Associate Degree Programs|date=10 November 2016 |url=http://www.haskell.edu/academics/associate-degree-programs/|publisher=Haskell Indian Nations University|access-date=October 2, 2017|archive-date=October 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220114/http://www.haskell.edu/academics/associate-degree-programs/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bachelor programs===
The school also offers the four following bachelor programs:<ref name=catalog/>

====Indigenous and American Indian Studies (BA)====
This program provides an integrated foundation of interdisciplinary knowledge and the practical skills needed to contribute to the development of Indigenous American Indian and Alaska Native communities and nations. The program is designed to prepare students for graduate or professional schools, or to enter the workplace after graduation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title=Course Catalog, page 76 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004701/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Business Administration (BS)====
The School of Business offers the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with emphases in management or tribal management. The management track emphasizes traditional academic study of contemporary management practices and theories common to the management of human, financial, technical, natural, and other resources. The Tribal Management track explores contemporary and historical issues that particularly affect management of tribal governments and enterprises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title=Course Catalog, page 77 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004701/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Elementary Teacher Education (BS)====
Education majors complete a Bachelor of Science Degree in Elementary Education; they must pass the Principles of Learning and Teaching (PLT) and Elementary Education exam to be eligible to apply for Kansas provisional licensure to teach kindergarten through the sixth grade. Other states may have differing requirements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title=Course Catalog, page 92 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004701/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Environmental Sciences (BS)====
This program provides a broad-based background to prepare students for graduate school or a career in environmental or biological fields. Courses offered include Biology, Ecology, Chemistry, Physics, Geography, Natural Resources, and Environmental Sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |title=Course Catalog, page 68 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004701/http://www.haskell.edu/catalog/haskell_general_catalog.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is intended to add substance to indigenous concerns about sustainability.

== Student life ==
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2023<ref>{{cite web |title= College Scorecard: Haskell Indian Nations University|url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?155140-Haskell-Indian-Nations-University|website=College Scorecard |publisher=[[United States Department of Education]] |access-date=June 23, 2025 }}</ref>
|-
! Race and ethnicity
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]/[[Alaska Native]]
|align=right| {{bartable|100|%|2||background:yellow}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |[[Economic diversity]]
|-
| [[American lower class|Low-income]]{{efn|The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [[Pell grant]] intended for low-income students.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|60|%|2||background:red}}
|-
| [[Affluence in the United States|Affluent]]{{efn|The percentage of students who are a part of the [[American middle class]] at the bare minimum.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|40|%|2||background:black}}
|}
More than 20 student organizations and clubs on campus<ref name="Student Life"/> provide students with chances to become involved in campus life and activities related to the larger community.

== Athletics ==
{{Main|Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians}}

The Haskell (HINU) athletic teams are called the Fighting Indians. The school's team colors are purple, gold and white. The university is a member of the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics]] (NAIA), primarily competing as an [[NAIA independent schools|NAIA Independent]] within the Continental Athletic Conference since the 2015–16 academic year. The Fighting Indians previously competed in the defunct [[Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference]] (MCAC) from 2001–02 to 2014–15 (when the conference dissolved).

HINU competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf and track & field (indoor and outdoor); women's sports include basketball, cross country, softball, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball. Club sports include baseball and boxing. Former sports included football and co-ed cheerleading.

===Football===
Haskell had one of the best college football teams in the nation from 1900 to 1930.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_RqQQHqQdAAC&pg=PA156 | title = Shaping college football: The transformation of an American sport, 1919-1930 | isbn = 978-0-8156-0886-8 | last1 = Schmidt | first1 = Raymond | date = May 2007 | publisher = Syracuse University Press | access-date = 2021-10-10 | archive-date = 2022-08-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220821050354/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RqQQHqQdAAC&pg=PA156 | url-status = live }}</ref> Due to funding shortfalls, the football program was suspended beginning for the 2015 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2015/may/21/haskell-suspends-football-program-2015-season/ |title=Haskell suspends football program, possibly others, to cut costs |access-date=2015-05-21 |archive-date=2015-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523030820/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2015/may/21/haskell-suspends-football-program-2015-season/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{main list|:Category:Haskell Indian Nations University alumni}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Evelyne Bradley]] – American [[Navajo people|Navajo]] [[judge]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.azjournal.com/2013/05/29/evelyne-e-bradley/|title= Evelyne E. Bradley|publisher= Arizona Journal|access-date= January 30, 2014|archive-date= February 1, 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140201233203/http://www.azjournal.com/2013/05/29/evelyne-e-bradley/|url-status= live}}</ref>
*[[Emmett Bowles]] – professional baseball player<ref>{{Citation|title=Emmett Bowles|date=2019-10-07|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmett_Bowles&oldid=919993625|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10|archive-date=2022-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821050354/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmett_Bowles&oldid=919993625|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Venida Chenault]] – government official and academic administrator<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Dr. Venida S. Chenault Becomes Haskell President |language=en |work=ICT News |publisher=IndiJ Public Media |url=https://ictnews.org/archive/dr-venida-s-chenault-becomes-haskell-president |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref>
* [[Henry Roe Cloud]] – Tribal education advocate<ref>{{cite web|url= http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.edu.034/|title= ROE CLOUD, HENRY (1884-1950)|publisher= Encyclopedia of the Great Plains|access-date= January 30, 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325221103/http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.edu.034|archive-date= 2014-03-25|url-status= dead}}</ref>
* [[Sharice Davids]] – Member of U.S. Congress for Kansas Congressional District 3<ref>[https://shariceforcongress.com/about/ QUICK FACTS ABOUT SHARICE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814213231/https://shariceforcongress.com/about/ |date=2022-08-14 }}, Shariceforcongress.com. "She attended Haskell Indian Nations University and the University of Kansas before graduating from Johnson County Community College and later the University of Missouri-Kansas City."</ref><ref>Schallhorn, Kaitlyn. [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/who-is-sharice-davids-the-kansas-congressional-candidate-who-could-make-history Who is Sharice Davids, the Kansas congressional candidate who could make history?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814213748/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/who-is-sharice-davids-the-kansas-congressional-candidate-who-could-make-history |date=2022-08-14 }}, ''[[FOX News]]'', August 9, 2018.</ref>
* [[Larry Johnson (lineman)|Larry Johnson]] – [[American football|football]] [[offensive lineman]] in the [[National Football League]]<ref name="databaseSports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.databasefootball.com/players/bycollege.htm?sch=Haskell+Indian+Nations+University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307203003/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/bycollege.htm?sch=Haskell+Indian+Nations+University |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |title=NFL Players who attended Haskell Indian Nations University |publisher=databaseSports.com |access-date=January 30, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Buck Jones (American football)|Buck Jones]] – professional football player<ref name="databaseSports.com"/>
* [[Nick Lassa]] – professional football player<ref name="databaseSports.com"/>
* [[Gilbert L. Laws]] – [[Secretary of State of Nebraska|Nebraska Secretary of State]] and U.S. Congressman<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000143%5C|title= LAWS, Gilbert Lafayette, (1838 – 1907)|dictionary= Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|access-date= January 30, 2014|archive-date= March 4, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061815/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000143%5C|url-status= live}}</ref>
* [[Edward E. McClish]] – American military officer and guerrilla leader in the [[Philippines]] in [[World War II]].
* [[Mayes McLain]] – professional football player<ref name="databaseSports.com"/>
* [[Emmett McLemore]] – professional football player<ref name="databaseSports.com"/>
* [[Billy Mills]] – Olympic gold medalist in 10,000m at Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics
* [[Joe Pappio]] – professional football player<ref name="databaseSports.com"/>
* [[Stan Powell]] – professional football player<ref name="databaseSports.com"/>
* [[Steve Reevis]] – actor
* [[Pauline Small]] – first woman elected to a [[Crow Nation]] tribal office{{Citation needed|date = January 2014}}
* [[Barbara Starr Scott]] – Cherokee Nation tribal councilor (1983–1987, 1995–1999)<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-10 |title=Former Tribal Councilor Starr Scott dies at 81 |url=https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/news/former-tribal-councilor-starr-scott-dies-at-81/article_7bcc530e-eca3-5e43-80a5-166687f60101.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=cherokeephoenix.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jim Thorpe]] – Double Gold Medalist at the 1912 Olympic Games. Member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, College Football Hall of Fame, US Olympic Hall of Fame, and the United States Track & Field Hall of Fame
* [[Louis Weller]] – professional football player<ref name="databaseSports.com"/>
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[American Indian outing programs]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://haskellathletics.com/ Athletics website]
* [https://www.haskellhistory.com/ Haskell Cultural Center & Museum]

{{navboxes
| title = Articles related to Haskell Indian Nations University
| titlestyle = background:#470A68; color:white; border:2px solid #FFB81C
| list =
{{Bureau of Indian Education}}
{{Lawrence, Kansas}}
{{Education in Douglas County, Kansas}}
{{Colleges and universities in Kansas}}
{{NHLs in KS}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Kansas}}
{{North American Tribal Colleges and Universities}}
{{NAIA independent schools navbox}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Haskell Indian Nations University| ]]
[[Category:American Indian Higher Education Consortium]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lawrence, Kansas]]
[[Category:Education in Douglas County, Kansas]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1884]]
[[Category:Lawrence, Kansas]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Kansas]]
[[Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kansas]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Douglas County, Kansas]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in Kansas]]

Gora (novel)

2026-03-26T08:57:44Z

WEMBruce20: slightly enhance structure for accuracy and improved wording per sources

{{short description|Bengali novel written by Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Gora
| author = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| country = [[British India]]
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher =
| isbn = 978-8-171-67755-9
| image = Gora (Novel) Rabindranath Tagore.jpg
| caption = Cover page of Gora ([[Bengali language|Bengali]])
| title_orig = গোরা (White or Fair)
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| series =
| subject =
| pub_date = 1910
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 624
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = [[Noukadubi]]
| followed_by = [[Chaturanga]]
| Pub date =
| set_in = [[Bengal]]
}}
'''''Gora''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: গোরা) is a novel by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], set in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), in the 1880s during the [[British Raj]]. It is the fifth in order of writing and the longest of Tagore's twelve novels. It is rich in philosophical debate on politics and religion.<ref>Indian Ruminations (5 January 2012). [http://www.indianruminations.com/contents/review/tagore%E2%80%99s-idea-of-nation-and-nationalism-in-gora-nakul-kundra-amritsar Tagore’s Idea of Nation and Nationalism in Gora – Nakul Kundra, Amritsar]</ref>
Other themes include liberation, universalism, brotherhood, gender, feminism, caste, class, tradition versus modernity, urban elite versus rural peasants, colonial rule, nationalism and the [[Brahmo Samaj]].<ref name="timesAlive" /><ref name="magic" />

The novel is the longest novel written by Tagore. It deeply influences the Indian society and emerged as a debate between Brahmo Samaj and Hinduism.

==Contents==
''Gora'' consists of two parallel love stories of two pairs of lovers: Gora and Sucharita, Binoy and Lolita. Their emotional development is shown in the background of the social and political problems prevalent in India towards the end of the 19th-century.<ref name="George1993">{{cite book|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Modern Indian Literature: an Anthology: Fiction|volume=2|year=1993|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7201-506-2|pages=89–90}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story mainly revolves around its protagonist, Gormohan alias 'Gora', a ‌staunch Hindu Brahmin.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Tagore, Rabindranath |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1013463053 |title=Gora |date=28 March 2016 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5307-8000-6 |oclc=1013463053}}</ref> Gora is a young man with a well-built body, good stature, white complexion, and a heavy voice. Because of his physique, he is the head of his circle of friends. Despite not being handsome, Gora is considered attractive because of his heavy speech and high stature. Gora's best friend is Binoybhushan aka Binoy. Binoy is a friendly and handsome young man. He has a special affection for Gora's mother Anandamayi, and regards Anandamayi as his mother as he was orphaned as a child. One day Binoy meets a [[Brahmo Samaj]]i Paresh Babu and his daughter Sucharita when their wagon crashes outside Binoy's house. Binoy helps them, and starts visiting their house. And then Binoy is introduced to Paresh Babu, his wife Varadasundari, his eldest daughter Lavanya, middle daughter Lalita, and younger daughter Leela. Along with them, he is introduced to Sucharita, the adopted daughter of Paresh Babu, and Satish, Sucharita's real brother. At the time of the story there is an ongoing conflict between the Brahmo Samaj and Hinduism; as Gora is a staunch Hindu who believes in untouchability, he forbids Binoy to meet Paresh Babu and his family. This leads to an argument between the two. Gora accuses Binoy of being attracted to Paresh Babu's daughter, but Binoy denies this. Gora's father Krishnadayal, a good friend of Paresh Babu, one day urges Gora to visit Paresh Babu's house to inquire about his well-being. When Gora goes there, Binoy is already present, disappointing and angering Gora. There, Gora is introduced to Haran alias Panu Babu, who is Bengali but has special affection for the British. Haran Babu is a special head of the Brahmo Samaj, and is going to marry Sucharita. Due to Gora's being Hindu, he does not get the same respect at Paresh Babu's house as Binoy did. He gets into an argument with Haran Babu. Sucharita, who earlier saw Gora as inferior because of his fanaticism, supports Gora by not supporting Haran Babu in the debate. Gora is then very angry with Binoy, but due to his special affection for him cannot leave him.

Later, Gora has to go to Paresh Babu's house once again, where Gora's love for Sucharita awakens; Sucharita reciprocates those feelings. Gora, who has sworn that he will never marry, feels deeply guilty about this and immediately sets off on an unknown journey. Varadasundari gets along well with Magistrate Brownlow, and she chooses Binoy and Lalita to star in a show at his house. Gora travels to a village which is haunted by the atrocities of the magistrate and the superintendent. He vows to bring justice to the village and rebels against the magistrate. Enraged by this, the magistrates send Gora to jail for a month without trial for any crime. Hearing this, Lalita, who cannot tolerate injustice, is enraged. Due to this she comes home overnight on a steamer with Binoy. The steamer incident — that a Brahmo girl has come alone with a Hindu boy at night — stirs up the Brahmo Samaj. Lalita becomes notorious, so Varadasundari blames Binoy. Binoy agrees to join the Brahmo Samaj under societal pressure, but Gora objects to it, with Lalita also forbidding Binoy from doing so. Meanwhile, Sucharita's widowed maternal aunt, Harimohini, visits Poresh's house and her being a Hindu arises conflict between her and Poresh's wife, Varadasundari. Seeing this conflict, Poresh reveals to Sucharita that she had her own house in the neighbourhood which he bought from Sucharita's father's savings. Sucharita and Harimohini move into the house.

After being released from prison, Gora starts visiting Sucharita's house. Harimohini, who is suspicious of Gora's intention, wants Sucharita to marry her relative, Kailash. Sucharita doesn't accept it and accepts Gora as her guru. Meanwhile, Binoy and Lalita get married with resistance from Varadasundari, Gora, and Binoy's relatives.

When one day, when Krishnadayal falls ill, he informs Gora of the truth about his origins. He explains that Gora is not actually his son, but the son of a Christian Irishman. They had met when he lived in Etawah; when war broke out there, Gora's military father was killed. Gora's mother was dependent on Krishnadayal's goodwill and gave birth to Gora in his house, dying in the process. Krishnadayal has raised him since. In that one moment, Gora's whole life is destroyed, the religion for which he sacrificed his whole life having rejected him. Eventually, Gora accepts Paresh Babu as his guru, after drinking water from Lachmiya's hand.

== Characters ==

* '''Gormohan aka Gora/Gaur''' is the son of Anandmoyi and Krishnadayal, younger half- brother of Mahim, best friend of Binoy and Sucharita's love interest. He is the protagonist and [[titular character]] of the novel.
* '''Binoybhushan aka Binoy (Vinay)''' is Lolita's husband and Gora's best friend.
* '''Sucharita (birth name: Radharani)''' is the adopted daughter of Paresh Babu and Vardasundari and sister of Satish, and her half- sisters, Lolita, Lavanya and Leela.
* '''Lolita (Lalita)''' is Paresh Babu and Vardasundari's second daughter and Binoy's wife.
* '''Pareshchandra Bhattacharya aka Paresh Babu''' is the husband of Varadasundari, father of Lavanya, Lolita and Leela.
* '''Anandmoyi (Anandmayi)''' is the mother of Gora, step mother of Mahim and Krishnadayal's wife. She is an enigmatic spiritual leader, Anandamoyi plays a significant role in shaping Gora's spiritual and philosophical journey. Her teachings challenge Gora's narrow-mindedness and foster a more inclusive understanding of spirituality and human existence.
* '''Haran Babu aka Panu Babu''' A Brahmo Samaji who hates Bengali and Indian culture and impressed with Britishers and jealous of Binoy and Gora as he wants to marry Sucharita.
* '''Mahim''' step brother of Gora, son of Krishnadayal from his late wife. He is a witty and cunning middle- aged man, who is jealous of Gora and hates her step mother. He is a government employee. He has a daughter, Shashimukhi, and wants to marry her off with Binoy. However, when Binoy marries Lolita, he started hating him.
* '''Krishnadayal''' a staunch Hindu like Gora, father of Mahim, foster father of Gora and husband of Anandmayi.
* '''Harimohini''' maternal aunt of Sucharita and Satish.
* '''Shri Satishchandra Mukhopadhyaya aka Satish''' adopted son of Paresh Babu and Vardasundari and real brother of Sucharita best friend of Binoybhushan. He is a talkative and naught young boy.
* '''Kailash''' brother - in - law of Harimohini
* '''Avinash''' student of Gora
* '''Lavanya''' eldest daughter of Paresh Babu and Vardasundari
* '''Leela''' youngest daughter of Paresh Babu and Vardasundari
* '''Shashimukhi''' daughter of Mahim
* '''Mahim's wife'''
* '''Lachmiya''' [[Christians|Christian]] servant of Anandmoyi<ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction: Novel Characters |date=2010-08-26 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444327984.ch1 |work=Novel Characters |pages=1–21 |access-date=2023-08-04 |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |doi=10.1002/9781444327984.ch1 |isbn=978-1-4443-2798-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Themes ==
The theme of Gora, revolves around [[nationalism]], identity, and social reform. It explores the clash between traditional Hindu customs and modern ideas, reflecting the complexities of India during the colonial era. The protagonist, Gora, grapples with questions of identity and cultural belonging, making the novel a profound exploration of self-discovery and societal transformation. In Gora, Rabindranath Tagore also delves into the theme of religious tolerance and the power of love in bridging cultural divides. The novel portrays the characters' struggles with the changing social dynamics and how they navigate their personal beliefs while engaging with broader societal issues. It emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and open-mindedness in addressing the challenges of a rapidly changing world. Throughout the story, Tagore weaves a tapestry of diverse perspectives and ideologies, showcasing the richness of India's cultural heritage. He presents a vivid picture of the social, political, and religious landscape of the time, raising essential questions about unity, diversity, and the role of individuals in shaping their communities.
As Gora grapples with his own identity and tries to reconcile his traditional upbringing with modern ideas, the novel serves as a reflection on the complex interplay between tradition and progress. The exploration of gender roles and the empowerment of women is another prominent aspect of the novel, shedding light on the importance of gender equality and women's agency. Ultimately, Gora is a thought-provoking and deeply philosophical work that transcends time and continues to resonate with readers as they contemplate the intricate relationships between tradition, nationalism, and the human quest for understanding and growth.

== Critical reception ==
Gora is considered one of his most significant works in [[Bengali literature]].<ref>{{Citation |last=d'Hubert |first=Thibaut |title=Bengali Literature of Arakan |date=2020-07-30 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.430 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |access-date=2023-08-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.430 |isbn=978-0-19-027772-7 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It received widespread critical acclaim for its insightful exploration of social and political issues during the [[Colonial India|colonial era in India]]. The novel was first published in 1910 and quickly gained recognition for its thought-provoking narrative and powerful storytelling. Tagore's portrayal of the protagonist Gora, a committed and proud nationalist with fervent belief in Indian traditions, and his interactions with various characters from different backgrounds, reflect the complexities of society and the struggle for cultural identity during the British colonial rule.

Critics also appreciated Tagore's lyrical prose and the way he intertwined philosophical musings with social commentary. The novel's exploration of caste, class, and gender issues further highlighted Tagore's progressive ideas and his concern for social reforms. Over the years, "Gora" has been subject to numerous academic studies and literary analyses, and it continues to be a compelling piece of literature that resonates with readers worldwide. Its themes of self-discovery, religious tolerance, and the quest for truth remain relevant even in contemporary times.<ref>{{Citation |title=Criticism of the Novel Contemporary Reception |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472554147.ch-006 |work=Middlemarch : Critical Approaches to the Novel |date=2013 |access-date=2023-08-04 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781472554147.ch-006 |isbn=978-1-4725-1440-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Translations==
The translation of ''Gora'' into English by W. W. Pearson was published in 1924. Half of this version had been revised by Tagore's own nephew, Surendranath Tagore. On the basis of this translation, a French translation was made by Marguerite Glotz in 1927, revised on the Bengali original by Pierre Fallon s.j. and published in 1961; another French translation based on a typescript of the first English translation had been prepared by Madeleine Rolland already in 1923 but was never completed. A new English translation by Sujit Mukherjee, based on the better text of the Bengali ''Collected Works of Rabindranath'' (1941), was issued at the Sahitya Akademy, New Delhi, in 1997. On the same better basis, an English translation by Radha Chakravarty was published by Random House in 2009 (Penguin Modern Classics). A German translation by Helene Meyer-Franck appeared in 1924, and by Gisela Leiste in 1980. A Hindi translation was made by the famous Hindi poet and author [[Agyeya]]. For his [[Malayalam]] translation, Dr. [[K. C. Ajayakumar]] has won in 2015 the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
Film adaptations exist from 1938, when director [[Naresh Mitra]] made a Bengali film in the [[Gora (film)|same name]] based on the novel.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen|first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|page=149}}</ref> and from 2015, directed by Shukla Mitra. In 2012 [[Hindi language|Hindi]] channel [[Doordarshan]] broadcast a 26-episode television series by producer Gargi Sen and director Somnath Sen.<ref name="timesAlive">Times of India ([https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Tagores-Gora-to-come-alive-on-television/articleshow/16890545.cms Tagore’s Gora to come alive on television]</ref><ref name="magic">Magic Lantern Movie (5 November 2012). [http://magiclanternmovies.in/blogs/tagores-gora-set-telecast-doordarshans-national-channel Tagore's 'Gora' set for telecast on Doordarshan's national channel].</ref>

== Legacy and cultural influence ==
Gora holds immense cultural and literary significance in Bengal and beyond. First published in 1910, it remains a timeless classic that has left a profound impact on Bengali literature and society. The novel delves into themes of identity, nationalism, and social reform, presenting a critique of religious orthodoxy and advocating for universal humanism. Gora challenged prevailing notions of caste and religious divisions, promoting a more inclusive and tolerant society. Through its portrayal of the titular character, Gora, an ardent nationalist with a fervent desire to uplift his people, Tagore depicted the struggle for self-discovery and self-realization. The book questioned traditional norms and called for a reevaluation of societal structures, contributing to the intellectual awakening and cultural renaissance in Bengal during the early 20th century. Tagore's lyrical prose and deep philosophical insights in Gora continue to inspire generations of readers, influencing subsequent literature and shaping the Bengal's literary landscape. The novel's emphasis on individuality, empathy, and unity transcends time and remains relevant to this day. Overall, Gora not only transformed Bengal's literary scene but also played a pivotal role in catalyzing the region's cultural and social transformation, leaving an indelible legacy that continues to resonate with readers and scholars worldwide.<ref>{{Citation |title=The novel's narrative technique |date=1988-04-28 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781139166089.005 |work=Conrad: Nostromo |pages=21–47 |access-date=2023-08-04 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781139166089.005 |isbn=978-0-521-32821-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=kan ho yun |date=August 2014 |title=The Study on Shinyeon-Whaljabon(New-Lead Printed) Old Novel's Catalogue Pictures and Cultural Assimilation |journal=The Classical Literature and Education |volume=null |issue=28 |pages=221–253 |doi=10.17319/cle.2014..28.221 |issn=1598-7108|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nandini |title=Rabindranath Tagore Gora: A Critical Companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7MbswEACAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-84082-42-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Hogan|first1=Patrick Colm |last2=Pandit|first2=Lalita|title=Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyr2gZZnWl8C&pg=PA143|year=2003|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3980-1|pages=141–212}}
*{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Kh. Kunjo |title=Humanism and Nationalism in Tagore's Novels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09pXEoGHGdcC|year=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0184-5|pages=99–112}}

==See also==
* [[Works of Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[List of works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Adaptations of works of Rabindranath Tagore in film and television]]

==Summary==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Google books|id=35GfBAAAQBAJ}} (Bengali)
* {{Google books|id=zap1xqzPU24C}} (English translation)
* {{Google books|id=9jifdxSPGx8C}} (English translation with notes)
*[https://amargitanjali.com/tag/গোরা/ গোরা সমগ্ৰহ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331003317/https://amargitanjali.com/tag/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE/ |date=31 March 2022 }}
{{Rabindranath Tagore}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Novels by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:1909 novels]]
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Brahmoism]]
[[Category:Interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]
[[Category:Novels about nationalism]]
[[Category:Novels set in British India]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]

Bar Council of Odisha

2026-03-25T11:52:55Z

WEMBruce20: article...

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of Orissa
| type = Statutory body
| nativename_r =
| formed = {{start date and age|1961}}
| headquarters = Odisha
| chief1_name = Chinmay Mohanty<ref name="orissa ref1">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Chinmay Mohanty new chairman of Odisha Bar Council |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chinmay-mohanty-new-chairman-of-odisha-bar-council-118050100239_1.html |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=1 May 2018}}</ref>
| chief1_position = President
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| website = https://www.odishabarcouncil.org/
}}

'''Bar Council of Orissa''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Orissa]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central [[Government of India]]. Members of the Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Orissa]] and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==
The Bar Council of Orissa was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. As per the guidelines, the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by the All India Bar Council. The [[Law Commission of India]] was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India. Around 167 bars in the Orissa State are associated with
Bar Council of Orissa.<ref name="orissa ref6" />

== Functions ==
Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:<ref name="Him Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website=103.25.172.19 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

#As a statutory body regulating legal profession and education across state.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Bihar State Bar Council elections to be held on March 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/11/bihar-state-bar-council-elections-to-be-held-on-march-27-1771803.html |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 February 2018}}</ref>
#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.<ref name="mad ref33">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: Election of Bar Council executive on September 27 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/madhya-pradesh-election-of-bar-council-executive-on-september-27 |access-date=4 October 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=10 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2">{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Debashish |title=Bihar State Bar Council elected: All 25 members of Bihar State Bar Council elected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/all-25-members-of-bihar-state-bar-council-elected/articleshow/64606272.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref9">{{cite news |title=First elected member of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry bar council named |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-elected-member-of-tn-pondy-bar-council-named/articleshow/65345455.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Forwarding the names of elected members to Bar Council of India for formal approval as members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />
#Facilitating the formation of managing committee like Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Treasurer of the Bar.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.<ref name="Telangana Bar Ref9">{{cite news |last1=Mathur New |first1=Aneesha |title=Supreme Court comes to the rescue of 2 judge hopefuls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/supreme-court-comes-to-the-rescue-of-2-judge-hopefuls-1849755-2021-09-06 |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Appointment Of HC Judges Is Made After Considering Seniority, Merit: SC |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/appointment-of-hc-judges-is-made-after-considering-seniority-merit-sc-7431531.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.<ref name="Gujarat Bar ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Gujarat pays Rs 2 crore for Covid treatment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/bcg-pays-rs-2-cr-for-covid-treatment/articleshow/82691199.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref4">{{cite news |title=12,000 lawyers hit by Covid-19 to get Rs 4,000 as assistance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/12000-lawyers-hit-by-covid-19-to-get-rs-4000-as-assistance/articleshow/75804036.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of TN & Pondy to give Rs 4,000 each to 12,000 needy advocates |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bar-council-of-tn-pondy-to-give-rs-4-000-each-to-12-000-needy-advocates-120050801730_1.html |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref5">{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Aneesha |title=Bar Council of Delhi gives over Rs 3.59 crore as financial aid to Covid-affected lawyers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/delhi-bar-council-gives-over-rs-3-59-crore-as-financial-aid-to-covid-affected-lawyers-1804941-2021-05-20 |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref10">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Poonam |title=Delhi Bar Council writes to MHA seeking immediate action against police raid at lawyer Mehmood Pracha's office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-bar-council-letter-home-ministry-advocate-mehmood-pracha-raid-office-delhi-police-1753611-2020-12-27 |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=27 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in adhoc situations.<ref name="tamil ref3">{{cite news |title=Bar council writes to CS about lawyers accessing courts during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bar-council-writes-to-cs-about-lawyers-accessing-courts-during-lockdown/articleshow/82493848.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=9 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Delhi writes to PM Modi, urges repeal of new farm laws |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bar-council-of-delhi-writes-to-pm-modi-urges-repeal-of-new-farm-laws-120120300045_1.html |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=3 December 2020}}</ref>
#Design and organise [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.<ref name="Hima Ref9">{{cite news |title=Himachal HC starts lecture series of "Pursuit of Excellence" |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/regional/news/himachal-hc-starts-lecture-series-of-pursuit-of-excellence-146578 |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=24 August 2021}}</ref>
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
#Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council Of Delhi Suspends 10 More Lawyers For Submitting Fake Covid Reports For Financial Help |url=https://www.india.com/news/delhi/bar-council-of-delhi-suspends-10-more-lawyers-for-submitting-fake-covid-reports-for-financial-help-4813413/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India com News |date=14 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing welfare schemes like Insurance for its members.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref3">{{cite news |title=HC seeks bar council's response on plea by govt on lawyer benefits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/hc-seeks-bar-councils-response-on-plea-by-govt-on-lawyer-benefits/articleshow/85469037.cms |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref4">{{cite news |title=Govt. appeals against inclusion of NCR lawyers in welfare plan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/govt-appeals-against-inclusion-of-ncr-lawyers-in-welfare-plan/article35988099.ece |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
#Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref5" />
#Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref7">{{cite news |title=Delhi Bar Council suspends license of lawyer who performed 'Nikah' at his chamber |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-bar-council-suspends-license-of-lawyer-who-performed-nikah-at-his-chamber20210705163941/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=ANI News |date=5 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes.<ref name="tamil ref7">{{cite news |title=Suspension of 5,790 Tamil Nadu lawyers kept in abeyance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/suspension-of-5790-tamil-nadu-lawyers-kept-in-abeyance/articleshow/68588757.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=27 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref9">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Delhi hikes enrolment fee, new joinees to pay Rs 14,300 |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/bar-council-of-delhi-bcd-enrolment-fee-hike/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Legal |date=9 January 2021}}</ref>
#Organising regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref12">{{cite news |title=Delhi: Bar council to hold meeting on reverting to physical mode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-bar-council-to-hold-meeting-on-reverting-to-physical-mode/articleshow/80625873.cms |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.<ref name="tamil ref2" />
#Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.<ref name="tamil ref5">{{cite news |title=Madras HC stays transfer of complaints against lawyers to Bar Council of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-stays-transfer-of-complaints-against-lawyers-to-bar-council-of-india/articleshow/74420958.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.<ref name="Kerala bar ref3">{{cite news |title=Kerala Bar Council to act against lawyer over FB post against cop Anie Siva |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-bar-council-act-against-lawyer-over-fb-post-against-cop-anie-siva-152524 |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref7" /><ref name="tamil ref8">{{cite news |title=Bar Council penalises new lawyers who put up hoardings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/bar-council-penalises-new-lawyers-who-put-up-hoardings/articleshow/67295852.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=29 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Enrolling newly qualified lawyers into council.<ref name="Kerala bar ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Kerala organises first-ever online enrolment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jun/28/bar-council-of-kerala-organises-first-ever-online-enrolment-2162395.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=28 June 2020}}</ref>
#Occasionally verifying the renewal of the enrolled members.<ref name="orissa ref2" />
#Ensuring polls are conducted to Bars associated with it.<ref name="orissa ref6">{{cite news |title=Orissa HC asks bar council to hold polls by month-end |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/orissa-hc-asks-bar-council-to-hold-polls-by-month-end/article26573519.ece |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 March 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Constitution ==
The council elects its own chairman and vice-Chairman for a period of five years from amongst its members.<ref name="mad ref33" /><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4" /> Assisted by the various committees of the Council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the Council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. Till the year 2018, there were around 55,000 enrolled as members of the state Bar Council.<ref name="orissa ref2">{{cite news |title=Odisha State Bar Council starts identifying non-practising advocates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/odisha-state-bar-council-starts-identifying-non-practising-advocates/articleshow/85423126.cms |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=18 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />

Chinmay Mohanty was elected as Chairman of Bar Council of Orissa.<ref name="orissa ref1" />

==Enrollment of advocates==
Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Bar Council of Orissa.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref5">{{cite news |title=Any procedure in place for online enrollment of law grads, Delhi HC asks Bar Council of Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/any-procedure-in-place-for-online-enrollment-of-law-grads-hc-asks-bcd/story-7g6f5reL3joGTgT9fhTU0J.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Law graduates can enroll online for Bar Council of Orissa.<ref name="Kerala bar ref2" /> State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, they are certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'a Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates them to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.
{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== Important actions ==

1. In 2021, Bar Council of Orissa had initiated formalities of tracing advocates enrolled as members but not practicing.<ref name="orissa ref2" />

2. In 2020, Bar Council of Orissa had decided to provide to its members Rs 5,000 each as amount towards financial assistance during Covid pandemic to the needy advocates.<ref name="orissa ref3">{{cite news |title=Odisha Bar Council to provide Rs 5,000 aid to needy lawyers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/aug/02/odisha-bar-council-to-provide--rs-5000-aid-to-needy-lawyers-2178054.html |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2 August 2020}}</ref>

3. In 2020, Bar Council of Orissa had decided to frame rules for providing to its members Rs 10,000 each as financial assistance from Bar Council of India as amount towards financial assistance during Covid pandemic to the needy advocates.<ref name="orissa ref4">{{cite news |title=Rs 10,000 assistance for lockdown-hit Odisha lawyers |url=https://www.orissapost.com/rs-10000-assistance-for-lockdown-hit-odisha-lawyers/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=orissapost.com |date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

4. In 2020, Bar Council of Orissa in view of Covid pandemic had requested the [[Orissa High Court]] for closure for a scheduled duration.<ref name="orissa ref5">{{cite news |title=COVID-19 Scare: Bar Council To Request Orissa High Court For Closure {{!}} |url=https://ommcomnews.com/odisha-news/covid-19-scare-bar-council-to-request-orissa-high-court-for-closure |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=Ommcom News |date=15 March 2020}}</ref>

5. In 2019, Bar Council of Orissa had been directed by Orissa High Court to plan for the elections for the formation of the executive bodies for its associate bars.<ref name="orissa ref6" />

== See also ==
* [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bar Council of Telangana]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.odishabarcouncil.org.in/ official website]


[[Category:Organisations based in Odisha]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

Joysagar Tank

2026-03-25T06:32:36Z

WEMBruce20:

{{Short description|Reservoir in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Joysagar Tank
| engineer =
| other_name = Joysagar Borpukhuri
| image = Joysagar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry = 
| location = [[Sivasagar District]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| group =
| type = [[Reservoir|Tank]]
| etymology =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.58|N|94.41|E|display=inline,title}}
| part_of =
| inflow =
| rivers =
| outflow =
| oceans =
| catchment = 
| basin_countries =
| agency =
| designation =
| date-built = 
| native_name_lang =
| native_name =
| frozen =
| islands =
| area = {{convert|108|acre|km2}}
| depth = 
| max-depth = 
| volume = 
| residence_time =
| salinity =
| shore = 
| elevation = 
| temperature_high = 
| temperature_low = 
| length = 
| date-flooded = 
| islands_category =
| sections =
| trenches =
| benches =
| cities = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake in India.
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| website =
| width = 
| reference =
}}
'''Joysagar Tank''', also known as '''Joysagar Borpukhuri''' is a large [[Reservoir|tank]] located at [[Sivasagar district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shiva Dol Sivasagar Assam - Popular Holy Tourist Destination in Assam|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/assam/shiva-dol.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rohith B. R.|date=Apr 28, 2016|title=Asia's second largest tank could dry up soon {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/asias-second-largest-tank-could-dry-up-soon/articleshow/52018677.cms|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The lake is 5 km from the center of the [[Sivasagar]] city. The lake has historical significance.

== History ==
[[File:Vishnudol at joysagar.jpg|thumb|Vishudol Joysagar]]
The lake was made during the reign of the renowned Ahom king, [[Rudra Singha]]. About 5 km from the Sivasagar township, three set of temples are located on the northern bank of the lake. The most renowned among these sanctuaries is the [[Joy dol]], which is also known as the [[Joy dol|Keshavnaryan Vishu dol]]. As the name suggests, the sanctuary is devoted to Lord Vishnu and his numerous manifestations. This lake was formed in 1697, in just 45 days, in the memory of [[Joymoti Konwari]], mother of Rudra Singha. The lake covers an area of 318 acres (1.28 square km). The water level of the lake is 14 feet higher from ground level.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joysagar Tank And Temples, Sibsagar|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/sibsagar/attractions/joysagar-tank-temples/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
The lake attracts international tourists. The northern bank of the lake has many temples which are visited by the locals every day. Joysagar is one of the most famous tourist attractions of Sivasagar and is visited by people in large numbers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|title = Outlook Traveller – Travel Magazine |News|Articles and Guide Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Elvis Ali Hazarika first Assamese to cross Catalina Channel|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-swimmer-elvis-ali-hazarika-first-assamese-to-cross-catalina-channel.html|access-date=2021-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> During winters, Joysagar lake becomes home to hundreds of migratory birds. During this time bird watching is an important activity.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[List of lakes in India]]
* [[List of lakes of Assam]]
* [[Sivasagar Tank (Borpukhuri)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Assam]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Sivasagar district]]

IPhone

2026-03-17T11:17:13Z

WEMBruce20: minor changes

{{Short description|Line of smartphones by Apple}}
{{Lowercase title}}
{{About|||IPhone (disambiguation){{!}}iPhone (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox computing device
| name = iPhone
| logo = IPhone new logo.svg
| logo_class = skin-invert
| image = IPhone 17 Pro Vector.svg
| image_upright =
| caption = Front face of the latest [[flagship model]], the [[iPhone 17 Pro]], in Cosmic Orange
| developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| manufacturer = [[Contract manufacturer]]s: {{hlist|[[Foxconn]] |[[Pegatron]] |[[Wistron]] | [[Tata Group]]}}
| type = [[Smartphone]]
| os = [[iOS]]
| power = Built-in rechargeable [[lithium-ion battery]]
| storage = 128, 256, 512 GB, 1 or 2 TB<ref group=note name=storageunits>1 GB = 1 billion bytes; 1 TB = 1 trillion bytes</ref> [[flash memory]] (current models)
| sound = {{flatlist|
* [[Bluetooth]]
* Stereo speaker ([[iPhone 7]] and up)
* Microphone
* 3.5 mm [[phone connector (audio)|headphone jack]] (until iPhone 7)
* [[30-pin dock connector]] (until [[iPhone 5]])
* [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] port (iPhone 5 – [[iPhone 14]])
* [[USB-C]] port ([[iPhone 15]] and up)
}}
| related = {{flatlist|
* [[iPad]]
* [[List of iPhone models|Comparison of iPhone models]]
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.apple.com/iphone/|apple.com/iphone}}
| units_sold = >3 billion ({{as of|2025|7|lc=y|df=US}})
| online_services = {{flatlist|
* [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]]
* [[Apple One]]
* [[iCloud]]
* [[Apple Pay]]
}}
| release_date = {{start date and age|2007|06|29}}
}}
{{iPhone models}}

The '''iPhone''' is a line of [[smartphone|smartphones]] developed and marketed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] that run [[iOS]], the company's own [[mobile operating system]]. The [[iPhone (1st generation)|first-generation iPhone]] was announced by then–Apple CEO and co-founder [[Steve Jobs]] on January 9, 2007, at [[Macworld 2007]], and launched later that year. Since then, Apple has annually released new [[List of iPhone models|iPhone models]] and [[IOS version history|iOS versions]]; the latest models being the [[iPhone 17]], the higher-end [[iPhone 17 Pro]] and 17 Pro Max, the thinner [[iPhone Air]], and the entry-level [[iPhone 17e]]. As of July 2025, more than 3 billion iPhones have been sold, and Apple has been the [[List of best-selling mobile phones#Annual sales by manufacturer|largest vendor of mobile phones since 2023]].

The original iPhone was the first mobile phone to use [[multi-touch]] technology. Throughout [[History of the iPhone|its history]], the iPhone has gained larger, [[Retina display|higher-resolution]] displays, [[video camera|video-recording]] functionality, [[waterproofing]], and many [[Computer accessibility|accessibility]] features. Up to the [[iPhone 8]] and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front panel, with the [[iPhone 5s]] and later integrating a [[Touch ID]] fingerprint sensor. Since the [[iPhone X]],{{NoteTag|The [[iPhone naming|naming]] of the iPhone X ([[Roman numeral]] "X" pronounced "ten") marked the 10th anniversary of the iPhone, thus skipping the iPhone 9.}} models have switched to a nearly [[Screen bezel|bezel]]-less front screen design with [[Face ID]] facial recognition in place of Touch ID for authentication, and increased use of gestures in place of the home button for navigation.

The iPhone, which operates using Apple's [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] iOS software, is one of the two major smartphone [[Computing platform|platforms]] in the world, alongside [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. The first-generation iPhone was described by Steve Jobs as a "revolution" for the mobile phone industry. The iPhone has been credited with popularizing the [[slate phone|slate]] smartphone form factor, and with creating a large market for smartphone apps, or "[[Mobile app development|app economy]]"; laying the foundation for the [[Post-PC era|boom of the market for mobile devices]]. In addition to the [[List of built-in iOS apps|apps that come pre-installed on iOS]], there are nearly 2 million apps available for download from Apple's mobile [[App store|distribution marketplace]], the [[App Store (Apple)|App Store]], as of {{As of|2024|August|bare=yes}}.

== History ==
{{Main|History of the iPhone}}

===2000s===
Development of an [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] smartphone began in 2004, when the company started to gather a team of 1,000 employees led by hardware engineer [[Tony Fadell]], software engineer [[Scott Forstall]], and design officer [[Jony Ive]],<ref name=":0">Gladwell, Malcolm (November 14, 2011). [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/14/111114fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=2 "The Tweaker: The real genius of Steve Jobs."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308210758/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/14/111114fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=2 |date=March 8, 2013 }} ''[[The New Yorker]]''. p. 2</ref> to work on the highly confidential "Project Purple".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=June 13, 2017|title=The Secret Origin Story of the IPHONE. An exclusive excerpt from the book "The One Device: The secret history of the iPhone"|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/13/15782200/one-device-secret-history-iphone-brian-merchant-book-excerpt|access-date=|website=The Verge|page=|publication-date=2017|archive-date=August 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827040315/http://www.theverge.com/2017/6/13/15782200/one-device-secret-history-iphone-brian-merchant-book-excerpt|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RWW12">{{cite web|last=Rowinski|first=Dan|date=August 7, 2012|title=4 Real Secrets We've Learned So Far About Apple|url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/mobile/2012/08/4-real-secrets-weve-learned-so-far-about-apple.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808131222/http://www.readwriteweb.com/mobile/2012/08/4-real-secrets-weve-learned-so-far-about-apple.php|archive-date=August 8, 2012|access-date=October 25, 2012|work=Readwriteweb.com}}</ref>

Then Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] steered the original focus away from a tablet (which was later revisited in the form of the [[iPad]]) towards a phone.<ref>{{cite news|last=Murtazin|first=Eldar|date=June 20, 2010|title=Apple's Phone: From 1980s' Sketches to iPhone. Part 3|work=Mobile-review|url=http://mobile-review.com/articles/2010/iphone-history3-en.shtml|access-date=March 27, 2011|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134715/http://mobile-review.com/articles/2010/iphone-history3-en.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Apple created the device during a secretive collaboration with [[Cingular Wireless]] (later renamed [[AT&T Mobility]]) at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months.<ref name="Wired_Untold">{{cite news|date=January 9, 2008|title=The Untold Story: How the iPhone Blew Up the Wireless Industry|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=http://archive.wired.com/gadgets/wireless/magazine/16-02/ff_iphone?currentPage=all|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213101032/http://archive.wired.com/gadgets/wireless/magazine/16-02/ff_iphone?currentPage=all|archive-date=February 13, 2015}}</ref> According to Jobs in 1998, the "i" in "iMac" (and thereafter "iPod", "iPhone" and "iPad") stands for internet, individual, instruct, inform, and inspire.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 18, 2016|title=iPhone: What the "i" in Apple's handset names for|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/iphone-apple-name-imac-i-internet-phone-handset-a6881701.html|access-date=November 12, 2017|work=Andrew Griffin|publisher=The Independent|archive-date=July 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706183659/http://www.independent.co.uk/tech/iphone-apple-name-imac-i-internet-phone-handset-a6881701.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wei|first=Will|date=September 7, 2016|title=The meaning of the 'i' in 'iPhone' – as explained by Steve Jobs|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-i-means-iphone-2016-9|access-date=November 12, 2017|work=[[Business Insider]]|archive-date=June 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627235254/https://www.businessinsider.com/what-i-means-iphone-2016-9|url-status=live}}</ref>

Apple rejected the "[[design by committee]]" approach that had yielded the [[Motorola ROKR E1]], a largely unsuccessful "iTunes phone" made in collaboration with [[Motorola]]. Among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1's firmware limited storage to only 100 [[iTunes]] songs to avoid competing with Apple's [[iPod nano]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Andreescu|first=Alex|date=September 27, 2005|title=iPod nano: The End of the Motorola-Apple Story – Ed Zander, Motorola CEO: "Screw the nano"|work=[[Softpedia]]|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/iPod-nano-The-End-of-the-Motorola-Apple-Story-9409.shtml|access-date=June 5, 2010|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701181902/https://news.softpedia.com/news/iPod-nano-The-End-of-the-Motorola-Apple-Story-9409.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rojas|first=Peter|date=September 8, 2005|title=It's official: ROKR E1 iTunes phone can only store max. 100 tracks|url=https://www.engadget.com/2005/09/08/its-official-rokr-e1-itunes-phone-can-only-store-max-100/|access-date=March 23, 2017|work=[[Engadget]]|archive-date=May 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525225131/https://www.engadget.com/2005-09-08-its-official-rokr-e1-itunes-phone-can-only-store-max-100.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cingular gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house, a rare practice at the time,<ref name="CNN secrets">{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Peter|date=January 12, 2007|title=How Apple kept its iPhone secrets|publisher=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/01/10/commentary/lewis_fortune_iphone.fortune/index.htm|access-date=January 11, 2009|archive-date=December 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210110636/http://money.cnn.com/2007/01/10/commentary/lewis_fortune_iphone.fortune/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vogelstein|first=Fred|date=January 9, 2008|title=The Untold Story: How the iPhone Blew Up the Wireless Industry|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgets/wireless/magazine/16-02/ff_iphone|access-date=January 10, 2008|archive-date=May 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509154531/http://www.wired.com/gadgets/wireless/magazine/16-02/ff_iphone|url-status=live}}</ref> and paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue (until the iPhone 3G),<ref>{{cite web|last=Cheng|first=Jacqui|date=June 9, 2008|title=AT&T remains sole iPhone carrier in US, revenue sharing axed (Updated)|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2008/06/att-remains-sole-iphone-carrier-in-us-revenue-sharing-axed/|access-date=March 23, 2017|work=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-date=March 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324090421/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2008/06/att-remains-sole-iphone-carrier-in-us-revenue-sharing-axed/|url-status=live}}</ref> in exchange for four years of exclusive U.S. sales, until 2011.<ref name="arstechnica.com">{{cite web|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=June 29, 2017|title=With iPhone, Apple showed AT&T and Verizon who's boss|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/with-iphone-apple-showed-att-and-verizon-whos-boss/|work=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=July 4, 2017|archive-date=July 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703090321/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/with-iphone-apple-showed-att-and-verizon-whos-boss/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jobs unveiled the [[IPhone (1st generation)|first-generation iPhone]] to the public on January 9, 2007, at the [[Macworld Conference & Expo|Macworld]] 2007 convention at the [[Moscone Center]] in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Farber|first=Dan|date=January 9, 2014|title=When iPhone met world, 7 years ago today|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/when-iphone-met-world-7-years-ago-today/|access-date=March 23, 2017|publisher=[[CNET]]|archive-date=July 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705220307/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/when-iphone-met-world-7-years-ago-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> The iPhone incorporated a 3.5-inch [[multi-touch]] display with few hardware buttons, and ran the [[IOS|iPhone OS]] operating system with a touch-friendly interface, then marketed as a version of [[MacOS|Mac OS X]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=iPhone (2007) review: A game-changer years in the making |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/186335/original-iphone-review-2.html |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005204304/https://www.macworld.com/article/186335/original-iphone-review-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Merchant |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Merchant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVk_DQAAQBAJ |title=The One Device: The Secret History of the iPhone |date=June 22, 2017 |publisher=Transworld |isbn=978-1-4735-4254-9}}</ref> The device launched on June 29, 2007, at a starting price of US$499 in the United States, and required a two-year contract with [[AT&T]].<ref name="AppleQ32007">{{cite press release|url=https://images.apple.com/pr/pdf/q307data_sum.pdf|title=Apple Inc. Q3 2007 Unaudited Summary Data|access-date=June 6, 2008|date=July 25, 2007|publisher=Apple Inc.|quote=Consists of iPhones and Apple-branded and third-party iPhone accessories.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529133618/http://images.apple.com/pr/pdf/q307data_sum.pdf|archive-date=May 29, 2008}}</ref> The price was reduced by a third after two months. The resulting complaints forced Jobs to issue an apology and offer a partial rebate to [[early adopter|early purchasers]] of the Phone.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Wharton Business School]] |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/podcast/knowledge-at-wharton-podcast/the-price-is-right-but-maybe-its-not-and-how-do-you-know/ |title=The Price Is Right, but Maybe It's Not, and How Do You Know? |date=October 3, 2007 |access-date=April 26, 2024 |archive-date=April 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426145152/https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/podcast/knowledge-at-wharton-podcast/the-price-is-right-but-maybe-its-not-and-how-do-you-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:iPhone 3G Availability.svg|upright=1.13|thumb|Worldwide iPhone availability:{{legend|#305ba3|iPhone available since its original release}}{{legend|#7e98ce|iPhone available since the release of the [[iPhone 3G]]}}]]
On July 11, 2008, at Apple's [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] (WWDC) 2008, Apple announced the [[iPhone 3G]], and expanded its launch-day availability to twenty-two countries; it was eventually released in 70 countries and territories.<ref name=3G_countries>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/countries/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721021512/http://www.apple.com/iphone/countries/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 21, 2008|title=iPhone 3G Coming to countries everywhere|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 12, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=iPhone 3G now available in 22 other countries |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/192113/iphone3g_countries.html |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005191602/https://www.macworld.com/article/192113/iphone3g_countries.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The iPhone 3G introduced faster [[3G]] connectivity, and a lower starting price of US$199 (with a two-year AT&T contract).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Tweney |first=Dylan |title=WWDC Keynote: Steve Jobs Announces a $200, 3G iPhone |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/06/liveblog-steve/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005191602/https://www.wired.com/2008/06/liveblog-steve/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It proved commercially popular, overtaking [[Motorola Razr V3|Motorola RAZR V3]] as the best selling cell phone in the U.S. by the end of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iPhone 3G crowned most popular phone in U.S. |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/iphone-3g-crowned-most-popular-phone-in-u-s/ |access-date=October 25, 2023 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115133851/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/iphone-3g-crowned-most-popular-phone-in-u-s/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Its successor, the [[iPhone 3GS]], was announced on June 8, 2009, at WWDC 2009, and introduced video recording functionality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple iPhone 3GS review: Same clothes, new feel |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_3gs-review-369.php |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005191555/https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_3gs-review-369.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2010s===
[[File:First iPhone Macworld 2007 DSCF1286.agr.jpg|thumb|228x228px|The [[IPhone (1st generation)|original iPhone]] on display under glass at the January 2007 [[Macworld]] show|left]]The [[iPhone 4]] was announced on June 7, 2010, at WWDC 2010, and introduced a redesigned body incorporating a [[stainless steel]] frame and a rear glass panel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2010 |title=iPhone 4: The Definitive Guide |url=https://gizmodo.com/iphone-4-the-definitive-guide-5557101 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=Gizmodo |language=en |archive-date=July 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724221043/http://gizmodo.com/5557101/iphone-4-the-definitive-guide |url-status=live }}</ref> At release, the iPhone 4 was marketed as the "world's thinnest smartphone";<ref name=":1" /> it uses the [[Apple A4]] processor, being the first iPhone to use an Apple custom-designed chip. It introduced the [[Retina display]], having four times the [[display resolution]] of preceding iPhones, and was the highest-resolution smartphone screen at release;<ref name=":1" /> a front-facing camera was also introduced, enabling video calling functionality via [[FaceTime]].

