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Mahanagar (newspaper)

2026-05-07T16:46:54Z

WECElbert296866: Made a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Mahanagar
| school =
| logo = AaplaMahanagarLogo.jpg
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_alt =
| image = AaplaMahanagarCover.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| type = Daily
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| owner = 
| founder = [[Nikhil Wagle]]
| publisher = Sanjay Bhaskar Sawant
| president =
| editor = Sanjay Bhaskar Sawant
| founded = {{start date and age|1990|01}}
| political_position =
| language = Marathi, Hindi
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| publishing_city = Mumbai
| publishing_country = India
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mymahanagar.com/}}
| free =
}}
'''''Mahanagar''''' ("Metropolis") is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] newspaper published from [[Mumbai]], India. The Marathi version ''Aapla Mahanagar'' ("Our metropolis") was founded by [[Nikhil Wagle]] in January 1990; the Hindi version ''Hamara Mahanagar'' was established in 1982.<ref name="Robin2010">{{cite book |author=Robin Jeffrey |title=India'S Newspaper Revolution (3Rd Edn.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxbNQwAACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-806546-3 |page=198}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Press in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HF3gAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |page=107 }}</ref>

Nikhil Wagle was physically attacked by [[Shiv Sena]] supporters multiple times for his critical remarks against the party and its leaders.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marie Cruz Gabriel |title=A Silence in the City and Other Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiklIzcTIYUC |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0828-6}}</ref><ref name="Robin2010"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2119/stories/20040924003802600.htm |title=Targeting journalists |last=Katakam |first=Anupama |work=Frontline (Volume 21 - Issue 19, Sept. 11 - 24, 2004) |publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Marathi-language newspapers]]
* [[List of newspapers in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Marathi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1982]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1990]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Neglected tropical diseases in India

2026-05-07T08:08:39Z

WECElbert296866: Made new details

{{short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|part=facts relating to prevalence of certain diseases|reason=certain information is vastly different in the recent times|date=March 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
}}
'''Neglected tropical diseases in India''' are a group of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infections that are common in low income countries but receive little funding to address them. [[Neglected tropical diseases]] are common in India.

[[Demographics of India|India's population]] is about 1.3 billion as of 2018, which is the second largest in the world.<ref name="Hotez 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Hotez |first1=Peter J. |last2=Damania |first2=Ashish |last3=Steinmann |first3=Peter |title=India's neglected tropical diseases |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=22 March 2018 |volume=12 |issue=3 |article-number=e0006038 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006038|pmid=29565970 |pmc=5863936 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, high population does not explain the greater frequently of neglected tropical diseases in India than in other countries.<ref name="Hotez 2018" /> Neglected tropical diseases in India occur in areas of both urban and rural poverty.<ref name="Hotez 2018" />

The neglected tropical diseases which especially affect India include [[ascariasis]], [[hookworm infection]], [[trichuriasis]], [[dengue fever]], [[lymphatic filariasis]], [[trachoma]], [[melioidosis]], [[cysticercosis]], [[leprosy]], [[echinococcosis]], [[visceral leishmaniasis]], and [[rabies]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lobo |first1=Derek A. |last2=Velayudhan |first2=Raman |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Priya |last4=Kohli |first4=Harajeshwar |last5=Hotez |first5=Peter J. |title=The Neglected Tropical Diseases of India and South Asia: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Control or Elimination |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=25 October 2011 |volume=5 |issue=10 |article-number=e1222 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001222|pmid=22039553 |pmc=3201909 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== List ==
{{Main|Neglected tropical diseases}}
Various organizations will include different diseases under the umbrella term of "neglected tropical diseases," but most diseases listed as such occur in [[tropical climate]]s, lack global public attention, and have high infection rates.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The [[World Health Organization]] recognizes 20 neglected tropical diseases,<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected tropical diseases|url=https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=24 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035302/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/|archive-date=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> of which 12 are present in India.
{{div col}}
* '''[[Protozoan infection]]s'''
** [[Leishmaniasis]]
* '''[[Helminth infection]]s'''
** [[Taeniasis]]/[[Cysticercosis]]
** [[Dracunculiasis]] (Guinea-worm disease)
** [[Echinococcosis]]
** [[Lymphatic filariasis]]
** [[Soil-transmitted helminthiases]]
* '''[[Viral infection]]s'''
** [[Dengue]]
** [[Rabies]]
* '''[[Bacterial infection]]s'''
** [[Leprosy]] (Hansen's disease)
** [[Trachoma]]
** [[Melioidosis]]
* '''[[Fungal infection]]s'''
** [[Mycetoma]], [[chromoblastomycosis]], and other deep mycoses
* '''[[Ectoparasitic infection]]s'''
** [[Scabies]] and other ectoparasites
* '''Others'''
** [[Snakebite envenoming]]
{{div col end}}

== Protozoan ==

=== Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) ===
India has a goal for the elimination of kala-azar.<ref name="Hotez May 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Hotez |first1=Peter J. |last2=Pecoul |first2=Bernard |title="Manifesto" for Advancing the Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=25 May 2010 |volume=4 |issue=5 |article-number=e718 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000718|pmid=20520793 |pmc=2876053 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The steps to eliminating the disease include passive and active case detection, early diagnosis and treatment, and [[vector control]] integrated into medical treatment.<ref name="Hotez May 2010" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=A |last2=Narain |first2=JP |last3=Prasittisuk |first3=C |last4=Bhatia |first4=R |last5=Hashim |first5=G |last6=Jorge |first6=A |last7=Banjara |first7=M |last8=Kroeger |first8=A |title=Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia? |journal=Journal of Vector Borne Diseases |date=June 2008 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=105–11 |pmid=18592839}}</ref>

Before the year 2000 there was hope and expectation that India could eliminate kala-azar from the country.<ref name="Bora 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Bora |first1=D |title=Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India. |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |date=1999 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=62–8 |pmid=10416321}}</ref> In those years there were various programs to continue usual treatments and develop new ones.<ref name="Bora 1999" /> Around year 2000 there were reports that parasites which cause kala-azar had developed [[drug resistance]] to [[pentavalent antimonial]], which was the popular drug for treating this disease for the last 50 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=Shyam |title=Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis |journal=Tropical Medicine and International Health |date=November 2001 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=849–854 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00778.x|pmid=11703838 |s2cid=25623920 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=Shyam |last2=More |first2=Deepak K. |last3=Singh |first3=Manoj K. |last4=Singh |first4=Vijay P. |last5=Sharma |first5=Sashi |last6=Makharia |first6=Anand |last7=Kumar |first7=Prasanna C. K. |last8=Murray |first8=Henry W. |title=Failure of Pentavalent Antimony in Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Report from the Center of the Indian Epidemic |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=October 2000 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=1104–1107 |doi=10.1086/318121|pmid=11049798 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The disease spread to become a problem again and now more difficult to treat.<ref name="Bora 1999" /> In poorer areas of India underreporting of the disease was a problem, allowing the disease to spread.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=S. P. |last2=Reddy |first2=D. C. S. |last3=Rai |first3=M. |last4=Sundar |first4=S. |title=Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India |journal=Tropical Medicine and International Health |date=June 2006 |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=899–905 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01647.x|pmid=16772012 |s2cid=23316562 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The newer treatments of that time were expensive.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=S |last2=Chatterjee |first2=M |title=Visceral leishmaniasis – current therapeutic modalities. |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=March 2006 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=345–52 |pmid=16778315}}</ref>

The treatment of kala-azar in India since about year 2000 has been difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ponte-Sucre |first1=A |last2=Gamarro |first2=F |last3=Dujardin |first3=JC |last4=Barrett |first4=MP |last5=López-Vélez |first5=R |last6=García-Hernández |first6=R |last7=Pountain |first7=AW |last8=Mwenechanya |first8=R |last9=Papadopoulou |first9=B |title=Drug resistance and treatment failure in leishmaniasis: A 21st century challenge. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=December 2017 |volume=11 |issue=12 |article-number=e0006052 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006052 |pmid=29240765|pmc=5730103 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2017 the Indian government had contained kala-azar in certain regions with the goal of providing easy access to medical treatment to eliminate it from the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zijlstra |first1=EE |last2=Alves |first2=F |last3=Rijal |first3=S |last4=Arana |first4=B |last5=Alvar |first5=J |title=Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: A threat to the South-East Asia Region Kala-azar Elimination Programme. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=November 2017 |volume=11 |issue=11 |article-number=e0005877 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005877 |pmid=29145397|pmc=5689828 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The intent was that by 2020 the disease should be very uncommon and also should never spread or grow again.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=S |last2=Singh |first2=OP |last3=Chakravarty |first3=J |title=Visceral leishmaniasis elimination targets in India, strategies for preventing resurgence. |journal=Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy |date=November 2018 |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1080/14787210.2018.1532790 |pmid=30289007|pmc=6345646 }}</ref> Physicians use a drug to treat kala-azar both before and after the patient seems cured, but take care to use a safe amount.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pijpers |first1=J |last2=den Boer |first2=ML |last3=Essink |first3=DR |last4=Ritmeijer |first4=K |title=The safety and efficacy of miltefosine in the long-term treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in South Asia – A review and meta-analysis. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=February 2019 |volume=13 |issue=2 |article-number=e0007173 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007173 |pmid=30742620|pmc=6386412 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The work that health agencies in India have done to reduce kala-azar are learning models for India or any other country to apply to other public health programs to eliminate infectious disease.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hirve |first1=S |last2=Kroeger |first2=A |last3=Matlashewski |first3=G |last4=Mondal |first4=D |last5=Banjara |first5=MR |last6=Das |first6=P |last7=Be-Nazir |first7=A |last8=Arana |first8=B |last9=Olliaro |first9=P |title=Towards elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent-Translating research to practice to public health. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=October 2017 |volume=11 |issue=10 |article-number=e0005889 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005889 |pmid=29023446|pmc=5638223 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== African trypanosomiasis ===
[[African trypanosomiasis]] (sleeping sickness) is not a problem in India.<ref name="Joshi apiindia">{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Prashant P |title=Human Trypanosomiasis in India: Is it an Emerging New Zoonosis? |url=https://www.apiindia.org/medicine_update_2013/chap04.pdf |website=apiindia.org |publisher=Association of Physicians in India |pages=10–13 |access-date=2020-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318235747/http://apiindia.org/medicine_update_2013/chap04.pdf |archive-date=2015-03-18 }}</ref> Researchers do monitor watching for the disease.<ref name="Joshi apiindia" /> In 2005, an Indian farmer became ill following an unusual infection with an Indian species of this parasite called ''[[Trypanosoma evansi]]''.<ref name="Joshi 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=PP |last2=Shegokar |first2=VR |last3=Powar |first3=RM |last4=Herder |first4=S |last5=Katti |first5=R |last6=Salkar |first6=HR |last7=Dani |first7=VS |last8=Bhargava |first8=A |last9=Jannin |first9=J |last10=Truc |first10=P |title=Human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in India: the first case report. |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2005 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=491–5 |pmid=16172469|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.491 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Chagas disease ===
[[Chagas disease]] is not a problem in India.<ref name="Joshi apiindia" /> Chagas disease, like African trypanosomiasis, has a ''[[Trypanosoma]]'' parasite as its cause.<ref name="Joshi apiindia" /><ref name="Joshi 2005" /> This parasite is not in India.<ref name="Joshi apiindia" /><ref name="Joshi 2005" />

== Worms ==

=== Soil-transmitted helminthiasis ===
[[Soil-transmitted helminthiasis]] is a group of various [[parasitic diseases]] which different [[roundworms]] cause. The [[Ascaris lumbricoides|large roundworm]] causes [[Ascariasis]], the [[hookworm]] causes [[Hookworm infection]], and the [[whipworm]] causes [[Trichuriasis]]. These worms are related and there are strategies for prevention which apply to all of them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abraham |first1=Dilip |last2=Kaliappan |first2=SaravanakumarPuthupalayam |last3=Walson |first3=JuddL |last4=Rao Ajjampur |first4=SitaraSwarna |title=Intervention strategies to reduce the burden of soil-transmitted helminths in India |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=2018 |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=533–544 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_881_18|pmid=30168484 |pmc=6118140 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The World Health Organization estimated that in 2015, 75% of the children in India who had [[Soil-transmitted helminthiasis]] also got treatment.<ref name="Hotez 2018" /><ref>{{cite web |title=PCT databank – Soil-transmitted helminthiases |url=https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/preventive_chemotherapy/sth/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122161930/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/preventive_chemotherapy/sth/en/ |archive-date=January 22, 2009 |website=WHO |access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Lymphatic filariasis ===
{{Main|Lymphatic filariasis in India}}
India has 40% of the world's [[lymphatic filariasis]] (LF) cases.<ref name="Ramaiah 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Ramaiah |first1=Kapa D |last2=Das |first2=Pradeep K |last3=Michael |first3=Edwin |last4=Guyatt |first4=Helen L |title=The Economic Burden of Lymphatic Filariasis in India |journal=Parasitology Today |date=June 2000 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=251–253 |doi=10.1016/S0169-4758(00)01643-4|pmid=10827432 }}</ref> For the patient, one of the major costs of treating the disease is having to take a lot of time off work.<ref name="Ramaiah 2000" /> A year 2000 survey reported that about half of the people in India were at risk of contracting LF.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sabesan |first1=S. |last2=Palaniyandi |first2=M. |last3=Das |first3=P. K. |last4=Michael |first4=E. |s2cid=35526107 |title=Mapping of lymphatic filariasis in India |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |date=3 Jul 2000 |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=591–606 |doi=10.1080/00034983.2000.11813582|pmid=11064761 }}</ref> Men and women can get this disease equally, but in the past, there have been barriers to women accessing treatment in the normal way.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Lalita |title=Lymphatic filariasis and the women of India |journal=Social Science & Medicine |date=May 1996 |volume=42 |issue=10 |pages=1401–1410 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(95)00288-X|pmid=8735896 }}</ref>

In 1955 the Indian government established the National Filaria Control Programme to reduce LF.<ref name="Sabesan 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Sabesan |first1=S |last2=Vanamail |first2=P |last3=Raju |first3=KH.K |last4=Raju |first4=P |title=Lymphatic filariasis in India: Epidemiology and control measures |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2010 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=232–8 |doi=10.4103/0022-3859.68650|pmid=20739779 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1997 India joined a [[World Health Assembly]] resolution to eliminate LF by 2020.<ref name="Sabesan 2010" /> In India to achieve this goal healthcare must be very accessible to almost everyone at risk for the disease.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=VK |last2=Sashindran |first2=VK |title=Lymphatic Filariasis in India: Problems, Challenges and New Initiatives |journal=[[Medical Journal Armed Forces India]] |date=October 2006 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=359–362 |doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(06)80109-7|pmid=27688542 |pmc=5034168 }}</ref> In 2015 the Indian government launched a health campaign called ''Hathipaon Mukt Bharat'' (Filaria Free India) to encourage public participation in eliminating LF.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bagcchi |first1=Sanjeet |title=India tackles lymphatic filariasis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=April 2015 |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=380 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70116-7|pmid=25809895 }}</ref>

Following some missed deadlines in 2015 and before a 2020 target date for eliminating LF, various media outlets discussed how India might meet the goal or what it should happen next if more time is required.<ref>{{cite news |author1=TNN |title=Filariasis in india: The epidemic you don't know about |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-epidemic-you-dont-know-about/articleshow/61680295.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |date=17 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Snigdha |title=Not Stigma But Awareness A Hurdle To Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis By 2020 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-stigma-but-awareness-a-hurdle-to-eradicate-lymphatic-filariasis-by-2020-1821048 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rath |first1=Nibedita |last2=Dash |first2=Sambit |title=India Is Set To Fail Its Target Of Eradicating Filariasis By 2020 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/dr-nibedita-rath/india-is-set-to-fail-its-target-of-eradicating-filariasis-by-2020_a_23080071/ |website=[[HuffPost]] India |publisher=[[AOL]] |language=en |date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

The [[Ayurvedic]] text ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' described lymphatic filariasis.<ref name="Sabesan 2010" />

=== Echinococcosis ===
[[Echinococcosis]] is a [[parasitic disease]] of [[tapeworms]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=BB |last2=Dhand |first2=NK |last3=Ghatak |first3=S |last4=Gill |first4=JP |title=Economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in India: Need for urgent action to control the disease. |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=1 January 2014 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.007 |pmid=24148988}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaidya |first1=VM |last2=Zende |first2=RJ |last3=Paturkar |first3=AM |last4=Gatne |first4=ML |last5=Dighe |first5=DG |last6=Waghmare |first6=RN |last7=Moon |first7=SL |last8=Bhave |first8=SS |last9=Bengale |first9=KG |last10=Nikale |first10=NV |s2cid=4879144 |title=Cystic echinococcosis in animals and humans of Maharashtra State, India. |journal=Acta Parasitologica |date=26 June 2018 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=232–243 |doi=10.1515/ap-2018-0027 |pmid=29654685}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rawat |first1=S |last2=Kumar |first2=R |last3=Raja |first3=J |last4=Singh |first4=RS |last5=Thingnam |first5=SKS |title=Pulmonary hydatid cyst: Review of literature. |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |date=September 2019 |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=2774–2778 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_624_19 |pmid=31681642|pmc=6820383 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhutani |first1=N |last2=Kajal |first2=P |title=Hepatic echinococcosis: A review. |journal=Annals of Medicine and Surgery |date=December 2018 |volume=36 |pages=99–105 |doi=10.1016/j.amsu.2018.10.032 |pmid=30450204|pmc=6226561 }}</ref>

=== Cysticercosis ===
[[Taeniasis]] and [[cysticercosis]] are both [[parasitic diseases]] caused by [[tapeworms]] in the family [[Taeniidae]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Eliminated – guinea worm ===
[[Guinea-worm disease]] was a neglected tropical disease in India until 2000 when it was eradicated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=R |title=India eradicates guinea worm disease. |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |date=11 March 2000 |volume=320 |issue=7236 |page=668 |pmid=10710568|pmc=1117704 }}</ref> In 2006 India announced the eradication of [[yaws]] after going since 2003 with no reported cases of the disease.<ref>{{cite web |author1=World Health Organization |title=India's triumph over yaws adds momentum to global eradication |url=https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/India_global_eradication_yaws_celebration/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715152502/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/India_global_eradication_yaws_celebration/en/ |archive-date=July 15, 2016 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |date=14 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Foodborne trematode infection ===
Foodborne [[Trematoda|trematode]] infection is not a problem in India.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

From 1969 to 2012 there have only been a few reports of a few people in India getting [[fasciolosis]] (foodborne trematode infection).<ref>{{cite web |author1=Gideon |title=Fascioliasis in India |url=https://www.gideononline.com/2017/12/30/fascioliasis-in-india/ |website=Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Online Network |date=30 December 2017}}</ref> The disease is endemic among cows, buffalo, sheep, and goats in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Rajat |last2=Yadav |first2=C. L. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. R. |last4=Banerjee |first4=P. S. |last5=Vatsya |first5=Stuti |last6=Godara |first6=Rajesh |s2cid=23875973 |title=The epidemiology of fasciolosis in ruminants in different geo-climatic regions of north India |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |date=21 May 2009 |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1695–1700 |doi=10.1007/s11250-009-9367-y|pmid=19455400 }}</ref> A 2012 paper which reported two human infections urged for attention that human infection might be more prevalent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varghese |first1=GM |last2=Ramachandran |first2=J |last3=Ajjampur |first3=SSR |last4=Chandramohan |first4=A |title=Cases of human fascioliasis in India: Tip of the iceberg |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=150–2 |doi=10.4103/0022-3859.97180|pmid=22718061 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Onchocerciasis ===
[[Onchocerciasis]] (river blindness) is not a problem in India.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Onchocerciasis has been found in India in an unusual case.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barua |first1=P |last2=Sharma |first2=A |last3=Hazarika |first3=NK |last4=Barua |first4=N |last5=Bhuyan |first5=S |last6=Alam |first6=ST |title=A rare case of ocular onchocerciasis in India. |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |date=November 2011 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1359–64 |pmid=22299403}}</ref>

=== Schistosomiasis ===
Schistosomiasis is not a problem in India.

A 2015 report described that while India has no routine reports of [[schistosomiasis]], the disease might be present and unreported.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kali |first1=Arunava |title=Schistosome Infections: An Indian Perspective |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=DE01-4 |date=2015 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2015/10512.5521|pmid=25859459 |pmc=4378741 }}</ref> A 1952 paper described the disease present in an Indian village and how WHO investigators treated the disease and tried to identify its source.<ref name="Agrawal 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=M. C. |last2=Rao |first2=V. G. |title=Indian Schistosomes: A Need for Further Investigations |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |date=2011 |volume=2011 |article-number=250868 |doi=10.1155/2011/250868|pmid=22132307 |pmc=3205607 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gadgil |first1=R. K. |last2=Shah |first2=S. N. |title=Human schistosomiasis in India |journal=Journal of Medical Science |date=1952 |volume=6 |pages=760–763}}</ref> In retrospect, that older paper was unusual, and either this disease is uncommon in India or difficult to detect.<ref name="Agrawal 2011" />

== Fungus ==

=== Mycetoma ===
[[File:Human Mycetoma in India in 2013.png|thumb|location, cause, and number of cases of mycetoma in India in 2013]]
Mycetoma is an infection under the skin which in India may have either a fungus or a bacterium as cause.<ref name="van de Sande 2013">{{cite journal |last1=van de Sande |first1=Wendy W. J. |last2=Vinetz |first2=Joseph M. |title=Global Burden of Human Mycetoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=7 November 2013 |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=e2550 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002550|pmid=24244780 |pmc=3820768 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In Rajasthan the cause is usually a fungus, but elsewhere in India a bacterium usually causes the disease.<ref name="van de Sande 2013" />

Small health surveys have shown that mycetoma is common in central India.<ref name="Sawatkar 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Sawatkar |first1=GiteshU |last2=Wankhade |first2=VaishaliH |last3=Supekar |first3=BhagyashreeB |last4=Pratap |first4=RajeshPratap |last5=Bhat |first5=DharitriM |last6=Tankhiwale |first6=SupriyaS |title=Mycetoma: A common yet unrecognized health burden in central India |journal=Indian Dermatology Online Journal |date=2019 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=256–261 |doi=10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_358_18|pmid=31149567 |pmc=6536075 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The disease is difficult to treat.<ref name="Relhan 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Relhan |first1=V |last2=Mahajan |first2=K |last3=Agarwal |first3=P |last4=Garg |first4=VK |title=Mycetoma: An Update. |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology |date=2017 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=332–340 |doi=10.4103/ijd.IJD_476_16 |pmid=28794542|pmc=5527712 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The treatment for fungus will not work on the bacteria and vice versa.<ref name="Relhan 2017" /> When it is a bacterium the treatment period is long.<ref name="Relhan 2017" />

In 1874 [[Henry Vandyke Carter]], a British surgeon, wrote a book titled ''On mycetoma, or the fungus disease of India''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=H.Vandyke |title=On the Nature of Mycetoma, or the Fungus Disease of India |date=1874 |publisher=[[John Churchill (publisher)|J. & A. Churchill]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/onmycetomaorfun00cartgoog/page/n4}}</ref>

== Bacteria ==
=== Leprosy ===
{{Main|Leprosy in India}}
From 1983 until 2005 India organized successful programs to eliminate leprosy as a public health problem.<ref name="Rao 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=PN |last2=Suneetha |first2=S |title=Current Situation of Leprosy in India and its Future Implications. |journal=Indian Dermatology Online Journal |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=83–89 |doi=10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_282_17 |pmid=29644191|pmc=5885632 |doi-access=free }}</ref> While these programs reduced the number of people in India with leprosy from 58 in 10,000 to 1 in 10,000, they did not eliminate leprosy entirely.<ref name="Rao 2018" /> Completely eliminating the disease is possible in the near future.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sengupta |first1=Utpal |s2cid=46804892 |title=Elimination of leprosy in India: An analysis |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |date=2018 |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_1070_16|pmid=29451189 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[National Leprosy Eradication Program]] is part of the government solution to ending the disease.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Without health intervention, it is possible that leprosy rates could rise and all the progress could be lost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cousins |first1=S |s2cid=52099098 |title=Experts fear a resurgence of leprosy in India. |journal=Lancet |date=25 August 2018 |volume=392 |issue=10148 |pages=624–625 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31982-2 |pmid=30152333}}</ref>

A 2018 study reported that India does well at detecting leprosy in poor areas, but more often misses cases in places with more money.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grantz |first1=Kyra H. |last2=Chabaari |first2=Winnie |last3=Samuel |first3=Ramolotja Kagiso |last4=Gershom |first4=Buri |last5=Blum |first5=Laura |last6=Worden |first6=Lee |last7=Ackley |first7=Sarah |last8=Liu |first8=Fengchen |last9=Lietman |first9=Thomas M. |last10=Galvani |first10=Alison P. |last11=Prajna |first11=Lalitha |last12=Porco |first12=Travis C. |title=Spatial distribution of leprosy in India: an ecological study |journal=Infectious Diseases of Poverty |date=27 March 2018 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=20 |doi=10.1186/s40249-018-0402-y|pmid=29580296 |pmc=5870368 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2019 report described how newly available technology should make detecting and treating leprosy in India more easy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sengupta |first1=U |title=Recent Laboratory Advances in Diagnostics and Monitoring Response to Treatment in Leprosy. |journal=Indian Dermatology Online Journal |date=2019 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=106–114 |doi=10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_260_18 |pmid=30984583|pmc=6434766 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Trachoma ===
In December 2017 the health minister of India announced that India was free of [[trachoma]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Neetu Chandra |title=India free from Trachoma, says health minister J.P. Nadda |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/AaUqCnuT6VUwbRWSKXTCbL/India-free-from-Trachoma-says-health-minister-JP-Nadda.html |website=Livemint |language=en |date=8 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India now free of infective trachoma, says JP Nadda |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/09/india-now-free-of-infective-trachoma-says-jp-nadda-1722546.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> This announcement included a statement that there were no children in India who had an active case of trachoma.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tandon |first1=Aditi |title=India free from active trachoma in children |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/india-free-from-active-trachoma-in-children-511409 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=11 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

A 2011 paper had speculated that India could eliminate trachoma within 10 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hotez |first1=Peter |title=Enlarging the "Audacious Goal": Elimination of the world's high prevalence neglected tropical diseases |journal=Vaccine |date=December 2011 |volume=29 |pages=D104–D110 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.024|pmid=22188933 }}</ref>

=== Yaws ===
The Indian government began programs to eliminate yaws in the 1950s.<ref name="Narain 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Narain |first1=JP |last2=Jain |first2=SK |last3=Bora |first3=D |last4=Venkatesh |first4=S |title=Eradicating successfully yaws from India: The strategy & global lessons. |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=May 2015 |volume=141 |issue=5 |pages=608–13 |doi=10.4103/0971-5916.159542 |pmid=26139778|pmc=4510759 |doi-access=free}}</ref> India began its Yaws Eradication Program in 1996 and identified 735 cases at its start.<ref name="Bora 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Bora |first1=D |last2=Dhariwal |first2=AC |last3=Lal |first3=S |title=Yaws and its eradication in India--a brief review. |journal=The Journal of Communicable Diseases |date=March 2005 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |pmid=16637394}}</ref> In 2004 the Indian government announced that the health program seemed to have eliminated the disease.<ref name="Bora 2005" /> Even after yaws seemed to be gone, the government continued monitoring and searching for cases heavily through 2006.<ref name="Bora 2005" /> Following that, there was a program to investigate rumors of yaws through 2011.<ref name="Narain 2015" />

In May 2016 the World Health Organization declared India free of yaws.<ref>{{cite web |author1=World Health Organization |author-link1=World Health Organization |title=WHO declares India free of yaws |url=https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/India_free_of_yaws/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225185750/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/India_free_of_yaws/en/ |archive-date=December 25, 2016 |website=World Health Organization |location=New Delhi |date=11 May 2016}}</ref> India was the first country where yaws was [[endemic]] and which eliminated it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Friedrich |first1=M.J. |title=WHO Declares India Free of Yaws and Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus |journal=JAMA |date=20 September 2016 |volume=316 |issue=11 |page=1141 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.12649|pmid=27654592 }}</ref> This success in India led to excite for other countries to also try to eliminate yaws by year 2020 using techniques which India developed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asiedu |first1=Kingsley |last2=Fitzpatrick |first2=Christopher |last3=Jannin |first3=Jean |last4=Small |first4=Pamela L. C. |title=Eradication of Yaws: Historical Efforts and Achieving WHO's 2020 Target |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=25 September 2014 |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e3016 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003016|pmid=25254372 |pmc=4177727 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Buruli ulcer ===
[[Buruli ulcer]] is not a problem in India.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In 2019 physicians identified a case of Buruli ulcer in India, but the patient was from Nigeria where the disease is present.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Ajith John |last2=Samuel |first2=Vimalin |last3=Samuel |first3=Vasanth Mark |last4=Gaikwad |first4=Pranay |title=Buruli ulcer: Rare presentation of a chronic nonhealing ulcer in India |journal=Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery |date=6 June 2019 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–140 |doi=10.4103/ijves.ijves_76_18 |s2cid=184479927 |url=https://www.indjvascsurg.org/text.asp?2019/6/2/138/259660|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Viruses ==
=== Dengue fever and chikungunya fever ===
The WHO groups dengue and chikungunya fever together, but these are separate conditions.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

India had [[chikungunya]] cases before 1973 when the disease was nearly eliminated. In 2005 India got another case of this.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lahariya |first1=C |last2=Pradhan |first2=SK |title=Emergence of chikungunya virus in Indian subcontinent after 32 years: A review. |journal=Journal of Vector Borne Diseases |date=December 2006 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=151–60 |pmid=17175699}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muniaraj |first1=M |title=Fading chikungunya fever from India: beginning of the end of another episode? |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=March 2014 |volume=139 |issue=3 |pages=468–70 |pmid=24820844|pmc=4069744 }}</ref> Checkungunya cases are rising in India <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/governance/the-resurgence-of-chikungunya-in-india-how-should-we-tackle-it.html|title=The resurgence of chikungunya in India|last=|first=|date=|website=Ideas for India – Evidence based policy}}</ref>

=== Rabies ===
Rabies has been a problem in India since ancient times.<ref name="Sudarshan 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Sudarshan |first1=M.K. |last2=Madhusudana |first2=S.N. |last3=Mahendra |first3=B.J. |last4=Rao |first4=N.S.N. |last5=Ashwath Narayana |first5=D.H. |last6=Abdul Rahman |first6=S. |last7=Meslin |first7=F.-X. |last8=Lobo |first8=D. |last9=Ravikumar |first9=K. |last10=Gangaboraiah |title=Assessing the burden of human rabies in India: results of a national multi-center epidemiological survey |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |date=January 2007 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2005.10.007|pmid=16678463 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Rabies often comes from [[dog bites]].<ref name="Sudarshan 2007" />

In India there are many [[stray dogs]] and many people report being bitten by them.<ref name="Menezes 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Menezes |first1=R. |title=Rabies in India |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=26 February 2008 |volume=178 |issue=5 |pages=564–566 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.071488|pmid=18299543 |pmc=2244675 }}</ref> To determine whether someone requires treatment for rabies or only treatment for the bite, the physician should have information about the incidence of rabies in animals in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ichhpujani |first1=RL |last2=Mala |first2=C |last3=Veena |first3=M |last4=Singh |first4=J |last5=Bhardwaj |first5=M |last6=Bhattacharya |first6=D |last7=Pattanaik |first7=SK |last8=Balakrishnan |first8=N |last9=Reddy |first9=AK |last10=Samnpath |first10=G |last11=Gandhi |first11=N |last12=Nagar |first12=SS |last13=Shiv |first13=L |title=Epidemiology of animal bites and rabies cases in India. A multicentric study. |journal=The Journal of Communicable Diseases |date=March 2008 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=27–36 |pmid=19127666}}</ref> In India about 2% of people who are bitten get a [[rabies vaccine]].<ref name="Menezes 2008" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sudarshan |first1=MK |last2=Mahendra |first2=BJ |last3=Madhusudana |first3=SN |last4=Ashwoath Narayana |first4=DH |last5=Rahman |first5=A |last6=Rao |first6=NS |last7=X-Meslin |first7=F |last8=Lobo |first8=D |last9=Ravikumar |first9=K |last10=Gangaboraiah |title=An epidemiological study of animal bites in India: results of a WHO sponsored national multi-centric rabies survey. |journal=The Journal of Communicable Diseases |date=March 2006 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=32–9 |pmid=17370688}}</ref> A 2012 paper argued that there was now enough information about rabies in India to plan to contain and prevent the disease nationally.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kakkar |first1=Manish |last2=Venkataramanan |first2=Vidya |last3=Krishnan |first3=Sampath |last4=Chauhan |first4=Ritu Singh |last5=Abbas |first5=Syed Shahid |last6=Rupprecht |first6=Charles E. |title=Moving from Rabies Research to Rabies Control: Lessons from India |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=7 August 2012 |volume=6 |issue=8 |article-number=e1748 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001748|pmid=22880139 |pmc=3413711 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

For people in India who get rabies the death rate is nearly 100%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanchita |title=Vaccine-preventable rabies is India's most fatal infection |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/vaccine-preventable-rabies-is-india-s-most-fatal-infection/story-Ie3H2DE4wSZPk1EqXR6WmJ.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Other ==
=== Scabies ===
Incidence of scabies in India ranges from 13 to 59% throughout observed areas.<ref name="Nair 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Pragya Ashok |title=A Study of Clinical Profile and Quality of Life in Patients with Scabies at a Rural Tertiary Care Centre |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=WC01–WC05 |date=2016 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2016/20938.8703|pmid=27891435 |pmc=5121773 }}</ref> Little research exists on how much this condition affects Indian people's work, leisure, and sleep.<ref name="Nair 2016" />

Various epidemiological studies exist reporting the number of people in India with scabies in various times and places.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gulati |first1=P. V. |title=Scabies in a Semiurban Area of India: An Epidemiologic Study |last2=Bracanza |first2=C. |last3=Singh |first3=K. P. |last4=Borker |first4=V. |journal=International Journal of Dermatology |date=September 1977 |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=594–598 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4362.1977.tb00788.x|pmid=914413 |s2cid=22089197 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=R. S. |last2=Mishra |first2=R. S. |last3=Pal |first3=Dharam |last4=Gupta |first4=J. P. |last5=Dutta |first5=Mahendra |last6=Datta |first6=K. K. |title=An epidemiological study of scabies in a rural community in India |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |date=15 November 2016 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=157–164 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1984.11811789|pmid=6742927 }}</ref>

Topical [[Permethrin]] and oral [[ivermectin]] are commonly available in India for treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandler |first1=David J. |last2=Fuller |first2=Lucinda C. |s2cid=56485379 |title=A Review of Scabies: An Infestation More than Skin Deep |journal=Dermatology |date=2019 |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=79–90 |doi=10.1159/000495290|pmid=30544123 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=R |last2=Singal |first2=A |title=Topical permethrin and oral ivermectin in the management of scabies: a prospective, randomized, double blind, controlled study. |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |date=2011 |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=581–6 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.84063 |pmid=21860157|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Snakebites ===
[[File:Indiancobra.jpg|thumb|Indian cobra bites are a serious problem.]]
The [[envenomation]] is the danger of the snakebite, and not the bite itself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohapatra |first1=Bijayeeni |last2=Warrell |first2=David A. |last3=Suraweera |first3=Wilson |last4=Bhatia |first4=Prakash |last5=Dhingra |first5=Neeraj |last6=Jotkar |first6=Raju M. |last7=Rodriguez |first7=Peter S. |last8=Mishra |first8=Kaushik |last9=Whitaker |first9=Romulus |last10=Jha |first10=Prabhat |last11=Gyapong |first11=John Owusu |title=Snakebite Mortality in India: A Nationally Representative Mortality Survey |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=12 April 2011 |volume=5 |issue=4 |article-number=e1018 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001018|pmid=21532748 |pmc=3075236 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kasturiratne |first1=A |last2=Wickremasinghe |first2=AR |last3=de Silva |first3=N |last4=Gunawardena |first4=NK |last5=Pathmeswaran |first5=A |last6=Premaratna |first6=R |last7=Savioli |first7=L |last8=Lalloo |first8=DG |last9=de Silva |first9=HJ |title=The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. |journal=PLOS Medicine |date=4 November 2008 |volume=5 |issue=11 |article-number=e218 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218 |pmid=18986210|pmc=2577696 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The four snakes in India which account for most bites are the [[Indian cobra]], [[common krait]], [[Russell's viper]], and [[saw-scaled viper]].<ref name="Laxme 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Senji Laxme |first1=R. R. |last2=Khochare |first2=Suyog |last3=de Souza |first3=Hugo Francisco |last4=Ahuja |first4=Bharat |last5=Suranse |first5=Vivek |last6=Martin |first6=Gerard |last7=Whitaker |first7=Romulus |last8=Sunagar |first8=Kartik |last9=BILLIALD |first9=Philippe |title=Beyond the 'big four': Venom profiling of the medically important yet neglected Indian snakes reveals disturbing antivenom deficiencies |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=5 December 2019 |volume=13 |issue=12 |article-number=e0007899 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007899|pmid=31805055 |pmc=6894822 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Besides these four there are various other snakes which bite enough to require an organized medical response.<ref name="Laxme 2019" />