Users of the iPhone 4 reported dropped/disconnected telephone calls when holding their phones in a certain way, and this issue was nicknamed "[[antennagate]]".<ref>Ionescu, Daniel. (July 17, 2010) [http://www.pcworld.com/article/201297/apples_iphone_4_antennagate_timeline.html Apple's iPhone 4 Antennagate Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103182357/http://www.pcworld.com/article/201297/apples_iphone_4_antennagate_timeline.html |date=November 3, 2011 }}. PCWorld. Retrieved November 6, 2011.</ref> In January 2011, as Apple's exclusivity agreement with AT&T was expiring, [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]] announced that they would be carrying the iPhone 4, with a model compatible with Verizon's [[CDMA2000|CDMA]] network releasing on February 10.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fasterforward/2011/01/liveblog_the_verizon_iphone.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Liveblog: The Verizon iPhone|access-date=January 11, 2011|archive-date=July 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718011021/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fasterforward/2011/01/liveblog_the_verizon_iphone.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703791904576075681886276172|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=Shayndi|last=Raice|title=Verizon Unwraps iPhone|date=January 12, 2011|access-date=August 12, 2017|archive-date=July 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718001323/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703791904576075681886276172|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[iPhone 4s]] was announced on October 4, 2011, and introduced the [[Siri]] [[virtual assistant]], a dual-core [[Apple A5|A5]] processor, and an 8 megapixel camera with [[1080p]] video recording functionality. The [[iPhone 5]] was announced on September 12, 2012, and introduced a larger 4-inch screen, up from the 3.5-inch screen of all previous iPhone models, as well as faster [[LTE (telecommunication)|4G LTE]] connectivity.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ziegler |first=Chris |date=September 12, 2012 |title=Apple's iPhone 5 announcement: everything you need to know |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/9/12/3321568/apples-iphone-5-event-heres-everything-that-happened |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005191558/https://www.theverge.com/2012/9/12/3321568/apples-iphone-5-event-heres-everything-that-happened |url-status=live }}</ref> It also introduced a thinner and lighter body made of [[aluminum alloy]], and the [[30-pin dock connector]] of previous iPhones was replaced with the new, reversible [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] connector.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Size comparison of iPhone 5C 5S 4S.jpg|thumb|Bottom angle comparison between [[iPhone 5c]] (top), [[iPhone 5s]] (middle), and [[iPhone 4s]] (bottom)]]
The [[iPhone 5s]] and [[iPhone 5c]] were announced on September 10, 2013. The iPhone 5s included a [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] [[Apple A7|A7]] processor, becoming the first ever 64-bit smartphone;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koetsier |first=John |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Apple's new iPhone 5s: The world's first 64-bit mobile phone … with fingerprint login |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/apples-new-iphone-5s-the-worlds-first-64-bit-mobile-phone/ |access-date=October 6, 2022 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006074328/https://venturebeat.com/business/apples-new-iphone-5s-the-worlds-first-64-bit-mobile-phone/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it also introduced the [[Touch ID]] fingerprint authentication sensor.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=A New Touch for iPhone |url=https://allthingsd.com/20130917/a-new-touch-for-iphone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423202230/https://allthingsd.com/20130917/a-new-touch-for-iphone/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=AllThingsD |language=en-US}}</ref> The iPhone 5c was a lower-cost device that incorporated hardware from the iPhone 5, into a series of colorful plastic frames.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tibken |first=Shara |title=Apple launches iPhone 5s and $99 iPhone 5c with five colors |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/apple-launches-iphone-5s-and-99-iphone-5c-with-five-colors/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005191558/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/apple-launches-iphone-5s-and-99-iphone-5c-with-five-colors/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 9, 2014, Apple introduced the [[iPhone 6]] and iPhone 6 Plus, and included significantly larger screens than the iPhone 5s, at 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch respectively; both models also introduced mobile payment technology via [[Apple Pay]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Dominic |last1=Rushe |first2=Alex |last2=Hern |first3=Samuel |last3=Gibbs |first4=Stuart |last4=Dredge |title=The Apple Watch, iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/live/2014/sep/09/apple-announcement-iphone-6-iwatch-ios8-event-live |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 9, 2014 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814080353/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/live/2014/sep/09/apple-announcement-iphone-6-iwatch-ios8-event-live |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Optical image stabilization]] was introduced to the 6 Plus' camera. The [[Apple Watch]] was also introduced on the same day, and is a [[smartwatch]] that operates in conjunction with a connected iPhone. Some users experienced bending issues from normal use with the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, particularly on the latter model, and this issue was nicknamed "[[bendgate]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sacco|first=Al|date=September 29, 2014|title=Apple (Mostly) Not to Blame in iPhone 6 Plus 'Bendgate' Fiasco|url=https://www.cio.com/article/2688437/apple-mostly-not-to-blame-in-iphone-6-plus-bendgate-fiasco.html|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=CIO|language=en|archive-date=June 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627185729/https://www.cio.com/article/250571/apple-mostly-not-to-blame-in-iphone-6-plus-bendgate-fiasco.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[iPhone 6s]] and 6s Plus were introduced on September 9, 2015, and included a more bend-resistant frame made of a stronger aluminum alloy, as well as a higher resolution 12 megapixel main camera capable of [[4K resolution|4K]] video recording.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Chance |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Here's how iPhone 6s Plus handles bendgate brutality |url=https://9to5mac.com/2015/09/24/does-the-iphone-6s-plus-bend/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005191602/https://9to5mac.com/2015/09/24/does-the-iphone-6s-plus-bend/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[IPhone SE (1st generation)|first-generation iPhone SE]] was introduced on March 21, 2016, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer hardware from the iPhone 6s, in the frame of the older iPhone 5s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Introduces iPhone SE – The Most Powerful Phone with a Four-inch Display |url=https://www.apple.com/sg/newsroom/2016/03/21Apple-Introduces-iPhone-SE-The-Most-Powerful-Phone-with-a-Four-inch-Display/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=Apple Newsroom (Singapore) |language=en-SG |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005204303/https://www.apple.com/sg/newsroom/2016/03/21Apple-Introduces-iPhone-SE-The-Most-Powerful-Phone-with-a-Four-inch-Display/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[iPhone 7]] and 7 Plus were announced on September 7, 2016, which introduced larger camera sensors, [[IP code|IP67]]-certified water and dust resistance, and a quad-core [[Apple A10|A10 Fusion]] processor utilizing [[ARM big.LITTLE|big.LITTLE]] technology;<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Seifert |title=iPhone 7 and 7 Plus announced with water resistance, dual cameras, and no headphone jack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/7/12758236/apple-iphone-7-announced-features-price-release-date |website=[[The Verge]] |date=September 7, 2016 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427014804/https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/7/12758236/apple-iphone |url-status=live }}</ref> the 3.5 mm [[phone connector (audio)|headphone jack]] was removed, and was followed by the introduction of the [[AirPods]] wireless earbuds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Novet |first=Jordan |date=January 19, 2017 |title=Apple's AirPods are a no-brainer – if you have the latest iPhone |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/airpods-review/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005204305/https://venturebeat.com/business/airpods-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Optical image stabilization was added to the 7's camera. A second telephoto camera lens was added on the 7 Plus, enabling two-times optical zoom, and "Portrait" photography mode which simulates [[bokeh]] in photos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camera |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/iphone-7-plus-camera-page-3 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=Trusted Reviews |date=March 11, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005204305/https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/iphone-7-plus-camera-page-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[iPhone 8]], 8 Plus, and [[iPhone X]] were announced on September 12, 2017, in Apple's first event held at the [[Steve Jobs Theater]] in [[Apple Park]]. All models featured rear glass panel designs akin to the iPhone 4, [[Inductive charging|wireless charging]], and a hexa-core [[Apple A11|A11 Bionic]] chip with "Neural Engine" [[AI accelerator]] hardware. The iPhone X additionally introduced a 5.8-inch [[OLED]] "Super Retina" display with a "[[Bezel (screen)|bezel]]-less" design, with a higher [[pixel density]] and [[contrast ratio]] than previous iPhones with LCD displays, and introduced a stronger frame made of stainless steel. It also introduced [[Face ID]] facial recognition authentication hardware, in a "notch" screen cutout, in place of Touch ID;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/09/the-future-is-here-iphone-x/|title=The future is here: iPhone X|work=Apple Inc.|access-date=September 14, 2017|archive-date=September 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924073859/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/09/the-future-is-here-iphone-x/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=September 14, 2017 |title=Apple's iPhone X notch is an odd design choice |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/14/16306298/apple-iphone-x-screen-notch |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=December 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204223008/https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/14/16306298/apple-iphone-x-screen-notch |url-status=live }}</ref> the home button was removed to achieve the “bezel-less” design, replacing it with a gesture-based navigation system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stein |first=Scott |title=No home button? No problem: How to do everything on the iPhone X |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/iphone-x-how-to-survive-with-no-home-button/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201552/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/iphone-x-how-to-survive-with-no-home-button/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At its US$999 starting price, the iPhone X was the most expensive iPhone at launch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Catherine |title=Apple CEO Tim Cook on the $999 new iPhone X: 'We're not trying to charge the highest price we could get or anything like that' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/03/tim-cook-buying-a-999-iphone-x-is-like-buying-high-quality-coffee.html |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=CNBC |date=November 3, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005204303/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/03/tim-cook-buying-a-999-iphone-x-is-like-buying-high-quality-coffee.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:IPhone 13 Pro camera lens group.jpg|thumb|Picture of the cameras on the [[iPhone 13 Pro]]]]
The [[iPhone XR]], [[iPhone XS]], and XS Max were announced on September 12, 2018. All models featured the "Smart HDR" computational photography system, and a significantly more powerful "Neural Engine".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/09/iphone-xs-and-iphone-xs-max-bring-the-best-and-biggest-displays-to-iphone/|title=iPhone Xs and iPhone Xs Max bring the best and biggest displays to iPhone|work=Apple Inc.|access-date=September 12, 2018|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427014807/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/09/iphone-xs-and-iphone-xs-max-bring-the-best-and-biggest-displays-to-iphone/|url-status=live}}</ref> The XS Max introduced a larger 6.5-inch screen. The iPhone XR included a 6.1-inch LCD "Liquid Retina" display, with a "bezel-less" design similar to the iPhone X, but does not include a second telephoto lens; it was made available in a series of vibrant colors, akin to the iPhone 5c, and was a lower-cost device compared to the iPhone X and XS.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/09/apple-introduces-iphone-xr/|title=Apple introduces iPhone XR|work=Apple Inc.|access-date=September 12, 2018|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101626/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/09/apple-introduces-iphone-xr/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[iPhone 11]], [[IPhone 11 Pro|11 Pro]], and 11 Pro Max were announced on September 10, 2019. The iPhone 11 was the successor to the iPhone XR, while the iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max succeeded the iPhone XS and XS Max. All models gained an Ultra-Wide lens, enabling two-times optical zoom out, as well as larger batteries for longer battery life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-iphone-11-cheaper-xr-despite-trump-china-tariffs-2019-9|title=Apple's new iPhone 11 is $50 cheaper than last year's model, despite Trump's planned tariffs on Chinese imports|date=September 11, 2019|website=Business Insider|access-date=September 10, 2019|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620214642/https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-iphone-11-cheaper-xr-despite-trump-china-tariffs-2019-9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max: the most powerful and advanced smartphones | website=Apple Inc. | date=September 10, 2019 | url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/09/iphone-11-pro-and-iphone-11-pro-max-the-most-powerful-and-advanced-smartphones/ | access-date=September 4, 2019 | archive-date=September 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910185030/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/09/iphone-11-pro-and-iphone-11-pro-max-the-most-powerful-and-advanced-smartphones/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[IPhone SE (2nd generation)|second-generation iPhone SE]] was introduced on April 17, 2020, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer hardware from the iPhone 11, in the frame of the older iPhone 8, while retaining the home button and the Touch ID sensor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iPhone SE: A powerful new smartphone in a popular design |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/iphone-se-a-powerful-new-smartphone-in-a-popular-design/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428153235/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/iphone-se-a-powerful-new-smartphone-in-a-popular-design/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2020s===
The [[iPhone 12]], 12 Mini, [[IPhone 12 Pro|12 Pro]], and 12 Pro Max were announced via a [[Livestreaming|livestream]] event on October 13, 2020. All models featured OLED "Super Retina XDR" displays, introduced faster [[5G]] connectivity, and the [[MagSafe (iPhone)|MagSafe]] magnetic charging and accessory system; a slimmer flat-edged design was also introduced, which combined with stronger [[glass-ceramic]] front glass, added better drop protection compared to previous iPhones.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple announces iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini: A new era for iPhone with 5G|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/10/apple-announces-iphone-12-and-iphone-12-mini-a-new-era-for-iphone-with-5g/|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US|archive-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814131441/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/10/apple-announces-iphone-12-and-iphone-12-mini-a-new-era-for-iphone-with-5g/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple introduces iPhone 12 Pro and iPhone 12 Pro Max with 5G|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/10/apple-introduces-iphone-12-pro-and-iphone-12-pro-max-with-5g/|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US|archive-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013181423/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/10/apple-introduces-iphone-12-pro-and-iphone-12-pro-max-with-5g/|url-status=live}}</ref> The iPhone 12 Mini introduced a smaller 5.4-inch screen, while the 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max had larger screens of 6.1-inch and 6.7-inch respectively. The iPhone 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max additionally added a [[Lidar]] sensor for better accuracy in [[Augmented reality|augumented reality]] (AR) applications.

The [[iPhone 13]], 13 Mini, [[IPhone 13 Pro|13 Pro]], and 13 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on September 14, 2021. All models featured larger camera sensors, larger batteries for longer battery life, and a narrower "notch" screen cutout.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple introduces iPhone 13 and iPhone 13 mini, delivering breakthrough camera innovations and a powerhouse chip with an impressive leap in battery life|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/09/apple-introduces-iphone-13-and-iphone-13-mini/|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US|archive-date=June 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622015723/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/09/apple-introduces-iphone-13-and-iphone-13-mini/|url-status=live}}</ref> The iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max additionally introduced smoother adaptive 120 Hz [[refresh rate]] "ProMotion" technology in its OLED display, and three-times optical zoom in the telephoto lens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple unveils iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max – more pro than ever before|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/09/apple-unveils-iphone-13-pro-and-iphone-13-pro-max-more-pro-than-ever-before/|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US|archive-date=September 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915145506/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/09/apple-unveils-iphone-13-pro-and-iphone-13-pro-max-more-pro-than-ever-before/|url-status=live}}</ref> The low-cost [[IPhone SE (3rd generation)|third-generation iPhone SE]] was introduced on March 8, 2022, and incorporated the [[Apple A15|A15 Bionic]] chip from the iPhone 13, but otherwise retained similar hardware to the second-generation iPhone SE.

The [[iPhone 14]], 14 Plus, [[IPhone 14 Pro|14 Pro]], and 14 Pro Max were announced on September 7, 2022. All models introduced [[satellite phone]] emergency calling functionality. A new 14 Plus model introduced the large 6.7-inch screen size, first seen on the iPhone 12 Pro Max, into a lower-cost device.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple introduces iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/09/apple-introduces-iphone-14-and-iphone-14-plus/ |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924172020/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/09/apple-introduces-iphone-14-and-iphone-14-plus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max additionally introduced a higher-resolution 48-megapixel main camera, the first increase in megapixel count since the iPhone 6s; it also introduced [[Always on display|always-on display]] technology to the [[lock screen]], and an interactive status bar interface integrated in a redesigned screen cutout, entitled "Dynamic Island".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple debuts iPhone 14 Pro and iPhone 14 Pro Max |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/09/apple-debuts-iphone-14-pro-and-iphone-14-pro-max/ |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924172007/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/09/apple-debuts-iphone-14-pro-and-iphone-14-pro-max/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[iPhone 15]], 15 Plus, [[iPhone 15 Pro|15 Pro]], and 15 Pro Max were announced on September 12, 2023. Starting with this group of devices, all models switch to using [[USB-C]] as their power connector to comply with [[European Commission]] regulations, replacing Apple's proprietary [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] connector after eleven years of use in previous models.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morrow |first1=Allison |title=Apple just killed the iPhone Lightning connector. What to do with your old chargers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/12/tech/old-iphone-chargers-dispose-reuse/index.html |website=CNN |date=September 12, 2023 |publisher=Cable News Network |access-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913021727/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/12/tech/old-iphone-chargers-dispose-reuse/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The 15 and 15 plus now feature the Dynamic Island, which debuted with the iPhone 14 Pro (effectively retiring the "notch" display cutout), a 48-megapixel main camera, slightly curved edges, and a color-infused frosted glass back.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Samantha Murphy |date=September 12, 2023 |title=The iPhone 15 and five other takeaways from Apple's 'wonderlust' event |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/12/tech/apple-iphone-15-event-wonderlust/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930012341/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/12/tech/apple-iphone-15-event-wonderlust/index.html |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=September 12, 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Apple debuts iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/09/apple-debuts-iphone-15-and-iphone-15-plus/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920002853/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/09/apple-debuts-iphone-15-and-iphone-15-plus/ |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=December 20, 2023 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Apple unveils iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/09/apple-unveils-iphone-15-pro-and-iphone-15-pro-max/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920005125/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/09/apple-unveils-iphone-15-pro-and-iphone-15-pro-max/ |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=December 20, 2023 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> The 15 Pro and Pro Max also replace the mute switch with the "Action" button, and stainless-steel material to titanium.<ref name=":11" />

The [[iPhone 16]], 16 Plus, [[IPhone 16 Pro|16 Pro]], and 16 Pro Max were announced on September 9, 2024. The former two introduced a vertical camera layout with refined "Fusion" and Ultra-Wide cameras.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple introduces iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Plus |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/09/apple-introduces-iphone-16-and-iphone-16-plus/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> The 16 Pro and Pro Max have larger 6.3-inch and 6.9-inch displays, a 48-megapixel Ultra-Wide camera, and the largest batteries in an iPhone up to that point.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple debuts iPhone 16 Pro and iPhone 16 Pro Max |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/09/apple-debuts-iphone-16-pro-and-iphone-16-pro-max/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> All models now include access to new [[Apple Intelligence]] AI features,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Intelligence |url=https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Apple |language=en-US |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613233953/https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a refined thermal system, support for [[Wi-Fi 7]], and a new button dubbed the "Camera Control", allowing easier access to camera features. On February 19, 2025, the 16e was announced as the newest member of the 16 family. This model has a longer battery life thanks to the A18 chip and the new Apple C1, which is the first cellular modem designed by Apple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple debuts iPhone 16e: A powerful new member of the iPhone 16 family |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-debuts-iphone-16e-a-powerful-new-member-of-the-iphone-16-family/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=February 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220001135/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-debuts-iphone-16e-a-powerful-new-member-of-the-iphone-16-family/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has a 6.1-inch screen, and the same 48-megapixel camera as previous models, but lacks the wider shot option due to its cheaper purchasing price.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eadicicco |first=Lisa |date=2025-02-19 |title=Apple launches the iPhone 16e, a cheaper new version of the iPhone 16 {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/19/tech/apple-iphone-16e-launch/index.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219232144/https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/19/tech/apple-iphone-16e-launch/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[iPhone 17]], [[IPhone 17 Pro|17 Pro]], 17 Pro Max, and [[iPhone Air]] were announced on September 9, 2025. These devices feature the new faster A19 and A19 Pro chip with improved CPU and GPU performance including faster AI tasks. The always on display and ProMotion 120 Hz are standard now in all the new iPhones in the September 2025 lineup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/which-2025-iphone-has-the-best-battery-ive-crowned-a-new-power-winner/ |access-date=December 25, 2025 |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227230309/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/which-2025-iphone-has-the-best-battery-ive-crowned-a-new-power-winner/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The iPhone Air is the thinnest iPhone ever made yet and is the first iPhone to only have a speaker from the earpiece only. The iPhone Air also features the new C1X cellular modem which uses 30% less energy than the previous C1 chips. The iPhone 17 Pro models do not have this and instead uses the Qualcomm's Snapdragon X80 modem.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Christoffel |first=Ryan |date=2025-09-24 |title=Why iPhone 17 Pro doesn’t have Apple’s new C1X modem - 9to5Mac |url=https://9to5mac.com/2025/09/24/why-iphone-17-pro-doesnt-have-apples-new-c1x-modem/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926001954/https://9to5mac.com/2025/09/24/why-iphone-17-pro-doesnt-have-apples-new-c1x-modem/ |archive-date=September 26, 2025 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=9to5Mac |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The new Pro lineup has the distinctive camera plateau bump. The iPhone 17 Pro models also switch back to a aluminum body for better heat dissipation and feature the first for a iPhone, a vapor chamber cooling system which helps regulate the heat in heavy workloads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iPhone 17 Pro Vapor Chamber: Complete 2025 Guide |url=https://smartish.com/blogs/news/iphone-17-pro-vapor-chamber?srsltid=AfmBOopWr5MUKmRJ6pWb8o1e10GpAbxJF6M643P0MUjBEh_BJbXbcBbM|date=September 12, 2025|website=Smartish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113062655/https://smartish.com/blogs/news/iphone-17-pro-vapor-chamber?srsltid=AfmBOopWr5MUKmRJ6pWb8o1e10GpAbxJF6M643P0MUjBEh_BJbXbcBbM|archive-date=January 13, 2026}}</ref> They also have the biggest and best battery life yet in any iPhone model.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/which-2025-iphone-has-the-best-battery-ive-crowned-a-new-power-winner/ |access-date=December 25, 2025 |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227230309/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/which-2025-iphone-has-the-best-battery-ive-crowned-a-new-power-winner/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 2, 2026, the 17e was announced as the newest member of the 17 family.

== Models ==
{{Main|List of iPhone models}}

52 iPhone models have been produced. The models in '''bold''' are devices of the latest generation:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 75%; text-align: center;"
|+ iPhone models currently in production<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple - Support - Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/specs/iphone |website=support.apple.com |access-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207095745/https://support.apple.com/specs/iphone |url-status=live }}</ref>
! Release date
! Model
! [[System on a chip|System-on-a-chip]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| September 20, 2024
|[[iPhone 16]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Apple A18]]
|-
|[[iPhone 16|iPhone 16 Plus]]
|-
|rowspan="4"| September 19, 2025
| '''[[iPhone 17]]'''
| [[Apple A19]]
|-
|-
| '''[[iPhone 17 Pro]]'''
|rowspan="3"| [[Apple A19|Apple A19 Pro]]
|-
| '''[[iPhone 17 Pro|iPhone 17 Pro Max]]'''
|-
| '''[[iPhone Air]]'''
|-
| March 11, 2026
| '''[[iPhone 17e]]'''
| [[Apple A19]]
|}

{{Anchor|All models}}
{{mw-datatable}}
{|class="wikitable mw-datatable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
|+ Availability and support lifespan of all iPhone models
!rowspan="3" | Model
!colspan="2" | Release(d)
!rowspan="3" | Discontinued
!colspan="4" | Support
!rowspan="3" | Status
|-
!rowspan="2" | With OS
!rowspan="2" | Date
!rowspan="2" | Ended
!rowspan="2" | Final OS{{efn|group=remarks|Last regular iOS version (probably with feature updates), in parentheses: last iOS supported}}
!colspan="2" | Lifespan{{efn|group=remarks|Min / max amount of time Apple support is/was available}}
|-
!Max{{efn|group=remarks|Maximal support lifespan {{=}} current or support end date - release date}}
!Min{{efn|group=remarks|Minimal support lifespan {{=}} current or support end date - discontinue date}}
|-
![[iPhone (1st generation)|iPhone]]
|[[iPhone OS 1]].0
|{{Start date|2007|06|29}}
|{{End date|2008|06|09}}
|{{End date|2010|6|21}}
|[[iPhone OS 3]].1.3
|{{age in years and months|2007|06|29|2010|6|21}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2008|06|09|2010|6|21}}'''
| rowspan="9" style="background-color: #ececec;" | Discontinued and unsupported
|-
![[iPhone 3G]]
|[[iPhone OS 2]].0
|{{Start date|2008|07|11}}
|{{End date|2010|08|09}}
|{{End date|2011|03|03}}
|[[iOS 4]].2.1
|{{age in years and months|2008|07|11|2011|03|03}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2010|08|09|2011|03|03}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 3GS]]
|[[iPhone OS 3]].0
|{{Start date|2009|06|19}}
|{{End date|2012|09|12}}
|{{End date|2013|09|18}} (late, single update: {{End date|2014|02|21}})
|[[iOS 6]].1.3 (6.1.6)
|{{age in years and months|2009|06|19|2013|09|18}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2012|09|12|2013|09|18}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 4]]
|[[iOS 4]].0
|{{Start date|2010|06|24}}
|{{End date|2013|09|10}}
|{{End date|2014|09|17}}
|[[iOS 7]].1.2
|{{age in years and months|2010|06|24|2014|09|17}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2013|09|10|2014|09|17}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 4s]]
|[[iOS 5]].0
|{{Start date|2011|10|14}}
|{{End date|2014|09|09}}
|{{End date|2016|09|13}} (late, single update: {{End date|2019|07|22}})
|[[iOS 9]].3.5 (9.3.6)
|{{age in years and months|2011|10|14|2016|09|13}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2014|09|09|2016|09|13}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 5]]
|[[iOS 6]].0
|{{Start date|2012|09|21}}
|{{End date|2013|09|10}}
|{{End date|2017|09|19}} (late, single update: {{End date|2019|07|22}})
|[[iOS 10]].3.3 (10.3.4)
|{{age in years and months|2012|09|21|2017|09|19}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2013|09|10|2017|09|19}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 5c]]
|[[iOS 7]].0
|{{Start date|2013|09|20}}
|{{End date|2015|09|09}}
|{{End date|2017|09|19}}
|[[iOS 10]].3.3
|{{age in years and months|2013|09|20|2017|09|19}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2015|09|09|2017|09|19}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 5s]]
|[[iOS 7]].0
|{{Start date|2013|09|20}}
|{{End date|2016|03|21}}
| rowspan="2" |{{End date|2019|09|18}} (last security update: {{Current iOS|12|date}})
| rowspan="2" |[[iOS 12]].4.1 (12.5.7)
|{{age in years and months|2013|09|20|2019|09|18}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2016|03|21|2019|09|18}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 6]] / 6 Plus
|[[iOS 8]].0
|{{Start date|2014|09|19}}
|{{End date|2016|09|07}}
|{{age in years and months|2014|09|19|2019|09|18}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2016|09|07|2019|09|18}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 6s]] / 6s Plus
|[[iOS 9]].0
|{{Start date|2015|09|25}}
|{{End date|2018|09|12}}
| rowspan="3" |{{End date|2022|09|12}} (last security update: {{Current iOS|15|date}})
| rowspan="3" |[[iOS 15]].6.1 (15.8.4)
|{{age in years and months|2015|09|25|2022|09|12}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2018|09|12|2022|09|12}}'''
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: #F5F3E4 |Discontinued and unsupported, critical security bug fixes only
|-
![[iPhone SE (1st generation)|iPhone SE (1st)]]
|[[iOS 9]].3
|{{Start date|2016|03|31}}
|{{End date|2018|09|12}}
|{{age in years and months|2016|03|31|2022|09|12}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2018|09|12|2022|09|12}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 7]] / 7 Plus
|[[iOS 10]].0
|{{Start date|2016|09|16}}
|{{End date|2019|09|10}}
|{{age in years and months|2016|09|16|2022|09|12}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2019|09|10|2022|09|12}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 8]] / 8 Plus
|[[iOS 11]].0
|{{Start date|2017|09|22}}
|{{End date|2020|04|15}}
| rowspan="2" |{{End date|2023|09|18}} (last security update: {{Current iOS|16|date}})
| rowspan="2" |[[iOS 16]].6.1 (16.7.11)
|{{age in years and months|2017|09|22|2023|09|18}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2020|07|29|2023|09|18}}'''
|-
![[iPhone X]]
|[[iOS 11]].0.1
|{{Start date|2017|11|03}}
|{{End date|2018|09|12}}
|{{age in years and months|2017|11|03|2023|09|18}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2018|07|29|2023|09|18}}'''
|-
![[iPhone XS]] / XS Max
|[[iOS 12]].0
|{{Start date|2018|09|21}}
|{{End date|2019|09|10}}
| rowspan="2" |{{End date|2025|09|15}} (last security update: {{Current iOS|18|date}})
| rowspan="2" |[[iOS 18]].7 ({{Current iOS|18|shortlink}})
|{{age in years and months|2018|09|12|2025|09|15}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2019|09|10|2025|09|15}}'''
|-
![[iPhone XR]]
|[[iOS 12]].0
|{{Start date|2018|10|26}}
|{{End date|2021|09|14}}
|{{age in years and months|2018|10|26| 2025|09|15}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2021|09|14| 2025|09|15}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 11]]
|[[iOS 13]].0
|{{Start date|2019|09|20}}
|{{End date|2022|9|7}}
| rowspan="19" |current: {{Current iOS|shortlink}}
| rowspan="19" |–
|{{age in years and months|2019|09|20}}
| '''{{age in years and months|2022|09|08}}'''
| rowspan="12" style="background-color: #c1e6f5;" | Discontinued, still supported
|-
![[iPhone 11 Pro]] / 11 Pro Max
|[[iOS 13]].0
|{{Start date|2019|09|20}}
|{{End date|2020|10|13}}
|{{age in years and months|2019|09|20}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2020|10|13}}'''
|-
![[iPhone SE (2nd generation)|iPhone SE (2nd)]]
|[[iOS 13]].4
|{{Start date|2020|04|24}}
|{{End date|2022|03|08}}
|{{age in years and months|2020|04|24}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2022|03|08}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 12]] / 12 Mini
|[[iOS 14]].1
|{{Start date|2020|10|23}} (12) {{Start date|2020|11|13}} (12 Mini)
|{{End date|2023|09|12}} (12) {{End date|2022|09|07}} (12 Mini)
|{{age in years and months|2020|10|23}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2022|09|12}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 12 Pro]] / 12 Pro Max
|[[iOS 14]].1 (12 Pro) [[iOS 14]].2 (12 Pro Max)
|{{Start date|2020|10|23}} (12 Pro) {{Start date|2020|11|13}} (12 Pro Max)
|{{End date|2021|09|14}}
|{{age in years and months|2020|10|23}} (12 Pro) {{age in years and months|2020|11|13}} (12 Pro Max)
| '''{{age in years and months|2021|09|14}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 13]] / 13 Mini
|[[iOS 15]].0
|{{Start date|2021|09|24}}
|{{End date|2024|09|09}} (13) {{End date|2023|09|12}} (13 Mini)
|{{age in years and months|2021|09|24}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2023|09|12}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 13 Pro]] / 13 Pro Max
|[[iOS 15]].0
|{{Start date|2021|09|24}}
|{{End date|2022|09|07}}
|{{age in years and months|2021|09|24}}
| '''{{age in years and months|2022|09|08}}'''
|-
![[iPhone SE (3rd generation)|iPhone SE (3rd)]]
|[[iOS 15]].4
|{{Start date|2022|03|18}}
| rowspan="2" |{{End date|2025|02|19}}
| {{age in years and months|2022|03|18}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2025|02|19}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 14]] / 14 Plus
|[[iOS 16]].0
|{{Start date|2022|09|16}} (14) {{Start date|2022|10|07}} (14 Plus)
|{{age in years and months|2022|09|16}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2025|02|19}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 14 Pro]] / 14 Pro Max
|[[iOS 16]].0
|{{Start date|2022|09|16}}
|{{End date|2023|09|12}}
| {{age in years and months|2022|09|16}}
|'''{{age in years and months|2023|09|12}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 15]] / 15 Plus
|[[iOS 17]].0
|{{Start date|2023|09|22}}
|{{End date|2025|09|09}}
| {{age in years and months|2023|09|22}}
| '''{{age in years and months|2025|09|09}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 15 Pro]] / 15 Pro Max
|[[iOS 17]].0
|{{Start date|2023|09|22}}
|{{End date|2024|09|09}}
| {{age in years and months|2023|09|22}}
| '''{{age in years and months|2024|09|09}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 16]] / 16 Plus
|[[iOS 18]].0
|{{Start date|2024|09|20}}
|
|{{age in years and months|2024|09|20}}
|
| style="background-color: #d4f4b4;" | Current or still sold
|-
![[iPhone 16 Pro]] / 16 Pro Max
|[[iOS 18]].0
|{{Start date|2024|09|20}}
|{{End date|2025|09|09}}
|{{age in years and months|2024|09|20}}
| '''{{age in years and months|2025|09|09}}'''
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: #c1e6f5;" | Discontinued, still supported
|-
![[iPhone 16e]]
|[[iOS 18]].3
|{{Start date|2025|02|28}}
|{{End date|2026|03|02}}
|{{age in years and months|2025|02|28}}
| '''{{age in years and months|2026|03|02}}'''
|-
![[iPhone 17]]
|[[iOS 26]].0
|{{Start date|2025|09|19}}
| rowspan="4" |
|{{age in years and months|2025|09|19}}
|
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: #d4f4b4;" | Current or still sold
|-
![[iPhone Air]]
|[[iOS 26]].0
|{{Start date|2025|09|19}}
|{{age in years and months|2025|09|19}}
|
|-
![[iPhone 17 Pro]] / 17 Pro Max
|[[iOS 26]].0
|{{Start date|2025|09|19}}
|{{age in years and months|2025|09|19}}
|
|-
![[iPhone 17e]]
|[[iOS 26]].3
|{{Start date|2026|03|11}}
|{{age in years and months|2026|03|11}}
|
|-
| colspan="9" |
{|
!Legend:
|{{legend2|#ececec|{{abbr|Discontinued and unsupported|The device is discontinued, and does not receive iOS updates.}}|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|{{legend2|#F5F3E4|{{abbr|Discontinued, bug fixes only|The device is discontinued, but still receives security bug fixes.}}|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|{{legend2|#c1e6f5|{{abbr|Discontinued, still supported|The device is no longer sold, but is still supported and receives iOS updates.}}|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|{{legend2|#d4f4b4|{{abbr|Current or still sold|The device is currently sold, and receives iOS updates.}}|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|}
|-
| colspan="9" |
{|
!Remarks:
|{{notelist|group=remarks}}
|}
|}

== Production ==
Up to the [[iPhone 4]], all iPhones and other devices, such as [[iPod Touch]] models and [[iPad]]s, were manufactured by [[Foxconn]], based in [[Taiwan]]. In 2011, new CEO [[Tim Cook]] changed Apple's [[manufacturing strategy]] to diversify its supply base. The [[iPhone 4s]] in 2012 was the first model to be manufactured simultaneously by two stand-alone companies: Foxconn and [[Pegatron]], the latter also based in Taiwan. Although Foxconn still produces more iPhones, Pegatron's orders have been slowly increased: the company made part of the [[iPhone 5c]] line in 2013, and 30% of [[iPhone 6]] devices in 2014. The 6 Plus model was produced solely by Foxconn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan's Pegatron to get most iPhone 6s orders in 2015: brokerage|date=December 2, 2014 |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201412020006.aspx|publisher=Focus Taiwan|access-date=December 9, 2014|archive-date=June 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629211227/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201412020006.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Apple investigated reports that some Foxconn managers had used rejected parts to build iPhones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/18/iphones-made-from-rejected-parts/|title=$43M fraud by Foxconn managers selling iPhones made from rejected parts|first=Ben|last=Lovejoy|date=December 18, 2019|website=9to5Mac|access-date=December 20, 2019|archive-date=June 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622150743/https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/18/iphones-made-from-rejected-parts/|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[India]], Apple pays [[Wistron]], a Taiwan-based manufacturer with a plant near [[Bangalore]], to assemble iPhones to sell in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arrests as Indian workers ransack iPhone plant over wages |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55296433 |work=BBC News |date=December 14, 2020 |access-date=December 15, 2020 |archive-date=July 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710043842/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55296433 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Apple announced that a portion of the [[iPhone 14]] would be manufactured in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], as a response to China's "[[zero-COVID]]" policy that has negatively affected global supply chains for many industries.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63140815 | title=Apple iPhone: Can India be China's 'plus one' to the world? | date=October 5, 2022 | publisher=BBC News | access-date=October 6, 2022 | archive-date=October 6, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006000139/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63140815 | url-status=live }}</ref> Apple also stated that they planned to shift 25% of iPhone production to India by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=September 21, 2022 |title=Apple to move 25% iPhone production to India by 2025, 20% iPad and Apple Watch to Vietnam, analysts say |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/21/apple-to-move-25-iphone-production-to-india-by-2025-20-ipad-and-apple-watch-to-vietnam/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012051633/https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/21/apple-to-move-25-iphone-production-to-india-by-2025-20-ipad-and-apple-watch-to-vietnam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Update-inline|date=January 2026}}

== Hardware ==
{{Main|iPhone hardware}}

Apple directly sub-contracts [[Computer hardware|hardware]] production to external [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] companies, maintaining a high degree of control over the end product. The iPhone contains most of the hardware parts of a typical modern smartphone. Some hardware elements, such as [[Force Touch|3D Touch]] and the [[Taptic Engine]], are unique to the iPhone. The main hardware of the iPhone is the [[touchscreen]], with current models offering screens of 4.7 inches and larger. All iPhones include a rear-facing camera; the front-facing camera dates back to the [[iPhone 4]]. The [[iPhone 7 Plus]] introduced multiple lenses to the rear-facing camera. A range of sensors are also included on the device, such as a [[proximity sensor]], [[Photodetector|ambient light sensor]], [[accelerometer]], [[Gyroscope|gyroscopic sensor]], [[magnetometer]], [[Face ID|facial recognition sensor]] or [[Touch ID|fingerprint sensor]] (depending on the model) and [[barometer]]. In 2022, Apple added satellite communications to the iPhone, with the release of the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nellis |first1=Stephen |date=September 7, 2022 |title=Apple offers adventure watch, satellite SOS iPhone – and steady prices |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/apples-new-iphones-watches-are-coming-tough-time-consumers-2022-09-07/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908082118/https://www.reuters.com/technology/apples-new-iphones-watches-are-coming-tough-time-consumers-2022-09-07/ |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |access-date=September 8, 2022 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

== Software ==
=== Operating system ===
{{Main|iOS|iOS version history}}

The iPhone runs iOS.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nilay |last=Patel |author-link=Nilay Patel |title=iPhone OS 4 renamed iOS 4, launching June 21 with 1500 new features |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/06/07/iphone-os-4-renamed-ios-gets-1500-new-features/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=June 7, 2010 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523171310/https://www.engadget.com/2010-06-07-iphone-os-4-renamed-ios-gets-1500-new-features.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is based on macOS's [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] and many of its userland [[API]]s, with [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] replaced by [[Cocoa Touch]], and [[AppKit]] replaced by [[Cocoa Touch|UIKit]]. The graphics stack runs on [[Metal (API)|Metal]], Apple's low-level graphics API. The iPhone comes with a set of bundled applications developed by Apple,<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Frommer |title=Here's how to remove Apple's built-in system apps in iOS 10 |url=https://www.recode.net/2016/6/14/11929496/apple-ios-10-system-apps-trash |website=[[Recode]] |date=June 14, 2016 |access-date=May 28, 2017 |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429122038/https://www.recode.net/2016/6/14/11929496/apple-ios-10-system-apps-trash |url-status=live }}</ref> and supports downloading third-party applications through the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Miller |title=Apple announces App Store for iPhone, iPod touch |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/apple-announces-app-store-for-iphone-ipod-touch/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=March 6, 2008 |access-date=May 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103226/https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/apple-announces-app-store-for-iphone-ipod-touch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apple provides free updates to iOS over-the-air, or through [[Finder (software)|Finder]] and [[iTunes]] on a computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204204|title=Update your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch|work=Apple Support|access-date=May 30, 2018|archive-date=August 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828222102/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204204|url-status=live}}</ref> Major iOS releases have historically accompanied new iPhone models.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/iosapps/which-iphones-ipads-are-compatible-with-ios-11-3521184/|title=Which iPhones & iPads are compatible with iOS 11?|last=Painter|first=Lewis|work=[[Macworld]]|access-date=May 30, 2018|archive-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328211646/https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/iosapps/which-iphones-ipads-are-compatible-with-ios-11-3521184/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/09/19/apple-releases-ios11-iphone-ipad-ipod-touch-new-features/|title=Apple releases iOS 11 for iPhone and iPad, here's everything new|date=September 19, 2017|work=[[9to5Mac]]|access-date=May 30, 2018|archive-date=June 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622144017/http://9to5mac.com/2017/09/19/apple-releases-ios11-iphone-ipad-ipod-touch-new-features/|url-status=live}}</ref> The most recent version is [[iOS 26]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=iOS 18 |url=https://www.apple.com/ios/ios-18/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Apple |language=en-US |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915201203/https://www.apple.com/ios/ios-18/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== App Store and third-party apps ===
{{See also|iOS SDK|App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|l2=App Store}}

At [[Worldwide Developers Conference#2007|WWDC 2007]] on June 11, 2007, Apple announced that the iPhone would support [[third-party developer|third-party]] [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]] web applications that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface.<ref name="Web apps">{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/11iphone.html|title=iPhone to Support Third-Party Web 2.0 Applications|date=June 11, 2007|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=December 15, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215230338/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/11iphone.html|archive-date=December 15, 2008}}</ref> On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" [[weblog]], announced that a [[software development kit]] (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hot News |url=https://www.apple.com/hotnews |website=Apple |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018221832/http://www.apple.com/hotnews/ |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 9, 2017 }}</ref> The iPhone SDK was officially announced and released on March 6, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Block |author-link=Ryan Block |title=Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=March 6, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323092549/https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The App Store was launched with the release of iPhone OS 2.0, on July 11, 2008.<ref name="releasedate">{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09iphone.html |title=Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G |quote=iPhone 2.0 software will be available on July 11 as a free software update via iTunes 7.7 or later for all iPhone customers |publisher=Apple Inc. |date=June 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035135/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09iphone.html |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref>

Apple requires all third-party apps to be downloaded from the App Store, with exceptions for ad-hoc apps used within enterprises. Developers must pay a yearly $99 fee as part of Apple's Developer Program;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Should Apple raise its $99 developer program fee, or scrap it entirely? |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/should-apple-raise-its-99-developer-program-fee-or-scrap-it-entirely/ |date=June 19, 2020 |first1= Adrian |last1=Kingsley-Hughes |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=ZDNET |language=en |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003211008/https://www.zdnet.com/article/should-apple-raise-its-99-developer-program-fee-or-scrap-it-entirely/ |url-status=live }}</ref> if their membership expires, their apps are removed from the App Store, though existing users retain the ability to redownload the app.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program Renewal |url=https://developer.apple.com/support/renewal |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=Support – Apple Developer |quote=If your Apple Developer Program membership expires, your apps will no longer be available for download and you won't be able to submit new apps or updates. [...] However, your apps will still function for users who have already installed or downloaded them, and you will still have access to App Store Connect and free development resources. |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003211013/https://developer.apple.com/support/renewal |url-status=live }}</ref> Developers can release free apps, or paid apps for which Apple takes a 30% cut of proceeds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Quinn |first=Michelle |date=July 10, 2008 |title=Store aims to plug people into iPhones |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-iphone10-2008jul10,0,3798678.story |access-date=July 10, 2008 |archive-date=October 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016001509/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-iphone10-2008jul10,0,3798678.story |url-status=live }}</ref> Developers earning less than $1 million in annual sales qualify for the App Store Small Business Program, with Apple only taking a 15% fee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=November 18, 2020 |title=Apple will reduce App Store cut to 15 percent for most developers starting January 1st |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/18/21572302/apple-app-store-small-business-program-commission-cut-15-percent-reduction |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003211007/https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/18/21572302/apple-app-store-small-business-program-commission-cut-15-percent-reduction |url-status=live }}</ref>

Though iOS has far lower market share than Android, its app ecosystem has been described as superior, with higher-quality apps, and more iOS-exclusive releases.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Simon |last2=Jansen |first2=Mark |date=April 14, 2021 |title=Android vs. iOS: Which Smartphone Platform Is the Best? |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/android-vs-ios/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Digital Trends |language=en |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011221349/https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/android-vs-ios/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Android's [[Android (operating system)#Reception|version fragmentation]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brodkin |first=Jon |date=June 29, 2017 |title=With iPhone, Apple showed AT&T and Verizon who's boss |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/06/with-iphone-apple-showed-att-and-verizon-whos-boss/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912164328/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/06/with-iphone-apple-showed-att-and-verizon-whos-boss/ |url-status=live }}</ref> less uniform hardware, and lower app revenues have been cited as key factors.

All apps must pass Apple's app review process before being distributed in the App Store.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leswing |first=Kif |title=Inside Apple's team that greenlights iPhone apps for the App Store |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/21/how-apples-app-review-process-for-the-app-store-works.html |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=CNBC |date=June 21, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003211006/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/21/how-apples-app-review-process-for-the-app-store-works.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple may also stop distributing apps it deems inappropriate. For example, in 2009, Apple rejected the [[Censorship by Apple#Newspaper and magazine content|Newspapers app]] due to [[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'s "obscene" topless Page 3 girls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Robert |date=May 6, 2009 |title=The Sun's 'obscene' Page 3 girls get iPhone newspaper app banned by Apple |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2009/may/06/sun-newsinternational |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007234549/https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2009/may/06/sun-newsinternational |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, Apple removed [[Tumblr]] from the App Store, citing illegal content, causing Tumblr to ban all adult content from their platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumblr Explains Why It Still Bans Porn: Blame Credit Card Companies, Apple |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/tumblr-explains-why-it-still-bans-porn-blame-credit-card-companies-apple |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=PCMAG |date=September 29, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201551/https://www.pcmag.com/news/tumblr-explains-why-it-still-bans-porn-blame-credit-card-companies-apple |url-status=live }}</ref> The App Store's review process has been criticized by developers as "frustrating", "[[Anti-competitive practices of Apple Inc.|anti-competitive]]", and "asinine".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lovejoy |first=Ben |date=December 28, 2021 |title=App Store review process perplexing, random, discordant, asinine – ex-Tumblr developer |url=https://9to5mac.com/2021/12/28/app-store-review-process-problems/ |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201551/https://9to5mac.com/2021/12/28/app-store-review-process-problems/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centers |first=Josh |date=August 13, 2020 |title=Developers v. Apple: Outlining Complaints about the App Store |url=https://tidbits.com/2020/08/13/developers-v-apple-outlining-complaints-about-the-app-store/ |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=TidBITS |language=en |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003211008/https://tidbits.com/2020/08/13/developers-v-apple-outlining-complaints-about-the-app-store/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=November 18, 2020 |title=Apple's biggest App Store critics are not impressed with its new fee cut for small developers |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/18/21573109/epic-tim-sweeney-apple-app-store-fee-cut-reduction-criticize |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003211013/https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/18/21573109/epic-tim-sweeney-apple-app-store-fee-cut-reduction-criticize |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple 'Surprised' By Developer Frustration With Its App Review Process |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2021/03/22/apple-surprised-developer-concerns-app-review/ |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=MacRumors |date=March 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003211006/https://www.macrumors.com/2021/03/22/apple-surprised-developer-concerns-app-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Users can also install native apps outside of the App Store through [[IOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Healey|first=Jon|title=Hacking the iPhone|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 6, 2007|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,3456267.story|access-date=June 6, 2008|archive-date=November 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112130736/http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,3456267.story|url-status=live}}</ref> or through [[Exploit (computer security)|exploits]], such as TrollStore. Jailbreaking may cause security issues, and is not supported by Apple.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fitzgerald |first=Thomas J. |date=November 24, 2010 |title=Breaking into the Smartphone (Risks Included) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/technology/personaltech/25basics.html |access-date=October 3, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003211014/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/technology/personaltech/25basics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2013|10}}, Apple has passed 60 billion app downloads.<ref>{{cite web |first=Marc |last=Perton |title=Apple App Store hits 60 billion cumulative downloads |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/10/22/apple-ios-7-downloaded-over-200-million-times-in-5-days/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044546/https://www.engadget.com/2013/10/22/apple-ios-7-downloaded-over-200-million-times-in-5-days/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2016|9}}, there have been over 140 billion app downloads from the App Store.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=App Store sees 140 billion downloads, 106% year-over-year growth |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/07/app-store-sees-140-billion-downloads-106-year-over-year-growth/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=September 7, 2016 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075709/https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/07/app-store-sees-140-billion-downloads-106-year-over-year-growth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2017, the App Store had over 2.2{{nbsp}}million apps for the iPhone.<ref>{{cite web |first=Lauren |last=Goode |title=Apple's App Store just had the most successful month of sales ever |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14173328/apple-december-2016-app-store-record-phil-schiller |website=[[The Verge]] |date=January 5, 2017 |access-date=May 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821185418/https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14173328/apple-december-2016-app-store-record-phil-schiller |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=App Store shatters records on New Year's Day | publisher=Apple Inc. | date=January 5, 2017 | url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/01/app-store-shatters-records-on-new-years-day/ | access-date=December 31, 2017 | archive-date=July 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709042435/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/01/app-store-shatters-records-on-new-years-day/ | url-status=live }}</ref> As of August 2024, Apple's [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]] contains nearly 2 million applications.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=The apps you love. From a place you can trust. |url=https://www.apple.com/in/app-store/ |access-date=September 7, 2024 |work=Apple.com |language=en-US |archive-date=September 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907154338/https://www.apple.com/in/app-store/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Jailbreaking ===
{{Main|iOS jailbreaking}}

Apple restricts the installation of unapproved third-party apps and does not allow full access to the iPhone's filesystem. According to [[Jonathan Zittrain]], the emergence of closed devices like the iPhone has made computing more [[proprietary software|proprietary]] than it was in the PC era.<ref>{{cite web |last=Braiker |first=Brian |date=May 2, 2008 |title=A Killer Product: Will closed devices like Apple's iPhone murder the Web? |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/135150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413072716/http://www.newsweek.com/id/135150 |archive-date=April 13, 2010 |access-date=June 16, 2009 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Jailbreaking allows users to install apps not available on the App Store, customize their device in ways not allowed by Apple, and bypass SIM locks without carrier approval.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krazit |first=Tom |date=October 29, 2007 |title=iPhone jailbreak for the masses released |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/iphone-jailbreak-for-the-masses-released/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319195927/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/iphone-jailbreak-for-the-masses-released/ |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref> Some jailbreak tweaks were later copied by Apple and implemented into iOS, like multitasking, widgets, and copy and paste.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Love |first=Dylan |title=13 iPhone Features Apple Stole From Jailbreak Developers |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-steal-jailbreak-2011-6 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020092655/https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-steal-jailbreak-2011-6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apple attempted to use the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]] to fight jailbreaking; however in 2010, the U.S. found jailbreaking to be legal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milian |first=Mark |date=July 27, 2010 |title='Jailbreaking' Apple iPhones is legal, government says |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jul-27-la-fi-iphone-apps-20100727-story.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020092655/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jul-27-la-fi-iphone-apps-20100727-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jailbroken iPhones are at higher risk of malware due to Apple's lesser control of the app ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The pros and cons of iPhone jailbreaking |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/670893/is-jailbreaking-an-iphone-or-ipad-safe.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020092655/https://www.macworld.com/article/670893/is-jailbreaking-an-iphone-or-ipad-safe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the United States, Apple cannot void an iPhone's warranty solely due to jailbreaking.<ref>[http://eshop.macsales.com/Search/displayFAQDetails.cfm?ID=656 FAQ Details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804114415/http://eshop.macsales.com/Search/displayFAQDetails.cfm?ID=656|date=August 4, 2014}}. Eshop.macsales.com (March 27, 2013). Retrieved on July 30, 2013.</ref> Jailbreaks rely on [[Exploit (computer security)|exploits]]. Apple has improved the iPhone's hardware and software security, making these exploits harder to find; as a result, recent iPhones cannot currently be jailbroken.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandom |first=Russell |date=September 30, 2016 |title=The rising cost of cracking the iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/30/13123790/iphone-crack-remote-jailbreak-price-bug-bounty |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154746/https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/30/13123790/iphone-crack-remote-jailbreak-price-bug-bounty |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Accessibility ===
The iPhone contains a range of accessibility features to support users' visual, auditory, and motor needs. iPhones can notify users through onscreen banners, audio alerts, vibrations, or the LED flash; vibration patterns can be customized by users. Since [[iOS 15]], [[Siri]] can read notifications out loud through earphones, and, since [[iOS 16]], through the device's speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardwick |first=Tim |date=August 19, 2022 |title=iOS 16: How to Make Siri Announce Notifications Through Your iPhone's Speaker |url=https://www.macrumors.com/how-to/make-siri-announce-notifications-iphone-speaker/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=MacRumors |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154753/https://www.macrumors.com/how-to/make-siri-announce-notifications-iphone-speaker/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Users with motor needs can use [[AssistiveTouch]] to customize the way they navigate through menus; it can assist users who have difficulties with some gestures, like pinching, and makes these gestures available by tapping on a menu. The user can create their own gestures and customize the layout of the AssistiveTouch menu. If the user has trouble pressing the Home button, it can be set so that it can be activated with an onscreen tap. Gestures, like rotate and shake, are available even when if the iOS device is mounted on a [[wheelchair]]. Head Tracking can be used to control an iPhone using facial movements recognized by the front camera.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Biersdorfer |first=J. D. |date=September 21, 2022 |title=The Settings That Make Smartphones Easier for Everyone to Use |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/technology/personaltech/smartphone-accessibility-features.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019233827/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/technology/personaltech/smartphone-accessibility-features.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Low-vision users can enable VoiceOver, a [[screen reader]] which describes what is on the screen, while [[Siri]] allows for hands-free interaction. The iPhone also supports wireless [[Refreshable braille display|braille displays]] to help users read its interface. Text can be enlarged system-wide. The Magnifier app uses the iPhone's [[Lidar]] scanner to identify objects, for example doors, people, and objects, and can describe them to the user, as well as their distance. Door Detection can alert the user through sound, speech, and haptics.<ref name=":9" />

Hearing aids that are part of the Made for iPhone program can be controlled from an iPhone. These hearing aids also feature Live Listen, which enables the iPhone to act as a directional microphone, beaming its audio to compatible hearing aids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Use Live Listen with Made for iPhone hearing aids |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203990 |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Apple Support |language=en |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427034926/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203990 |url-status=live }}</ref> Live Listen can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203990|title=Use Live Listen with Made for iPhone hearing aids|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427034926/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203990|url-status=live}}</ref> Apple built Live Listen support into all AirPods, which can also relay audio from a connected iPhone's microphone. [[Closed captioning]] and external [[Telecommunications device for the deaf|TTY]] devices are supported, while Live Caption can transcribe audio across all apps and display it onscreen. Sound Recognition can recognize surrounding noises, including door bells, kettles, water running, and babies crying, and notify the user with an onscreen alert.<ref name=":9" />

Guided Access helps people with [[autism]], [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], or [[Sensory processing disorder|sensory challenges]] stay focused on a single app. With Guided Access, a parent, teacher, or therapist can limit an iOS device to stay on one app by disabling the Home button and limit the amount of time spent in an app. The user can restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the screen.

== Marketing ==
The original iPhone was heavily promoted before its official announcement, creating buzz and anticipation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heisler |first=Yoni |date=June 8, 2016 |title=This was the first iPhone rumor. Ever. |url=https://nypost.com/2016/06/08/this-was-the-first-iphone-rumor-ever/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=New York Post |language=en-US |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011185759/https://nypost.com/2016/06/08/this-was-the-first-iphone-rumor-ever/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon its release, it was marketed heavily in television, web and print ads created in partnership with [[TBWA/Chiat/Day|TBWA\Chiat\Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Jefferson |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Apple buffs marketing savvy to a high shine |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/usatoday/20070309/tc_usatoday/applebuffsmarketingsavvytoahighshine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324010755/http://news.yahoo.com/s/usatoday/20070309/tc_usatoday/applebuffsmarketingsavvytoahighshine |archive-date=March 24, 2007 |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=[[USA Today]] }}</ref>

Apple's [[Premium pricing|premium market positioning]] has led the iPhone to be seen as a status symbol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stieg |first=Cory |title=The psychology behind a new iPhone release—and why it's so hard to resist |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/08/the-psychology-of-new-iphone-releases-apple-marketing.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=CNBC |date=December 8, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154746/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/08/the-psychology-of-new-iphone-releases-apple-marketing.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeNinno |first=Nadine |date=May 22, 2014 |title=Forget Fashion: Teens Spend Their Money On Food And Phones |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/teen-clothing-retail-trumped-gadgets-food-status-symbol-1588959 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208045702/https://www.ibtimes.com/teen-clothing-retail-trumped-gadgets-food-status-symbol-1588959 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertrand |first1=Marianne |last2=Kamenica |first2=Emir |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Coming Apart? Cultural Distances in the United States Over Time |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3208730 |journal=NBER Working Paper |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |ssrn=3208730 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154748/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3208730 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Apple ecosystem]] has been described as a key [[Moat (economics)|moat]] that increases iPhone [[brand loyalty]]. [[iMessage]] has especially been singled out with its "green bubbles" phenomena. In iMessage, SMS messages from Android users appear as green bubble, rather than the blue bubbles used for texts from other iPhone users. Until the introduction of [[Rich Communication Services]] (RCS) support in [[iOS 18]] in 2024, group chats between iOS and Android were poorly supported, with reactions displayed as text rather than bubbles, and images being sent through [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]], which degraded image quality. Some teens described being "ostracized" after switching to Android,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higgins |first=Tim |title=Why Apple's iMessage Is Winning: Teens Dread the Green Text Bubble |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-apples-imessage-is-winning-teens-dread-the-green-text-bubble-11641618009 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=January 8, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020010550/https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-apples-imessage-is-winning-teens-dread-the-green-text-bubble-11641618009 |url-status=live }}</ref> which Google labeled "bullying".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nieva |first=Richard |title=Google Calls On Apple To Fix Hated Green Bubbles On iMessage |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2022/08/09/google-calls-on-apple-to-fix-hated-green-bubbles-on-imessage/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154747/https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2022/08/09/google-calls-on-apple-to-fix-hated-green-bubbles-on-imessage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This has been described by critics as a key factor leading 88% of U.S. teenagers to use iPhones.<ref name=":10" />

== Retail ==
=== SIM unlocking ===

Many iPhones bought through a monthly [[Mobile network operator|carrier]] contract are [[SIM lock]]ed, restricting their use to one particular carrier.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley |first=Lucy |date=July 22, 2022 |title=How to check an iPhone is unlocked before buying it |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/671715/how-to-check-if-an-iphone-is-locked-or-unlocked.html |access-date=October 14, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014223645/https://www.macworld.com/article/671715/how-to-check-if-an-iphone-is-locked-or-unlocked.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While the iPhone was initially [[AT&T, the iPhone, and Tying of Smartphones and Service Providers|sold in the U.S. only on the AT&T network]] with a SIM lock in place, various hackers found methods to bypass that SIM lock.<ref>{{cite web |last=Farivar |first=Cyrus |date=November 14, 2007 |title=Unlocking an iPhone |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1060045/iphone_sim_unlocking.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319195927/https://www.macworld.com/article/1060045/iphone_sim_unlocking.html |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |access-date=May 25, 2009 |work=Macworld}}</ref> More than a quarter of first-generation iPhones sold in the U.S. were not registered with AT&T. Apple speculated that they were likely shipped overseas and unlocked, a lucrative market before the iPhone 3G's worldwide release.<ref name="NPD demographics">{{cite web |date=June 22, 2009 |title=iPhone 3G Price Decrease Addresses Key Reason Consumers Exhibit Purchase Resistance |url=http://www.npd.com/press/releases/press_090622.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626074446/http://www.npd.com/press/releases/press_090622.html |archive-date=June 26, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2009 |publisher=[[NPD Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 28, 2008 |title=Quarter of US iPhones 'unlocked' |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7214873.stm |url-status=live |access-date=January 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212222147/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7214873.stm |archive-date=February 12, 2009}}</ref> Today,{{When|date=July 2025}} many carriers either remove the SIM lock automatically after a certain period, or do it upon request, either for free or for a small fee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sim lock laws by country – ChimeraTool help |url=https://chimeratool.com/en/docs/sim-lock-laws-by-country |access-date=October 14, 2022 |website=ChimeraTool |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154750/https://chimeratool.com/en/docs/sim-lock-laws-by-country |url-status=live }}</ref> iPhones bought from Apple are not SIM locked.<ref name=":7" /> Many carriers also sell the iPhone unlocked when purchased outright rather than on a long-term contract.

=== Retail strategy ===
Since 2013, iPhone buyers can obtain a trade in discount when buying a new iPhone directly from Apple. The program aims to increase the number of customers who purchase iPhones at Apple Stores rather than carrier stores.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fiegerman |first=Seth |date=September 1, 2013 |title=Apple Rolls Out iPhone Trade-In Program Nationwide |url=http://mashable.com/2013/08/30/apple-iphone-trade-ins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901190052/https://mashable.com/archive/apple-iphone-trade-ins |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2013 |work=Mashable }}</ref> In 2015, Apple unveiled the iPhone Upgrade Program, a 24-month leasing agreement, which [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] described as a "change [in] iPhone owners' relationships with mobile carriers".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's Why Apple Is Offering An iPhone Upgrade Plan |url=https://fortune.com/2015/09/15/apple-upgrade-iphone/ |access-date=October 18, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208045625/https://fortune.com/2015/09/15/apple-upgrade-iphone/ |url-status=live |date=September 15, 2015|last=Kokalitcheva|first=Kia}}</ref>

=== Repairability ===
[[File:IPhone 6s - opened-92987.jpg|thumb|[[iPhone 6s]]'s interior; the side on the left contains the display and the side on the right contains hardware and battery]]
Only [[Apple Store]]s and [[Apple Authorized Service Provider]]s are allowed by Apple to perform genuine replacements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About genuine iPhone displays |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805174620/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210321 |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |website=Apple Support |language=en}}</ref> Apple has taken steps to make third-party repairs more difficult. iPhone components are soldered, and many are glued together.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chugh |first=Ritesh |title=Screwed over: how Apple and others are making it impossible to get a cheap and easy phone repair |url=http://theconversation.com/screwed-over-how-apple-and-others-are-making-it-impossible-to-get-a-cheap-and-easy-phone-repair-156871 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=The Conversation |date=March 11, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=October 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022115748/https://theconversation.com/screwed-over-how-apple-and-others-are-making-it-impossible-to-get-a-cheap-and-easy-phone-repair-156871 |url-status=live }}</ref> iPhones receive low repairability scores, in part due to the difficulty of obtaining genuine parts, and the difficulty undertaking each repair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buskirk |first=Chris Van |title=Apple products get low marks in new repairability index |url=https://www.metrowestdailynews.com/story/business/2022/03/13/apple-laptops-cellphones-score-low-new-repairability-index/9451411002/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=MetroWest Daily News |language=en-US |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020104231/https://www.metrowestdailynews.com/story/business/2022/03/13/apple-laptops-cellphones-score-low-new-repairability-index/9451411002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This has given rise to the [[right to repair]] movement, aimed at giving users cheaper options for repairing their phones. Apple has lobbied against right to repair legislation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Is Lobbying Against Your Right to Repair iPhones, New York State Records Confirm |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/apple-is-lobbying-against-your-right-to-repair-iphones-new-york-state-records-confirm/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Vice.com |date=May 18, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020104232/https://www.vice.com/en/article/nz85y7/apple-is-lobbying-against-your-right-to-repair-iphones-new-york-state-records-confirm |url-status=live |last=Koebler|first=Jason}}</ref> Multiple jurisdictions aim to introduce right to repair laws, including the [[European Union|EU]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abnett |first=Kate |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Reduce, repair, recycle as EU plans 'circular' rules for everyday items |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/reduce-repair-recycle-eu-plans-circular-rules-everyday-items-2022-03-30/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020104230/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/reduce-repair-recycle-eu-plans-circular-rules-everyday-items-2022-03-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[United Kingdom|UK]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swinford |first=Steven |date=March 10, 2021 |title='Right to repair' means spare parts for household appliances |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/right-to-repair-means-spare-parts-for-household-appliances-mr5gmkjxr |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020104232/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/right-to-repair-means-spare-parts-for-household-appliances-mr5gmkjxr |url-status=live }}</ref> and U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shepardson |first=David |date=February 3, 2022 |title=U.S. lawmakers introduce 'Right to Repair' bills to spur competition |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-lawmakers-introduce-right-repair-bills-spur-competition-2022-02-03/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020104232/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-lawmakers-introduce-right-repair-bills-spur-competition-2022-02-03/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the past, Apple bricked [[iPhone 6]] models after their home buttons were replaced, displaying an ''Error 53'' message; Apple called this a bug, and released an update to address the issue.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macro |first1=Ashleigh |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53 |url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/what-is-iphone-error-53-3634865/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075709/https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/what-is-iphone-error-53-3634865/ |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=Macworld UK}}</ref> On iPhones with a Touch ID sensor, the home button cannot be replaced by users or independent repair shops without losing Touch ID functionality, since Apple has not made their calibration tool public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2017 |title=iPhone 8 Plus Home/Touch ID Sensor Replacement |url=https://www.ifixit.com/Guide/iPhone+8+Plus+Home-Touch+ID+Sensor+Replacement/100950 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=iFixit |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020104232/https://www.ifixit.com/Guide/iPhone+8+Plus+Home-Touch+ID+Sensor+Replacement/100950 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting with the [[iPhone XR]], Apple displays warnings in the Settings app if the battery, display, or camera are replaced by a third party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iOS 14.4 Will Introduce Warning on iPhones With Non-Genuine Cameras |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2021/01/14/ios-14-4-non-genuine-camera-warning/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524173102/https://www.macrumors.com/2021/01/14/ios-14-4-non-genuine-camera-warning/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |website=MacRumors |date=January 14, 2021 |language=en|last=Rossingnol|first=Joe|last2=Moser|first2=Steve}}</ref> Additionally, some features are disabled when a part labeled "non-genuine" is detected, like True Tone, or the battery health measurement. [[iFixit]] notes that a proprietary, cloud-linked System Configuration tool is required to "complete" a part repair, meaning that even replacing a genuine part with another genuine part will fail Apple's "genuine parts" check unless said tool is used.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2021 |title=Is This the End of the Repairable iPhone? |url=https://www.ifixit.com/News/45921/is-this-the-end-of-the-repairable-iphone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826224329/https://www.ifixit.com/News/45921/is-this-the-end-of-the-repairable-iphone |archive-date=August 26, 2022 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |website=iFixit |language=en|last=Purdy|first=Kevin}}</ref>

In 2022, Apple rolled out a self-service repair program, allowing any user to buy parts, rent repair tools from Apple, and obtain repair manuals. The program received a degree of praise by iFixit and repair advocates, who also critically noted that Apple maintains control over the parts supply.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adorno |first=José |date=April 27, 2022 |title=iFixit praises Apple Self Service Repair program, but says it falls short of Right to Repair goals |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/04/27/ifixit-praises-apple-self-service-repair-program-but-says-it-falls-short-of-right-to-repair-goals/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021012506/https://9to5mac.com/2022/04/27/ifixit-praises-apple-self-service-repair-program-but-says-it-falls-short-of-right-to-repair-goals/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Apple Fixes Its DIY Repair Stance |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/right-to-repair-apple |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=IEEE Spectrum |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020104237/https://spectrum.ieee.org/right-to-repair-apple |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Privacy ==
=== Tracking prevention ===
Apple introduced App Tracking Transparency (ATT) with iOS 14.5 in April 2021. ATT requires apps to ask for explicit permission before being allowed to track the user across other apps and websites. If the user refuses, the app cannot access Apple's [[Identifier for Advertisers]] (IDFA), an identifier used to serve personalized ads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cross |first=Jason |date=April 29, 2021 |title=What is App Tracking Transparency and how do you block app tracking? |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/344420/app-tracking-transparency-privacy-ad-tracking-iphone-ipad-how-to-change-settings.html |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019201249/https://www.macworld.com/article/344420/app-tracking-transparency-privacy-ad-tracking-iphone-ipad-how-to-change-settings.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ATT does not prevent personalized ads that are based on the user's behavior within the app itself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bechade |first=Corentin |date=April 30, 2021 |title=App Tracking Transparency : tout savoir sur le contrôle du suivi publicitaire d'Apple |url=https://www.numerama.com/tech/707374-tout-comprendre-a-lapp-tracking-transparency-loutil-dapple-pour-brouiller-le-pistage-publicitaire.html |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Numerama |language=fr-FR |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019201245/https://www.numerama.com/tech/707374-tout-comprendre-a-lapp-tracking-transparency-loutil-dapple-pour-brouiller-le-pistage-publicitaire.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The feature has been criticized by some as anti-competitive, including Facebook, whose shares fell by 26% after its rollout.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howley |first=Daniel |date=February 3, 2022 |title=What to know about the Apple privacy changes that crushed Facebook parent Meta |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/how-apple-app-tracking-transparency-works-162225922-220141435.html |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019201249/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/how-apple-app-tracking-transparency-works-162225922-220141435.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple exempts their own apps from their anti-tracking measures, which has led to anti-trust investigations by the French and German governments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 17, 2021 |title=Apple gets boost in French privacy fight, but still faces probe |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-apple-antitrust-idUSKBN2B914D |access-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019201250/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-apple-antitrust-idUSKBN2B914D |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2022 |title=German cartel office examining Apple's tracking rules |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-cartel-idCAKBN2NV0JM |access-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019201249/https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-cartel-idCAKBN2NV0JM |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Location tracking controversy ===
In July 2010, Apple claimed that it collected iPhone users' GPS coordinates and nearby Wi-Fi networks twice a day; a [[The Wall Street Journal|''Wall Street Journal'']] investigation found that Google's Android sent this data "several times an hour".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Valentino-DeVries |first=Julia Angwin And Jennifer |title=Apple's iPhones and Google's Androids Send Cellphone Location |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703983704576277101723453610.html |access-date=October 19, 2022 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=April 21, 2011 |language=en-US |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928012407/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703983704576277101723453610.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sewell |first=Bruce |date=July 12, 2010 |title=Apple Inc.'s Response to Request for Information Regarding Its Privacy Policy and Location-Based Services |url=http://markey.house.gov/docs/applemarkeybarton7-12-10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208141602/http://markey.house.gov/docs/applemarkeybarton7-12-10.pdf |archive-date=December 8, 2010 |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=}}</ref>

In September 2010, forensic expert Christopher Vance discovered a [[hidden file and hidden directory|hidden]] unencrypted file named "consolidated.db" that contained a record of iPhone users' locations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vance |first=Christopher |date=October 9, 2010 |title=iPhone iOS4 GPS Data |url=http://blog.csvance.com/?p=39 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009004414/http://blog.csvance.com/?p=39 |archive-date=October 9, 2010 |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Cellular.Sherlock}}</ref><ref name="Keizer">{{Cite web |last=Keizer |first=Gregg |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Apple faces questions from Congress about iPhone tracking |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2507868/apple-faces-questions-from-congress-about-iphone-tracking.html |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Computerworld |language=en |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019214406/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2507868/apple-faces-questions-from-congress-about-iphone-tracking.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The file was added with the June 2010 [[iOS4|iOS 4]] update, though previous versions of iOS stored similar information in a file called "h-cells.plist".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rooney |first=Ben |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Apple New Secret Tracking File Neither New Nor Secret |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-TEB-2446 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020031710/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-TEB-2446 |url-status=live }}</ref> On April 20, 2011, ''[[The Guardian]]'' publicized research by Alasdair Allan and Pete Warden, who found that anyone with physical access to an iPhone could obtain a detailed record of its owner's location and movements over the past year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=April 20, 2011 |title=iPhone keeps record of everywhere you go |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/apr/20/iphone-tracking-prompts-privacy-fears |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019214520/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/apr/20/iphone-tracking-prompts-privacy-fears |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, the file was automatically backed up by iTunes onto any computer the iPhone was synchronized with.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allan |first=Alasdair |title=Got an iPhone or 3G iPad? Apple is recording your moves |url=http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/04/apple-location-tracking.html |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=O'Reilly Radar |language=en-US |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019214411/http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/04/apple-location-tracking.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A ''Wall Street Journal'' investigation found that users' locations were still stored when location services are disabled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valentino-DeVries |first=Jennifer |date=April 25, 2011 |title=IPhone Stored Location Even if Disabled |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704123204576283580249161342.html |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=WSJ |language=en-US |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927220036/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704123204576283580249161342.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The controversy led to U.S. congressional scrutiny and an FCC investigation,<ref name="Keizer"/> and was dubbed "Locationgate" by the media.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Elmer-Dewitt |first=Philip |date=April 27, 2011 |title=LocationGate was a "bug," says Apple |url=https://fortune.com/2011/04/27/locationgate-was-a-bug-says-apple/ |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019214408/https://fortune.com/2011/04/27/locationgate-was-a-bug-says-apple/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apple responded on April 27, 2011, claiming that the data was used to cache nearby Wi-Fi hotspots and cell towers in order to improve location speed and accuracy. The company also claimed that locations being collected when location services were off, and being stored for more than a year, were both bugs.<ref name=":8" /> Apple issued an update for iOS (version [[iOS 4|4.3.3]], or 4.2.8 for the CDMA iPhone 4) which reduced the size of the cache, encrypted it, stopped it being backed up to iTunes, and erased it entirely whenever location services were turned off.<ref name="Apple-location-FAQ">{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/04/27location_qa.html |date=April 27, 2011 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |publisher=Apple Inc. |title=Apple Q&A on Location Data |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607035322/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/04/27location_qa.html |archive-date=June 7, 2011}}</ref> Nevertheless, in July 2014, a report on state-owned China Central Television called iPhone tracking a "national security concern".<ref name="iPhoneChina">{{cite news|title=Influential China TV alleges iPhone exposing 'state secrets'|url=http://www.beijingnews.net/index.php/sid/223727225/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Influential-China-TV-alleges-iPhone-exposing-state-secrets|access-date=July 10, 2014|work=Beijing News.Net|archive-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141821/http://www.beijingnews.net/index.php/sid/223727225/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Influential-China-TV-alleges-iPhone-exposing-state-secrets|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Currently, iPhones contain a "Frequent Locations" database which records where users have been, along with exact times they arrived and left, raising concerns that the data could be used in court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2014 |title=iPhone Feature Tracks Your Movement, Learns Your 'Home' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/your-iphone-knows-exactly-where-youve-been-and-how-long-you-spent-there-249475 |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019215429/https://www.newsweek.com/your-iphone-knows-exactly-where-youve-been-and-how-long-you-spent-there-249475 |url-status=live }}</ref> This feature can be turned off.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waterson |first=Jim |title=Your iPhone Knows Exactly Where You've Been And This Is How To See It |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimwaterson/your-iphone-knows-exactly-where-youve-been-and-this-is-how-t |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=BuzzFeed News |date=April 29, 2014 |language=en-gb |archive-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323201034/https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimwaterson/your-iphone-knows-exactly-where-youve-been-and-this-is-how-t |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Child safety controversy ===
In August 2021, Apple announced plans to scan iCloud Photos for [[child pornography|child abuse imagery]] (through an algorithm called "NeuralHash"), and filter explicit images sent and received by children using iPhones (dubbed "Conversation Safety"), to be rolled out later that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Marcos |first1=Coral Murphy |last2=Browning |first2=Kellen |date=September 3, 2021 |title=Apple delays the rollout of child-safety features over privacy concerns. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/business/apple-child-safety.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020085913/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/business/apple-child-safety.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 90 policy and human rights groups wrote an open letter to condemn both features.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menn |first=Joseph |date=August 19, 2021 |title=Policy groups ask Apple to drop plans to inspect iMessages, scan for abuse images |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-policy-groups-ask-apple-drop-plans-inspect-imessages-scan-abuse-images-2021-08-19/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154749/https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-policy-groups-ask-apple-drop-plans-inspect-imessages-scan-abuse-images-2021-08-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple's plan to implement NeuralHash on-device rather than in the cloud led the EFF and security experts to call it a "backdoor" that could later be expanded to detect other types of contents, and would decrease users' privacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portnoy |first=India McKinney and Erica |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Apple's Plan to "Think Different" About Encryption Opens a Backdoor to Your Private Life |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/08/apples-plan-think-different-about-encryption-opens-backdoor-your-private-life |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en |archive-date=October 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018221139/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/08/apples-plan-think-different-about-encryption-opens-backdoor-your-private-life |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple claimed the system was "misunderstood",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Michael |date=April 21, 2022 |title=Apple CSAM detection: Conversation Safety for Messages is coming to the UK |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/352875/ios-15-csam-scanning-icloud-photos-messages-siri-search-faq.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020085924/https://www.macworld.com/article/352875/ios-15-csam-scanning-icloud-photos-messages-siri-search-faq.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but announced in December 2022 that the photo-scanning feature would never be implemented.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Newman |first=Lily Hay |title=Apple Kills Its Plan to Scan Your Photos for CSAM. Here's What's Next |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/apple-photo-scanning-csam-communication-safety-messages/ |access-date=January 24, 2023 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117204253/https://www.wired.com/story/apple-photo-scanning-csam-communication-safety-messages/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The other feature, Conversation Safety, was added in [[iOS 15|iOS 15.2]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Aisha |date=November 9, 2021 |title=iOS 15.2 includes Apple's new safety feature for kids in Messages |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/09/apple-safety-feature-messages/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020085913/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/09/apple-safety-feature-messages/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Security ==
Apple's iOS operating system is regarded by some security experts as more secure against common malware than Android.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bary |first=Emily |title=Android vs. iOS: Are iPhones Really Safer? |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/android-vs-ios-are-iphones-really-safer-1496254475 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154806/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=www.barrons.com&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent= |url-status=live |date=31 May 2017}}</ref> Less than 1% of mobile malware targets iOS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do iPhones get viruses? We bust the myths |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/672485/do-iphones-get-viruses.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154749/https://www.macworld.com/article/672485/do-iphones-get-viruses.html |url-status=live |last=Casserly|first=Martyn|date=15 March 2024}}</ref>

Prior to 2014, the iPhone stored all "messages, pictures and videos, contacts, audio recordings [...] and call history" in unencrypted form, enabling easy access by law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |date=May 8, 2014 |title=New guidelines outline what iPhone data Apple can give to police |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/05/new-guidelines-outline-what-iphone-data-apple-can-give-to-police/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020055142/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/05/new-guidelines-outline-what-iphone-data-apple-can-give-to-police/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This changed with iOS 8, which adopted [[Filesystem-level encryption|file-based encryption]]. Apple does not hold the decryption key, and cannot be compelled to turn over user data, even when presented with a government warrant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farivar |first=Cyrus |date=September 18, 2014 |title=Apple expands data encryption under iOS 8, making handover to cops moot |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/09/apple-expands-data-encryption-under-ios-8-making-handover-to-cops-moot/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111154748/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/09/apple-expands-data-encryption-under-ios-8-making-handover-to-cops-moot/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Companies like [[Grayshift]] and [[Cellebrite]] developed [[Exploit (computer security)|exploits]] that enable law enforcement to extract user data from iPhones without needing the user's passcode.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Leaked Emails Show Cops Trying to Hide Emails About Phone Hacking Tools |publisher=[[Vice Media]] |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/leaked-emails-cops-hiding-graykey-grayshift-phone-hacking-emails/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320044712/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wjken4/leaked-emails-cops-hiding-graykey-grayshift-phone-hacking-emails |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |quote=Leaked emails from one of these communities showed how some members were confident that Grayshift, the company behind the GrayKey product, had already found a workaround to a new security feature from Apple called USB Restricted Mode.}}</ref><ref name="Nicas">{{Cite news |last=Nicas |first=Jack |date=October 21, 2020 |title=The Police Can Probably Break Into Your Phone |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/21/technology/iphone-encryption-police.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020055141/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/21/technology/iphone-encryption-police.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015 and 2016, [[Apple–FBI encryption dispute|a dispute]] unfolded between Apple and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]. The FBI had recovered the iPhone 5c of one of the [[2015 San Bernardino attack|San Bernardino attackers]], and [[iCloud]] backups of that phone from a month and a half before the shooting. The U.S. government attempted to obtain a court order under the [[All Writs Act]] compelling Apple to produce a modified version of iOS that would allow investigators to [[brute force attack|brute force]] the device passcode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-19/secret-memo-details-u-s-s-broader-strategy-to-crack-phones|title=Secret Memo Details U.S.'s Broader Strategy to Crack Phones|author1=Michael Riley|author2=Jordan Robertson|date=February 19, 2016|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=August 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826235933/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-19/secret-memo-details-u-s-s-broader-strategy-to-crack-phones|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Cyrus |last=Farivar |title=Judge: Apple must help FBI unlock San Bernardino shooter's iPhone |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/02/judge-apple-must-help-fbi-unlock-san-bernardino-shooters-iphone/ |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=February 17, 2016 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623200114/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/02/judge-apple-must-help-fbi-unlock-san-bernardino-shooters-iphone/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tim Cook responded on the company's website, outlining a need for encryption, arguing that a [[backdoor (computing)|backdoor]] would compromise the privacy of all iPhone users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/customer-letter/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217084120/http://www.apple.com/customer-letter/|archive-date=February 17, 2016|title=A Message to Our Customers|quote=The United States government has demanded that Apple take an unprecedented step which threatens the security of our customers. We oppose this order, which has implications far beyond the legal case at hand.|author=Tim Cook}}</ref> The [[United States Department of Justice|DOJ]] withdrew its request after the FBI bought an exploit to bypass the iPhone's passcode.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nakashima |first1=Ellen |last2=Albergotti |first2=Reed |date=April 14, 2021 |title=The FBI wanted to unlock the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone. It turned to a little-known Australian firm. |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/14/azimuth-san-bernardino-apple-iphone-fbi/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124085649/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/14/azimuth-san-bernardino-apple-iphone-fbi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a countermeasure, Apple implemented USB Restricted Mode,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicas |first=Jack |date=June 13, 2018 |title=Apple to Close iPhone Security Hole That Law Enforcement Uses to Crack Devices |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/13/technology/apple-iphone-police.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020055142/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/13/technology/apple-iphone-police.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which was subsequently exploited too.<ref name="Nicas"/>

In 2016, researchers discovered the [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]] suite of [[Exploit (computer security)|exploits]] targeting iOS and Android, which led to significant international media coverage.<ref name="WP-20210719">{{cite news |last1=Timberg |first1=Craig |last2=Albergotti |first2=Reed |last3=Guéguen |first3=Elodie |date=July 19, 2021 |title=Despite the hype, iPhone security no match for NSO spyware – International investigation finds 23 Apple devices that were successfully hacked |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/07/19/apple-iphone-nso/ |url-status=live |accessdate=July 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719121837/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/07/19/apple-iphone-nso/ |archive-date=July 19, 2021}}</ref> Some Pegasus exploits are [[Exploit (computer security)#Zero-click|zero-click]], meaning that they can fully compromise the device with no user interaction, for example by sending a malformed [[iMessage]] to the user that would not even trigger a notification.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Priest |first1=Dana |last2=Timberg |first2=Craig |last3=Mekhennet |first3=Souad |title=Private Israeli spyware used to hack cellphones of journalists, activists worldwide |language=en |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2021/nso-spyware-pegasus-cellphones/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2021/nso-spyware-pegasus-cellphones/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Pegasus can collect most data, including chats, passwords, and photos, and can turn on the phone's microphone and camera remotely.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=May 12, 2020 |title=NSO Group Pitched Phone Hacking Tech to American Police |work=Vice |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nso-group-pitched-phone-hacking-tech-american-police/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130025302/https://www.vice.com/en/article/8899nz/nso-group-pitched-phone-hacking-tech-american-police |archive-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |last2=Mazzetti |first2=Mark |date=January 28, 2022 |title=The Battle for the World's Most Powerful Cyberweapon |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/magazine/nso-group-israel-spyware.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130025302/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/magazine/nso-group-israel-spyware.html |archive-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> Apple quickly issued an update fixing [[FORCEDENTRY]] and other known Pegasus exploits,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Israeli spyware firm targeted Apple devices via iMessage, researchers say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/13/nso-group-iphones-apple-devices-hack-patch |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101130803/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/13/nso-group-iphones-apple-devices-hack-patch |url-status=live }}</ref> though Pegasus continued to be used, relying on new exploits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirchgaessner |first=Stephanie |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Victim's iPhone hacked by Pegasus spyware weeks after Apple sued NSO |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/05/apple-iphone-pegasus-spyware-nso-group-israel-jordan |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208045711/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/05/apple-iphone-pegasus-spyware-nso-group-israel-jordan |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple announced a new [[Bug bounty program|bug bounty]] for vulnerabilities, and added an optional Lockdown Mode to [[iOS 16]] that reduces the iPhone's [[attack surface]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nellis |first=Stephen |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Apple to release new 'Lockdown Mode' as it battles spyware firms |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/apple-cyber-idTRNIKBN2OH1J7 |access-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101130804/https://www.reuters.com/article/apple-cyber-idTRNIKBN2OH1J7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Newman |first=Lily Hay |title=iOS 16 Has 2 New Security Features for Worst-Case Scenarios |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/apple-ios-16-safety-check-lockdown-mode/ |access-date=November 1, 2022 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208045710/https://www.wired.com/story/apple-ios-16-safety-check-lockdown-mode/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many security researchers have criticized Apple's bug bounty for underpaying researchers, being uncommunicative, and being slow to fix vulnerabilities, and two Apple employees told ''The Washington Post'' that the company "has a massive backlog of bugs that it hasn't fixed".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Albergotti |first=Reed |date=2021-09-13 |title=Apple pays hackers six figures to find bugs in its software. Then it sits on their findings. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/09/apple-bug-bounty/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=July 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719073000/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/09/apple-bug-bounty/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prominent victims of Pegasus include [[Jamal Khashoggi]], and numerous activists, businessmen and politicians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benjakob |first=Omer |date=April 5, 2022 |title=The NSO File: A Complete (Updating) List of Individuals Targeted With Pegasus Spyware |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/tech-news/2022-04-05/ty-article-magazine/nso-pegasus-spyware-file-complete-list-of-individuals-targeted/0000017f-ed7a-d3be-ad7f-ff7b5a600000 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020055142/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/tech-news/2022-04-05/ty-article-magazine/nso-pegasus-spyware-file-complete-list-of-individuals-targeted/0000017f-ed7a-d3be-ad7f-ff7b5a600000 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pegasus has been widely used since 2011,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |last2=Mazzetti |first2=Mark |date=January 28, 2022 |title=The Battle for the World's Most Powerful Cyberweapon |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/magazine/nso-group-israel-spyware.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130025302/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/magazine/nso-group-israel-spyware.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and is still used by law enforcement and governments as of July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingleton |first=Danna |date=July 18, 2022 |title=A year on from the Pegasus project, governments still have access to surveillance technology {{!}} Danna Ingleton |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jul/18/pegasus-project-surveillance-tech-spying-nso-group |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020055141/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jul/18/pegasus-project-surveillance-tech-spying-nso-group |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception and legacy ==
The [[IPhone (1st generation)|original iPhone]] has been described as "revolutionary",<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Pogue |title=The iPhone Matches Most of Its Hype |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/technology/circuits/27pogue.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 27, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901085353/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/technology/circuits/27pogue.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a "breakthrough handheld computer",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boehret |first=Walter S. Mossberg and Katherine |date=June 28, 2007 |title=Testing Out the iPhone |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118289311361649057 |access-date=October 11, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201552/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118289311361649057 |url-status=live }}</ref> and "the best phone that anybody has ever made".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grossman |first=Lev |date=June 30, 2007 |title="I Take the iPhone Home" |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1639068,00.html |access-date=October 11, 2022 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201559/http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1639068,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is now Apple's bestselling product, and has been credited with helping to make Apple one of the world's [[List of public corporations by market capitalization|most valuable publicly traded companies]] by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Satariano |title=Apple Surpasses Exxon as World's Most Valuable Company Before Retreating |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-09/apple-rises-from-near-bankruptcy-to-become-most-valuable-company.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810082324/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-09/apple-rises-from-near-bankruptcy-to-become-most-valuable-company.html |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=August 10, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2011 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Newer iterations have also received praise and awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clover |first=Juli |date=September 27, 2022 |title=iPhone 14 Pro Max Earns Best Smartphone Display Award, Replacing iPhone 13 Pro Max |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2022/09/27/iphone-14-pro-max-best-smartphone-display/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=MacRumors |language=en |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011165229/https://www.macrumors.com/2022/09/27/iphone-14-pro-max-best-smartphone-display/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Alastair |date=October 11, 2021 |title=Trusted Reviews Awards: The iPhone 12 Pro Max is 2021's Best Camera Phone |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/news/trusted-reviews-awards-the-iphone-12-pro-max-is-2021s-best-camera-phone-4171979 |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=Trusted Reviews |language=en |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201553/https://www.trustedreviews.com/news/trusted-reviews-awards-the-iphone-12-pro-max-is-2021s-best-camera-phone-4171979 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before the iPhone, smartphones were mostly used for texting, calls, and email; more advanced functions were harder to use and inconvenient on a small screen.<ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine |title=Why The iPhone Upended The Tech Industry |url=https://time.com/4837176/iphone-10th-anniversary/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720210128/https://time.com/4837176/iphone-10th-anniversary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They were also hard to develop for, and lacked a thriving app ecosystem like the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]] (released in 2008).<ref name="Symbian_collapse">{{cite web |title=Why does Symbian collapse? |url=http://pixelstech.net/article/1359363948_Why_does_Symbian_collapse_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320044718/https://www.pixelstech.net/article/1359363948-Why-does-Symbian-collapse |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2013 |publisher=Pixelstech.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Streitfeld|first=David|title=As Boom Lures App Creators, Tough Part Is Making a Living|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/business/as-boom-lures-app-creators-tough-part-is-making-a-living.html|access-date=April 2, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 17, 2012|archive-date=September 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901190132/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/business/as-boom-lures-app-creators-tough-part-is-making-a-living.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many phones were heavily customized by mobile carriers, which led to feature fragmentation and prevented these phones from turning into thriving [[Computing platform|software platforms]].<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Siracusa |title=Let a million iPhones bloom |url=https://arstechnica.com/staff/2007/07/let-a-million-iphones-bloom/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |date=July 2, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075713/https://arstechnica.com/staff/2007/07/let-a-million-iphones-bloom/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, Apple's [[IOS SDK|iPhone SDK]] provided a wide range of APIs, made mobile development far more accessible,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hackett |first=Stephen |date=March 15, 2018 |title=The Initial iPhone SDK |url=https://www.macstories.net/stories/the-initial-iphone-sdk/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=MacStories |language=en-US |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011185806/https://www.macstories.net/stories/the-initial-iphone-sdk/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Timmer |first=John |date=June 28, 2017 |title=A touch of Cocoa: Inside the original iPhone SDK |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/06/iphone-sdk/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201802/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/06/iphone-sdk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and was instrumental in turning the iPhone into a "Swiss army knife" with a wide range of features and apps.<ref name="Time"/>

Successive [[List of iPhone models|iPhone models]] have generated significant fan enthusiasm, with many customers queuing up in front of Apple Stores on launch day.<ref>{{cite web |last=Etherington |first=Darrell |date=September 20, 2013 |title=Apple's iPhone 5s And 5c Launch Draws Big Crowds, Including Biggest Ever Line at NYC Flagship Store |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/20/apples-iphone-5s-and-5c-launch-draws-big-crowds-including-biggest-ever-line-at-nyc-flagship-store/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901190044/https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/20/apples-iphone-5s-and-5c-launch-draws-big-crowds-including-biggest-ever-line-at-nyc-flagship-store/ |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |publisher=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> As of 2021, the iPhone has higher brand loyalty than any other smartphone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2021 |title=Apple has most loyal smartphone customers in US, study finds |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/10/29/apple-has-most-loyal-smartphone-customers-in-us-study-finds |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=AppleInsider |language=en |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012082620/https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/10/29/apple-has-most-loyal-smartphone-customers-in-us-study-finds |url-status=live }}</ref>

The iPhone's success has led to the decline of incumbents [[Nokia]], [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]], and [[Motorola]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://canalys-prod-public.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/static/press_release/2007/r2007024.pdf |title=64 million smart phones shipped worldwide in 2006 |date=February 12, 2007 |publisher=Canalys |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201557/https://canalys-prod-public.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/static/press_release/2007/r2007024.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> RIM, [[Symbian]] and [[Microsoft]] all attempted to develop more modern operating systems to compete with the iPhone, like [[Maemo]], [[Windows Phone]], and [[BlackBerry 10]]; all were unsuccessful. Google successfully started over on their Android project,<ref name="Time"/> and designed it for mass adoption by carriers and phone hardware manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=August 6, 2015 |title=Waiting for Android's inevitable security Armageddon |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/08/waiting-for-androids-inevitable-security-armageddon/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065601/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/08/waiting-for-androids-inevitable-security-armageddon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Today,{{When|date=July 2025}} iOS and Android account for 99% of smartphones used worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global mobile OS market share 2012–2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/272698/global-market-share-held-by-mobile-operating-systems-since-2009/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011192809/https://www.statista.com/statistics/272698/global-market-share-held-by-mobile-operating-systems-since-2009/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sales ===
<div class="floatright">
<timeline>
ImageSize=width:270 height:400
PlotArea=left:60 bottom:51 top:10 right:16
AlignBars=justify
Period=from:0 till:250
TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal

Colors=
id:gray value:gray(0.5)
id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
id:line2 value:gray(0.7)

ScaleMajor=unit:year increment:50 start:0 gridcolor:line2
ScaleMinor=unit:year increment:50 start:0 gridcolor:line1

BarData=
bar:2007 text:2007
bar:2008 text:2008
bar:2009 text:2009
bar:2010 text:2010
bar:2011 text:2011
bar:2012 text:2012
bar:2013 text:2013
bar:2014 text:2014
bar:2015 text:2015
bar:2016 text:2016
bar:2017 text:2017
bar:2018 text:2018
bar:2019 text:2019
bar:2020 text:2020
bar:2021 text:2021
bar:2022 text:2022
bar:2023 text:2023

PlotData=
color:tan1 width:10

bar:2007 from:start till:1.3 text:1.3
bar:2008 from:start till:11.6 text:11.6
bar:2009 from:start till:20.7 text:20.7
bar:2010 from:start till:39.9 text:39.9
bar:2011 from:start till:72.2 text:72.2
bar:2012 from:start till:125 text:125
bar:2013 from:start till:150 text:150
bar:2014 from:start till:169 text:169
bar:2015 from:start till:231 text:231
bar:2016 from:start till:211 text:211
bar:2017 from:start till:216 text:216
bar:2018 from:start till:217 text:217
bar:2019 from:start till:185 text:185
bar:2020 from:start till:189 text:189
bar:2021 from:start till:238 text:238
bar:2022 from:start till:239 text:239
bar:2023 from:start till:223 text:223

TextData=
pos:(50,16) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:iPhone sales worldwide (million)
TextData=
pos:(50,1) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Source: Apple/IDC
</timeline></div>
Steve Jobs's initial target was to reach 1% of phone market share in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guglielmo |first=Connie |title=Steve Jobs Knew iPhone Would Be Iconic. More Than 2 Billion Phones Later, He Was Right |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/steve-jobs-knew-iphone-would-be-iconic-more-than-2-billion-phones-later-he-was-right/ |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=October 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018155551/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/steve-jobs-knew-iphone-would-be-iconic-more-than-2-billion-phones-later-he-was-right/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple sold 6.1 million units of the original iPhone between [[Financial quarter|Q3]] [[Fiscal year|FY]]2007{{NoteTag|Each company may choose different quarters for their [[fiscal year]]. Apple's fiscal quarters correspond to the following months: Q1 ends in late December, Q2 ends in late March, Q3 ends in late June, and Q4 ends in late September.

All references to quarters in this section reference Apple's fiscal year quarters. The holiday quarter, the fourth quarter of the calendar year, is referred to as Apple's Q1.

Since 2011, iPhone releases have consistently occurred in September at the end of Q4, meaning that sales of a new model are mostly reflected in Q1 of the following fiscal year, covering October to December.|name=AppleFY}} and Q4 FY2008, and 11.3 million units of the iPhone 3G in Q4 FY2008 and Q1 FY2009.<ref name="2009_Q1_PR">{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/21results.html|title=Apple Reports First Quarter Results|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=January 21, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623022830/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/21results.html|archive-date=June 23, 2009}}</ref> In 2008, the iPhone reached 1.1% of worldwide mobile phone market share,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/iphone-passes-1-percent-goal-for-2008-looking-good-for-2009/|title=iPhone passes 1 percent goal for 2008, looking good for 2009|first=Chris|last=Foresman|date=January 30, 2009|website=Ars Technica|access-date=September 24, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814203007/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/iphone-passes-1-percent-goal-for-2008-looking-good-for-2009/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 8.2% of the smartphone market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2010/02/23/gartner-iphone-sales-double-in-2009-as-apple-claims-third-place-in-smartphone-sales/|title=Gartner: iPhone Sales Double in 2009 as Apple Claims Third Place in Smartphone Sales|website=MacRumors|date=February 23, 2010 |first=Eric |last=Slivka |access-date=September 24, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814203007/https://www.macrumors.com/2010/02/23/gartner-iphone-sales-double-in-2009-as-apple-claims-third-place-in-smartphone-sales/|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time it was quickly becoming relevant in North America, and in market share was ranked second in the U.S. in 2009, behind the [[BlackBerry]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research in Motion battles BlackBerry's competitors |date=August 17, 2009 |first=Jessi |last=Hempel |url=https://money.cnn.com/2009/08/12/technology/blackberry_research_in_motion.fortune/index.htm |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=CNN Money |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084753/https://money.cnn.com/2009/08/12/technology/blackberry_research_in_motion.fortune/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2010 the [[iPhone 3GS]] was the best-selling smartphone in the U.S., the first time that an iPhone device reached top spot in that market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2010 |title=Top 10 Mobile phones in the US in 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/top-10-mobile-phones-in-the-us-in-2010-2168707.html |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104171909/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/top-10-mobile-phones-in-the-us-in-2010-2168707.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

iPhone sales grew continuously [[wiktionary:year-over-year|year-over-year]] since its introduction until Q2 FY2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howse |first=Brett |title=Apple Announces Q2 Fiscal Year 2016 Results: iPhone Sales Slowed But Services Gain |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/10283/apple-announces-q2-fiscal-year-2016-results-iphone-sales-slowed-but-services-gain |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=www.anandtech.com |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118121418/https://www.anandtech.com/show/10283/apple-announces-q2-fiscal-year-2016-results-iphone-sales-slowed-but-services-gain |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Snell |first=Jason |date=April 26, 2016 |title=Apple Q2 2016 results: Going down! |url=https://sixcolors.com/post/2016/04/apple-q2-2016-results-going-down/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Six Colors |language=en-us |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012082613/https://sixcolors.com/post/2016/04/apple-q2-2016-results-going-down/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The iPhone briefly surpassed [[BlackBerry]] in Q4 FY2008,<ref>{{cite web |date=October 21, 2008 |title=Apple iPhone 3G sales surpass RIM's Blackberry |url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/21/apple_iphone_3g_sales_surpass_rims_blackberry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022214401/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/21/apple_iphone_3g_sales_surpass_rims_blackberry.html |archive-date=October 22, 2008 |access-date=October 22, 2008 |publisher=[[AppleInsider]]}}</ref> and permanently overtook it starting in Q3 FY2010.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2022 |title=Global smartphone shipments by vendor 2009–2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/271490/quarterly-global-smartphone-shipments-by-vendor/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012082612/https://www.statista.com/statistics/271490/quarterly-global-smartphone-shipments-by-vendor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2011, Apple sold 100 million iPhones worldwide,<ref name="post">{{cite news |date=March 2, 2011 |title=Apple: 100 Million iPhones Sold |publisher=Mashable |url=http://mashable.com/2011/03/02/100-million-iphones |url-status=live |access-date=March 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901190051/https://mashable.com/archive/100-million-iphones |archive-date=September 1, 2022}}</ref> and became the largest mobile phone vendor in the world by revenue, surpassing long-time leader [[Nokia]].<ref name="eon.businesswire.com">{{cite press release |url=http://eon.businesswire.com/news/eon/20110421005965/en/Apple/Nokia/revenues |title=Strategy Analytics: Apple Becomes World's Largest Handset Vendor by Revenue in the first quarter of 2011 |date=April 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133615/http://eon.businesswire.com/news/eon/20110421005965/en/Apple/Nokia/revenues |archive-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref> Q1 FY2012 marked Apple's best quarterly earnings in its history, with 53% of the company's revenues coming from iPhone sales.<ref name="Jordan">{{cite web |last=Jordan |first=Golson |date=January 26, 2012 |title=iPhone Average Selling Price Remains Steady Even With Free 3GS Offer |url=http://www.macrumors.com/2012/01/26/iphone-average-selling-price-remains-steady-even-with-free-3gs-offer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319195915/https://www.macrumors.com/2012/01/26/iphone-average-selling-price-remains-steady-even-with-free-3gs-offer/ |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2012 |publisher=MacRumors}}</ref> Phone sales are strongly seasonal, peaking in the holiday season (Apple's Q1). With the release of the iPhone 13 in Q1 FY2022, Apple temporarily topped Samsung, with 84.9 million units shipped compared to Samsung's 68.9 million. In most quarters, Apple is the second-largest smartphone vendor by units.<ref name=":5" />{{NoteTag|Note that Statista presents data in calendar year quarters; Q4 in Statista data corresponds to Apple's [[fiscal year|FY]] Q1.|name=StatistaQ}} Apple sold 223 million iPhones in its financial year 2023 ending September 24.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/10/apple-reports-fourth-quarter-results/ |access-date=November 14, 2023 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027203215/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/10/apple-reports-fourth-quarter-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=iPhone-Verkaufszahlen weltweit bis 2023 |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/203584/umfrage/absatz-von-apple-iphones-seit-dem-geschaeftsjahr-2007/ |access-date=November 14, 2023 |website=Statista |language=de |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114154109/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/203584/umfrage/absatz-von-apple-iphones-seit-dem-geschaeftsjahr-2007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