In May 2018 the World Health Organization declared that responding to snake bites is a global health priority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Snake bites labelled a 'health priority' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44253586 |website=[[BBC]] |date=26 May 2018}}</ref>

Some places in India use traditional folk medicine with plants to treat snakebite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samy |first1=Ramar Perumal |last2=Thwin |first2=Maung Maung |last3=Gopalakrishnakone |first3=Ponnampalam |last4=Ignacimuthu |first4=Savarimuthu |title=Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=January 2008 |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=302–312 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.006|pmid=18055146 }}</ref>

Designing [[antivenom]] is a challenge because different snakes require different antivenom to treat, and there are many types of snakes in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warrell |first1=DA |last2=Gutiérrez |first2=JM |last3=Calvete |first3=JJ |last4=Williams |first4=D |title=New approaches & technologies of venomics to meet the challenge of human envenoming by snakebites in India. |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=2013 |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=38–59 |pmid=24056555|pmc=3767246 }}</ref>

97% of snake bites occur in rural areas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Kalyan |title=India neglects snakebites despite 50K deaths each year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/india-neglects-snakebites-714568.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=23 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Snakes have a special place in Indian society and culture.<ref name="Roopa 2017">{{cite web |last1=Roopa |first1=Nupur |title=Venom, myth and medicine: India fights its reputation as world snakebite capital {{!}} Nupur Roopa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/oct/27/venom-myth-and-medicine-india-fights-its-reputation-as-the-worlds-snakebite-capital |website=The Guardian |date=27 October 2017}}</ref> Because of this, many people who receive a snakebite treat their illness with less medical urgency than they would some other disease.<ref name="Roopa 2017" />

A 2010 review of snake bite in India found that there is underreporting of the problem and also insufficient health care treatment available.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alirol |first1=Emilie |last2=Sharma |first2=Sanjib Kumar |last3=Bawaskar |first3=Himmatrao Saluba |last4=Kuch |first4=Ulrich |last5=Chappuis |first5=François |last6=de Silva |first6=Janaka |title=Snake Bite in South Asia: A Review |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 January 2010 |volume=4 |issue=1 |article-number=e603 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000603|pmid=20126271 |pmc=2811174 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 1954 study tracked snake bites since 1940. This study estimated 300,000-400,000 bites a year with 10% of those being deadly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=AHUJA |first1=ML |last2=SINGH |first2=G |title=Snake bite in India. |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=October 1954 |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=661–86 |pmid=13232717}}</ref>

Treatment which should be available but which are sometimes hard to get includes a [[whole blood clotting test]] and a [[venom detection kit]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abraham |first1=Siju V. |title=Snake bite in India: A few matters to note |journal=Toxicology Reports |date=2018 |volume=5 |page=839 |doi=10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.010|pmid=30140616 |pmc=6104458 |bibcode=2018ToxR....5..839A }}</ref>

== Epidemiology ==
India and South Asia have about half of the world's cases of kala azar, lymphatic filariasis, and leprosy.<ref name="Hotez May 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Hotez |first1=Peter J. |title=Ten Global "Hotspots" for the Neglected Tropical Diseases |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=29 May 2014 |volume=8 |issue=5 |article-number=e2496 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002496|pmid=24873825 |pmc=4038631 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The region also has about a third of rabies deaths and a quarter of the South Asia, in addition to one-third of the rabies deaths, one-quarter of the intestinal helminth infections.<ref name="Hotez May 2014" /> As of 2014 there was not good information about dengue and [[Japanese encephalitis]], but these diseases are a major burden in India also.<ref name="Hotez May 2014" />

Of the 17 neglected tropical diseases which the World Health Organization recognized in 2017, six are common in India.<ref name="Acharya July 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Acharya |first1=Anita Shankar |last2=Kaur |first2=Ravneet |last3=Goel |first3=Akhil Dhanesh |title=Neglected tropical diseases—Challenges and opportunities in India |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Specialities |date=July 2017 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=102–108 |doi=10.1016/j.injms.2017.07.006}}</ref> Those 6 diseases are [[Lymphatic filariasis]], [[kala-azar]] (''Visceral leishmaniasis''), [[Leptospirosis]], [[Rabies]], [[Soil-transmitted helminthiasis]], and [[Dengue fever]].<ref name="Acharya July 2017" />

The [[Global Burden of Disease Study]] is a regularly updated report which attempts to describe the extent to which each major disease in the world affects individuals with those diseases.<ref name="Hotez 2018" /> This report identifies surprising problems and described them to be unknown among many health professionals.<ref name="Hotez 2018" /> One surprising finding of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease study is that India has the most and worst cases of 11 of the 16 neglected tropical diseases it considered.<ref name="Hotez 2018" /> India has the most cases of all neglected tropical diseases which occur in India.<ref name="Hotez 2018" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+New cases of neglected tropical diseases in 2016<ref name="Hotez 2018" /><ref>all numbers are from the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]]'s 2016 [[Global Burden of Disease Study]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |author-link1=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |title=Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016) Data Resources|url=https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2016 |website=ghdx.healthdata.org |publisher=[[University of Washington]] |date=2017}}</ref>
!neglected tropical disease
!Cases in India
!Total cases globally
!India's percent of global total
!India's incidence rank
|-
|[[Ascariasis]]
|222 million
|799 million
|28%
|1
|-
|[[Hookworm infection]]
|102 million
|451 million
|23%
|1
|-
|[[Trichuriasis]]
|68 million
|435 million
|16%
|1
|-
|[[Dengue fever]][[#fn *|*]]
|53 million
|101 million
|53%
|1
|-
|[[Lymphatic filariasis]]
|8.7 million
|29.4 million
|29%
|1
|-
|[[Trachoma]][[#fn †|†]]
|1.8 million
|3.3 million
|53%
|1
|-
|[[Cysticercosis]]
|819,538
|2.7 million
|31%
|1
|-
|[[Leprosy]]
|187,730
|523,245
|36%
|1
|-
|[[Echinococcosis]]
|119,320
|973,662
|12%
|1
|-
|[[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
|13,530
|30,067
|45%
|1
|-
|[[Rabies]][[#fn *|*]]
|4,370
|13,340
|33%
|1
|}
:<cite id="fn_*">[[#fn * back|*]]</cite> – only new cases
:<cite id="fn_†">[[#fn † back|†]]</cite> – only cases causing [[visual impairment]]

== Prevention ==
Elimination of as many of these diseases as possible is a goal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dash |first1=A.P. |last2=Revankar |first2=C. |title=Neglected tropical diseases targeted for elimination in South-East Asia – Progress so far |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |date=June 2012 |volume=16 |pages=e18 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.048|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The government of India collaborates with the World Health Organization in making financial investments in health care for the purpose of reducing and eliminating neglected tropical diseases in India.<ref>{{cite book |author1=World Health Organization |author-link1=World Health Organization |title=Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: third WHO report on neglected tropical diseases |date=2015 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156486-1}}</ref>

In 2005, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Indian Health Ministry]], [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Bangladeshi Health Ministry]], and the [[Ministry of Health and Population (Nepal)|Nepali Health Ministry]] shared a [[memorandum of understanding]] to eliminate kala-azar in their shared region by 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narain |first1=Jai P |last2=Dash |first2=AP |last3=Parnell |first3=B |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=SK |last5=Barua |first5=S |last6=Bhatia |first6=R |last7=Savioli |first7=L |title=Elimination of neglected tropical diseases in the South-East Asia Region of the World Health Organization |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=1 March 2010 |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=206–210 |doi=10.2471/BLT.09.072322|pmid=20428388 |pmc=2828791 }}</ref>

A 2015 study reported that India's public health programs were reducing leprosy rates but not quickly enough to eliminate the disease from the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brook |first1=Cara E. |last2=Beauclair |first2=Roxanne |last3=Ngwenya |first3=Olina |last4=Worden |first4=Lee |last5=Ndeffo-Mbah |first5=Martial |last6=Lietman |first6=Thomas M. |last7=Satpathy |first7=Sudhir K. |last8=Galvani |first8=Alison P. |last9=Porco |first9=Travis C. |title=Spatial heterogeneity in projected leprosy trends in India |journal=Parasites & Vectors |date=22 October 2015 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=542 |doi=10.1186/s13071-015-1124-7|pmid=26490137 |pmc=4618538 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2017 the Indian government began participating in the World Health Organization's plan to eliminate 10 of the neglected tropical diseases.<ref name="Acharya July 2017" /> The government strategy was to reduce poverty, promote sanitation, do [[vector control]], and provide public health education.<ref name="Acharya July 2017" />

== Climate Change ==

=== Impact of Climate Change on Neglected Tropical Diseases in India ===
Climate change is emerging as a significant driver of the changes in the spread of neglected tropical diseases in India, particularly those that are vector-borne or linked to environmental conditions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Majra |first1=J.P. |last2=Gur |first2=A. |date=2009 |title=Climate change and health: Why should India be concerned? |journal=Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.4103/0019-5278.50717 |doi-access=free |pmid=20165606 |pmc=2822161 }}</ref> India, with its diverse climate zones and large population, faces increased risks due to rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and changing weather patterns.<ref name=":0" /> These environmental changes influence the distribution, transmission dynamics, and seasonal patterns of various neglected tropical diseases, affecting their burden on vulnerable populations.

=== Vector-Borne Neglected Tropical Diseases and Climate Change ===

==== Lymphatic Filariasis ====
Vector-borne neglected tropical diseases, such as lymphatic filariasis, are particularly sensitive to climate variations, most notably temperature. This is because of how this warming of temperature influences the vector of this disease, the Anopheles mosquito.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Shirley |first1=Hugh |last2=Grifferty |first2=Grace |last3=Yates |first3=Elizabeth F. |last4=Raykar |first4=Nakul |last5=Wamai |first5=Richard |last6=McClain |first6=Craig D. |date=2022-08-08 |title=The Connection between Climate Change, Surgical Care and Neglected Tropical Diseases |journal=Annals of Global Health |language=en-US |volume=88 |issue=1 |page=68 |doi=10.5334/aogh.3766 |doi-access=free |issn=2214-9996 |pmc=9374016 |pmid=36043041}}</ref> As temperatures increase, these mosquitos can introduce lymphatic filariasis to new areas that were previously too cold.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caminade |first1=Cyril |last2=Kovats |first2=Sari |last3=Rocklov |first3=Joacim |last4=Tompkins |first4=Adrian M. |last5=Morse |first5=Andrew P. |last6=Colón-González |first6=Felipe J. |last7=Stenlund |first7=Hans |last8=Martens |first8=Pim |last9=Lloyd |first9=Simon J. |date=2014-03-04 |title=Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=111 |issue=9 |pages=3286–3291 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1302089111 |doi-access=free |pmc=3948226 |pmid=24596427|bibcode=2014PNAS..111.3286C }}</ref> Through these mosquitoes reaching new areas, some ecological models show that the case burden of lymphatic filariasis will increase.<ref name=":1" />

==== Chikungunya Virus ====
Chikungunya, on the other hand, may see a decrease in cases across India due to climate change.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Tjaden |first1=Nils B. |last2=Suk |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Fischer |first3=Dominik |last4=Thomas |first4=Stephanie M. |last5=Beierkuhnlein |first5=Carl |last6=Semenza |first6=Jan C. |date=2017-06-19 |title=Modelling the effects of global climate change on Chikungunya transmission in the 21st century |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=3813 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-03566-3 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5476675 |pmid=28630444}}</ref> The relation of climate change to the ideal environment of the vector, the [[Aedes]] mosquito, is driving this change. This is because climate change models predict that some areas of India will become less habitable for this mosquito while others will remain equally suitable for the Aedes mosquito.<ref name=":2" />

=== Summary ===
Climate change has mixed effects on the diseases listed above.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The need for concern of India for the impacts of climate change on its health has been previously discussed,<ref name=":0" /> and vector-borne Neglected Tropical Diseases will be one of these impacts.

== Society and culture ==
The neglected tropical diseases are [[diseases of poverty]] and [[poverty reduction]] in society will reduce them.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Some people feel embarrassed to have a disease, but a disease is not anyone's fault.<ref name="Weiss 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=Mitchell G. |last2=Utzinger |first2=Juerg |title=Stigma and the Social Burden of Neglected Tropical Diseases |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=14 May 2008 |volume=2 |issue=5 |article-number=e237 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000237|pmid=18478049 |pmc=2359851 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The government of India sometimes has organized health campaigns to teach about diseases so that people feel comfortable coming for medical help when they need it.<ref name="Weiss 2008" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |author1= International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations |author-link1 = International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations |author2= Global Health Progress |author3= Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India |year= 2013 |title= Action on Neglected Tropical Diseases in India |publisher= Global Health Progress |location= India |url= http://www.schoolsandhealth.org/Shared%20Documents/Action%20on%20Neglected%20Tropical%20Diseases%20in%20India.pdf}}

== External links ==
* [https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/search?q=india&filterJournals=PLoSNTD search results for "India"] in ''[[PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases]]''

[[Category:Diseases and disorders in India]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]

Meerut North metro station

2026-05-05T16:32:12Z

WECElbert296866: Made stub

{{refimprove|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|Metro station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:A20 Meerut North RRTS station.svg|40px]] Meerut North
| style = Meerut Metro
| type =
| image = File:Meerut North metro station.jpg
| image_caption = Meerut North metro station
| address = Pallavpuram, [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29.05349|77.70814|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = NCRTC
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} RRTS {{rcb|Meerut Metro|Blue|croute}} MRTS
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]{{efn|Structurally [[Island platform|island]]. See [[Meerut North metro station#Design and structure|design and structure]].}} Platform-1 → {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}}
| tracks = 4
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| levels = 2
| parking = Yes
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| code =
| opened = {{start date and age|2026|02|22|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Meerut Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Daurli|right1=Modipuram}}
| route_map = {{Meerut Metro Route}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
}}

The '''Meerut North metro station''' is an [[elevated]] [[Meerut Metro]] station on the Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut RRTS corridor (also known as the '''Namo Bharat''' corridor) serving Pallavpuram in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It serves as a halt for Meerut Metro trains that run at a speed of 120 km/h. The RRTS trains, which do not stop here, pass through the station at a speed of 160 km/h. The station is constructed, owned and operated by the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC). The station was inaugurated on 22 February 2026.<ref name="IT">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS now fully operational: Will improved connectivity drive real estate demand along the corridor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/delhimeerut-rrts-now-fully-operational-will-improved-connectivity-drive-real-estate-demand-along-the-corridor-101771743611396.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The station is part of the 23 km-long Meerut Metro segment within the Delhi–Meerut RRTS corridor. Construction works began in 2020 under the supervision of the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). All major civil works and finishing works, including electrical and platform installations, were completed by January 2026, paving the way for the station's inauguration with the entire RRTS and metro corridors on 22 February 2026.<ref name="IT"/><ref>{{cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS construction update: Meerut North metro station nears completion |url=https://meerutmetro.in/meerut-north-meerut-metro-station|access-date=7 March 2026 |publisher=Meerut Metro}}</ref>

== Location ==
The station is located on [[National Highway 334B (India)|NH-334B]], which runs from [[Meerut]] to [[Roorkee]] in [[Uttarakhand]], just north of a hospital, south of the road leading to Pallavpuram, 750 metres north of [[National Highway 58 (India, old numbering)|Old NH-58]] (Meerut Bypass), {{cvt|3.5|km}} east of Pabli Khas railway station on the [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line]] of the [[Indian Railways]], and is surrounded by densely populated areas. Thanks to its location, the metro station provides direct access to local and major transport routes, commercial and residential zones.

== Design and structure ==
The station is designed as an elevated structure with two [[island platforms]] and four tracks. The platforms have metro tracks on one side and RRTS tracks on the other. Only one side of the platform (facing the metro tracks) is accessible to passengers, with doors opening onto the metro trains. The other side of the platform (facing the RRTS tracks) is inaccessible to passengers, as RRTS trains pass through without stopping at these stations, thus technically making the platforms [[side platforms]]. This design has optimized land use and reduced construction costs, while also leaving space for future expansion or modifications.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mukul|first=Sushil|title=How India rolled out high-speed rail, metro using common tracks|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-metro-share-tracks-launch-alwar-panipat-karnal-neemrana-2873080-2026-02-24|work=India Today|date=24 February 2026|access-date=8 March 2026|language=en}}</ref>

=== Facilities ===

* Four lifts and six escalators
* Passenger waiting areas
* Ticket vending machines and smartcard facilities
* CCTV surveillance and security systems
* [[Platform screen doors]] (PSDs)
* Dedicated facilities for physically challenged passengers
* Parking and drop-off zones for last-mile connectivity

== Connectivity ==
Apart from serving the metro, the station has made multiple transport options accessible for ease of travel, including local modes like [[autorickshaws]], buses, cabs and the nearby Pabli Khas railway station. These plus points have improved accessibility and have cut down travel time from Pallavpuram to Meerut South, directly to Delhi through the RRTS, to the Meerut city centre, and to Modipuram in the city's north.

== Station layout ==

{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = [[File:A20 Meerut North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] Meerut North metro station
| title-bg = #{{rail color|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = \\CONTg\CONTfa\\~~ ~~ ~~ to/from [[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]]
KRW+l\KRWgr\KRWgl\KRW+r
ePSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\PSTR(L)\ePSTR(R)~~ ~~'''Meerut North'''
KRWl\KRWg+r\KRWg+l\KRWr
\\CONTge\CONTf\\~~ ~~ ~~ from/to [[File:A19 Daurli RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Daurli metro station|Daurli]]
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with four tracks and two side platforms ''** (The platforms are structurally island platforms. The light gray portions of the platforms along the bypassing lines are metro facing; the dark gray portions along the straight lines are RRTS facing) ''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine/Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, Station agent, Facilities, Retail stores, Token and ticket vending machines, Crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|{{blue|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''}}
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards
'''AS3''' [[Modipuram Depot metro station]] '''Next Station:''' [[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]]
|-
|{{blue|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''}}
|Towards
[[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Meerut South RRTS station]] '''Next Station:''' [[File:A19 Daurli RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Daurli metro station|Daurli]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

== Future ==
In view of rising in traffic due to growth in population, Meerut's city expansion and heightened demand for Delhi, Meerut North, along with all 13 stations of the metro, have sufficient spaces to expand into RRTS stations to allow both the metro and RRTS trains to halt for handling passengers. This expansion will make the metro stations aligned with the RRTS services, thus enhancing connectivity between Delhi and Meerut even further in the next 10-20 years.

== See also ==

* [[Meerut Metro]]
* [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]]
* [[RapidX]]
* [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://meerutmetro.in/meerut-north-meerut-metro-station Official Meerut Metro – Meerut North metro station page]
* [https://ncrtc.in/project/delhi-ghaziabad-meerut/ NCRTC official Delhi–Meerut project page]

[[Category:Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T02:42:22Z

WECElbert296866: Created new article

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{coord|12.82|N|79.71|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Kancheepuram
| map_image = kancheepuram lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Kancheepuram constituency, post-2008 delimitation
|established = 1951 2009
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|mp = [[G. Selvam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Chengalpattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengalpattu]] [[Thiruporur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruporur]] [[Cheyyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheyyur]] [[Madurantakam (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurantakam]] [[Uthiramerur (State Assembly Constituency)|Uthiramerur]] [[Kancheepuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
|electors = 18,12,565<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2014-08-11 }}</ref>
|reservation = SC
}}
'''Kancheepuram''' is a newly formed [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency after the 2008 [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]].<ref>[http://election.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/may/07/slide-show-1-constituency-tour-to-kancheepuram-in-tamil-nadu.htm Kancheepuram weavers disillusioned]</ref> Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 6 of 39.

The constituency originally existed for the [[Indian general election in Madras, 1951|1951 election]].

This constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC) candidates.

== Assembly segments ==
The constituency in 2008 was formed of 6 assembly segments as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" | District
! colspan=2| Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|32
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|33
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]
|None
|-
|34
|[[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]]
|SC
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|35
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madurantakam]]
|SC
|-
|36
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|37
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|None
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white;" colspan="2"|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Runner-up
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white;" colspan="2"|Party
|----
|1951
|A. Krishnaswamy
|{{Full party name with color|Commonweal Party}}
|T. Chengalvarayan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|2009
|[[P. Viswanathan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|E. Ramakrishnan
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|2014
|[[K. Maragatham]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|2019
|[[G. Selvam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Maragatham]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|2024
|[[G. Selvam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 6 - KANCHEEPURAM (Tamil Nadu)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS226.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[E. Rajashekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=260px
|barwidth=245px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Commonweal Party}}|55.63}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Kancheepuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Selvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= 5,86,044 |percentage= 46.53 |change= {{decrease}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Rajasekhar|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 3,64,571 |percentage= 28.94 |change={{decrease}}4.30 }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Jothi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,64,931 |percentage=13.09 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Santhosh Kumar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= 1,10,272|percentage= 8.75 |change={{increase}}3.66}}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ilayaraja |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,264 |percentage=0.42 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramesh |party=Independent |votes=1,318 |percentage=0.1 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Elangovan |party=Independent |votes=1,881 |percentage=0.15 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Surya |party=Independent |votes=1,702 |percentage=0.14 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Selvam |party=Independent |votes=1,312 |percentage=0.1 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Naresh Bharathi |party=Independent |votes=2,511 |percentage=0.2 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Venkatesan |party=Independent |votes=2,807 |percentage=0.22 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=16,965 |percentage=1.35 |change= {{decrease}}0.41}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=221,473 |percentage=17.83 |change= {{decrease}}5.43}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 1,259,578|percentage=71.68 |change= {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,48,866 |change =}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Kancheepuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Selvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,84,004 |percentage=55.50% |change=23.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Maragatham]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,97,372 |percentage=32.24% |change=-12.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Sivaranjani |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=62,771 |percentage=5.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Munusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=55,213 |percentage=4.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=21,661 |percentage=1.76% |change=0.16% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,86,632 |percentage=23.26% |change=10.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,32,417 |percentage=74.96% |change= -0.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,43,992 |change =11.07% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Kancheepuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Maragatham]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,99,395 |percentage=44.96% |change=4.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Selvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,52,529 |percentage=31.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. E. Sathya |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,07,080 |percentage=18.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Viswanathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,313 |percentage=3.00% |change=-38.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=17,736 |percentage=1.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. S. Chandirakumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,807 |percentage=0.61% |change=-0.11% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,46,866 |percentage=13.22% |change=11.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,10,663 |percentage=75.04% |change= 0.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,80,123 |change =39.61% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Kancheepuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Viswanathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,30,237 |percentage=41.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. E. Ramakrishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,17,134 |percentage=40.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Tamilvendan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,03,560 |percentage=13.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Uthrapathi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,663 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. A. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,161 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,103 |percentage=1.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,60,188 |percentage=74.18% |change= }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=193|percentage=0.02% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,86,450 #VALUE!
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Kancheepuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Krishnaswami |party=Commonweal Party |votes=1,11,233 |percentage=55.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chengalvarayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=88,724 |percentage=44.37% |change=44.37% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,509 |percentage=11.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,99,957 |percentage=60.08% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,32,827 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Commonweal Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408064814/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/kancheepuram/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Kancheepuram lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Chengalpattu district]]

Rrahul Sudhir

2026-05-02T08:09:23Z

WECElbert296866: Put up post.

{{Short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rrahul Sudhir
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Actor
| known for = ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]'' ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar|IMM 2: Naya Safar]]'' [[Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi|Dabangii]]
| years active = 2015–present
| parents =
| image =
| caption =
}}

'''Rrahul Sudhir''' is an Indian television actor. He is best known for portraying Vansh Raisinghania in ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/ishq-mein-marjaawan-is-back-with-a-new-storyline-and-the-cast-shares-stories-on-zoom-111442|title=Ishq Mein Marjaawan is back with a new storyline and the cast shares stories on Zoom|website=tribuneindia|language=en|access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref> He is currently portraying the role of Eklavya in [[Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi]].

==Personal life==
Rrahul hails from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]].

== Career ==
Rrahul Sudhir began his acting career in 2015. In 2016, he played a minor role in [[Amit Khanna]]'s webshow ''All about Section 377''. Subsequently, he acted in various web shows such as ''[[Gehraiyaan (web series)|Gehraiyaan]]'', ''Maaya'' and ''Spotlight'' before landing a major role in the 2017 web series ''Twisted'' as inspector Aryan Mathur. He went on to play the lead in the second season as the same character.

He debuted on television in 2019 with [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Rajaa Betaa]]'' as Dr. Vedant Tripathi but had to quit the show after months owing to his mother's health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/i-dont-take-cue-from-anyone-says-actor-rrahul-sudhir/1454637|title=I don't take cue from anyone, says actor Rrahul Sudhir|website=Outlook India|language=en|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajaa-betaas-male-lead-quits-the-show/articleshow/69771828.cms|title='Rajaa Betaa’s male lead quits the show|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date= 14 June 2019}}
</ref>

He portrayed Vansh Raisinghania in ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]'' opposite [[Helly Shah]] that aired from 13 July 2020 to 13 March 2021 on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Helly Shah roped in to play the female lead opposite Vishal Vashishtha and Rrahul Sudhir|url=
https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishq-mein-marjawan-2-helly-shah-roped-play-female-lead-opposite-vishal-vashishtha-and-rrahul-sudhir-502366|language=en|access-date=24 January 2020|website=pinkvilla}}</ref> After the show went off air, the new season titled ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar]]'' began to stream on [[Voot|Voot Select]] since 15 March, with Rrahul reprising the character of Vansh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Helly Shah heaps praise for Ishq Mein Marjawan co star Rrahul Sudhir: It’s fun to work with him|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/helly-shah-heaps-praise-ishq-mein-marjawan-co-star-rrahul-sudhir-it-s-fun-work-him-767953|language=en|access-date=8 June 2021|website=pinkvilla}}</ref>

He has done his first short film named ''Ishqiyaat'' which was released on 14 February 2022 . Since May 2023, he portrayed Sikander Oberoi in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doshi|first=Hasti|date=2 May 2023|title=Rrahul Sudhir to enter Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal, actor says, 'Somehow I gravitate towards playing grey characters'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rrahul-sudhir-to-enter-tere-ishq-mein-ghayal-actor-says-somehow-i-gravitate-towards-playing-grey-characters/articleshow/99936027.cms|access-date=15 May 2023|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Gulmohar Grand]]''
|Unnamed
|Guest
|-
|2019
|''[[Rajaa Betaa]]''
|Dr. Vedant Tripathi
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''
|Vansh Raisinghania/Vihaan
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Pinjara Khubsurti Ka]]''
|Vansh Raisinghania
|Special appearance
|-
|2023
|''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
|Sikandar Oberoi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi]]''
|Eklavya / Yug Sisodiya
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2016
|''All About Section 377''
|Mark
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
|''[[Gehraiyaan (web series)|Gehraiyaan]]''
|Mr. Mukherjee
|
|-
|''Maaya:Slave of her desires''
|Lawyer
|
|-
|''Spotlight''
|Advocate Ajit
|
|-
|''Twisted''
|Inspector Aryan Mathur
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
|''Still About Section 377''
|Mark
|
|-
|''Twisted 2''
|Aryan Mathur
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar]]''
|Vansh Raisinghania
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''Bekaaboo 3''
|Arjun Irani
|
|-
|''Honeymoon Suite Room No. 911 Season 1''
|Raj
|
|-
|2024
|Angithee
|Kunal
|
|-
|2025
|Rishton Ka Chakarvyuh
|Vikram
|
|}

===Short film===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2022
|''Ishqyaat''
|Kabir
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee/Work
! Results
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2021
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular]]
| rowspan="8" | ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | International Iconic Awards
| Best Actor of Indian Television 2021
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Jodi of Indian Television 2021 {{small|(with [[Helly Shah]])}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Iconic Gold Awards
|Iconic Romantic Actor Of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
|Iconic Jodi Of The Year {{small|(with [[Helly Shah]])}}
| {{won}}
|-
|The Mumbai Achievers Award
|Best Romantic Jodi Of The Year {{small|(with [[Helly Shah]])}}
| {{won}}
|-
|Universal India Awards
|The Most promising actor of the year
|{{won}}
|-
|GiaiThoungNgoiSaoXanh Face of the Year 2021
|Favorite Foreign Actor of the Year
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhir, Rrahul}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sundaram (writer)

2026-05-01T04:22:11Z

WECElbert296866: Created New Details - done

{{Short description|Gujarati writer (1908–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sundaram
| image = Tribhuvandas Luhar.jpg
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Tribhuvandas Purushottamdas Luhar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1908|03|22}}
| birth_place = [[Bharuch]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1991|01|13|1908|03|22}}
| death_place =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Poet
* short story writer
* literary critic
* translator
}}
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Arvachin Kavita]]'' (1946)
| spouse =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1934)
* [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1955)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1968)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (1985)
}}
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Tribhuvandas Purushottamdas Luhar''', better known by his pen name '''Sundaram''' (22 March 1908 – 13 January 1991), was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] poet, short story writer, literary critic and translator from India. He received the 1968 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his critical work ''Avalokana''.

==Life==
[[File:Gujarati Vishwakosh38.jpg|thumb|Sundaram in center; from left to second is [[Jaybhikhkhu]] and from right to second is [[Dhirubhai Thaker]]]]
He was born on 22 March 1908 at Miyan Matar, [[Bharuch]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]. He completed his primary education in local school of [[Matar (village)|Matar]] and five grades in English medium at [[Amod, Gujarat]]. Later he studied at Chhotubhai Purani's Rashtriya New English School, Bharuch. He graduated in languages from [[Gujarat Vidyapith]], [[Ahmedabad]] in 1929. He started teaching in Gurukul at [[Songadh]]. He participated in [[Indian independence movement]] and was imprisoned for some time. He was associated with Jyotisangh, the women's organisation in Ahmedabad, from 1935 to 1945. He was introduced to [[Sri Aurobindo]] in 1945, and he moved to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. He presided over [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] in 1970. He died on 13 January 1991.<ref name="Lal2006">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five (Sasay To Zorgot)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4227|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4227–4228}}</ref><ref name="Chokshi991">{{cite book|author1=U. M. Chokshi|author2=M. R. Trivedi|title=Gujarat State Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKLiAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|pages=405–410}}</ref><ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Selected Stories from Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ghkJaKIVTsC&pg=PT12|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7224-955-7|pages=12–13}}</ref><ref name=gsp>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Sundaram.html|language =gu |title=Tribhuvandas Luhar 'Sundaram'|work=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |access-date =17 October 2014}}</ref>

==Works==
Though he started with poetry, he successfully ventured into other field of literature. His poetry and prose both are imaginative, intense and full of brilliance. His works have also spiritual as well as social elements. His transition from different philosophical phases; [[progressivism]], communism, [[Gandhian philosophy]] and [[self realisation]] philosophy of Aurobindo; are evident in his works.<ref name="Lal2006"/><ref name=a/><ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA115|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=115}}</ref>

===Poetry===
He started writing poetry in 1926 under pen name, 'Marichi' and 'Ekansh De' was his first poem followed by more poems under pen name, 'Vishwakarma'. He published his poem ''Bardoline'' in 1928 under pen name, 'Sundaram' and adopted it for lifetime.<ref name="Lal2006"/><ref name="Chokshi991"/><ref name=gsp/>

''Koya Bhagatni Kadvi Vaani ane Garibo na Geeto'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} Bitter tongue of Koya Bhagat and Songs of the Poor) (1933) was his first poetry collection followed by ''Kavyamangala'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} Auspicious Poems) (1933). He published another collection ''Vasudha'' (1939) and the collection of children's poetry, ''Rang Rang Vadaliya'' (1939). His ''Yatra'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} The Journey) (1951) is influenced by the philosophy of Aurobindo.<ref name="Lal2006"/><ref name="Chokshi991"/><ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/><ref name="Das1991">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA210|year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|page=210}}</ref>

===Short stories===
Under pen name, 'Trishul', he published the short story collections. They are ''Hirakani ane Bijee Vatu'' (1938), ''Piyasi'' (1940), Unnayan (1945, republished ''Kholki and Nagarika'' with more stories), ''Tarini'' (1978), ''Pavakna Panthe '' (1978).<ref name="Lal2006"/><ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/>

===Criticism===
''[[Arvachin Kavita]]'' (1946) is a literary criticism of Gujarati poetry from 1845 to 1945. ''Avalokana'' is his another work of criticism while ''Sahitya Chintan'' (1978) is a collection of articles on principles of literary criticism.<ref name="Lal2006"/><ref name="Chokshi991"/><ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/>

===Other===
''Vasanti Poornima'' (1977) is a collection of [[one-act play]]s. ''Dakshinayan'' (1942) is a travelogue of his travel of [[South India]]. ''Chidambara'' is his memoir while ''Samarchana'' is an anthology of articles about his view of life. He also wrote ''Saavidya'' (1978). ''Sri Arvind Mahayogi'' (1950) is a short biography of Sri Aurobindo. He translated several Sanskrit, Hindi and English works into Gujarati. They include ''Bhagvajjukiyam'' (1940), ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' (1944), ''Kaya Palat'' (1961), ''Janata ane Jan'' (1965), ''Aisi hai Zindagi'' ane some writings of Aurobindo and [[Mirra Alfassa|The Mother]].<ref name="Lal2006"/><ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/>

He edited the magazines ''Dakshina'' and ''Baldakshina'' published by Sri Aurobindo Ashram.<ref name="Lal2006"/><ref name=a/><ref name=gsp/>

==Awards==
[[File:Kavishri Sundaram Chowk.jpg|thumb|Kavishri Sundaram Chowk in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat]]
He was awarded the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1934 for ''Kavyamangala''. He received the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1955 for his poetry collection ''Yatra'' and Mahida Prize in 1946 for criticism. He received the 1968 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book ''Avalokana''. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award, in 1985.<ref name="Lal2006"/><ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Thirsty Fish and Other Stories |author=Sundaram |translator=Hemang A. Desai |date=2013 |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-81-924770-2-2}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh|display=Sundaram}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Luhar, Tribhuvandas}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:20th-century translators]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]

Choorayi Kanaran

2026-04-29T06:56:02Z

WECElbert296866: put up new stub more to come!