Today,{{When|date=July 2025}} Samsung and Apple dominate the smartphone market, with 21.8% and 15.6% worldwide market share respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2022 |title=Apple iPhone market share 2007–2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/216459/global-market-share-of-apple-iphone/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007045228/https://www.statista.com/statistics/216459/global-market-share-of-apple-iphone/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to Apple's small lineup, Apple often dominates the list of bestselling smartphone models.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Karn |date=March 8, 2022 |title=Apple Captures 7 Spots in 2021 List for Global Top 10 Smartphones |url=https://www.counterpointresearch.com/global-top-10-smartphones-2021/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Counterpoint Research |language=en-US |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308162002/https://www.counterpointresearch.com/global-top-10-smartphones-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swingle |first=Joshua |date=May 19, 2022 |title=The iPhone 13 and 13 Pro Max were the world's best-selling phones in Q1 |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/iphone-13-world-best-selling-phone-q1-2022_id140285 |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Phone Arena |language=en-US |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927002902/https://www.phonearena.com/news/iphone-13-world-best-selling-phone-q1-2022_id140285 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite its lower market share, the iPhone's premium positioning has led it to capture nearly half of global smartphone revenue,<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2022 |title=Global Smartphone Revenue Hits Record ~$450 Billion in 2021; Apple Captures Highest Ever Share in Q4 2021 |url=https://www.counterpointresearch.com/global-smartphone-revenue-hits-record-450-billion-2021-apple-captures-highest-ever-share-q4-2021/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Counterpoint Research |language=en-US |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012082620/https://www.counterpointresearch.com/global-smartphone-revenue-hits-record-450-billion-2021-apple-captures-highest-ever-share-q4-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and 80% of global smartphone profits, with Samsung taking the other 20%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orr |first=Andrew |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Apple continuing command of global smartphone profits, and the lead is growing |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/22/09/29/apple-continuing-command-of-global-smartphone-profits-and-the-lead-is-growing |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=AppleInsider |language=en |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012082621/https://appleinsider.com/articles/22/09/29/apple-continuing-command-of-global-smartphone-profits-and-the-lead-is-growing |url-status=live }}</ref> Carriers compete with each other to subsidize iPhone upgrades, which is seen as a significant factor in iPhone sales, though this has reduced carrier profits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bary |first=Emily |date=October 17, 2020 |title=The 5G iPhone is reigniting the subsidy wars, which is good for Apple and consumers but not mobile carriers |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-5g-iphone-is-reigniting-the-subsidy-wars-which-is-good-for-apple-and-consumers-but-not-mobile-carriers-11602760302 |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=MarketWatch |language=EN-US |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722074024/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-5g-iphone-is-reigniting-the-subsidy-wars-which-is-good-for-apple-and-consumers-but-not-mobile-carriers-11602760302 |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 27, 2016, Apple announced that it had sold their billionth iPhone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple celebrates one billion iPhones |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2016/07/apple-celebrates-one-billion-iphones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901190054/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2016/07/apple-celebrates-one-billion-iphones/ |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> As of January 1, 2024, more than 2.3 billion iPhones have been sold.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 11, 2024 |title=32 iPhone User Statistics: Sales, Usage & Revenue (2024) |url=https://www.demandsage.com/iphone-user-statistics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218052637/https://www.demandsage.com/iphone-user-statistics/ |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 17, 2024 |website=Demandsage}}</ref> In July 2025, Apple CEO Tim Cook said that 3 billion iPhones have been sold.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silberling |first=Amanda |date=2025-07-31 |title=Apple has now sold 3 billion iPhones |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/31/apple-has-now-sold-three-billion-iphones/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=August 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803163946/https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/31/apple-has-now-sold-three-billion-iphones/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Compared to other high-tech products, a greater proportion of iPhone users are female.<ref name="Women more likely to own an iPhone than men">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Rhiannon |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Women more likely to own an iPhone than men |website=Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/iphone/11335574/Women-more-likely-to-own-an-iPhone-than-men.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701035144/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/iphone/11335574/Women-more-likely-to-own-an-iPhone-than-men.html |archive-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref> The iPhone has been adopted by both consumers and business users.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Early Signs Of iPhone Adoption in Business – InformationWeek |work=InformationWeek |url=https://www.informationweek.com/early-signs-of-iphone-adoption-in-business/d/d-id/1057082 |url-status=live |access-date=May 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901190133/https://www.informationweek.com/it-life/early-signs-of-iphone-adoption-in-business |archive-date=September 1, 2022}}</ref> iPhone users are wealthier and spend more time on their phones than Android users on average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iPhone Users Earn Higher Income, Engage More on Apps than Android Users |url=https://www.comscore.com/ita/Public-Relations/Infographics/iPhone-Users-Earn-Higher-Income-Engage-More-on-Apps-than-Android-Users |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809143557/https://www.comscore.com/ita/Public-Relations/Infographics/iPhone-Users-Earn-Higher-Income-Engage-More-on-Apps-than-Android-Users |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=Comscore, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2018 |title=Want to Appear Rich? Buy an iPhone |url=https://gizmodo.com/want-to-appear-rich-buy-an-iphone-1827431776 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528065156/https://gizmodo.com/want-to-appear-rich-buy-an-iphone-1827431776 |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=Gizmodo}}</ref> The iPhone is especially popular in the U.S., where it has a 50% market share<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lovejoy |first=Ben |date=September 2, 2022 |title=iPhone US market share hits all-time high, overtaking Android; dominates global premium sales |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/09/02/iphone-us-market-share/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012054230/https://9to5mac.com/2022/09/02/iphone-us-market-share/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is used by 88% of teenagers.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Taking Stock With Teens {{!}} Piper Sandler |url=https://www.pipersandler.com/teens |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.pipersandler.com |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162504/https://www.pipersandler.com/teens |url-status=live }}</ref> Worldwide, the iPhone accounts for 78% of the high-end ($1,000+) smartphone market.<ref name=":4" />

Android overtook the iPhone's installed base in 2010, according to [[The NPD Group|NPD Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardwick |first=Tim |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Apple's U.S. iPhone User Base Overtook Android in June Quarter, Now Accounts for More Than Half of All Smartphones |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2022/09/02/us-iphone-user-base-overtakes-android/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=MacRumors |language=en |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013032010/https://www.macrumors.com/2022/09/02/us-iphone-user-base-overtakes-android/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During Apple's [[earnings call]] on January 27, 2021, Tim Cook said that 1 billion iPhones were being actively used worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Apple says there are now over 1 billion active iPhones |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/27/22253162/iphone-users-total-number-billion-apple-tim-cook-q1-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903092127/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/27/22253162/iphone-users-total-number-billion-apple-tim-cook-q1-2021 |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

=== Emerging markets ===
While other manufacturers make separate entry-level phones, Apple's entry-level phones are the previous years' models, part of an effort to increase its market share in emerging markets without diluting its premium brand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the old products Apple keeps around are crucial to its success |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/358034/apple-old-products-iphone-ipad-apple-watch.html |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012082620/https://www.macworld.com/article/358034/apple-old-products-iphone-ipad-apple-watch.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Duprey |first=Rich |date=August 20, 2020 |title=Analyst: Used iPhones Will Significantly Expand Apple's Share in Emerging Markets |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/analyst%3A-used-iphones-will-significantly-expand-apples-share-in-emerging-markets-2020-08 |website=[[NASDAQ]] |access-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012082619/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/analyst:-used-iphones-will-significantly-expand-apples-share-in-emerging-markets-2020-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also considers emerging market tastes in its product designs; for example, it introduced a gold iPhone after finding that gold was seen as a popular sign of a [[luxury product]] among Chinese customers.<ref name="Cook Says Chinese Tastes Considered in Apple Product Designs">{{cite news |last1=Chan & Chen |date=June 22, 2015 |title=Cook Says Chinese Tastes Considered in Apple Product Designs |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-22/cook-says-chinese-tastes-considered-in-apple-product-designs |access-date=August 15, 2015 |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811091312/https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=d163da7f-1955-11ed-bde9-5450626e6b67&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxNS0wNi0yMi9jb29rLXNheXMtY2hpbmVzZS10YXN0ZXMtY29uc2lkZXJlZC1pbi1hcHBsZS1wcm9kdWN0LWRlc2lnbnM= |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Apple started manufacturing previous years' iPhone models in India; in 2022, it began manufacturing the current iPhone 14 there too.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kharpal |first=Arjun |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Apple begins making the iPhone 14 in India, marking a big shift in its manufacturing strategy |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/26/apple-starts-manufacturing-the-iphone-14-in-india.html |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011200449/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/26/apple-starts-manufacturing-the-iphone-14-in-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Analysts have speculated that this was partly caused by Apple's desire to reduce its dependence on China, and to overcome Indian import duties.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Cyrus |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Explained: Why iPhones Cost Lot More in India |url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/here-is-why-apple-iphone-costs-more-in-india-compared-to-us |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021113558/https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/here-is-why-apple-iphone-costs-more-in-india-compared-to-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, the Chinese government banned the use of iPhones by government civil servants in what was seen as an effort to reduce dependence on foreign technology and strengthen cybersecurity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kubota |first=Yoko |title=China Bans iPhone Use for Government Officials at Work |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/china/china-bans-iphone-use-for-government-officials-at-work-635fe2f8 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906152539/https://www.wsj.com/world/china/china-bans-iphone-use-for-government-officials-at-work-635fe2f8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2024, Iranian president Mokhber banned imported iPhone 14 and newer models. In November, the ban was lifted and replaced with a 30% customs tariff to the phones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=گمرک: مصوبه آزاد سازی واردات آیفون به گمرکات کشور ابلاغ شد |url=https://www.etemadonline.com/tiny/news-683646 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |language=fa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114044121/https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-22/683646-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86|archive-date=November 14, 2025|website=etemadonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=واردات گوشی آیفون ۱۴ به بعد ممنوع شد |url=https://www.etemadonline.com/tiny/news-597020 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |language=fa|website=etemadonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113123751/https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-22/597020-%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86|archive-date=November 13, 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Telephones}}
* [[Apple Newton]], an early [[personal digital assistant]] and the first tablet platform developed by Apple

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|iPhone}}
* {{official|https://apple.com/iphone}}
* {{YouTube|6uW-E496FXg|Video of Steve Jobs announcing the first-generation iPhone at Macworld 2007}}
* [https://techengage.com/evolution-of-iphone/ Evolution of the iPhone] at TechEngage, February 3, 2021

{{iOS}}
{{Apple hardware since 1998}}
{{Apple}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:IPhone| ]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2007]]
[[Category:Digital audio players]]
[[Category:Personal digital assistants]]
[[Category:ITunes]]
[[Category:Smartphones]]

Snehal R Nair

2026-03-15T04:45:58Z

WEMBruce20: adding new post - done

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Snehal R Nair
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Filmmaker
| known_for = ''Germ''
| awards = Two National Film Awards
}}

'''Snehal R Nair''' (also known as Shekhar Nair) is an Indian filmmaker based in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-06-15 |title=Best of the best |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/best-of-the-best/article2106793.ece |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is best known for his film [[Germ (film)|Germ]] for which
he was given two [[National Film Awards]] Snehal Radhakrishnan Nair has also been awarded best experimental film for his directed film germ at tel aviv University film festival, which has also been screened at 30th Busan short film festival and has been a part of iffi Indian panorama at Goa India and also screened at 40th International film festival Rotterdam Netherlands Snehal R Nair that is Shekhar Nair is also the writer of a published book namely "A.i. text: a prequel to absurd" and also is writer of yet unpublished work 'matters of the cosmos" and "matter as information". Snehal R. Nair has his own rock band namely "Shekhar" snehal that is Shekhar Nair is the writer of an ongoing film documentary namely "A hypothesis concerning visual images: Thought as an edifice". ca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Malayalam cinema sparkles |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/May/20/malayalam-cinema-sparkles-254729.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=National Awards 2010 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2010/108 |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{India-film-director-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Snehal R}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Pamela Salem

2026-03-12T14:42:43Z

WEMBruce20: Adding New Info

{{Short description|British actress (1944–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pamela Salem
| image = Joanne Francis.jpg
| caption = Salem as [[Joanne Francis]] in ''EastEnders''
| birth_name = Pamela Fortunee Salem
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|1|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Province]], British Raj
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|2|21|1944|1|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Surfside, Florida]], US
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Heidelberg University]]|[[Central School of Speech and Drama]]}}
| occupation = Film and television actress
| spouse = {{Marriage|Michael O'Hagan|1983|2017|end=died}}
| known for = {{ubli|''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' (film, 1983) as [[Miss Moneypenny]]|''[[Into the Labyrinth (TV series)|Into the Labyrinth]]'' (1981–1982)|''[[EastEnders]]'' (1988–1989)|''[[Doctor Who]]''}}
}}

'''Pamela Fortunee Salem''' (22 January 1944 – 21 February 2024) was a British film and television actress. She was born in [[Bombay]], India, and educated at [[Wispers School]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/07/pamela-salem-obituary|title=''Guardian'': "Obituary Pamela Salem", 7 March 2024|newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |last1=Hadoke |first1=Toby }}</ref> and [[Heidelberg University]] in Germany, and later at the [[Central School of Speech and Drama]] in London, England.<ref name=bfi>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f08515b|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527231314/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f08515b|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2018|title=Pamela Salem|publisher=|accessdate=29 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://alumnius.net/central_school_of_sp-2579-2|title=Alumni US – Central School of Speech and Drama, U. of London|website=alumnius.net|accessdate=29 May 2017|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213093627/http://alumnius.net/central_school_of_sp-2579-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Television ===
Salem was known for her co-starring role in the early 1980s [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] children's fantasy series ''[[Into the Labyrinth (TV series)|Into the Labyrinth]]'' as the evil witch Belor,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechestnut.com/labyrinth/labyrinth.htm|title=Little Gems - Into The Labyrinth|website=www.thechestnut.com|accessdate=29 May 2017|archive-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801224346/http://www.thechestnut.com/labyrinth/labyrinth.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and her late 1980s guest role in the BBC soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'' as shady mafia affiliate [[Joanne Francis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/558106/EastEnders-30th-anniversary-Albert-Square-s-iconic-characters|title=EastEnders 30th anniversary: A look back at Albert Square's most iconic characters|first=Annie|last=Price|date=13 February 2015|newspaper=Express|location=UK|accessdate=29 February 2024|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182244/https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/558106/EastEnders-30th-anniversary-Albert-Square-s-iconic-characters|url-status=live}}</ref> She was also seen in two adventures of ''[[Doctor Who]]'': as Toos in ''[[The Robots of Death]]'' (1977)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/robotsofdeath/detail.shtml|title=BBC - Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide - The Robots of Death - Details|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/robotsofdeath/detail.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> and as Professor Rachel Jensen in ''[[Remembrance of the Daleks]]'' (1988),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/remembrancedaleks/detail.shtml|title=BBC - Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide - Remembrance of the Daleks - Details|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430053920/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/remembrancedaleks/detail.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> a role she reprised for [[Big Finish Productions]]' officially licensed [[radio drama|audio drama]] spin-off series ''Counter Measures''.<ref>{{cite news| title=Big Finish: Counter-Measures| first=Chuck| last=Foster| website=Doctor Who News| date=23 October 2011| url=https://www.doctorwhonews.net/2011/10/dwn231011174008-big-finish-counter.html| access-date=18 February 2024| archive-date=18 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218232508/https://www.doctorwhonews.net/2011/10/dwn231011174008-big-finish-counter.html| url-status=live}}</ref> She was also heard as one of the many voices of Xoanon in ''[[The Face of Evil]]'' (1977).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/faceofevil/detail.shtml|title=BBC - Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide - The Face of Evil - Details|website=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=29 May 2017|archive-date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721190251/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/faceofevil/detail.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> She had auditioned for the role of the [[Fourth Doctor]]'s [[companion (Doctor Who)|companion]] [[Leela (Doctor Who)|Leela]] but the role went to [[Louise Jameson]]. Salem also had a recurring role in the British sitcom ''[[French Fields]]'' from 1989 to 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/french_fields/|title=French Fields - ITV Sitcom|website=British Comedy Guide|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203205257/https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/french_fields/|url-status=live}} First broadcast 5 September 1989</ref>
Other television guest appearances included roles in popular British series such as ''[[Out of the Unknown]]'', ''[[Blake's 7]]'' (as Kara in "Cygnus Alpha", 1978), ''[[The Onedin Line]]'', ''[[The Professionals (TV series)|The Professionals]]'' (episodes "The Female Factor", 1978, and "Fall Girl", 1978), ''[[Howards' Way]]'', ''[[Ever Decreasing Circles]]'', ''[[The Tripods (TV series)|Tripods]]'', episodes of ''[[All Creatures Great and Small (1978 TV series)|All Creatures Great and Small]]'' as Zoe Bennett; and later on in American series including ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]'', ''[[Party of Five]]'', ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' and ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' where she played a British prime minister.<ref name=bfi/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/pamela-salem/credits/168825/100534/?from=100534|title=Pamela Salem|website=TVGuide.com|accessdate=29 May 2017|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514214359/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/pamela-salem/credits/168825/100534/?from=100534|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=allmovie>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/pamela-salem-p62719|title=Pamela Salem - Movies and Filmography - AllMovie|website=AllMovie|accessdate=29 May 2017|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112125/https://www.allmovie.com/artist/pamela-salem-p62719|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film===
In film, Salem played the role of [[Miss Moneypenny]] in the 'unofficial' 1983 [[James Bond]] film ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'', starring [[Sean Connery]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=25 April 2012|title=Interview with Pamela Salem|date=30 September 2005|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/content/articles/2005/09/30/pamela_salem_interview_feature.shtml|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505214147/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/content/articles/2005/09/30/pamela_salem_interview_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> She also appeared in [[Michael Crichton]]'s ''[[The First Great Train Robbery]]'' (1979, another film which starred Connery), as well as supporting roles in ''[[The Bitch (film)|The Bitch]]'' (1979), ''[[Night Train to Murder]]'' (1983), ''[[After Darkness (1985 film)|After Darkness]]'' (1985), ''[[Thirteen at Dinner (film)|Thirteen at Dinner]]'' (1985), ''[[Salome (1986 film)|Salome]]'' (1986), ''[[God's Outlaw (1919 film)|God's Outlaw]]'' (1987), ''Succubus'' (1987), ''[[Gods and Monsters (film)|Gods and Monsters]]'' (1998), ''[[Quicksand (2002 film)|Quicksand]]'' (2002) and ''[[April's Shower]]'' (2003).<ref name=allmovie/> She can also be heard as the Queen in the English dub of "[[Hellsing]] Ultimate OVA IV" (2008).{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Personal life and death==
Salem was married to the actor Michael O'Hagan until his death on 1 November 2017. They lived in [[Surfside, Florida]],<ref name=BBC/> where she died on 21 February 2024, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/pamela-salem-1944-2024|title=Pamela Salem 1944-2024|publisher=Big Finish|accessdate=22 February 2024|archive-date=22 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222233713/https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/pamela-salem-1944-2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{refimprove section|date=October 2025}}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1976
|''No Longer Alone''
|Actress In TV Studio
|
|-
|1978<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Train Robbery {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_great_train_robbery_1979/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|''[[The First Great Train Robbery]]''
|Emily Trent
|
|-
|1979
|[[The Bitch (film)|''The Bitch'']]
|Lynn
|
|-
|1982<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Secret of Seagull Island {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_secret_of_seagull_island/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|''The Secret of Seagull Island''
|Carol
|
|-
|1983<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Del Rosario |first=Alexandra |last2= |last3= |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pamela Salem, British actor who played James Bond secretary Miss Moneypenny, dies at 80 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2024-02-23/pamela-salem-dead-bond-doctor-who-miss-moneypenny |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
|''[[Never Say Never Again]]''
|[[Miss Moneypenny]]
|
|-
|1986<ref name=":0" />
|[[Salomè (1986 film)|''Salomè'']]
|[[Herodias]]
|
|-
|1986
|[[God's Outlaw (1986 film)|''God's Outlaw'']]
|Lady Anne Walsh
|
|-
|1997
|''[[River Made to Drown In]]''
|Lady in Gallery 4
|
|-
|1998<ref name=":0" />
|[[Gods and Monsters (film)|''Gods and Monsters'']]
|Sarah Whale
|
|-
|1998
|''Suicide, the Comedy''
|Winnie
|
|-
|2002
|[[Quicksand (2002 film)|''Quicksand'']]
|Peggy
|
|-
|2002
|''The Book of Eve''
|Goldie
|
|-
|2003<ref name=":0" />
|''[[April's Shower]]''
|Anna
|
|-
|2007
|''Wide Awake''
|Mrs. Burns
|
|-
|2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Necessary Death {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a-necessary-death/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|''A Necessary Death''
|Matt's Mother
|
|-
|2011
|[[Pig (2011 film)|''Pig'']]
|Narrator
|
|-
|2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Down's Revenge {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/downs_revenge/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|''Down's Revenge''
|Mrs. McBride
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1969
|''Happy Ever After''
|Miss Grimble
|Episode: "Feeling the Pinch"
|-
|1971<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pamela Salem, Miss Moneypenny in ‘Never Say Never Again,’ Dies at 80 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/pamela-salem-dead-miss-moneypenny-never-say-never-again-1235833870/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|''[[Out of the Unknown]]''
|Jeanette
|Episode: "The Sons and Daughters of Tomorrow"
|-
|1971
|[[Jason King (TV series)|''Jason King'']]
|Alexandra Lanova
|Episode: "To Russia with... Panache"
|-
|1972<ref name=":1" />
|''[[The Onedin Line]]''
|Emma Callon
| rowspan="2" |2 episodes
|-
|1972<ref name=":1" />
|[[Man at the Top (TV series)|''Man at the Top'']]
|Jane Wilson
|-
|1972<ref name=":1" />
|[[The Adventurer (TV series)|''The Adventurer'']]
|Michele
|Episode: "Return to Sender"
|-
|1972
|[[New Scotland Yard (TV series)|''New Scotland Yard'']]
|Ann Denbury
|Episode: "Two Into One Will Go"
|-
|1974
|''The Carnforth Practice''
|Dr. Helen Rheinman
|5 episodes
|-
|1974
|''The Early Life of Stephen Hind''
|Sarah Bernard
|2 episodes
|-
|1977
|''[[Van der Valk]]''
|Millie Sanger
|Episode: "Dead on Arrival"
|-
|1977, 1988<ref name=":1" />
|''[[Doctor Who]]''
|Xoanon / Toos / Rachel
|9 episodes (Serials: ''[[The Face of Evil]]'', ''[[The Robots of Death]]'', ''[[Remembrance of the Daleks]]'')
|-
|1978<ref name=":1" />
|''[[Blake's 7]]''
|Kara
|Episode: "Cygnus Alpha"
|-
|1978
|''[[Scorpion Tales]]''
|Ursula
|Episode: "The Great Albert"
|-
|1978
|''Tycoon''
|Marjorie Reynolds
|Episode: "Personal Account"
|-
|1978
|[[The Professionals (TV series)|''The Professionals'']]
|Marikka Schuman / Ann Seaford
|2 episodes
|-
|1978–1988<ref name=":1" />
|[[All Creatures Great and Small (1978 TV series)|''All Creatures Great and Small'']]
|Zoe Bennett
|5 episodes
|-
|1979
|''[[General Hospital (British TV series)]]''
|Angela Wilding
|Episode: "Technical Hitch"
|-
|1980
|''Flesh and Blood''
|Jill Cornforth
|Episode: "Time of Life"
|-
|1980<ref name=":0" />
|[[Buccaneer (TV series)|''Buccaneer'']]
|Monica Burton
|13 episodes
|-
|1981
|''Seagull Island''
|Carol
|3 episodes
|-
|1981–1982<ref name=":0" />
|[[Into the Labyrinth (TV series)|''Into the Labyrinth'']]
|Belor
|21 episodes
|-
|1981–1984
|[[Crown Court (TV series)|''Crown Court'']]
|Juliet Parkinson
|4 episodes
|-
|1982
|[[Strangers (1978 TV series)|''Strangers'']]
|Helena Russell
|Episode: "A Much Underestimated Man"
|-
|1983
|''The Consultant''
|Jennifer
|3 episodes
|-
|1984<ref name=":1" />
|[[The Tripods (TV series)|''The Tripods'']]
|Countess
|4 episodes
|-
|1984
|''[[Ever Decreasing Circles]]''
|Sue
|Episode: "A Married Man"
|-
|1984
|''[[Night Train to Murder]]''
|Cousin Zelda
|Television film
|-
|1985<ref name=":1" />
|''[[Magnum, P.I.]]''
|Alyce
|Episode: "Deja Vu"
|-
|1985
|[[Thirteen at Dinner (film)|''Thirteen at Dinner'']]
|Mrs. Wildburn
|Television film
|-
|1985
|''[[Lytton's Diary]]''
|Isabelle de Montfort
|Episode: "The Lady in the Mask"
|-
|1986
|''[[Chance in a Million]]''
|Cousin Mary
|Episode: "Guess Who's Not Coming to Dinner"
|-
|1986
|''[[Howards' Way]]''
|Mrs. Travis
|3 episodes
|-
|1987
|[[Boon (TV series)|''Boon'']]
|Davida Duff
|Episode: "Credit Where It's Due"
|-
|1987
|''Succubus''
|Joy
|Television film
|-
|1988–1989<ref name=":0" />
|''[[EastEnders]]''
|[[Joanne Francis]]
|37 episodes
|-
|1989–1991<ref name=":0" />
|''[[French Fields]]''
|Chantal Moriac
|18 episodes
|-
|1990
|''[[El C.I.D.]]''
|Lisa
|Episode: "A Proper Copper"
|-
|1990
|''Chain''
|Vivienne Lynton
|Episode: "David Lynton"
|-
|1990
|''[[The Paradise Club]]''
|Delia Rich
|Episode: "Dead Dogs Don't Bark"
|-
|1992
|''[[Perfect Scoundrels]]''
|Julia Jones
|Episode: "The Goodbye Look"
|-
|1993
|''[[Then Churchill Said to Me]]''
|Baroness Hannah von Thump
|Episode: "The Goose Has Landed"
|-
|1993
|''Don't Leave Me This Way''
|Sandra Neil
|Television film
|-
|1996<ref name=":0" />
|[[ER (TV series)|''ER'']]
|Marian Vucelich
|Episode: "True Lies"
|-
|2000<ref name=":1" />
|''[[Party of Five]]''
|Ms. Shaw
|3 episodes
|-
|2003
|''[[L/R: Licensed by Royalty]]''
|Mrs. Butterfield
|Episode: "Gyakuten no hosoku"
|-
|2005<ref name=":0" />
|''[[The West Wing]]''
|P.M. Maureen Graty
|Episode: "The Wake Up Call"
|-
|2008
|''[[Hellsing]]''
|The Queen
|Episode: "Hellsing Ultimate, Vol. 4"
|-
|2010<ref name=":0" />
|''[[Big Love]]''
|{{N/a}}
|Episode: "Under the Roof"
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0758012|name=Pamela Salem}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/content/articles/2005/09/30/pamela_salem_interview_feature.shtml Audio interview] at BBC Wiltshire, September 2005
* {{rotten-tomatoes-person|pamela_salem}}
* {{discogs artist|Pamela Salem}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salem, Pamela}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Wispers School]]
[[Category:People from Surfside, Florida]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama]]
[[Category:British film actresses]]
[[Category:British soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:British television actresses]]
[[Category:British voice actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century British actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century British actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]

Mario (2025 film)

2026-03-10T17:00:19Z

WEMBruce20: Started New Post.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Kalyanji Gogana}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mario
| image = Mario (2025 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kalyanji Gogana
| story =
| producer = Prakya Anirudh Sreevatsav
| writer = Kalyanji Gogana
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Hebah Patel]]
* Prakya Anirudh Sreevatsav
* [[Rakendu Mouli]]
}}
| music = '''Score''' M. S. Jones Rupert '''Songs''' 
{{plain list|
* Rakendu Mouli
* [[Sai Karthik]]
}}
| cinematography = M. N. Balreddy
| editing = Manikanth
| studio = {{plain list|
* Silver Screen Productions
* Kalyanji Content Pictures
* Rizwan Entertainment
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mario''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film written and directed by Kalyanji Gogana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niharika |first=S. |date=2025-02-15 |title=రూటు మార్చిన హెబ్బా పటేల్... ఈసారి గ్లామర్ కాదు, కామెడీతో! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/hebah-patel-chooses-comedy-over-glamour-for-mario-movie-check-out-the-valentines-day-poster-197970 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref> The film stars [[Hebah Patel]], Prakya Anirudh Sreevatsav and [[Rakendu Mouli]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-04 |title=Intense first look of ‘Mario’ unveiled |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/intense-first-look-of-mario-unveiled-1011883 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 19 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Mario Movie Review: ‘మారియో’ మూవీ రివ్యూ: హెబ్బా పటేల్‌కి కమ్‌బ్యాక్ హిట్టు పడినట్టేనా... |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/mario-movie-review-hebah-patel-starrer-released-on-19th-december-article-153321056 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Times Now Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2026}}

== Cast ==
* [[Hebah Patel]] as Hebah
* Prakya Anirudh Sreevatsav as Anirudh
* [[Rakendu Mouli]] as Bob Marley
* Yashna Muthuluri as Smrithi
* Madee Manepalli
* [[Kalpika Ganesh]] as Zora
* Mourya Siddavaram as Gas Murthy

== Music ==
The background score is composed by M. S. Jones Rupert while the songs were composed by [[Sai Karthik]] and [[Rakendu Mouli]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Rakendu Mouli]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Haayi Haayigaa
| extra1 = [[S. P. Charan]], Vinaita Sivakumar
| length1 = 3:19
| music1 = [[Rakendu Mouli]]
| title2 = Cute Cute Hebah
| extra2 = Rakendu Mouli
| length2 = 4:03
| music2 = [[Sai Karthik]]
| title3 = Sampradayini
| music3 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra3 = Rakendu Mouli
}}

==Release and reception==
''Mario'' was released on 19 December 2025.

Suhas Sistu of [[The Hans India|''The Hans India'']] rated it 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-12-20 |title=Mario: A breezy crime-comedy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mario-a-breezy-crime-comedy-1032512 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230142947/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mario-a-breezy-crime-comedy-1032512 |url-status=live }}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' too gave the same rating and noted the performances of Hebah Patel and Rakendu Mouli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mario Review: Hebah Patel's film is a quirky crime comedy with a glamorous twist |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mario-review-hebah-patels-film-is-a-quirky-crime-comedy-with-a-glamorous-twist/f85c72046d588 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39127591|Mario}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2025 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]

Ahibaran

2026-03-09T13:56:18Z

WEMBruce20: adjust page to improve readability after review

{{short description|Legendary Indian King}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Maharaja Ahibaran
| birth_date = 26 December
| image =
| caption =Image of Maharaja Ahibaran
| predecessor = Maharaja Parmal
| successor = Maharaja Bhadrawah
| queen = Maharani Varanavati
| royal house = Ikshwaku
| dynasty = [[Solar Dynasty]]
| burial_place = Baran (now [[Bulandshahr]])
| father = Maharaja Parmal
| mother = Maharani Bhadrawati
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Maharaja Ahibaran''' ({{langx|sa|अहिबरन|Ahibarana}}) was a legendary Indian king ([[Maharaja]]) of [[Bulandshahr|Baran]], the capital and resident city of children of [[Pandava|Pandavas]]. Maharaja Ahibaran was born on 26 December.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Baranwal]] communities are descended from him and also celebrate his birth anniversary every year on 26 December.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Crooke|first1=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA16|title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh|publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Pres|year=1890|page=16}}</ref>

== Etymology and names ==

Ahibaran has two meanings. Ahivaran means protector of forts. This was the accepted meaning amongst the learnt scholars of ancient and British times in Western UP. One English historian Gousse claimed that it could mean "snake coloured" (''Ahi means snake and baran means colours''). He is also known as ''Varan'', ''Varna'' (which means forts, colours etc).{{sfn|Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1876|p=271}}

== Legends and beliefs ==

According to local legends, the town of Baran (now called [[Bulandshahr]]) was named after king Ahi-baran (literally "cobra-coloured"or one who owns forts, varan means forts and elephants as well). F. S. Growse, in the Journal of the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bengal]], theorizes that no such king ever existed, instead he believed that Varana means forts and identified it with Varanavat from Mahabharat where Pandavas and their children settled.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |author=F. S. Growse |title=The town of Bulandshahr |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=LII |issue=1 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTgzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA275 |year=1883 |page=275 }}</ref>{{sfn|Frederic Salmon Growse|1884|p=62}} However, Western historians such as Edwin Atkinson in 1876 and various censuses and gazettes who researched Bulandshahar and nearby cities found numerous evidences of his existence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBTc7SPqr2kC&dq=ahibaran&pg=PA84 |title=Statistical descriptive and historical account of the North-Western provinces of India: Ed. ... by Edwin [Felix] Thomas Atkinson |date=1876 |publisher=North-Western Provinces' Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Uttar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXUbAAAAIAAJ&q=ahibaran |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bulandshahr |date=1980 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQG2AAAAIAAJ&dq=ahibaran&pg=PA58 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ... |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=William |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}</ref>

Most Western and modern Indian historians such as Gouse, Atkinson and various British gazetteers found that Ahibaran and his descendants Barnwals were of the Pandava Tuar or modern Tomar Rajput tribe<ref>{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBTc7SPqr2kC&dq=Ahibaran+tomar&pg=PA84 |title=Statistical descriptive and historical account of the North-Western provinces of India: Ed. ... by Edwin [Felix] Thomas Atkinson |date=1876 |publisher=North-Western Provinces' Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kuar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttqwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ahibaran%22+Pandava&pg=PA6 |title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=2023-02-28 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-382-50031-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Asiatic Society (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cygzAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Ahibaran%22+Pandava&pg=PA272 |title=Journal |date=1879 |language=en}}</ref> once ruling over much of modern Delhi, Haryana and Western UP.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KslpoO6_VG4C&q=%22Ahibaran%22+Pandava |title=Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1936 |language=en}}</ref> In Mahabharata, Pandavas shifted their capital to Varnavat from Ahar after the Great war. However, some historians like Pandit Rahul sanskritayan claimed that he was of the [[Yaudheya]] republic, based on his studies of local inscriptions and folklores.

The legends describe the ancestry of Ahibaran as follows: The children of King Dharmadat established their separate state, whose children are now called Bais Rajputs. King [[Harsha]]vardhana was in his lineage.{{sfn|Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1876|p=66}} The child of the eldest son Subhankar continued to rule in his native state, [[Chandravati]].<ref name=":0" /> Their offspring were King Tendumal and his descendant Maharaja Varaksh who took the side of religion in the war of Mahabharata and died by becoming a partisan of [[Pandava]]s.<ref name=":5" /> The remaining people left Chandravati and came to [[North India]] due to the storm in Chandravati.<ref name=":2" /> The clan of Maharaja Varaksha laid the foundation of his kingdom in a place called 'Ahar' in the presence of the Emperor of Hastinapur.<ref name="People of India">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw8wAQAAIAAJ |title=People of India, Volume 16, Part 1 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7046-302-3 |edition=1st |location=India |page=131 |access-date=16 May 2011}}</ref> In the generation of Maharaja Varaksha, King Parmal descendants from him.{{sfn|Frederic Salmon Growse|1884|p=36}} King Ahibaran born to King Parmal. King Ahibaran was married to Varanavati, the daughter of [[Khandava Forest|Khandav]]'s King, who lives in a dense forest of selection trees located in the western part of the Ikshumati River in Antravredi.{{sfn|Frederic Salmon Growse|1884|p=98}}

 One Agarwal historian has tried to link King Ahibaran as great grandson of [[Agrasen]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mittal|first1=J. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C&pg=PA675|title=History of ancient India|year=1991|page=675|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788126906161}}</ref>

== Baran ==

According to Hindu mythology the [[pandava]]s had an encounter with [[daksha|Prajapati Daksh]], father-in-law of Hindu lord [[Shiva]]; the place of their conversation, a pond, is in [[Bulandshahr]]. Later, after the fall of [[Hastinapur]], the Pandavas ruled from Ahar, located in the north eastern part of [[Baran district]].{{sfn|Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1876|p=48}} Over the years, Maharaja Paramaal built a fort in the region and later, Ahibaran, a Suryavanshi king built a tower named Baran and made the region his capital and named it to Baran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About District {{!}} District Bulandshahr, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://bulandshahar.nic.in/about-district/|website=bulandshahar.nic.in}}</ref>

The ancient palaces, building and temples found at places in Bhatora Veerpur, Ghalibpur in ruined form, are indicative of the antiquity of Baran.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baynes|first1=Thomas Spencer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9B6MKdFUpwC&pg=PA515|title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature|publisher=C. Scribner's sons|year=1878|isbn=|volume=4|location=|page=515}}</ref> There are several other important places in the District from where statues belonging to the medieval age and objects of ancient temples have been found.{{sfn|Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1876|p=55}} Even today, several of these historical and ancient objects such as coins, statues and inscriptions etc. are preserved in the [[State Museum Lucknow]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Varanavati River ===
Varanavati River is a river of north india which flows throughout [[Bulandshahr district]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccg7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA233|title=The Missionary Chronicle: Containing the Proceedings of the Board of Foreign Missions and of the Board of Domestic Missions of the Presbyterian Church: and a General View of Other Benevolent Operations.|year=1849|volume=17|page=233}}</ref> The Varanavati River flows in almost the entire Bulandshahr district. The history of this river is as old as Bulandshahr. It is also said that the Varanavati River was the most [[holy river]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Zahoor Ali|year=1987|title=Kali Nadi: The History of a River|journal=Indian History Congress|volume=48|pages=744|jstor=44141794}}</ref> When Maharaja Ahibaran ruled there, he named the river on his wife name, Varanavati River.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Zahoor Ali|year=1987|title=Kali Nadi: The History of a River|journal=Indian History Congress|volume=48|pages=741–742|jstor=44141794}}</ref> Earlier, when the Pandavas ruled there, the river was known as Ikshumati River, it is also described in the [[Atharvaveda]].<ref>[[Atharvaveda]] ('''4.1.7''')</ref> But presently this river is named after [[Kali River (Uttar Pradesh)|Kali]], the Hindu goddess [[Kali]].{{sfn|Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1876|p=59}}<ref name="Hydrology and water resources of India">Hydrology and water resources of India By Sharad K. Jain, Vijay P. Singh, p. 349 Springer, The Netherlands. {{ISBN|1-4020-5179-4}}.</ref>

=== Baran Tower ===
When Maharaja Ahibaran ruled in Bulandshahr, he also built Baran Tower there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulandshahr District|url=https://csridentity.com/bulandshahr/index.asp|date=2016|website=CSR Identity}}</ref>{{sfn|Frederic Salmon Growse|1884|p=42}}

Baran is mentioned in [[Mahabharata]].<ref>''Ahich chhatran kalkutan Gadgakulank ch Bharata,'' Varana ''vatdhanam ch Yamunash Chev Parvatah'' ('''V.19.30''') [[Mahabharata]]</ref> There is also evidence of baran, The old name 'Baran' can be still be traced in the old Government documents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulandshahr - Census of India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0911_PART_A_DCHB_BULANDSHAHR.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulandshahar - Dc Msme|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/14%20DIPS%20Bulandshahar1.pdf|website=dcmsme.gov.in|url-status=dead|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730055042/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/14%20DIPS%20Bulandshahar1.pdf}}</ref> According to the book ''Etihasik Sthanavali'', Baran was very important and attractive place for many kings at that time.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mathur|first1=Vijayendra Kumar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.401265/mode/2up|title=Etihasik Sthanavali|year=1969|page=608}}</ref> Sir [[Henry Miers Elliot]] writes quoting the Yamini which says that, in his Twelfth Expedition A.H. 409 (1018-1019 AD) after passing by the borders of Kashmir, that is, close under the sub-Himalayan range, and crossing the Jumna, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] takes Baran.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Elliot|first1=Henry Miers|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, The Posthumous Papers of the Late H. M. Elliot, edited by John Dowson|year=1867|volume=8|page=458}}</ref> Later the seat of power went to Dors and [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]s, with the rise of Hardatta, a Dor ruler who took possession of [[Bulandshahr|Baran]] along with [[Meerut]] and [[Aligarh|Koil]]. In 1192 CE when [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghauri]] conquered parts of India, his Senapati (Military commander) [[Qutbu l-Din Aibak]] surrounded Fort Baran and with the help of traitors, was able to kill King Chandrasen Dor and in the process take control of the Baran kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Bulandshahr|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulandshahr|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|date=26 January 2024|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Baran is presently named as [[Bulandshahr]] which mean High city.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=History of Bulandshahr|url=http://blessingsonthenet.com/travel-india/destination/article/id/1555/tour/id/431/history-of--bulandshahr|date=|website=Blessings on net|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

It was a rich and prosperous capital state of King Ahibaran's kingdom and numerous copper and gold coins with Greek and Pali inscriptions had been excavated at the site of the fort. According to Asian Folklore society the city Baran was the richest and famous at that time.<ref name="InstituteFolklore1972">{{cite book|author1=Asian Folklore Institute|author2=Society for Asian Folklore|author3=JSTOR (Organization)|author4=American Theological Library Association|title=Asian folklore studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENcfAQAAMAAJ|access-date=19 December 2011|year=1972|publisher=Asian Folklore Institute; [sold by Cellar Book Shop, Detroit, Mich.]}}</ref>

After the fall of Baran, the Baranwal community scattered to different parts of India, mostly to the Gangetic plains of India, and started living under the various names of Anand, Prasad, Prakash, Gupta, Bharti, Agrawal, Lal, Arya, Shah and Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us {{!}} Baranwal Community|url=http://www.baranwalmatrimony.org/about|website=baranwalmatrimony.org}}</ref> Few of the baranwals adopted Modi surname, which is also this community.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Patna News - state and center giving barnwal status to obc|language=Hindi|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/patna/news/state-and-center-giving-baranwal-status-to-obc-043047-3688961.html|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bokaro MLA stirs Vaishya caste cauldron|work=[[Times of india]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Bokaro-MLA-stirs-Vaishya-caste-cauldron/articleshow/51402814.cms|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>

== Baranwal gotras ==
{{main article|Baranwal}}

Historically, there has been no unanimity regarding number and names of gotras, and there are regional differences between the list of gotras. The Baranwals are divided into five [[gotra]]s (exogamous clans).

{{Columns-list|# Garg
# Vatsal (Vatsa)
# Goyal/Gohil (Gautama)
# Kashyap
# Mudgal
# Singhal (Shandilya)|colwidth=1}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Edwin Thomas Atkinson |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9jaXsOc-tEC |year=1876 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |isbn=}}
* {{cite book |author=Frederic Salmon Growse |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |url=https://archive.org/details/bulandshahrorsk00growgoog |year=1884 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |isbn=}}
*{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bholanath |url=https://maharajaahibaran.com/baranwal-vaishya-itihas/ |title=Baranwal Vaishya Itihaas |year=1937 |pages=26 |language=hi}}{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://baranwalsevasamitivaranasi.com/about-maharaj-ahibaran Maharaja Ahibaran] at baranwal seva samiti

[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr]]

Sei (film)

2026-03-07T15:36:11Z

WEMBruce20: adding a page - done

{{short description|2018 film directed by Raj Babu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sei
| image = Sei film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raj Babu
| based_on = ''[[Saradhi]]'' (2015)
| producer = Mannu Umesh
| writer = Rajesh K Raman Vignesh Raghavan (dialogues)
| starring = [[Nakkhul]] [[Aanchal Munjal]]
| music = NyX Lopez
| cinematography = Vijay Ulaganath
| editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]
| studio = Trippy Turtle Productions
| released = {{Film date|2018|11|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''''Sei''''' ({{translation|Do}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by Raj Babu. The film stars [[Nakkhul]] and [[Aanchal Munjal]], while [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Prakash Raj]] and Nithin Prasanna play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Nakul is a wannabe actor in Sei |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nakul-is-a-wannabe-actor-in-Sei/articleshow/52796286.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728230605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nakul-is-a-wannabe-actor-in-Sei/articleshow/52796286.cms |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=indiatimes.com |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sei'' was released on 23 November 2018. The film was loosely inspired from 2015 Malayalam film ''[[Saradhi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Sunny Wayne-starrer Saradhi to have a Tamil version |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/22/sunny-wayne-starrer-saradhi-to-have-a-tamil-version-1522656.html |access-date=2019-08-22 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Plot==

A fire starts at a recently renovated mental asylum, which was inaugurated by Health Minister Rajarathinam ([[Thalaivasal Vijay]]) to improve mental healthcare, burning 38 patients to their deaths. The investigations of a crime reporter named Deepak (Askar Ali) reveal that the fire was started by an organ trafficking mafia to cover up the fact that they had harvested the organs of the mentally handicapped patients, and he relays this information to Rajarathinam and his assistant Janaki ([[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]]). However, Rajarathinam and Deepak are killed by mafia members before they can reveal the heinous crimes and the [[institutional corruption]] that led to the mafia developing.

Meanwhile, Saravedi Saravanan ([[Nakkhul]]) is a failing actor who has to cheat women he pretends to fall in love with and cheat business owners in fake "sponsorship deals" to earn enough money to get by. He spends his time drinking and hanging out with his friends. Neena ([[Aanchal Munjal]]) is an aspiring screenwriter who is looking for a good script to write to get accepted by her film producer ([[Manobala]]). Neena and her friends hear about Saravanan, and when they follow him, they begin to see his misdeeds. Neena, however, finds Saravanan an interesting character, and feels that if she can change his behavior, that story would produce an interesting script that her producer would accept. She calls Saravanan, who is smitten by her despite only hearing her voice, and persuades him to try and get a real job.

When Saravanan's father has a heart attack and is unable to provide for the family, he realizes that he can drive his father's ambulance and thus earn money legitimately. He is asked to drive a mourning family, led by an old man ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]), and the dead body of what appears to be a family relative. However, it is revealed that the family is fake and that the mafia has actually paid the old man to dispose of the dead body in the forests, which turns out to be Deepak's. Saravanan manages to escape from the criminals with Deepak's body and the ambulance.

Neena, meanwhile, notices that two women at a shopping mall having fun were the same two women who had been "mourning" at the mortuary when she had followed Saravanan earlier. She realizes that something is wrong and makes contact with Saravanan. The latter, meanwhile has picked up a call from Deepak's cell phone - which also contains all the evidence regarding the mafia and its leader - from Janaki, who is also being chased by mafia members intent on killing her.

Connecting the dots, Neena and her friends rush to Janaki's aid and manage to save her and escort her somewhere safe. Janaki is grief-stricken to learn of Deepak's death via Saravanan calling them, and takes Neena and her friends to see Rajarathinam's wife ([[Meera Krishnan]]). All this time, Saravanan is evading the corrupt police and mafia members chasing him and his ambulance. Rajarathinam's wife informs them that she knows one honest, the strong police officer who will help them: [[Assistant Commissioner of Police| ACP]] Suryanarayana ([[Prakash Raj]]).

Meanwhile, Saravanan ditches the ambulance and carries Deepak's body and cell phone. Stopping at a mosque, he gets a phone call from his father encouraging him that if he is doing something good, then he should do it without being scared of anyone or anything, even death. Praying at the mosque, he gets on a truck and departs with the body to where Suryanarayana is guiding him. Arriving at the location, he is ambushed by mafia members who had been tracking him. He fights them off defiantly but is saved in the nick of time by Suryanarayana and his police officers. Suryanarayana instructs Martin, a news reporter, to immediately transmit live the video evidence on Deepak's cell phone, which shows the truth that Rajarathinam's assistant Shiva (Nithin Prasanna) is actually the mastermind behind the whole trafficking organisation. Shiva arrives and attempts to fight Suryanarayana but is stopped by Saravanan and is eventually shot dead by Suryanarayana.

With the evidence out and Shiva dead, the organ trafficking mafia is dismantled. Suryanarayana, giving a press interview, explains how many Indians are in dire need of organs but only so few donate, and he encourages people to care for one another and sign up to be legal organ donors. He ends the interview by stating that the hero in this whole story of bringing down the mafia was not the police or government, but an ordinary citizen, who he leaves unnamed, showing the strength of the people if they decide to stand up to the injustices in society. Saravanan smiles at the interview that he is watching on TV with his friends, drinking tea.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nakkhul]] as Saravedi Saravanan
* [[Aanchal Munjal]] as Neena
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Old Man
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|ACP]] Suryanarayana
* Nithin Prasanna as Shiva
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Minister Rajarathinam
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Rajarathinam's wife
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Janaki
* Pasanga Sivakumar as Kumarasamy, Saravanan's father
* Rekha Suresh as Saravanan's mother
* [[Manobala]] as Film Producer
* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as Sudalaimani
* [[Chandrika Ravi]] as Nancy
* Annadurai Kannadasan as Murugesan
* [[Florent Pereira]] as Chief Minister
* Askar Ali as Deepak
* Billy Murali as James
* Meghna as Aarthi
* Mippu as Durai
* [[Venkat Renganathan]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film began production in April 2017 after a launch event held at [[Prasad Studios]] in Chennai. [[Nakkhul]] was revealed to be portraying an aspiring actor, while Hindi actress [[Aanchal Munjal]] was signed on to make her debut in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Nakul plans big with his next movie |url=http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/actor-nakul-plans-big-his-next-movie |website=newstodaynet.com}}</ref> It was directed by Malayalam film maker Raj Babu, and the cinematographer was Vijay Ulaganath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaGlitz - Nakul Aanchal Sei first look released - Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nakul-aanchal-sei-first-look-released-tamil-news-163239.html |website=indiaglitz.com}}</ref> The movie is produced by Trippy Turtle Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sei Movie First Look Poster Released |url=http://entertainment.chennaipatrika.com/post/2016/07/15/Sei-Movie-First-Look-Poster-Released.aspx |website=entertainment.chennaipatrika.com}}</ref>

In June 2017, Nakkhul celebrated his birthday on the sets of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nakul celebrates b'day on the sets of Sei |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180616/nakul-celebrates-bday-on-the-sets-of-sei.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The songs and background score are composed by NyX Lopez.
{{infobox album
| name = Sei
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = NyX Lopez
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| genre = Film soundtrack
| length = 24:04
| language = Tamil
| label = [[TrendMusic]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:04
| title1 = Nadigga Nadigga
| lyrics1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Sonu Nigam]]
| extra1 =
| length1 = 4:52
| title2 = Nadigga Nadigga (unplugged)
| lyrics2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| extra2 =
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Iraiva Iraiva
| lyrics3 = Atif Ail and Saptaswara Rishu
| extra3 =
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = Hero Hero
| lyrics4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Chinnaponnu]]
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Machane Machane
| lyrics5 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| extra5 =
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Gangster Theme
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 2:42
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
}}

==Reception==

S. Srivatsan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "Sei is an audacious attempt in writing a drama that goes nowhere".<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. Srivatsan |date=23 November 2018 |title='Sei' review: Script gone missing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sei-review-script-gone-missing/article25575476.ece |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave 2 out of 5 and wrote, "Though the film has a not-so-bad premise, the narration turns unimpressive as the story progresses" and added, "Nakkhul as the over enthusiastic aspiring actor does justice to his character".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thinkal Menon |date=23 November 2018 |title=Sei Movie Review {2/5} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sei/movie-review/66759252.cms |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> S. Subhakeerthana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 0.5 out of 5 stars, she said, "Think twice before you catch this poorly-written and executed film in theaters" and criticized the "lousy" writing.<ref name="ie">{{Cite news |date=23 November 2018 |title=Sei movie review: The Nakkhul film 'does' nothing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sei-movie-review-rating-nakkhul-5461166/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728230710/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sei-movie-review-rating-nakkhul-5461166/ |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019 |work=Indian Express}}</ref> [[Sify]] stated, "Sei is yet another average action entertainer which can be watched if you have no other option for entertainment".<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2018 |title=Sei Review: An average action entertainer |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sei-review-an-average-action-entertainer-review-tamil-slxkT6cbdfibg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728230316/https://www.sify.com/movies/sei-review-an-average-action-entertainer-review-tamil-slxkT6cbdfibg.html |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films about organ trade]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

C. V. Raman

2026-03-06T07:01:37Z

WEMBruce20: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|Indian physicist (1888–1970)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Indian name|Venkata Raman|Chandrasekhara}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = C. V. Raman
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|FRS|size=100%}}
| image = Sir CV Raman.JPG
| caption = Raman in 1930
| birth_name = Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|11|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]], British Empire
| death_date = {{Nowrap|{{Death date and age|1970|11|21|1888|11|07|df=yes}}}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])
| known_for = [[Raman scattering]] (1928)
| title = [[Palit Professor of Physics]] (1917–32)
| successor = [[Debendra Mohan Bose]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Lokasundari Ammal|1907}}
| children = 2, including [[Venkatraman Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan]]
| family = [[Chandrasekhar family|Chandrasekhar]]
| awards = {{Plain list|
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1924)
* [[Matteucci Medal]] (1928)
* [[Knight Bachelor]] (1929)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1930)
* [[Hughes Medal]] (1930)
* [[Bharat Ratna]] (1954)
* [[Lenin Peace Prize]] (1958)
}}
| fields = [[Optics]]
| work_institutions = {{Plain list|
* [[University of Calcutta]] (1917–33)
* [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1933–48)
* [[Raman Research Institute]] (director, 1948–70)
}}
| academic_advisors = [[Rhishard Llewellyn Jones]]
| doctoral_students = {{Plain list|
* [[Sisir Kumar Mitra]] (1919)<ref name=MGP>{{Cite web|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman - The Mathematics Genealogy Project|url=https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=300046|website=mathgenealogy.org|access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Vikram Sarabhai]] (1947)<ref name=MGP/>
}}
| notable_students = {{Plain list|
* [[P. Krishnamurti]]
* [[K. S. Krishnan]]
}}
| signature = Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman, signature.svg
}}

'''Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|m|ə|n}} {{Respell|RAH|muhn}};<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAMAN Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/raman|website=[[dictionary.com]]|access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Candraśēkhara Veṅkaṭarāmaṉ; 7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian [[physicist]]<ref>{{cite web |title=C.V. Raman and the Raman Effect {{!}} Biography of Sir C.V. Raman |url=https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html#c-v-raman |website=acs.org |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> known for his work in the field of [[light scattering]].<ref name="frs">
{{Cite journal|last1=Bhagavantam|first1=Suri|year=1971|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, 1888–1970|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=17|pages=564–592|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1971.0022|doi-access=free}}</ref> Using a [[spectrograph]] that he developed, he and his student [[K. S. Krishnan]] discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, the deflected light changes its [[wavelength]]. This phenomenon, a hitherto unknown type of scattering of light, which they called ''modified scattering'' was subsequently termed the ''Raman effect'' or ''[[Raman scattering]]''. In 1930, Raman received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"<ref name="Nobel Laureates"/> discovery and was the first Asian and [[Person of color|non-White]] person to receive a [[Nobel Prize]] in Physics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=1998|title=Sir C. V. Raman and the story of the Nobel prize|journal=Current Science|volume=75|issue=9|pages=965–971|jstor=24101681}}</ref>

Born to [[Tamil Brahmin]] parents, Raman was a [[Child prodigy|precocious child]], completing his secondary and higher secondary education from [[St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School]] at the age of 11 and 13, respectively. He topped the [[bachelor's degree]] examination of the [[University of Madras]] with honours in physics from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] at age 16. His first research paper, on [[diffraction of light]], was published in 1906 while he was still a graduate student. The next year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service|Indian Finance Service]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] as Assistant Accountant General at age 19. There he became acquainted with the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), the first research institute in India, which allowed him to carry out independent research and where he made his major contributions in [[acoustics]] and [[optics]].

In 1917, he was appointed the first [[Palit Professor of Physics]] by [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] at the [[Rajabazar Science College]] under the [[University of Calcutta]]. On his first trip to Europe, seeing the [[Mediterranean Sea]] motivated him to identify the prevailing explanation for the [[Color of water|blue colour of the sea]] at the time, namely the reflected [[Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh-scattered light]] from the sky, as being incorrect. He founded the ''[[Indian Journal of Physics]]'' in 1926. He moved to [[Bengaluru]] in 1933 to become the first Indian director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He founded the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] the same year. He established the [[Raman Research Institute]] in 1948 where he worked to his last days. He was the uncle of Nobel laureate [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]].

The [[Raman effect]] was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated annually by the [[Government of India]] as the [[National Science Day]].

== Early life and education ==

Raman was born in [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India) to [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Iyer]] [[Brahmin]] parents,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Mridusmita |date=7 November 2020 |title=CV Raman Birth Anniversary 2020: Interesting Facts About The Nobel Laureate |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/cv-raman-birth-anniversary-2020-interesting-facts-about-nobel-laureate-2321910 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Madhusree |date=7 November 2021 |title=Lesser Known Facts About Sir CV Raman |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/some-lesser-known-facts-about-sir-cv-raman-31762 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=The Logical Indian |language=en}}</ref> Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/cvraman/raman1.htm|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman A Legend of Modern Indian Science|last=Prasar|first=Vigyan|publisher=Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110223127/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/cvraman/raman1.htm|archive-date=10 November 2013|access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> He was the second of eight siblings.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html|title=CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence|date=8 July 2019|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His father was a teacher at a local high school, and earned a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper spoon in my mouth. At my birth my father was earning the magnificent salary of ten rupees per month!"<ref name="Jayaraman-1989a">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: A Memoir|date=1989|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|isbn=978-81-85336-24-4|location=Bengaluru|pages=4|oclc=21675106}}</ref> In 1892, his family moved to [[Visakhapatnam]] (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] as his father was appointed to the faculty of physics at [[Mrs. A. V. N. College|Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College]].<ref name="Clark-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=Robin J. H.|date=2013|title=Rayleigh, Ramsay, Rutherford and Raman – their connections with, and contributions to, the discovery of the Raman effect|journal=The Analyst|language=en|volume=138|issue=3|pages=729–734|doi=10.1039/C2AN90124B|pmid=23236600|bibcode=2013Ana...138..729C}}</ref>

Raman was educated at the [[St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School]], [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He passed matriculation at age 11 and the [[Intermediate of Arts|First Examination in Arts]] examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, [[pre-university course]]) with a scholarship at age 13,<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary|title=Remembering CV Raman on his death anniversary|website=Udayavani – ಉದಯವಾಣಿ|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101616/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary|url-status=live}}</ref> securing first position in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now [[Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education]]) examination.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

In 1902, Raman joined [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) where his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.<ref>[http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm This Month in Physics History February 1928: Raman scattering discovered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523005826/http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm |date=23 May 2013 }} APS News Archives February 2009 vol.18 no.2</ref> In 1904, he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree from the [[University of Madras]], where he stood first and won the gold medals in physics and English.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> At age 18, while still a graduate student, he published his first scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture" in the British journal ''[[Philosophical Magazine]]'' in 1906.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1906|title=LV. Unsymmetrical diffraction-bands due to a rectangular aperture|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=71|pages=494–498|doi=10.1080/14786440609463564|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1666418|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065550/https://zenodo.org/record/1666418|url-status=live}}</ref> He earned an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree from the same university with highest distinction in 1907.<ref name="Nobel Laureates">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Sir Venkata Raman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227030614/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/|date=27 February 2019}}, Official Nobel prize biography, nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 February 2020|title=About C V Raman Life, Achievements and Paper Publications.|url=https://therealgems.com/who-is-cv-raman/|location=Indore [M.P.] India.|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215104203/https://therealgems.com/who-is-cv-raman/|url-status=live}}</ref> His second paper published in the same journal that year was on surface tension of liquids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1907|title=LVIII. The curvature method of determining the surface-tension of liquids|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=14|issue=83|pages=591–596|doi=10.1080/14786440709463720|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2066143|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080939/https://zenodo.org/record/2066143|url-status=live}}</ref> It was alongside [[John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]]'s paper on the sensitivity of ear to sound,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=Lord|date=1907|title=LLX. On the relation of the sensitiveness of the ear to pitch, investigated by a new method|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=14|issue=83|pages=596–604|doi=10.1080/14786440709463721|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2340435|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082843/https://zenodo.org/record/2340435|url-status=live}}</ref> and from which Lord Rayleigh started to communicate with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b">{{Citation|last1=Mukherji|first1=Purabi|title=Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970)|date=2018|chapter=History of the Calcutta School of Physical Sciences|pages=21–76|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-0295-4_2|isbn=978-981-13-0294-7|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Atri}}</ref>

Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher [[Rhishard Llewellyn Jones]] insisted he continue research in England. Jones arranged for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=2004|title=The Nobel Laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman FRS and His Contacts with the British Scientific Community in a Social and Political Context|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=58|issue=1|pages=47–64|jstor=4142032|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2003.0224|s2cid=144713213}}</ref> Raman often had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e">{{Cite book |last=Jayaraman |first=Aiyasami |title=Op. cit. |date=1989 |pages=5|oclc=21675106 }}</ref> The inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,<ref name="Clark-2013" /> the incident of which he later recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that I was going to die of [[tuberculosis]]... if I were to go to England."<ref name="SinghR-2002">{{cite journal|author=Singh Rajinder|year=2002|title=C.V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect|journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=4|issue=4|pages=399–420|bibcode=2002PhP.....4..399S|doi=10.1007/s000160200002|s2cid=121785335}}</ref>

==Career==

Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the prestigious Indian government service, Indian Finance Service (now [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]]).<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=8|oclc=21675106}}</ref> Raman followed suit and qualified for the Indian Finance Service achieving first position in the entrance examination in February 1907.<ref name="Banerjee-2014">{{Cite journal|last=Banerjee|first=Somaditya|date=2014|title=C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum|journal=Physics in Perspective|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=146–178|doi=10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8|bibcode=2014PhP....16..146B|s2cid=121952683}}</ref> He was posted in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) as Assistant Accountant General in June 1907.<ref name="Clark-2013" />

He was highly impressed by the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute founded in India in 1876.<ref name="SinghR-2002" /> He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder [[Mahendralal Sarkar|Mahendralal Sircar]]'s son and secretary of IACS), and [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] (executive member of the IACS and Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]]). With their support, he obtained permission to conduct research at IACS in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> Up to that time the institute had not yet recruited regular researchers,<ref name="Biwas-2010">{{Cite book|last=Biwas|first=Arun Kumar|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c. 1784–1947|date=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-93-325-0294-9|editor-last=Dasgupta|editor-first=Uma|location=Delhi|pages=69–116|chapter=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: A Nation's Dream, 1969-1947|oclc=895913622}}</ref> or produced any research paper.<ref name="Clark-2013" /> Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 1907 became the first from the institute.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1907|title=Newton's rings in polarised light|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=76|issue=1982|pages=637|doi=10.1038/076637b0|bibcode=1907Natur..76..637R|s2cid=4035854|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1950400|doi-access=free|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073832/https://zenodo.org/record/1950400|url-status=live}}</ref> The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, ''Bulletin of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science,'' in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

In 1909, Raman was transferred to [[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[British Burma]] (now [[Myanmar]]), to take up the position of currency officer. After only a few months, he had to return to Madras as his father died from an illness. The subsequent death of his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain there for the rest of the year.<ref name="Basu-2016">{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Tejan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|title=The Life and Times of C.V. Raman|date=2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-362-9|pages=22–23|language=en|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101619/https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India at [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, in 1910.<ref name="Sciences1988">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cvramanpictorial00bang|title=C.V. Raman: A Pictorial Biography|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences India|year=1988|isbn=978-81-85324-07-4|page=3|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> Even before he served a year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.<ref name="Basu-2016" />

From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars under Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Director General of Observatories of [[India Meteorological Department]]), a PhD scholar under [[Ganesh Prasad]], was his first student.<ref name="Mukherji-2018a">{{Cite book|last1=Mukherji|first1=Purabi|title=History of the Calcutta School of Physical Sciences|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Atri|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=978-981-13-0295-4|location=Singapore|pages=30|oclc=1042158966}}</ref> From the next year, other universities followed suit including [[University of Allahabad]], [[Rangoon University]], Queen's College Indore, [[Institute of Science, Nagpur]], [[Krishnath College|Krisnath College]], and University of Madras. By 1919, Raman had guided more than a dozen students.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherji, Purabi|title=Op. cit.|pages=31|oclc=1042158966}}</ref> Following Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions at IACS, Honorary Professor and Honorary Secretary.<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> He referred to this period as the "golden era" of his life.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2013|title=C.V. Raman|url=https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/c-v--raman/|access-date=8 March 2020|website=OSA|publisher=The Optical Society, Washington, DC, USA|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/c-v--raman/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman was chosen by the [[University of Calcutta]] to become the [[Palit Professor of Physics]], a position established after the benefactor [[Taraknath Palit|Sir Taraknath Palit]], in 1913. The university senate made the appointment on 30 January 1914, as recorded in the meeting minutes:{{blockquote|

The following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at the meeting of the Senate on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA... The appointment of each Professor shall be permanent. A Professor shall vacate his office upon completion of sixtieth year of his age.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />}}Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] to take up the position, but Bose declined.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blanpied|first=William A.|date=1986|title=Pioneer Scientists in Pre-Independence India|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=36–44|doi=10.1063/1.881025|bibcode=1986PhT....39e..36B}}</ref> As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Professor of Physics but was delayed for taking up the position as [[World War I]] broke out. It was only in 1917 when he joined [[Rajabazar Science College]], a campus created by the University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became a full-fledged professor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> He reluctantly resigned as a civil servant after a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> since his salary as a professor would be roughly half of his salary at the time. But to his advantage, the terms and conditions as a professor were explicitly indicated in the report of his joining the university, which stated:{{blockquote|Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T N Palit Professorship on condition that he will not be required to go out of India... Reported that Mr C. V. Raman joined his appointment as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman informed that he will not be required to take any teaching work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment of his own research or assisting advanced students in their researches.<ref name="Mukherji-2018a" />}}Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some members of the Senate of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as he had no [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] and had never studied abroad. As a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary [[DSc]] which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited Oxford to deliver a lecture at the Congress of Universities of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jayaraman|first1=Aiyasami|last2=Ramdas|first2=Anant Krishna|date=1988|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=41|issue=8|pages=56–64|doi=10.1063/1.881128|bibcode=1988PhT....41h..56J}}</ref> He had earned quite a reputation by then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates [[J. J. Thomson]] and [[Lord Rutherford]].<ref name="ACS-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|title=C.V. Raman The Raman Effect – Landmark|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020054/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon his election as [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> In 1926, he established the ''[[Indian Journal of Physics]]'' and acted as the first editor.<ref>{{cite web| title=Indian Journal of Physics| url=http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html| year=1926| access-date=12 March 2018| archive-date=8 March 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308134223/http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html| url-status=live}}</ref> The second volume of the journal published his famous article "A new radiation", reporting the discovery of the [[Raman Effect|Raman effect]].<ref name="Raman-1928">{{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|year=1928|title=A new radiation|url=http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/10821/377|journal=Indian Journal of Physics|volume=2|pages=387–398|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520224631/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/10821/377|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jayaraman-1989d">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=30|oclc=21675106}}</ref>

Raman was succeeded by [[Debendra Mohan Bose]] as the Palit Professor in 1932. Following his appointment as Director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) in [[Bangalore]], he left Calcutta in 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/archive.html|title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (1876–)|publisher=[[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717233231/http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/archive.html|archive-date=17 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]], the King of Mysore, [[Jamsetji Tata]] and [[Nawab]] Sir [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], had contributed the lands and funds for the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. The [[Viceroy of India]], [[Lord Minto]] approved the establishment in 1909, and the British government appointed its first director, [[Morris Travers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/institutions/indian-institute-of-science-1595/authors|title=Indian Institute of Science|last1=Reddy|first1=Venkatarama|last2=Guttal|first2=Vishwesha|website=The Conversation|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020003652/https://theconversation.com/institutions/indian-institute-of-science-1595/authors|url-status=live}}</ref> Raman became the fourth director and the first Indian director. During his tenure at IISc, he recruited [[G. N. Ramachandran]], who later went on to become a distinguished [[X-ray crystallographer]]. He founded the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1934 and started publishing the academy's journal ''Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences'' (later split up into ''[[Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences]], [[Journal of Chemical Sciences]],'' and ''[[Journal of Earth System Science]]'').<ref name="ACS-2015" /> Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early in 1917.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

With his former student [[Panchapakesa Krishnamurti]], Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943.<ref name="Parameswaran-2011">{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=C.V. Raman: A Biography |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-306689-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=190 |oclc=772714846 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727101916/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC&newbks=0&hl |archive-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was one of the first organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp|title=About us|publisher=TCM Limited – Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301155908/http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp|archive-date=1 March 2014|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 1947, Raman was appointed the first National Professor by the new government of independent India.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a">{{Cite journal|last=Mascarenhas|first=K. Smiles|date=2013|title=Sir C.V. Raman – Icon of Indian Science|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946|journal=Science Reporter|language=en-US|volume=50|issue=11|pages=21–25|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174441/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman retired from IISc in 1948 and established the [[Raman Research Institute]] in Bangalore a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" />

== Scientific contributions ==

[[File:Raman energy levels.svg|thumb|300px|Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal]]

[[File:Nobel ceremony 1930.jpg|thumb|300px|Raman at the 1930 [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prize Award Ceremony]] with other winners, from left C. V. Raman (physics), [[Hans Fischer]] (chemistry), [[Karl Landsteiner]] (medicine) and [[Sinclair Lewis]] (literature)]]

=== Musical sound ===

One of Raman's interests was on the scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by [[Hermann von Helmholtz]]'s ''The Sensations of Tone'', the book he came across when he joined IACS.<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> He published his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921. He worked out the theory of [[:wikt:transverse|transverse]] vibration of [[bowed string instrument]]s based on [[Superposition principle|superposition]] of velocities. One of his earliest studies was on the [[wolf tone]] in violins and cellos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1916|title=XLIII. On the "wolf-note" in bowed stringed instruments |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=32|issue=190|pages=391–395|doi=10.1080/14786441608635584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1916|title=On the "Wolf-note" of the Violin and 'Cello|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=97|issue=2435|pages=362–363|doi=10.1038/097362a0|bibcode=1916Natur..97..362R|s2cid=3966106|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1950214|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031081442/https://zenodo.org/record/1950214|url-status=live}}</ref> He studied the [[acoustics]] of various violin and related instruments, including Indian stringed instruments,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1918|title=On the mechanical theory of the vibrations of bowed strings and of musical instruments of the violin family, with experimental verification of the results-Part I|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69871/1/69871.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|volume=15|pages=1–158|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023090928/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69871/1/69871.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1921|title=On some Indian stringed instruments|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69870/1/69870.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|volume=7|pages=29–33|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200140/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69870/1/69870.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and water splashes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C.V.|last2=Dey|first2=Ashutosh|date=1920|title=X. On the sounds of splashes|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=39|issue=229|pages=145–147|doi=10.1080/14786440108636021}}</ref> He even performed what he called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1920|title=Experiments with mechanically-played violins|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69866/1/69866.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|volume=6|pages=19–36|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023092236/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69866/1/69866.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman also studied the uniqueness of Indian drums.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Kumar|first2=Sivakali|date=1920|title=Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=104|issue=2620|pages=500|doi=10.1038/104500a0|bibcode=1920Natur.104..500R|s2cid=4159476|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429634|doi-access=free|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031083805/https://zenodo.org/record/1429634|url-status=live}}</ref> His analyses of the [[harmonic]] nature of the sounds of [[tabla]] and [[mridangam]] were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Raman, C.V.|author2=Sivakali Kumar|year=1920|title=Musical drums with harmonic overtones|journal=Nature|volume=104|issue=2620|page=500|bibcode=1920Natur.104..500R|doi=10.1038/104500a0|s2cid=4159476|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429634|doi-access=free|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031083805/https://zenodo.org/record/1429634|url-status=live}}</ref> He wrote a critical research on vibrations of the [[pianoforte]] string that was known as Kaufmann's theory (the first scientific description of vibration of musical strings made by German physicist [[Walter Kaufmann (physicist)|Walter Kaufmann]] in 1895<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Hideo |last2=Nakamura |first2=Isao |date=1 January 1990 |title=Acoustics of pianos |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003682X9090043T |journal=Applied Acoustics |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=147–205 |doi=10.1016/0003-682X(90)90043-T |issn=0003-682X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C.V.|last2=Banerji|first2=B.|date=1920|title=On Kaufmann's theory of the impact of the pianoforte hammer|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|language=en|volume=97|issue=682|pages=99–110|doi=10.1098/rspa.1920.0016|bibcode=1920RSPSA..97...99R|doi-access=free}}</ref> During his brief visit of England in 1921, he managed to study how sound travels in the [[Whispering Gallery|Whispring Gallery]] of the dome of [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London that produces unusual sound effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Sutherland|first2=G. A.|date=1921|title=Whispering-Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=108|issue=2706|pages=42|doi=10.1038/108042a0|bibcode=1921Natur.108...42R|s2cid=4126913|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Raman, C.V.|year=1922|title=On whispering galleries|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69841/1/69841.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|volume=7|pages=159–172|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212004223/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69841/1/69841.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> His work on acoustics was an important prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works on optics and quantum mechanics.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Banerjee, Somaditya|year=2014|title=C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum|journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=16|issue=2|pages=146–178|bibcode=2014PhP....16..146B|doi=10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8|s2cid=121952683}}</ref>

=== Blue color of the sea ===

Raman, in his broadening venture on optics, started to investigate scattering of light starting in 1919.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1919|title=LVI. The scattering of light in the refractive media of the eye|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=38|issue=227|pages=568–572|doi=10.1080/14786441108635985|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1554442|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031081718/https://zenodo.org/record/1554442|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> His first phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the [[Color of water|blue color of seawater]]. During a voyage home from England on board the ''S.S. Narkunda'' in September 1921, he contemplated the blue color of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Using simple optical equipment, a pocket-sized [[spectroscope]] and a [[Nicol prism]] in hand, he studied the sea water.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anon.|date=2009|title=This Month in Physics History: February 1928: Raman scattering discovered|url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm|journal=APS News|volume=12|issue=2|pages=online|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306100800/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> Of several hypotheses on the colour of the sea propounded at the time,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buchanan|first=J. Y.|date=1910|title=Colour of the Sea|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=84|issue=2125|pages=87–89|doi=10.1038/084087a0|bibcode=1910Natur..84...87B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnes|first=H. T.|date=1910|title=Colour of Water and Ice|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=83|issue=2111|pages=188|doi=10.1038/083188a0|bibcode=1910Natur..83..188B|s2cid=3943242|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1567754|doi-access=free|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080914/https://zenodo.org/record/1567754|url-status=live}}</ref> the best explanation had been that of [[Lord Rayleigh]]'s in 1910, according to which, "The much admired dark blue of the deep sea has nothing to do with the color of water, but is simply the blue of the sky seen by reflection".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=J.W.S.|date=1910|title=Colours of Sea and Sky|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=83|issue=2106|pages=48–50|doi=10.1038/083048a0|bibcode=1910Natur..83...48.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rayleigh had correctly described the nature of the blue sky by a phenomenon now known as [[Rayleigh scattering]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=Lord|date=1899|title=XXXIV. On the transmission of light through an atmosphere containing small particles in suspension, and on the origin of the blue of the sky|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431249|url-status=live|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=47|issue=287|pages=375–384|doi=10.1080/14786449908621276|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031200404/https://zenodo.org/record/1431249|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> the scattering of light and refraction by particles in the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stetefeld|first1=Jörg|last2=McKenna|first2=Sean A.|last3=Patel|first3=Trushar R.|date=2016|title=Dynamic light scattering: a practical guide and applications in biomedical sciences|journal=Biophysical Reviews|language=en|volume=8|issue=4|pages=409–427|doi=10.1007/s12551-016-0218-6|pmc=5425802|pmid=28510011}}</ref> His explanation of the blue colour of water was instinctively accepted as correct. Raman could view the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the influence of sunlight reflected by the surface. He described how the sea appears even more blue than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.<ref name="Nature1921">{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1921|title=The Colour of the Sea|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=108|issue=2716|pages=367|doi=10.1038/108367a0|bibcode=1921Natur.108..367R|s2cid=4064467|doi-access=free}}</ref>

As soon as the ''S.S. Narkunda'' docked in Bombay Harbour (now [[Mumbai Harbour]]), Raman finished an article "The colour of the sea" that was published in the November 1921 issue of ''Nature''. He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by a simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).<ref name="Nature1921" /> As he thought:{{blockquote|

Looking down into the water with a Nicol in front of the eye to cut off surface reflections, the track of the sun's rays could be seen entering the water and appearing by virtue of perspective to converge to a point at a considerable depth inside it. The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes its passage visible? An interesting possibility that should be considered in this connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />}}
[[File:Raman-2.jpg|alt=Title page to Raman's Molecular Diffraction of Light (1922)|thumb|230x230px|Title page to Raman's ''Molecular Diffraction of Light'' (1922)]]

When he reached Calcutta, he asked his student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the [[University of Rangoon]], to conduct further research at IACS.<ref name="Mallik-2000">{{Cite journal|last=Mallik|first=D. C. V.|date=2000|title=The Raman Effect and Krishnan's Diary|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=54|issue=1|pages=67–83|jstor=532059|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|s2cid=143485844}}</ref> By early 1922, Raman came to a conclusion, as he reported in the ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London]]'':{{blockquote|It is proposed in this paper to urge an entirely different view, that in this phenomenon, as in the parallel case of the colour of the sky, ''molecular diffraction'' determines the observed luminosity and in great measure also its colour. As a necessary preliminary to the discussion, a theoretical calculation and experimental observations of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will be presented.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1922|title=On the molecular scattering of light in water and the colour of the sea|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|language=en|volume=101|issue=708|pages=64–80|doi=10.1098/rspa.1922.0025|bibcode=1922RSPSA.101...64R|doi-access=free}}</ref>}}True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental finding in 1923.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramanathan|first=K.R.|date=1923|title=LVIII. On the colour of the sea|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=46|issue=273|pages=543–553|doi=10.1080/14786442308634277}}</ref> His subsequent study of the [[Bay of Bengal]] in 1924 provided the full evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramanathan|first=K. R.|date=1 March 1925|title=The Transparency and Color of the Sea|journal=Physical Review|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=386–390|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.25.386|bibcode=1925PhRv...25..386R}}</ref> It is now known that the intrinsic [[color of water]] is mainly attributed to the selective absorption of longer wavelengths of light in the red and orange regions of the [[spectrum]], owing to overtones of the [[infrared]] absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching modes of water molecules.<ref name="Braun">{{Citation|last1=Braun|first1=Charles L.|title=Why is water blue?|url=http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf|journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]]|volume=70|issue=8|pages=612–614|year=1993|bibcode=1993JChEd..70..612B|doi=10.1021/ed070p612|last2=Smirnov|first2=Sergei N.|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201000418/http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Raman effect ===

{{main|Raman scattering}}

==== Background ====

Raman's second important discovery on the scattering of light was a new type of radiation, an eponymous phenomenon called the Raman effect.<ref name="Singh-2018" /> After discovering the nature of light scattering that caused blue colour of water, he focused on the principle behind the phenomenon. His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other light rays formed in addition to the [[incident ray]] when sunlight was filtered through a violet glass in certain liquids and solids. Ramanathan believed that this was a case of a "trace of [[fluorescence]]."<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> In 1925, [[K. S. Krishnan]], a new research associate, noted the theoretical background for the existence of an additional scattering line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=K.S.|date=1925|title=LXXV. On the molecular scattering of light in liquids|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=50|issue=298|pages=697–715|doi=10.1080/14786442508634789}}</ref> He referred to the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallik|first=D. C. V.|date=2000|title=The Raman effect and Krishnan's diary|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|pages=67–83|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|s2cid=143485844|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024125416/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> But the theoretical attempts to justify the phenomenon were quite futile for the next two years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C.V.|last2=Krishnan|first2=K.S.|date=1927|title=Magnetic double-refraction in liquids. part I.—benzene and its derivatives|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|language=en|volume=113|issue=765|pages=511–519|doi=10.1098/rspa.1927.0004|bibcode=1927RSPSA.113..511R|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The major impetus was the discovery of [[Compton scattering|Compton effect]]. [[Arthur Compton]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis]] had found evidence in 1923 that [[electromagnetic waves]] can also be described as particles.<ref name="Compton effect">{{cite journal|author=Compton, Arthur H.|date=May 1923|title=A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=21|issue=5|pages=483–502|bibcode=1923PhRv...21..483C|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.21.483|doi-access=free}}</ref> By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1927|title=Thermodynamics, Wave-theory, and the Compton Effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=120|issue=3035|pages=950–951|doi=10.1038/120950a0|bibcode=1927Natur.120..950R|s2cid=29489622}}</ref> As the news of Compton's [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:

{{blockquote|Excellent news... very nice indeed. But look here Krishnan. If this is true of X-Rays, it must be true of Light too. I have always thought so. There must be an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue it and we are on the right lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Prize must be won.<ref name="Ramdas-1973">{{Cite journal|last=Ramdas|first=L. A.|date=1973|title=Dr. C. V. Raman (1888–1970), Part II|url=http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/6371|journal=Journal of Physics Education|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=2–18|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031071756/http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/6371|url-status=live}}</ref> }}But the origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman effect two years later."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> The Toronto debate was about the discussion on the existence of light quantum at the [[British Science Association|British Association for the Advancement of Science]] meeting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his experimental findings, which [[William Duane (physicist)|William Duane]] of [[Harvard University]] argued with his own with evidence that light was a wave.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2002|title=C. V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect|journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=4|issue=4|pages=399–420|doi=10.1007/s000160200002|bibcode=2002PhP.....4..399S|s2cid=121785335}}</ref> Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good debater, but the truth isn't in you."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" />

==== The scattering experiments ====

[[File:1928 Benzene Raman Spectrum.png|thumb|An early Raman spectrum of [[benzene]] published by Raman and Krishnan<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=K. S. Krishnan|last2=Raman|first2=C. V.|date=1928|title=The Negative Absorption of Radiation|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3062|pages=12–13|doi=10.1038/122012b0|bibcode=1928Natur.122...12R|s2cid=4071281|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>|240x240px]]

Krishnan started the experiment in the beginning of January 1928.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> On 7 January, he discovered that no matter what kind of pure liquid he used, it always produced polarised fluorescence within the [[visible spectrum]] of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never observed such phenomenon all those years.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon as "modified scattering" with reference to the Compton effect as an unmodified scattering. On 16 February, they sent a manuscript to ''Nature'' titled "A new type of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Krishnan|first2=K. S.|date=1928|title=A new type of secondary radiation|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=121|issue=3048|pages=501–502|doi=10.1038/121501c0|bibcode=1928Natur.121..501R|s2cid=4128161}}</ref>

On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering separate from the [[incident light]]. Due to difficulty in measuring the wavelengths of light, they had been relying on visual observation of the colour produced from sunlight through prism. Raman had invented a type of [[spectrograph]] for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.<ref name="ACS-2015" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/how-is-c-v-raman-connected-with-the-national-science-day/articleshow/74371450.cms#:~:text=On%20February%2028%2C%201928%2C%20Raman,a%20couple%20of%20years%20later.|title=How is C.V Raman connected with The National Science Day|work=Business Insider|date=28 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=15 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415053333/https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/how-is-c-v-raman-connected-with-the-national-science-day/articleshow/74371450.cms#:~:text=On%20February%2028%2C%201928%2C%20Raman,a%20couple%20of%20years%20later.|url-status=live}}</ref> Referring to the invention, Raman later remarked, "When I got my Nobel Prize, I had spent hardly 200 [[rupees]] on my equipment,"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=D. A.|date=1988|title=Early history of the Raman effect|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01442358809353216|journal=International Reviews in Physical Chemistry|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=317–349|doi=10.1080/01442358809353216|bibcode=1988IRPC....7..317L|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101614/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01442358809353216|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> although it was obvious that his total expenditure for the entire experiment was much more than that.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2018|title=How costly was Raman's equipment for the discovery of Raman effect?|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_4_2018__Art09.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=53|issue=4|pages=68–73|doi=10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i4/49527|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728000409/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_4_2018__Art09.pdf|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> From that moment they could employ the instrument using [[monochromator|monochromatic light]] from a [[mercury arc lamp]] which penetrated transparent material and was allowed to fall on a spectrograph to record its spectrum. The lines of scattering could now be measured and photographed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Beq0D5nFR00|title=Raman Effect Visualised|website=[[YouTube]]|date=8 October 2008 |access-date=15 May 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522061043/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Beq0D5nFR00|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="b1">Venkataraman, G. (1988) ''Journey into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-81-85324-00-5}}.</ref>

==== Announcement ====

The same day, Raman made the announcement before the press. The ''[[Associated Press of India]]'' reported it the next day, on 29 February, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jagdish|first1=Mehra|author-link1=Jagdish Mehra |title=The Historical Development of Quantum Volume 6 Part 1|last2=Rechenberg|first2=Helmut| author-link2=Helmut Rechenberg |publisher=Springer|year=2001|isbn=978-0-387-95262-8|location=New York|pages=360|oclc=76255200}}</ref> It ran the story as:{{blockquote|Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a discovery which promises to be of fundamental significance to physics... The new phenomenon exhibits features even more startling than those discovered by Prof. Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed is that when matter is excited by light of one colour, the atoms contained in it emit light of two colours, one of which is different from the exciting colour and is lower down the spectrum. The astonishing thing is that the altered colour is quite independent of the nature of the substance used.<ref name="Singh-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2018-03-01|title=The 90th Anniversary of the Raman Effect|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_1_2018__Art04.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=53|issue=1|pages=50–58|doi=10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i1/49363|doi-access=free|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825164824/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_1_2018__Art04.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}The news was reproduced by ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=D. A.|date=2008|title=80th Anniversary of the discovery of the Raman effect: a celebration|journal=Journal of Raman Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=39|issue=3|pages=316–321|doi=10.1002/jrs.1948|bibcode=2008JRSp...39..316L}}</ref> Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery on 8 March to ''Nature'' and was published on 21 April.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1928|title=A Change of Wave-length in Light Scattering|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=121|issue=3051|pages=619|doi=10.1038/121619b0|bibcode=1928Natur.121..619R|s2cid=4102940|doi-access=free}}</ref> The actual data was sent to the same journal on 22 March and was published on 5 May.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Krishnan|first2=K. S.|date=1928|title=The Optical Analogue of the Compton Effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=121|issue=3053|pages=711|doi=10.1038/121711a0|bibcode=1928Natur.121..711R|s2cid=4126899|doi-access=free}}</ref> Raman presented the formal and detailed description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of the South Indian Science Association in Bangalore on 16 March. His lecture was published in the ''[[Indian Journal of Physics]]'' on 31 March.<ref name="Raman-1928" /> A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in different countries on that day.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989d" />

==== Reception and outcome ====

Some physicists, particularly French and German physicists were initially sceptical of the authenticity of the discovery. [[Georg Joos]] at the [[Friedrich Schiller University of Jena]] asked [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] at the [[University of Munich]], "Do you think that Raman's work on the optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable?... The sharpness of the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce the experiment, but failed.<ref name="Singh-2008">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2008|title=80 Years Ago – the Discovery of the Raman Effect at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India|url=http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/8110/1/80%20years%20ago%20-%20the%20Discovery%20of%20the%20Raman_By%20Rajinder%20Singh.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Indian Journal of Physics|volume=82|pages=987–1001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606142247/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/8110/1/80%20years%20ago%20-%20the%20Discovery%20of%20the%20Raman_By%20Rajinder%20Singh.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2020|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> On 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the [[University of Berlin]] was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully. He was the first to coin the terms ''Ramaneffekt'' and ''Linien des Ramaneffekts'' in his articles published the following months.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pringsheim|first=Peter|date=1928|title=Der Ramaneffekt, ein neuer von C. V. Raman entdeckter Strahlungseffekt|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|language=de|volume=16|issue=31|pages=597–606|doi=10.1007/BF01494083|bibcode=1928NW.....16..597P|s2cid=30433182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carrelli|first1=A.|last2=Pringsheim|first2=Peter|last3=Rosen|first3=B.|date=1928|title=Über den Ramaneffekt an wässerigen Lösungen und über den Polarisationszustand der Linien des Ramaneffekts|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik|language=de|volume=51|issue=7–8|pages=511–519|doi=10.1007/BF01327842|bibcode=1928ZPhy...51..511C|s2cid=119516536}}</ref> Use of the English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramdas|first=L. A.|date=1928|title=The Raman Effect and the Spectrum of the Zodiacal Light|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3063|pages=57|doi=10.1038/122057a0|s2cid=4092715|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SinghR-2002" /><ref name="Brand-1989">{{Cite journal|last=Brand|first=J. C. D.|date=31 January 1989|title=The discovery of the Raman effect|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|language=en|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1989.0001|s2cid=120964978}}</ref>

In addition to being a new phenomenon itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the [[Light#Quantum theory|quantum nature of light]]. [[Robert W. Wood]] at the [[Johns Hopkins University]] was the first American to confirm the Raman effect in early 1929.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=R. W.|date=1929|title=The Raman Effect with Hydrochloric Acid Gas: the 'Missing Line.'|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=123|issue=3095|pages=279|doi=10.1038/123279a0|bibcode=1929Natur.123Q.279W|s2cid=4121854|doi-access=free}}</ref> He made a series of experimental verification, after which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that this very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study of the phenomenon of light scattering is one of the most convincing proofs of the quantum theory".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=R. W.|date=1933|title=Raman Spectrum of Heavy Water (By Cable)|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=132|issue=3347|pages=970|doi=10.1038/132970b0|bibcode=1933Natur.132..970W|s2cid=4092727|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|title=C.V. Raman The Raman Effect - Landmark|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020054/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The field of [[Raman spectroscopy]] came to be based on this phenomenon, and [[Ernest Rutherford]], President of the [[Royal Society]], referred to it in his presentation of the [[Hughes Medal]] to Raman in 1930 as "among the best three or four discoveries in [[experimental physics]] in the last decade".<ref name="Ramdas-1973" />

Raman was confident that he would win the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to [[Owen Richardson]] in 1928 and to [[Louis de Broglie]] in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news.<ref name="Venkataraman-1995">{{citation|author=Venkataraman, G.|title=Raman and His Effect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjLls3eaOhEC&pg=PA50|page=50|year=1995|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7371-008-7|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207130540/https://books.google.com/books?id=OjLls3eaOhEC&pg=PA50|url-status=live}}</ref> He did eventually win that year.<ref name="Nobel-2014">{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011205133/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/index.html|archive-date=11 October 2014|access-date=9 October 2008|publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref>

===Later work===

Raman had association with the [[Banaras Hindu University]] in [[Varanasi]]. He attended the foundation ceremony of BHU<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Binay |title=BHU preserves CV Raman's association with university |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/BHU-preserves-CV-Ramans-association-with-university/articleshow/25403012.cms |access-date=17 June 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128010326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/BHU-preserves-CV-Ramans-association-with-university/articleshow/25403012.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and delivered lectures on mathematics and "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series organised at the university from 5 to 8 February 1916.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=B. N. |title=Madan Mohan Malaviya and Banaras Hindu University |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/08/1091.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=1091–1095 |year=2011 |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123506/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/08/1091.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He also held the position of permanent visiting professor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Satya |title=Vision for Science Education |date=20 May 2014 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-908-8 |page=45}}</ref>

With [[Suri Bhagavantam]], he determined the [[Spin (physics)|spin]] of [[photons]] in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Bhagavantam|first2=S.|date=1932|title=Experimental Proof of the Spin of the Photon|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/129022a0|url-status=live|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=129|issue=3244|pages=22–23|bibcode=1932Natur.129...22R|doi=10.1038/129022a0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316035934/https://www.nature.com/articles/129022a0|archive-date=16 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|hdl-access=free|hdl=10821/664|s2cid=4064852|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Brand-1989" /> With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the correct theoretical explanation for the [[Acousto-optics|acousto-optic effect]] (light scattering by sound waves) in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory.<ref>C. V. Raman, N. S. Nagendra Nath, [http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/2045 "The diffraction of light by high-frequency sound waves. Part I"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022033/http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/2045 |date=13 December 2014 }}, ''Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.'', 1935</ref> Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on [[laser]] systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=Qixiang|last2=Bahadori|first2=Meisam|last3=Glick|first3=Madeleine|last4=Rumley|first4=Sébastien|last5=Bergman|first5=Keren|date=2018|title=Recent advances in optical technologies for data centers: a review|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-5-11-1354|journal=Optica|language=en|volume=5|issue=11|pages=1354–1370|doi=10.1364/OPTICA.5.001354|bibcode=2018Optic...5.1354C|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101641/https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-5-11-1354&id=399361|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Other investigations he carried out included experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of [[Ultrasound|ultrasonic]] and [[hypersonic]] frequencies,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Nagendra Nathe|first2=N. S.|date=1935|title=The diffraction of light by high frequency sound waves: Part I.|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03035840|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=406–412|doi=10.1007/BF03035840|s2cid=198141323|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101617/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03035840|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1942|title=The nature of the liquid state|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24213500|journal=Current Science|volume=11|issue=8|pages=303–310|jstor=24213500|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727110049/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24213500|url-status=live}}</ref> and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 and 1942.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1941|title=Crystals and photons|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03052526|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1007/BF03052526|s2cid=198142013|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101627/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03052526|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1942|title=Reflexion of X-Rays with Change of Frequency|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/150366a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=150|issue=3804|pages=366–369|doi=10.1038/150366a0|bibcode=1942Natur.150..366R|s2cid=222373|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124745/https://www.nature.com/articles/150366a0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1948, through studying the [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental problems of crystal dynamics in a new manner.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1948|title=Dynamic X-ray reflections in crystals|url=http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/1780/1/1948%20CS%20V17%20p65-75.pdf|journal=Current Science|language=en|volume=17|pages=65–75|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124227/http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/1780/1/1948%20CS%20V17%20p65-75.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1948|title=X-Rays and the Eigen-Vibrations of Crystal Structures|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/162023b0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=162|issue=4105|pages=23–24|doi=10.1038/162023b0|pmid=18939227|bibcode=1948Natur.162...23R|s2cid=4073206|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727145135/https://www.nature.com/articles/162023b0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond from 1944 to 1968,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1943|title=The structure and properties of diamond|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69822/1/69822.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=12|issue=1|pages=33–42|jstor=24208172|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124226/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69822/1/69822.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1968|title=The diamond: Its structure and properties|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03049362|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=67|issue=5|pages=231–246|doi=10.1007/BF03049362|s2cid=91751475|url-access=subscription}}</ref> the structure and optical behaviour of numerous [[Iridescence|iridescent]] substances including [[labradorite]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1950|title=The structure of labradorite and the origin of its iridescence|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03172469|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–16|article-number=1 |doi=10.1007/BF03172469|s2cid=128235557|url-access=subscription}}</ref> pearly [[feldspar]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1953|title=The diffusion haloes of the iridescent feldspars|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03052851|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1007/BF03052851|s2cid=128924627|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101620/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03052851|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[agate]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1953|title=The structure and optical behaviour of iridescent agate|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03045221|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=199–206|doi=10.1007/BF03045221|s2cid=198139210|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[quartz]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1954|title=X-ray study of fibrous quartz|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03047162|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=40|issue=3|pages=107|doi=10.1007/BF03047162|s2cid=135143703|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101628/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047162|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[opal]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1953|title=The structure and optical behaviour of iridescent opal|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03045242|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=38|issue=5|pages=343–354|doi=10.1007/BF03045242|s2cid=198141813|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101620/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03045242|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and [[pearl]] in the early 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Krishnamurti|first2=D.|date=1954|title=The structure and optical behaviour of pearls|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03047140|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=215–222|doi=10.1007/BF03047140|s2cid=91310831|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047140|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Among his other interests were the optics of [[colloid]]s, and electrical and magnetic [[anisotropy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=R. S.|date=1948|title=Sir C. V. Raman and crystal physics|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03170788|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=28|issue=5|article-number=258|doi=10.1007/BF03170788|s2cid=172445086|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101633/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03170788|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Viswanathan|first2=K. S.|date=1955|title=The theory of the propagation of light in polycrystalline media|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03047170|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=41|issue=2|pages=37–44|doi=10.1007/BF03047170|s2cid=59436273|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047170|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His last interests in the 1960s were on biological properties such as the colours of flowers and the [[Visual system|physiology of human vision]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1960|title=The perception of light and colour and the physiology of vision|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B|language=en|volume=52|issue=6|pages=253–264|doi=10.1007/BF03047051|s2cid=170662624}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1962|title=The role of the retina in vision|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B|language=en|volume=56|issue=2|pages=77–87|doi=10.1007/BF03051587|jstor=24059723|hdl=2289/1702|s2cid=83159946|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/secb/056/02/0077-0087|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812125853/https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/secb/056/02/0077-0087|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1970|title=The florachromes: Their chemical nature and spectroscopic behaviour|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B|language=en|volume=72|issue=1|pages=1–23|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/seca/072/01/0001-0023|doi=10.1007/BF03049697|s2cid=97395288|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812125853/https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/seca/072/01/0001-0023|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Customs at Madras, in 1907.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c" /> The wedding day is popularly recorded as on 6 May,<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=35659 Raman, Sir (Chandrashekhara) Venkata]. [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]. Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140308062316/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=35659 Archived] from the original on 8 March 2014.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lokasundari Ammal |url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-2863313/lokasundari-ammal-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=myheritage.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=C. V. Raman, Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 |url=https://www.geni.com/people/C-V-Raman-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics-1930/6000000000012279621 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Geni |date=7 November 1888 |language=en-US}}</ref> but Raman's great-niece and biographer, [[Uma Parameswaran]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=B. D. |date=21 July 2014 |title=The Raman wife effect: lively recollections |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-raman-wife-effect-lively-recollections/article6234660.ece |access-date=8 June 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> revealed a factual date of 2 June 1907.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |page=39|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143066897 }}</ref> It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Foil A. |last2=Kauffman |first2=George B. |date=1989 |title=C. V. Raman and the discovery of the Raman effect |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed066p795 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |language=en |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=795–801 |bibcode=1989JChEd..66..795M |doi=10.1021/ed066p795 |issn=0021-9584|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=IAS |url=https://archive.org/details/cvramanpictorial00bang |title=Op. cit. |date=1988 |page=2|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |isbn=9788185324074 }}</ref> (Sources are contradicting on her age as her birth year is specified as 1892,<ref name="SinghR-2002" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> which would make her about 15 years of age; but Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |pages=33–34|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143066897 }}</ref> corroborated by her obituary in ''[[Current Science]]'' that mentioned her age as 86 on her death on 22 May 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1980 |title=Obituary |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24083389 |journal=Current Science |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=425 |jstor=24083389 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref>) His wife later jokingly recounted that their marriage was not so much about her musical prowess (she was playing ''[[veena]]'' when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave to its married officers."<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> The extra allowance refers to an additional INR 150 for married officers at the time.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c" /> Soon after they moved to Calcutta in 1907, the couple were accused of converting to Christianity. It was because they frequently visited [[St. John's Church, Kolkata]] as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church music and Raman with the acoustics.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" />

They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and [[Venkatraman Radhakrishnan]], a [[radio astronomer]]. He later cut his relations with his elder son due to ideological disputes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Parameswaran |first1=Uma |title=C. V. Raman: a biography |last2=Raman |first2=Chandrasekhara Venkata |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306689-7 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/chandrasekhar-google-honours-171018135910958.html |title=S Chandrasekhar: Why Google honours him |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=19 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044401/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/chandrasekhar-google-honours-171018135910958.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal collection of stones, [[mineral]]s, and materials with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his world travels and as gifts.<ref>{{Citation|last=Periodic Videos|title=Diamonds, Pearls and Atomic Bomb Stones – Periodic Table of Videos|date=28 January 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdcjSuvU7z0&t=7s|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101622/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdcjSuvU7z0&t=7s|url-status=live}}</ref> He often carried a small, handheld [[Optical spectrometer|spectroscope]] to study specimens.<ref>{{Citation|last=Periodic Videos|title=Special Spectroscope – Periodic Table of Videos|date=28 January 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UET11Pt6Qw|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211120545/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UET11Pt6Qw&t=0s&list=PLEUMnCfLypBCR1zpeT-mn-NtehwzlTady&index=13|url-status=live}}</ref> These, along with his spectrograph, are on display at IISc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Poovaiah|first=D. M.|date=7 February 2020|title=A curious mind illuminated|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/a-curious-mind-illuminated-802148.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727133559/https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/a-curious-mind-illuminated-802148.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Renuka|date=20 June 2021|title=How Archives in Bangalore Tell Stories about Science – Connect with IISc|url=https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2018/06/how-archives-in-bangalore-tell-stories-about-science/|url-status=live|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Connect|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|language=en-GB|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727133602/https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2018/06/how-archives-in-bangalore-tell-stories-about-science/}}</ref>

Lord Rutherford was instrumental in some of Raman's most pivotal moments in life. He nominated Raman for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him the Hughes Medal as President of the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for the position of Director at IISc in 1932.<ref name="Clark-2013" />

Raman had a sense of obsession with the Nobel Prize. In a speech at the University of Calcutta, he said, "I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship to the Royal Society in 1924] done to me. This is a small achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, it is the Nobel Prize. You will find that I get that in five years."<ref name="Satyan-2003">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-raman-effect/220624|title=The Raman Effect|last=Satyan|first=T.S.|date=5 July 2003|website=Outlook India|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025214926/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-raman-effect/220624|url-status=live}}</ref> He knew that if he were to receive the Nobel Prize, he could not wait for the announcement of the Nobel Committee normally made towards the end of the year considering the time required to reach Sweden by sea route.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Matthew P. A.|last2=Clark|first2=Robin J. H.|date=2011|title=Rutherford and Raman – Nobel laureates who had difficult early journeys to success: Nobel laureates who had difficult early journeys to success|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jrs.3061|journal=Journal of Raman Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=42|issue=12|pages=2173–2178|doi=10.1002/jrs.3061|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101629/https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jrs.3061|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> With confidence, he booked two tickets, one for his wife, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Pînzaru|first1=Simona Cintă|title=Raman's Discovery in Historical Context|date=2018|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-75380-5_1|chapter=Confocal Raman Microscopy|volume=66|pages=3–21|editor-last=Toporski|editor-first=Jan|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75380-5_1|isbn=978-3-319-75378-2|access-date=13 December 2020|last2=Kiefer|first2=Wolfgang|series=Springer Series in Surface Sciences |editor2-last=Dieing|editor2-first=Thomas|editor3-last=Hollricher|editor3-first=Olaf|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Soon after he received the Nobel Prize, he was asked in an interview the possible consequences if he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have shared the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not have liked that; I would rather receive the whole of it."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayaraman |first=Aiyasami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=1989 |page=31|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143066897 }}</ref>

=== Religious views ===

Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was openly an [[agnostic]],<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013b">{{Cite journal |last=Mascarenhas |first=K. Smiles |date=2013 |title=Sir C.V. Raman – Icon of Indian Science |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946 |url-status=live |journal=Science Reporter |language=en-US |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=21–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174441/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> but objected to being labelled atheist.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e"/> His agnosticism was largely influenced by that of his father who adhered to the philosophies of [[Herbert Spencer]], [[Charles Bradlaugh]], and [[Robert G. Ingersoll]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |publisher= Penguin Books India|pages=5, 8 |isbn=9780143066897 |language=en}}</ref> He resented [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|Hindu traditional rituals]]<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" /> but did not give them up in family circles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/nobel-laureate-cv-raman-scientific-research-nobel-prize-raman-effect/story/1/20470.html|title=Why it's important to keep the memories of CV Raman alive|last=Mukharji|first=Shantanu|date=8 November 2017|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101627/https://www.dailyo.in/variety/nobel-laureate-cv-raman-scientific-research-nobel-prize-raman-effect/story/1/20470.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |isbn=9780143066897 |pages=8 |publisher=Penguin Books India |language=en}}</ref> He was also influenced by the philosophy of ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |publisher= Penguin Books India|page=162 |isbn=9780143066897 |language=en}}</ref> Traditional ''[[Pagri (turban)|pagri]]'' (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath and a ''[[upanayana]]'' (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Though it was not customary to wear turbans in South Indian culture, he explained his habit as, "Oh, if I did not wear one, my head will swell. You all praise me so much and I need a turban to contain my ego."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> He even attributed his turban for the recognition he received on his first visit to England, particularly from J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> In a public speech, he once said,{{blockquote|There is no Heaven, no [[Svarga|Swarga]], no Hell, no rebirth, no [[reincarnation]] and no immortality. The only thing that is true is that a man is born, he lives and he dies. Therefore, he should live his life properly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2010|title=Letters to the Editor: Indian scientists vs. science and religion|url=http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/july-aug10/Letter%20to%20editors.pdf|journal=Science and Culture|volume=76|issue=7–8|pages=206|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712042500/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/july-aug10/Letter%20to%20editors.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}In a friendly meeting with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the conversation turned to religion. Raman spoke,{{blockquote|I shall answer your [Rahm's] question. If there is a God we must look for him in the Universe. If he is not there, he is not worth looking for... The growing discoveries in the science of astronomy and physics seem to be further and further revelations of God.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e"/>}}On his deathbed, he said to his wife, "I believe only in the Spirit of Man," and asked for his funeral, "Just a clean and simple cremation for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" />

== Death ==

At the end of October 1970, Raman had a [[cardiac arrest]] and collapsed in his laboratory. He was moved to the hospital where doctors diagnosed his condition and declared that he would not survive for another four hours.<ref name="Kulkarni-2015">{{Cite web|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/the-last-years-raman-s-meeting-with-nehru-and-more-7877|title=The last years: Raman's meeting with Nehru and more|last=Kulkarni|first=Pavan|date=20 November 2015|website=Citizen Matters|language=en-GB|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219211923/http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/the-last-years-raman-s-meeting-with-nehru-and-more-7877|url-status=live}}</ref> He however survived a few days and requested to stay in the gardens of his institute surrounded by his followers and fans.<ref name="IndianAcadSci-1988">{{Cite book |last=IAS |url=https://archive.org/details/cvramanpictorial00bang |title=Op. cit. |year=1988 |page=177 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |isbn=9788185324074 }}</ref>

Two days before Raman died, he told one of his former students, "Do not allow the journals of the Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators of the quality of science being done in the country and whether science is taking root in it or not."<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> That evening, Raman met with the Board of Management of his institute in his bedroom and discussed with them the fate of the institute's management.<ref name="IndianAcadSci-1988" /> He also willed his wife to perform a simple [[cremation]] without any rituals upon his death. He died from natural causes early the next morning on 21 November 1970 at the age of 82.<ref name="Kulkarni-2015" />