{{Short description|First Deputy Collector of India}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name =Choorayi Kanaran
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =Moorkoth Kumaran
| birth_date = 1812
| birth_place = [[Thalassery]], [[Malabar District]], [[British India]] [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| death_date = 1876
| death_place = [[Thalassery]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation =First Deputy Collector In India
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = Rao Bahadur
}}
'''Choorayi Kanaran''' (1812–1876)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=churyayi+kanaran&pg=PA479|title = A Social History of India|isbn = 9788176481700|last1 = Sadasivan|first1 = S. N.|year = 2000}}</ref> was the first Deputy Collector of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YQ8EAAAQBAJ&dq=choorayi+kanaran&pg=PA33|title = Yojana August 2021 (English): A Development Monthly|last1 = Division|first1 = Publications}}</ref> He was born into a prominent family. He was also the first Municipal Chairman of Kerala.<ref name="fff">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2l5CEAAAQBAJ&dq=churyayi+kanaran&pg=PA130|title = The Middle Class in Colonial Malabar: A Social History|isbn = 9781000464146|last1 = Sreejith|first1 = K.|date = 13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Biography==
Kanaran was born in 1812, the son of Kummai Choi, a jailer in a prominent [[Thiyyar]] family in [[Thalassery]] [[Kerala]]. At the age of 17.<ref name="first"/> Work was the norm at the time. He remained in that position until 1832. Many of the British officials were Telugus and North Indians. They also had an excellent position in governance. So Kanaran studied Tamil, Telugu and Hindi. Gundert was educated in Malayalam and Sanskrit by his in [[Uracheri Gurukkanmar| Uracherry Gurukkals]], where he taught Malayalam and Sanskrit.<ref name="first"/> He appointed Kanaran as the court clerk. Judge Strange, who left Gundert's bungalow in Illinois to live in, also liked Kanaran's work ethic. He appointed Kanaran as the head of the court.<ref name="first"/> As a result, in 1859, Kanaran was appointed Deputy Collector and Magistrate of the [[South Malabar]] Region first deputy collector in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJvx0KWpf-UC&dq=churyai+kanaran&pg=PA86|title = Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations|isbn = 9788170990949|last1 = Kurup|first1 = K. K. N.|year = 1988}}</ref> He appointed Deputy Collector, Uppot Kannan and after another Judge EK Krishnan was appointed.<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

Churyayi Kanaran was the first Indian (and Malayali) to rise to the rank of Deputy Collector during a period when the position of "Collector" was strictly reserved for the British. He was a master diplomat and a man of immense intellectual prowess.

===Cultural Roots and the "Thousand Bows"===
Before the British arrived in Thalassery, the region was part of the Mannanar (Thiyya) Dynasty. The most significant festival of this ancient city is the festival at Andalur Kavu. The administrative authority of this temple (known as the Kottil) belonged to six Thiyya ancestral houses (Tharavadu) held by the "Four Thara Achans." This center of power functioned as an autonomous region.<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

A unique tradition exists here: when a boy is born in these four regions, a small bow and arrow are made in his name and offered to the temple, dedicating the child to the service of the shrine. Because thousands of such bows accumulate by the end of the year, the shrine is famously addressed as "Andalure Aayiram Ville" (The Thousand Bows of Andalur). Churyayi Kanaran emerged from this tradition of warriors dedicated to protecting "Dharma."<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

===Early Life and Rise to Power===
Born in 1812 to Kummayi Choyi (a jailer), Kanaran joined the service as a jailer at the age of 17 following his father's death. Recognizing that many British officials were from North India or Andhra, he mastered Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi. He also attained scholarship in Malayalam and Sanskrit from the renowned Uracheri Gurukkals (who also taught [[Hermann Gundert]]).<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

His linguistic brilliance and problem-solving skills impressed British judges and officials. He rose through various ranks:

Court Clerk and Sheristadar: Appointed by Judge G.S. Greenway and Judge Strange.

Head Munshi (1848): Appointed by Malabar Collector H.V. Conolly.<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

===The Diplomat Who Avoided Bloodshed===
Kanaran was legendary for resolving conflicts without firing a single shot.

Resolving Riots: He settled major uprisings in Manjeri (1849), Kolathur (1851), and Mattannur (1852) through dialogue rather than military force.

The Sayyid Fazal Incident: When Sayyid Fazal Pookoya Thangal was prepared for a confrontation with the British, Kanaran went alone, without guards, to meet him. His diplomacy led to a peaceful resolution where the Thangal decided to leave for Arabia, preventing a massive bloodbath.<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

===The "Get Out" Incident===
Once, a high-ranking British official from North India entered the Deputy Collector's office without permission. Expecting to see a white man, he was shocked to see an Indian. He rudely barked at Kanaran, ordering him to stand up and show respect.

Infuriated by the arrogance and the unauthorized entry, Kanaran gave the official a legendary "reply" in the officer's own language, ending with a firm "Get Out!" The official was so stunned and intimidated by Kanaran’s authority that he fled the office. Despite the era's strict laws, the British could not dismiss or punish him—they realized that the stability of British administration in Thalassery rested on Kanaran's backbone.<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

===Retirement and Unique Pension===
Kanaran retired on December 31, 1869, after 39 years of service. He requested that his pension be equal to his last drawn salary, arguing that he could not maintain his lifestyle otherwise. In a rare move, Lord Argyll ([[Secretary of State for India]]) approved this, granting him a full pension of 600 Rupees in recognition of his invaluable service. He was the first Indian to receive his full salary as a pension.<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

===Social Reform and Legacy===
In retirement, he served as the first Malayali Vice-President (Chairman) of the Thalassery Municipality. His contributions include:

Infrastructure: He built the Narangappuram-Manjodi Road (often called C.K. Road) and the Vadikkal-Pallikkunnu Court Road.

Education: He started the first school for girls in Thalassery and promoted Sanskrit education for all castes.

Social Reform: He encouraged people to change their attire (wearing shirts) and attempted to establish a temple for all communities in 1870, decades before Sri Narayana Guru’s Jagannath Temple.<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

===Final Tribute===
Churyayi Kanaran passed away on October 18, 1876. Sir William Robinson, the Governor of Madras, wrote in his condolence message:

"I have never met another officer who possessed such a combination of efficiency, personality, integrity, and amazing self-confidence as Kanaran. He was one of those great souls destined to act in times of crisis."<ref name="fff"/><ref name="first">{{cite book|last=Ulloor Parameswarayyar|year=1950|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol 4}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{improve categories|date=January 2022}}

[[Category:1812 births]]
[[Category:1876 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]
[[ml:ചൂരയിൽ കണാരൻ]]

Giuseppe Tucci

2026-04-27T18:49:54Z

WECElbert296866: put up the data from scratch!

{{Short description|Italian orientalist, Indologist and scholar}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Giuseppe Tucci
| image = Tucci.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Macerata]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|6|5|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[San Polo dei Cavalieri]], [[Italy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1984|4|5|1894|6|5|df=yes}}
| occupation = [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]], [[Indology|Indologist]], [[scholar]]
}}

'''Giuseppe Tucci''' ({{IPA|it|dʒuˈzɛppe ˈtuttʃi}}; 5 June 1894 – 5 April 1984) was an Italian [[Oriental studies|orientalist]], [[Indology|Indologist]] and scholar of [[East Asian studies]], specializing in [[Tibetan culture]] and the [[history of Buddhism]]. During its zenith, Tucci was a supporter of [[Italian Fascism|Italian fascism]], and he used idealized portrayals of Asian traditions to support Italian ideological campaigns. Tucci was fluent in several European languages, [[Sanskrit]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Pāli|Pali]], [[Prakrit]], Chinese and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] and he taught at the [[University of Rome La Sapienza]] until his death. He is considered one of the founders of the field of [[Buddhist Studies|Buddhist studies]].

==Life and work==
[[File:GiuseppeTucci.jpg|thumb|Tucci drinking [[butter tea]] in [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] in 1937 (photo by [[Fosco Maraini]])]]

===Education and background===
He was born to a middle-class Italian family (from [[Apulia]]) in [[Macerata]], [[Marche]], and thrived academically. He taught himself Hebrew, Chinese and [[Sanskrit]] before even going to university and in 1911, aged only 18, he published a collection of Latin inscriptions in the prestigious ''[[Zeitschrift des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts]]''. He completed his studies at the [[University of Rome La Sapienza|University of Rome]] in 1919, where his studies were repeatedly interrupted as a result of World War I.

After graduating, he traveled to India and settled down at the [[Visva-Bharati University]], founded by the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet and [[Nobel Laureate]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. There he studied Buddhism, Tibetan and Bengali, and also taught Italian and Chinese. He also studied and taught at [[Dhaka University]], the [[University of Benares]] and [[Calcutta University]]. He remained in India until 1931, when he returned to Italy.

===Scholarship and reputation===

He was Italy's foremost scholar of the East, with such diverse research interests ranging from [[Iranian religions|ancient Iranian religion]] to [[Indian philosophy|Indian]] and [[Chinese philosophy]]. He taught primarily at the [[University of Rome La Sapienza|University of Rome]] but was a visiting scholar at institutions throughout Europe and Asia. In 1931, the [[Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"|University of Naples "L'Orientale"]] made him its first Chair of Chinese Language and Literature. In 1933 he promoted the foundation the {{ill|Italian Institute for the Middle and Far East|it|Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente}} - IsMEO (Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente), based in Rome. The IsMEO was established as a "Moral body directly depending on Mussolini".<ref>On the foundation of IsMEO until 1947, when it was re-opened after its compulsory administration, see Enrica Garzilli, ''L'esploratore del Duce. Le avventure di Giuseppe Tucci e la politica italiana in Oriente da Mussolini a Andreotti. Con il carteggio di Giulio Andreotti'', 2 Vols., Memori /Asiatica Association, Vol. 1, pp. 355-493. {{ISBN|978-8890022654}}</ref> Until 1945, when the IsMEO was closed, Gentile was its president and Tucci was its managing vice-president and, later, director of the courses of languages.

Tucci officially visited Japan for the first time in November 1936, and remained there for over two months until January 1937, when he attended at the opening of the Italian-Japanese Institute (Istituto Italo-nipponico) in Tokyo.<ref>The newsreel Giornale Luce B1079, 21 April 1937, on the opening entitled ''Giappone Tokyo. L'Istituto Italo-Nipponico'', produced by Asahi and distributed in the Italian Cinemas, can be viewed at the site of Istituto Luce in Rome url=http://www.archivioluce.com/archivio/</ref> Tucci traveled all over Japan giving lectures on Tibet and "[[racial purity]]".<ref name="maraini">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/fosco-maraini-730603.html|title=Fosco Maraini|work=Obituaries|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=2004-06-19|access-date=2010-09-25}} On Tucci's mission in Japan and the related diplomatic documents see Enrica Garzilli, ''[https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=esploratore+del+duce&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aesploratore+del+duce L'esploratore del Duce. Le avventure di Giuseppe Tucci e la politica italiana in Oriente da Mussolini a Andreotti. Con il carteggio di Giulio Andreotti]'', 2 Vols., Memori/Asiatica Association, Rome, Milan, 2012, Vol. 1, pp. 401-418.</ref>

He organised several pioneering archaeological digs throughout Asia, such as in [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]] in [[Pakistan]], [[Ghazni]] in [[Afghanistan]], [[Persepolis]] in [[Iran]] and in the [[Himalayas]]. In 1948 he led an expedition into Tibet accompanied by [[Tenzing Norgay]] who was to summit Everest 5 years later. According to Norgay's account in "Man of Everest" Tucci was an excitable and energetic man on his eighth visit to the country. The trip included an audience with the Dalai Lama in the Potala Palace and bumping into [[Heinrich Harrer]] author of "Seven Years in Tibet". He was also the promoter of the [[National Museum of Oriental Art]]. In 1978 he received the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html|title=List of the recipients of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award|publisher=[[ICCR]] website|access-date=13 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901175835/http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html|archive-date=1 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> in 1979 the [[Balzan Prize]] for History (ex aequo with [[Ernest Labrousse]]). During the course of his life, he wrote over 360 books and articles.

===Politics===
Tucci was a supporter of [[Italian Fascism]] and [[Benito Mussolini]].<ref name="maraini"/> His collaboration began in his student days at the University of Rome, where he first met [[Giovanni Gentile]] (at the time, Professor of the History of Philosophy and already a close friend and collaborator of Mussolini), and continued right up to Gentile's assassination in 1944, which led to the forced closure of IsMEO for over two years until 1947.<ref>See Enrica Garzilli, ''L'esploratore del Duce. Le avventure di Giuseppe Tucci e la politica italiana in Oriente da Mussolini a Andreotti. Con il carteggio di Giulio Andreotti'', 2 Vols., Memori/ Asiatica: Rome and Milan, 2012, [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=esploratore+del+duce&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aesploratore+del+duce Vol. 1, Chaps. 2-6; Vol. 2, Chap. 8].</ref> In November 1936 - January 1937 he was the representative of Mussolini in Japan, where he was sent to improve the diplomatic relations between Italy and Japan and to make [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist]] propaganda. On 27 April 1937 he gave a speech on the radio in Japanese on Mussolini's behalf.<ref>Reported in the newspaper ''Il Messaggero'' of 27 April 1937. See Enrica Garzilli, ''L'esploratore del Duce. Le avventure di Giuseppe Tucci e la politica italiana in Oriente da Mussolini a Andreotti. Con il carteggio di Giulio Andreotti'', 2 Vols., Memori/ Asiatica: Rome and Milan, 2012, Vol. 1, p. 405 {{ISBN|978-8890022654}}.</ref> In this country his action paved the way to the inclusion of Italy to the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] (6 November 1937).<ref>On Tucci's collaboration with Fascism see Enrica Garzilli, ''L'esploratore del Duce'', cit., Vol. 1, pp. 283-493; Vol. 2, pp. 5-82 et passim. On Tucci's mission in Japan, ''idem'', Vol. 1, pp. 387-413 {{ISBN|978-8890022661}}.</ref> Tucci was a member of the editorial board of an Italian propaganda magazine, ''[[Yamato (magazine)|Yamato]]'', which was started in 1941 to improve the political alliance of Italy and Japan.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sergio Raimondo|volume=12
|author2=Valentina De Fortuna|author3=Giulia Ceccarelli|title=Bushido as allied: The Japanese warrior in the cultural production of Fascist Italy (1940-1943)|journal=Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas|date=July–December 2017|issue=2
|page=89|doi=10.18002/rama.v12i2.5157|doi-access=free|s2cid=158909713
|hdl=10612/16459|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

He wrote popular articles for the Italian state that decried the rationalism of industrialized 1930s–1940s Europe and expressed a yearning for a more authentic existence in touch with nature, which he claimed could be found in Asia.<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Oriental enlightenment: the encounter between Asian and Western thought|author=Clarke, John James
|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-13376-0|page=196}}</ref> According to the [[Tibetologist]] [[Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|Donald S. Lopez]], "For Tucci, Tibet was an ecological paradise and timeless utopia into which industrialized Europe figuratively could escape and find peace, a cure for western ills, and from which Europe could find its own pristine past to which to return."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The American occupation of Tibetan Buddhism: Tibetans and their American hosts in New York City|first=Eve|last=Mullen|year=2001|publisher=Waxmann Verlag
|volume=6|series=Jugend, Religion, Unterricht|isbn=978-3-8309-1053-4|page=94}}</ref> [[Hugh Edward Richardson|Hugh Richardson]] and [[David Snellgrove]] in the dedication of their 1968 book of ''A Cultural History of Tibet'' wrote, "To Giuseppe Tucci who has revealed so many hidden treasures of Tibet life, art and learning."<ref>{{Cite book
|last1=Snellgrove|first1=David L.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalhistoryo0000snel|title=A Cultural History of Tibet|last2=Richardson|first2=Hugh|publisher=Frederick A. Praeger|others=Internet Archive|year=1968|location=New York, New York|pages=5}}</ref> A fictional Tucci, played by [[Marcel Iureș]], appears as a character in [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s 2007 film [[Youth Without Youth (film)|''Youth Without Youth'']].

===Death===
Tucci died in [[San Polo dei Cavalieri]], near Rome, in 1984.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/profiles/tucci.html | title=Sinological Profiles - Giuseppe Tucci | publisher=University of Massachusetts | first=E Bruce | last=Brooks | access-date=27 June 2018 | archive-date=5 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505224000/https://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/profiles/tucci.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/06/obituaries/giuseppe-tucci-dead-at-89-an-asia-scholar-and-explorer.html|title=Giuseppe Tucci Dead at 89; An Asia Scholar and Explorer|author=[[United Press International|UPI]]|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 6, 1984|page=B5}}</ref>

====Biography====
The only biography on Tucci is by Enrica Garzilli, ''L'esploratore del Duce. Le avventure di Giuseppe Tucci e la politica italiana in Oriente da Mussolini a Andreotti. Con il carteggio di Giulio Andreotti'', Roma/Milano: Memori, Asiatica, 2012 (3rd ed. 2014), 2 vols.; vol. 1, pp. lii+685, {{ISBN|978-8890022654}}; vol. 2, pp. xiv + 724 {{ISBN|978-8890022661}}.

==Selected bibliography==
* ''Indo-tibetica 1: Mc'od rten e ts'a ts'a nel Tibet indiano ed occidentale: contributo allo studio dell'arte religiosa tibetana e del suo significato'', Roma, Reale Accademia d'Italia, 1932 (Chinese transl.:《梵天佛地 1: 西北印度和西藏西部的塔和擦擦——试论藏族宗教艺术及其意义》, 魏正中萨尔吉主编. 上海, 上海古籍出版社, 2009);
* ''Indo-tibetica 2: Rin c'en bzan po e la rinascita del buddhismo nel Tibet intorno al Mille'', Roma, Reale Accademia d'Italia, 1933 (English transl.: ''Rin-chen-bzan-po and the renaissance of Buddhism in Tibet around the millennium'', New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, [1988]; Chinese transl.:《梵天佛地 2: 仁钦桑波及公元1000年左右藏传佛教的复兴》, 魏正中萨尔吉主编. 上海, 上海古籍出版社, 2009);
* (with E. Ghersi) ''Cronaca della missione scientifica Tucci nel Tibet occidentale (1933)'', Roma, Reale Accademia d'Italia, 1934 (English transl.: ''Secrets of Tibet. Being the chronicle of the Tucci Scientific Expedition to Western Tibet, 1933'', London & Glasgow, Blackie & Son, 1935);
* ''Indo-tibetica 3 : I templi del Tibet occidentale e il loro simbolismo artistico'', 2 vols, Roma, Reale Accademia d'Italia, 1935-1936 (Chinese transl.:《梵天佛地 3: 西藏西部的寺院及其艺术象征》, 魏正中萨尔吉主编. 上海, 上海古籍出版社, 2009);
* ''Santi e briganti nel Tibet ignoto: diario della spedizione nel Tibet occidentale 1935'', Milano, U. Hoepli, 1937;
* ''Indo-tibetica 4: Gyantse ed i suoi monasteri'', 3 vols, Roma, Reale Accademia d'Italia, 1941 (English transl.: ''Gyantse and its monasteries'', New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1989; Chinese transl.:《梵天佛地 4: 江孜及其寺院》, 魏正中萨尔吉主编. 上海, 上海古籍出版社, 2009);
* ''Asia religiosa'', Roma, Partenia, 1946;
* '' Tibetan Painted Scrolls'', 3 vols, Roma, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1949;
* ''Teoria e pratica del Mandala'', Roma, Astrolabio, 1949 (English transl.: ''The theory and practice of the Mandala'', London, Rider and Co., 1961);
* ''Italia e Oriente'', Milano, Garzanti, 1949;
* ''Tibetan folksongs from the district of Gyantse'', Ascona, Artibus Asiae, 1949; 2nd rev. ed. 1966;
* ''The Tombs of the Tibetan Kings'', Roma, IsMEO, 1950;
* ''A Lhasa e oltre'', Roma, La Libreria dello Stato, 1950 (English transl.: ''To Lhasa and beyond'', Roma, La Libreria dello Stato, 1956);
* ''Tra giungle e pagode'', Roma, La Libreria dello Stato, 1953;
* ''Preliminary report on two scientific expeditions in Nepal'', Roma, IsMEO, 1956;
* ''Storia della filosofia indiana'', Bari, Laterza, 1957;
* ''Nepal: alla scoperta dei Malla'', Bari, Leonardo da Vinci, 1960 (English transl.: ''Nepal. The discovery of the Malla'', London, George Allen & Unwin, 1962);
* ''Die Religionen Tibets'' in G. Tucci and W. Heissig, ''Die Religionen Tibets und der Mongolei'', Stuttgart, [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], 1970 (English transl.: ''The religions of Tibet'', London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980).
* " Tibet. Land of Snows" Translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Oxford & IBH PublishingCo., Calcutta. Bombay. New Delhi.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* Federico Chitarin, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150403000440/http://www.memorimese.it/2012/10/intervista-a-enrica-garzilli-autrice-di-l-esploratore-del-duce.html Le imprese di Giuseppe Tucci, l'Indiana Jones di Mussolini]", in ''Memori Mese-Mensile'', October 2012.
* Alice Crisanti, "Il memoriale di Giuseppe Tucci", ''Quaderni di storia'' 81 (2015), pp. 267–75.
* Davide Brullo, "[https://www.pangea.news/era-superbo-e-geniale-porto-litalia-fascista-in-tibet-india-e-giappone-ma-mussolini-lo-guardava-con-sospetto-fu-aiutato-da-andreotti-in-troppi-lo-hanno-invidiato/ “Era superbo e geniale, portò l’Italia fascista in Tibet, India e Giappone – ma Mussolini lo guardava con sospetto. Fu aiutato da Andreotti, in troppi lo hanno invidiato”: Enrica Garzilli ci racconta Giuseppe Tucci]", in ''Pangea'', 23 gennaio 2019.
* Enrica Garzilli, ''L'esploratore del Duce. Le avventure di Giuseppe Tucci e la politica italiana in Oriente da Mussolini a Andreotti. Con il carteggio di Giulio Andreotti'', Roma/Milano: Memori, Asiatica, 2012 (3rd ed. 2014), 2 vols.; vol. 1, pp. lii+685, {{ISBN|978-8890022654}}; vol. 2, pp. xiv + 724 {{ISBN|978-8890022661}}.
* Enrica Garzilli, ''Mussolini's Explorer: The Adventures of Giuseppe Tucci and Italian Policy in the Orient from Mussolini to Andreotti. With the Correspondence of Giulio Andreotti (Volume 1)'', (riv. and enlarged version of the first 2 chapters of ''L'esploratore del Duce. Le avventure di Giuseppe Tucci..'', cit.), Milano: Asiatica, 2016, pp. liii+332, {{ISBN|978-8890022692}}.
* Enrica Garzilli, "[https://www.pangea.news/giuseppe-tucci-enrica-garzilli/ Opportunista, scaltro, geniale. Elogio di Giuseppe Tucci, il nostro Indiana Jones tra Tibet, Afghanistan e Oriente estremo]", in ''Pangea'', September 3, 1921.
* Enrica Garzilli, "Un grande maceratese che andò lontano: Giuseppe Tucci, le Marche e l'Oriente / A Great Man from Macerata Who Went Far: Giuseppe Tucci, the Marches Region and the East" {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150812140134/http://www.identitasibillina.com/rivista_n2/eng/8.html English version]}} and {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150209213822/http://www.identitasibillina.com/rivista_n2/ita/8.html Italian version]}}, in ''Identità Sibillina'', Year 2006 -n. 2.
* Enrica Garzilli "[http://lab.nova100.ilsole24ore.com/ispirazione/ L’esploratore dell’Oriente: Giuseppe Tucci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220902/http://lab.nova100.ilsole24ore.com/ispirazione/ |date=4 March 2016 }}", in ''Il Sole 24 Ore-Ispirazione'', 15 Nov. 2007.
* Enrica Garzilli, "Giuseppe Tucci: l’Indiana Jones italiano", in ''L’Illustrazione italiana'', Year 3, N. 1, pp. 84–86.
* Enrica Garzilli, "Giuseppe Tucci, l’orientalista italiano diventato una leggenda: una sola passione, l’Asia", in ''[http://issuu.com/topeditoria/docs/num6 EUR. La città nella città]'', 22 July 2010.
* Enrica Garzilli, "[http://lab.nova100.ilsole24ore.com/ispirazione/ L'esploratore dell'Oriente: Giuseppe Tucci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220902/http://lab.nova100.ilsole24ore.com/ispirazione/ |date=4 March 2016 }}", in ''Il Sole 24 Ore-Ispirazione'', 15 Nov. 2011.
* Enrica Garzilli, "A Sanskrit Letter Written by Sylvain Lévi in 1923 to Hemarāja Śarmā Along With Some Hitherto Unknown Biographical Notes (Cultural Nationalism and Internationalism in the First Half of the 21st Cent.: Famous Indologists Write to the Raj Guru of Nepal – no. 1)" in ''Commemorative Volume for 30 Years of the Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project, Journal of the Nepal Research Centre'', vol. 12 (Kathmandu, 2001), ed. by A. Wezler in collaboration with H. Haffner, A. Michaels, B. Kölver, M. R. Pant and D. Jackson, pp. 115–149 (on Tucci's guru, the Nepalese Hemarāja Śarmā).
* Enrica Garzilli, "A Sanskrit Letter Written by Sylvain Lévy in 1925 to Hemarāja Śarmā along with Some Hitherto Unknown Biographical Notes (Cultural Nationalism and Internationalism in the First Half of the 20th Century – Famous Indologists write to the Raj Guru of Nepal – No. 2)", in ''History of Indological Studies. Papers of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference Vol. 11.2'', ed. by K. Karttunen, P. Koskikallio and A. Parpola, Motilal Banarsidass and University of Helsinki, Delhi 2015, pp. 17–53.
* Raniero Gnoli, ''Ricordo di Giuseppe Tucci'', Roma, IsMEO, 1985;
* ''Giuseppe Tucci: Commemorazione tenuta dal Presidente dell'Istituto Gherardo Gnoli il 7 maggio 1984 a Palazzo Brancaccio'', Roma, IsMEO, 1984;
* ''Giuseppe Tucci nel centenario della nascita : Roma, 7-8 giugno 1994'', a cura di Beniamino Melasecchi, Roma, IsMEO, 1995;
* ''Giuseppe Tucci : Un maceratese nelle terre sacre dell'Oriente'', Macerata, Comune di Macerata, 2000;
* ''Tucci l'esploratore dell'anima'', Catalogue of the Exhibition, Pollenza, Arte Nomade, 2004 (in Italian and English);
* "Concetto Guttuso intervistato da Oscar Nalesini", ''Il Giornale del Museo Nazionale d'Arte Orientale'', n. 3, 2008, pp. 7–8 (sul viaggio in Nepal del 1952), now also on-line [http://www.museorientale.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/262/intervista-a-concetto-guttuso] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322134237/http://www.museorientale.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/262/intervista-a-concetto-guttuso |date=22 March 2012 }};
*[[Hans Thomas Hakl]], "Giuseppe Tucci entre études orientales, ésoterisme et Fascisme (1894–1984)", ''Politica Hermetica'' Nr. 18, Lausanne, L’Age d’Homme, 2004, p. 119–136.
* Oscar Nalesini, "Assembling loose pages, gathering fragments of the past: Giuseppe Tucci and his wanderings throughout Tibet and the Himalayas, 1926-1954", in ''Sanskrit Texts from Giuseppe Tucci's Collection Part I'', Ed. by F. Sferra, Roma, IsIAO, 2008, pp. 79–112 (Manuscripta buddhica, 1);
* Oscar Nalesini, "Ghersi e gli altri. I fotografi delle spedizioni Tucci". In ''Eugenio Ghersi, un marinaio ligure in Tibet'', a cura di D. Bellatalla, C. A. Gemignani, L. Rossi. Genova, SAGEP, 2008, pp. 53–60;
* Oscar Nalesini, "A short history of the Tibetan explorations of Giuseppe Tucci", in ''Visibilia invisibilium. Non-invasive analyses on Tibetan paintings from the Tucci expeditions'', ed. by M. Laurenzi Tabasso. M.A. Polichetti, C. Seccaroni. Orientalis Publications, 2011, pp. 17–28;
* Oscar Nalesini, "Il carteggio Moise-Tucci sulla spedizione tibetana del 1948 (The Moise-Tucci correspondence on the Tibetan expedition of 1948)", in ''Miscellanea di storia delle esplorazioni'' 37 (2012), pp. 115–61;
* O. Nalesini, "Felice Boffa Ballaran, diarista, fotografo e cartografo della spedizione italiana in Tibet del 1939", in ''Miscellanea di storia delle esplorazioni'' 38 (2013), pp. 267–309.

==External links==
* [http://giuseppetucciexplorer.com/ Il Duce's Explorer. The Adventures of Giuseppe Tucci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110856/http://giuseppetucciexplorer.com/ |date=2 April 2015 }}. Blog in English including unedited documents such as his letters to Mussolini, to the Royal Preceptor of Nepal and to Giulio Andreotti, and documents on his relationship with Gandhi, Tagore, Giovanni Gentile, Karl Houshofer, Mircea Eliade, and so on.
* [http://giuseppetucci.garzilli.com Giuseppe Tucci: Life, Travels and Adventures of the Explorer of Fascism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060704022025/http://giuseppetucci.garzilli.com/ |date=4 July 2006 }}: Blog in Italian including unedited documents such as his letters to Mussolini, to the Royal Preceptor of Nepal and to Giulio Andreotti, and documents on his relationship with Gandhi, Tagore, Giovanni Gentile, Karl Houshofer, Mircea Eliade, and so on.
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618210304/http://www.giuseppetucci.isiao.it/ |date=18 June 2012 |title=Giuseppe Tucci: Life and Works, Explorations, Digital library, Photographic archives, Texts' collections }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150812140134/http://www.identitasibillina.com/rivista_n2/eng/8.html A Great Man from Macerata Who Went Far: Giuseppe Tucci - the Marches Region and the East]}}
*[http://www.asianart.com/li/tsatsa.html Images of Earth and Water: The Tsa-Tsa Votive Tablets of Tibet - Giuseppe Tucci and Stupa Symbolism]
*[http://www.carvaka4india.com/2012/08/a-sketch-of-indian-materialism.html Giuseppe Tucci: A Sketch of Indian Materialism]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Giuseppe-Tucci/60348032695?ref=hl Giuseppe Tucci]. Facebook page.
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Il-Duces-Explorer-The-Adventures-of-Giuseppe-Tucci/1515786141972130?ref=hl Il Duce's Explorer]. Facebook page (in English)
* [https://www.facebook.com/GiuseppeTucciEsploratore?ref=hl Giuseppe Tucci l'esploratore del Duce]. Facebook page (in Italian)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tucci, Giuseppe}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Buddhist studies scholars]]
[[Category:People from Macerata]]
[[Category:Italian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Italian orientalists]]
[[Category:Italian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Italian memoirists]]
[[Category:Italian Indologists]]
[[Category:Italian fascists]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Academy of Italy]]
[[Category:Tibetologists]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Italian Fascist propagandists]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Italian sinologists]]
[[Category:People associated with Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

Turia Chand Baskey

2026-04-27T08:07:36Z

WECElbert296866: Created Entry - done

{{Short description|Indian author}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=April 2024}}
'''Turia Chand Baskey''' is a [[Santal people|Santhali]] writer and editor. He received [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Santali|Sahitya Akademi Award for Santali literature]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=English author Neelum Saran Gaur, Hindi writer Sanjeev among recipients of Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/english-author-neelum-saran-gaur-hindi-writer-sanjeev-among-recipients-of-sahitya-akademi-awards-2819653 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Annexure A |title=Sahitya Akademy Award 2023 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/dec/doc20231221293101.pdf |access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Baskey hails from Papuria village in [[Lalgarh, Jhargram|Lalgarh]], [[Jhargram]]. His real name is Taraceen Baskey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Arnaba |date=2023-12-21 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award Winners List PDF Download |url=https://www.adda247.com/teaching-jobs-exam/sahitya-akademi-award-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=adda247 |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of the Sahitya Akademi Awards 2023 in 24 languages {{!}} DD News |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-sahitya-akademi-awards-2023-24-languages |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> He was graduated from [[Silda Chandra Sekhar College]] and joined a service under [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanchal Pradhan |title=উজ্জ্বল টুরিয়াচাঁদ |url=https://epaper.sangbadpratidin.in/epaperpdf/epaper/2019-05/5ceb2f096de91.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref> Later, he works as a teacher at Babupur Agricultural High School at [[Sutahata]] near [[Haldia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=সাঁওতালি ভাষার সাহিত্যিক হিসেবে সাহিত্য আকাদেমি পুরস্কার পেয়েছেন টুরিয়াচাঁদ বাস্কে! |url=https://biplabisambaddarpan.com/saanotaali-bhaassaar-saahityik-hisebe-saahity-aakaademi-purskaar-peyyechen-tturiyyaacaand-baaske/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=বিপ্লবী সংবাদ দর্পণ |language=bn}}</ref> His first poetry book ''Jala'' was published in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bartaman Patrika |url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=509547&P=4 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=bartamanpatrika.com}}</ref> Baskey edited ''Tirandaj'' literary magazine and wrote 31 books in [[Ol Chiki script|Ol Chiki]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=পুরস্কৃত টুরিয়াচাঁদ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%A6-1.196908 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> In 2015 he received [[Sarada Prasad Kisku]] memorial Award conferred by the Santhali Academy of [[West Bengal]]. The [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal Government]] awarded him Shikhsaratna in 2023 for his literary contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সাহিত্য অকাদেমিতে আরও এক বঙ্গ সন্তান! পুরস্কার পাচ্ছেন হলদিয়ার টুরিয়াচাঁদ |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/haldia-news/turiyachand-baske-santali-writer-sahitya-akademi-award-2023/articleshow/106159038.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> In 2023, Baskey was awarded [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademy]] for his short story collection ''Jaba Baha''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-21 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards '23: Neelam Saran Gour's historic novel 'Requiem In Raga Janaki' wins in English; a look at all recipients |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sahitya-akademi-awards-23-neelam-saran-gours-historic-novel-requiem-in-raga-janaki-wins-in-english-a-look-at-all-recipients/articleshow/106174746.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Saradaprasad Kisku Smriti Puraskar (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদন |first=নিজস্ব |title=অকাদেমি পেলেন স্বপ্নময়, টুরিয়াচাঁদ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/swapnamoy-chakraborty-and-tarasin-baske-won-sahitya-akademi-award-this-year/cid/1483052 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* Sadhu Ramchand Murmu Smriti Puraskar (2019)<ref name=":0" />
* Shiksha Ratna (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=শিক্ষারত্ন পাচ্ছেন আদিবাসী শিক্ষক টুরিয়া চাঁদ |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/purba-medinipur/shiksha-ratna-award-goes-to-tribal-teacher-turia-chand-baske-l18-1265088.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=News18 বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
* Sahitya Akademy (2023)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baskey, Turia Chand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Santali]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shella Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:36:37Z

WECElbert296866: Created A Details - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shella
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Shella Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 26
| mla = [[Balajied Kupar Synrem]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:34682}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Shella''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/shella.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Shella Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=2 | Stanely D D Nochols Roy || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || S. Galmendar Singh Lyngdoh
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=7 | [[Donkupar Roy|Dr. Donkupar Roy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Meghalaya|2019 By-election]] || rowspan=2 | [[Balajied Kupar Synrem]]
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balajied Kupar Synrem]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=13,274 |percentage=43.87% |change={{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grace Mary Kharpuri |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=12,840 |percentage=42.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arena Hynniewta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,670 |percentage=8.82% |change={{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Playness Khiewtam |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=882 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wellborn Bynnud |party=Indian National Congress |votes=592 |percentage=1.96% |change={{decrease}}4.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=358 |percentage=1.18% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=434 |percentage=1.43% |change= {{decrease}}23.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,258 |percentage=87.24% |change= {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,682 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Meghalaya|2019 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balajied Kupar Synrem]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=12,002 |percentage=47.99% |change={{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grace Mary Kharpuri |party=Independent politician |votes=5,781 |percentage=23.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mosjo Rock F. Wanswett |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=4,327 |percentage=17.30% |change={{decrease}}13.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Batyngshain Laitmon Ryngnga |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,715 |percentage=6.86% |change={{decrease}}10.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshua Warjri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=742 |percentage=2.97% |change={{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Komen Laitmon |party=Independent politician |votes=444 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=188 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,221 |percentage=24.87% |change= {{increase}}23.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,011 |percentage=84.54% |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,797 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Donkupar Roy|Dr. Donkupar Roy]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,280 |percentage=32.71% |change={{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leston Wanswett |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=7,910 |percentage=31.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Batyngshain Laitmon Ryngnga |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,332 |percentage=17.12% |change={{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jrop Singh Nongkhlaw |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,390 |percentage=13.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sainkupar Riahtam |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=484 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wellborn Bynnud |party=Independent politician |votes=456 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=195 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=370 |percentage=1.46% |change= {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,311 |percentage=87.16% |change= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,040 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Donkupar Roy|Dr. Donkupar Roy]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,940 |percentage=32.17% |change={{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leston Wanswett |party=Independent politician |votes=5,585 |percentage=30.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grace Mary Kharpuri |party=Independent politician |votes=3,527 |percentage=19.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jrop Singh Nongkhlaw |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,880 |percentage=15.60% |change={{decrease}}17.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Mechaldo Roy Khylleb |party=Independent politician |votes=533 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=355 |percentage=1.92% |change= {{decrease}}7.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,465 |percentage=88.37% |change= {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,895 |ref = |change= {{increase}}85.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Donkupar Roy|Dr. Donkupar Roy]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,238 |percentage=41.87% |change={{increase}}8.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leston Wanswett |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,299 |percentage=32.59% |change={{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyndapborthiaw Saibon |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=2,585 |percentage=25.54% |change={{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=939 |percentage=9.28% |change= {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,122 |percentage=89.99% |change= {{increase}}23.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,248 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}22.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Donkupar Roy|Dr. Donkupar Roy]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,145 |percentage=32.93% |change={{decrease}}11.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyndapborthiaw Saibon |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=2,923 |percentage=30.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Granderson Syiemlieh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,172 |percentage=22.74% |change={{decrease}}12.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kondro K. Ksanlam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,046 |percentage=10.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bisanling Dkhar |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=227 |percentage=2.38% |change={{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Porimor Shonglait |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=37 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=222 |percentage=2.32% |change= {{decrease}}7.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,550 |percentage=66.15% |change= {{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,439 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}11.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Donkupar Roy|Dr. Donkupar Roy]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,773 |percentage=44.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G.Granderson Syiemlieh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,962 |percentage=34.84% |change={{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Douglas Wahlang |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=1,715 |percentage=20.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neki Decruse Wanbah |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=51 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=811 |percentage=9.54% |change= {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,501 |percentage=65.03% |change= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,324 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}5.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Donkupar Roy|Dr. Donkupar Roy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,905 |percentage=38.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Granderson Syemlieh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,163 |percentage=31.49% |change={{increase}}15.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. G. Lyngdoh |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=1,601 |percentage=15.94% |change={{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Douglas Wahlang |party=Janata Dal (B) |votes=1,375 |percentage=13.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=742 |percentage=7.39% |change= {{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,044 |percentage=70.02% |change= {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,512 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Donkupar Roy|Dr. Donkupar Roy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,110 |percentage=27.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Galmender Singh Lyngdoh |party=Hill People's Union |votes=1,692 |percentage=22.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Wester Tiewsoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,220 |percentage=16.04% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saittish Wanswet |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=1,171 |percentage=15.39% |change={{decrease}}12.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ednellson Diengdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=986 |percentage=12.96% |change={{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Medhi Warjri |party=Independent politician |votes=428 |percentage=5.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=418 |percentage=5.49% |change= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,607 |percentage=74.16% |change= {{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,373 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Galmendar Singh Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,186 |percentage=32.96% |change={{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Wester Tiewsoh |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=1,865 |percentage=28.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. S. Jitem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,131 |percentage=17.05% |change={{decrease}}4.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stad Rai Synrem |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=813 |percentage=12.26% |change={{decrease}}2.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Morrow Mohon Kharpuri |party=Independent politician |votes=270 |percentage=4.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onder-Stand Ajar |party=Independent politician |votes=185 |percentage=2.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laston Wanswett |party=Independent politician |votes=183 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=321 |percentage=4.84% |change= {{decrease}}8.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,633 |percentage=68.70% |change= {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,988 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanely D D Nochols Roy |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,174 |percentage=36.86% |change={{decrease}}21.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Wester Tiewsoh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,395 |percentage=23.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. S. Jitem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,257 |percentage=21.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syrtok Singh Nangrum |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=898 |percentage=15.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jostiphilton Rapthap |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. L. L. D. Basan |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiawwellson Roy |party=Independent politician |votes=25 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=779 |percentage=13.21% |change= {{decrease}}13.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,898 |percentage=65.36% |change= {{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,216 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}21.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Shella<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanely D D Nochols Roy |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,798 |percentage=57.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pros Erly Chandra Chyne |party=Independent politician |votes=1,516 |percentage=31.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joid Singh Kitem |party=Independent politician |votes=305 |percentage=6.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jubor Singh Shongwan |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=4.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,282 |percentage=26.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,827 |percentage=58.25% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,452 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[East Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.18|91.64|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Khumukcham Joykisan

2026-04-16T02:53:20Z

WECElbert296866: Created data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khumukcham Joykisan Singh
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Manipur]]
| term_start = 15 March 2017
| constituency = [[Thangmeiband Assembly constituency|Thangmeiband]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| image =
| other_party = *[[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
*[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
*[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|All India Trinamool Congress}}
}}

'''Khumukcham Joykisan Singh''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Janata Dal (United)]]. Later '''Khumukcham Joykisan Singh''' joined BJP on 2 September 2022.

Since the [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] elections, he has been a member of [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Thangmeiband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thangmeiband constituency]] in [[Imphal West district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/88691/manipur-bjp-legislative-assembly-leader-Joykisan-joins-congress/ |title=Manipur BJP Legislative Assembly Leader Joykisan Defects to Congress |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328092626/https://thewire.in/88691/manipur-bjp-legislative-assembly-leader-Joykisan-joins-congress/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://janpratinidhi.com/khumukchamjoykisansingh-po16845.aspx |title=Janpratinidhi |access-date=31 December 2016 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175622/http://janpratinidhi.com/khumukchamjoykisansingh-po16845.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-suffers-jolt-in-manipur-as-mla-khumukcham-joykisan-singh-joins-congress/articleshow/56107055.cms BJP suffers jolt in Manipur as MLA Khumukcham Joykisan Singh joins Congress]</ref><ref>is join bjp 2 September 2022</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joykisan, Khumukcham}}
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]

{{Manipur-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Street food

2026-04-15T09:33:26Z

WECElbert296866: improve lead per sources

{{Short description|Ready-to-eat food or drink on a street}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
[[File:StreetfoodNY.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Street food in [[New York City]]]]
[[File:StreetFoodYangon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Street food in [[Yangon Chinatown|Chinatown]], [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]]]]

'''Street food''' is food sold by a [[Hawker (trade)|hawker]] or [[vendor]] on a street or at another public place, such as a market, fair, or park. It is often sold from a portable [[food booth]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Simopoulos |first1=Artemis P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQgwVl22fXkC&pg=PR7 |title=Street Foods |last2=Bhat |first2=Ramesh Venkataramana |date=2000 |publisher=Karger Publishers |isbn=9783805569279 |page=vii |language=en}}</ref> [[food cart]], or [[food truck]] and is meant for immediate consumption. Some street foods are regional, but many have spread beyond their regions of origin. Most street foods are classified as both [[finger food]] and [[fast food]], and are generally cheaper than restaurant meals. The [[List of street foods|types of street food]] vary between regions and cultures in different countries around the world.<ref name="Wanjek 2005">{{Cite book |last=Wanjek |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4qjDoZw1vsC&pg=PA278 |title=Food at Work: Workplace Solutions for Malnutrition, Obesity and Chronic Diseases |date=2005 |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=978-92-2-117015-0 |location=Geneva |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Privitera |first1=Donatella |last2=Nesci |first2=Francesco Saverio |title=Globalization vs. Local. The Role of Street Food in the Urban Food System |journal=Procedia Economics and Finance |date=2015 |volume=22 |pages=716–722 |doi=10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00292-0 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to a 2007 study from the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], 2.5 billion people eat street food every day.<ref name="faobn">{{cite web |title = Spotlight: School Children, Street Food and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Tanzania|publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|location= Rome, Italy|date= February 2007|url= http://www.fao.org/AG/magazine/0702sp1.htm|access-date = 20 February 2008|url-status= dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409051923/http://www.fao.org/AG/magazine/0702sp1.htm|archive-date = 9 April 2015}}</ref> While some cultures consider it to be rude to walk on the street while eating,<ref name="History of Fast Food" /> a majority of middle- to high-income consumers<ref name="Food for the Cities: Street foods">{{Cite web |title=Food for the Cities: Street Foods |url=http://www.fao.org/fcit/food-processing/street-foods/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721100158/http://www.fao.org/fcit/food-processing/street-foods/en/ |archive-date=2020-07-21 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=www.fao.org |language=en}}</ref> rely on the quick access and affordability of street food for daily nutrition and job opportunities, particularly in developing countries.

[[File:Churro-Vendor.ogg|thumb|A video clip of a vendor making [[churro]]s in [[Colombia]]]]
Today governments and other organizations are increasingly concerned with both the [[socioeconomic]] importance of street food and its associated risks. These risks include [[food safety]], [[sanitation]] issues, illegal use of public or private areas, [[Social issue|social problems]], and [[traffic congestion]].<ref name="Food for the Cities: Street foods" />

==History==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een verkoper van saté met zijn pikolan en klanten TMnr 60027242.jpg|thumb|right|[[Satay]] street vendor in [[Java]], [[Dutch East Indies]], {{Circa|1870}}, using ''[[pikulan]]'' or carrying baskets using a rod]]
[[File:Frankfurter stand LOC det.4a13502.jpg|thumb|The presence of street food vendors in [[New York City]] throughout much of its history, such as these {{circa|1906}}, are credited with helping support the city's rapid growth.]]

=== Europe ===
In ancient [[Greece]], small fried fish was a street food;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Cathy K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFiIg7elnwIC&pg=PA75 |title=Cooking in Ancient Civilizations |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313332043 |language=en}}</ref> however, the Greek philosopher [[Theophrastus]] held the custom of street food in low regard.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQgwVl22fXkC&pg=PR10 |title=Street Foods |publisher=Karger |date=2000 |isbn=9783805569279 |editor-last=Simopoulos |editor-first=A. P. |language=en |editor-last2=Bhat |editor-first2=R. V.}}</ref> Evidence of a large number of street food vendors was discovered during the excavation of [[Pompeii]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tWMtRLaZOEC&pg=PA97 |title=Food: The History of Taste |date=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520254763 |editor-last=Freedman |editor-first=Paul |language=en}}</ref> Street food was widely consumed by poor urban residents of [[ancient Rome]] whose tenement houses did not have ovens or hearths.<ref name="Higman 2012">{{Cite book |last=Higman |first=B. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=PT130 |title=How Food Made History |date=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=9781444344653 |language=en}}</ref> Chickpea soup<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtIXAe2qYDgC&pg=PA283 |title=Food in the Ancient World A-Z |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415232593 |language=en}}</ref> with bread and grain paste<ref>{{Cite book |last=Civitello |first=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwRE0HIIyWkC&pg=PA319 |title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9781118098752 |language=en}}</ref> were common meals.

A travelling Florentine reported in the late 14th century noted that in [[Cairo]], people brought picnic cloths made of [[Rawhide (material)|rawhide]] to spread on the streets and sit on while they ate their meals of lamb kebabs, rice, and fritters they purchased from street vendors.<ref name="Snodgrass 2004">{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7IhN7lempUC&pg=PA966 |title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History |date=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203319178 |language=en}}</ref> In Renaissance [[Turkey]], many crossroads had vendors selling "fragrant bites of hot meat," including chicken and lamb that had been spit-roasted.<ref name="Snodgrass 2004" /> In 1502, [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]] became the first country to legislate and standardize the sale of street food.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA357 |title=Street Food around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture |date=2013 |publisher=ABC-Clio |isbn=9781598849554 |editor-last=Kraig |editor-first=Bruce |language=en |editor-last2=Sen |editor-first2=Colleen Taylor}}</ref>

In the 19th century, street food vendors in [[Transylvania]] sold gingerbread nuts, cream mixed with corn, and bacon and other meat fried on top of ceramic vessels with hot coals inside.<ref name="Walker 1991">{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Harlan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrWgDRkS90EC&pg=PA118 |title=Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991: Public Eating: Proceedings |date=1991 |publisher=Prospect Books |isbn=9780907325475 |language=en}}</ref> [[French fries]], consisting of fried strips of potato, probably originated as a street food in Paris in the 1840s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C&pg=PA328 |title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-Clio |isbn=9781851094110 |language=en}}</ref> Street foods in Victorian [[London]] included [[tripe]], [[pea soup]], pea pods in butter, [[whelk]], [[prawn]]s and [[jellied eels]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Clarissa Dickson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvugrQV8epgC&pg=PT331 |title=A History of English Food |date=2012 |publisher=Arrow |isbn=9781448107452 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Americas ===
[[Aztec]] market places had vendors who sold beverages such as ''[[atolli]]'' ("a gruel made from maize dough"), almost 50 types of [[tamales]] (with ingredients ranging from the meat of [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]], [[rabbit]], [[gopher]], [[frog]] and [[fish]] to [[fruit]]s, [[Eggs as food|eggs]] and maize flowers),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vY8Cb3Vc7LMC&pg=PA276 |title=Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia |date=2001 |publisher=Garland Publishing |isbn=9780815308874 |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=Susan Toby |language=en |editor-last2=Webster |editor-first2=David L.}}</ref> as well as insects and stews.<ref name="Long-Solís and Vargas 2005">{{Cite book |last1=Long-Solís |first1=Janet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyppownpnUQC&pg=PA124 |title=Food Culture in Mexico |last2=Vargas |first2=Luis Alberto |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2005 |isbn=9780313324314 |language=en}}</ref> Spanish colonization brought European food stocks like [[wheat]], [[sugarcane]] and livestock to [[Peru]], but most commoners continued to primarily eat their traditional diets. Imports were only accepted at the margins of their diet, for example, grilled beef hearts sold by street vendors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pilcher |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcwgxnOBXwMC&pg=PA23 |title=Food In World History |date=2005 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203970058 |language=en}}</ref> Some of [[Lima]]'s 19th-century street vendors such as "Erasmo, the 'negro' Sango vendor" and Na Agardite are still remembered today.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&pg=RA3-PA226 |title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=9780313376269 |editor-last=Albala |editor-first=Ken |language=en}}</ref>

During the American Colonial period, "street vendors sold oysters, roasted corn ears, fruit, and sweets at low prices to all classes." [[Oysters]], in particular, were cheap and popular street food until around 1910 when overfishing and pollution caused prices to rise.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Katherine Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f01RpO0QsDQC&pg=PA214 |title=Good Food for Little Money: Food and Cooking Among Urban Working-Class Americans, 1875–1930 |date=2008 |publisher=University of Delaware |isbn=9780549754237 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Street vendors in [[New York City]] faced considerable opposition. After previous restrictions had limited their operating hours, street food vendors were completely banned in New York City by 1707.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQgwVl22fXkC&pg=PA25 |title=Street Foods |publisher=Karger |date=2000 |isbn=9783805569279 |editor-last=Simopoulos |editor-first=A. P. |language=en |editor-last2=Bhat |editor-first2=R. V.}}</ref> Many women of African descent made their living selling street foods in America in the 18th and 19th centuries, with products ranging from fruit, cakes, and nuts in Savannah, to coffee, biscuits, pralines and other sweets in [[New Orleans]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gF8NCxGHyMMC&pg=PA71 |title=African American Foodways: Explorations of History & Culture |date=2009 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252076305 |editor-last=Bower |editor-first=Anne L. |language=en}}</ref> [[Cracker Jack]] started as one of many street food exhibits at the [[Columbian Exposition]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Andrew F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH6KFJ4Om0oC&pg=PA100 |title=Eating History: 30 Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2011 |isbn=9780231140935 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
[[File:Street food Yasothon.jpg|thumb|A whole street taken up by street food vendors during the [[Yasothon]] [[Rocket Festival]] in [[Thailand]]]]
[[File:Food vendor in Jaipur.jpg|thumb|alt=Street food in [[Jaipur]]]]
The selling of street food in [[China]] stretches back millennia and became an integral part of Chinese food culture during the [[Tang dynasty|Tang Dynasty]]. In ancient [[China]], street food primarily catered to the poor, although wealthy residents would often send servants to buy street food and bring it back for their meals at home.<ref name="Higman 2012" /> Street food continues to play a major role in [[Chinese cuisine]] with [[regional street food]] generating a strong interest in [[culinary tourism]] among both domestic and international travellers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Dingbao |author-link=Wang Dingbao |title=Zìfù |script-title=zh:自負 |url=http://www.guoxue.com/tangyanjiu/tdsl/tzwy/tzwy_012.htm |website=Tang Zhiyan |language=zh |script-website=zh:唐摭言 |volume=12}}</ref> Because of the [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese diaspora]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese street food]] has had a major influence on other cuisines across Asia and even introduced the concept of a street food culture to various countries. The street food culture in much of Southeast Asia was established by [[coolie]] workers imported from China during the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&pg=PA63 |title=Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ... |date=2001 |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |isbn=9781603581721 |editor-last=Petrini |editor-first=Carlo |language=en}}</ref>

[[Ramen]], whose predecessor was originally brought to [[Japan]] by Chinese immigrants in the late 19th or early 20th century, began as a street food for Chinese laborers and students who lived in [[Yokohama Chinatown]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Okuyama |first=Tadamasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-B6OPQAACAAJ |publisher=Akashi Shoten |year=2003 |isbn=978-4750317922 |language=ja |script-title=ja:文化麺類学・ラーメン篇 |trans-title=Cultural Noodle-logy;Ramen}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Kosuge |first=Keiko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1mbAAAACAAJ |publisher=Kodansha |year=1998 |isbn=978-4062563024 |language=ja |script-title=ja:にっぽんラーメン物語 |trans-title=Japanese Ramen Story}}</ref> However, ramen gradually became a "[[national dish]]" of Japan and even acquired regional variations as it spread across the country.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppll3L_9fAsC&pg=PA260 |title=Japanese Foodways, Past and Present |date=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252077524 |editor-last=Assmann |editor-first=Stephanie |language=en |editor-last2=Rath |editor-first2=Eric C.}}</ref>

Street food was commonly sold by the [[Thai Chinese|ethnic Chinese population]] of [[Thailand]] and did not become popular among native Thai people until the early 1960s,<ref>{{cite book |author=David Thompson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FF8Sjr479AC&q=%22street+food%22+traditions&pg=PT20 |title=Thai Street Food |year=2009 | publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed |isbn=9781580082846 |access-date=2012-08-16}}</ref> when the rapid urban population growth stimulated the street food culture, and by the 1970s it had "displaced home-cooking."<ref>{{cite book |author=B. W. Higman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&q=%22street+food%22+&pg=PT130 |title=How Food Made History |date=2011-08-08 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781444344653 |access-date=2012-08-16}}</ref> As a result, many [[Street food of Thailand|Thai street foods]] are derived from or heavily influenced by Chinese cuisine.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlo Petrini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&q=%22street+food%22+typical&pg=PA63 |title=Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ... |date=October 2001 | publisher=Chelsea Green |isbn=9781603581721 |access-date=2012-08-16}}</ref> About 76% of urban residents in Thailand regularly visit street food vendors. The rise of [[Tourism in Thailand|the country's tourism industry]] has also contributed to the popularity of Thai street food. Thailand's 103,000 street food vendors alone generated 270 billion baht in revenues in 2017. Suvit Maesincee, [[Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation|Minister of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation]], expects the Thai street food segment to grow by six to seven percent annually from 2020 onwards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hutasingh |first=Onnucha |date=17 February 2020 |title=Smart Food Cart to Aid Gastronomic Tourism |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1858934/smart-food-cart-to-aid-gastronomic-tourism |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> Multiple studies showed that contamination of food that street food vendors sell is at the same level as the contamination at restaurants.<ref name="History of Fast Food">{{Cite web |title=History of Street Food and Interesting Facts |url=http://www.historyoffastfood.com/fast-food-history/street-food-history-and-facts/ |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=History of Fast Food |language=en}}</ref> An estimated 2% or 160,000 vendors provide street food for Bangkok's eight million people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Poon|first=Linda|date=14 April 2017|title=Bangkok's Street Vendors Are Not the Enemies of Public Space|work=Bloomburg City Lab|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-24/bangkok-s-street-vendors-are-not-pedestrians-enemies|access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>
[[File:A local fruit Vendor in the old town.jpg|alt=An African man sells produce out of a wheelbarrow containing mangos, oranges, watermelons, and the like.|thumb|A fruit vendor in Zanzibar]]

The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' mentions food vendors in ancient [[India]]. One regulation states that "those who trade in cooked rice, liquor, and flesh" are to live in the south of the city. Another states that superintendents of storehouses may give surpluses of bran and flour to "those who prepare cooked rice, and rice-cakes", while a regulation involving city superintendents references "sellers of cooked flesh and cooked rice".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/kautilya/book02.htm| title = Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book II,"The Duties of Government Superintendents"}}</ref>

In Delhi, India, it is said that kings used to visit the kebab vendors on the street, which are still in operation. During the colonial times, fusion street food was created, which was made with British customers in mind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Street Food in India {{!}} Asia Highlights |url=https://www.asiahighlights.com/india/street-food |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=www.asiahighlights.com |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Street food of Indonesia|Indonesia]], especially [[Java]], traveling food and drink vendors have a long history, as they were described in temple [[bas reliefs]] dated from the 9th century, as well as mentioned in 14th-century inscriptions as a line of work. In Indonesia, street food is sold from carts and bicycles. During the colonial [[Dutch East Indies]] period {{circa|19th century}}, several street foods were developed and documented, including [[satay]] and ''dawet'' ([[cendol]]) street vendors. The current proliferation of Indonesia's vibrant street food culture is contributed by the massive [[Urbanization in Indonesia|urbanization]] in recent decades that has opened opportunities in food service sectors. This took place in the country's rapidly expanding urban agglomerations, especially in [[Greater Jakarta]], [[Bandung]], and [[Surabaya]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Firman |first=Tommy |date=12 May 2012 |title=Urbanization and Urban Development Patterns |language=en |work=The Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/12/urbanization-and-urban-development-patterns.html}}</ref>

Singapore has a large number of [[hawker centre]]s which evolved from the traditional commerce of street food and was incorporated into [[UNESCO]]'s ''List of Intangible Cultural Heritage'' on 16 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists | title=UNESCO - Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhb.gov.sg/what-we-do/our-work/sector-development/unesco/hawker-culture-in-singapore | title=Hawker Culture in Singapore }}</ref>

==Around the world==
{{Tone|section|date=March 2022}}
{{main|Regional street food}}
{{See also|List of street foods}}

[[File:Kakilima street vendors in Jakarta.jpg|thumb|right|[[Food cart]]s lining a street in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], selling street foods]]
[[File:Porilainen.jpg|thumb|[[Porilainen]], a [[Finland|Finnish]] burger-like [[sandwich]]]]

Street food vending is found all around the world and varies greatly between regions and cultures.<ref name="Wanjek 2005" />

Dorling Kindersley describes the street food of [[Vietnam]] as being "fresh and lighter than many of the cuisines in the area" and "draw[ing] heavily on herbs, Chile peppers and lime," while street food of Thailand is "fiery" and "pungent with shrimp paste and fish sauce."<ref name="Kindersley 2011">{{Cite book |last=Kindersley |first=Dorling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDAt0uVU7zYC&pg=PA293 |title=Ultimate Food Journeys: The World's Best Dishes and Where to Eat Them |date=2011 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756695880 |language=en}}</ref> [[Street food of Thailand|Street food in Thailand]] offers a varied selection of ready-to-eat meals, snacks, fruits and drinks. The capital of Thailand, Bangkok, has been listed as one of the best places for street food.<ref name="Wiens-1">{{Cite news |last=Wiens |first=Mark |date=9 May 2011 |title=Top 16 Bangkok Street Food Sanctuaries (Are You Ready to Eat?) |language=en |work=Migrationology |url=https://migrationology.com/top-16-bangkok-street-food-sanctuaries/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 31, 2012 |title=The 10 Best Street Food Cities in the World, per Virtual Tourist.Com, Frommer's |language=en |work=NY Daily News |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/10-best-street-food-cities-world-virtualtourist-frommer-article-1.1125775}}</ref> Popular street offerings in Bangkok include [[pad thai|Pad Thai]] (stir fried rice noodle), [[green papaya salad]], sour [[tom yum]] soup, [[Thai curries]] and [[mango sticky rice]].

[[Street food of Indonesia|Indonesian street food]] is a diverse mix of local Indonesian, Chinese, and Dutch influences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jing Xuan Teng |date=3 October 2016 |title=The Best Street Food in Jakarta, Indonesia |url=http://theculturetrip.com/asia/indonesia/articles/the-best-street-food-in-jakarta-indonesia/ |website=The Culture Trip |language=en}}</ref> Indonesian street food is often strongly flavored and spicy. Much of the street food in Indonesia is fried, such as fritters, ''[[nasi goreng]]'' and ''[[ayam goreng]]''. ''[[Bakso]]'' (meatball soup), [[satay]] (skewered chicken) and ''[[gado-gado]]'' (vegetable salad served in [[peanut sauce]]) are also popular.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesian Street food |url=http://www.foodandtravel.com.au/indonesia/indonesian-street-food |website=Food & Travel}}</ref>
[[File:Chicken Döner in Berlin.jpg|thumb|[[Doner kebab]], an originally Turkish dish that found popularity in [[Germany]]]]

Indian street food is as diverse as [[Indian cuisine]]. Some of the more popular street food dishes are [[vada pav]], [[misal pav]], [[chole bhature]], [[paratha]]s, [[bhel puri]], [[sev puri]], [[gol gappa]] (also called [[pani puri]] in Karnatake and Maharashtra or puchka in West Bengal) [[aloo tikki]], [[kebab]]s, [[tandoori chicken]], [[samosa]]s, [[kachori]], [[idli]], [[pohe]], [[egg bhurji]], [[pav bhaji]], [[Pilaf|pulaw]], [[pakora]], [[lassi]], [[kulfi]] and [[falooda]]. In Hindi-speaking regions of India, street food is popularly known as ''nukkadwala'' food ("corner" food). In South India, foods like [[mirchi bajji]], [[punugulu]], and mokkajonna (corn roasted on coal) are common street foods, along with breakfast items like idli, [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] and [[Bonda (snack)|bonda]]. Other popular Asian fusion street food include [[Gobi Manchurian|gobi manchurian]], [[Momo (food)|momos]] and [[omelette]]. While some vendors streamline the recipes of popular dishes to sell them on the street, several restaurants have taken their inspiration from the street food of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nukkadwala – Inspired by A Billion Foodies |url=https://www.nukkadwala.co.in/ |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=Nukkadwala}}</ref>
[[File:Masala Dosa 02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Street food in [[Hyderabad]], India]]

[[Falafel]] is a popular dish in the [[Middle East]]. Vendors sell it on street corners in Palestine, Egypt, and Syria. Another food sold commonly on the street in [[Egypt]] is [[Ful medames|ful]], a slow-cooked fava bean dish.<ref name="Anderson 2013">{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Heather Arndt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LghYCqDJw8C&pg=PA33 |title=Breakfast: A History |publisher=AltaMira Press |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-7591-2165-2 |location=Lanham, MD |page=33 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Denmark]], [[Pølsevogn|sausage wagons]] allow passers-by to purchase sausages and [[hot dog]]s.

In [[Turkey]], [[Döner kebap|chicken shawarma]] is widely enjoyed in wraps called [[dürüm]], served with [[Garlic sauce|toum]] and fresh vegetables.

In [[Jamaica]] a traditional dish is [[Jerk (cooking)|Jamaican jerk chicken]]. The original marinade calls for ingredients such as Scotch bonnet peppers, allspice berries and sometimes wood from laurel trees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-29 |title=Jamaican "Jerk" Chicken Recipe |url=https://www.pepper.ph/jerk-chicken-waffle-sandwiches/ |access-date=2019-10-21 |website=Pepper |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021054748/https://www.pepper.ph/jerk-chicken-waffle-sandwiches/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[File:Mont nomsod.jpg|thumb|Grilled bread with jam served with sweetened milk in [[Bangkok]]]]

[[Mexican street food]] is known as ''[[antojitos]]'' (translated as "little cravings") and features several varieties of tacos, such as [[Al pastor|''tacos al pastor'']], as well as [[Huarache (food)|''huaraches'']] and other maize-based foods.

[[New York City]]'s signature street food is the [[hot dog]], but New York street food also includes everything from Middle Eastern falafel to Jamaican jerk chicken to Belgian waffles.<ref name="Kindersley 2011" />

In [[Hawaii]], the local street food tradition of "[[plate lunch]]" (rice, macaroni salad, and a portion of meat) was inspired by the ''[[bento]]'' of the Japanese who had been brought to Hawaii as plantation workers.<ref name="Etkin 2009" />

==Cultural and economic aspects==
[[File:Messe-36.JPG|thumb|right|Street vendor of snack foods in [[Nepal]]]]
Because of differences in culture, social stratification, and history, the ways in which family street vendor enterprises are traditionally created and run vary in different areas of the world.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFfG2bL-w9gC&pg=PA164 |title=Women, the Family, and Policy: A Global Perspective |date=1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791417850 |editor-last=Chow |editor-first=Esther Ngan-Ling |language=en |author-link=Esther Ngan-ling Chow |editor-last2=Berheide |editor-first2=Catherine White}}</ref> Often, women's success in the street food market depends on trends of gender equality. This is evidenced in Bangladesh, where few women are street vendors. However, in Nigeria and Thailand, women dominate the street food trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tinker |first=Irene |url=https://archive.org/details/streetfoodsurban0000tink |title=Street Foods: Urban Food and Employment in Developing Countries |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195104356 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[Doreen Fernandez]] says Filipino cultural attitudes towards meals affect the street food phenomenon in the Philippines, because eating street food outside does not conflict with eating at one's house, which typically lacks dedicated eating rooms.<ref name="Walker 1991" />

Other cultural phenomena that affect the street food market include the cultural implications of eating while walking down the street. In some cultures, this is considered to be rude,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Knox |first1=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9u8n2LTlUuAC&pg=PA88 |title=Understanding Tourism: A Critical Introduction |last2=Hannam |first2=Kevin |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781412922784 |language=en}}</ref> such as Japanese<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ashkenazi |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ley_r5VldNUC&pg=PA127 |title=Food Culture in Japan |last2=Jacob |first2=Jeanne |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313324383 |language=en}}</ref> or [[Swahili culture]]s. Despite not being allowed for adults, it is culturally acceptable for children to do.<ref name="Albala 2011">{{Cite book |last=Albala |first=Ken |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=RA2-PA200 |title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=9780313376276 |pages=2– |language=en}}</ref> In India, Henrike Donner wrote about a "marked distinction between food that could be eaten outside, especially by women," and the food prepared and eaten at home, with some non-Indian food being too "strange" or tied too closely to non-vegetarian preparation methods to be made at home.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZAj193Iwv8C&pg=PA71 |title=Being Middle-Class in India: A Way of Life |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415671675 |editor-last=Donner |editor-first=Henrike |language=en}}</ref>

[[India|In]] Tanzania's [[Dar es Salaam]] region, street food vendors produce economic benefits beyond their families. Because street food vendors purchase local fresh foods, urban gardens and small-scale farms in the area have expanded.<ref name="Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries">{{Cite book |last=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggBcejopzyYC&pg=PA242 |title=Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries: Impact on Food Security and Nutrition |date=2004 | publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251052280 |language=en}}</ref> In the United States, street food vendors are credited with supporting New York City's rapid growth by supplying meals for the city's merchants and workers.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4CLQB98un8C&pg=PA2 |title=Start Your Own Food Truck Business |date=2011 |publisher=Entrepreneur Press |isbn=9781613081143 |language=en}}</ref> Proprietors of street food in the United States have had a goal of upward mobility, moving from selling on the street to their own shops.<ref name="Oxford Companion">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoWlCmNDA3QC&pg=PT594 |title=The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195307962 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Andrew F. |language=en}}</ref> However, in [[Mexico]], an increase in street vendors has been seen as a sign of deteriorating economic conditions in which food vending is the only employment opportunity that unskilled labor who have migrated from rural areas to urban areas are able to find.<ref name="Long-Solís and Vargas 2005" />

In 2002, [[Coca-Cola]] reported that China, India, and Nigeria, where the company's expansion efforts included training and equipping mobile street vendors to sell its products, were some of their fastest-growing markets.<ref name="Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries" />

The libertarian ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' magazine states that in US cities, [[food truck]]s are subject to regulations designed to prevent them from competing with [[brick and mortar]] restaurants. For example, in Chicago, a regulation prevents food trucks "...from selling food within 200 feet of brick-and-mortar restaurants and, hence, prohibit them from operating throughout the city's downtown area," which critics have called an "anti-competitive" rule for food truck operators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linnekin |first=Baylen |date=3 March 2018 |title=Food Trucks Still Under Attack from Regulators |url=https://reason.com/2018/03/03/food-trucks-still-under-attack-from-regu/ |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=Reason |language=en}}</ref>

Since 1984, [[Folsom Street Fair]] in San Francisco is home of one of the most diverse street food fairs.<ref name="Rababy 2018">{{Cite book |last=Rababy |first=Michael |title=Folsom Street Food Court |date=2018 |publisher=Delancey Street Press |isbn=978-0692183731 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to much leather, and people in various states of dress and undress, the event features an outdoor food court serving a variety of street food. For donations of $10 or more, visitors get a $2 discount on each drink purchased at the fair. In 2018, the street photographer Michael Rababy documented it in his book, ''Folsom Street Food Court''.<ref name="Rababy 2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bull |first=Chris |date=2018-09-26 |title=Photos: Folsom Street Fair May Be All About the Hot Guys, but Don't Forget the Street Food |url=https://www.gaycities.com/outthere/40283/photos-folsom-street-fair-may-hot-guys-dont-forget-street-food/ |access-date=2020-04-10 |website=GayCities Blog |language=en}}</ref>

[[Netflix]] has also featured the street foods of the world through its TV series ''[[Street Food (TV series)|Street Food]]'', with the first volume focusing on Asia, and the second on Latin America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |title=Netflix's Wonderful Street Food Focuses on the Human Aspect of Ordinary Food |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/4/27/18144738/street-food-netflix-streaming-competitive |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=Vox |date=27 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cortez |first=Mario A. |title='Street Food: Latin America' Is a Mouth-Watering, Welcome Escape |url=https://remezcla.com/features/film/review-street-food-latin-america-netflix/ |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=Remezcla |date=24 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=John |date=16 July 2020 |title='Street Food: Latin America' Review: A Platter of Vicarious Delights |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/street-food-latin-america-review-a-platter-of-vicarious-delights-11594931655 |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Vegan and plant-based street food==
With the rise of plant-based diets and concerns over food safety, some cities have introduced specific regulations for vegan street food vendors to ensure proper handling of alternative ingredients. Studies indicate that while plant-based street food reduces the risk of contamination from raw meat, improper storage of perishable ingredients such as tofu, plant-based dairy, and fresh vegetables can still pose health risks.<ref name="FSANZ 2021">{{Cite report |url=https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/publications/Pages/food-safety-plant-based.aspx |title=Food Safety Guidelines for Plant-Based Foods |last=Food Standards Australia New Zealand |date=2021 |language=en |access-date=10 March 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some governments have implemented training programs for street vendors to educate them on plant-based food safety practices, refrigeration requirements, and allergen cross-contamination.<ref name="WHO 2022">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/publications/plant-based-street-food |title=Street Food Safety Regulations and Plant-Based Diets |last=World Health Organization |date=2022 |language=en |access-date=10 March 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Health and safety==
As early as the 14th century, government officials oversaw street food vendor activities.<ref name="Snodgrass 2004" /> With the increasing pace of globalization and tourism, the safety of street food has become one of the major concerns of [[public health]], and a focus for governments and scientists to raise public awareness.<ref name="Mukhola 2006">{{Cite thesis |last=Mukhola |first=Murembiwa Stanley |title=Guidelines for an Environmental Education Training Programme for Street Food Vendors in Polokwane City |date=2006 |degree=D. Ed. |publisher=University of Johannesburg |hdl=10210/1181 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1181 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="afsafhp">{{Cite journal |last1=Lues |first1=Jan F. R. |last2=Rasephei |first2=M. R. |last3=Venter |first3=P. |last4=Theron |first4=M. M. |date=2006 |title=Assessing Food Safety and Associated Food Handling Practices in Street Food Vending |journal=International Journal of Environmental Health Research |language=en |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=319–328 |doi=10.1080/09603120600869141 |pmid=16990173 |bibcode=2006IJEHR..16..319L |s2cid=27054452}}</ref><ref name="FAO 2003">{{Citation |last=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |title=The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support Policies for Operators |date=2003 |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-y4312e.pdf |postscript=. |language=en |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> However, despite concerns about contamination at street food vendors, the incidence of such is low, with studies showing rates comparable to restaurants.<ref name="Etkin 2009">{{Cite book |last=Etkin |first=Nina L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNYuUcOKKmcC |title=Foods of Association: Biocultural Perspectives on Foods and Beverages that Mediate Sociability |date=2009 |publisher=The University of Arizona Press |isbn=9780816527779 |language=en}}</ref>