With the news of Raman's death, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] publicly announced, saying,{{blockquote|The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of us will mourn the death of Dr. C. V. Raman. He was the greatest scientist of modern India and one of the greatest intellects our country has produced in its long history. His mind was like the diamond, which he studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing light upon the nature of lights, and the world honoured him in many ways for the new knowledge which he won for science.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Indira|title=Selected Speeches of Indira Gandhi: The years of endeavour, August 1969 – August 1972|date=1975|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=978-0-940500-97-6|location=New Delhi|pages=804|oclc=2119197}}</ref>}}

== Controversies ==

===The Nobel Prize===

==== Independent discovery ====

In 1928, [[Grigory Landsberg]] and [[Leonid Mandelstam]] at the [[Moscow State University]] independently discovered the Raman effect. They published their findings in July issue of ''[[Naturwissenschaften]],''<ref name="Landsberg-1928">{{Cite journal|last1=Landsberg|first1=G.|last2=Mandelstam|first2=L.|date=1928|title=Eine neue Erscheinung bei der Lichtzerstreuung in Krystallen|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|language=de|volume=16|issue=28|pages=557–558|doi=10.1007/BF01506807|bibcode=1928NW.....16..557.|s2cid=22492141}}</ref> and presented their findings at the Sixth Congress of the Russian Association of Physicists held at [[Saratov]] between 5 and 16 August.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Usanov|first1=D. A.|last2=Anikin|first2=V. M.|date=2019|title=The Sixth Congress of Russian Physicists in Saratov (August 15, 1928)|journal=Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Physics|volume=19|issue=2|pages=153–161|doi=10.18500/1817-3020-2019-19-2-153-161|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1930, they were nominated for the Nobel Prize alongside Raman. According to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not come to an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan observed it in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the intensity of Raman and infrared lines in the spectra had been explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method had been applied with great success in different fields of [[molecular physics]]; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry properties of [[Molecule|molecules]], and thus the problems concerning nuclear spin in [[atomic physics]].<ref name="Riess-2001" />

The Nobel Committee proposed only Raman's name to the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] for the Nobel Prize.<ref name="Riess-2001">{{cite journal |author1=Singh, Rajinder |author2=Riess, Falk | year = 2001 | title = The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 – A close decision? | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London | volume = 55 | issue = 2| pages = 267–283 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.2001.0143|s2cid=121955580 }}</ref> Evidence later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon earlier, a week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fabelinskiĭ|first=Immanuil L|date=31 October 2003|title=The discovery of combination scattering of light in Russia and India|url=http://stacks.iop.org/1063-7869/46/i=10/a=A06?key=crossref.a8a0f7d1802d10f447934e32a09b5aa6|journal=Physics-Uspekhi|volume=46|issue=10|pages=1105–1112|doi=10.1070/PU2003v046n10ABEH001624|s2cid=250862316 |access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101634/https://hkvalidate.perfdrive.com/?ssa=ffd12247-6584-4dfb-990f-8dcd10eacb2f&ssb=54525231253&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F1063-7869%2F46%2F10%2FA06%2F&ssi=52cd8b5a-8427-422d-b96d-c9f35bfccb31&ssk=support%40shieldsquare.com&ssm=27735309638325635102557807360371&ssn=6bd0c207016c7fefca11a92804cc48f139f3e97962fa-876f-4a4b-9d97ec&sso=22cb6967-798e37e2262e03baf5034f9fe85ec3b733e49ae7f51731a6&ssp=52835117371628769350162873515721297&ssq=56499106339480390125163394950384080851583&ssr=MjA3LjI0MS4yMzIuMTg3&sst=Mozilla%2F5.0%20%28Windows%20NT%2010.0%3B%20Win64%3B%20x64%29%20AppleWebKit%2F537.36%20%28KHTML%2C%20like%20Gecko%29%20Chrome%2F74.0.3729.169%20Safari%2F537.36&ssv=&ssw=|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to Mandelstam's letter (to [[Orest Khvolson]]), the Russian had observed the spectral line on 21 February 1928.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fabelinskii|first=I. L.|date=1990|title=Priority and the Raman effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=343|issue=6260|pages=686|bibcode=1990Natur.343..686F|doi=10.1038/343686a0|s2cid=4340367|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Role of Krishnan ====

Krishnan was not nominated for the Nobel Prize even though he was the main researcher in discovering the Raman effect.<ref name="Singh-2008" /> He alone first noted the new scattering.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers on the discovery in 1928 except two. He alone wrote all the follow-up studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=K. S.|date=1928|title=Influence of Temperature on the Raman Effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3078|pages=650|doi=10.1038/122650b0|bibcode=1928Natur.122..650K|s2cid=4107416|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=K. S.|date=1928|title=The Raman Effect in Crystals|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3074|pages=477–478|doi=10.1038/122477a0|bibcode=1928Natur.122..477K|s2cid=4095088}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=K. S.|date=1928|title=The Raman Effect in X-ray Scattering|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3086|pages=961–962|doi=10.1038/122961c0|bibcode=1928Natur.122..961K|s2cid=4103299}}</ref> Krishnan himself never claimed himself worthy of the prize.<ref name="Ramaseshan-1998">{{Cite journal|last=Ramaseshan|first=S.|date=1998|title=A conversation with K. S. Krishnan on the story of the discovery of the Raman effect|journal=Current Science|volume=75|issue=11|pages=1265–1272|jstor=24101925}}</ref> But Raman admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.<ref name="Singh-2008" /> He however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1998" /> After Krishnan's death, Raman said to a correspondent from ''[[The Times of India]]'', "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I have known, and all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of another man's discovery."<ref name="WaliBiography">{{cite book | last=Wali | first=Kameshwar C. | title=Chandra : a biography of S. Chandrasekhar | publisher=University of Chicago Press | publication-place=Chicago | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-226-87054-0 | oclc=21297960 }}</ref>{{rp|251}}

=== The Raman–Born controversy ===

From October 1933 to March 1934, [[Max Born]] was employed by IISc as Reader in Theoretical Physics following the invitation by Raman early in 1933.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2019/12/when-raman-brought-born-to-bangalore/|title=When Raman Brought Born to Bangalore – Connect with IISc|last=Ramaswamy|first=Karthik|date=12 December 2019|website=Connect|language=en-GB|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107174106/https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2019/12/when-raman-brought-born-to-bangalore/|url-status=live}}</ref> Born at the time was a refugee from [[Nazi Germany]] and temporarily employed at [[St John's College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Born|first=Max|date=1965|title=Recollections of Max Born II. What I Did as a Physicist|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en|volume=21|issue=8|pages=9–13|doi=10.1080/00963402.1965.11454843|bibcode=1965BuAtS..21h...9B}}</ref> Since the beginning of the 20th century Born had developed a theory on [[Coupled map lattice|lattice dynamics]] based on thermal properties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cardona|first1=M.|last2=Marx|first2=W.|date=1 July 2008|title=Max Born and his legacy to condensed matter physics|journal=Annalen der Physik|language=en|volume=17|issue=7|pages=497–518|doi=10.1002/andp.200810304|bibcode=2008AnP...520..497C|s2cid=121440005 }}</ref> He presented his theory in one of his lectures at IISc. By then Raman had developed a different theory and claimed that Born's theory contradicted the experimental data.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Their debate lasted for decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sur|first=Abha|date=1999|title=Aesthetics, Authority, and Control in an Indian Laboratory: The Raman-Born Controversy on Lattice Dynamics|journal=Isis|volume=90|issue=1|pages=25–49|jstor=237473|doi=10.1086/384240|s2cid=144805021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dasgupta|first=Deepanwita|date=11 January 2010|title=Progress in Science and Science at the Non-Western Peripheries|journal=Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science|volume=3|issue=1|pages=142–157|doi=10.4245/sponge.v3i1.6575|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In this dispute, Born received support from most physicists,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol37_3_5_RSingh.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=37|issue=3|title=Sir CV Raman' Dame Kathleen Lonsdale and their Scientific Controversy due to the Diffuse Spots in X-ray Photographs|author=Singh, Ravinder|pages=267–290|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921221512/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol37_3_5_RSingh.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> as his view was proven to be a better explanation.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Raman's theory was generally regarded as having partial relevance.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.2000.cnt430306.x|title=Max Born's Role in the Lattice Dynamic Controversy|journal=Centaurus|volume=43|issue=3–4|pages=260–277|year=2008|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder}}</ref> Beyond the intellectual debate, their rivalry extended to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman probably thought of him as an "enemy."<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Despite the mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As the editor of ''Current Science'' he rejected articles that supported Born's theory.<ref name="Earunan-2018">{{Cite web|url=https://earunan.org/2018/03/04/jawaharlal-nehru-and-c-v-raman-nehrus-vision-is-more-important-for-science-in-india-not-ramans/|title=Jawaharlal Nehru and C. V. Raman: Nehru's vision is more important for Science in India, not Raman's!|last=Earunan|date=4 March 2018|website=earunan|language=en|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918233740/https://earunan.org/2018/03/04/jawaharlal-nehru-and-c-v-raman-nehrus-vision-is-more-important-for-science-in-india-not-ramans/|url-status=live}}</ref> Born was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize specifically for his contributions to lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical works on [[quantum mechanics]] in 1954. The account was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Singh, Rajinder | author2 = Riess, Falk | year = 2013 | title = Belated Nobel Prize for Max Born F.R.S. | url = http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_1_4_Rsingh.pdf | journal = Indian Journal of History of Science | volume = 48 | pages = 79–104 | access-date = 1 July 2016 | archive-date = 1 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160701100323/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_1_4_Rsingh.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Indian authorities ===

Raman had an aversion to the then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Nehru's policies on science. In one instance he smashed the bust of Nehru on the floor. In another, he shattered his [[Bharat Ratna]] medallion to pieces with a hammer, as it was given to him by the Nehru government.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parameswaran|first=Uma|title=Op. cit.|year=2011|pages=222|oclc=772714846}}</ref><ref name="Malhotra-2014">{{Cite web|last=Malhotra|first=Inder|date=2014|title=C. V. Raman and the Bharat Ratna|url=http://www.freedomfirst.in/issue/articles.aspx?id=7857|access-date=11 September 2020|website=www.freedomfirst.in|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020090725/http://www.freedomfirst.in/issue/articles.aspx?id=7857|url-status=live}}</ref> He publicly ridiculed Nehru when the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece of gold and copper against an ultraviolet light. Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any other metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Prime Minister, everything that glitters is not gold."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/remembering-cv-ramans-wit-and-the-time-he-tricked-nehru-into-believing-copper-is-gold-1945613.html|title=Remembering CV Raman's Wit and the Time he Tricked Nehru into Believing Copper is Gold|date=21 November 2018|website=News18|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027065226/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/remembering-cv-ramans-wit-and-the-time-he-tricked-nehru-into-believing-copper-is-gold-1945613.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the same occasion, Nehru offered Raman financial assistance to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this to become another government laboratory."<ref name="Kulkarni-2015" /> Raman was particularly against the control of research programmes by the government such as in the establishment of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR).<ref name="Earunan-2018" /><ref name="Srikanth-2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/280217/no-raman-effect-how-his-dream-died-a-quiet-death.html|title=No Raman effect: How his dream died a quiet death|last=Srikanth|first=B. R.|date=28 February 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023002024/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/280217/no-raman-effect-how-his-dream-died-a-quiet-death.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He remained hostile to people associated with these establishments including [[Homi J. Bhabha]], [[S.S. Bhatnagar]], and his once favourite student, Krishnan. He even called such programmes as the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/the-ups-and-downs-of-a-science-city-31962|title=The ups and downs of a science city|website=downtoearth.org.in|date=31 May 1994 |language=en|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031133128/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/the-ups-and-downs-of-a-science-city-31962|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krishna|first1=V.V.|last2=Khadria|first2=Binod|date=1997|title=Phasing Scientific Migration in the Context of Brain Gain and Brain Drain in India|journal=Science, Technology and Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=347–385|doi=10.1177/097172189700200207|s2cid=143870753}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishna|first=V. V.|date=1 June 2001|title=Changing policy cultures, phases and trends in science and technology in India|journal=Science and Public Policy|language=en|volume=28|issue=3|pages=179–194|doi=10.3152/147154301781781525 |bibcode=2001SciPP..28..179K }}</ref> In 1959, Raman proposed to establish another research institute in Madras. The Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds from the central government. But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to [[C. Subramaniam]], then the Minister for Finance Education in Madras, that his proposal to Nehru's government "would be met with a refusal." So ended the plan.<ref name="Srikanth-2017" />

Raman described AICC authorities as "a big ''tamasha''" (drama or spectacle) that just kept on discussing issues without action. As to problems of food resources in India, his advice to the government was, "We must stop breeding like pigs and the matter will solve itself."<ref name="Satyan-2003" />

==== Indian Academy of Sciences ====

The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts during the procedures of the proposal for a national scientific organization in line with the Royal Society.<ref name="Balaram-2009">{{Cite journal|last=Balaram|first=P.|date=2009|title=Anniversaries at the Academies|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/show_article.php?volume=096&issue=01&titleid=id_096_01_0005_0006_0&page=0005|journal=Current Science|volume=96|issue=1|pages=5–6}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1933, the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (ISCA), at the time the largest scientific organization, planned to establish a national science body, which would be authorized to advise the government on scientific matters.<ref name="Parameswaran-1999">{{Cite book|last=Parameswaran|first=Uma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC|title=Op. cit.|year=1999|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=145–147|publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> [[Sir Richard Gregory, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Gregory]], then editor of ''Nature,'' on his visit to India had suggested Raman, as editor of ''Current Science'', to establish an Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman thought that it should be an exclusively Indian membership as opposed to the general consensus that British members should be included. He resolved "How can India Science prosper under the tutelage of an academy which has its own council of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only two or three are fit enough to be its Fellows." On 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of the South Indian scientists. He and Subba Rao officially resigned from ISCA.<ref name="Govil-2010">{{Cite book|last=Govil|first=Girjesh|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c. 1784–1947|date=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-93-325-0294-9|editor-last=Dasgupta|editor-first=Uma|location=Delhi|pages=143–156|oclc=895913622}}</ref>

Raman registered the new organization as the Indian Academy of Sciences on 24 April to the Registrar of Societies.<ref name="Parameswaran-1999" /> It was a provisional name to be changed to the Royal Society of India after approval from the [[Royal Charter]]. The Government of India did not recognize it as an official national scientific body, as such the ICSA created a separate organization named the National Institute of Sciences of India on 7 January 1935 (but again changed to the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1970).<ref name="Govil-2010" /> INSA had been led by the foremost rivals of Raman including [[Meghnad Saha]], Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.<ref name="Balaram-2009" />

==== Indian Institute of Science ====

Raman had a great fallout with the authorities at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). He was accused of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> He lacked diplomatic personality with other colleagues, which [[S. Ramaseshan]], his nephew and later Director of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a bull in a china shop."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988">{{Cite journal|last=Ramaseshan|first=S.|date=1988|title=The portrait of a scientist – C. V. Raman|journal=Current Science|volume=57|issue=22|pages=1207–1220|jstor=24091067}}</ref> He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but at the expense of other fields of science.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place where very little work was being done by a number of extremely well–paid people."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" /> At the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in the Electrical Technology Department, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born. Raman had every intention of giving the full position of professor to Born.<ref name="Banerjee-2014"/> Aston even made a personal attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his own country, a renegade and therefore a second-rate scientist unfit to be part of the faculty, much less to be the head of the department of physics."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jayaraman|first=K. S.|date=1998|title=Insult thwarted 1934 bid to raise profile of Indian science|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=392|issue=6672|pages=112|doi=10.1038/32231|bibcode=1998Natur.392..112J|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Council of IISc constituted a review committee to oversee Raman's conduct in January 1936. The committee, chaired by [[James Irvine (chemist)|James Irvine]], Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of St Andrews]], reported in March that Raman had misused the funds and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, and also that the proposal of Born as Professor of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Council in November 1935) was not financially feasible.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> The Council offered Raman two choices, either to resign from the institute with effect from 1 April or resign as the Director and continue as Professor of physics; if he did not make the choice, he was to be fired. Raman was inclined to take up the second choice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Venkataraman|first=G.|date=24 October 2013|title=Some reflections on the life and science of Sir C. V. Raman|url=http://journal.library.iisc.ernet.in/index.php/iisc/article/view/3218|journal=Journal of the Indian Institute of Science|language=en|volume=68|issue=11&12|pages=449|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821064615/http://journal.library.iisc.ernet.in/index.php/iisc/article/view/3218|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== The Royal Society ===

Raman never seemed to have thought highly of the Fellowship of the Royal Society.<ref name="Satyan-2003" /> He tendered his resignation as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Council of the Royal Society accepted on 4 April. However, the exact reason was not documented.<ref name="Singh-2002">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2002|title=The story of C. V. Raman's resignation from the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London|url=http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/5666|journal=Current Science|language=en|volume=83|issue=9|pages=1157–1158|issn=0011-3891|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080415/http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/5666|url-status=live}}</ref> One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of the categories of the Fellows. Particularly after the [[Independence of India]], the Royal Society had its own disputes on this matter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Peter|title=The Royal Society and the Promotion of Science since 1960|year=2016|isbn=978-1-107-02926-2|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=235|oclc=912704183}}</ref>

According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, ''[[The London Times]]'' had once made a list of the Fellows, in which Raman was omitted. Raman wrote to and demanded an explanation from [[Patrick Blackett]], the then President of the society. He was dejected by Blackett's response that the society had no role in the newspaper.{{r|WaliBiography|p=253}} According to Krishnan, another cause was a disapproving review Raman received on a manuscript he had submitted to the ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]]''. It could have been these cumulative factors as Raman wrote in his resignation letter, and said, "I have taken this decision after careful consideration of all the circumstances of the case. I would request that my resignation be accepted and my name removed from the list of the Fellows of the Society."<ref name="Singh-2002" />

=== Views on Women pursuing research ===

In 1933, [[Kamala Sohonie]] applied to the Indian Institute of Science for a research fellowship, her application was turned down by the Raman on the grounds that women were not considered competent enough to pursue research. Kamala responded to the rejection by holding a protest "[[satyagraha]]" outside Raman's office, which persuaded him to grant her admission, but with some humiliating stipulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Danita |date=8 March 2025 |title=Women's Day {{!}} How Kamala Sohonie Opened The Door For Indian Women In Scientific Research |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/how-kamala-sohonie-opened-the-door-for-indian-women-in-scientific-research-womens-day-2025 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

Sohonie became the first woman to be admitted into the institute. She would later say, "Though Raman was a great scientist, he was very narrow-minded. I can never forget the way he treated me just because I was a woman. Even then, Raman didn't admit me as a regular student. This was a great insult to me. The bias against women was so bad at that time. What can one expect if even a Nobel Laureate behaves in such a way?"''<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/12/25/kamala-sohonie-phd-science/|title=Kamala Sohonie: First Indian Woman To Get A PhD In Science {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory|date=25 December 2017|work=Feminism in India|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814012510/https://feminisminindia.com/2017/12/25/kamala-sohonie-phd-science/|url-status=live}}</ref>'' Also after a year, many women got their admission to the institution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Megha |date=31 October 2025 |title=The student who stared Sir CV Raman down, became first Indian woman PhD |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/kamala-sohonie-iisc-first-woman-phd-biochemistry-nutrition-science-india-2811170-2025-10-31 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
[[File:CV Raman bust BITM.JPG|thumb|Bust of Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in the garden of Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]]

Raman was honored with many honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. Within India, apart from being the founder and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1934069 |title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman |date=2019 |website=Indian Academy of Sciences |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305211754/https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1934069 |url-status=live }}</ref> he was a Fellow of the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]] of Bengal (FASB),<ref name="INSA">{{cite web |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf |title=National Institute of Sciences of India: List of Foundation Fellows |date=1935 |website=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614194609/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and from 1943, a Foundation Fellow of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (FIAS).<ref>{{cite book|pages=2|title=The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1943 |year=1943}}</ref> In 1935, he was appointed a Foundation Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI, now the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="INSA"/>{{refn|Prior to 1970, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.|group= n}}{{refn|Although elected a fellow in 1935, Raman failed to complete the formal steps required to be considered an active fellow and his fellowship thereby lapsed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol02_1936_1_Art02.pdf |title=National Institute of Sciences of India: Annual Report |date=1936 |website=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074726/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol02_1936_1_Art02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Academy, however, continues to list him as a "deceased fellow."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=F00-0606 |title=Deceased Fellow: Professor CV Raman |website=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305212802/https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=F00-0606 |url-status=live }}</ref>|group= n}} He was a member of the [[Deutsche Akademie]] of Munich, the [[Swiss Physical Society]] of Zürich, the [[Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow]], the [[Royal Irish Academy]], the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]], the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]], the [[Optical Society of America]] (Honorary Member), the [[Mineralogical Society of America]], the [[Romanian Academy of Sciences]], the Catgut Acoustical Society of America and the [[Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=147–149|oclc=21675106}}</ref>

In 1924, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.<ref name="frs" /> However, he resigned from the fellowship in 1968 for unrecorded reasons, the only Indian FRS ever to do so.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Singh, Rajinder|year=2002|title=The Story of C.V. Raman's resignation from the Fellowship of the Royal Society London|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/nov102002/1157.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=83|issue=9|pages=1157–1158|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184409/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/nov102002/1157.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was the President of the 16th session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress sessions|Indian Science Congress]] in 1929. He was the founder and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences from 1933 until his death.<ref name="Venkataraman-1995" /> He was member of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] in 1961.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />

=== Awards ===

* In 1912, Raman received the Curzon Research Award, while still working in the Indian Finance Service.<ref name="Basu-2016b">{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Tejan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|title=Op. cit.|date=2016|isbn=978-81-8430-362-9|page=24|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |language=en|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101631/https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In 1913, he received the Woodburn Research Medal, while still working in the Indian Finance Service.<ref name="Basu-2016b" />
*In 1928, he received the [[Matteucci Medal]] from the [[Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze]] in Rome.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />
*In 1930, he was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]]. An approval for his inclusion in the [[1929 Birthday Honours]] was delayed, and [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], the [[Viceroy of India]], conferred him a Knight Bachelor in a special ceremony at the Viceroy's House (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) in New Delhi.<ref name="Knighthood">{{cite web |title=Page 3667 {{!}} Supplement 33501, 31 May 1929 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33501/supplement/3667 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010222222/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33501/supplement/3667 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2017|title=University of Calcutta and Knighthood for Chandra Sekhara Raman|url=http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sept-oct-17/abs/September-October%20abstract%202017-4.pdf|journal=Science and Culture|volume=83|issue=9–10|pages=293–296|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090858/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sept-oct-17/abs/September-October%20abstract%202017-4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In 1930, he won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him."<ref name="Nobel-2014" /> He was the first Asian and the first non-white to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.
*In 1930, he received the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.<ref name="Ramdas-1973" />
* In 1941, he was awarded the [[Franklin Medal]] by the [[Franklin Institute]] in Philadelphia.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />
* In 1954, he was awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]] (along with politician and former [[Governor-General of India]] [[C. Rajagopalachari]] and philosopher Sir [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2020|title=C.V. Raman (Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman)|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/C-V-Raman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321135421/https://www.britannica.com/biography/C-V-Raman|archive-date=21 March 2019|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref>
* In 1957, he was awarded the [[Lenin Peace Prize]].<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />

===Posthumous recognition and contemporary references===
[[File:Science Walk 24(1) 9.jpg|thumb|Science walk participants to commemorate [[National Science Day]] 2024 at [[University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture|Rajabazar Science College]]]]
* India celebrates National Science Day on 28 February of every year to commemorate the discovery of the Raman effect in 1928.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sci-tech/miscellaneous/2009-02-27/511267news.html|title=Science Day: Remembering Raman|date=27 February 2009|newspaper=Zee News|location=India|access-date=15 November 2011|archive-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112113541/http://zeenews.india.com/sci-tech/miscellaneous/2009-02-27/511267news.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Postal stamps featuring Raman were issued in 1971 and 2009.<ref>[[:File:CV Raman 1971 stamp of India.jpg]], [[:File:CV Raman 2009 stamp of India.jpg]]</ref>
*A road in India's capital, [[New Delhi]], is named C. V. Raman Marg.<ref>{{cite web|title=C.V.Raman Marg|url=http://wikimapia.org/street/875502/CV-Raman-Marg|work=New Delhi|publisher=Wikimapia|access-date=6 November 2013|archive-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227103829/http://wikimapia.org/street/875502/CV-Raman-Marg|url-status=live}}</ref>
* An area in eastern [[Bangalore]] is called [[CV Raman Nagar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=C.V.Raman nagar|url=https://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?gl=in&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111635580913567329015.00047fb1cd5ad7ba033c8|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref>
*The road running north of the national seminar complex in Bangalore is named C. V. Raman Road.<ref>{{cite web|title=C.V.Raman road- Bangalore|url=https://maps.google.co.in/maps?f=q&authuser=0&q=CV+Raman+Rd&aq=&vps=1&jsv=468d&sll=12.987856,77.67025&sspn=0.004129,0.006899&vpsrc=0&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=1&geocode=FRiWxgAdZqOfBA&split=0|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=6 November 2013|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101632/https://www.google.co.in/maps?f=q&authuser=0&q=CV+Raman+Rd&aq&vps=1&jsv=468d&sll=12.987856,77.67025&sspn=0.004129,0.006899&vpsrc=0&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=1&geocode=FRiWxgAdZqOfBA&split=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
*A road in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]] is named CV Raman Road.
* A building at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore is named the Raman Building.<ref>{{cite web|title=Center of Nano science and engineering|url=http://www.cense.iisc.ernet.in/people/faculty/ambarish_students.htm|publisher=Indian Institute of Sciences|access-date=6 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825022848/http://www.cense.iisc.ernet.in/people/faculty/ambarish_students.htm|archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref>
* A hospital in eastern Bangalore on 80 Ft. Rd. is named the Sir C. V. Raman Hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sir-cv-raman-hospital-starts-integrated-health-unit/article18393185.ece |title=Sir C.V. Raman Hospital starts integrated health unit |date=5 May 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 February 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022941/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sir-cv-raman-hospital-starts-integrated-health-unit/article18393185.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* There is also [[CV Raman Nagar]] in [[Trichy]], his birthplace.
*[[Raman (crater)|Raman]], a lunar crater is named after C. V. Raman.
*[[C. V. Raman Global University]] was established in 1997.
* In 1998, the [[American Chemical Society]] and [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] recognized Raman's discovery as an [[National Historic Chemical Landmarks|International Historic Chemical Landmark]] at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Jadavpur, Calcutta, India. The inscription on the commemoration plaque reads:{{blockquote|At this institute, Sir C. V. Raman discovered in 1928 that when a beam of coloured light entered a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by that liquid was of a different color. Raman showed that the nature of this scattered light was dependent on the type of sample present. Other scientists quickly understood the significance of this phenomenon as an analytical and research tool and called it the Raman Effect. This method became even more valuable with the advent of modern computers and lasers. Its current uses range from the non-destructive identification of minerals to the early detection of life-threatening diseases. For his discovery, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.<ref name="ACS-2015" />}}
* [[Dr. C.V. Raman University]] was established in Chhattisgarh in 2006.
* On 7 November 2013, a [[Google Doodle]] honoured Raman on the 125th anniversary of his birthday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google doodle to honour Dr. C.V.Raman|url=http://unclepenkle.com/2013/11/google-doodel-honourable-dr-c-v-raman-greatest-scientists-of-india-nov-7th/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034826/http://unclepenkle.com/2013/11/google-doodel-honourable-dr-c-v-raman-greatest-scientists-of-india-nov-7th|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2015|publisher=Uncle Penkle website|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C.V. Raman's 125th Birthday|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/cv-ramans-125th-birthday/|date=7 November 2013|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003321/https://www.google.com/doodles/cv-ramans-125th-birthday|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Google doodle honours Indian physicist Dr. C. V. Raman|url=http://timesfeed.com/internet/google-doodle-honours-indian-physicist-c-v-raman/|access-date=6 November 2013|newspaper=Times Feed|date=6 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109075817/http://timesfeed.com/internet/google-doodle-honours-indian-physicist-c-v-raman/|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
*[[Raman Science Centre]] in Nagpur is named after Sir C. V. Raman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rscnagpur.gov.in/InternalPage.aspx?ContentID=3 |title=About Us |website=Raman Science Center |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041927/http://www.rscnagpur.gov.in/InternalPage.aspx?ContentID=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bihar]] was established in 2018.
*[[Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa]] was established in 2018.

== In popular culture ==
*''C. V. Raman: The Scientist and His Legacy'', a biopic about Raman directed by Nandan Kudhyadi released in 1989. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walia |first1=Shelly |title=The most memorable lines from past Indian Nobel prize winners |url=https://qz.com/india/309045/the-most-memorable-lines-from-past-indian-nobel-prize-winners/ |website=[[Quartz India]] |language=en |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122624/https://qz.com/india/309045/the-most-memorable-lines-from-past-indian-nobel-prize-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievement of Dr. C.V. Raman'', a documentary film on the physicist directed by Ananya Banerjee aired on [[Doordarshan]], the Indian national public broadcaster, in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievements of Dr. C.V. Raman – Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRpLSdofkko |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/PRpLSdofkko| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=7 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch |url=https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=The Wire |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105826/https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review |url-status=live }}</ref> an Indian [[Hindi]]-language biographical [[streaming television]] series on [[SonyLIV]]. The character of [[C.V.Raman|C.V. Raman]] was played by [[T. M. Karthik|T.M. Karthik]].

==See also==

{{Div col}}
* [[Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy]]
*[[Inverse Raman effect]]
* ''[[Journal of Raman Spectroscopy]]''
*[[Raman amplification]]
* [[Raman laser]]
* [[Raman microscope]]
* [[Raman optical activity]]
*[[Resonance Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals|SHERLOC]], a UV Raman spectrometer designed for Mars exploration
* [[Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage]]
* [[Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Transmission Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[X-ray Raman scattering]]
* [[Chandrasekhar family]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/RamanCentennial|journal=Journal of the Indian Institute of Science|volume=68|issue=11–12|year=1988|title=CV Raman centennial issue}}
*{{cite journal|title=C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum|author=Banerjee, Somaditya|year=2014| journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=16|issue=2|pages=146–178|bibcode = 2014PhP....16..146B |doi = 10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8 |s2cid=121952683}}
*Holloway, Roger (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GKcCrgEACAAJ C. V. Raman: 51 Success Facts - Everything You Need to Know About C. V. Raman]''. Lightning Source. {{ISBN|978-1-4888-7585-4}}
*Koningstein, J.A. (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0JzuCAAAQBAJ Introduction to the Theory of the Raman Effect]''. Springer Science & Business Media. {{ISBN|978-94-010-2901-8}}
*Long, Derek A. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1TVe5BdK_UC The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules]''. Wiley. {{ISBN|978-0-471-49028-9}}
*Malti, Bansal (2012). C.V. Raman: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bI2XJA5FjzwC The Making of the Nobel Laureates]''. Mind Melodies. {{ISBN|978-93-5018-200-0}}
*Raman, C. V. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9qDvAAAAMAAJ Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Volume I–V]''. Indian Academy of Sciences.
*Raman, C. V. (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LOC3vbnTgHYC Why the Sky is Blue: Dr. C.V. Raman Talks about Science]''. [[Tulika Books]]. {{ISBN|978-81-8146-846-8}}
*Salwi, D. M. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bDUuPQAACAAJ C.V. Raman: The Scientist Extraordinary].'' Rupa & Company. {{ISBN|978-81-7167-785-6}}
*Singh R (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aGbTAQAACAAJ Nobel Laureate C.V. Raman's Work on Light Scattering – Historical Contribution to a Scientific Biography]''. Logos Publisher, Berlin. {{ISBN|978-3-8325-0567-7}}
*Sri Kantha S. (1988). The discovery of the Raman effect and its impact in biological sciences. ''European Spectroscopy News.'' '''80''', 20–26.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Sri Kantha | first1 = S | year = 1989 | title = Raman's prize | journal = Nature | volume = 340 | issue = 6236| page = 672 |bibcode = 1989Natur.340..672T |doi = 10.1038/340672b0 | pmid = 2770873 | s2cid = 33415561 | doi-access = free }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|C. V. Raman}}
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/summary/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930] at the [[Nobel Foundation]]
* {{Nobelprize}} and his Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1930
*[http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/1466 Archive of all scientific papers of C.V. Raman]
** [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0001rama Scientific Papers of C. V. Raman, Volume 1] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama Volume 2] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama_x8l1 Volume 3] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama_r1r0 Volume 4] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers05rama Volume 5] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0006rama Volume 6]
*[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/swaminathan-s-a-aiyar/raman-effect-fingerprinting-the-universe/articleshow/5908907.cms Raman Effect: fingerprinting the universe]
*{{YouTube|7z9NUV_YrOo|The Quantum Indians: film on Raman, Bose and Saha}} by [[Raja Choudhury]] and produced by PSBT and [[Indian Public Diplomacy]].

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1926-1950}}
{{1930 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Science|Physics|Society}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, C. V.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:Indian optical physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Indian agnostics]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Tamil physicists]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Spectroscopists]]
[[Category:Raman scattering]]
[[Category:Chandrasekhar family]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Indian quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Indian crystallographers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal]]

Tiyasha

2026-03-04T00:25:04Z

WEMBruce20: adding a page

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tiyasha
| image = Tiyashaposter3.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Animesh Roy
| producer = Ashoka Tree Entertainment Pvt Ltd, Pune
| writer = Pinak Pani Deb
| starring = Saswata Chatterjee Chandrayee Ghosh, RJ Shekhar Soham BasuRoychowdhury Jayanti Bhowmick
| music = Aninda Bose and Debanjalee Banerjee
| cinematography = Magi Natesh
| editing = Anindo Chatterjee, Nilanjan Mondal
| studio =
| distributor = Goodwin Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|09|20|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tiyasha''''' is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by Animesh Roy, starring [[Saswata Chatterjee]] and [[Chandrayee Ghosh]]. The film explores modern-day relationships.<ref name="A fresh pairing">{{cite news|title=A fresh pairing|url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=34&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIKM&mydateHid=03-05-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Kolkata&edname=&articleid=Ar03405&publabel=TOI|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901215528/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=34&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIKM&mydateHid=03-05-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Kolkata&edname=&articleid=Ar03405&publabel=TOI|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2013|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film tells a story of romance and love. It follows the journey of a man, Sudipto ([[Saswata Chatterjee]]), as he defies the odds to maintain a healthy and happy family. The story revolves around Sudipto, his wife Riya ([[Chandrayee Ghosh]]) ,and their son Tojo (Soham BasuRoychowdhury).

== Cast ==
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Sudipto
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Riya
* RJ Shekhar as Shekhar
* Soham BasuRoychowdhury as Tojo
* Jayanti Bhowmick as a friend

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
In this film, Saswata Chatterjee portrayed an unsuccessful man's character. Chandrayee Ghosh played the character of a [[radio jockey]]. Ghosh's last movie before Tiyasha was ''Necklace'', directed by [[Sekhar Das]], which was released in 2011. Ghosh told in an interview—<ref name="Saswata-Chandreyee team up for tiasha" />
{{Blockquote|When it comes to films, I’m very choosy. I don’t say yes unless the role appeals to me. I like being a part of relationship tales and that’s why I said yes to Tiasha", said Chandreyee, who is also looking forward to working with Saswata after a long time. "Saswata and I go back a long way. We’ve done many telefilms and serials together and this would be the first time we will be seen together on the big screen.}}

=== Filming ===
The shooting of the film began on 24 May 2013.<ref name="Saswata-Chandreyee team up for tiasha">{{cite news|title=Saswata-Chandreyee team up for tiasha|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130504/jsp/entertainment/story_16856637.jsp#.UiOxfH82e7A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071020/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130504/jsp/entertainment/story_16856637.jsp#.UiOxfH82e7A|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph (Calcutta)}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the movie involves collaborations from music directors Aninda Bose and Debanjalee Banerjee, Avik Chaudhuri and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Anwesha Datta Gupta]], [[Chandrayee Ghosh]], [[Rupankar Bagchi]] and Argha Dutta.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Jiboneri.....Tiyasha
| lyrics1 = Debanjalee Banerjee
| music1 = Debanjalee Banerjee
| extra1 = Rupankar Bagchi
| length1 =

| title2 = Aami Roopey Tomay
| extra2 = [[Chandrayee Ghosh]]
| lyrics2 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Kakhono Je Andhar Theke
| lyrics3 = Aninda Bose
| music3 = Aninda Bose
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Bheja Bheja Bhor
| extra4 = Anwesha Datta Gupta
| music4 = Avik Chaudhuri
| lyrics4 = Avik Chaudhuri

| title5 = Suni Re Sajariya
| extra5 = Argha Dutta
| music5 = Kaya
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 20 September 2013 in West Bengal, India.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]

Bloody Brothers

2026-03-02T20:54:00Z

WEMBruce20: Put Up A Post

{{Short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bloody Brothers.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{Plain list|
* [[Crime]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
* [[Comedy]]
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Guilt (British TV series)|Guilt]]''|[[Neil Forsyth]]}}
| country = India
| starring = {{Plain list|
*[[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
*[[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]
*[[Tina Desai]]
}}
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| composer =
| released = {{Start date|2022|03|18|df=y}}
| company = [[Applause Entertainment]] [[BBC Studios]]
| producer =
| director = [[Shaad Ali]]
| writer = {{Plain list|
*Sidharth Hirwe
*Anuj Rajoria
*Riya Poojary
*Navneet Singh Raju
}}
| editor = Abhijit Deshpande
| cinematography = [[Vikash Nowlakha]]
| list_episodes =
}}

'''''Bloody Brothers'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeeshan Ayyub talks about his character in 'Bloody Brothers'; Says, 'I have never played such an innocent character before' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/zeeshan-ayyub-talks-about-his-character-in-bloody-brothers-says-i-have-never-played-such-an-innocent-character-before/articleshow/90058315.cms |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[dark comedy]] web-series written by Siddharth Hirwe, Anuj Rajoria, Riya Poojary, Navnit Singh Raju and directed by [[Shaad Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=OTT is bringing back trend of two-hero stories: Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/zeeshan-ayyub-bloody-brothers-ott-two-hero-stories-7804003/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is a remake of the Scottish television series, [[Guilt (British TV series)|Guilt]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Jaideep Ahlawat and Zeeshan Ayyub are Bloody Brothers in Zee5 series. Watch teaser|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/jaideep-ahlawat-and-zeeshan-ayyub-are-bloody-brothers-in-zee5-series-watch-teaser-1914239-2022-02-17|access-date=17 February 2022|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> This web-series is produced by [[Applause Entertainment|Applause Entertainment Pvt. Ltd]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=6 March 2022 |title=Applause Entertainment to stream new show on ZEE5 |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/applause-entertainment-to-stream-new-show-on-zee5-11646547782698.html |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> starring [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]], [[Tina Desai]], [[Shruti Seth]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Maya Alagh]], and [[Satish Kaushik]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Bloody Brothers Teaser OUT: Jaideep Ahlawat, Zeeshan Ayyub starrer series is a gripping mystery-thriller|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/bloody-brothers-teaser-out-jaideep-ahlawat-zeeshan-ayyub-starrer-series-gripping-mystery-thriller-1025881|access-date=17 February 2022|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref> Bloody Brothers is released on [[ZEE5]] on 18 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaideep Ahlawat and Zeeshan Ayyub to headline 'Bloody Brothers' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jaideep-ahlawat-and-zeeshan-ayyub-to-headline-bloody-brothers/articleshow/89641508.cms|access-date=17 February 2022|website=The Times of India|date=17 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Watch: 'Bloody Brothers' web series stars Jaideep Ahlawat and Zeeshan Ayyub |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1018786/watch-bloody-brothers-web-series-stars-jaideep-ahlawat-and-zeeshan-ayyub |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=5 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=9 March 2022 |title='Bloody Brothers,' Indian Adaptation of BBC's 'Guilt,' Set for ZEE5 Debut |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/bbc-guilt-bloody-brothers-zee5-1235199724/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Two brothers, Jaggi and Daljeet, accidentally kill an old man on a darkened residential street. They manage to conceal their crime, but, when the people around them start to suspect, the brothers’ lives start falling apart. They soon find that they cannot trust anyone. Not even each other.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Bloody Brothers: Makers Share First Glimpse of Jaideep Ahlawat and Zeeshan Ayyub From ZEE5's Next Series (Watch Video) {{!}} 📺 |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/bloody-brothers-makers-share-first-glimpse-of-jaideep-ahlawat-and-zeeshan-ayyub-from-zee5s-next-watch-video-3375025.html|access-date=17 February 2022|website=LatestLY|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Bloody Brothers Trailer: Jaideep Ahlawat & Zeeshan Ayyub Nail The Indian Adaptation Of British Mystery Thriller 'Guilt'|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/bloody-brothers-trailer-jaideep-ahlawat-zeeshan-ayyub-nail-the-indian-adaptation-of-british-mystery-thriller-guilt/|access-date=17 February 2022|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as Jagjit "Jaggi" Grover <ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch 'Bloody Brothers' Teaser: Jaideep Ahlawat, Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub in Indian adaptation of British mystery thriller 'Guilt'|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/watch-bloody-brothers-trailer-jaideep-ahlawat-mohammed-zeeshan-ayyub-in-indian-adaptation-of-british-mystery-thriller-guilt|access-date=17 February 2022|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2022 |title=Bloody Brothers trailer: Jaideep Ahlawat, Zeeshan Ayyub promise an engaging crime thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bloody-brothers-trailer-jaideep-ahlawat-zeeshan-ayyub-promise-an-engaging-crime-thriller-7799397/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Daljit Grover<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Bloody Brothers Teaser Zee5: जयदीप अहलावत और जीशान अयूब बने ब्‍लडी ब्रदर्स, एक एक्‍सीडेंट से बदलेगी ज‍िंदगी|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/video/bloody-brothers-teaser-out-for-zee5-series-jaideep-ahlawat-and-zeeshan-ayyub-impress-in-first-glance/388704|access-date=17 February 2022|website=www.timesnowhindi.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2022 |title=Bloody Brothers: Watch trailer of Jaideep Ahlawat-Zeeshan Ayyub starrer ZEE5 Original series |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/bloody-brothers-watch-trailer-of-jaideep-ahlawat-zeeshan-ayyub-starrer-zee5-original-series-2441783.html |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tina Desai]] as Sophie<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=3 March 2022 |title=Bloody Brothers: Trailer of Jaideep Ahlawat, Zeeshan Ayyub's web series OUT now |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/bloody-brothers-trailer-of-jaideep-ahlawat-zeeshan-ayyub-s-web-series-out-now-2022-03-03-762578 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shruti Seth]] as Priya Grover
* [[Mugdha Godse]] as Tanya
* [[Yuri Suri]] as Mr Yuri
* [[Jitendra Joshi]] as Dushyant
* [[Maya Alagh]] as Shiela Aunty
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Handa
* [[Asrani]] as Samuel Alvarez

== Reception ==
Saibal Chatterjee from [[NDTV|Ndtv]] gave three star out five stars and said the film was "a thriller that shuns the usual trappings of the genre. No blowouts, no gunfights, no chases, no heavy-handed confrontations - it thrives on sustained restraint."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloody Brothers Review: Unfailingly Watchable Because Of Jaideep Ahlawat And Mod Zeeshan Ayyub |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bloody-brothers-review-unfailingly-watchable-because-of-jaideep-ahlawat-and-mod-zeeshan-ayyub-3-stars-2829668 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Archika Khurana from [[Times of india|Times of India]] said "Jaideep Ahlawat & Zeeshan Ayyub's nuanced chemistry powers this dark comedy."<ref>{{Citation |title=Bloody Brothers Season 1 Review: Jaideep Ahlawat & Zeeshan Ayyub's nuanced chemistry powers this dark comedy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/bloody-brothers/season-1/seasonreview/90183523.cms |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> Shefali Deshpande of [[The Quint|Quint]] said "This Dark Comedy Is the Perfect Weekend Binge".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Shefali |date=18 March 2022 |title='Bloody Brothers' Review: This Dark Comedy Is the Perfect Weekend Binge |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/bloody-brothers-review-dark-comedy-jaideep-ahlawat-mohammed-zeeshan-ayyub |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Nikita Thakkar from Bollywoodlife gave three out of five stars and wrote "Jaideep Ahlawat and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub shine in this complicated thriller."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Bloody Brothers Review: Jaideep Ahlawat and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub shine in this complicated thriller on Zee5 |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/reviews/bloody-brothers-review-jaideep-ahlawat-and-mohammed-zeeshan-ayyub-shine-in-this-complicated-thriller-on-zee5-2029869/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref> Iraa Paul from [[DNA News|DNA]] gave three stars out of five stars stating Mohd Zeeshan Ayyub, Jaideep Ahlawat starrer is intriguing but slow-paced."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bloody Brothers' review: Mohd Zeeshan Ayyub, Jaideep Ahlawat starrer is intriguing but slow-paced |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bloody-brothers-review-mohd-zeeshan-ayyub-jaideep-ahlawat-starrer-is-intriguing-but-slow-paced-2940707 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath from [[Scroll.in|Scroll]] wrote "Jaideep Ahlawat and Zeeshan Ayyub sparkle in black comedy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Bloody Brothers' review: Jaideep Ahlawat and Zeeshan Ayyub sparkle in black comedy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1019411/bloody-brothers-review-jaideep-ahlawat-and-zeeshan-ayyub-sparkle-in-black-comedy |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=18 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No. Overall
!No. in Season
!Title
!Directed by
!Written by
!Release date
|-
|1
|1
|Jaggi
|Shaad Ali
|
|18 March 2022
|-
| colspan="6" |Jaggi and Daljeet hit an old man with their car while returning home from a wedding. Daljeet meets Samuel's niece Sophie, and they are drawn to each other. Sophie becomes suspicious about her uncle's death.
|-
|2
|2
|Daljeet
|Shaad Ali
|
|18 March 2022
|-
| colspan="6" |Jaggi gets Dushyant, a private detective, to handle the case. Dushyant confides in Sophie about his suspicions, and Jaggi and Daljeet get worried. Sheila, Samuel's neighbour, reveals a shocking truth to Jaggi.
|-
|3
|3
|Priya
|Shaad Ali
|
|18 March 2022
|-
| colspan="6" |Sheila demands a huge sum of money from Jaggi to hide his secret. Jaggi receives a package from Sheila. Priya meets Tanya as she is irritated with Jaggi. Sophie confronts Sheila about her lies.
|-
|4
|4
|Sophie
|Shaad Ali
|
|18 March 2022
|-
| colspan="6" |Daljeet confronts Sophie about the picture. Jaggi tries to explain to Daljeet not to get involved in legal matters. Daljeet and Sophie find a letter in one of the books addressed to Sophie.
|-
|5
|5
|Shiela
|Shaad Ali
|
|18 March 2022
|-
| colspan="6" |Sophie questions Sheila about the missing money from Samuel's account. Jaggi, Daljeet, and Dushyant team up to counter Handa and strike a deal with the government official who helps Handa with black money.
|-
|6
|6
|Handa
|Shaad Ali
|
|18 March 2022
|-
| colspan="6" |Sheila tells Sophie the truth about Jaggi and Daljeet. Handa burns Daljeet's bookstore and overtakes Jaggi's legal firm. Sophie reveals the truth to Daljeet about her identity. Jaggi strikes a deal with Sheila.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt18266546}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Crime thriller web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]

Gulakamale inscriptions and hero stones

2026-02-27T20:52:09Z

WEMBruce20: Put Up New Data

{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=December 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|12.802083|N|77.530444|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Wide_Angle_view_of_Gulakamale_Kannada_and_tamil_inscription_07.jpg|thumb|272x272px|Gulakamale Kannada and Tamil Inscriptions]]
[[Gulakamale]] is located in Bangalore South taluk of [[Bangalore]] district in [[Karnataka|Karnataka, India]]. Two inscriptions are found in Gulakamale of which one is a donation inscription, and the other, a Mahasati [[Hero stone|herostone]], a typology of [[Hero stone|herostones]] dedicated to women who self-sacrificed in [[Sati (practice)|sati]]. Additionally, two other hero stones are also found at the same place. Gulakamale is also famous for its lake, a birding hotspot on the city's outskirts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarumathi |first=K. |date=2017-09-17 |title=With most Bengaluru lakes polluted, birders head to the outskirts for better sighting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/with-most-bengaluru-lakes-polluted-birders-head-to-the-outskirts-for-better-sighting/article19705519.ece |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2017 |title=Urban Jungle: Weaving magic |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/urban-jungle-weaving-magic/articleshow/59147970.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

The Mahasati hero-stone [[Epigraphy|inscription]] and the donation inscription mention a Gulakamari-Gulakama which today is known as [[Gulakamale]].

== Gulakamale 14th-century Singappan & Nattavar Donation Inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = The Gulakamale 14th-century Singappan & Nattavar Donation Tamil Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Gulakamale 14th-century Singappan & Nattavar Donation Tamil Inscription 01.png
| image_size = 150
| image_caption = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Gulakamale 14th-century Singappan & Nattavar Donation Tamil Inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|118|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|73|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Grantha
| created = 14th Century
| discovered_date = 2022
| discovered_by = The Mythic Society-Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project
| location = {{coord|12.802083|77.530444}}
| language = Tamil
}}
It is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language inscription is written in [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and [[Tamil script|Tamil]] scripts dated to the 14th century CE.The inscription records that a Singappan and Nattavar of Ponmani, granted grains or food offerings (Amudhu-padi) to a [[Vishnu]] temple. The term "''Kuzhiku Ma''" used in the inscription is ambiguous and could mean a land measurement unit or a Tamilized- version for Gulakama. The inscription was discovered on 7 July 2020 by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3-D digital conservation team.<ref name = "The Mythic Society">{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions |title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) Vol 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions|date=April 2022 }}</ref>

=== Physical characteristics ===
The inscription is carved on locally available granite stone. The inscription measures 118 cm in height and 73 cm in width. The characters are 3.7 cm tall, 7 cm wide, and 0.4 cm deep. Below the inscription, a [[Sudarshana Chakra]], a symbol associated with [[Vishnu]], is engraved signifying a donation made to a [[Vishnu]] temple.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== Transliteration of the Inscription ===
The transliteration of the inscription in modern Tamil, Kannada and [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
!sl no.
!Tamil Transliteration
!Kannada Transliteration
!ISAT
|-
|1.
|ஸ்வஸ்தி ஸ்ரீ சிங்கப்பநும்
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಸಿಂಗಪ್ಪನುಮ್
|Svasti srī siṅgappanum
|-
|2.
|பொன் மணிய் தள(த்)தில்
|ಪೊನ್ ಮನಿ ತಲ(ತ)ತಿಳ್
|Peṉ maṇiy taḷa(t)til
|-
|3.
|நாட்டவரும் சகல மாநி
|ನಾಟವರುಮ್ ಸಗಲ ಮಾನಿ
|Nāṭṭavarum sakala māni
|-
|4.
|யமாக ஆமுது படிகு விட்டத
|ಯಮಾಗ ಆಮುದು ಪಡಿಕು ವಿಟ್ಟದೆ
|Yamāga āmudu padiki viṭṭa da
|-
|5.
|ன்மம் குழிகு மா
|ನ್ಮಮ ಕುಳಿಕು ಮಾ
|Ṉmam kuḻiku mā
|}

== Gulakamale 14th century Kempanna hero stone inscription ==
It is a [[Kannada]] inscription paleographically dated to the 14th century CE. The ambiguity of the text imposes a restriction on its reading, however it seems to say that a Kempanna died during a fight in Gulakamari ([[Gulakamale]]) and the memorial stone was installed by his brother Kariyappa. There are other people Kanneyanayaka and Santa mentioned in the inscription whose roles are unclear. The memorial stone is a Viramasti memorial stone as the figure of a lady is also carved on the stone probably to indicating her to be Kempanna's wife.The Gulakamale 14th century Kempanna Mahasati herostone inscription was discovered on 7 July 2020 by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3 D digital conservation team. Subsequently, based on the 3D digital models same team has published the text of this inscription.<ref name="The Mythic Society" />

{{Infobox artifact
| name = The Gulakamale 14th-century Kempanna Hero-stone with Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Gulakamale 14th-century Kempanna Hero-stone (Kannada) 04.png
| image_size = 150
| image_caption = The Gulakamale 14th-century Kempanna Hero-stone with Inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|109|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|118|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada
| created = 14th Century
| discovered_date = 2022
| discovered_by = The Mythic Society-Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project
| location = {{coord|12.802083|77.530444}}
| language = Kannada
}}

=== Physical characteristics ===
The inscription measures 109 cm tall and 118 cm wide cm in width. The characters are 3.7 cm tall, 3.3 cm wide and 0.3 cm deep.