In Singapore, street food vendors known as "hawkers", over half of which were unlicensed, were considered "primarily a nuisance to be removed from the streets".<ref name="roots">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roots.gov.sg/stories-landing/stories/hawker-centres-the-view-from-above/story|title = Hawker Centres: The View from Above}}</ref> 113 [[hawker centres|hawker centers]] were constructed between 1971 and 1986 to remove hawkers from the streets while preserving the food culture.<ref name="roots"/>

In 2002, a sampling of 511 street foods in [[Ghana]] by the [[World Health Organization]] showed that most had microbial counts within the accepted limits,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggBcejopzyYC&pg=PA11 |title=Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries: Impact on Food Security and Nutrition |date=2004 | publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251052280 |language=en}}</ref> and a different sampling of 15 street foods in Calcutta showed that they were "nutritionally well balanced", providing roughly 200 kcal ([[Calorie|Cal]]) of energy per [[rupee]] of cost.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQgwVl22fXkC&pg=PA53 |title=Street Foods |publisher=Karger |date=2000 |isbn=9783805569279 |editor-last=Simopoulos |editor-first=A. P. |language=en |editor-last2=Bhat |editor-first2=R. V.}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the [[Food Standards Agency]] has provided comprehensive guidance of [[food safety]] for the vendors, traders and retailers of the street food sector since 2000.<ref name="sfbb">{{Cite web |last=Food Standards Agency |title=Safer Food, Better Business |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/regulation/hygleg/hyglegresources/sfbb/ |access-date=24 November 2007 |language=en}}</ref> Other effective ways of enhancing the safety of street foods include: [[mystery shopping]] programs, training, rewarding programs to vendors, regulatory governing and membership management programs, and technical testing programs.<ref name="rsp">{{Cite web |title=Retailers Support Program |url=http://www.sydneymarkets.com.au/b-retailers_support.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829190454/http://www.sydneymarkets.com.au/b-retailers_support.php |archive-date=29 August 2007 |access-date=25 November 2007 |website=Sydney Markets |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fssc">{{Cite web |title=Food Safety Supervisor Course |url=http://www.qvm.com.au/cooking_class.php?id=107 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012084528/http://www.qvm.com.au/cooking_class.php?id=107 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=25 November 2007 |website=[[Queen Victoria Market]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="prr">{{Cite web |title=Producer Rules and Regulations |url=http://www.chicagogreencitymarket.org/farmer_rules_public.asp |access-date=25 November 2007 |website=[[Green City Market]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513005615/http://www.chicagogreencitymarket.org/farmer_rules_public.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="htbas">{{Cite web |title=How To Become A Stallholder |url=http://www.asfm.org.au/26.0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121130135237/http://www.asfm.org.au/26.0.html |archive-date=30 November 2012 |access-date=27 November 2007 |website=Adelaide Showgrounds Farmers Market |language=en}}</ref><ref name="crmt">{{Cite magazine |date=June 2004 |title=Chemical Residue and Microbial Testing Program for Australia's Fresh Produce Industry |url=http://www.brisbanemarkets.com.au/files/BMA%20Fresh%20Source%20June%20Web.pdf |magazine=Fresh Source |language=en |publisher=Brisbane Markets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829012453/http://www.brisbanemarkets.com.au/files/BMA%20Fresh%20Source%20June%20Web.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2007 |access-date=27 November 2007}}</ref>

In India, the government recognized the fundamental rights of the street food vendors and have imposed reasonable restrictions. And in 2006, the India legislature enacted the Food Safety and Standards Act to monitor the quality of food.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaur |first=Rathna Malhotra |date=2021 |title=Clean Food Program for the Street Food Vendors in India |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/effl2021&id=347&div=&collection= |journal=European Food and Feed Law Review |volume=16 |pages=309}}</ref>

Despite knowledge of the risk factors, actual harm to consumers’ health is yet to be fully proven and understood. Due to difficulties in tracking cases and the lack of disease-reporting systems, follow-up studies proving actual connections between street food consumption and food-borne diseases are still very few. Little attention has been devoted to consumers and their eating habits, behaviors and awareness. The fact that social and geographical origins largely determine consumers’ physiological adaptation and reaction to foods—whether contaminated or not—is neglected in the literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marras |first=S. R. |title=Street Food: Culture, Economy, Health and Governance |publisher=Routledge |date=2014 |editor-last=Cardoso |editor-first=R. |pages=15–45 |language=en |chapter=Comparative Analysis of Legislative Approaches to Street Food in South American Metropolises |editor-last2=Companion |editor-first2=M. |editor-last3=Marras |editor-first3=S.}}</ref>

In the late 1990s, the United Nations and other organizations began to recognize that street vendors had been an underused method of delivering fortified foods to populations, and in 2007, the [[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]] recommended considering methods of adding nutrients and supplements to street foods that are commonly consumed by the particular culture.<ref name="Etkin 2009" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Society|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[List of street foods]]
*[[List of snack foods]]
*[[Snack food]]
*[[Pakistani food streets]]
*[[Street market]]
*[[Catering]]
*[[Mobile catering]]
*[[Food truck]]
*[[Yatai (food cart)|''Yatai'']]
*[[Pojangmacha]]
*[[Ice cream van]]
*[[Dude food]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Street food|lcfirst=yes}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Clear}}
{{Street food}}
{{Fast food}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Street food| ]]
[[Category:Food trucks| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Pattikonda Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:59Z

WECElbert296866: Put up a article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pattikonda
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (142-Pattikonda highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Pattikonda Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[K. E. Shyam Kumar]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 206,538
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 142
}}

'''Pattikonda Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[K. E. Shyam Kumar]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 206,538 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Krishnagiri
|-
| Veldurthi
|-
| [[Pattikonda]]
|-
| Maddikera
|-
| Tuggali
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Pattikonda Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q60208800,Q60208824,Q60208814,Q60208787,Q60208770"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Lakshminarayana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Hanumantha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Lakshminarayana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=2 |Narasi Reddy
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| K. B. Narasappa
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Somandepalli Narayana Reddy
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| M. Thamma Reddy
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Kuppa Mahabaleswara Gupta
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| K. Subbarathnamma
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Patil Seshi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=3 |Somula Venkat Subba Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| K. E. Prabhakar
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[K. E. Krishna Murthy]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Kangati Sreedevi]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[K. E. Shyam Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pattikonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = S. V. Subba Reddy
|votes = 45,751
|percentage = 39.29
|change = -11.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Patil Neeraja Reddy
|votes = 40,783
|percentage = 35.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = P.Ramachandraiah
|votes = 21,388
|percentage = 18.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,968
|percentage = 4.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 116,442
|percentage = 69.59
|change = -0.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pattikonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = K. E. Prabhakar
|votes = 67,640
|percentage = 49.30
|change = +10.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. V. Chandra Mohan Reddy
|votes = 57,668
|percentage = 42.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = N. Mohan Prasad
|votes = 5,176
|percentage = 3.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,972
|percentage = 7.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 137,210
|percentage = 77.65
|change = +8.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pattikonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[K. E. Krishna Murthy]]|votes=62,706|percentage=39.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Kotla Hari Chakrapani Reddy|votes=54,807|percentage=34.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kangati Lakshmi Narayana Reddy|votes=31,267|percentage=19.84|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,899|percentage=5.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=157,595|percentage=79.46|change=+1.81}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =

}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pattikonda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/pattikonda-election-result-s01a142/|title = Pattikonda Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Pattikonda Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News}}</ref><ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kangati Sreedevi]]
|votes = 1,00,981
|percentage = 59.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. E. Shyam Kumar]]
|votes = 58,916
|percentage = 34.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kranthi Naidu Boya
|votes = 2,385
|percentage = 1.41
|change = }}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,065
|percentage = 24.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,788
|percentage = 81.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pattikonda}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. E. Shyam Kumar]]
|votes = 98,849
|percentage = 51.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kangati Sreedevi]]
|votes = 84,638
|percentage = 44.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramachandraiah
|votes = 1,956
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,070
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,211
|percentage = 7.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,91,631
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.40|77.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Sudip Mukherjee

2026-04-11T05:21:32Z

WECElbert296866:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudip Mukherjee
| image = Sudip Mukherjee 2024.jpg
| caption = Mukherjee in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|09|27|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-27 |title=Popular actor on telly, Sudip Mukherjee, is celebrating his birthday today in Kolkata. Though well-wishers are flooding him with messages, the actor's not taking any break from shooting. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/popular-actor-on-telly-sudip-mukherjee-is-celebrating-his-birthday-today-in-kolkata-though-well-wishers-are-flooding-him-with-messages-the-actors-not-taking-any-break-from-shooting-/articleshow/6636946.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = Actor
| height =
| years_active =
}}

'''Sudip Mukherjee''' is an [[Indian Bengali]] actor, who is predominantly known for his work in Bengali television and [[Cinema of West Bengal|cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-06 |title=Actor Sudip Mukherjee shares his take on Rupankar Bagchi's decision to delete the controversial video; here's what he has to say |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-sudip-mukherjee-shares-his-take-on-rupankar-bagchis-decision-to-delete-the-controversial-video-heres-what-he-has-to-say/articleshow/92039524.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='এমন কাঠখোট্টা চেহারা কি আর ইন্ডাস্ট্রিতে চলে...!' অভিনেতা সুদীপের ঠোঁটকাঁটা জবাব |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/sudip-mukherjee-says-about-his-entry-to-tollywood-industry/articleshow/98696817.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Eisamay |date=16 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> He has also featured in [[Hindi-language|Hindi]] and [[Tamil-language]] films. He has acted in many television serials and films, including ''[[C.I.D. Kolkata Bureau]]'', ''[[Sreemoyee]]'', ''[[Chatrak]]'', ''[[Bindaas (2014 film)|Bindaas]]'', ''[[Ekka Dokka]]'', ''[[Kantatar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-17 |title=Actor Sudip Mukherjee to be seen in a thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-sudip-mukherjee-to-be-seen-in-a-thriller/articleshow/98732595.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-22 |title=June Aunty and Anindya Da are back; Ushasie Chakraborty shares a romantic photo with Sudip Mukherjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/june-aunty-and-anindya-da-are-back-ushasie-chakraborty-shares-a-romantic-photo-with-sudip-mukherjee/articleshow/109502641.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='এখানে মোটা ভুঁড়িওয়ালা চেহারাই চলে', পোশাকহীন সুঠাম শরীরে বার্তা দিলেন অভিনেতা সুদীপ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-sudip-mukherjee-has-lost-30-kilogram-weight-gives-fitness-message-to-his-fans-dgtl/cid/1420569 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=anandabazar.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sudip Mukherjee first married actress Damini Benny Basu (born 1982) in 2005. Damini was 14 years younger than him. They have one daughter together. They divorced in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=2024-04-01 |title=সংসার করেন ২৬ বছরের ছোট পৃথার সঙ্গে, তবে প্রাক্তন স্ত্রীর ফোন এলেই কী করেন সুদীপ? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/this-is-what-actor-sudip-mukherjee-said-about-his-personal-life-1050125.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> In 2015 Sudip married dancer Preetha Chakraborty (born 1993) who is 25 years younger than him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title='নিজে থেকে এগোতে…', একবার ডিভোর্স, ২৫ বছরের ছোট পৃথাকে ২য় বিয়ে, কী বলছেন সুদীপ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sudip-mukherjee-talks-about-age-gap-with-wife-pritha-chakraborty-and-their-equation-31712040056035.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424181833/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sudip-mukherjee-talks-about-age-gap-with-wife-pritha-chakraborty-and-their-equation-31712040056035.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=২৪ বছরের ছোট স্ত্রীর সঙ্গে চরম ঘনিষ্ঠ 'অনিন্দ্য দা' সুদীপ, ছবি শেয়ার করলেন পৃথা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-sudip-mukherjees-wife-preetha-chakraborty-shares-intimate-pic-with-him-31651404043840.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> They have two sons together. They divorced in 2025.

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
!{{Refh}}
|-
|1995
|''[[Daughters of This Century]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Sangee]]''
| Dipak
|
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kantatar]]''
| Binod
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Jara Bristite Bhijechhilo]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Greptar|Greftaar]]''
| Indrajit Ghosh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Hello Kolkata]]''
| Partha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=From the floors|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/from-the-floors/cid/602689|access-date=2024-04-25|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Takkar (2008 film)|Takkar]]''
| Joydeb Chowdhury
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Chatrak]]''
| Rahul
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[3 Kanya]]''
| Rajatabha Dutta
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Bullett Raja]]''|| Goon || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film
|
|-
| ''[[Villain (2013 film)|Villain]]'' || Sultan Bhai ||
|
|-
| ''[[Chhayamoy]]'' || Lakkhan ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Borbaad (Indian film)|Borbaad]]''|| Akram ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kaththi]]''|| Arnab Chatterjee || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|
|-
| ''[[Bindaas (2014 film)|Bindaas]]'' || Shankar ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Dark Chocolate (film)|Dark Chocolate]]'' || Victor Banerjee ||
|
|-
| ''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]'' || Inspector S. Banerjee ||
|
|-
| ''[[Abhimaan (2016 film)|Abhimaan]]'' || Yudhisthir Sardar ||
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Naqaab (2018 film)|Naqaab]]'' || Police Officer, West Bengal Police ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2019 || ''[[Ek Mutho Roddur]]''|| ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sanjhbati]]''|| Bumba ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bornoporichoy]]''|| Senior Inspector Karmakar ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jaanbaaz]]''|| Shankar Singh ||
|
|-
| ''Atithi''|| Soutik ||
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Ekannoborti]]''|| Sujan Chatterjee ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]''|| Inspector Adarsha Srivastav ||
|
|-
| ''[[Chengiz]]''|| [[Police Commissioner|Commissioner]] Amit Dhar ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''Urmisha'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Urmisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/urmisha/movieshow/109014237.cms |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Ajogyo]]'' ||Parna's boss ||
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[The Academy of Fine Arts (film)|''The Academy of Fine Arts'']]
|Kim Ling / Swapan
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Channel
!! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2006–2011 || ''Erao Shatru'' || DSP Amit Mukherjee || [[Zee Bangla]] ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Raashi (TV series)|Raashi]]'' || || [[Zee Bangla]] ||
|-
| 2012–2014 || ''[[C.I.D. Kolkata Bureau]]'' || Senior ACP Ekalavya
|[[Sony Aath]]||
|-
| 2013–2016 || ''[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]]'' || Pratap
| rowspan="8" |[[Star Jalsha]]||
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[Kanamachi (TV series)|Kanamachi]]'' || Master ||
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Agnijal]]'' || Acharya Dhiratna ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ami Sirajer Begum]]'' || Bhaskar Pandit||
|-
| 2019–2021 || ''[[Sreemoyee]]'' || Anindya Sengupta||
|-
| 2022– 2023 || ''[[Horogouri Pice Hotel]]'' || Sohini, Oishani & Debu's father (Dead) ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022–2023 || ''[[Ekka Dokka]]''|| Dr. Subhadip Sengupta ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-29 |title=Actor Sudip Mukherjee to share the screen with 'Sreemoyee' co-star Saptarshi Maulik in 'Ekka Dokka' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-sudip-mukherjee-to-share-the-screen-with-sreemoyee-co-star-saptarshi-maulik-in-ekka-dokka/articleshow/92535008.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guddi (TV series)|Guddi]]'' || Pinaki Chatterjee ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023–2024
| ''[[Jol Thoi Thoi Bhalobasha]]''|| Dr. Kushagradhi Basu || ||
|-
| ''[[Badal Sesher Pakhi]]''|| Rohit and Mohit's father
|[[Sun Bangla]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024|| ''[[Bodhua (TV series)|Bodhua]]'' || Rana Roy Chowdhury
| rowspan="3" |[[Star Jalsha]]||
|-
| ''[[Roshnai]]''|| Nilarjo (Later replaced by [[Surojit Banerjee]]) ||
|-
|2025–2026 || ''[[Chirosakha]]''|| Swatantra Bose aka Nuton ||
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Chupkotha]]'' || || Hoichoi
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Mahabharat Murders]]'' || Surojit Mukherjee, [[Police Commissioner|Commissioner]] of [[Kolkata Police]] || Hoichoi
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Dainee]]'' || Pata and Lata's father || Hoichoi
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2755754}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Sudip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

29th Kolkata International Film Festival

2026-04-05T19:04:06Z

WECElbert296866: Made New Entry.

{{short description|2023 Indian film festival}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Film festival
| name = 29th Kolkata International Film Festival
| image = 29th Kolkata International Film Festival.jpg
| caption = Official Logo
| opening = ''[[Deya Neya]]'' by Sunil Bannerjee
| closing =
| location = Netaji Indoor Stadium, Kolkata
| founded = 1995
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Film:'''
**''Children of Nobody'' by [[Erez Tadmor]]
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Director:'''
**Carlos Malave for ''One Way''
}}
| host = [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information and Cultural Affairs Department]], [[Government of West Bengal]]
| number = 219 films from 39 countries
| date = Opening: {{Start date|df=y|2023|12|5}} Closing: {{End date|df=y|2023|12|12}}
| website = {{URL|https://kiff.in/}}
| previous = [[28th Kolkata International Film Festival|28th]]
| main = [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]
| next = [[30th Kolkata International Film Festival|30th]]
}}
The '''29th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]''' began on 5 December 2023 at [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]], in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. A 1963 romantic comedy Bengali film ''[[Deya Neya]]'' by Sunil Bannerjee opened the festival, which screened 219 films from 39 countries.<ref name="lead:week">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2023/11/29/cal31-wb-kiff.html |title=219 movies to be screened in Kolkata International Film Festival |publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=29 November 2023|access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref> [[Spain]] and [[Australia]] were country of focus in this edition of the festival.<ref name="fest">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kiff-2023-to-be-a-starry-celebration-of-cinema/articleshow/105252735.cms |title=KIFF 2023 to be a starry celebration of cinema|author=Ruman Ganguly|publisher=Times of India|date=16 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> The opening ceremony was attended by Special Chief Guest [[India]] Super Star [[Salman Khan]] [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and cricketer [[Sourav Ganguly]] among others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kolkata-international-film-festival-2023-opening-ceremony-live-updates-salman-khan-kamal-haasan-9055322/ |title= Kolkata International Film Festival 2023 opening ceremony LIVE UPDATES: Salman Khan, Sonakshi Sinha, Anil Kapoor and others make event a starry affair |date=5 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023 |website= Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The festival closed on 12 December with the announcement of the awards in the closing ceremony, attended by filmmaker Sudhir Mishra, actor-dancer Mamata Shankar and actress [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] among others. ''Children of Nobody'' by [[Erez Tadmor]], an Israeli film on the challenges faced by inmates of a shelter for at-risk youths was awarded 'Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award' for the best film whereas Carlos Malave of Venezuela, received the 'Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Director' for his film ''One Way''.<ref name="winner:tel" />

==Highlights of the year==
'''KIFF's title song'''

The title song of the festival, written by [[Srijato]], composed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] and sung [[Arijit Singh]] is highlight of this year.

'''Paying tribute to legends'''

Indian filmmaker [[Mrinal Sen]], Indian actor [[Dev Anand]], British feature-film, theatre and documentary director [[Lindsay Anderson]], English actor, film director and producer [[Richard Attenborough]], American actor [[Charlton Heston]], Senegalese film director, producer and writer [[Ousmane Sembène]], Indian playback singer [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and Indian Hindi-Urdu Poet, lyricist and film producer [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] all having birth centenary this year will be given special tribute in the festival.<ref name="hy:tribute">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/29th-kolkata-international-film-festival-to-pay-tribute-to-mrinal-sen-and-dev-anand/articleshow/101271419.cms |title=29th Kolkata International Film Festival to pay tribute to Mrinal Sen and Dev Anand|publisher=Times of India|date=26 June 2023|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>

Exhibitions of Mrinal Sen and Dev Anand were unveiled at Nandan and [[Nazrul Tirtha]] on 7 December.<ref name="hye:tel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/centenary-tribute-to-evergreen-hero/cid/1985438 |title= Centenary tribute to evergreen hero |author= Sudeshna Banerjee|website= The Telegraph |date= 8 December 2023 |access-date= 8 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>

'''Bengali Panorama section'''

The section is a competitive section from this year and the winner's purse is {{INR|7.5 lakh}}.<ref name="hy:bps">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2023/11/22/ces11-wb-kiff-bengali-films.html |title=KIFF Young directors to vie for honour in Bengali Panorama section |publisher=The Week|date=22 November 2023|access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="hy:toi"/>

'''Paying homage through special tribute'''

Italian actress, model, photojournalist [[Gina Lollobrigida]]; Spanish film director, photographer [[Carlos Saura]]; English film critic and historian [[Derek Malcolm]]; Indian cinematographer [[Soumendu Roy]] and Iranian filmmaker [[Dariush Mehrjui]], who all died in 2023 will be paid homage.<ref name="hy:toi">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/uttam-starrer-deya-neya-to-kick-off-kolkata-international-film-festival/articleshow/105607539.cms |title=Uttam-Starrer ‘Deya Neya’ To Kick Off Kol Film Festival|author=Priyanka Dasgupta|publisher=Times of India |date=30 November 2023|access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

'''PR and social media'''

A new category called 'PR and social media' is introduced to reach out to people interested in films across the globe.

==Jury==
===International jury===
'''International Competition: Innovation in Moving Images'''

* [[Pavel Lungin]], (Chairperson), Russian film director.
* Laurence Kardish, author of ''Reel Plastic Magic'' (1972), a textbook on American filmmaking, and has also been a playwright and filmmaker
* [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]], Indian film dialogue writer, director, actor, screenwriter, producer and casting director.
* [[Ángela Molina]], Spanish actress
* [[Manijeh Hekmat]], Iranian film director

'''Competition on Indian language's films'''

* [[:de:Rüdiger Suchsland|Rüdiger Suchsland]], German film journalist, film critic and director
* [[Amal Ayouch]], Moroccan actress
* Mariam Al Ferjani, Tunisian actress, scriptwriter, director, and artist

'''Asian Select (NETPAC Award)'''

* Patrick F. Campos, associate professor at the [[University of the Philippines Diliman]] and Film Institute and a member of NETPAC.
* Madhurima Sinha, Indian writer and filmmaker
* Ilgar Guliyev, Azerbaijan film director

'''Bengali Panorama'''

* [[P. Sheshadri]], Indian film director
* Dnyanesh Zoting, Indian director and writer
* [[Padmapriya Janakiraman]], Indian actress

'''Competition on Indian short films'''
* Amaresh Chakraborti, retired professor of Satyajit Ray Film & Television Institute, Kolkata
* Abhro Banerjee, film editor
* Paresh Kamdar, Indian director and editor

'''Competition on Indian documentary films'''

* R.V. Ramani, Indian filmmaker, cinematographer and teacher,
* Putul Mahmood, filmmaker, producer and teacher
* Malati Rao, Indian filmmaker

==Official selection==
'''Sections'''

* [[#Competition categories|Competition categories]]
* [[#Non-Competition Categories|Non-Competition Categories]]
**[[#Best of Contemporary Australian Cinema|Best of Contemporary Australian Cinema]]
* [[#Centenary tribute|Centenary tribute]]
* [[#Cinema International|Cinema International]]

===Inaugural film===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#FAD6A5"|Inaugural Film
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Deya Neya|Give and Take]]'' || ''Deya Neya''
| Sunil Bannerjee
| India
|-
|}

===Competition categories===

====International Competition: Innovation in Moving Images====
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kiff.in/archive/2023/official-selection/international-competition-innovation-in-moving-images |title= International Competition: Innovation in Moving Images |website= Kolkata International Film Festival |date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="comp:tel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kolkata-international-film-festival-2023-anjan-dutts-chalchitra-ekhon-only-indian-film-selected-for-international-competition-section/cid/1982038 |title= Kolkata International Film Festival 2023: Anjan Dutt’s Chalchitra Ekhon only Indian film selected for international competition section |author= Agnivo Niyogi|website= The Telegraph |date= 23 November 2023 |access-date= 24 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>

:Highlighted title indicates award winner

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| English title
!scope="col"| Original title
!scope="col"| Director(s)
!scope="col"| Production countrie(s)
|-
| 2023
|colspan="2"| ''60 Days''
| Ismail Doruk
| Turkey
|-
| 2022
| ''A Letter from Helga''
| ''Svar við bréfi Helgu''
| [[Ása Helga Hjörleifsdóttir]]
| Iceland, Netherlands, Estonia
|-
| 2023
| ''Broken Borders'' || Soy lo que nunca fui
| Rodrigo Alvarez Flores
| Mexico
|-style="background:#eedd82"
| 2022
|colspan="2"| ''Children of Nobody''
| Erez Tadmor
| Israel
|-
| 2023
| ''Clara'' ||
| Sabin Dorohoi
| Romania, Germany
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Filip (film)|Filip]]''
|
| [[Michał Kwieciński]]
| Poland
|-
| 2023
| ''Four Seasons'' ||
| [[Maxim Shabalin]]
| Russia
|-
| 2023
| ''Gondola''
|
| [[Veit Helmer]]
| Germany, Georgia
|-
| 2023
| ''Kaleidoscope Now''
| ''Chalchitra Ekhon''
| [[Anjan Dutt]]
| India
|-
| 2023
| ''Land of Our Mothers'' || Tierra de nuestras madres
| Liz Lobato
| Spain
|-
| 2022
|colspan="2"| ''One Way''
| Carlos Daniel Malave
| Venezuela
|-
| 2023
| ''Scarlet Blue'' ||
| [[Aurelia Mengin]]
| France
|-
| 2023
|colspan="2"| ''[[We Will Not Fade Away]]''
| [[Alisa Kovalenko]]
| Ukraine, Poland, France
|-
|}

====Competition on Indian Language's Films====
{{Small|Source:}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/oct/18/malayalam-feature-film-ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki-makes-kolkata-film-fest-2624821.html |title= Malayalam feature film 'Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki' makes Kolkata film fest |date=18 October 2023|access-date=19 November 2023 |website= New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="manipur">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-film-josephs-son-compete-29th-kiff/articleshow/105324338.cms |title=Manipur Film Joseph’s Son To Compete In 29th KIFF|publisher=Times of India|date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="onkara">{{Cite news|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1173793&u=onkara-to-compete-at-29th-kolkata-international-film-festival |title=Onkara' to compete at 29th Kolkata International Film Festival
|publisher=Kaumudi|date=21 October 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| 2023
| ''Avni Ki Kismat''
|
| Shonet Anthony Barretto
|-
| 2023
| ''Quiet Flows the Dead''
| ''[[Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki]]''
| [[Sanjeev Sivan]]
|-
| 2023
| colspan=2|''Blue Sunshine''
| Samyuktha Vijayan
|-
| 2023
| colspan=2|''[[Kherwal]]''
| Uttam Kamati
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Joseph's Son]]''
| ''Josephki Macha''
| [[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
| 2023
| ''The Ascension''
| ''Onkara''
| Unni KR
|-
| 2023
| ''Valli''
|
| Manoj Shinde
|-style="background:#eedd82"
| 2023
| ''[[Wild Swans (2023 film)|Wild Swans]]''
| ''Gorai Phakhri''
| [[Rajni Basumatary]]
|-
| 2023
| ''Kandeelu The Ray Of Hope''
|
| K Yashoda Prakash
|-
| 2023
| ''Surrender''
| ''Samarpan''
| Arup Manna
|-
| 2023
| ''Autumn Afternoon''
| ''Hemantar Aparanha''
| Ashoke Viswanathan
|-
| 2023
| colspan=2|''A Boy Who Dreamt of Electricity''
| Jigar Madanlal Nagda
|-
| 2023
| colspan=2|''SUZIE Q''
| Chandan Roy Sanyal
|-
| 2023
| colspan=2|''Whispers of Fire and Water''
| Lubdhak Chatterjee
|-
| 2023
| ''The Nellie Story''
| ''Nellier Kotha''
| Parthajit Baruah
|-
| 2023
| colspan=2|''Saayavanam''
| Anil Kumar
|-
|}

====Asian Select (NETPAC Award)====
{{Small|Source:}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bangladeshpost.net/posts/nona-pani-nominated-for-kolkata-int-l-film-festival-125481 |title= ‘Nona Pani’ nominated for Kolkata Int’l Film Festival |date=18 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023 |website= Bangladesh Post |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 2023
| ''Gods Gift''
| ''Tenirberdi''
| Asel Zhuraeva
| Kyrgyzstan
|-
| 2023
| ''Barren Waters''
| ''Nona Pani''
| Syeda Neegar Banu
| Bangladesh
|-style="background:#eedd82"
| 2023
| ''[[Broken Dreams: Stories from the Myanmar Coup]]''
| {{lang|my|ကျိုးပဲ့အိပ်မက်များ}}
| The Ninefold Mosaic
| Myanmar
|-
| 2023
|colspan="2"| ''Walker''
| [[Joel Lamangan]]
| Philippines
|-
| 2023
| [[Nanda Master'nka Chatasali|''Nanda School of Tradition'']]
| ''[[Nanda Master'nka Chatasali]]''
| Pranab Kumar Aich
| India
|-
| 2023
| ''[[No Winter Holidays]]''
|
| Rajan Kathet, Sunir Pandey
| Nepal
|-
| 2023
| ''[[And, Towards Happy Alleys]]''
|
| Sreemoyee Singh
| India
|-
|}

====Competition on Indian Short Films====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| ''Alvida - The Last Goodbye''
|
| Dilu Maliackal
|-
| ''Beep''
|
| Mrinal Deka
|-
| ''Funeral Bier''
| ''Gahvara''
| Tariq Mohammad
|-style="background:#eedd82"
| colspan=2|''Last Rehearsal''
| Kamil Saif
|-
| ''Letterbox''
|
| Suman Bhaduri, Suvadeep Sarkar
|-
| ''My Father Is Afraid Of Water''
| ''Papa Ko Pani Se Dar Lagta Hai''
| Prateek Rajendra Srivastava
|-
| ''Pardon''
|
| Sahdev Gholap
|-

|}

====Competition on Indian Documentary Films====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| ''Tiger Army''
|
| Sourabhkanti Dutta
|-
| ''Forged in Fire''
|
| Bindu Nair, Sayyam Khanna
|-
| ''Someday''
|
| [[Vishal P. Chaliha]]
|-
| ''Music of Rejuvenation''
| Nobo Jagoroner Gaan
| [[Subha Das Mollick]]
|-
| ''LANGUR The Man Monkey''
|
| [[Haider Khan (photographer)|Haider khan]]
|-style="background:#eedd82"
| ''Challenge''
|
| Ramen Borah
|-
| ''Shrinking Of The Sturdy : Sabar Tales''
|
| Abhijit Chakraborty
|-
|}

====Bengali Panorama====

{{Small|Source:}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kiff-bengali-panorama-section-welcomes-fresh-filmmakers/af4fd2353d646 |title= KIFF: Bengali Panorama section welcomes fresh filmmakers |author=Shamayita Chakraborty|date=17 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023 |website= OTT Play |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-style="background:#eedd82"
| 2023
| ''Mind Flies''
|
| Rajdeep Paul, Sarmistha Maiti
|-
| 2023
| ''Autumn Flies''
| ''Bijoyar Pore''
| Abhijit Sri Das
|-
| 2023
| ''Widows of the wild''
| ''Bonbibi''
| Rajdeep Ghosh
|-
| 2023
| ''Asampurno''
|
| Amartya Sinha
|-
| 2023
| ''Invisible Chord''
| ''Matripaksha''
| Rajesh Roy
|-
| 2023
| ''We shall come back''
| ''Abar Ashibo Firey''
| Debapratim Dasgupta
|-
| 2023
| ''Awnath''
|
| Anisul
|-
|}

===Non-Competition Categories===

====Best of Contemporary Australian Cinema====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Shayda (film)|Shayda]]''
| Noora Niasari
|-
| 2021
| ''[[The Dry (film)|The Dry]]''
| [[Robert Connolly]]
|-
| 2021
| ''[[My Name Is Gulpilil]]'' || [[Molly Reynolds (director)|Molly Reynolds]]
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Limbo (2023 film)|Limbo]]''
| [[Ivan Sen]]
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Sweet As]]''
| [[Jub Clerc]]
|-
| 2023
| ''[[The Survival of Kindness]]''
| [[Rolf de Heer]]
|-
|}

====Centenary tribute====
: '''International'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Charlton Heston]]
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Touch of Evil]]''
| [[Orson Welles]]
| United States
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]''
| [[William Wyler]]
| United States
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Charlton Heston]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Richard Attenborough]]
|-
| 1982
| colspan=2|''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
| United Kingdom, India
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Lindsay Anderson]]
|-
| 1968
| colspan=2|''[[If....]]''
| United Kingdom
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Ousmane Sembene]]
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Borom Sarret]]''
| Charretier
| Senegal
|-
|}

: '''Indian'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Language
|-
!colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"| [[Mrinal Sen]]
|-
| 1972
|colspan="2"| ''[[Calcutta 71]]''
| Bengali
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Akaler Shandhaney]]''
| আকালের সন্ধানে
| Bengali
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Kharij|The Case is Closed]]''
| Kharij
| Bengali
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Oka Oori Katha|The Marginal Ones]]''
| Oka Oori Katha
| Telugu
|-
| 1969
|colspan="2"| ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 1971
|colspan="2"| ''[[Interview (1971 film)|Interview]]''
| Bengali
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| English title
!scope="col"| Original title
!scope="col"| Director
|-
!colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"| [[Dev Anand]]
|-
| 1951
|colspan="2"| ''[[Sazaa (1951 film)|Sazaa]]''
| [[Fali Mistry]]
|-
| 1970
|colspan="2"| ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]''
| [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]
|-
| 1967
|colspan="2"| ''[[Jewel Thief (1967 film)|Jewel Thief]]''
| [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]
|-
| 1949
|colspan="2"| ''[[Jeet (1949 film)|Jeet]]''
| [[Mohan Sinha]]
|-
| 1965
|colspan="2"| ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]''
| [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]
|-
| 1956
|colspan="2"| ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]]''
| [[Raj Khosla]]
|-
| 1951
|colspan="2"| ''[[Baazi (1951 film)|Baazi]]''
| [[Guru Dutt]]
|-
!colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"| [[Mukesh (singer)]] and [[Shailendra (lyricist)]]
|-
| 1966
|colspan="2"| ''[[Teesri Kasam]]''
| [[Basu Bhattacharya]]
|-
|}

====Cinema International====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col"| English title
!scope="col"| Original title
!scope="col"| Director(s)
!scope="col"| Production countrie(s)
|-
| ''[[Sweet Dreams (2023 film)|Sweet Dreams]]''
|
| [[Ena Sendijarević]]
| Netherlands, Sweden
|-
| ''[[Anatomy of a Fall]]''
| ''Anatomie d'une chute''
| [[Justine Triet]]
| France
|-
|colspan="2"| ''[[How to Have Sex]]''
| [[Molly Manning Walker]]
| United Kingdom
|-
| ''[[Concrete Utopia]]'' || ''콘크리트 유토피아'' || [[Um Tae-hwa]] || South Korea
|-
|colspan="2"| ''[[The Zone of Interest (film)|The Zone of Interest]]'' || [[Jonathan Glazer]] || United States, United Kingdom, Poland
|-
| ''[[Monster (2023 Japanese film)|Monster]]'' || 怪物 || [[Hirokazu Koreeda]] || Japan
|-
| ''[[About Dry Grasses]]''
| ''Kuru Otlar Üstüne''
| [[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]]
| Turkey, France, Germany
|-
| ''[[Cobweb (2023 South Korean film)|Cobweb]]''
| ''거미집''
| [[Kim Jee-woon]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Sleep (2023 film)|Sleep]]''
| 잠
| Jason Yu
| South Korea
|-
|colspan="2"| ''[[Perfect Days]]''
| [[Wim Wenders]]
| Japan, Germany
|-
| ''[[Fallen Leaves (film)]]'' || ''Kuolleet lehdet'' || [[Aki Kaurismäki]] || Finland, Germany
|-
|colspan="2"| ''[[Ingeborg Bachmann – Journey into the Desert]]'' || [[Margarethe von Trotta]] || Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Luxembourg
|-
| ''[[Lost in the Night]]'' || ''Perdidos en la noche'' || [[Amat Escalante]] || Mexico, Germany
|-
| ''[[Kidnapped (2023 film)|Kidnapped]]''
| Rapito
| [[Marco Bellocchio]]
| Italy, France, Germany
|-
|colspan="2"| ''[[Club Zero]]''
| [[Jessica Hausner]]
| Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, United Kingdom
|-
| ''[[A Brighter Tomorrow]]''
| ''Il sol dell'avvenire''
| [[Nanni Moretti]]
| Italy, France
|-
| ''[[Last Summer (2023 film)|Last Summer]]''
| ''L'Été dernier''
| [[Catherine Breillat]]
| France
|-
|colspan="2"| ''[[The Old Oak]]''
| [[Ken Loach]]
| United Kingdom, France, Belgium
|-
| ''[[Critical Zone]]''
| ''Mantagheye bohrani''
| Ali Ahmadzadeh
| Iran, Germany
|-
| ''[[Behind the Mountains]]'' || ''Oura el jbel'' || Mohamed Ben Attia || Tunisia, Belgium, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Qatar
|-
| ''[[Explanation for Everything]]''
| ''Magyarázat mindenre''
| [[Gábor Reisz]]
| Hungary, Slovakia
|-
|colspan="2"| ''Essential Truths of the Lake''
| [[Lav Diaz]]
| Philippines, France, Singapore, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom
|-
| ''[[Do Not Expect Too Much from the End of the World]]''
| ''Nu aștepta prea mult de la sfârșitul lumii''
| [[Radu Jude]]
| Romania, Luxembourg, France, Croatia
|-
| ''[[The Promised Land (2023 film)|The Promised Land]]''
| ''Bastarden''
| [[Nikolaj Arcel]]
| Denmark, Germany, Sweden
|-
| ''[[The Beast (2023 film)|The Beast]]''
| ''La Bête''
| [[Bertrand Bonello]]
| France
|-
| colspan=2| ''[[The Monk and the Gun]]'' || [[Pawo Choyning Dorji]] || Bhutan, France, United States, Taiwan
|-
| ''[[Green Border]]''
| ''Zielona granica''
| [[Agnieszka Holland]]
| Poland, France, Czech Republic, Belgium
|-
| colspan=2|''[[Io capitano]]'' || [[Matteo Garrone]] || Italy, Belgium
|-
| colspan=2|''[[Daaaaaalí!]]'' || [[Quentin Dupieux]] || France
|-
| colspan=2|''[[The Palace (2023 film)|The Palace]]'' || [[Roman Polanski]] || Italy, Switzerland, Poland, France
|-
| ''[[For Night Will Come]]'' ||En attendant la nuit || Celine Rouzet || France, Belgium
|-
| ''[[Red Island (film)|Red Island]]'' ||L'Île rouge || [[Robin Campillo]] || France, Belgium
|-
| colspan=2|''Homecoming''|| Catherine Corsini || France
|-
| ''[[Through the Night (2023 film)|Through the Night]]'' || ''Quitter la nuit'' || [[Delphine Girard]] || Belgium
|-
| colspan=2|''MMXX'' || [[Cristi Puiu]] || Romania
|-
| ''[[Inside the Yellow Cocoon Shell]]'' || ''Bên trong vỏ kén vàng'' || [[Phạm Thiên Ân]] || Vietnam, Singapore, France, Spain
|-
| ''Moro'' || || [[Brillante Mendoza]] || Philippines
|-
| ''[[Mira (2022 film)|Mira]]'' || Мира || [[Dmitry Kiselyov (film director)|Dmitry Kiselyov]] || Russian
|-
|}

====Films on Environment====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| ''Antarctica Calling''
| Voyage au pôle Sud
| [[Luc Jacquet]]
| France
|-
| ''[[All That Breathes]]''
|
| [[Shaunak Sen]]
| India, United Kingdom, United States
|-

|}

====Focus Country: Spain====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| ''[[Matria (2023 film)|Matria]]''
|
| Álvaro Gago
|-
| ''[[Strange Way of Life]]''
| Extraña forma de vida
| [[Pedro Almodóvar]]
|-
| ''[[20,000 Species of Bees]]''
| 20.000 especies de abejas
| [[Estibaliz Urresola Solaguren]]
|-
|}

====Focus on Australian Horror====
As spotlight is on Australia, being Special Feature Country, a selection of Australian outback horror films were presented. The festival also launched the 'Kolkata Tram of Horror', to embark on a spine-chilling tram ride through the world of Australian horror films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/kolkata-international-film-festival-launches-kolkata-tram-of-horror-as-australian-horror-films-grace-the-event-1649023 |title= Kolkata International Film Festival Launches 'Kolkata Tram Of Horror' As Australian Horror Films Grace The Event |date=10 December 2023|access-date=10 December 2023 |website= ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| colspan=2|''[[100 Bloody Acres]]''
| Cameron Cairnes, Colin Cairnes
|-
| colspan=2|''[[Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)|Picnic at Hanging Rock]]''
| [[Peter Weir]]
|-
| colspan=2|''[[Wolf Creek (film)|Wolf Creek]]''
| [[Greg McLean (filmmaker)|Greg McLean]]
|-
|}

====Game On====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2| ''[[Shabaash Mithu]]''
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|-
| 2023
| colspan=2| ''[[Ghoomer]]''
| [[R. Balki]]
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2| ''[[Jersey (2022 film)|Jersey]]''
| [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
|-
|}

====Homage====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Gina Lollobrigida]]
|-
| ''[[A Dog's Life (1950 film)|A Dog's Life]]''
| ''Vita da cani''
| [[Mario Monicelli]], [[Steno (director)|Steno]]
| Italy
|-
| ''Stornellata Romana''
|
| [[Pietro Francisci]]
| Italy
|-
| ''O Sole Mio''
|
| [[Pietro Francisci]]
| Italy
|-
| ''Na sera e maggio''
|
| [[Pietro Francisci]]
| Italy
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Soumendu Roy]] (cinematographer)
|-
| ''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Distant Thunder]]''
| অশনি সংকেত
| [[Satyajit Ray]]
| India
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Carlos Saura]]
|-
| 1990
| ''[[¡Ay Carmela!]]''
|
| Spain
|-
|
| ''J Beyond Flamenco''
|
| Spain
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Dariush Mehrjui]]
|-
| 2020
| ''A Minor''
| La minor
| Iran
|-
|}

====Kurdish Cinema: In Search of Identity====
Seven films by the directors of the Kurdish origin will be presented at the festival in a package.<ref name="kc:toi">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kurdish-film-package-kiff-indian-cinema/articleshow/105577307.cms |title= Kurdish Film Package To Be Part Of KIFF Screenings, A First In India |author=Priyanka Dasgupta |publisher=Times of India |date=29 November 2023|access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 2016
| ''The Swallow''
| Die Schwalbe
| [[Mano Khalil]]
| Switzerland
|-
| 2017
| ''[[:nl:Zagros (film)|Zagros]]''
|
| [[Sahim Omar Kalifa]]
| Belgium
|-
|}

====Pavel Lungin====

[[Pavel Lungin]] is a Russian film director.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Tsar (film)|Tsar!]]''
| Царь
| Russia
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Taxi Blues]]''
| Такси-блюз
| Soviet Union
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Island (2006 film)|The Island]]''
| Остров
| Russia
|-
| 2012
| ''[[The Conductor (film)|The Conductor]]''
| Дирижёр
| Russia
|-
| 2016
| ''[[The Queen of Spades (2016 film)|The Queen of Spades]]''
| Дама пик
| Russia
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Leaving Afghanistan]]''
| Братство
| Russia
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Poor Relatives]]''
| Бедные родственники
| Russia
|-
|}

====Restored classics====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 1973
| colspan=2|''[[Enter The Dragon]]''
| [[Robert Clouse]]
| Hong Kong, United States
|-
| 1973
| colspan=2|''[[The Exorcist]]''
| [[William Friedkin]]
| United States
|-
|}

====Retrospective: Bruce Beresford====
The festival presented a retrospective of six films by the Australian director [[Bruce Beresford]] including the 1989 [[62nd Academy Awards|oscar-winning]] film ''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/australia-special-feature-country-at-29th-kolkata-international-film-festival-filmmakers-bruce-beresford-rolf-de-heer-1648456 |title= Australia Takes Centre Stage As Special Feature Country At 29th Kolkata International Film Festival |date=7 December 2023|access-date=7 December 2023 |website= ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 1980
| colspan=2|''[[Breaker Morant (film)|Breaker Morant]]''
| Australia
|-
| 1989
| colspan=2|''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]''
| United States
|-
| 1991
| colspan=2|''[[Black Robe (film)|Black Robe]]'' || Canada, Australia
|-
| 1990
| colspan=2|''[[Mister Johnson (film)|Mister Johnson]]'' || United States
|-
| 1999
| colspan=2|''[[Double Jeopardy (1999 film)|Double Jeopardy]]'' || United States
|-
| 2016
| colspan=2|''[[Mr. Church]]'' || United States
|-
|}

====Short & Documentary Panorama====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Padma Shri Wareppa Naba: Rituals to Mainstream]]''
| [[Bobby Wahengbam]]
| India
|-
| ''The Saga Of A Couplet''
| ''Jugoleshu''
| Palash Das
| India
|-
|}

====Special screening====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 2023
| ''Junks & Dolls''
| ''ASHGHAL HA VA AROUSAK HA''
| Manijeh Hekmat
| India
|-
|}

====Unheard India: Rare Language Films====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Language
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| ''Bird Thief''
| Peta Dochcho
|
| Sounak Kar
|-
|}

== Winners ==
{{Small|Source:}}<ref>[https://kiff.in/archive/2023/winners 29th Kolkata International Film Festival Winners]</ref><ref name="winner:tel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/29th-kolkata-international-film-festival-ends-with-screening-of-best-films-in-nandan/cid/1986473 |title= 29th Kolkata International Film Festival ends with screening of best films in Nandan|author= Sudeshna Banerjee|website= The Telegraph |date= 13 December 2023 |access-date= 13 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Film:'''
**''Children Of Nobody'' by Erez Tadmor
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Director:''' Carlos Daniel Malave for ''One Way''
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Short:''' ''Last Rehearsal'' by Kamil Saif
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Documentary:''' ''Challenge'' by Ramen Borah, Sibanu Borah
* '''Special Jury mention''' (Innovation in Moving Pictures): ''Kaleidoscope Now'' by Anjan Dutt
* '''Hiralal Sen Memorial Award Best Film''' (Indian language's films) : ''[[Wild Swans (2023 film)|Wild Swans]]'' by [[Rajni Basumatary]]
* '''Hiralal Sen Memorial Award Best Director''' (Indian language's films) : Shonet Anthony Barretto for ''Avni Ki Kismat''
* '''Bengali Panorama Best Film''' : ''Mind Flies'' by Rajdeep Paul, Sarmistha Maiti
* '''Special Jury mention''' (Indian language's films):
**''[[Joseph's Son]]'' by [[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
* '''NETPAC Award for Best Film''' : ''[[Broken Dreams: Stories from the Myanmar Coup]]'' by the Ninefold Mosaic

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}

{{Kolkata Film Festival}}

[[Category:Kolkata International Film Festival]]
[[Category:2023 film festivals|Kolkata International Film Festival]]
[[Category:2023 festivals in Asia|Kolkata International Film Festival]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cinema|Kolkata International Film Festival]]

Rajim Kumbh Mela

2026-04-04T05:27:36Z

WECElbert296866:

{{short description|Hindu pilgrimage}}
{{no footnotes|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Rajim Kumbh Mela
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| last =
| next =
| date =
| genre = [[Pilgrimage]]
| frequency = Every year
| location = [[Rajim]], [[Gariaband district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
}}
'''Rajim Kumbh Mela''' ([[Devanagari]]: राजिम कुम्भ मेला) is an annual [[Hindu]] [[pilgrimage]] held in [[Rajim]], located in [[Gariaband district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. The pilgrimage is similar to the traditional pilgrim fairs like those held in [[Haridwar]] and [[Prayagaraj]]. Like them, it's a [[Kumbh Mela|kumbh]], where devotees flock in to bathe en masse in sacred rivers to wash off their sins and attain redemption.

Rajim has long been a hotspot for the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]]. It is also a known [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] [[dharma]] centre. It was also a camping station on the pilgrimage route to other pilgrim centres in the vicinity. The ritual of Kalpwas is performed at Rajim just like it is at Allahabad. The religious congregation at Rajim performs a ceremony known as the 'fifth Kumbh' similar to the traditional 'Punni mela' observed every year at the famous Rajiv Lochan temple located near the holy confluence of the [[Mahanadi]], Pairi and [[Sondur River|Sondur]] rivers in Rajim.

The Rajim Kumbh Mela is celebrated every year during February–March for about 15 days. The kumbh is attended by thousands of devotees and saints from various parts of India and abroad.

The Kumbh was brought to much spotlight with significant investment by the local government and especially by the efforts of the present state minister for Agriculture Shri [[Brijmohan Agrawal]] who have raised the stature of the [[Kumbh Mela|kumbh]] in the country by personally investing in the fair and its infrastructure giving it a modern template without losing its Vedic spirit.[[File:Rajim Kumbh 1.jpg|thumb|Rajim Kumbh Mela 2007]]

== History ==
Rajim Kumbh Mela has been celebrated as a proper kumbh since being brought forth into the limelight by the efforts of both the state and central government. Though significantly it is a huge [[Kumbh Mela]] and regarded as the ‘5’th Kumbh Mela, the Rajim Kumbh Mela missed the coverage and the limelight the major kumbh festivals have received.

=== Patrons of Rajim Kumbh Mela ===
Shri [http://brijmohanagrawal.in/ Brijmohan Agrawal] is the minister for religious trust and endowments with varied portfolio in the [[government]] of Chhattisgarh. He has been influential in bringing the Rajim Kumbh Mela to the fore investing in the [[spirituality|spiritual]] and [[Finance|financial]] aspects of the Kumbh. He is highly regarded as the guardian and whole soul of the Rajim Kumbh Mela by the locals as he with his fleet is a regular at the Kumbh and manages the daily affairs and management of the Kumbh. Shri Brijmohan personally takes care of the arrangements of sheltering, lodging and food for thousands of devotees that throng to one of the largest religious congregation in India. He has been prompt in divesting the state government as well the centre to invest in the infrastructural development and sustenance of the Kumbh that it accommodate more pilgrims with better conveniences.

== Mythology ==
There are many folklores associated with the Rajim Kumbh Mela with slight variations they all essentially points to a Vaishnavite significance of the place.

In some [[oral tradition]]s, it is told that Lord Vishnu asked Lord Vishwakarma, the chief architect of the universe, to build for him a temple cum earthly abode at such a place upon the land where it has not been defiled by dead or burnt carcasses or incremation to a periphery of about 10 miles. Lord Vishwakarma scoured the planet in vain and returned [[vaikuntha]] empty-handed to which Lord Vishnu hurled a [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] towards Earth and asked Lord Vishwakarma to erect a temple at the site where the flower kisses the ground. Thus a temple was built upon the nectars of the heavenly lotus known today as the Rajim Lochan temple, and the 5 petals eventuated the Panchkoshi Dhaam viz. Kuleshwarnath (Rajim), Champeshwarnath (Chamaranya), Bramhkeshwarnaath (Bramhani), Pandeshwarnath (Fingeshwar) and Kopeshwarnaath (Kopra).

Another legend is that [[King Ratnakar]] a very religious person who was a very pious person once, while performing a Yagya, was attacked by demons. They obstructed his ritual. Helpless and depressed King Ratnakar wailed and beckoned the gods. Meanwhile his royal elephant Gajendra was battling for life being caught by a croc named Grah. The elephant in grave pain, requested Lord Vishnu to help save him and it was then that Lord Vishnu came barefoot in rescue. After salvaging the helpless elephant, Lord Vishnu heard the plea of the king and appeared before him. He also blessed King Ratnakar and promised to stay in the earth as ‘Rajim Lochan’, where the pitcher fest started for being another abode of lord [[Venkateswara]] or [[Vishnu]].[[File:Rajim Kumbh 2.jpg|thumb|Rajim Kumbh Mela 2007]]

== Rituals ==
Thousands of Naga Sadhus, Sants, Mahatmas, Rishis, Munis and Margdarshak Gurus come to Rajim Kumbh Mela each year for the festival. People start flocking to Rajim a day ahead of the festival, and take part in the special puja performed at midnight. Two temples that are prominently visited by the pilgrims during the kumbh are the Shri Kuleshwar Mahadev and Shri Rajiv Lochan.

=== Shahi snan in shahi kund ===
In the ghats of the Mahanadi that streams Rajim, the sadhus and other pilgrims take holy dips.

=== Holy bath in the Triveni Sangam ===
Devotees also take a holy bath in the Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the three rivers.

=== Shobha Yatra (rally) ===
Sobha yatras are daily carried out through the festival ground and the town, with devotees and sadhus carrying images of Lord Vishnu and occasionally of lord Shiva.

=== Archana ===
Daily [[Archana (Hinduism)|archana]]s are conducted in various parts of the ghats and makeshift temples erected at the [[festival]] site, attended by thousands of locals and [[The Tourists|tourists]].

In ‘[[Brahma Purana]]s’, 14 kinds of acts have been advised as unholy during ‘Kumbha-Parva’ such as having bath in river using soap, washing clothes, utensils in river water, throwing trash and excretion, etc. Those doing such things have been described as sinners; their sin considered to be as grave as slaughtering of cow. The state management erects notice bearing the same in various parts of the kumbh site.

== Location information ==
Rajim is in [[Gariaband district]], about 45 kilometres from the Chhattisgarh's capital [[Raipur]].

Besides the Rajim Lochan Mandir there are other temples and ashrams, in the area.

Rajim is also known as the Prayagraj of [[Chhattisgarh]] for an abundance of temples in the area. Some of the renowned sacred temples at Rajim are Rajiv Lochan, Mama Bhanja, Kuleshwar Mahadev, etc. The Kuleshwar Mahadev temple is situated in the midst of the confluence of three river streams [[Pairi River|Pairi]], [[Sondur River|Sondur]] and [[Mahanadi]].

Local Chhattisgarhi food and [[Indian cuisine]] is available in the area.

There is a ban on liquor and non-veg food in the town during the festival. Although the restriction is only in the vicinity of the kumbh festival.

Some of the prominent temples in Rajim are:
* Rajim Lochan temple
* [[Kaleshwar Temple, Nerur|Kuleshwar Temple]]
* Rajeshwar temple
* Daneshwar temple
* Jagannath temple
* Pancheshwar Mahadev
* Bhooteshwar Mahadev
* Someshwar Mahadev

== 2017 Rajim Kumbh Mela ==
In the year 2017, the Kumbh was organized from February 10 to 24.

Rajim Kumbh Mela 2017 was significant and very auspicious as it had taken the form of a Maha Kumbh upon its completion of 12 years. The Rajim Maha Kumbh was attended by about a million pilgrims mostly [[sadhu]]s and [[mahant]]s. The fest embarked a plethora of [[Religion|religious]] ceremonies, functions and celebration across Rajim and the state.

== 2020 Rajim Kumbh Mela ==
In the year 2020, the Kumbh was organized from February 9 to 21.

== How to Reach Rajim ==
By Air:- [[Swami Vivekananda Airport]] at Raipur is the nearest airport to Rajim, 43.6 km away. Raipur is connected to major cities in India by air. It has direct air connectivity with New Delhi, Mumbai, Bhopal, Pune, Hyderabad, Nagpur, and Indore. Taxi services are available to reach Rajim from Raipur airport.

By Train:- Raipur railway station is a major junction of south east central railway zone. It has many long-distance and direct trains to almost all parts of India.

By Road:- Rajim is well connected by road. Regular bus services are available from [[Raipur]] (46 km).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.rajimkumbh.in/
*http://brijmohanagrawal.in/
*http://sanskritikchhattisgarh.in/
*http://apnachhattisgarh.in/
*http://htoindia.com/tour/rajim-kumbh-mela-madai-festival-tour/

{{Kumbh Mela}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Raipur district]]
[[Category:Festivals in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Kumbh Mela|R]]

Vanilla (2018 film)

2026-03-31T02:41:16Z

WECElbert296866: Created New Page - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vanilla
| image = Vanilla 2018 film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Jayatheertha]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Jairaj
| starring = Avinash J Swathi Konde [[Ravishankar Gowda]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Bharath B. J.]]
| studio = Akhila Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|6|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vanilla''''' is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language mystery film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/jayathirtha-has-a-new-mystery/articleshow/62921101.cms|title=Jayathirtha has a new mystery|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=15 February 2018|first=Nischith|last=N.}}</ref> directed by [[Jayatheertha]] and starring newcomers Avinash J and Swathi Konde along with [[Ravishankar Gowda]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/may/30/beautiful-manasugalu-director-jayatheertha-explores-capnophobia-in-next-vanilla-1821580.html|title='Beautiful Manasugalu' director Jayatheertha explores Capnophobia in next 'Vanilla'|date=30 May 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/dec/29/vanilla-a-mystery-about-global-mafia-1553984.html|title=Vanilla, a mystery about global mafia|date=29 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Avinash J as Avinash a.k.a. Avi
*Swathi Konde as Anagha a.k.a. Anu
*[[Ravishankar Gowda]] as Police inspector
*[[Paavana Gowda]]
*Rehman
*Girish

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Bharath B. J.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oa7dK2fiNMY|title=VANILLA{{!}} AUDIO JUKEBOX{{!}} BHARATH B J{{!}} AVINASH{{!}} JAYATHIRTHA{{!}} S JAYARAMU{{!}} AKHILA COMBINES|work=YouTube}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Lyricist
! Singer(s)
|-
|"Aavarisu Baa Mellane"
|Madan Bellisalu
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Inchara Nagesh
|-
|"Eduredurali"
|Arjun Luis
|Eesha Suchi, Ashwin Sharma
|-
|"Onde Mathalli"
|[[Jayant Kaikini]]
|[[Rajesh Krishnan]]
|-
|"Theme Of Vanilla"
| style="text-align:center;"| {{mdash}}
| Instrumental
|-
|"Eravalu Kodu"
|Jayanth Kumar T V
|Eesha Suchi, Ashwin Sharma
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film a rating of four out of five stars and wrote that "''Vanilla'' has gripping sequences, fine and believable twists".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vanilla-review-well-made-whoddunit-excellent-plot-twists-672821.html|title=Vanilla review: a well-made whoddunit with excellent plot twists|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=1 June 2018|first=Vivek|last=M. V.}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "If you are in the mood to play Sherlock, make a trip to the theatre to solve the Vanilla mystery".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/vanilla/movie-review/64413422.cms|title=VANILLA MOVIE REVIEW|date=1 June 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Christopher|first=Kavya}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The director deserves appreciation for experimenting with a new theme with a new approach".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-slow-and-steady-thriller/article24059680.ece|title='Vanilla' movie review: A slow and steady thriller|date=1 June 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]

Kanwar Singh Yadav

2026-03-30T01:31:00Z

WECElbert296866: Created bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{COI|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanwar Singh
| image = File:Kanwar Singh with locals of Mahendergarh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Kanwar Singh with local people discussing their problems
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Government of Haryana]]

| office2 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Mahendragarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|15 March 1960|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mahendragarh district|Khatod]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Social worker
| alma_mater = [[Awdesh partap singh University Rewa, M.P.]]
| website =
}}
'''Kanwar Singh Yadav''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency]] in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results October - 2024 - Assembly Constituency 69 - MAHENDRAGARH (Haryana) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/ConstituencywiseS0769.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/mahendragarh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-haryana-election-results-rao-dan-singh-congress-kunwar-singh-yadav-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-farmers-protest-pm-kisan-449117-2024-10-08 | accessdate=9 October 2024| title=Mahendragarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Kanwar Singh wins Jat-Ahir stronghold, Rao Dan Singh loses}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kanwar Singh was born in Khatod village on 15 March 1960. He has a son named Rahul.

==Career graph==
*2024 – MLA (Mahendragarh constituency)

==Early life and education==
Kanwar Singh was born in the village of Khatod, located in Mahendergarh district, Haryana. Growing up in a rural environment, he developed a strong bond with the local community from an early age. He completed his early education in his hometown before pursuing higher studies. In 1986, he graduated with a master's degree in Economics from Awdhesh Pratap Singh University in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. During his college years, he was actively involved in student organizations, laying the foundation for his future in politics.Kanwar Singh began his journey as a member of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) in 1986, demonstrating his interest in social and political issues from a young age. He was also involved with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), which influenced his dedication to serving the nation and supporting traditional values. His early political affiliations set the stage for a career marked by commitment to his constituents and the development of his community. From 2017 to 2023, he served as the Chairman of the Haryana Cooperative Bank, where he played a key role in enhancing the state's cooperative banking system. His leadership in this role highlighted his focus on economic empowerment and his ability to connect with the grassroots, further strengthening his rapport with local communities.
He contested against congress stalwart from mahendergarh,Rao Dan Singh, and won by 3000 votes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=kanwar singh won against dan singh |title=Kanwar Singh won |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/mahendragarh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-haryana-election-results-rao-dan-singh-congress-kunwar-singh-yadav-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-farmers-protest-pm-kisan-449117-2024-10-08 |website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref> Known for his straightforward and relatable approach, Singh has become a trusted figure in the region, with a reputation for being approachable and deeply invested in the welfare of his constituents. In political circle Kanwar Singh is said to be close to ex-CM Manohar Lal Khattar.

==Personality and public image==
Kanwar Singh is widely regarded as a humble and approachable leader, maintaining a strong connection with the residents of Mahendergarh. His down-to-earth personality and commitment to addressing local issues have earned him the admiration and trust of his constituents. Singh is often praised for his dedication to public service and his efforts to improve the lives of the people he represents.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Kanwar Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sairam Institutions

2026-03-28T02:08:28Z

WECElbert296866: correct citations also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{unreferenced|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox University
| name = Sairam Institutions
| image =
| motto = We Build a Better Nation Through Quality Education
| established = 1989
| founder = [[Leo Muthu]]
| type = Educational Institutions
| logo =
| chairman = Dr. Sai Prakash Leo Muthu
| chairperson = Kalaiselvi Jothiprakasam
| country = [[India]]
| colours = {{color box|#014e90}}{{color box|#a6ce39}} Blue and Green
| affiliations = [[Anna University]]
| website = www.sairamgroup.in
| city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil_Nadu | Tamil Nadu]]
}}

The '''Sairam Institutions''' began in 1989 with the start of Sai Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Chennai with just 137 students. Today the Sairam family encompasses more than a dozen institutions including School, Engineering colleges, Medical colleges, Teacher Training institutes and Polytechnic.

==Sairam Group==

===Engineering Colleges===
*Sri Sairam Engineering College - Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu [https://sairam.edu.in/ Official Website]
*Sri Sairam Institute of Technology - Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu [https://sairamit.edu.in/ Official Website]
*Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal, Bengaluru (Near Hosur) [https://sairamce.edu.in/ Official Website]

===Medical Colleges===
*Sri Sairam Siddha Medical College - Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
*Sri Sairam Ayurveda Medical College - Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
*Sri Sairam Homoeopathy Medical College - Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

===Schools===
*Sai Matriculation Higher Secondary School -Madipakkam, Chennai
*Sairam Matriculation Higher Secondary School -Tambaram, Chennai
*Sairam Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Thiruthuraipoondi
*Sairam Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Thiruvarur
*Sairam Vidyalaya (CBSE Syllabus) - Madipakkam, Chennai
*Sairam Leo Muthu Public School (CBSE Syllabus)- Medavakkam, Chennai
*Sairam Vidyalaya (CBSE Syllabus) - Madurai
*Sairam Vidyalaya (CBSE Syllabus) - Puducherry

===Polytechnic Colleges===
*Sri Sairam Polytechnic College - Tambaram
*Sri Sairam I.T.I.,-Vedachandur, Dindigul District
*Sai Jothi Polytechnic College - Madurai

===Management Studies===
*Sri Sairam Institute of Management Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

===Research Centre===
*Sai Ram Advanced Centre for Research, Chennai, [[Tamil_Nadu | Tamil Nadu]]

===Pre-University===
*Sri Sairam Pre-University College, Anekal, Bengaluru

===Teacher Training Institute===
*Sri Sairam College of Teacher Training-Puducherry

==Affiliations==
*Directorate of Technical Education, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Anna_University |Anna University]], [[Chennai]]
*Directorate of School Education, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil_Nadu_Dr._M.G.R._Medical_University|The Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai]]

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipyFg6iYXAc Sairam TIES 2015]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bU3DxK12v9A Sairam Institutions - Leo Muthu Indoor Stadium {{sic|Inag|urated|nolink=y}} by Little Master Sachin Tendulkar]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOaVQGmvmok Sai Ram Group of Institutions - Video]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030430123224/http://ewh.ieee.org/sb/srisairamec/engindex.htm Sri Sai Ram Engineering College IEEE Students Chapter]
*[http://collinfo.annauniv.edu:6060/annauniv/collegeall/colladd.asp?code=419 About Sri Sai Ram Engineering College on Anna University]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]

{{TamilNadu-university-stub}}

Chatra subdivision

2026-03-25T03:37:30Z

WECElbert296866: put up first pg and citations!

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chatra subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.05|N|87.84|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chatra district|Chatra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2121.63
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 685694
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|chatra.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chatra subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Chatra district]] in the [[North Chotanagpur division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==History==
Chatra was the "headquarters" of Ramgarh district in the 18th-19th century. The renowned reformer, [[Raja Rammohan Roy]], was ''sheristadar'' in Ramgarh district, in 1804–05, and used to function from both Ramgarh and Chatra. Subsequently, Ramgarh district became part of North-western Frontier Agency and Hazaribagh district came up. Chatra became a subdivision of Hazaribagh district in 1914. It became a full-fledged district in 1991.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://chatra.jharkhand.org.in/2010/05/history-of-chatra-district.html | title = The History of Chatra District | publisher = chatra.jharkhand.org | access-date = 17 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chatra.nic.in/profile.htm|title=Profile|publisher=Chatra district website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215072758/http://chatra.nic.in/profile.htm|archive-date=2012-02-15}}</ref>

==Administrative set up==
Chatra district has two subdivisions – (1) Chatra subdivision with [[Chatra (community development block)|Chatra]], [[Shaligram Ramnarayanpur (community development block)|Shalighram Ramnarayanpur (Hunterganj)]], [[Itkhori block|Itkhori]], [[Pratappur, Jharkhand|Pratappur]], [[Kunda block|Kunda]], [[Kanhachatti]] and [[Mayurhand block|Mayurhand]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD blocks]], and (2) [[Simaria subdivision]] with [[Simaria block|Simaria]], [[Tandwa block|Tandwa]], [[Lawalong]], [[Gidhour block|Gidhour]] and [[Pathalgada block]] CD blocks.<ref name=admin>{{cite web | url = https://chatra.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/| title = Chatra| work= Administrative Setup – Subdivision and Blocks | publisher = Chatra district administration | access-date = 17 January 2021}}</ref>

The two subdivisions are as follows:<ref name=admin/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 November 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|Chatra||[[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]]||2,121.63||685,694||92.71||7.29
|-
|[[Simaria subdivision|Simaria]]||[[Simaria, Chatra|Simaria]]||1,668.95||357,192||96.37||3.63
|}
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|5|0|N|84|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Chatra district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, P: power plant, T: tourist centre Abbreviation used - TPS: thermal power station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|17|40|N|85|2|0|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chiridiri | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chiridiri]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|10|45|N|85|1|27|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gidhour| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Gidhour]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|25|10|N|84|49|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Hunterganj| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Hunterganj]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|17|55|N|85|9|44|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Itkhori| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Itkhori]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|12|35|N|84|39|19|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Kunda, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|9|2|N|84|39|40|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Lawalong| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Lawalong, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|35|N|85|14|33|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Mayurhand| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Mayurhand]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|7|37|N|85|4|8|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Pathalgada| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Pathalgada]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|42|0|N|85|2|20|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Piparwar| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Piparwar, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|17|45|N|84|38|0|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Pratappur| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Pratappur, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|17|35|N|85|0|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Rajpur| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Rajpur, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|3|42|N|84|56|11|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Simaria| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Simaria, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|52|45|N|85|1|51|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Tandwa| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Tandwa]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|12|16|N|84|52|37|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14=Chatra| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Chatra, Jharkhand]] (M) |label-size14=13 |label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|5|50|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Bachra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Bachra]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|34|N|84|51|51|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Kauleshwari |labela16=Temple| numbered16=H| mark-title16=[[Kauleshwari Temple]] (H) | shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|7|30|N|84|39|26|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Lawalong|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|51|20|N|85|0|44|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= North Karanpura TPS | numbered18=P| mark-title18= [[North Karanpura Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color18=#967117
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|42|50|N|85|4|0|E}} | label-pos19=top|label19=CCL Piparwar Area |numbered19=0 | mark-title19=[[Piparwar Area]] | label-size19=12| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|49|40|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=CCL Magadh|labela20= Sanghamitra Area |numbered20=0 | mark-title20=[[Magadh Sanghamitra Area]] | label-size20=12| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|53|50|N|85|0|1|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21=CCL Amrapali |labela21=& Chandragupta Area |numbered21=0 | mark-title21=[[Amrapali & Chandragupta Area]] | label-size21=12| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|41|30|N|85|17|0|E}} |label22= Damodar|labela22= River|label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 0| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|16|0|N|84|51|0|E}} |label23= Lilajan|labela23= River|label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -90| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|19|0|N|85|9|0|E}} |label24= Mohana|labela24= River|label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -90| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|0|N|84|39|0|E}} |label25= Amanat|labela25= River|label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= -10| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|25|0|N|84|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-60| arc-gapA=12.5| arc-radiusA=0.25}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] data, Chatra subdivision, in Chatra district, had a total population of 685,694. There were 351,511 (51%) males and 334,183 (49%) females. Scheduled castes numbered 231,266 (33.73%) and scheduled tribes numbered 9,915 (1.45%). Literacy rate was 47.92% (for the total population).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2002_PART_B_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Chatra, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 26-27: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 17 January 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

==Police stations==
Police stations in Chatra subdivision were at:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra| title = District Police Profile - Chatra| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 17 January 2021| archive-date = 17 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060335/https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra| url-status = dead}}</ref>
# [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra Sadar]]
# [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Basistanagar]]
# [[Hunterganj]]
# [[Itkhori]]
# [[Kunda, Chatra|Kunda]]
# [[Pratappur, Chatra|Pratappur]]
# [[Rajpur, Chatra|Rajpur]]

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Chatra subdivision are:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2002_PART_B_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Chatra |work = Census of India 2011 Pages 26, 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 17 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2002_PART_A_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Chatra, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Chatra on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 17 January 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Nagar Parishad|NP]], [[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Chatra (community development block)|Chatra]]||[[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]]||400.21||101,014||37.98||3.74||55.54|| -
|-
|[[Shaligram Ramnarayanpur (community development block)|Shaligram Ramnarayanpur]]||[[Hunterganj]]||513.18||187,590||37.29||0.33||54.83|| -
|-
||[[Itkhori block|Itkhori]]||[[Itkhori]]||160.60||74,929||22.37||0.42||62.90|| -
|-
|[[Kunda block|Kunda]]||[[Kunda, Chatra|Kunda]]||285.08||30,018||63.57||3.85||44.84|| -
|-
|[[Pratappur, Jharkhand|Pratappur]]||[[Pratappur, Chatra|Pratappur]]||385.79||120,221||36.20||1.12||53.19|| -
|-
|[[Kanhachatti]]||[[Chiridiri]]||227.49||63,012||32.23||3.20||62.88|| -
|-
|[[Mayurhand block]]||[[Mayurhand]]||133.28||58,925||26.22||0.36||64.41|| -
|-
|}

==Education==
In 2011, in Chatra subdivision out of a total 1,026 inhabited villages there were 252 villages with pre-primary schools, 833 villages with primary schools, 442 villages with middle schools, 70 villages with secondary schools, 34 villages with senior secondary schools, 3 locations with general degree colleges, 1 location with non-formal training centre, 2 locations with vocational training institutes, 191 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2002_PART_A_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Page 671, Appendix I: Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 17 January 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

===Educational institutions===
The following institutions are located in Chatra subdivision:

* Chatra College was established at [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]] in 1961. It is affiliated with the [[Vinoba Bhave University]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/chatra-college-chatra| title= Chatra College, Chatra|publisher= College Dekho| access-date = 19 January 2021}}</ref>
* R.N.M. College at [[Hunterganj]] is affiliated with the [[Vinoba Bhave University]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.icbse.com/colleges/r-n-m-college-hunterganj-chatra-91zqko| title= R.N.M. College, Hunterganj, Chatra |publisher= ICBSE| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>
* Bhadrakali College was established at [[Itkhori]] in 1979. It is affiliated with [[Vinoba Bhave University]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.boardunivresult.in/2013/09/bhadrakali-college-itkhori-results.html | title= Bhadrakali College, Itkhori |publisher= Board Univ Result| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>

(Information about degree colleges with proper reference may be added here)

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in Chatra subdivision there were 58 villages with primary health centres, 86 villages with primary health subcentres, 65 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 35 villages with allopathic hospitals, 30 villages with dispensaries, 27 villages with veterinary hospitals, 38 villages with family welfare centres, 1 location with a nursing home, 70 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

===Medical facilities===
(Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chatra District}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Miya Fuski

2026-03-23T13:37:55Z

WECElbert296866: Made pg

{{Infobox character
| name = Miya Fuski
| series = Miya Fuski Vinodmala
| image = Miya Fuski.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Miya Fuski (''left'') and Tabha Bhatt in their typical attire
| first = 1945
| last =
| creator = [[Jivram Joshi]]
| portrayer =
| voice =
| lbl1 = Publisher
| data1 = {{plainlist|
* ''Zen Opus''
}}
| lbl2 = Language
| data2 = Gujarati
| lbl3 =
| data3 =
| info-hdr =
| noinfo =
| full_name =
| nickname =
| alias =
| species = 
| gender = Male
| occupation =
| affiliation =
| title =
| family =
| spouse = Bibi
| significant_other = Tabha Bhatt, Dala Sheth
| children =
| relatives =
| religion =
| nationality =
}}
'''Miya Fuski''' is a fictional character created by [[Jivram Joshi]] for [[children's literature in Gujarati language]].<ref name="c2016">{{cite book | title=International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature | date=16 March 2016 | isbn=9781134879939 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7doBUwzbWh4C | accessdate=31 March 2016 | last1=Hunt | first1=Peter | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> He is mostly accompanied by his friend, '''Tabha Bhatt'''. Both characters were inspired by the people of [[Varanasi|Kashi]] during Joshi's stay there. Joshi wrote more than thirty stories on the characters. They became popular and were later adapted into plays, TV series and a film.