=== Transliteration of the Inscription ===
The transliteration is published in the Quaternary Journal of the mythic society.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
!SL NO.
!Kannada Transliteration
!ISAT
|-
|1.
|ವಿಭವ ಸಂವತ್ಸರದ ಪುಷ್ಯ ಬ ೧ ಲು ಗುಳುಕುಂ
|vibhava saṃvatsarada puṣya ba 1 lu gul̤ukuṃ
|-
|2.
|ಮರಿಯಲಿ . . ಸ . . . . ಸಂಥನ ಮಗ
|mariyali . . sa . . . . saṃthana maga
|-
|3.
|ಕೆಂಪಂಣನು ಕಿತಿನೆಲಗೆ ಕಂನೆಯನಾಯಕನ
|kĕṃpaṃṇanu kitinĕlagĕ kaṃnĕyanāyakana
|-
|4.
|ವರು ಡಿಣ್ಯ . ಮ . . ಯ ಮಾಲತಿ ವಂ
|varu ḍiṇya . ma . . ya mālati vaṃ
|-
|5.
|ಸಲ . ದವರು ಬಂದು ಕಂನೆಯನಾಯ್ಕರ ವಗಲಾಗಿ
|sala . davaru baṃdu kaṃnĕyanāykara vagalāgi
|-
|6.
|ಕಂನೆಯನಾಯ್ಕರ ಕುದುರೆಗೆ ಮುರಾಂದೆ ಕೆಂಪಂಣ
|kaṃnĕyanāykara kudurĕgĕ murāṃdĕ kĕṃpaṃṇa
|-
|7.
|ನು ಬಿದ್ದನು . ಬಿಳಲಾಗಿ ಅವರ ಅಂಣ ಕರಿಯಪ್ಪ
|nu biddanu . bil̤alāgi avara aṃṇa kariyappa
|-
|8.
|ಮಾಡಿಸಿದ ವಿರಗಲು
|māḍisida viragalu
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="150" mode="nolines">
File:Close view of The Gulakamale 14th-century Singappan & Nattavar Donation Tamil Inscription 06.jpg|Close view of The Gulakamale 14th-century Singappan & Nattavar Donation Tamil Inscription
File:Local pepole curiesly watching the Gulakamale 14th-century Kempanna Hero-stone (Kannada) 05.jpg|Close View of the Gulakamale 14th-century Kempanna Hero-stone
File:Digital Images of the Gulakamale Skirmish Herostone.png|Digital Images of the Gulakamale Skirmish Herostone dating to 14-5th Century
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[History of Bangalore]]
* [[Indian inscriptions]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

K. I. Varaprasad Reddy

2026-02-27T15:02:55Z

WEMBruce20: creating initial details v1

{{Short description|Indian businessperson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K I Varaprasad Reddy
| image = DR K VARAPRASAD REDDY.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|11|17}}
| birth_place = Papireddy Palem, [[Nellore district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Chairman of [[Shantha Biotechnics|Shanta Biotechnics]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Founder of vaccine manufacturing company [[Shantha Biotechnics]]
| notable_works =
| mother = Shantamma
| father = Venkata Ramana Reddy
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Koduru Ishwara Varaprasad Reddy '''(born 17 November 1948) is an Indian [[entrepreneur]] and founder of vaccine manufacturing company [[Shantha Biotechnics]], which developed the first [[recombinant vaccine]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://1nellore.com/931/dr-koduru-varaprasad-reddy-shantha-biotechnics-ltd/|title=Padma Bhushan Dr. Koduru Varaprasad Reddy, Shantha Biotechnics Ltd|date=2011-12-03|work=1nellore.com|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en-US}}</ref> The Govt of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan award in 2005 for his contribution in the fields of science and engineering.<ref name=nellore>{{cite web|url=http://1nellore.com/931/dr-koduru-varaprasad-reddy-shantha-biotechnics-ltd/|title= Padma Bhushan Dr. Koduru Varaprasad Reddy, Shantha Biotechnics Ltd}}</ref> He received an honorary doctorate from Sri Venkateshwara University, Gitam University, and Vignan University for his pioneering efforts.<ref name =bus_std_1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-varaprasad-reddy-110011200024_1.html|title=Lunch with BS: Varaprasad Reddy|first=Business|last=Standard|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
K.I Varaprasad Reddy was born in an agriculture family from Papireddy Palem village in [[Nellore district]]. He was the only child of his parents Venkata Ramana Reddy and Shanthamma.<ref name=bus_std>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/leaving-its-troubles-behind-shantha-makes-a-fresh-start-115031601112_1.html | title=Leaving its troubles behind, Shantha makes a fresh start}}</ref>

He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Sri Venkateshwara University in 1967, and studied Engineering (Electronics & Communication) at Andhra University, finishing in 1970. He pursued a Diploma in Computer Sciences from Biblingen University, West Germany in 1971. He earned his master's degree in Business Administration from Osmania University.<ref name="bookadda">{{cite web |url=https://www.bookadda.com/books/people-nellore-k-varaprasad-reddy-books-group-1158262256-9781158262250 |title=People from Nellore: K. I. Varaprasad Reddy, Mahe Jabeen, G. V. Prasad, Pattabhirami Reddy Tikkavarapu, Duvvoori Ramireddy}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== Career ==
An electronics engineer by profession, Varaprasad worked as a defense scientist for 7 years.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19981019-scientists-show-how-wildest-of-ideas-can-become-moneyspinners-827222-1998-10-18|title= Day of the dreamer|date= 19 October 1998}}</ref> He then worked at Andhra Pradesh Industrial Development Corporation. He became an entrepreneur, joining Hyderabad Batteries Ltd in 1985. This company developed and produced batteries for high technology batteries for defence applications.<ref name="bookadda" />

=== Shantha Biotechnics Limited ===
In 1990, he attended a [[WHO]] conference and heard others claim that India was not capable of developing a vaccine for [[Hepatitis B]]. The disease kills around 350,000 people every year in the country.<ref name="bus_std_1" /> He started Shantha Biotechnics Ltd in response in 1993, with a mission to produce cost-effective vaccines that would be available for the common man, while still maintaining international quality standards.<ref name="kkmachi">{{cite web |url= http://www.kothikommachi.com/varaprasad.php |title= Dr.Varaprasad Reddy |access-date= 18 June 2017 |archive-date= 28 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170228191911/http://www.kothikommachi.com/varaprasad.php |url-status= dead }}</ref>

[[Shantha Biotechnics]] Ltd developed India's first indigenously developed recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. The Shanvac-B vaccine was launched in 1997.<ref name="bus_std" />

==Other activities==
He supported yoga, training many yoga teachers. He launched a magazine, ''Haasam'', and it ran for 5 years. The main aim was to propagate the spirit of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] art, literature, humour, and music. Haasam Publications published many books on music, humour, and spirituality. Successful projects include ''Autobiography of Bharta Ratna M S Subbulakshmi'' and ''Mullapudi Venkataramana's Kothi Kommachi''.

== Recognition ==

* Life Time Achievement Award (2018) - HMTV Business Excellence Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2018-02-13 |title=This award makes me happy: Varaprasad Reddy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Business/2018-02-13/This-award-makes-me-happyVaraprasad-Reddy/358714 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, K. I. Varaprasad}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Edwin Bryant (Indologist)

2026-02-17T05:07:08Z

WEMBruce20: Put Up New Details

{{Short description|American Indologist (born 1957)}}
{{Infobox scholar
| name = Edwin Francis Bryant
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1957|08|31}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Professor of religions of India
| workplaces = [[Rutgers University]]
| discipline = Religious Studies
| main_interests = [[Yoga]], [[Hindu philosophy]]
|alma_mater=[[Columbia University]]}}

'''Edwin Francis Bryant''' is an Anglo-Italian [[Indologist]]. {{As of|2024}}, he is professor of religions of India at [[Rutgers University]]. He has published seven books and authored a number of articles on Vedic history, ''yoga'', and the [[Krishna]] tradition. In his research engagements, he lived several years in India where he studied Sanskrit and was trained with several Indian pundits.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edwinbryant.org/ |title=Inside the Yoga Tradition |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |date=2007 |website=Inside the Yoga Tradition |access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref>

==Academic career==
Edwin Bryant received his Ph.D. in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]] and Cultures from [[Columbia University]] in 1997 with a dissertation on the "[[Indigenous Aryans]] Debate". He taught [[Hinduism]] at [[Harvard University]] for three years, and is presently professor of Religions of India at [[Rutgers University]] where he teaches courses on Hindu philosophy and religion.<ref name="rutgcv" /> He has received numerous fellowships.<ref name="rutgcv">{{cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/edwinbryant_cv.pdf|title=CURRICULUM VITAE|publisher=Rutgers University|page=1|date=22 April 2010|access-date=22 April 2010|archive-date=6 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606154913/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/edwinbryant_cv.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In addition to his academic courses, Bryant currently teaches workshops at yoga studios and teacher training courses throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/workshopsched.html|title=Edwin Bryant, Ph.D. -- Workshop Schedule|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=May 2016|website=About Edwin |publisher=[[Rutgers University]]|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> His lectures and workshop engagements include: The [[Bhagavad Gita]], The [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]], Indian Philosophy and [[Bhakti]], and the Krishna Tradition. His Indian Philosophy workshop includes "the foundational philosophical texts of yoga and examine the underpinnings and essential principles of the classical schools of Hindu philosophy... beginning with their foundations in the [[Upanishads]], the earliest mystico-philosophical tradition of India, and evolving into the Yoga Sutras, Vedanta Sutras, Bhagavad Gita, and other post-Vedic texts."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/workshops/hinduphil.html|title=Introduction to Hindu Philosophy|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=2016|website=Workshops|publisher=rci.rutgers.edu|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref>

==Works==
Bryant has published seven books and authored a number of articles on [[Vedic]] history, [[yoga]], and [[Krishna]]-[[bhakti]] tradition. He is an expert on [[Krishnaism|Krishna tradition]]<ref name="yj130">{{cite journal|date=May 2006|title=The Ahimsa Debate|journal=Yoga Journal|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA130}}</ref> and has translated the story of [[Krishna]] from the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name="yj68">{{cite journal|date=November 2001|title=Edwin Bryant|journal=Yoga Journal|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68}}</ref>
*Edwin F. Bryant, ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate''. — Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. — xi, 387 p. — {{ISBN|0-19-513777-9}}, {{ISBN|0-19-516947-6}} (pbk.)
*Edwin F. Bryant, ''Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God; Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X; with chapters 1, 6 and 29-31 from Book XI'', Translated with an introduction and notes by Edwin F. Bryant. — London: Penguin Books, 2003. — xxxi, 515 p. — {{ISBN|0-14-044799-7}}
*Edwin F. Bryant and Maria L. Ekstrand, ''The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant''. New York; Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2004. — xix, 448 p. — {{ISBN|0-231-12256-X}}
*Edwin F. Bryant and Laurie L. Patton, ''Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History''. London: Routledge, 2005. — 522 p. — {{ISBN|0-7007-1462-6}} (cased), {{ISBN|0-7007-1463-4}} (pbk.)
*Edwin F. Bryant, ''Krishna: a Sourcebook''. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. — xiv, 575 p. — {{ISBN|0-19-514891-6}} (hbk.) {{ISBN|0-19-514892-4}} (pbk.)
*Edwin F. Bryant, ''The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition'', Translation, and Commentary with Insights from the Traditional Commentators; illustrated. New York: North Point Press, 2009. — xvii, 598 p. — {{ISBN|0-86547-736-1}}
*Edwin F. Bryant, ''Bhakti yoga: Tales and teachings from the Bhāgavata Purāṇa'', New York, North Point Press. 2017. 688 p. — {{ISBN|0-86547-775-2}}

===''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture''===
Bryant is the author of ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 2001).<ref name="bryant10">{{cite book|last=Edwin Francis Bryant|title=Krishna: a sourcebook|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2007|pages=x|isbn=978-0-19-514892-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PR10}}</ref>

[[J. P. Mallory]] says the book:
{{quote|... systematically exposes the logical weaknesses of most of the arguments that support the consensus of either side. This is not only an important work in the field of Indo-Aryan studies but a long overdue challenge for scholarly fair play.<ref>[http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195169478.do Oxford University Press, ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate'']</ref>}}

[[Michael Witzel]] writes:
{{quote|A balanced description and evaluation of the two century old debate dealing with the origins of the Indo-Aryan speaking peoples of South Asia. [Bryant] presents both sides of the issue, that is the traditional western, linguistic and philological consensus of immigration from Central Asia, and the more recent Indian position that denies any immigration and that asserts an indigenous South Asian origin. He probes for loopholes on both sides....}}

===''Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History''===

This book, edited by Edwin Bryant and Laurie Patton,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History|last1=Bryant|first1=Edwin|last2=Patton|first2=Laurie|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0700714636|location=Ney York}}</ref> contains a series of articles by proponents of the "[[Indigenous Aryans]]" position and scholars of the [[Indo-Aryan migration theory]], with some alternative interpretations. According to Edwin Bryant, most of the evidence regarding the origin of Indo-Aryans is inconclusive and he is not convinced of the Indo-Aryan migrations theory, but he is also not convinced of an "Out-of-India position", since the support for it is not significant. He notes that the discovery of Indo-Aryan language family was foundational to the investigation of the origins of the Western civilization, and the relationship between the Indo-Aryan family and the remaining [[Indo-European languages]] must be established. However, he states: "... I find most of the evidence that has been marshalled to support the theory of Indo-Aryan migrations into the subcontinent to be inconclusive upon careful scrutiny, but on the other, I have not been convinced by an Out-of-India position, since there has been very little of significance offered so far in support of it."

In a review, Sanskrit linguist [[Stephanie W. Jamison]] likened the effort of the volume to calls to "teach the controversy" by the proponents of [[Intelligent Design]]. She states that the Indo-Aryan controversy is a "manufactured one" with a non-scholarly, religio-nationalistic attack on scholarly consensus and the editors (Bryant and Patton) have unwittingly provided it a gloss of intellectual legitimacy. The editors are not linguists, she contends, and they have accepted patently weak or false linguistic arguments. So their apparently even-handed assessment lacks merit and cannot be regarded as objective scholarship.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jamison |first=Stephanie W. |title=The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=34 |year=2006 |pages=255–261}}</ref> Historian Sudeshna Guha concurs, saying that Bryant does not probe into the epistemology of evidence and hence perceives the opposing viewpoints unproblematic. On the contrary, she holds that the timing and renewed vigour of the indigenist arguments during the 1990s demonstrates unscholarly opportunism. Fosse and Deshpande's contributions to the volume provide a critical analysis of the historiography and the nationalist and colonial agendas behind it. She also holds Bryant's desire to present what he calls the views of "Indian scholars" for "reconstructing the religious and cultural history of their own country" as misleading because it patently ignores the views of historians of India who have done so since the beginning of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guha |first=Sudheshna |title=The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=17 |pages=340–343 |number=3 |year=2007 |jstor=25188742|doi=10.1017/S135618630700733X |s2cid=163092658 }}</ref>

===Translation of the ''Yoga Sutras and interpretation''===
In 2007 Bryant completed a translation of the ''[[Yoga Sutra]]s'' and their traditional commentaries.<ref name="bryant10"/> The translation was published in 2009 by [[North Point Press]] as ''The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali (with Insights from the Traditional Commentators).'' In his article ''History Repeats Itself'' (Yoga Journal, Nov 2001), the author adds that "Our modern world, more than any other epoch in human history, has universalized and idolized consumerism - the indulgence of the senses of the mind - as the highest goal of life." In yoga, that creates unwanted influences, where "Our [[vritti]]s, the turbulences of the mind born from desire, are out of control."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=Nov 2001|title=History Repeats Itself|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68|journal=Yoga Journal|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Control and elimination of ''vrittis'' comprise significant portion of yoga practices and observances (''yama'' and ''niyama'') that culminates with [[Nirodha-Samapatti|nirodha]], an arrested state of mind capable of one-pointedness. Otherwise, if unwanted ''vrittis'' are allowed to predominate, "We risk missing the whole point of the practice".

In the interview ''Inside the Yoga Tradition'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edwinbryant.org/|title=Inside the Yoga Tradition|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=2007|website=Integral Yoga Magazine|publisher=Integral Yoga Magazine|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Bryant describes some tenets of his interpretation of the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]], "I stress in my commentary that [[Patanjali]] is emphatic about the ''yamas'' and ''niyamas'' (vows and observances). We can't say that what he is teaching is applicable only to the time period in which he codified the Sutras or that they are only for Hindus living in India. Patanjali asserts that ''yamas'' and ''niyamas'' are great universal vows. He didn't have to further qualify them - universal means no exception whatsoever."

Discussing theistic overtones in ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'' and the practice of ''[[Ishvarapranidhana|ishvara-pranidhana]]'' (commitment or surrender to God), David Gordon White points out in his ''The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali - A Biography'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali|last=White|first=David Gordon|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978--0-691-14377-4|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=179–80}}</ref> "Edwin Bryant, who, in his recent splendid commentary on the Yoga Sutra, notes that [[Vijnanabhiksu]] considered ''ishvara-pranidhana'' to refer to the practice of devotion to Krishna, the Lord of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavat Gita]]''. Bryant clearly aligns himself with this interpretation of the term, reading ''ishvara-pranidhana'' as submission to a personal god and asserting that most yogis over the past two millennia have been associated with devotional sects." Similar view is expressed by a commentator of ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (1999)'', [[Baba Hari Dass]], "''Ishvara pranidhana'' (surrender to God) is a method of the devotional path ([[Bhakti Yoga]])".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|last=Dass|first=Baba Hari|publisher=Sri Rama Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0-918100-20-8|volume=A Study Guide for Book I - Samadhi Pada|location=Santa Cruz, CA|pages=61}}</ref><ref>Note: "The devotional path is considered dualistic in that there is a devotee and that to which the yogi is devoted (Ishvara). When the yogi merges completely in the object of devotion, duality is transcended and the non-dual state is achieved." (Baba Hari Dass, 1999, p. 61)</ref>

==See also==
*[[J. P. Mallory]]
*[[Jim G. Shaffer]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Kent |first=Eliza |year=2004 |title=Book Review: "The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate" |journal=Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies |volume=17 |doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1326|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Glucklich |first=Ariel |title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=10 |pages=333–334 |number=3 |year=2006 |jstor=20106980}}
* {{Cite news | last1=USA Today Magazine | title=Hare Krishna comes of age: the movement has matured into a mainstream religion after years of tumult and scandal--but escaping the past never is easy | newspaper=[[USA Today (magazine)|USA Today]] | date=July 1, 2005 | url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4497113/Hare-Krishna-comes-of-age.html}}
* {{Cite news | last1=PTI | title=US university to offer six courses on Hinduism | newspaper=[[The Press Trust of India]] | date=April 2, 2007 | url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30211400_ITM}}
* {{Cite news|last1=Rausch |first1=Taylor |title=Yoga: Where old meets new |newspaper=columbiamissourian.com |date=September 14, 2007 |url=http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2007/09/14/where-old-meets-new/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119191224/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2007/09/14/where-old-meets-new/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 }}
* {{Cite news | last1=Mohammedy | first1=Farseem M. | title=Retracing the old proto-historic migrations | newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] | date=January 19, 2008 | url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=19780}}

==External links==
* [https://religion.rutgers.edu/people/core-faculty/people/303-graduate/885-bryant-edwin Edwin Bryant at Rutgers University]
* [http://www.edwinbryant.org/ Edwin Bryant website]
*The Yoga Sutras of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp1X-ar76nA Patanjali - video lecture]

{{Yoga scholars}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bryant, Edwin}}
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American Indologists]]
[[Category:Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University staff]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Hindu studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanism]]
[[Category:Yoga scholars]]

Tamil Nadu Express

2026-02-07T13:54:56Z

WEMBruce20:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF0080
| name = Tamil Nadu Superfast Express
| image = Tn express.jpg
| logo = Tamil Nadu Express TB.png
| image_width = 350
| caption = Tamil Nadu Superfast Express Entering [[Itarsi Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1976|08|07}}
| operator = [[Southern Railway Zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Chennai Central||MGR Chennai Central}} (MAS)
| stops = 10
| end = {{rws|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|2182|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32 hours (Approx.)
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]] {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12621 / 12622
| speed = {{convert|70|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Grand Trunk Express and Tamil Nadu Express (NDLS-MAS) Route map.jpg|250px]] Tamil Nadu Express route map
| map_state =
}}

The 12621 / 12622 '''Tamil Nadu Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting M.G. R Chennai Central - New Delhi . It is the fastest Non - AC train between New Delhi and [[Chennai]] covering the distance in 32 hours.

It only stops at [[Agra]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jhansi]], [[Bhopal]], [[Itarsi]], [[Nagpur]], [[Balharshah]], [[Warangal]], [[Khammam]] (since 09.10.2023) and [[Vijayawada]].

It has the non-stop continuous run between [[Vijayawada]] and [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] of {{Convert|431|km}}.

earlier it was being hauled by [[WAP-4]]. Now It is hauled by a [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] from [[Royapuram]] shed end to end, since the whole route is [[Railway electrification|electrified]].

[[File:Tamil Nadu Express 1.jpg|thumb|Tamil Nadu Express sleeper coach]]

==Accidents==
Tamil Nadu Express has traditionally been accident-prone, with many accidents occurring due to its speed. The top speed of the train was reduced after series of derailments and after major derailment of 14 coaches on 31 August 1981 at Asifabad Road Station in [[Telangana]], in which 15 persons were killed and 39 injured.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3704654.ece|title=Is Tamil Nadu Express jinxed?|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 July 2012|accessdate=24 August 2012}}</ref> The following table enlists the accidents that happened on Tamil Nadu Express.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of Accidents on Tamil Nadu Express<ref name="thehindu"/>
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Location
!scope="col" | Cause of Accident
!scope="col" | Casualties
|-
| 1977 || Vijayawada || Derailment || none
|-
| 1978 || Nagpur-Itarsi section || Derailment || none
|-
| 1981 || Asifabad Road Station || Derailment || 15 killed 39 injured
|-
| 1983 || [[Kazipet]] || Derailment || none
|-
| 1984 || Vijayawada || Derailment || none
|-
| 1984 || Delhi || Fire in one of the coaches || Two coaches partially damaged
|-
| 1986 || Agra-Gwalior Section || Fire in one of the first class coaches || 3 injured
|-
| 1987 || Amla-Nagpur || Derailment of 13 coaches || 2 killed 30 injured
|-
| 1990 || Mathura || Collision with an empty train || none
|-
| 2012 || Nellore || [[Nellore train fire|Fire in S11 coach]] || 32 killed 27 injured
|}

==See also==
* [[Dedicated Intercity trains of India]]
* [[The Grand Trunk Express]]
* [[Chennai Duronto|Chennai Duronto Express]]
* [[Chennai Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Kerala Express]]
* [[Karnataka Express]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Express]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IRI Train|1611|name=Chennai-New Delhi Tamil Nadu Express}}
* {{IRI Train|1612|name=New Delhi-Chennai Tamil Nadu Express}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1976]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]

Lalbarra

2026-02-06T13:39:07Z

WEMBruce20: Started A Data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lalbarra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|56|32|N|80|02|58|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Balaghat
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = 
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_demonym = 
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics2_title1 = Other
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lalbarra''', alternatively Lalburra is a small town and serves as headquarter of '''[[Lalbarra tehsil|Lalburra tehsil]].''' It is a [[Tehsils of India|tehsil]] (sub-district) of [[Balaghat district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lalbarra Tehsil - Balaghat|website=Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/3671-lalbarra-balaghat-madhya-pradesh.html|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> It is located on [[State highways in India|State Highway]] 26, on the edge of [[Pench National Park]]. Its [[Postal Index Number]] is 481441.

==Schools==
Schools in Lalbarra Tehsil include:
*Golden Valley Public School
*Educare Public School
*Oriental English Higher Secondary School
*Vaidik Convent School
*Vivek jyoti gyan pith
*Excellence school
*Vidhya Sagar
*Navin Bharti vidhya pith

== Transportation ==
Lalbara is well connected to nearby towns like [[Balaghat]], [[Garra, Balaghat|Garra]], [[Wara Seoni]], [[Katangi]], [[Lamta]], and [[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|Seoni]]. It is also directly connected to cities like [[Jabalpur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]] and [[Nagpur]] via bus routes.The nearest airport is Jabalpur.

== Attractions ==
* [[Dhuty Dam|Dhuty]] Dam
* Tekadi Talab
* Sonewane jungle - Tekadi
* Potiapaat wainganga river
* Sai mandir Bakoda
* Bomblai Devi

==See also==
*[[Garra, Balaghat|Garra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Balaghat district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Balaghat district]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

Damini Kanwal Shetty

2026-02-06T06:24:35Z

WEMBruce20: Put Up New Post

{{short description|Indian television actress, writer and producer}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Damini Kanwal Shetty
| image =
| caption = Damini Kanwal Shetty in 2022
| years_active = 1993–present
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharastra]]
| occupation = Producer writer actress
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = Raaj Shetty
| children =
}}

'''Damini Kanwal Shetty''' is an Indian film producer, writer and actress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Damini K Shetty speaks up on the plight of television producers during the pandemic|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/damini-k-shetty-speaks-plight-television-producers-pandemic/|accessdate=15 July 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=July 15, 2020}}</ref> She acted in serials like ''Parampara'', ''[[Alif Laila]]'' and played [[Yashoda]]’s role in famous Indian TV show ''[[Krishna (TV series)|Shri Krishna]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=कृष्णा या मालिकेतील यशोदा खऱ्या आायुष्यात आहेत खूपच ग्लॅमरस, फोटो पाहून बसेल धक्का|url=https://www.lokmat.com/photos/television/shri-krishna-serial-yashoda-aka-damini-kanwal-shetty-very-glamorous-real-life-psc/|accessdate=12 May 2020 |work=Lokmat|date=May 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2013 में भी टीवी पर द‍िखी थीं 'श्री कृष्‍णा' की 'यशोदा मैया' दामिनी कंवल, आपने पहचाना ही नहीं!|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/tv-photogalleries/ramanad-sagar-shri-krishnaa-yashoda-damini-kanwal-shetty-then-and-now-life-unseen-photos/photoshow/75548865.cms|work=Navbharattimes}}</ref> in 1993 which was telecasted in [[DD National]].<ref>{{cite news|title=किसी बॉलीवुड एक्ट्रेस से कम नहीं हैं श्री कृष्णा सीरियल की यशोदा मैय्या…अब साउथ इंडस्ट्री में कर रही हैं ये काम|url=https://mayapuri.com/yashoda-maiya-in-shri-krishna-serial-damini-kanwal-shetty-unseen-photos-currently-she-is-the-producer-in-south-industry/|work=Mayapuri|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130170317/https://mayapuri.com/yashoda-maiya-in-shri-krishna-serial-damini-kanwal-shetty-unseen-photos-currently-she-is-the-producer-in-south-industry/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Presently she directs 'Eternal Flame Productions'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Damini Kanwal Shetty:अब ऐसी दिखती हैं 'श्रीकृष्‍णा' की यशोदा, असल जिंदगी में हैं बेहद ग्लैमरस|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/shri-krishna-throwback-meet-damini-kanwal-shetty-who-played-role-of-yashoda/292119|accessdate=6 May 2020 |work=TimesNow Hindi|date=May 6, 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shetty has started her career from theater; she joined theater named 'Drikshravan' at her schooling stage.<ref>{{cite news|title=श्रीकृष्ण की यशोदा रियल लाइफ में है बेहद ग्लैमरस, देखें उनकी खूबसूरत तस्वीरें|url=https://www.jagran.com/photogallery/entertainment-tv-ramanand-sagar-shri-krishna-yashoada-maiya-actress-damini-kanwal-shetty-unknown-facts-about-and-look-unseen-photos-27873.html|accessdate=5 May 2020|work=Jagran|date=May 5, 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505192503/https://www.jagran.com/photogallery/entertainment-tv-ramanand-sagar-shri-krishna-yashoada-maiya-actress-damini-kanwal-shetty-unknown-facts-about-and-look-unseen-photos-27873.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== As actress ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Note
|-
| 1993–96
| ''[[Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)|Shri Krishna]]''
| [[Yashoda]] || Hindi<ref>{{cite news |title=श्रीकृष्णा में बनी थीं कान्हा की मां, TV पर खुद को ही नहीं पहचान पाईं 'यशोदा', आ रहे ऐसे कमेंट|url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/shri-krishna-damini-kanval-played-yashoda-role-kanhas-mother-seen-ramanand-sagar-hsow-dd-national-not-recognize-tv-people-saluting-covid-19-lockdown/1413356/|accessdate=21 May 2020 |work=Jansatta|date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
| rowspan="6" | TV serial
|-
| 1993–94
| ''Parampara''
|
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
|-
| 1993–97
| ''[[Alif Laila]]''
| Queen Sharzad
|-
| 1998-99
|[[Zee Horror Show#Anhonee|''Zee Horror Show: Anhonee'']]
| Various
|-
| 2006
| ''Woh Hue Na Hamare''
| Damyanti Damania
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
| Cop
| Hindi<ref>{{cite news |title=Producer Damini Shetty dons the 'Super Cop' avatar for Sony TV's Crime Patrol|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/producer-damini-shetty-dons-the-super-cop-avatar-sony-tvs-crime-patrol-151214 |accessdate=14 Dec 2015 |work=Tellychakkar|date=Dec 15, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Down's Revenge''
|Sara's mother
|English
|Film
|-
| 2020
| ''Phone-a-Friend''
|
| Hindi
| TV serial
|-
|}

==Producer==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''Maharani''
| [[Kannada]]
| rowspan="11" | TV Serial
|-
| ''Apla Bua Asa Aahe''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| 2013–14
| ''[[Bani – Ishq Da Kalma|Bani: Ishq Da Kalma]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Charanadasi''
|[[Kannada]]
|-
|''Aapla Buva Asa Aahe''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| 2015
| ''Kinneri''
| [[Kannada]]
|-
|2016
|''Mann Me Vishwas Hai''
|Hindi
|-
|2017
|''Tulasidala''
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''Rakshabandhana''
|-
|''Vilayti Bhabhi''
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Khasma Nu Khani]]''
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Choices (2021 film)|Choices]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
| Film
|-
|[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|''Crime Patrol'']]
|TV series
|}

==Director==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Note
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Choices (2021 film)|Choices]]''
| Director
| [[Hindi]]
| Film
|}

==Writer==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Note
|-
| 2005–06
| ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai|Kaisa Yeh Pyaar Hai]]''
| rowspan="13" | Hindi
| rowspan="15" | TV Serial
|-
| 2007–08
| ''Parrivaar – Kartavya Ki Pariksha''
|-
| 2008–09
| ''[[Grihasti]]''
|-
| 2008–12
| ''[[Chotti Bahu]]''
|-
| 2010–11
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
|-
| 2010–12
| ''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?|Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak]]?''
|-
| 2011
| ''Haar Jeet''
|-
| 2012–13
| ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013–14
| ''[[Ek Mutthi Aasmaan (TV series)|Ek Mutthi Aasmaan]]''
|-
| ''[[Bani – Ishq Da Kalma|Bani: Ishq Da Kalma]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014–15
| '' [[Laut Aao Trisha]]''
|-
| ''[[Shastri Sisters]]''
|-
| 2016–18
| ''[[Zindagi Ki Mehek|Zindagi Ki Mehak]]''
|-
| 2020
| ''Vilayti Bhabhi''
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Lakshmi Ghar Aayi]]''
| rowspan="2"|Hindi
|-
| ''[[Choices (2021 film)|Choices]]''
|Film<ref>{{cite news |title=Indraneil Sengupta and Barkha Sengupta collaborate for a film titled Choices|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/indraneil-sengupta-barkha-sengupta-collaborate-film-titled-choices/|accessdate=23 June 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=June 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Choices|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/choices/movieshow/76509668.cms|work=Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2761502}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Damini Kanwal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Narmada district

2026-01-18T20:43:39Z

WEMBruce20: refine references based on references and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narmada district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Gujarat|District]] of [[Gujarat]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Statue of Unity - View from the other bank of Narmada.jpg
|photo2a = Zarwani Waterfall, Narmada district, Gujarat, India.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Statue of Unity]] and [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] Bottom: Zarwani Waterfall
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1797230|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Narmada District}}
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN-GJ|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rajpipla]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2755
| elevation_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| leader_title = Collector
| leader_name = Sanjay K. Modi (IAS)
| population_total = 590,297
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate = GJ-22
| website = {{URL|https://narmada.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| image_map1 = Narmada in Gujarat (India).svg
| map_caption1 = Location of district in Gujarat
}}

'''Narmada district''' is an administrative [[district]] in the state of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. The district headquarters are located at [[Rajpipla]]. The district is bounded by [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]] and [[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]] districts in the north, by [[Nandurbar district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in the east, by [[Surat district|Surat]] and [[Tapi district|Tapi]] districts in the south and by [[Bharuch district]] in the west. The district occupies an [[area]] of 2,755 km2 and has a [[population]] of 590,297 (as of 2011). It was 10.44% urban as of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |access-date=2010-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=2010-01-11 }}</ref> As of 2011, it is the third least populous district of Gujarat (out of [[Districts of Gujarat|33]]), after [[Dang District, India|Dang]] and [[Porbandar district|Porbandar]].<ref name="districtcensus"/>

==History==
This district was carved out on October 2, 1997. The newly formed district consisted of Tilakwada taluka of erstwhile [[Vadodara district]] and 3 talukas of erstwhile [[Bharuch district]]: Nandod, Dediyapada and Sagbara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://narmadadp.gujarat.gov.in/narmada/english/index.htm|title=About District|publisher=Narmada District Panchayat}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The district consists of 5 talukas: [[Tilakwada]], Garudeshwar, [[Nandod]] (including [[Rajpipla]]), [[Dediyapada]], and [[Sagbara]]. It consists two ''Vidhan Sabha'' constituency: [[Nandod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandod]] and [[Dediapada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dediapada]]

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Narmada one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the six districts in Gujarat currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=September 8, 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,05,930|13=1911|14=1,21,901|15=1921|16=1,24,941|17=1931|18=1,42,172|19=1941|20=1,69,679|21=1951|22=1,88,765|23=1961|24=2,44,985|25=1971|26=3,12,095|27=1981|28=3,74,940|29=1991|30=4,49,376|31=2001|32=5,14,404|33=2011|34=5,90,297|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Narmada district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 590,297,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Narmada |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/400/download/1248/DH_2011_2420_PART_A_DCHB_NARMADA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Solomon Islands]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Solomon Islands 571,890 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30|quote=Wyoming 563,626|archive-date=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 528th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 214 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.77%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Narmada has a [[sex ratio]] of 960 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 73.29%. 10.48% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.48% and 81.55% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Narmada district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Gujarati Muslims|Islam]]|green|3.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Gujarat|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.75}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.58}}}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Narmada district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value1 = 68.50 |color1 = skyblue
|label2 = [[Vasavi language|Vasavi]] |value2 = 26.37 |color2 = cadetblue
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.73 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Bhili]] |value4 = 0.93 |color4 = teal
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.47 |color5 = gray
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 68.50% of the population in the district spoke [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 26.37% [[Vasavi language|Vasavi]],{{efn|Census records where people are erroneously recorded as speaking Haryanvi are places where Vasava tribals dominate}} 1.73% [[Hindi]] and 0.93% [[Bhili language|Bhili]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Places of interest ==

* [[Ninai Falls]]
* [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]]
* [[Statue of Unity]] (Sardar Patel Statue)

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Narmada district}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Statue of Unity]]
* [[Narmada River]]
* [[Nandurbar district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat}}
* {{official website|https://narmada.nic.in/}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|1952513}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Narmada district
|North = [[Vadodara district]]
|Northeast = [[Chhota Udaipur district]]
|East = [[Nandurbar district]], [[Maharashtra]]
|Southeast = [[Tapi district]]
|South = [[Tapi district]]/[[Surat district]]
|Southwest = [[Surat district]]
|West = [[Bharuch district]]
|Northwest = [[Vadodara district]]}}

{{Gujarat}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narmada District}}
[[Category:Narmada district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Gujarat]]

Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair

2026-01-18T03:34:01Z

WEMBruce20:

{{Short description|Indian actor (1922–1986)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair
| image = Kottarakkaraactor.png
| caption =
| birthname = N. Sreedharan Nair
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|9|11}}
| birth_place = [[Kottarakkara]], [[Quilon]], [[Travancore]] (present-day [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair, the actor who immortalised historical figures on screen |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/12/kottarakkara-sreedharan-nair-birth-anniversary-malayalam.amp.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|10|19|1922|9|11}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| years active = 1950–1986
| spouse = Vijayalakshmi Amma
| children = 8, including [[Shobha Mohan]] and [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
| parents = Narayana Pillai Ummini Amma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair, the actor who immortalised historical figures on screen |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/12/kottarakkara-sreedharan-nair-birth-anniversary-malayalam.amp.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
}}

{{family name hatnote|Kottarakkara|Sreedharan Nair|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}'''N. Sreedharan Nair''' (11 September 1922 – 19 October 1986<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citwf.com/person315371.htm|title=KOTTARAKKARA SRIDHARAN NAIR: Film / Movie Information|website=www.citwf.com}}</ref>), popularly known as ''' Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair''' or just '''Kottarakkara''', was an Indian actor, born as the son of Narayana [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]] and Ummini Amma in [[Kollam district]], Kerala.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=3&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=K|title=CINIDIARY - A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal|website=cinidiary.com|access-date=15 January 2011|archive-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708155527/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=3&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=K|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> He appeared in [[Malayalam]] movies. He is regarded as one of the original actors of all time in Malayalam movies.

Sreedharan Nair won two [[Kerala state film award]]s. In 1970, he won the best actor award and in 1969 the second best actor award.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/celebrity-profile-in-malayalam/കൊട്ടാരക്കര-അഭിനയത്തിന്‍റെ-കരുത്ത്-107101900043_1.htm|title=കൊട്ടാരക്കര :അഭിനയത്തിന്‍റെ കരുത്ത്|website=malayalam.webdunia.com}}</ref>

He is best remembered for his role as ''Chempankunju'' in the [[National Film Awards|national award]] winning film ''[[Chemmeen]]'' directed by [[Ramu Kariat]]. Other impressive performances were in the films ''Veluthampi Dalava'' (as [[Velu Thampi Dalava|Veluthampi Dalava]]), ''Thommante Makkal'' (1965) as Thomman, and ''[[Pazhassi Raja (1964 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' (1964) as [[Pazhassi Raja]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/PAZHASSI-RAJA-1964/article16368176.ece|title=PAZHASSI RAJA 1964|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 December 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ''[[Viruthan Shanku]]'' (1968) by [[P. Venu]]. Sreedharan Nair is also known for playing the role of devil magician in the 1984 fantasy film [[My Dear Kuttichathan]]. Popular Malayalam actor [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] is his son.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Sreedharan Nair was born in 1922 to Padinjattinkara Korattiyode Narayana Pillai and Ummini Amma.<ref name="auto"/> He had his primary education from Eswara vilasam higher secondary school. He started acting in dramas at the age of 10. He owned drama troupes ''Jayasree'' and ''Kalamandiram''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=26&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=|title=CINIDIARY - A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal|website=cinidiary.com}}</ref>

He was known to be a very outspoken, stubborn man with a short temper. Once, he walked out of the set of ''[[Ara Nazhika Neram]]'' due to some disputes. He did not allow anyone seeking compromise to open the gate and enter into his house compound to discuss with him. When everyone was afraid to talk to him, someone suggested that actor [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] should approach Sreedharan Nair to resolve the issue. After talking with Sathyan, Sreedharan Nair set aside the disputes & agreed to act in the movie.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Sreedharan Nair married Vijayalakshmi Amma. They had eight children, Jaysree, Geetha, Laila, [[Shobha Mohan|Shobha]], Kala, [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], Beena, and Shaila. His son [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], daughters [[Shobha Mohan]], [[Sylaja]] his son-in-law Mohan Kumar, his grandchildren Anil Pappan, [[Vinu Mohan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-vinu-mohan/20101116.htm|title=Rubbing shoulders with Dimple, Amar Singh|website=Rediff}}</ref> [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]], [[Vaishnavi Saikumar]] and his great-grandson Kailasveswar S Nair are all film/TV actors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair, the actor who immortalised historical figures on screen |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/12/kottarakkara-sreedharan-nair-birth-anniversary-malayalam.amp.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==Awards==

* 1970 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] -[[Ara Nazhika Neram]]
* 1969 [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]] – [[Koottukudumbam]]

==Filmography==

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1950 || ''[[Prasanna (film)|Prasanna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sasidharan]]'' || Rajasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Chechi (film)|Chechi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Yachakan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Aathmasanthi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Lokaneethi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1954 || ''[[Snehaseema]]'' || Dr. Baby ||
|-
| ''[[Kidappadam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manasakshi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Avan Varunnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Avakashi]]'' || Prathapan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1955 || ''[[Aniyathi (film)|Aniyathi]]'' || Pachu Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Kalam Marunnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (1955 film)|C.I.D.]]'' || Vallabhan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1956 || ''[[Manthravadi]]'' || Mahedran ||
|-
| ''[[Aathmaarpanam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1957 || ''[[Jailppulli]]'' || Madhu ||
|-
| ''[[Padatha Painkili]]'' || Vendor Kutti ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1958 || ''[[Thaskaraveeran (1957 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Randidangazhi (film)|Randidangazhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mariakutty]]'' || Kora ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1959 || ''[[Minnalppadayaali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Nadodikal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1960 || ''Sthree Hridayam'' || ||
|-
| ''Poothali'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1961 || ''Shri Sabarimalai Shri Ayaappan'' || ||
|-
| ''Umminithanka'' || Marthanda Varma ||
|-
| ''Bhakta Kuchela'' || Sisupala ||
|-
| ''[[Christmas Rathri]]'' || Valyedathu Vareechan ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1962 || ''[[Laila Majnu (1962 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Snehadeepam]]'' || Sankar ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyajathakam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sreekovil (film)|Sreekovil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Akasam Puthiya Bhoomi]]'' || Johnson ||
|-
| ''[[Sreerama Pattabhishekam]]'' || [[Ravana|Ravanan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Veluthambi Dalawa (film)|Veluthambi Dalawa]]'' || [[Velu Thampi Dalawa|Veluthambi Dalawa]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1963 || ''[[Kadalamma]]'' || Jayarajan ||
|-
| ''[[Snapaka Yohannan]]'' || Naman ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyabhama (1963 film)|Sathyabhama]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rebecca (1963 film)|Rebecca]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nithyakanyaka]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1964 || ''Devalayam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anna (1964 film)|Anna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Althaara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pazhassi Raja (1964 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Pazhassi Raja ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1965 || ''[[Sarpakadu]]'' || Temple Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Mayavi (1965 film)|Mayavi]]'' || Prathapan ||
|-
| ''[[Kattuthulasi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pattuthoovaala]]'' || Francis ||
|-
| ''[[Shyamala Chechi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thommante Makkal]]'' || Thomachan ||
|-
| ''[[Chemmeen]]'' || Chembankunju ||
|-
| ''[[Shakuntala (1965 film)|Shakuntala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Inapraavugal]]'' || Kuncheria ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Photo]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1966 || ''Jail'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mayor Nair]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanmanikal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anarkali (1966 film)|Anarkali]]'' || [[Man Singh I|Mana Singhan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Koottukar (1966 film)|Koottukar]]'' || Mammootty ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Rathriyil]]'' || KB Nair ||
|-
| ''Pennmakkal'' || ||
|-
| ''Thilottama'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjali Marakkar (film)|Kunjali Marakkar]]'' || Kunjali Marakkar ||
|-
| ''Rowdy'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1967 || ''[[Collector Malathy]]'' || Thirumeni ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevikkan Anuvadikku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lady Doctor]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cochin Express]]'' || Gangster ||
|-
| ''[[Mynatharuvi Kolakase]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Balyakalasakhi (1967 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pooja (1967 film)|Pooja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kasavuthattam]]'' || Abdukarim Musaliar ||
|-
| ''[[Kottayam Kolacase]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ollathumathi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1968 || ''[[Hotel High Range]]'' || Dhanesh ||
|-
| ''[[Midumidukki]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kodungallooramma]]'' || Pandya Rajavu ||
|-
| ''[[Thirichadi]]'' || Venu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Viruthan Shanku]]'' || Ukkannanunni Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Adhyapika]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Punnapra Vayalar]]'' || Neelakandan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1969 || ''[[Jwala (1969 film)|Jwala]]'' || Kunjomana's father ||
|-
| ''[[Janmabhoomi (1969 film)|Janmabhoomi]]'' || Mathai ||
|-
| ''[[Koottukudumbam]]'' || Ilanjikkal Rama Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Nurse (film)|Nurse]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vilakuranja Manushyan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aalmaram]]'' || Kesava Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Soosi]]'' || Chacko Sir ||
|-
| ''[[Kumara Sambhavam]]'' || [[Daksha|Dakshan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1970 || ''[[Detective 909 Keralathil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cross Belt (film)|Cross Belt]]'' || D.Y.S.P. ||
|-
| ''[[Kakkathamburatti]]'' || Kunju Panikkan ||
|-
| ''[[Sabarimala Sree Dharmashastha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukshethram (1970 film)|Kurukshethram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aranazhika Neram|Aranazhikaneram]]'' || Kunjenachan ||
|-
| ''[[Pearl View]]'' || Mariyan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1971 || ''[[Gangasangamam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Makane Ninakku Vendi]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
| ''[[Jalakanyaka (film)|Jalakanyaka]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puthenveedu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1972 || ''[[Pulliman (1972 film)|Pulliman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panimudakku]]'' || Sethuraman ||
|-
| ''Chhayam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ananthasayanam (1972 film)|Ananthasayanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Professor (1972 film)|Professor]]'' || Vasumathi's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Sree Guruvayoorappan (1972 film)|Sree Guruvayoorappan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chembarathi]]'' || Sankaran ||
|-
| ''[[Thottilla]]'' || Karamachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Achanum Bappayum]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
| rowspan= 19 | 1973 || ''[[Mazhakaaru]]'' || Panikkar ||
|-
| ''[[Dharmayudham]]'' || Puthumadam KR Iyyer ||
|-
| ''Driksakshi'' || Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Swargaputhri]]'' || Thomachan ||
|-
| ''[[Achani]]'' || Raghavan Muthalali ||
|-
| ''[[Swapnam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nirmalyam]]'' || Variyar ||
|-
| ''[[Yamini (film)|Yamini]]'' || Indira's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Padmavyooham (1973 film)|Padmavyooham]]'' || Ummachan ||
|-
| ''[[Checkpost (film)|Checkpost]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pacha Nottukal]]'' || Rappael ||
|-
| ''[[Chenda (film)|Chenda]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Enippadikal (film)|Enippadikal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thottavadi]]'' || Vaasu Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Darsanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chuzhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaadu (1973 Malayalam film)|Kaadu]]'' || Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Thekkan Kattu]]'' || Chacko Vakeel ||
|-
| ''[[Gayathri (1973 film)|Gayathri]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1974 || ''Athidhi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Devi Kanyakumari (film)|Devi Kanyakumari]]'' || Padmavathi's husband ||
|-
| ''Chanchala'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]'' || Chundeli ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1975 || ''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]'' || Bharathan ||
|-
| ''[[Akkaldaama]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaamam Krodham Moham]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1976 || ''[[Panchami (film)|Panchami]]'' || Rangan Mooppan ||
|-
| ''[[Amba Ambika Ambalika]]'' || [[Parashurama|Parashuraman]] ||
|-
| ''Colonel And Collector'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paalkkadal]]'' || PN Menon ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1977 || ''[[Vezhambal]]'' || Stanley Jose ||
|-
| ''[[Sreemurukan]]'' || Nambi Rajavu ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1978 || ''[[Priyadarshini (film)|Priyadarshini]]'' || Peruvarum Chandrasekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Paadasaram]]'' || Poomangalathu Unnithan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1979 || ''[[Neeyo Njaano]]'' || Maayyandi ||
|-
| ''[[Radha Enna Pennkutti]]'' || Radha's father ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1980 || ''Vedikettu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadalkkaattu]]'' || Fernandez ||
|-
| ''[[Raagam Thaanam Pallavi]]'' || Marar ||
|-
| ''[[Kalika (film)|Kalika]]'' || Appachan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1981 || Parvathy || Thampuran ||
|-
| ''[[Manassinte Theerthayathra]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1982 || ''[[Ithum Oru Jeevitham]]'' || Old man ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhumaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Snehapoorvam Meera'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Purappadu (1983 film)|Purappadu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1984 || ''Sabarimala Darshanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'' || The Cruel Magician ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Dheivatheyorthu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Mizhineerppoovukal]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Chilambu]]'' || Grandfather ||
|-
|}

===Kannada===
* 1968 - [[Bangalore Mail]]

==See also==
*[[National Film Awards]]
*[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
*[[Chemmeen]]
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0619758}}

{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Kottarakkara Sreedharan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

M. D. Pallavi

2026-01-07T23:57:39Z

WEMBruce20: cleanup information to improve readability as per guidelines

{{Short description|Singer and actor from Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = M. D. Pallavi
| image = M_D_Pallavi.png
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| genre = [[Sugama Sangeetha]]
| instrument =
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2000–present
}}
'''M. D. Pallavi''', also known by her married name '''Pallavi Arun''', is a singer from [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/29/stories/2004062900670100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826103947/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/29/stories/2004062900670100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 August 2004|title= Play it again, Pallavi |date=29 June 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 April 2010}}</ref> She is a [[Kannada]] [[Sugama Sangeetha]] Singer, (Playback singer), and Television actor.<ref name=":0" /> She is married to Arun, a Percussionist (drums).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-10 |title=Melodious musing |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/505642/melodious-musing.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She is a recipient of the 2018 Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuwa Puraskar awarded by Sangeet Nataka Akademi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of 2018 Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar announced|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/winners-of-2018-ustad-bismillah-khan-yuva-puraskar-announced/1576083|access-date=2021-03-27|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref> She won the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] for Best Playback Singer in 2006 and 2007 for her song "Nodayya Kvaate Lingave" sung in the 2007 film ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul202007/state2007072014050.asp?section=updatenews|title=State cine awards: Mungaru Male sweeps six awards|date=20 July 2007|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=13 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193322/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul202007/state2007072014050.asp?section=updatenews|archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Pallavi comes from a family of artists. Her great grandfather, A.N. Subbarao, was a painter and started the Kalamandir School of Fine Arts in Bangalore, first fine arts school in India. her grandfather was A S Murthy he was known as Radio Eranna<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-27|title=Art school turns 100|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/art-school-turns-100-757414.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Music ==
M. D. Pallavi started training in Hindustani classical music, and has a degree in Hindustani Music from University of Benares.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saiamrithadhara.com/sai_personalities/pallavi.html|title=Pallavi M D|access-date=2021-03-27|website=saiamrithadhara.com}}</ref> She received her training in Sugama Sengeetha from [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pallavi Arun – Abhinayataranga|url=http://abhinayataranga.com/pallavi-arun/|access-date=2021-03-27|language=en}}</ref> Pallavi has received Hindustani Vocal training in Bangalore under Ram Rao Naik and Rajbhau Sontakke, a doyen of the [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior Gharana]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=Apr 20, 2019|title=Listen, watch, feel and understand|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/listen-watch-feel-and-understand/articleshow/68958245.cms|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-10|title=Melodious musing|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/505642/melodious-musing.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Violin duo to cast a spell|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/sep/03/violin-duo-to-cast-a-spell-183542.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>

== Acting ==

===Television and film===
Pallavi made her debut in television with the television show ''[[Mayamruga]].''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Popular serial Mayamruga to have rerun on television? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/popular-serial-mayamruga-to-have-rerun-on-television/articleshow/77562035.cms|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The Times of India|date=15 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She has also acted in the popular Kannada television show ''Garva''. She won the Aryabhatta "Best Actress" award. She was also a member of cast in the Indian English language film ''[[Stumble (film)|Stumble]]'', released in 2003. This film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|National Award in the Best English Film]] category for the year 2002.<ref>{{Citation|title=Stumble (2003)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/stumble|language=en|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2002/108|title = National Awards Winners 2002: Complete list of winners of National Awards 2002| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> She also acted with [[Umashree]] in National Award winning Kannada movie ''Gulabi Talkies''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gulabi Talkies Awards: List of Awards won by Kannada movie Gulabi Talkies|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/gulabi-talkies/movieawards/66376366.cms|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref>

== Playback songs ==
This is a partial list of notable films where M. D. Pallavi has sung
* ''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film
|-
| 2000 || [[Shrirasthu Shubhamasthu]]
|-
| 2003 || [[Singaaravva|Singaravva]]
|-
| 2007 || [[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]
|-2008 || Gulabi Talkies
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || [[Venkata in Sankata]]
|-
| [[Eddelu Manjunatha]]
|-
| [[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2010 || [[Crazy Kutumba]]
|-
| [[Holi]]
|-
| [[Nooru Janmaku]]
|-
| [[Banni]]
|-
| [[Dhool (2011 film)|Dildar]]
|-
| [[Ijjodu]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pallavimd.com/ Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pallavi, M. D.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Malkharoda Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:11:16Z

WEMBruce20: Started New Post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malkharoda
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 159,854
| mla = Lalsay Khunte
| party = {{Party index link|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Malkharoda Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Lalsay Khunte || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkharoda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Lalsay Khunte |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=34,360 |percentage=32.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nirmal Sinha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,464 |percentage=31.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chainsingh Samle |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,757 |percentage=28.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dayaram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,936 |percentage=2.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,195 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jambulal Khunte |party=Shivsena |votes=1,523 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bandhulal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,474 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=896 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=107,388 |percentage=67.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,854 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Hyde Gowan

2025-12-29T03:19:48Z

WEMBruce20: creating initial details basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|Australian-born British colonial administrator}}
'''Sir Hyde Clarendon Gowan''', KCSI, CSI, VD (4 July 1878 – 1 April 1938) was an Australian-born British colonial administrator in India. He was [[List of governors of the Central Provinces and Berar|Governor of the Central Provinces]] (of the Central Provinces and Berar from 1936) from 1933 to 1938.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gowan |first1=Sir Hyde |title=Speeches of His Excellency Sir Hyde Gowan ..., Governor of the Central Provinces: 16th September 1933-31st March 1937 |date=1937 |publisher=Government Printing, C.P. & Berar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7oGMwEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gowan |first1=Tim |title=The Diary of Sir Hyde Gowan: Governor of the Central Provinces, India, During the Years 1933 To 1938 |date=24 November 2018 |publisher=Mereo Books |isbn=978-1-909874-86-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDl9wQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Office |first1=Great Britain India |title=The India List and India Office List |date=1819 |publisher=Harrison. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&dq=central+provinces+and+berar&pg=RA2-PA213 |language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Born in [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]] in 1878,<ref>{{cite book |title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG122019}}</ref> the son of Dr Bowie Campbell Gowan and Leila Gowan, Hyde Gowan was educated at Rugby School, where he was Senior Classical Scholar, and New College, Oxford, where he was Senior Open Scholar.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

Joining the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1902, he was posted to the [[Central Provinces]] where, with the exception of a short period in 1908, he spent the whole of his career. He was Under-Secretary to the Government of the Central Provinces from 1902 to 1908. That year, he was officiating Under-Secretary to the Government of India in the Commerce and Industry Department.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

Returning to the Central Provinces, he was Financial Secretary from 1918 to 1921, in 1925, and in 1926, Chief Secretary from 1927 to 1932, and Member of the Executive Council from 1932 to 1933. He was also Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the Nagpur Rifles, [[Auxiliary Force (India)]] from 1920 to 1925.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

Gowan was appointed Governor of the Central Provinces in 1933, but resigned in 1938 for medical reasons. He died before his resignation could take effect, on 1 April, in London.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 1938|title=Sir Hyde Gowan|page=14|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowan, Hyde}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]

Filmistaan

2025-12-17T02:46:28Z

WEMBruce20: updated citations per sources and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{for|the Indian film studio|Filmistan}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Filmistaan
| image = 01 filmistan 30x40 poster2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official film poster
| director = Nitin Kakkar
| producer = Shyam Shroff Balkrishna Shroff Subhash Chaudary Shaila Tanna [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Nitin Kakkar Abhinav Garg (dialogues)
| story = Nitin Kakkar
| starring = [[Sharib Hashmi]] [[Inaamulhaq]] [[Kumud Mishra]] [[Gopal Dutt]]
| music = Arijit Datta
| cinematography = Subhransu Das
| editing = Sachindra Vats
| studio = Satellite Pictures
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|10|17|[[Busan International Film Festival]]|2014|06|06|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|7.50 crore}}
| gross = {{INR|9.99 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmistaan - Movie |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2255 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Filmistaan''''' ({{translation|The land of films}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film|film]] written and directed by Nitin Kakkar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/i-cannot-define-patriotism-nitin-kakkar/article4195680.ece/|title=I cannot define patriotism |publisher=thehindu.com |date=2012-12-13 |access-date=2012-12-15}}</ref>

It was screened at the [[17th Busan International Film Festival]], the [[Mumbai Film Festival]], and the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]], where it won the Silver Crow Pheasant Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/suvarna-chakoram-for-sta-nina/article4202911.ece/|title=Suvarna Chakoram for Sta. Nina |publisher=thehindu.com |date=2012-12-15 |access-date=2012-12-15}}</ref> for best debut.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=13032215&tabId=1&programId=11565535&BV_ID=@@@/ |title=Curtains down on IFFK |publisher=manoramaonline.com |date=2012-12-14 |access-date=2012-12-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128115208/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=13032215&tabId=1&programId=11565535&BV_ID=@@@/ |archive-date=2013-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] at the [[60th National Film Awards|60th National Film Awards 2012]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/irrfan-khan-vicky-donor-big-winners-at-the-60th-national-film-awards/379585-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321105713/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/irrfan-khan-vicky-donor-big-winners-at-the-60th-national-film-awards/379585-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-03-21|title=60th National Film Awards |publisher=ibnlive.in.com |date=2013-03-18 |access-date=2013-03-18}}</ref> ''Filmistaan'' was screened internationally at the 24th [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]], the 23rd [[Tromsø International Film Festival]], the 36th [[Göteborg International Film Festival]], and the 5th Jaipur International Film Festival. It was released nationwide across India on 6 June 2014.<ref name="tax" />

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=June 2018}}
In Mumbai, a wannabe actor Sukhwinder ("Sunny"), who works as an assistant director, fantasizes on becoming a star. However, at every audition he is thrown out. Undeterred, he goes with an American crew to remote areas in Rajasthan to work on a documentary. While filming near the India-Pakistan border, the crew encounters Indian police officers patrolling the area. After the American director unsuccessfully argues that he has obtained official permission to film in Rajasthan, Sunny entertains the chief officer and plays to his desire to be exalted and filmed. Impressed and in a happy mood, the officer allows the crew to continue their work.