==Origin and history==
[[Jivram Joshi]] was a children's literature author of Gujarati language who created several popular fiction characters. Joshi was an editor of ''Zagmag'', a children's weekly in Gujarati published by ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]''. In 1945, he started publishing the stories of Miya Fuski in it which continued for two generations. He wrote more than thirty stories on Miya Fuski.<ref name="GSP">{{cite web | title=જીવરામ જોશી, ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ | website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Jivram-Joshi.html | language=gu | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=GV>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Trivedi|first=Shraddha |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/મિયાં-ફૂસકી/ |title=Miya Fuski |encyclopedia= Gujarati Vishwakosh (Gujarati Encyclopaedia)|year=1999 |publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust|volume=16|location=Ahmedabad|page=54}}</ref>

Jivram Joshi has described the origin of the characters, {{blockquote|When I was living in [[Varanasi|Kashi]], I was inspired to create a character of Miyan Fuski after watching a Miyan [a Muslim person]. A very funny and very thin Miyan named Ali was living in a house behind a temple in Narsinh Mohalla in Kashi. He had a cart. He always laughed and made others laugh. His funny nature and attire inspired me to create the character of Fattu Miyan. Thin and bearded Fattu Miya used to wear [[lehenga]] and waistcoat. And a cap on head. This Miyan had a peculiar thing about his nature that he boasted that he is brave but inwardly he was timid. Thus joined ''Fuski'' [ Timid in Gujarati ] with Miya and wrote a story.|Jivram Joshi{{efn|English translation. Original statement in Gujarati: 
"હું કાશીમાં રહેતો હતો ત્યારે એક મિયાંને જોઈને મને મિયાં ફુસકીનું પાત્ર ઘડવાની પ્રેરણા મળી હતી. કાશીમાં નરસિંહ ચોતરા મહોલ્લામાં મંદિરની પાછળ આવેલા ઘરમાં અલી નામના અત્યંત રમૂજી સ્વભાવના દૂબળાપાતળા મિયાં રહેતા હતા. એ એક્કો ચલાવતા. હંમેશાં હસતા અને બીજાને ખડખડાટ હસાવતા. એમનો મશ્કરો સ્વભાવ અને દેખાવ જોઈને મને ફત્તુ મિયાં નામનું પાત્ર ઘડવાની પ્રેરણા મળી. દૂબળાપાતળા દાઢીધારી ફત્તુ મિયાં લેંઘો અને બંડીનો પોશાક પહેરતા. માથે ટોપી રાખતા. આ મિયાંના સ્વભાવની એક ખાસિયત હતી કે એ બહાદુર હોવાના બણગાં ફૂંકતા, પરંતુ અંદરખાને અત્યંત બીકણ હતા. એટલે મિયાં સાથે ફુસકી નામ જોડી દેવા વાર્તા લખી નાખી."}}}}

Later he created the Hindu character Tabha Bhatt for the purpose of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]]. He created Tabha Bhatt based on the Brahmin priests of [[Varanasi|Kashi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrhPAQAAIAAJ|year=1955|page=339}}</ref>

==Characters and story==
Miya Fuski and his friend Tabha Bhatt are the central characters in the story. Miya Fuski is tall and thin while Tabha Bhatt is short and pot-bellied. Miya Fuski is a Muslim and wears [[lehenga]], waistcoat and cap. He is bald and has a long beard with large round eyes.<ref name=GV/> Tabha Bhatt is a Hindu [[Brahmin]] character who wears typical [[paghadi]] on his head, loose cloth on his shoulder and [[dhoti]]. Other recurring characters are Bibi, wife of Miya; Dala Sheth, a merchant.

The real name of Miya Fuski is Fattu Miya. He worked a guard. Once he assumed a group of donkeys as a group of thieves and boasted about himself. Later he hides and becomes Miya Fuski from Fattu Miya. ''Fuski'' literally means timid in Gujarati. He is a novice and vulnerable person. He is involved in situations where he behaves stupidly and hilariously but the result is always in his favour in the end. Tabha Bhatt accompanies him in his misadventures. Miya is timid inwardly and often boasts of his bravery but he finds his way with his wit in difficult situations.<ref name="GSP"/><ref name=GV/>

==Reception==
The stories were popular with children as well as admired by adults. They are still popular across [[Gujarat]]<ref name="di2011">{{cite web | title=રોમાંચ અને તાજગી આપે વાંચન | website=divyabhaskar | date=9 April 2011 | url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MAG-thrill-and-freshness-reading-bal-bhaskar-2002414.html | language=gu | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref> and the characters are considered as the icons of children's literature in Gujarati language.<ref name="GM2011">{{cite web | title=બાળદિન ઊજવીએ પરંતુ બાળસાહિત્યની ગુણવત્તા ન સુધારીએ એ કેમ ચાલે? | website=Gujarati Midday| date=14 November 2011 | url=http://www.gujaratimidday.com/features/columns/monday-manthan-column-children-day-special | language=gu | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref> The [[catchphrase]] ''Ame Kon? Sipai Bachha'' ({{langx|gu|અમે કોણ ? સિપાઈ બચ્ચા}}, English:''Who we are? Brave Children'') from the stories became popular with children.<ref name=GV/><ref name="RG2007">{{cite web | title=મિયાંફુસકી – જીવરામ જોષી | website=Readgujarati.com | date=25 May 2007 | url=http://archive.readgujarati.in/sahitya/?p=1133 | language=gu | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai Samachar">{{cite web | title=મુંબઈ સમાચાર | website=Mumbai Samachar | url=http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=186684 | language=gu | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref>

Gujarati author [[Chandrakant Bakshi]] had written, "Miya Fuski and Jivram Joshi will live on in children's literature until the ABC of Gujarati language lives on".<ref name="RG2007"/>

==Adaptations==
The stories of Miya Fuski are adapted into plays, TV series and a film. Bhargav Joshi, son of Jivram Joshi, adapted the stories in a play, ''Miya Fuski Ane Tabha Bhatt''. [[Asit Kumarr Modi]] produced and Sandeep Patel directed a TV series, ''Miya Fuski'', for [[DD Gujarati]].<ref name="Malini 2014">{{cite web | last=Malini | first=Navya | title=Will literary adaptations make a comeback on TV? | website=The Times of India | date=2014-07-29 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/Gujarati-literature-inspired-TV-showmakers-of-the-Gujarati-small-screen/articleshow/39274920.cms | accessdate=2016-03-31}}</ref> The characters were also adapted in a children's Gujarati film ''Miya Fuski 007'' in 1987 starring [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johny Walker]] and Kishor Bhatt in the lead roles. The film was directed by Manhar Raskapur and produced by Mukesh Pandya.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1994-IA80|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|page=1994}}</ref><ref name="DeshGujarat 2007">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=1960 Gujarati film Mehandi Rang Lagyo| website=DeshGujarat | date=15 November 2007 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2007/11/15/1960-gujarati-film-mehandi-rang-lagyoall-songsvideo/ | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="divya2016">{{cite web | title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોમાં સફળતા, લોકપ્રિયતા અને વૈવિધ્યનું પ્રતીક મનહર રસકપૂર | website=divyabhaskar | date=4 January 2016 | url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MAG-navajooni-by-urvish-kothari-in-sunday-bhaskar-5213856-NOR.html | language=gu | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref>

Industrialist Rashmin Majithia's company Zen Opus holds copyrights of Miya Fuski and other characters created by Joshi. The rights were acquired in 2020 from descendants of Joshi. Majithia has announced their adaptations in other media.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=ઉદ્યોગપતિ અને કલાપ્રેમી રશ્મિન મજીઠીયાનાં આર્ટ કલેક્શનમાં જીવરામ જોશીની ક્લાસિક વાર્તાઓનો ખજાનો|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/lifestyle-news/culture-and-heritage/article/industrialist-and-art-lover-rashmin-majithias-art-collection-has-jivaram-joshis-classic-story-books-144757|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.gujaratimidday.com|language=gu}}</ref>

==Publication==
The stories first appeared in ''Zagmag'' starting 1945. They were later published as book format by Sandesh Balsathi Granthmala in 1946, by Bharati Sahitya Sangh in 1951, by Zagmag Prakashan in 1953, by R. R. Sheth ni Company in 1963,<ref name=GV/> and by Zen Opus in 2021.<ref name=":0" />

Several stories were later republished under the title, ''Miya Fuski Vinodmala''. Some of them are:
* ''Miya Fuski : Baapnu Sapnu''
* ''Miya Fuski : Bhajiyano Bhav''
* ''Miya Fuski : Bhootiyo Kagal''
* ''Miya Fuski : Bhuvanu Bhoot''
* ''Miya Fuski : Chorno Kuvo''
* ''Miya Fuski : Dala Sheth no Kuvo''
* ''Miya Fuski : Dala Shethni Bhavai''
* ''Miya Fuski : Fattuni Fuski''
* ''Miya Fuski : Jaadui Vatko''
* ''Miya Fuski : Kano Vandaro''
* ''Miya Fuski : Khudani Potali''
* ''Miya Fuski : Lanka Jalawi''
* ''Miya Fuski : Miyani Mijbani''
* ''Miya Fuski : Thai Fajeti''
* ''Miya Fuski : Unganashi Raja''
* ''Miya Fuski : Vilayati Saheb''
* ''Miya Fuski Ane Bhoot''
* ''Miya Fuski Ane Daglo''
* ''Miya Fuski Ane Kachabo''
* ''Miya Fuski Ane Nandudo Chor''
* ''Miya Fuski Ane Sadino Rang''
* ''Miya Fuski Ane Tabha Bhatt : Dadamsha''
* ''Miya Fuski Kotarma''
* ''Miya Fuski Na Gha''
* ''Miya Fuski Nu Maran''
* ''Miya Fuski Vakil Thaya''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* {{cite web | url=http://archive.readgujarati.in/sahitya/?p=1133 | title=મિયાં ફુસકી - દલાશેઠનો કુવો – જીવરામ જોષી | date=25 May 2007 | website=Readgujarati.com | language=gu}}
* {{cite web | title=મિયાં ફુસકી - બાપનું સપનું – જીવરામ જોષી | website=Readgujarati.com | date=21 November 2008 | url=http://archive.readgujarati.in/sahitya/?p=2767 | language=gu}}
{{Humor and wit characters}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Book series introduced in 1945]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1945]]
[[Category:Fictional Muslims]]
[[Category:Picture books]]
[[Category:Humour and wit characters of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Characters in children's literature]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]
[[Category:Male characters in literature]]

Usha Desai

2026-03-15T06:31:43Z

WECElbert296866: Created Stub

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist and medical doctor}}

'''Usha Desai''' is an Indian [[Doctor of Medicine|doctor of medicine]] and environmentalist.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />{{Infobox person
| name = Usha Desai
| education = M.R.C.P.
| occupation = Doctor (retired)
| known_for = Environmental advocacy
}}

==Early life and education==
Desai holds a [[Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom|Membership of the Royal College of Physicians of the United Kingdom]] (M.R.C.P.).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSTkAAAAMAAJ |title=Eve's Weekly |date=1980 |publisher=J.C. Jain |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Research (India) |first=Council of Scientific & Industrial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqUuAQAAIAAJ |title=Technical Manpower |date=1969 |language=en}}</ref> She worked as a doctor at the [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital]] in [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-02 |title=Two tree chroniclers help Mumbai unearth its natural treasures |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/two-tree-chroniclers-help-mumbai-unearth-its-natural-treasures/articleshow/67342654.cms |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Environmental advocacy==
Desai raises awareness of the environment and particularly of trees by conducting immersive walks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2019-09-24 |title=Tree walk held in Porvorim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/tree-walk-held-in-porvorim/articleshow/71270954.cms |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-11 |title=Mumbaiwale: How green is your alley? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbaiwale-how-green-is-your-alley/story-PFSrOMMx8mQ0vN2FCnmO4I.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She narrates stories related to the origin of trees as well as associated mythological tales in addition to scientific details.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-16 |title=Mumbai: With this duo, learning about nature is a walk in the park |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-with-this-duo-learning-about-nature-is-a-walk-in-the-park/story-gLPYmXzj3i4QOsQ8amPPLL.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-02 |title=Two tree chroniclers help Mumbai unearth its natural treasures |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/two-tree-chroniclers-help-mumbai-unearth-its-natural-treasures/articleshow/67342654.cms |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Each walk includes visiting and discussing dozens of preselected, carefully researched and often rare varieties of trees and plants.<ref name=":1" /> The walks also incorporate discussion of biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2023-08-20 |title=Wild vegetation and 'Shravan' Sundays in Goa |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/wild-vegetation-and-shravan-sundays-in-goa |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref>

Desai's mantra for saving trees is simple, as follows below.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2022-03-08 |title=International Women's Day: A woman's place is in … the environment. These women in Goa show the way. |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/international-womens-day-a-womans-place-is-in-the-environment-these-women-in-goa-show-the-way |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-03-02 |title=Appreciating and loving trees {{!}} The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/03/02/magazines/buzz/appreciating-and-loving-trees/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|"The tree walk will help you fall in love with trees. Thus, when you love a tree, you will not cut that tree, and that’s how we will be able to save our trees."|author=Dr. Usha Desai}}

Desai is trained in botany, entomology and biodiversity from [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and [[Conservation Education Centre]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Telang |first=Sonali |date=2018-05-30 |title=A walk with the nature |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/290518/walk-with-the-nature.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref> She has conducted more than hundred tree walks in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Her work has influenced citizen movements for sustainable living.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-06 |title=Citizen groups drive people to take responsibility and govt to react |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/citizen-groups-drive-people-to-take-responsibility-and-govt-to-react/articleshow/67402170.cms |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A call for sustainable living to the future caretakers of the planet |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-call-for-sustainable-living-to-the-future-caretakers-of-the-planet/208864 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Usha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]

[[Category:Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]

Fruit

2026-03-12T17:16:38Z

WECElbert296866: minor edit

{{Short description|Seed-bearing part of a flowering plant}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-semiprotected|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move-indef}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Fruit Platter- Seasonal Fruits.jpg|thumb|Fruit platter – seasonal fruits]]
In [[botany]], a '''fruit''' is the [[seed]]-bearing structure in [[flowering plant]]s (angiosperms) that is formed from the [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] after [[flower|flowering]].

Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propagated using the movements of humans and other animals in a [[Symbiosis|symbiotic relationship]] that is the means for [[seed dispersal]] for the one group and [[nutrition]] for the other; humans, and many other animals, have become dependent on fruits as a source of food.<ref name="Lewis375">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Robert A. |title=CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&q=fruit&pg=PA375 |year=2002 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-2327-0 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053317/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&q=fruit&pg=PA375#v=snippet&q=fruit&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Consequently, fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world's [[agriculture|agricultural]] output, and some (such as the [[apple]] and the [[pomegranate]]) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings.

In common language and culinary usage, ''fruit'' normally means the seed-associated fleshy structures (or produce) of plants that are typically sweet (or sour) and edible in the raw state, such as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons, oranges, and strawberries. In botanical usage, the term ''fruit'' includes many structures that are not commonly called as such in everyday language, such as nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schlegel |first=Rolf H J |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA177 |year=2003 |publisher=Haworth Press |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |page=177 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053311/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA177 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mauseth271">{{cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |title=Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PA271 |year=2003 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |isbn=978-0-7637-2134-3 |pages=271–72 |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053426/https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PA271#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Botanical vs. culinary ==

{{Also|Vegetable#Terminology}}

[[File:FruitArrangement.jpg|thumb|An arrangement of fruits commonly thought of as culinary vegetables, including [[maize]], [[tomato]]es, and [[Squash (fruit)|squashes]] ]]

Many common language terms used for fruit and seeds differ from botanical classifications. For example, in botany, a ''fruit'' is a ripened [[ovary (botany)|ovary]] or [[carpel]] that contains seeds, e.g., an orange, pomegranate, tomato or a pumpkin. A ''[[Nut (fruit)|nut]]'' is a type of fruit (and not a seed), and a ''seed'' is a ripened [[ovule]].<ref name="McGee247" />

In culinary language, a [[List of culinary fruits|''fruit'']] is the sweet- or not sweet- (even sour-) tasting produce of a specific plant (e.g., a peach, pear or lemon); ''nuts'' are hard, oily, non-sweet plant produce in shells (e.g. [[hazelnut]], [[acorn]]). ''[[Vegetables]]'', so-called, typically are [[Umami|savory]] or non-sweet produce (e.g. [[zucchini]], lettuce, broccoli, and tomato). But some may be sweet-tasting (sweet potato).<ref>For a [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruling on the matter, see ''[[Nix v. Hedden]]''.</ref>

[[File:Fresh Fruit Plate.jpg|thumb|Fresh fruit plate]]
[[File:Fig cut open.jpg|alt=Whole figs and sliced fig halves|thumb|Fresh figs]]

Examples of botanically classified fruit that are typically called vegetables include [[cucumber]], [[pumpkin]], and [[Squash (plant)|squash]] or other [[winter squash]]es (all are [[cucurbits]]); [[bean]]s, [[peanut]]s, and [[pea]]s (all [[legumes]]); and [[maize|corn]], [[eggplant]], [[bell pepper]] (or sweet pepper), and [[tomato]]. Many spices are fruits, botanically speaking, including [[black pepper]], [[chili pepper]], [[cumin]] and [[allspice]].<ref name="McGee247">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |author-link=Harold McGee |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA247 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |pages=247–48 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053312/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA247#v=snippet&q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, [[rhubarb]] is often called a fruit when used in making [[pies]], but the edible produce of rhubarb is actually the leaf stalk or [[petiole (botany)|petiole]] of the plant.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGee |title=On Food and Cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA367 |page=367 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053419/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA367#v=snippet&q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botanically, a [[cereal]] grain, such as [[maize|corn]], [[rice]], or [[wheat]] is a kind of fruit (termed a [[caryopsis]]). However, the fruit wall is thin and fused to the seed coat, so almost all the edible grain-fruit is actually a seed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |title=CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&q=fruit&pg=PA238 |page=238 |isbn=978-0-8493-2327-0 |year=2002 |publisher=CRC Press |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053313/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&q=fruit&pg=PA238#v=snippet&q=fruit&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Structure ==
{{Main|Fruit anatomy}}

[[File:Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils.jpg|thumb|Pomegranate fruit – whole and piece with arils]]
The outer layer, often edible, of most fruits is called the ''pericarp''. Typically formed from the ovary, it surrounds the seeds; in some species, however, other structural tissues contribute to or form the edible portion. The pericarp may be described in three layers from outer to inner, i.e., the ''epicarp'', ''mesocarp'' and ''endocarp''.

Fruit that bears a prominent pointed terminal projection is said to be ''beaked''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/help/glossary#B|title=Glossary of Botanical Terms|work=FloraBase|publisher=Western Australian Herbarium|access-date=23 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008190434/https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/help/glossary#B|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

== Development ==

A fruit results from the fertilizing and maturing of one or more flowers. The [[gynoecium]], which contains the ''[[stigma (botany)#Description|stigma-style-ovary]]'' system, is centered in the flower-head, and it forms all or part of the fruit.<ref>Esau, K. 1977. ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York.</ref> Inside the [[ovary (botany)|ovary(ies)]] are one or more [[ovule]]s. Here begins a complex sequence called ''[[double fertilization]]'': a female [[double fertilization|gametophyte]] produces an egg cell for the purpose of fertilization.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://palaeos.com/Plants/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryL.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220200017/http://www.palaeos.com/Plants/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryL.html#M |title=Palaeos Plants: Glossary L-O |archive-date=December 20, 2010 |website=www.palaeos.com}}</ref> (A female gametophyte is called a ''[[double fertilization#Megagametophyte|megagametophyte]]'' or ''[[embryo sac]]''.) After double fertilization, the ovules become seeds.

Ovules are fertilized in a process that starts with [[pollination]], which is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma-style-ovary system within the flower-head. After pollination, a [[pollen tube]] grows from the (deposited) pollen through the stigma down the style into the ovary to the ovule. Two sperm are transferred from the pollen to a megagametophyte. Within the megagametophyte, one sperm unites with the egg, forming a [[zygote]], while the second sperm enters the central cell forming the endosperm mother cell, which completes the double fertilization process.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |title=Botany: an introduction to plant biology |year=2003 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-7637-2134-3 |page=258}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rost |first1=Thomas L. |last2=Weier |first2=T. Elliot |last3=Weier |first3=Thomas Elliot |title=Botany: a brief introduction to plant biology |year=1979 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=978-0-471-02114-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/botanybriefintro00rost/page/135 135–37] |url=https://archive.org/details/botanybriefintro00rost/page/135 }}</ref> Later, the zygote will give rise to the embryo of the seed, and the endosperm mother cell will give rise to [[endosperm]], a nutritive tissue used by the embryo.

Fruit formation is associated with [[meiosis]], a central aspect of [[Sexual reproduction|sexual]] reproduction in flowering plants. During meiosis [[homologous chromosome]]s replicate, [[genetic recombination|recombine]] and randomly segregate, and then undergo segregation of [[sister chromatids]] to produce [[haploid]] cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yazhong |last2=van Rengs |first2=Willem M. J. |last3=Zaidan |first3=Mohd Waznul Adly Mohd |last4=Underwood |first4=Charles J. |title=Meiosis in crops: from genes to genomes |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=72 |issue=18 |pages=6091–6109 |date=September 2021 |pmid=34009331 |pmc=8483783 |doi=10.1093/jxb/erab217}}</ref> Union of haploid nuclei from [[pollen]] and [[ovule]] ([[fertilisation]]), occurring either by [[autogamy|self]]- or cross-[[pollination]], leads to the formation of a diploid [[zygote]] that can then develop into an [[embryo]] within the emerging seed. Repeated fertilisations within the [[ovary]] are accompanied by maturation of the ovary to form the fruit.

As the ovules develop into seeds, the ovary begins to ripen and the ovary wall, the ''pericarp'', may become fleshy (as in berries or [[drupe]]s), or it may form a hard outer covering (as in nuts). In some multi-seeded fruits, the extent to which a fleshy structure develops is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mauseth |title=Botany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PP14 |pages=Chapter 9: Flowers and Reproduction |no-pp=true |isbn=978-0-7637-2134-3 |year=2003 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053426/https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PP14#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The pericarp typically is differentiated into two or three distinct layers; these are called the ''exocarp'' (outer layer, epicarp), ''mesocarp'' (middle layer), and ''endocarp'' (inner layer).

In some fruits, the [[sepal]]s, [[petal]]s, [[stamen]]s or [[Gynoecium|the style]] of the flower fall away as the fleshy fruit ripens. However, for simple fruits derived from an ''[[inferior ovary#Classification based on position|inferior ovary]]'' – i.e., one that lies {{em|below}} the attachment of other floral parts – there are parts (including petals, sepals, and stamens) that fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. For such a case, when floral parts other than the ovary form a significant part of the fruit that develops, it is called an [[#accessory fruit|accessory fruit]]. Examples of accessory fruits include apple, rose hip, strawberry, and pineapple.

Because several parts of the flower besides the ovary may contribute to the structure of a fruit, it is important to understand how a particular fruit forms.<ref name="Mauseth271" /> There are three general modes of fruit development:

* [[gynoecium#Types|Apocarpous]] fruits develop from a ''single flower'' (while having one or more separate, unfused, carpels); they are the [[#Simple fruit|simple fruits]].
* [[gynoecium#Types|Syncarpous]] fruits develop from a ''single [[gynoecium]]'' (having two or more carpels fused together).
* [[#Multiple fruits|Multiple fruits]] form from many flowers – i.e., an inflorescence of flowers.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Nectarine Fruit Development.jpg|The development sequence of a typical [[drupe]], the [[nectarine]] (''Prunus persica'') over a 7.5-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit [[ripening]] in midsummer
File:Mature flower diagram.svg|The parts of a flower, showing the stigma-style-ovary system.
File:Pome apples text.jpg|An apple is a simple, fleshy fruit. Key parts are the epicarp, or exocarp, or outer skin (not labelled); and the mesocarp and endocarp (labelled).
image:Ovary position.svg|Insertion point: There are three positions of insertion of the ovary at the base of a flower: I superior; II half-inferior; III inferior. The 'insertion point' is where the [[androecium]] parts (a), the petals (p), and the sepals (s) all converge and attach to the receptacle (r). (Ovary=gynoecium (g).)
File:Noni fruit dev.jpg|In the [[noni]], flowers are produced in time-sequence along the stem. It is possible to see a progression of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening.
Tweelinggroei appels.jpg|Twin apples
</gallery>

==Classification of fruits==
[[File:DewberriesWeb.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dewberry]] flowers. Note the multiple [[pistil]]s, each of which will produce a [[drupe]]let. Each flower will become a blackberry-like [[aggregate fruit]].]]
[[File:Rubus caesius fruit - Keila.jpg|thumb|upright|Dewberry fruit]]

Consistent with the three modes of fruit development, plant scientists have classified fruits into three main groups: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple (or composite) fruits.<ref name="plants_systematics">{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Gurcharan |title= Plants Systematics: An Integrated Approach |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA83 |year= 2004 |publisher= Science Publishers |isbn= 978-1-57808-351-0 |page= 83 |access-date= 2020-05-09 |archive-date= 2024-01-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053419/https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status= live }}</ref> The groupings reflect how the ovary and other flower organs are arranged and how the fruits develop, but they are not evolutionarily relevant as diverse plant [[taxa]] may be in the same group.

While the section of a [[fungus]] that produces [[spore]]s is called a ''fruiting'' body,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sporophore from Encyclopædia Britannica|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560984/sporophore|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222204440/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560984/sporophore|archive-date=2011-02-22}}</ref> fungi are members of the [[Fungi|Fungi kingdom]] and not of the [[Plantae|plant kingdom]].

=== Simple fruits ===
[[Image:Milkweed-in-seed.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A dry simple fruit: milkweed (''[[Asclepias syriaca]]''); dehiscence of the [[Follicle (fruit)|follicular]] fruit reveals seeds within]]
Simple fruits are the result of the ripening-to-fruit of a simple or compound ovary in a single flower with a single [[Carpel|pistil]]. In contrast, a single flower with numerous pistils typically produces an [[#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruit]]; and the merging of several flowers, or a 'multiple' of flowers, results in a 'multiple' fruit.<ref name="Schlegel 2003 16">{{cite book |last=Schlegel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA16 |page=16 |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref> A simple fruit is further classified as either dry or fleshy.

To distribute their seeds, dry fruits may split open and discharge their seeds to the winds, which is called [[dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schlegel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA123 |page=123 |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA123 |url-status=live }}</ref> Or the distribution process may rely upon the decay and degradation of the fruit to expose the seeds; or it may rely upon the eating of fruit and excreting of seeds by [[frugivores]] – both are called [[dehiscence (botany)|indehiscence]]. Fleshy fruits do not dehisce, and may rely on frugivores for distribution of their seeds. Typically, the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible [[pericarp]].

Types of dry simple fruits, (with examples) include:
* [[Achene]] – most commonly seen in aggregate fruits (e.g., [[strawberry]], see below)
* [[Capsule (fruit)|Capsule]] – ([[Brazil nut]]: botanically, it is not a nut)
* [[Caryopsis]] – (cereal grains, including [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[oats]], [[barley]])
* [[Achene|Cypsela]] – an achene-like fruit derived from the individual florets in a [[Head (botany)|capitulum]]: ([[dandelion]])
* [[Drupe|Fibrous drupe]] – ([[coconut]], [[walnut]]: botanically, neither is a true nut.)
* [[Follicle (fruit)|Follicle]] – follicles are formed from a single carpel, and opens by one suture: ([[milkweed]]); commonly seen in aggregate fruits: ([[magnolia]], [[peony]])
* [[Legume]] – ([[bean]], [[pea]], [[peanut]]: botanically, the peanut is the seed of a legume, not a nut)
* [[Loment]] – a type of [[indehiscent]] legume: ([[Hedysarum|sweet vetch or wild potato]])
* [[Nut (fruit)|Nut]] – ([[beech#Description|beechnut]], [[hazelnut]], [[acorn]] (of the [[oak]]): botanically, these are true nuts)
* [[Samara (fruit)|Samara]] – ([[Ash tree|ash]], [[elm]], [[maple|maple key]])
* [[Schizocarp]], see below – ([[carrot#Description|carrot seed]])
* [[Silique]] – ([[radish]] seed)
* Silicle – ([[shepherd's purse]])
* [[Utricle (fruit)|Utricle]] – ([[beet]], ''[[Rumex]]'')

Fruits in which part or all of the [[Fruit anatomy#Pericarp layers|''pericarp'' (fruit wall)]] is fleshy at maturity are termed ''fleshy simple fruits''.

Types of fleshy simple fruits, (with examples) include:
* [[Berry (botany)|Berry]] – the berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit. The entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible "pericarp", (see below).
* [[Stone fruit]] or drupe – the definitive characteristic of a drupe is the hard, "lignified" [[Pyrena|stone]] (sometimes called the "pit"). It is derived from the ovary wall of the flower: [[apricot]], [[cherry]], [[olive]], [[peach]], [[plum]], [[mango]].
* [[Pome]] – the pome fruits: [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[rosehip]]s, [[saskatoon berry]], etc., are a [[syncarpous#Types|syncarpous]] (fused) fleshy fruit, a simple fruit, developing from a half-inferior ovary.<ref name="evolutionary_trends_in_flowering_plants">{{cite book |title= Evolutionary trends in flowering plants |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=c11HBwElG-4C&pg=PA209 |year= 1991 |publisher= Columbia University Press |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-231-07328-8 |page= 209 |access-date= 2020-05-09 |archive-date= 2024-01-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=c11HBwElG-4C&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status= live }}</ref> Pomes are of the family [[Rosaceae]].

==== Berries ====

{{Main|Berry (botany)|Berry}}

[[File:Bananavarieties.jpg|thumb|Fruits of four different [[List of banana cultivars|banana cultivars]]. (Bananas are berries.)]]
[[File:Strawberry surface close up macro.jpg|thumb|Strawberry, showing achenes attached to surface. Botanically, strawberries are not berries; they are classified as an [[aggregate fruit|aggregate]] [[accessory fruit]].]]
[[File:Magnolia wieseneri - labelled gynoecium.jpg|thumb|Flower of [[Magnolia × wieseneri|''Magnolia'' × ''wieseneri'']] showing the many pistils making up the [[gynoecium]] in the middle of the flower. The fruit of this flower is an aggregation of follicles.]]

Berries are a type of simple fleshy fruit that issue from a single ovary.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qwuBXeczzgC&q=berry+type+of+fleshy+fruit+are+simple+fruit+created+from+single+ovary&pg=PT56|title=Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing|last1=Sinha|first1=Nirmal|last2=Sidhu|first2=Jiwan|last3=Barta|first3=Jozsef|last4=Wu|first4=James|last5=Cano|first5=M. Pilar|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-35263-2|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053821/https://books.google.com/books?id=1qwuBXeczzgC&q=berry+type+of+fleshy+fruit+are+simple+fruit+created+from+single+ovary&pg=PT56#v=snippet&q=berry%20type%20of%20fleshy%20fruit%20are%20simple%20fruit%20created%20from%20single%20ovary&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> (The ovary itself may be compound, with several carpels.) The botanical term ''true berry'' includes grapes, currants, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines), tomatoes, chili peppers, and bananas, but excludes certain fruits that are called "-berry" by culinary custom or by common usage of the term – such as strawberries and raspberries. Berries may be formed from one or more carpels (i.e., from the simple or compound ovary) from the same, single flower. Seeds typically are embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary.

Examples include:
* [[Tomato]] – in culinary terms, the tomato is regarded as a vegetable, but it is botanically classified as a fruit and a berry.<ref name="abadi">{{cite web |author1=Mark Abadi |title=A tomato is actually a fruit — but it's a vegetable at the same time |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/tomato-fruit-or-vegetable-2018-5 |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=21 November 2019 |date=26 May 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215004602/https://www.businessinsider.com/tomato-fruit-or-vegetable-2018-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Banana]] – the fruit has been described as a "leathery berry".<ref>Smith, James P. (1977). Vascular Plant Families. Eureka, Calif.: Mad River Press. ISBN 978-0-916422-07-3.</ref> In cultivated varieties, the seeds are diminished nearly to non-existence.
* [[Pepo (botany)|Pepo]] – berries with skin that is hardened: [[Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]], including gourds, squash, melons.
* [[Hesperidium]] – berries with a rind and a juicy interior: most [[citrus]] fruit.
* [[Cranberry]], [[gooseberry]], [[redcurrant]], [[grape]].