Later in the night, as Sunny is busy changing the tire of his car, the rest of the crew leaves in another vehicle. On his drive back, he encounters a cyclist lying on the road and checks him out, but soon realizes from the shadows that it's a ruse. A terrorist Muslim Jihadist group kidnaps him and brings him and his camera equipment to Pakistan. The group leader is disappointed that their original plan to kidnap an American crew-member didn't occur. He says that holding an American hostage would force the government to meet his demands to avoid international backlash, but an Indian hostage would be worthless. He instructs Mehmood and Jawaad to keep him hostage in a village while the others attempt another kidnapping.

Sunny wakes up to find himself in an unfamiliar house. He demands to be let go, but after Mehmood gives him the opportunity to walk out, he stays realizing they will kill him if he did. The house where he is confined belongs to Aftaab, a Pakistani Muslim whose trade stems from [[Copyright infringement|pirated]] Hindi films, which he brings back every time he crosses the border. Aftaab gets enamored by Sunny's camera equipment as he too loves movies. Aftaab plays Sunny's favorite film ''[[Maine Pyaar Kiya]]'' for the villagers to watch. Sunny wants to watch it too, but Mehmood doesn't allow him to leave. Sunny loudly mimics the dialogues of the film in his room and this forces Mehmood to let him join the villagers and watch it. As Sunny helps fill in for the muted dialog of the film, Aftaab starts forging a bond with him.

A few days later, a messenger of the group leader arrives with a digital camera and the leader's demand for a hostage video. As none of the group members knows how to operate the camera, Sunny steps in and offers to direct the shot himself. He does several takes as he is repeatedly disappointed with each take and attempting to do better in the next. At first he tried shots with just himself, then with two gunmen pointing guns at him, and finally with Mehmood making the demand himself on-camera. Satisfied with the last take with Mehmood, they return to the village and send off the messenger with the video.

One day while Jawaad is taking a shower, Sunny walks around the area and picks up his gun. He gathers the village children and entertains them with mimicry of how Bollywood actors would shoot their guns. Mehmood and Jawaad sneak up on him thinking he is attempting to escape. Though Mehmood has a clear shot to kill Sunny, he realizes that Sunny is just entertaining the kids but shoots a bullet to graze Sunny's arm to teach him a lesson. The physician who cleaned up the wound and gave Sunny medicines talks about his desire to visit Amritsar as he used to before the partition of India and Pakistan. Sunny tells him that he reminds him of his grandfather who also wanted to visit Lahore as he once could.

After learning that India is playing against Pakistan in a [[cricket]] match, Sunny makes a deal with Mehmood that he would allow him to leave if India wins. The villagers gathered around a truck's radio to hear the match. Though it appeared that Pakistan had a chance, India wins with a six-run hit. Sunny is thrilled and starts dancing, much to the dismay of the villagers. But soon Mehmood is enraged and attempts to destroy his camera equipment. Sunny holds on to the camera to prevent Mehmood from destroying it, and gets slapped hard several times before Jawaad stepped in and stopped him.

The Pakistani border patrol arrives at the village, causing Mehmood to suspect that Aftaab had tipped them off. However, Aftaab convinces them that they are just patrolling and gets them to hide. Sunny tries to make himself known to the patrol, but Aftaab tells him that he would either be killed as an Indian spy or put in prison. Aftaab entertains the patrol officers, gives some pirated DVDs to the chief officer and sends them off. Mehmood gains more trust in Aftaab, while Aftaab grows closer to Sunny and they share their passion for Bollywood movies. Aftaab hopes that Pakistan's Lollywood would also make similar blockbuster movies that Bollywood wants to copy, instead of the B-movies it currently makes.

Aftaab promises to help Sunny escape with his knowledge of the border. They devise a plan where they will invite men of the village to audition for a movie. While shooting a scene for the movie, they enact an escape scene together, raising suspicion of Mehmood but soon dispelling it when they returned. After the scenes were shot, the villages including some women in black [[burqa]] are leaving. Jawaad finds a watch in the sand and returns it to one of the villagers. But later he realizes it is Sunny's watch and Sunny had escaped in a burqa.

Aftaab and Sunny attempt to escape on a motorbike but are soon stopped by Mehmood. He locks both of them up after Aftaab promises to help Sunny escape as long as he is alive, and questions why people like Mehmood are destroying Pakistan in the name of [[Allah]]. When the terrorist group leader arrives at the village, Aftaab's father pleads with him to let Sunny go. He reluctantly agrees realizing that the village could turn against them if he didn't oblige.

Mehmood and Jawaad bring Aftaab and Sunny to a barren land near the border. Mehmood stops the vehicle and claiming that he has orders, he prepares to kill Aftaab and Sunny. However, Jawaad disbelieving him points his gun at Mehmood. After a verbal argument between the two, Mehmood swings his gun to shoot Jawaad but is shot down and falls dead. Jawaad tells both Sunny and Aftaab to escape, saying Aftaab would be killed in Pakistan as a traitor. The group leader soon arrives and kills a desolate Jawaad who was waiting on his knees for his fate.

Sunny and Aftaab wait near the border for the patrol officers to leave, then start running towards the border. The group leader and his assistant catch up with them and start shooting at them. When they hide out behind a grass-patch, Aftaab urges Sunny to escape while he holds them off, but Sunny refuses to leave without him. They again run towards the border while bullets were fired at them but missed, with the interlaced public dialogues of [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in the background. The film closes with them crossing the border milestone and Aftaab turning around to shoot back at the terrorists.

==Cast==
*[[Sharib Hashmi]] as Sukhwinder Arora alias Sunny
*[[Inaamulhaq]] as Aftaab
*[[Kumud Mishra]] as Mehmood
*[[Gopal Datt]] as Jawwad

==Production==
The Pakistani village depicted is actually Beermanna village<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmapia.com/films/movies/f/filmistaan|title=Shooting Locations for Filmistan|publisher=filmapia.com}}</ref> situated in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The film was declared tax free in [[Maharashtra]] due to the idea of binding the countries of India and Pakistan.<ref name="tax">{{cite web|title=Movie Filmistaan declared tax free in Maharashtra |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/movie-filmistaan-declared-tax-free-in-maharashtra/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>
The 1987 Soviet film ''[[A Man from the Boulevard des Capucines]]'' directed by Alla Surikova has a similar theme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JZzsIncaVo |title= Full Movie on YouTube: A Man_from the_Boulevard des Capucines|publisher=FSUE Mosfilm cinema concern}}</ref>

==Awards==
''Filmistaan'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] at [[60th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130318/entertainment-bollywood/article/60th-national-film-awards-paan-singh-tomar-wins-best-feature |title=60th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2013-03-18 |access-date=2013-03-19 |archive-date=21 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321044053/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130318/entertainment-bollywood/article/60th-national-film-awards-paan-singh-tomar-wins-best-feature |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2417560|Filmistaan}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in deserts]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

HMIS Agra

2025-12-15T23:19:41Z

WEMBruce20: creating some entry v1...

{{Short description|Minesweeper of the Royal Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox ship
|infobox_caption=
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_size=
|image_caption=
|image_alt=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= [[India]]
|flag= {{shipboxflag| British India| naval-1928}}
|name= ''Agra''
|owner= [[Royal Indian Navy]]
|namesake= [[Agra]], city in [[Northern India]]
|ordered= 29 July 1940
|builder= Hooghly Docking & Engineering Company Ltd. ([[Calcutta]])
|laid_down= 11 November 1940
|launched= 19 March 1942
|acquired=
|commissioned= 15 April 1942
|decommissioned= 1946
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|stricken=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|honors=
|fate=Sold 1948, scrapped February 1963
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption= <ref>{{Cite book|last=Conway|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 (1980)|year=1980 |isbn=0-85177-146-7}}</ref>
|class={{sclass2|Basset|trawler|0}} [[naval trawler]]
|type=[[Naval trawler]]
|displacement={{convert|521|LT|t|0}}
|length={{convert|160|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|beam={{convert|27|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on}} (mean)
|draft=
|propulsion=1 triple expansion [[reciprocating engine]], 1 shaft, {{convert|850|ihp|0|abbr=on}}
|speed={{convert|12.5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}}
|range=
|complement=33 (RIN 48)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder]] gun,
*or, 1 x [[QF 4 inch Mk XIX naval gun|4in]] gun
*4 × [[depth charge]]s
|armour=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMIS ''Agra''''' (T254) was a minesweeping trawler of the [[Royal Indian Navy]], one of twenty-two built to the design of the [[Royal Navy|Royal Navy's]] [[Basset-class trawler|Basset-class]] during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Conway|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 (1980)|year=1980 |isbn=0-85177-146-7|pages=54}}</ref> She was laid down in November 1940, and launched in April 1942, serving until her decommissioning in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HMIS Agra (T 254) of the Royal Indian Navy - Indian MS Trawler of the Basset class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/7989.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=uboat.net}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agra}}
[[Category:Mine warfare vessels of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]

{{Mil-ship-stub}}

Sawan Mal Chopra

2025-12-07T09:26:33Z

WEMBruce20: adding new details

{{short description|Durrani governor of Multan (1820–1844)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Diwan
| name = Sawan Mal
| image = Diwan Sawan Mal. Watercolour by a Company artist, Punjab, ca.1865.jpg
| caption = Diwan Sawan Mal seated holding a lotus. Watercolour by a Company artist, Punjab, {{circa|1865}}
| native_name =
| predecessor = [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]] (as [[Durrani empire|Durrani]] governor, {{died in|1818}})
 Several temporary Sikh governors of Multan (1818–1820)
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Sukerchakia Misl]] (modern day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| native_name_lang =
| office = [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] governor of Multan
| status =
| term_start = 1820
| term_end = 1844
| monarch = [[Ranjit Singh]] [[Kharak Singh]] [[Nau Nihal Singh]] [[Sher Singh]] [[Duleep Singh]]
| death_place = [[Multan]], [[Sikh Empire]] (modern day Punjab, Pakistan)
| pronunciation =
| death_date = 29 September 1844
| death_cause = Seriously wounded by an under-trial prisoner
| known_for =
| title =
| term =
| successor = [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra]]
| parents = Hoshnak Rai Chopra (father)
}}

[[Divan|Diwan]] '''Sawan Mal''' (died 29 September 1844) was a [[Sikh Empire]]-era administrator and general who served as governor ([[Divan|Diwan]]) of [[Multan]] from 1820 to 1844.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Sawan Mal was born into a [[Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family of the [[Chopra (surname)|Chopra]] ''[[gotra]]'' originally from [[Gujranwala]], the region where [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]]'s [[Misl]], the [[Sukerchakia]]s held sway.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |others=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=4 |location=Patiala |page=82 |oclc=29703420}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |title=Muslims Under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=9780755640348 |series=Library of Islamic South Asia |pages=92}}</ref>

===Career===
Along with [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], he was a top commander in [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army]]. As a general under Ranjit Singh, he assisted in wresting the [[subah]] (province) of Multan from the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] governor [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]], [[Siege of Multan (1818)|in 1818]]. After a series of incompetent governors, Sawan Mal was appointed as the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of the region.

Diwan Sawan Mal successfully cultivated indigo in the Multan area through an early, plentiful, and constant source of water realized by irrigation canal construction, which was tied to commercial cash cropping.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |date=14 April 2020 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520355538 |pages=18–25 |chapter=1: Introduction: Community and Environment - The Settling: The Indus Basin - Canals}}</ref> Diwan Sawan Mal promoted the chakdari system and invited Hindu settlement in the region, with canal-building arrangements being centered around wells.<ref name=":02" />

In 1834, he signed an agreement on behalf of the [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh|Maharaja]] with Sardar Karam Khan, a [[Mazari (Baloch tribe)|Mazari]] warrior respected in his tribe as well as in the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh Army]]. Karam Khan was the younger brother of Mir Bahram Khan, chief of the [[Balochi people|Baloch]] Mazari tribe, thereby ending the long war between the [[Sikhs]] and the Mazaris of [[Rojhan]]. He was succeeded to the governorship of Multan by his son, [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra]], who was the last ethnic [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] to administer [[Multan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroes and Villains of Sikh Rule |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/herosvillains/heroes%20villains.htm}}</ref>

Sawan Mal died on 29 September 1844 due to wounds inflicted upon him by an under-trial prisoner.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Sawan Mal}}
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Sanjaya Belatthiputta

2025-11-04T02:14:16Z

WEMBruce20: minor cleanup

{{Short description|6th-century BC Indian ascetic teacher}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Ajñana]]
| flourished = 6th century BCE
}}
{{Infobox six heretical teachers}}
'''Sañjaya Belatthiputra''' ([[Pali]]: ''{{IAST|Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta}}''; [[Sanskrit]]: ''Sañjaya Vairatiputra''; literally, "Sañjaya of the Belattha clan"), was an Indian [[shramana|ascetic]] philosopher who lived around the 7th-6th century BC in the region of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. He was contemporaneous with [[Mahavira]], [[Makkhali Gosala]], [[Ajita Kesakambali]] and [[the Buddha]], and was a proponent of the [[ajñana]] school of thought.<ref>Chakravarty (2021).</ref>

==Teacher==
Sanjaya is thought to be the first teacher of the future Buddha's future two great [[sravaka|disciples]], [[Mahamoggallana|Maha-Moggallana]] and [[Sariputta]]. Both of them were followers of a person named Sanjaya Paribajjaka (Sanjaya the wanderer). Historically, Sanjaya Paribajjaka is considered to be same as Sanjaya Belatthiputta by many scholars. These two future arahants ultimately left Sanjaya's tutelage as it did not address their unresolved desire to end ultimate suffering.<ref>Hecker (1994).</ref> Sanjaya Paribajjaka also had a follower named Suppiya, and so was Tattvalabdha, a minister at the court of King [[Ajatashatru]].

==Thought==
Hecker (1994) contextualizes Sanjaya's thought as "a kind of [[dialectic]]al [[existentialism]]" in juxtaposition to the popular [[materialism|materialist]] views of the day (for instance, typified by the ascetic teacher [[Ajita Kesakambali|Ajita Kesakambalī]].)<ref>Hecker (1994). Particularly regarding {{IAST|Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta}}, see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel263.html#ch2 Chapter 2, "The Years of Wandering and Spiritual Search."]</ref> Chakravarty (2021) expounds that Sanjaya navigated clashes of ideas and disputes by steadfastly withholding judgments, especially concerning metaphysical and ethical debates. He crafted a methodical five-fold response, as a means to abstain from adopting positions on any philosophical viewpoint. Chakravarty terms Sanjaya's systematic approach in [[Sanskrit]] as ''amarakathananilambana''. <ref>Chakravarty (2021).</ref>

In the [[Samannaphala Sutta]] ([[Digha Nikaya|DN]] 2), Sanjaya is recorded as saying:
:'If you ask me if there exists another world [after death], if I thought that there exists another world, would I declare that to you? I don't think so. I don't think in that way. I don't think otherwise. I don't think not. I don't think not not. If you asked me if there isn't another world... both is and isn't... neither is nor isn't... if there are beings who transmigrate... if there aren't... both are and aren't... neither are nor aren't... if the [[Tathagata]] exists after death... doesn't... both... neither exists nor exists after death, would I declare that to you? I don't think so. I don't think in that way. I don't think otherwise. I don't think not. I don't think not not.'<ref>Thanissaro (1997).</ref>

===Commentary===
In the [[Pali literature]], Sanjaya's teachings have been characterized as "evasive"<ref>Thanissaro (1997)</ref> or [[agnosticism|"agnostic"]].<ref name="Bhaskar 1972">Bhaskar (1972).</ref> In the [[Brahmajala Sutta (Theravada)|Brahmajala Sutta]] (DN 1), Sanjaya's views are deemed to be ''amaravikkhepavada'', "endless equivocation" or "a theory of [[eel wriggler|eel-wriggler]]s."<ref>Cited in Bhaskar (1972).</ref>

In [[Jain]]a literature, Sanjaya is identified as a Jaina sage (Skt., ''muni''). It is believed that he was influenced by Jaina doctrine although Jaina philosophers were critical of Sanjaya.<ref name="Bhaskar 1972"/>

== Notes ==
<references/>

== Sources ==
* Bhaskar, [[Bhagchandra Jain]] (1972). ''Jainism in Buddhist Literature''. Alok Prakashan: Nagpur. Available on-line at http://jainfriends.tripod.com/books/jiblcontents.html.
* Chakravarty, Anish (2021). Sañjaya’s Ajñānavāda and Mahāvīra’s Anekāntavāda: From Agnosticism to Pluralism in K.M. Pathak (ed.) ''Quietism, Agnosticism and Mysticism: Mapping the Philosophical Discourse of the East and the West''. Singapore: Springer Nature. {{ISBN|978-981-16-3222-8}}.
* Hecker, Hellmuth (1994). ''Maha-Moggallana'' (BPS Wheel 263). Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel263.html.
* Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) and [[Bhikkhu Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (ed.) (2001). ''The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya''. Boston: Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-072-X}}.
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1997). ''Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life'' ([[Digha Nikaya|DN]] 2). Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html.
* Walshe, Maurice O'Connell (trans.) (1995). ''The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya''. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-103-3}}.

{{Philosophical skepticism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belatthiputta, Sanjaya}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian monks]]
[[Category:Indian agnostics]]
[[Category:Ancient Skeptic philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Magadha]]

Diler Khan

2025-10-31T21:23:06Z

WEMBruce20: slightly correct formatting to improve readability also and improved wording

{{Short description|Mughal general}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Diler Khan
| office = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[subahdar]] of [[Awadh]]
| monarch = [[Aurangzeb]]
| allegiance = [[file:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| branch = [[Mughal Army]]
| serviceyears = 1660s-1683
| rank = [[Mansabdar]]
| battles = [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]] [[Battle of Bhupalgarh]] [[Battle of Purandar]] Battle of Salher
| birth_place = [[Peshawar]], [[Kabul Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] Modern-day ([[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_place = [[Hardoi]], [[Awadh Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| parents = Nawab Darya Khan Daudzai
| occupation = [[Subahdar]], [[Ispahsalar|sipahsalar]]
| image = Diler Khan Daudzai.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Diler Khan Daudzai. {{c.}}1686
| death_date = {{c.}} 1683
}}

'''Diler Khan Daudzai''' was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general who served under [[Aurangzeb]] and was the governor of [[Awadh]]. He is known for engaging in battle and killing [[Murarbaji]], the military general of [[Shivaji]] and the in-charge of [[Purandar Fort]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ashirbadi Lal |title=The Mughul Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. |year=1969 |publisher=S. L. Agarwala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DK7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Diler+Khan%22+-wikipedia |accessdate=13 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aiyangar |first1=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |title=Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture; India to A.D. 1300 |year=1941 |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Diler+Khan%22+-wikipedia |language=en}}</ref> His brother's name was Nawab Bahadur Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12 दिन में शहर बसाकर अफगानिस्तान चले गए थे बहादुर खान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur/historical-place-shahjahanpur-news-bly4519550144 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Diler Khan and Bahadur Khan together established the famous district [[Shahjahanpur]] located in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12 दिन में शहर बसाकर अफगानिस्तान चले गए थे बहादुर खान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur/historical-place-shahjahanpur-news-bly4519550144 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He was also responsible for the Mughal victory over Shivaji in the [[Battle of Bhupalgarh]].<ref name="battles marathas lost">{{cite web |title=Battle of Bhupalgarh |url=http://www.10000battles.com/battles2.php?bat=1310}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born near [[Peshawar]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Athar Ali |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142894/page/n251/mode/2up?q=bahadur |title=The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb |page=251 |quote=Dilir Khan Rohela - Birthplace: India}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L.|author-link=Jos Gommans |title=Afghan Migration and State-Formation in Mughal India |date=1994-01-01 |work=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, c. 1710-1780 |pages=104–143 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004644731/B9789004644731_s010.xml |access-date=2024-05-30 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-64473-1}}</ref> and was son of Nawab Darya Khan Rohilla, an [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] who traced his descent to the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] Daudzai tribe,<ref>{{cite book |author=Rijksmuseum (Netherlands). Rijksprentenkabinet, Hermann Goetz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RTrAAAAMAAJ&q=diler+khan+hindustani+pathan |title=The Indian and Persian Miniature Paintings in the Rijks-prentenkabinet (Rijksmuseum) Amsterdam |date=1958 |page=37}}</ref> and a [[mansabdar]] who served under the Indian Muslim [[Mir Bakhshi]], [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari]] in 1603.<ref>{{cite book |author=Henry Beveridge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_O1AAAAIAAJ&q=darya+khan+rohilla |title=The Maāt̲h̲ir-ul-umarā Being Biographies of the Muḥammadan and Hindu Officers of the Timurid Sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D |year=1979 |page=455}}</ref>

==Campaign against Marathas==
After previous attempts to overthrow [[Shivaji]] failed, [[Aurangzeb]] sent [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]], his most senior general ("[[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]] [[Raja]]"), along with Diler Khan to overthrow the Marathas and establish [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in the Deccan. Diler Khan insisted on capturing [[Purandar Fort]]. Jai Singh, who understood the challenge the campaign involved. He advised Diler Khan to move his army on Vajragarh. Purandar Fort was a short distance from Vajragarh. If Vajragarh was captured, the Mughal cannons could easily capture the Purandar Fort.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=Henry Miers |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |date=21 March 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05589-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_yZMy1fxsUC&dq=%22Diler+Khan%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA272 |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 April 1665, Diler Khan was successful in capturing Vajragarh. The Mughal army under Diler Khan and Jai Singh celebrated the victory over Vajragarh with booming of guns. Diler Khan then turned his attention to Purandar.

On 16 May 1665, Diler Khan faced [[Murarbaji]], the in-charge of Purandar Fort. Murarbaji fought valiantly but was killed by Diler Khan's arrow.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Rita |title=The Afghan Nobility and the Mughals: 1526-1707 |year=1985 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=9780706927528 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhhuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Diler+Khan%22+-wikipedia |language=en}}</ref>

== Later life ==
He died in 1683 in [[Hardoi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supplemental Information 3: An excerpt from Data Downloads page, where users can download original datasets. |url=https://peerj.com/articles/9467/#supp-3 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9467/supp-3 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Diler}}
{{asia-mil-bio-stub}}

George Dundas Turnbull

2025-10-29T13:08:18Z

WEMBruce20: Put Up New Details

{{Infobox person
| name = George Dundas Turnbull
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c.1821
| birth_place =
| death_date = October 1914
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[District magistrate|District Collector]] of [[Bulandshahr]] Judge at [[Meerut]] and [[Allahabad]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''George Dundas Turnbull''' (c.1821 – October 1914), was a [[District magistrate|Collector]] of the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]] from May 1852 to 21 April 1857, and judge at [[Meerut]] and [[Allahabad]], [[British India|India]]. He was succeeded by [[Brand Sapte]].<ref name=Danvers412>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog/page/410/mode/2up?q=Turnbull |title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |last2=Monier-Williams |first2=Sir Monier |last3=Bayley |first3=Sir Steuart Colvin |last4=Wigram |first4=Percy |last5=Sapte |first5=Brand |date=1894 |publisher=A. Constable |language=en|page=412}}</ref><ref name=Atkinson1876>{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9jaXsOc-tEC&pg=PA127 |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: 3.:Meerut division part 2 |date=1876 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |pages=127-128 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Chelsea1914>{{cite news |title=Chelsea Gossip |work=Chelsea News and General Advertiser |date=9 October 1914|page=5|via=British Newspaper Archive|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000973/19141009/097/0005|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Mootham>{{cite web |last1=Howell Mootham |first1=Orby |title=The High Court for the North-Western Provinces 1866-1876 |url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHighCourtforNorthWesternProvincesOHMootham.html |website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=Hatton1850>{{cite book |last1=Hatton |first1=Joseph |last2=Mitford |first2=John |last3=Nichols |first3=John Gough |last4=Parker |first4=John Henry |title=The Gentleman's magazine and historical review |date=1850 |publisher=J.B. Nichols |location=London |page=195 |url=https://archive.org/details/gentlemansmagazi189hatt/page/n213/mode/2up?q=turnbull}}</ref><ref name=Durand1913>{{cite book |last1=Durand |first1=Mortimer |title=Life Of Right Hon. Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall |date=1913 |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |location=Edinburgh |pages=64-65 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208710/page/n85/mode/2up?q=turnbull |chapter=6. The Mutiny: 1857-1861}}</ref><ref name=Singh1874>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kuar Lachman|title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government Press|isbn=978-3-382-50031-3|location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11477/page/45/mode/2up?q=turnbull|language=en|pages=45-52}}</ref>

Turnbull left [[East India College|Haileybury]] in 1838 and arrived in India the following year.<ref name=Danvers412/>

==See also==
*[[Rivers Turnbull]]
*[[List of administrators of Bulandshahr]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turnbull, George Dundas}}
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Richard Carr (field hockey)

2025-10-18T06:13:05Z

WEMBruce20: added references

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1911–2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Richard Carr
| full_name = Richard John Carr
| award =
| image = File:Olympian Richard John Carr.jpg
| caption= Ricahrd John Carr in 1954 (Courtesy: Members of St George District Hockey Club, Sydney, Australia)<ref name=ColinAllerdice/>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|01|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jhajha]], [[Bihar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2000|04|25|1911|01|21}}
| death_place = [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]
| height =
| position = [[Field hockey#Formations|Right-out]]
| years1 =
| clubs1 =
| othername =
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears1 = 1932-1947
| nationalcaps1 = ?
| nationalgoals1 = ?
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Field hockey|Field Hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{flag|British India|name=India}}}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold | [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]]|[[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}
|updated = 31 August 2024
}}

'''Richard John Carr''' (21 January 1911 – 25 April 2000) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who competed in the [[1932 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/dickie-carr-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418114458/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/dickie-carr-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Richard Carr Olympic Results |access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Carr was born in [[Jhajha]], India and was a student of the prestigious school [[Oak Grove School, Mussoorie|Oak Grove School, Mussoorie, India]].<ref>
https://garhwalpost.in/oak-grove-olympics/</ref>

==Nickname(s)==
In [[India]], where Carr lived upto 1948, he was nicknamed as Dickie Carr. When, he emigrated to [[Australia]] in 1948, there he was simply called Dick Carr.<ref name=ColinAllerdice/>

==Los Angeles Olympics==
He was a forward of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal at [[Los Angeles]]. He played one match as right-out and scored one goal. He also competed in the [[Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|men's 4 × 100 metres relay]] in the athletics programme.<ref name="SportsRef"/>

==Berlin Olympics==
Carr was selected for the Indian hockey team for the [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Olympics]] but could not get leave from his employer.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/136518692/carr Indian hockey tour], Guardian, 7 July 1936 (via newspapers.com)</ref> Accordingly, [[Ahmed Sher Khan]] was sent in his place to [[Berlin]].

==Emigration to Australia==
In 1948, Carr emigrated to Australia.<ref name=ColinAllerdice>{{Cite web |url= https://www.sydneyhockey.com.au/
|title=The Forgotton Olympians |last=Allerdice |first=Colin |date=23 August 2024 |website=sydneyhockey.com.au
|publisher=|access-date=27 August 2024 |quote=}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Olympian Dickie Carr.jpg|A group photograph of the Indian hockey team that visited East Africa (nowadays Kenya) during 1947-1948. Olympian Richard John Carr (Dikie Carr) is sitting sixth from left.
File:Olympian Dick Carr.jpg|The St George District Hockey Club, Sydney, team in Lithgow, Australia, in July 1954. Standing: Captain of the team, Olympian Richard John Carr (Dick Carr), fifth from left; President of the New South Wales Hockey Association and the Australian Hockey Association, Dr Fraser, sixth from left. Sitting: Joe Crepp (goalkeeper), sixth from left; Jo Crepp's son Peter Crepp, extreme right. (Courtesy: Members of St George District Hockey Club, Sydney, Australia)<ref name=ColinAllerdice/>
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011071643/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=CARRRIC01 Richard Carr's profile] at DatabaseOlympics.com (archived)

{{India FH Squad 1932 Summer Olympics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carr, Richard}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Bihar]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Australian people of Anglo-Indian descent]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}
{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}

Bhimpur

2025-09-11T09:01:43Z

WEMBruce20: stub...

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhimpur
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.67|N|77.68|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{Ind}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Betul district|Betul]]
}}
'''Bhimpur''' is a town and a Tehsil Headquarter in [[Betul District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leader |first=The Weekend |title=Bridging the Gap: How Chira Village in Madhya Pradesh is Building Its Own Road Connection |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/78823/bridging-the-gap-how-chira-village-in-madhya-pradesh-is-building-its-own-road-connection.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.theweekendleader.com |language=English}}</ref> It is a tribal majority area,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betul.nic.in/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1/|title=विकासखण्ड | जिला बैतूल, मध्य प्रदेश शासन | भारत}}</ref> and part of [[Narmadapuram Division]].

==Geography==
It is located in the southern part of Madhya Pradesh, at coordinates: 21.65°N 77.63°E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Bazardhana.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bazardhana, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> Nearby towns are [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]] and [[Bhainsdehi]].

==Population==
According to the Census of India 2011, Bhimpur had a population of 4,126, of which 2,000 were males and 2,126 were females. The male literacy rate was 75.98% and the female literacy rate was 68.37%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/485220-bhimpur-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Bhimpur Village Population - Bhainsdehi - Betul, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Its people depend on farming, forestry and business. Wheat, maize and soybeans are the main crops. Its Pin Code is 460330.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/betul/bhimpur-pincode-460330.html|title=Bhimpur Pin Code - 460330, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search betul Post Office Address|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bhimpur is well connected with [[State Highway 26 (Madhya Pradesh)|State Highway 26]] road ways,<ref>http://wikimapia.org/street/16395368/MP-SH-26-Chipli-Chhattisgarh-Balaghat-Seoni-Chhindwara-Multai-Betil-Khandwa-Khargone-Badwano-Alirajpur-Baroda-Gujrat</ref> It is connected to nearby major cities with daily bus services. Major cities near to Bhimpur:
* [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], 48 km
* [[Bhainsdehi]], 48 km
* [[Chicholi]], 21 km

==See also==
* [[Bhainsdehi]]
* [[Betul District]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Narmadapuram Division}}

{{Betul district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Betul district]]
[[Category:Villages in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Villages in Betul district]]

Infiniti Mall

2025-09-01T01:26:23Z

WEMBruce20: content fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name =
| image = Infiniti Mall.jpg
| caption =
| location = [[Malad]], [[Mumbai]]; [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]];
| address =
| opening_date = 2004
| closing_date =
| developer = [https://www.krahejarealty.com/retail/ K Raheja Realty]
| manager =
| owner = [[K. Raheja Realty]]
| architect =
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors =
| parking = Available
| floors =
| website = {{URL|http://www.infinitimall.com/}}
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.184758|72.8316178|display=inline}}
}}

'''Infiniti Mall''' is a chain of [[shopping mall]]s in India. It is a subsidiary of K Raheja Realty, which has been in the business of construction and property development since the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/entertainment/innovate-to-change-mall-landscape-in-india/42019986 |title=Innovate to change mall landscape in India |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2014-09-08}}</ref> The first Infiniti Mall opened in 2004, in [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Infiniti Malls tests omni-channel approach, to open more outlets |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/infiniti-malls-tests-omni-channel-approach-to-open-more-outlets,977988.html |work=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> This is the third oldest shopping mall in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://traveljee.com/india/best-biggest-shopping-malls-mumbai-shopping/|title=5 Best and Biggest Shopping Malls in Mumbai for Shopping Tour|publisher=Traveljee|date=2015-01-16|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610152005/https://traveljee.com/india/best-biggest-shopping-malls-mumbai-shopping/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Infiniti Mall launched their second property in [[Mumbai]], at [[Malad]], in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-malls-go-in-for-premium-makeovers-1914339|title=Malls go in for premium makeovers|publisher=[[DNA India]]|date=2013-11-06}}</ref>

==Infiniti Mall, Andheri==
Infiniti Mall, Andheri located at Oshiwara Link Road, Andheri (West), was built in 2004 and is spread across {{convert|310000|sqft}} with 65 stores, a six-screen multiplex (PVR Icon), food court, Family Entertainment Center and restaurants besides shopping.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-16 |title=Infiniti Malls sees 15-20% YoY footfall growth despite rise in online shopping |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/infiniti-malls-sees-15-20-yoy-footfall-growth-despite-rise-in-online-shopping-3838511.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> The Andheri branch is the third oldest mall in Mumbai, as well as the second oldest in [[Mumbai Suburban]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Infiniti Mall Andheri Details|url=http://www.infinitimall.com/Attractions/Andheri}}</ref>

==Infiniti Mall, Malad==
The Infiniti Mall located in Malad West is the larger of the two malls. It includes an indoor rollercoaster and 35,000 sq. ft. food court, as well as a PVR Cinema multiplex.
[[File:Infiniti Mall Malad-2.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Infiniti Mall - Malad]]

== Awards & Accolades ==

* [https://www.mapic-india.in/en-gb/Awards/MISCA-2021.html Mumbai International Shopping Centre Awards (MISCA) 2021] - This source provides information about the awards received by the Infiniti Mall.

* [https://www.retail4growth.com/news/infiniti-mall-bagsretail-property-of-the-year-west-zone-award-1287 Retail Property of the Year - West Zone Award] - Infiniti Mall received this award as mentioned in the Retail4Growth website.

* [https://www.retail4growth.com/news/mumbais-infiniti-mall-bags-prestigious-award-841 Prestigious Award for Infiniti Mall] - This source highlights another prestigious award won by Infiniti Mall, as reported by Retail4Growth.

* [https://www.infinitimall.com/awards/ Official Infiniti Mall Awards Page] - The official website of Infiniti Mall contains a page dedicated to listing their awards.

*[https://www.indiaretailing.com/2023/10/12/nexus-phoenix-lulu-among-those-felicitated-at-images-shopping-centre-awards-2023/ Infiniti Mall felicitated at IMAGES Shopping Centre Awards 2023] - Infiniti Mall, the leading shopping centre in Andheri and Malad, has been bestowed with prestigious awards under several categories, owing to its contribution towards the advancement and evolution of the retail sector in India. Some of the awards include Mapic India Most Admired Shopping Centre of the Year: Metro-West, Mapic Most Admired Shopping Centre of the Year-Marketing & Promotion Activities (Metro) Iconic Shopping Destination by Mid-Day, Best Design (food court) by Food Connoisseurs India Awards 2023, among others. These recognitions stand as a testament to the tireless efforts of Infiniti Mall to curate the finest experiences for customers and continue striving towards reshaping the sector.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscategory|Infinity malls Mumbai}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2004]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Dosvada

2025-08-17T20:53:07Z

WEMBruce20: Put Up Details

{{short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{moresources|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dosvada ડોસવાડા
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tapi district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dosvada''', also known as '''Doswada''' is a village in the [[Tapi district]] of India. The village is home to the Dosvada dam.

==History==
On 30 June 2023, the Dosvada dam overflowed; ten neighboring villages, including Dosvada, received alerts about [[flood|flooding]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Breaking News : તાપીમાં ડોસવાડા ડેમ થયો ઓવર ફ્લો, નીચાણવાળામાં આવેલા 10 ગામને કરાયા એલર્ટ|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/tapi/breaking-news-doswada-dam-overflowed-in-tapi-10-low-lying-villages-were-alerted-791528.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=[[TV9 Gujarati]]|language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tapi Rain : તાપી જિલ્લાનો ઐતિહાસિક ડોસવાડા ડેમ ઓવરફ્લો, સપાટીથી બે ફૂટ ઉપરથી પાણી જઈ રહ્યું|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/tapi/rain-news-in-doswada-dam-overflow-of-songadh-monsoon-update/gj20230701200253153153564 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=etvbharat.com|language=gu}}</ref>

==Transport==
The village is served by the [[Kikakui Road railway station]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tapi district]]

2024 Mumbai Open – Doubles

2025-07-11T06:21:15Z

WEMBruce20: stub...

{{Short description|Draw of a professional tennis tournament}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}

{{Tennis events|2024|Mumbai Open|
|champ ={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria]]
|runner = {{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare]]
|score =6–4, 6–3
|type = singles doubles
|after_year=2025
|before_year=2018
}}

{{main article|2024 Mumbai Open}}
[[Dalila Jakupović]] and [[Sabrina Santamaria]] won the title, defeating [[Arianne Hartono]] and [[Prarthana Thombare]] in the final, 6–4, 6–3.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/semenistaja-wins-singles-title-jakupovic-santamaria-capture-doubles-crown-at-mumbai-open-tennis-championships-5039073|title=Darja Semenistaja Wins Singles Title At Mumbai Open Tennis Championships|publisher=NDTV Sports|accessdate=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3891944/semenistaja-saves-championship-point-en-route-to-mumbai-wta-125-title|title=Semenistaja saves championship point en route to Mumbai WTA 125 title|publisher=Women's Tennis Association|accessdate=6 November 2024}}</ref>

[[Natela Dzalamidze]] and [[Veronika Kudermetova]] were the reigning champions from when the tournament was last held in 2018, but Kudermetova chose not to participate this year. Dzalamidze partnered [[Panna Udvardy]], but they withdrew before their quarterfinal match with Jakupović and Santamaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumkhum comeback brings her biggest career title in Mumbai |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1438091/kumkhum-comeback-brings-her-biggest-career-title-in-mumbai |website=Women's Tennis Association |access-date=7 February 2024 |language=en |date=3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Angelica Moratelli]] / {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Camilla Rosatello]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|SLO}} '''[[Dalila Jakupović]] / {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria]]''' '''(champions)'''
# {{flagicon|GER}} [[Julia Lohoff]] / {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Conny Perrin]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|THA}} [[Luksika Kumkhum]] / {{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]] ''(first round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=
| RD3=
| RD4=

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Angelica Moratelli|A Moratelli]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Camilla Rosatello|C Rosatello]]
| RD1-score01-1=64
| RD1-score01-2=2
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhibek Kulambayeva|Z Kulambayeva]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|S-h Park]]'''
| RD1-score02-1='''77'''
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=Alt
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Carole Monnet|C Monnet]] {{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Yashina|E Yashina]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''79'''
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|GRE}} [[Valentini Grammatikopoulou|V Grammatikopoulou]] {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]
| RD1-score04-1=67
| RD1-score04-2=4
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=4
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|THA}} [[Luksika Kumkhum|L Kumkhum]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech|P Plipuech]]
| RD1-score05-1=4
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=[6]
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare|P Thombare]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3='''[10]'''

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Sapfo Sakellaridi|S Sakellaridi]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Tjandramulia|O Tjandramulia]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Makarova (tennis player, born 1996)|E Makarova]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Himeno Sakatsume|H Sakatsume]]
| RD1-score08-1=2
| RD1-score08-2=3
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Naiktha Bains|N Bains]] {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Fanny Stollár|F Stollár]]'''
| RD1-score09-1=3
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed10=WC
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina|A Raina]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale|R Bhosale]]
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2=2
| RD1-score10-3=[8]

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Tikhonova|A Tikhonova]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Moyuka Uchijima|M Uchijima]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2='''7'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=3
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|GER}} [[Julia Lohoff|J Lohoff]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Conny Perrin|C Perrin]]
| RD1-score12-1=4
| RD1-score12-2=5
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo|E-s Liang]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tsao Chia-yi|C-y Tsao]]
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2=4
| RD1-score13-3=[7]
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Natela Dzalamidze|N Dzalamidze]] {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy|P Udvardy]]'''
| RD1-score14-1=4
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3='''[10]'''

| RD1-seed15=Alt
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar|V Adkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli|S Yamalapalli]]
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=61
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović|D Jakupović]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria|S Santamaria]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''77'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhibek Kulambayeva|Z Kulambayeva]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|S-h Park]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''77'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=Alt
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Carole Monnet|C Monnet]] {{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Yashina|E Yashina]]
| RD2-score02-1=64
| RD2-score02-2=1
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare|P Thombare]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|GRE}} [[Sapfo Sakellaridi|S Sakellaridi]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Tjandramulia|O Tjandramulia]]
| RD2-score04-1=4
| RD2-score04-2=2
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Naiktha Bains|N Bains]] {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Fanny Stollár|F Stollár]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Tikhonova|A Tikhonova]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Moyuka Uchijima|M Uchijima]]
| RD2-score06-1=2
| RD2-score06-2=2
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|GEO}} [[Natela Dzalamidze|N Dzalamidze]] {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy|P Udvardy]]
| RD2-score07-1=
| RD2-score07-2=
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović|D Jakupović]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria|S Santamaria]]'''
| RD2-score08-1=w/o
| RD2-score08-2=
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhibek Kulambayeva|Z Kulambayeva]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|S-h Park]]
| RD3-score01-1=2
| RD3-score01-2=1
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare|P Thombare]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Naiktha Bains|N Bains]] {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Fanny Stollár|F Stollár]]
| RD3-score03-1=4
| RD3-score03-2=1
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović|D Jakupović]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria|S Santamaria]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare|P Thombare]]
| RD4-score01-1=4
| RD4-score01-2=3
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović|D Jakupović]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria|S Santamaria]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.wtatennis.com/tournament/1100/mumbai-125/2024/draws Main and Qualifying Draw]
{{2024 WTA 125 tournaments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024 Mumbai Open - Doubles}}

[[Category:2024 WTA 125 tournaments|Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2020s in Mumbai]]

Bandi River, eastern Rajasthan

2025-06-22T12:05:36Z

WEMBruce20:

{{Short description|River in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{distinguish|Bandi River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Bandi River
| native_name =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajasthan]]
| source1 = Samod hills, Chomu tehsil
| source1_location =
| mouth = Mansi river, [[Tonk district]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coords =
| basin_size =
| length =
| width_avg =
| depth_avg =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_max =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge2_location =
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_max =
| discharge2_avg =
| discharge3_location =
| discharge3_min =
| discharge3_max =
| discharge3_avg =
| discharge4_location =
| discharge4_min =
| discharge4_max =
| discharge4_avg =
| discharge5_location =
| discharge5_min =
| discharge5_max =
| discharge5_avg =
| mouth_tribs =
| river_system =
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_tribs =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
}}

The '''Bandi River''' is the second most important river in the [[Jaipur district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kalwar |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia9sO_MWP6AC&dq=%22bandi+river%22+%2F+jaipur&pg=PA50 |title=Wastelands and Planning for Development |date=2008 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-466-0 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TftcAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22bandi+river%22&pg=RA7-PA55 |title=Civic Affairs |date=1977 |publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=RajRAS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AX6kDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22bandi+river%22+%2F+three+AND+rivers&pg=PA103 |title=Rajasthan Geography |date=2018-01-17 |publisher=RajRAS |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> It originates from the Samod hills of [[Chomu|Chomu tehsil]] and flows through Shahapura, Chomu, [[Phulera]], and [[Phagi]] tehsils before entering the [[Tonk district]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The Bandi River is located approximately 30 kilometers west of Jaipur<ref name=":1" /> and is a tributary of the Mansi River which it joins in the Tonk district.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Izhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8w1DwAAQBAJ&q=%22bandi+river%22&pg=PA10 |title=EVOLUTION OF SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND SYSTEM IN JAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN |date=2017-09-12 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-387-14381-8 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>

There are three rivers in Rajasthan with the name Bandi.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jaipur district]]

{{India-river-stub}}
{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Ramireddy Pratap Kumar Reddy

2025-05-28T01:17:28Z

WEMBruce20: Adding Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)| Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Beeda Masthan Rao]]
| successor = [[Dagumati Venkata Krishna Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Kavali Assembly constituency| Kavali]]
}}
'''Ramireddy Pratap Kumar Reddy''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a former MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali Assembly Constituency]] in [[Nellore district|Nellore District]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Kavali Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Ramireddy Pratap Kumar Reddy of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kavali-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153589.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kavali Constituency Election Results 2019: Kavali Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kavali |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is nominated again by [[YSR Congress Party]] to contest the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]] but he lost from Kavali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M. Srinivasa |date=2024-03-17 |title=Nellore: YSRCP's Ramireddy faces uphill battle in Kavali |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/nellore-ysrcps-ramireddy-faces-uphill-battle-in-kavali-865529 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramireddy Pratap Kumar Reddy, YSRCP Candidate from Kavali Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/ramireddy-pratap-kumar-reddy-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a114e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in Musunuru village to Subbarami Reddy. He completed his AMIE in Civil Engineering from the Institute of Engineers through distance education in 1989. Later, he worked at RSR Engineering College.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-31 |title=Ramireddy Pratap Kumar Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Kavali {{!}} Nellore {{!}} A.P. |url=https://theleaderspage.com/ramireddy-pratap-kumar-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political career with [[Indian National Congress]] but soon joined [[Praja Rajyam Party]] and contested the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] without any success. Later in 2011, he joined [[YSR Congress Party]] and won the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] representing YSRCP defeating Beeda Masthan Rao of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 4,969 votes. He retained the Kavali seat in [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] from [[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali Assembly Constituency]] representing YSR Congress Party as he defeated Katamreddy Vishnu Vardhan Reddy of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 14,117 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavali Assembly Election 2024: Kavali Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kavali-constituency-result-1114 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> However, contesting again from the Kavali seat on YSR Congress Party ticket, he lost the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election to Dagumati Venkata Krishna Reddy by a margin of 30,948 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavali Assembly Election Results 2024: Kavali Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kavali-constituency-result-1114 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavali Constituency Election Results 2024: Kavali Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kavali |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He polled 75,588 votes against 1,06,536 votes polled by Krishna Reddy.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap Kumar Reddy, Ramireddy}}
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nellore district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]