The strawberry, regardless of its appearance, is classified as a dry, not a fleshy fruit. Botanically, it is not a [[berry (botany)#Accessory fruits|berry]]; it is an [[accessory fruit|aggregate-accessory]] fruit, the latter term meaning the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] that holds the [[Ovary (botany)|ovaries]].<ref name="Esau">Esau, K. (1977). ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York. {{ISBN|0-471-24520-8}}</ref> Numerous dry [[achene]]s are attached to the outside of the fruit-flesh; they appear to be seeds but each is actually an ovary of a flower, with a seed inside.<ref name="Esau" />

[[Schizocarp]]s are dry fruits, though some appear to be fleshy. They originate from syncarpous ovaries but do not actually [[dehiscence (botany)|dehisce]]; rather, they split into segments with one or more seeds. They include a number of different forms from a wide range of families, including [[carrot]], [[parsnip]], [[parsley]], [[cumin]].<ref name="plants_systematics" />

=== Aggregate fruits ===
{{Main|Aggregate fruit}}

[[File:Longitudinal section of raspberry flower.gif|upright 1.5|thumb|Detail of the raspberry flower: there is a clustering of pistils at the center of the flower. (A pistil consists of stigma, style, and ovary.) The [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] is the apical (at the apex) nodule that receives pollen; the [[Style (botany)|style]] is the stem-like column that extends down to the [[ovary (botany)|ovary]], which is the basal part that contains the seed-forming [[ovule]].]]

An aggregate fruit, aggregation, or ''[[etaerio]]'' develops from a single flower that presents numerous simple [[pistil]]s.<ref name="Schlegel 2003 16"/> Each pistil contains one [[carpel]]; together, they form a fruitlet. Different types of aggregate fruits consist of multiple achenes, drupelets, follicles, and berries.

* For example, the Ranunculaceae species, including ''[[Clematis]]'' and ''[[Ranunculus]]'', produces an etaerio of [[achene]]s;
* ''[[Rubus]]'' species, including raspberry: an etaerio of [[drupelet]]s;
* ''[[Calotropis]]'' species: an etaerio of [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]]s fruit;
* ''[[Annona]]'' species: an etaerio of [[berries]].<ref name=Gupta>{{cite book|title=Genetics Classical To Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIfSEdff6YgC&pg=RA1-PA2134|author=Gupta, Prof. P.K.|publisher=Rastogi Publication|pages=2–134|isbn=978-81-7133-896-2|year=2007|access-date=2015-11-28|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053940/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIfSEdff6YgC&pg=RA1-PA2134#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rkv.rgukt.in/content/Biology/47Module/47fruit.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314122527/http://www.rkv.rgukt.in/content/Biology/47Module/47fruit.pdf|archive-date=March 14, 2022|title=Rgukt.in|website=www.rkv.rgukt.in}}</ref>

Some other broadly recognized species and their etaerios (or aggregations) are:
* [[Teasel]]; fruit is an aggregation of [[cypsela (botany)|cypsela]]s.
* [[tuliptree#Description|Tuliptree]]; fruit is an aggregation of [[samara (fruit)|samaras]].
* [[Magnolia]] and [[peony#Morphology|peony]]; fruit is an aggregation of follicles.
* [[liquidambar#Species|American sweet gum]]; fruit is an aggregation of capsules.
* [[Platanus occidentalis#Description|Sycamore]]; fruit is an aggregation of achenes.

The pistils of the [[raspberry]] are called ''drupelets'' because each pistil is like a small [[drupe]] attached to the receptacle. In some [[bramble]] fruits, such as [[blackberry]], the receptacle, an accessory part, elongates and then develops as part of the fruit, making the blackberry an [[#Accessory fruit|aggregate-accessory]] fruit.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGee |title=On Food and Cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA361 |pages=361–62 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053822/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA361#v=snippet&q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The strawberry is an aggregate-accessory fruit, with its seeds in [[achene]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGee |title=On Food and Cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA364 |pages=364–65 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053947/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA364#v=snippet&q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Hybrid fruits ===

[[File:A_hybrid_lime_in_India.jpg|thumb|A rangpur]]

Hybrid fruits such as [[tayberry]] and strawberry are created through the controlled [[speciation]] of fruits that creates new varieties and cross-breeds. [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrids]] are grown using [[plant propagation]] to create new [[cultivars]]. This may introduce an entirely new type of fruit or improve the properties of an existing fruit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=11 Odd Hybrid Fruits and Vegetables |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/53101/11-odd-hybrid-fruits-and-vegetables}}</ref>

=== Multiple fruits ===

{{further|Multiple fruit|Accessory fruit}}

A multiple fruit such as a fig or mulberry is formed from a cluster of flowers, an ''[[inflorescence]]''. Each ('smallish') flower produces a single fruitlet, which, as all develop, all merge into one mass of fruit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schlegel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA282 |page=282 |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053823/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA282 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Seedless fruits ==

[[File:Pineapple 'Victoria' with slice.jpg|thumb|The fruit of a pineapple includes tissue from the [[sepal]]s as well as the [[pistil]]s of many flowers. It is a [[#Accessory fruit|multiple-accessory fruit]].]]

Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial [[cultivar]]s of bananas and pineapples are examples of [[seedless fruit]]s. Some cultivars of [[citrus]] fruits, [[table grape]]s, and [[watermelon]]s are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of ''[[parthenocarpy]]'', where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit-set may (or may not) require pollination, but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agusti |first1=Manuel |last2=Primo-Millo |first2=Eduardo |date=2020 |title=The Genus Citrus |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128121634000115 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |pages=219–244 |isbn=978-0-12-812163-4 |access-date=2021-10-28 |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028010214/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128121634000115 |url-status=live }}</ref> Seedless bananas and grapes are [[triploid]]s, and seedlessness results from the abortion of the [[embryo]]nic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as ''[[stenospermocarpy]]'', which requires normal pollination and fertilization.<ref name="Spiegel87">{{cite book |last=Spiegel-Roy |first=P. |author2=E.E. Goldschmidt |title=The Biology of Citrus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmRJnd73dbYC&q=parthenocarpy&pg=PA87 |year=1996 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-33321-4 |pages=87–88 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Seed dispersal ==

Variations in fruit structures largely depend on the [[Biological dispersal|modes of dispersal]] applied to their seeds. Dispersal is achieved by wind or water, by [[explosive dehiscence]], and by interactions with animals.<ref name="Capon198">{{cite book |last=Capon |first=Brian |title=Botany for Gardeners |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2s9v__6rp4C&q=coconut+dispersal&pg=PA198 |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-655-2 |pages=198–99 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054356/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2s9v__6rp4C&q=coconut+dispersal&pg=PA198 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some fruits present their outer skins or shells coated with spikes or hooked burrs; these evolved either to deter would-be foragers from feeding on them or to serve to attach themselves to the hair, feathers, legs, or clothing of animals, thereby using them as dispersal agents. These plants are termed [[zoochorous]]; common examples include [[cocklebur]], [[unicorn plant]], and [[beggarticks|beggarticks (or Spanish needle)]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Heiser |first=Charles B. |title=Weeds in My Garden: Observations on Some Misunderstood Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nN1ohECdSC8C&q=cocklebur&pg=PA93 |year=2003 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-562-3 |pages=93–95 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054449/https://books.google.com/books?id=nN1ohECdSC8C&q=cocklebur&pg=PA93 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heiser |title=Weeds in My Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nN1ohECdSC8C&q=cocklebur&pg=PA164 |pages=162–64 |isbn=978-0-88192-562-3 |year=2003 |publisher=Timber Press |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054359/https://books.google.com/books?id=nN1ohECdSC8C&q=cocklebur&pg=PA164 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By developments of mutual evolution, the fleshy produce of fruits typically appeals to hungry animals, such that the seeds contained within are taken in, carried away, and later deposited (i.e., [[Defecation|defecated]]) at a distance from the parent plant. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] typically motivate birds and [[squirrel]]s to [[hoarding|hoard]] them, burying them in soil to retrieve later during the winter of scarcity; thereby, uneaten seeds are sown effectively under natural conditions to [[Germination|germinate]] and grow a new plant some distance away from the parent.<ref name="McGee247"/>

Other fruits have evolved flattened and elongated wings or helicopter-like blades, e.g., [[elm]], [[maple]], and [[tuliptree]]. This mechanism increases dispersal distance away from the parent via wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny "[[Pappus (flower structure)|parachutes]]", e.g., [[dandelion]], [[Asclepias|milkweed]], [[Tragopogon|salsify]].<ref name="Capon198"/>

[[Coconut]] fruits can float for some time in the ocean, thereby spreading their seeds. Other fruits that can disperse via water are [[nipa palm]] and [[screw pine]].<ref name="Capon198"/>

Some fruits have evolved propulsive mechanisms that fling seeds substantial distances – perhaps up to {{cvt|100|m}} in the case of the [[sandbox tree]] – via explosive dehiscence or other such mechanisms (see [[impatiens]] and [[squirting cucumber]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Feldkamp |first=Susan |title=Modern Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/modernbiology00feld |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |isbn=978-0-88192-562-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernbiology00feld/page/634 634]}}</ref>

== Food uses ==

{{Cookbook|Fruit}}[[File:Fruits for sale in a market in France.jpg|thumb|A selection of fruit for sale in a market in France]]

[[File:Picking blackberries in Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|Picking blackberries in [[Oklahoma]]]] A large variety of fruits – fleshy (simple) fruits from apples to berries to watermelon; dry (simple) fruits including beans and rice and coconuts; aggregate fruits including strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, pawpaw; and multiple fruits such as pineapple, fig, mulberries – are commercially valuable as human food. They are eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other [[fruit preserves]]. They are used extensively in manufactured and processed foods (cakes, cookies, baked goods, flavorings, ice cream, yogurt, canned vegetables, frozen vegetables and meals) and beverages such as fruit juices and [[alcoholic beverages]] (brandy, [[fruit beer]], wine).<ref>{{cite book |last=McGee |title=On Food and Cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&pg=PA350 |pages=Chapter 7: A Survey of Common Fruits |no-pp=true |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054329/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&pg=PA350#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Spices like vanilla, black pepper, paprika, and [[allspice]] are derived from berries. [[Olive|Olive fruit]] is pressed for [[olive oil]] and similar processing is applied to other oil-bearing fruits and vegetables.<ref>{{cite book |last=Farrell |first=Kenneth T. |title=Spices, Condiments and Seasonings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehAFUhWV4QMC&pg=PA17 |year=1999 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-8342-1337-1 |pages=17–19 |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054326/https://books.google.com/books?id=ehAFUhWV4QMC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Some fruits are available all year round, while others (such as blackberries and apricots in the UK) are subject to [[seasonal food|seasonal]] availability.<ref>[[National Farmers' Union of England and Wales|NFU]], [https://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/articles/a-guide-to-british-fruit-and-vegetables/ A guide to British fruit and vegetables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625035429/https://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/articles/a-guide-to-british-fruit-and-vegetables/ |date=2023-06-25 }}, ''Countryside'', published 6 October 2022, accessed 25 June 2023</ref>

Fruits are used for socializing and gift-giving in the form of [[fruit basket]]s and [[fruit bouquet]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Gift Baskets for the Holidays - Consumer Reports|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/11/best-gift-baskets-for-the-holidays/index.htm|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.consumerreports.org|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214831/https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/11/best-gift-baskets-for-the-holidays/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Connor|first=Clare|title=How Edible Arrangements Sold $500 Million Of Fruit Bouquets In 2013|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2014/04/08/how-edible-arrangements-sold-500-million-of-fruit-bouquets-in-2013/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521010141/https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2014/04/08/how-edible-arrangements-sold-500-million-of-fruit-bouquets-in-2013/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Typically, many botanical fruits – "vegetables" in culinary parlance – (including tomato, green beans, leaf greens, bell pepper, cucumber, eggplant, okra, pumpkin, squash, zucchini) are bought and sold daily in fresh produce markets and [[greengrocer]]ies and carried back to kitchens, at home or restaurant, for preparation of meals.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGee |title=On Food and Cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&pg=PA300 |pages=Chapter 6: A Survey of Common Vegetables |no-pp=true |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054327/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Storage ===

All fruits benefit from proper post-harvest care, and in many fruits, the plant hormone [[Ethylene-ripened fruits|ethylene]] causes [[ripening]]. Therefore, maintaining most fruits in an efficient [[cold chain]] is optimal for post-harvest storage, with the aim of extending and ensuring shelf life.<ref name=pxkf>Why Cold Chain for Fruits: {{cite web |first= Pawanexh |last= Kohli |year= 2008 |title= Fruits and Vegetables Post-Harvest Care: The Basics |url= http://crosstree.info/Documents/Care%20of%20F%20n%20V.pdf |publisher= Crosstree Techno-visors |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161204061346/http://www.crosstree.info/Documents/Care |archive-date= 2016-12-04 |access-date= 2009-09-28 }}</ref>

=== Nutritional value ===

[[File:Fruit Nutrition.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Comparing fresh fruits for fiber, potassium (K), and vitamin C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/|title=USDA FoodData Central|website=fdc.nal.usda.gov|access-date=2025-06-18|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115162310/http://fdc.nal.usda.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> Each disk-point refers to a {{cvt|100|g}} serving of the fresh fruit named. The size of the disk represents the amount of fiber (as percentage of the [[recommended daily allowance|recommended daily allowance, RDA]]) in a serving of fruit (see key at upper right). The amount of vitamin C (as percent RDA) is plotted on the x–axis and the amount of potassium (K), in mg on the y–axis. Bananas are high in value for fiber and potassium, and oranges for fiber and vitamin C. (Apricots are highest in potassium; strawberries are rich in vitamin C.) Watermelon, providing low levels of both K and vitamin C and almost no fiber, is of least value for the three [[nutrient]]s together.]]

A meta-analysis of 83 studies showed fruit or vegetable consumption is associated with reduced markers of inflammation (reduced [[tumor necrosis factor]] and [[C-reactive protein]]) and enhanced immune cell profile (increased [[gamma delta T cell]]s).<ref name="pmid29931038">{{cite journal | vauthors=Hosseini B, Berthon BS, Wood LG | title = Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on inflammatory biomarkers and immune cell populations: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis | journal= [[The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]] | volume=108 | issue=1 | pages=136–155 | year=2018| doi = 10.1093/ajcn/nqy082 | pmid = 29931038 }}</ref>

Various culinary fruits provide significant amounts of [[Dietary fiber|fiber]] and water, and many are generally high in [[vitamin C]].<ref name=Hulme1970>{{cite book |year=1970 |author =Hulme AC |title=The Biochemistry of Fruits and Their Products |place=London & New York |publisher=Academic Press }}</ref> An overview of numerous studies showed that fruits (e.g., whole apples or whole oranges) are satisfying (filling) by simply eating and chewing them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Holt|first1=S. H.|last2=Miller|first2=J. C. |last3=Petocz|first3=P. |last4=Farmakalidis|first4=E.|date=September 1995 |title=A satiety index of common foods|journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=49 |issue=9|pages=675–690|issn=0954-3007|pmid=7498104}}</ref>

The dietary fiber consumed in eating fruit promotes [[satiety]], and may help to control body weight and aid reduction of blood [[cholesterol]], a [[Risk factor (epidemiology)|risk factor]] for [[cardiovascular diseases]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=L.|last2=Rosner|first2=B.|last3=Willett|first3=W. W.|last4=Sacks|first4=F. M.|date=January 1999|title=Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=69|issue=1|pages=30–42|doi=10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30|issn=0002-9165|pmid=9925120|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fruit consumption is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, Greenwood DC, Riboli E, Vatten LJ, Tonstad S |title=Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|date=2017 |volume=46|issue=3|pages=1029–1056|doi=10.1093/ije/dyw319 |doi-access=free |pmid=28338764|pmc=5837313}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Angelino D, Godos J, Ghelfi F, Tieri M, Titta L, Lafranconi A, Marventano S, Alonzo E, Gambera A, Sciacca S, Buscemi S, Ray S, Galvano F, Del Rio D, Grosso G|title=Fruit and vegetable consumption and health outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies|journal=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition|date=2019|volume=70|issue=6|pages=652–667|doi=10.1080/09637486.2019.1571021|pmid=30764679|s2cid=73455999|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/7725224|archive-date=2024-01-30|access-date=2023-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054332/https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Fruit_and_vegetable_consumption_and_health_outcomes_an_umbrella_review_of_observational_studies/7725224|url-status=live}}</ref> Regular consumption of fruit is generally associated with reduced risks of several diseases and functional declines associated with aging.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lim|first1=Stephen S.|last2=Vos|first2=Theo|last3=Flaxman|first3=Abraham D.|last4=Danaei|first4=Goodarz|last5=Shibuya|first5=Kenji|last6=Adair-Rohani|first6=Heather|last7=Amann|first7=Markus|last8=Anderson|first8=H. Ross|last9=Andrews|first9=Kathryn G.|date=2012-12-15|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|issn=1474-547X|pmc=4156511|pmid=23245609 |bibcode=2012Lanc..380.2224L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xia |last2=Ouyang |first2=Yingying |last3=Liu |first3=Jun |last4=Zhu |first4=Minmin |last5=Zhao |first5=Gang |last6=Bao |first6=Wei |last7=Hu |first7=Frank B. |title=Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.) |volume=349 |date=29 July 2014 |pmid=25073782 |pmc=4115152 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g4490 |page=g4490}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yip|first1=Cynthia Sau Chun|last2=Chan|first2=Wendy|last3=Fielding|first3=Richard|date=March 2019|title=The Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes with Burden of Diseases: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses|journal=Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics|volume=119|issue=3|pages=464–481|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.007|issn=2212-2672|pmid=30639206|s2cid=58628014}}</ref>

=== Food safety ===

For [[food safety]], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of [[food contamination]] and [[foodborne illness]]. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected; at the store, they should not be damaged or bruised; and precut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice.

All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendation applies even to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage.

Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as from utensils that have come in contact with raw foods. Fruits and vegetables that are not going to be cooked should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood, or eggs.

All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours. After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness.<ref name=cdc>{{cite web |url=http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/health_professionals/food_safety.html |title=Nutrition for Everyone: Fruits and Vegetables – DNPAO – CDC |work=fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509004401/http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/health_professionals/food_safety.html |archive-date=2009-05-09}}</ref>

=== Allergies ===

Fruit allergies make up about 10 percent of all food-related allergies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=286 |title=Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America |publisher=Aafa.org |access-date=2014-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006052320/http://aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=286 |archive-date=2012-10-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qS8DqmZLHPUC&q=fruit+peel+allergen&pg=PA171 |title=The Wellness Project |author=Roy Mankovitz |date=2010 |publisher=Montecito Wellness LLC |access-date=2014-04-25 |isbn=978-0-9801584-4-1 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054434/https://books.google.com/books?id=qS8DqmZLHPUC&q=fruit+peel+allergen&pg=PA171#v=snippet&q=fruit%20peel%20allergen&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Nonfood uses ==

[[File:PorcelainBerry.JPG|thumb|[[Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata|Porcelain vine]] is usually planted for its [[ornamental plant|showy]], colourful berries.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/porcelain-vine#destination |title= Porcelain vine |access-date= 2020-11-24 |publisher= The Morton Arboretum |archive-date= 2020-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201225184959/https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/porcelain-vine#destination }}</ref>]]

Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, various cultures have developed many different uses for fruits they do not depend on for food. For example:

* [[Bayberry]] fruits provide a wax often used to make candles;<ref>{{cite book |last=K |first=Amber |title=Candlemas: Feast of Flames |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQL4W13EYlUC&q=bayberry&pg=PA155 |date=December 1, 2001 |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |isbn=978-0-7387-0079-3 |page=155 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |archive-date=January 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054858/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQL4W13EYlUC&q=bayberry&pg=PA155#v=snippet&q=bayberry&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements (e.g., [[annual honesty]], [[cotoneaster]], [[Nelumbo|lotus]], [[milkweed]], [[unicorn plant]], and [[wheat]]). [[Ornamental tree]]s and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including [[beautyberry]], [[cotoneaster]], [[holly]], [[pyracantha]], [[skimmia]], and [[viburnum]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Denise Wiles |title=Restoring American Gardens: An Encyclopedia of Heirloom Ornamental Plants, 1640–1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J30SOqPLMOEC&pg=PA3 |year=2004 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-619-4 |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054835/https://books.google.com/books?id=J30SOqPLMOEC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Fruits of [[opium poppy]] are the source of [[opium]], which contains the drugs [[codeine]] and [[morphine]], as well as the biologically inactive chemical [[thebaine]] from which the drug [[oxycodone]] is synthesized.<ref>{{cite book |last=Booth |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Booth |title=Opium: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHRyZEQ5rC4C |year=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-20667-3 |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054836/https://books.google.com/books?id=kHRyZEQ5rC4C |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Osage orange]] fruits are used to repel [[cockroach]]es.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cothran |first=James R. |title=Gardens and Historic Plants of the Antebellum South |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8OcSmOKeCkC&q=cockroaches&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-501-2 |page=221 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Many fruits provide [[natural dye]]s (e.g., [[cherry]], [[mulberry]], [[sumac]], and [[walnut]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Adrosko |first=Rita J. |title=Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing: A Practical Guide with over 150 Recipes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EElNckPn0FUC |year=1971 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-22688-0 |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054946/https://books.google.com/books?id=EElNckPn0FUC |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Dried [[gourd]]s are used as bird houses, cups, decorations, dishes, musical instruments, and water jugs.
* [[Pumpkin]]s are carved into [[Jack-o'-lantern]]s for [[Halloween]].<ref>Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle", in ''Twice-Told Tales'', 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!</ref>
* The fibrous core of the mature and dry [[Luffa]] fruit is used as a sponge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grow Your Own Loofah Sponges at Home for Pennies (Yes, You Really Can!) |url=https://draxe.com/beauty/loofah-sponge/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Dr. Axe |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102232850/https://draxe.com/beauty/loofah-sponge/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The spiny fruit of [[burdock]] or [[cocklebur]] inspired the invention of [[Velcro]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Wake |first=Warren |title=Design Paradigms: A Sourcebook for Creative Visualization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2n1BCqxWjcC&pg=PA162 |year=2000 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |pages=162–63 |isbn=978-0-471-29976-9 |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054941/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2n1BCqxWjcC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Coir]] fiber from [[coconut]] shells is used for brushes, doormats, floor tiles, insulation, mattresses, sacking, and as a growing medium for container plants. The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make bird houses, bowls, cups, musical instruments, and souvenir heads.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.coconut.com/museum/uses.html |title= The Many Uses of the Coconut |access-date= 2006-09-14 |publisher= The Coconut Museum |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060906231208/http://www.coconut.com/museum/uses.html |archive-date= 2006-09-06 }}</ref>
* The hard and colorful grain fruits of [[Job's tears]] are used as decorative beads for jewelry, garments, and ritual objects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watt |first1=George |author1-link=George Watt (botanist) |title=Coix spp. (Job's tears) |journal=Agricultural Ledger |volume=11 |number=13 |date=1904 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlbyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA189 |page=191 |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054942/https://books.google.com/books?id=nlbyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA189#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Fruit tree]]
* [[Fruitarianism]]
* [[List of countries by fruit production]]
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of foods]]
* [[List of fruit dishes]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Gollner, Adam J. (2010). ''The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce, and Obsession''. Scribner. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-9695-3}}.
* Watson, R. R., and Preedy, V.R. (2010, eds.). ''Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health: Fruits and Vegetables''. Academic Press. {{ISBN|978-0-12-374628-3}}.

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218043544/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/fruit-devel.htm Images of fruit development from flowers] at bioimages.Vanderbilt.edu (archived 18 February 2007)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170425010454/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/fruit-seed-dispersal.htm Fruit and seed dispersal images] at bioimages.Vanderbilt.edu (archived 25 April 2017)
* [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/frtfacts.html Fruit Facts] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712003428/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/frtfacts.html |date=2020-07-12 }} from California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.)
* [http://crosstree.info/Documents/Fruit%20ID0.pdf Photo ID of Fruits] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109110037/http://www.crosstree.info/Documents/Fruit%20ID0.pdf |date=2021-01-09 }} by Capt. Pawanexh Kohli)
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Fruit|short=x}}

{{Sister bar|auto=yes|wikt=fruit|cookbook=Fruit}}
{{Fruits}}
{{Botany}}
{{Veganism and vegetarianism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fruit| ]]
[[Category:Pollination]]
[[Category:Types of food]]

Guru Amar Das

2026-03-08T22:47:35Z

WECElbert296866:

{{Short description|Third Sikh guru from 1552 to 1574}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| image = 18th century painting of Guru Amar Das.jpg
| caption = Late 18th century painting of Guru Amar Das
| birth_name = Amar Das
| birth_date = 5 May 1479
| birth_place = Basarke, [[Delhi Sultanate]]<ref name=eosamardas/> {{small|(present-day [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1574|09|01|1479|05|05}}
| death_place = [[Goindwal Sahib]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| period = 1552–1574
| known_for = * [[Anand Sahib]]
* [[Sikh Manji]] system
* [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]],
* Sikh congregations at [[Diwali]], [[Vaisakhi]]
* Speaking against [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] Pratha and [[Purdah]] system
| predecessor = [[Guru Angad]]
| successor = [[Guru Ramdas]]
| spouse = [[Mansa Devi (Sikhism)|Mansa Devi]]
| children = Bhai Mohan (1507 - 1567) Bhai Mohri (1514 - 1569) Bibi Dani (1526 - 1569) [[Mata Bhani|Bibi Bhani]] (1532 - 1598)
| parents = Tej Bhan & Mata Lachmi Devi
| native_name = ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ
| native_name_lang = pa
| native name lang = pa
| location = [[Goindval]]
| other_name = ''Third Master'' ''Third Nanak''
}}
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'''Guru Amar Das''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pronunciation: {{IPA|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}}; 5 May 1479 – 1 September 1574), sometimes spelled as '''Guru Amardas''', was the third guru of [[Sikhism]] and became [[Sikh Guru]] on 26 March 1552 at age 73.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml }}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=The date is not mentioned in the article|date=March 2020}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ikeda |first=Atsushi |date=September 2019 |title=Cultural Negotiation in Early Sikh Imagery: Portraiture of the Sikh Gurus to 1849 |url=https://sikhresearchjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/articles/SRJ-Cultural_Negotiation_in_Early-Sikh%20Imagery_by_Atsushi_Ikeda_Sept2019.pdf |journal=Sikh Research Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=33 |quote=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) is the third Guru and was inaugurated in 1552 at the age of 73. |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112145054/https://sikhresearchjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/articles/SRJ-Cultural_Negotiation_in_Early-Sikh%20Imagery_by_Atsushi_Ikeda_Sept2019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Before becoming a Sikh (Shishya from Sanskrit), on a pilgrimage after having been prompted to search for a ''guru'', he heard his nephew's wife, [[Bibi Amro]], reciting a hymn by [[Guru Nanak]], and was deeply moved by it.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29"/> Amro was the daughter of [[Guru Angad]], the second Guru of the Sikhs. Amar Das persuaded Amro to introduce him to her father.<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> In 1539, Amar Das, at the age of sixty, met Guru Angad and became a Sikh, devoting himself to the Guru.<ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|page=37}}</ref> In 1552, before his death, Guru Angad appointed Amar Das as the third Guru of [[Sikhism]].<ref name="Farhadian2015p342"/>

Guru Amar Das was an important innovator in the teachings of Guru who introduced a religious organization called the [[Manji (Sikhism)|Manji system]] by appointing trained clergy, a system that expanded and survives into the contemporary era.<ref name="cole20" /><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> He also established the [[Piri (Sikhism)|Peerah system]] for propagating the religion to women.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=Sep 21, 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> He wrote and compiled hymns into a Pothi (book) that ultimately helped create the [[Adi Granth]].<ref name="Fenech2014p41" /><ref name="Balslev2014p39" /> He also enacted social reforms, such as by allowing widow remarriage, promoting intercaste alliance, encouraging monogamy, banning [[Sati (practice)|sati]], and discouraging [[purdah]].<ref name=":22" />

Amar Das remained the Guru of the Sikhs till age 95, and named his son-in-law Bhai Jetha, who was later remembered by the name [[Guru Ram Das]], as his successor.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref>

==Early life==

=== Family background and birth ===
Amar Das was born to mother Bakht Kaur (also known as Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, or Rup Kaur{{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) and father Tej Bhan Bhalla on 5 May 1479 in Basarke village in what is now called [[Amritsar district]] of [[Punjab]] (India).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> His grandfather was Hari Das.<ref name=":8" /> His family belonged to the Bhalla [[gotra]] (clan) of the [[Khatri]] tribe. Amar Das was the eldest child out of four sons.<ref name=":022" /> Amar Das worked as both an agriculturalist and a trader.<ref name=":022" />

==== Birth year ====
Whilst the most commonly accepted and recorded date for Guru Amar Das' birth year is 1479, many sources give a much later date of 1509.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Dalbir Singh |title=Sikhism: Origin and Development |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |year=1988 |pages=166}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469-1606 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908578 |volume=1 |pages=457–59 |chapter=Appendix III: Date of Birth of Guru Amar Das}}</ref>

Some sources that affirm the 1479 year of birth for the guru are: [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh's]] ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'', [[Karam Singh (historian)|Karam Singh's]] ''Gurpurab Nirnay'', [[Kahn Singh Nabha|Kahn Singh Nabha's]] ''[[Mahan Kosh]]'', [[Max Arthur Macauliffe|Max Arthur MaCauliffe]]'s ''The Sikh Religion'', and [[Giani Gian Singh|Giani Gian Singh's]] ''Panth Prakash'' and ''[[Twarikh Guru Khalsa]]''.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

Sources that give a later year of 1509 as the birth year for the guru are: [[Joseph Davey Cunningham|Joseph Davey Cunningham's]] ''History of the Sikhs'' and Kesar Singh Chibber's ''Bansavalinama''.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

[[Kavi Santokh Singh]] in the ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'' gives an even earlier year of birth of 1469, coinciding with [[Guru Nanak Gurpurab|Guru Nanak's]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

=== Marriage ===
In his early 20s, Amar Das married [[Mansa Devi (Sikhism)|Mansa Devi]] and they had four children which they named Dani (daughter; born in 1530), Bhani (daughter; born 3 August 1533), Mohan (son; born 11 March 1536), and Mohri (son; born 2 June 1539).{{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani was his favourite child of the four.<ref name=":8" />

=== Religious pilgrimages ===
Amar Das had followed the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]] for much of his life.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Gopal Singh |title=The Religion of the Sikhs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zc7wSs3R880C&pg=PA11 |year=1971 |publisher=Allied |isbn=978-0-210-22296-6 |page=11 |quote= Amar Das was a farmer-trader and a strong Vaishnavite before he met Guru Angad at a fairly advanced age.}}</ref> He was reputed to have gone on some twenty annual pilgrimages into the [[Himalayas]], to [[Haridwar]] on river [[Ganges]].<ref name=":022" /> About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a Hindu monk (''[[sadhu]]'') who asked him why he did not have a [[guru]] (teacher, spiritual counselor) and Amar Das decided to get one.<ref name="eosamardas" /><ref name=":022" /> On his return from his twentieth pilgrimage to the Ganges River, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of the Sikh Guru Angad, singing a hymn by [[Guru Nanak]].<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name=":022" /> Amro had been acquainted with Amar Das through her in-laws, whom Amar Das was related to (Amro was married to the son of Amar Das' brother).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> He learned from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met the second Guru of Sikhism and adopted him as his spiritual Guru who was much younger than his own age.<ref name="eosamardas" /><ref name=":022" />

=== Service of Guru Angad ===
[[File:Mural depicting Guru Angad and Guru Amar Das with attendants on a terrace from the Bhai Bahlo Darwaza of the Darbar of Ram Rai in Dehradun, circa pre-1688.jpg|thumb|Mural depicting Guru Angad and Guru Amar Das with attendants on a terrace from the Bhai Bahlo Darwaza of the Darbar of Ram Rai in Dehradun, circa 1676–1687]]
Amar Das is famous in the Sikh tradition for his relentless service to Guru Angad, with legends about waking up in the early hours and fetching water for his Guru's bath, cleaning and cooking for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoting much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.<ref name=eosamardas/>

Due to his selfless devotion to the second guru, Angad nominated Amar Das as his spiritual successor on 29 March 1552.<ref name=":8" />

==Guruship==
After eleven years most devoted service of Guru Angad and the sangats, Amar Das was nominated the third guru. Amar Das moved to [[Goindwal]] situated not far away from Khadur on the bank of river Beas on the high road to Lahore, about 8 kilometres from Kapurthala and 45 kms. from Amritsar. He did so to avoid the pending conflict with Angad's sons who had not approved of their supersession. Even at Goindwal he was harassed by Angad's son Datu. He went to Goindwal and said: "Only yesterday thou wert a water-carrier in our house, and today thou sittest as a Guru. "Saying this he kicked the Guru off his seat. Amar Das humbly said: "O great king, pardon me. Thou must have hurt thy foot." Amar Das retired from Goindwal and hid himself in a house at Basarke, his home village. Datu set himself up as the Guru. Amar Das was persuaded by [[Baba Buddha]] to return, and Datu, finding no following, went back to [[Khadur Sahib|Khadur]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Hari Ram Gupta|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. 1 The Sikh Guru's 1469-1708|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.ITheSikhGurus1469-1708|page=129}}</ref>

=== Teachings ===
[[File:Fresco of Guru Amar Das from above the entrance of the Baoli Sahib located in Goindwal.png|thumb|Fresco depiction of Guru Amar Das from Baoli Sahib, Goindwal]]
Guru Amar Das taught with his own life the meaning of Guru Service, also known in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] religious parlance as Guru ''Sewa''. (also spelt ''[[Sevā]])''. Amar Das emphasized both spiritual pursuits as well as an ethical daily life. He encouraged his followers to wake up before dawn, do their ablutions and then meditate in silent seclusion.<ref name=eosamardas/> A good devotee, taught Amar Das, should be truthful, keep his mind in control, eat only when hungry, seek the company of pious men, worship the Lord, make an honest living, serve holy men, not covet another's wealth and never slander others. He recommended holy devotion with Guru's image in his follower's hearts.<ref name=eosamardas/>

Guru Amar Das was also a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as [[sati (practice)|sati]] (a Hindu custom).<ref name=eosamardas/><ref>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9|page=120}}</ref> He encouraged the [[Kshatriya]] people to fight in order to protect people and for the sake of justice, stating this is [[Dharma]].<ref name="Sambhi2005p29">{{cite book|author1=W. Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79760-7|pages=29–30}}</ref> He promoted [[inter-caste marriage]]s, going against the traditional Punjabi social orthodoxy at the time by doing-so.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> He also promoted the remarriage of widows.<ref name=":7" /> He promulgated [[monogamy]] as the ideal romantic relationship type.<ref name=":7" />

=== Influence ===

==== Religious organization and missionary dissemination ====
Guru Amar Das started the tradition of appointing ''manji'' (zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called ''sangatias,'' whom were both men and women),<ref name="cole20" /><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> introduced the ''dasvandh'' ("the tenth" of income) system of revenue collection in the name of Guru and as pooled community religious resource,<ref name="Farhadian2015p342">{{cite book|author=Charles E. Farhadian|title=Introducing World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VV-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT342 |year=2015|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-1-4412-4650-9|pages=342}}</ref> and the famed ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]'' tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> He also started and inaugurated the 84-level [[step well]] called ''baoli'' at [[Goindval]] with a resting place, modeled along the lines of the Indian tradition of ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharmsala]]'', which then became a Sikh pilgrimage (''tirath'') center.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Another organization analogous of the Manji was the ''[[Piri System|Piri]],'' which involved an appointed preaching official and missionary for Sikh assemblies and congregations whom were all women and instructed to [[Women in Sikhism|spread Sikhism amongst womankind]] (especially women belonging to Muslim backgrounds).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> According to W. Owen Cole, establishment of the manji and piri systems may have been motivated by the large amounts of new converts coming into the Sikh faith, especially in the Punjab.<ref name=":0" /> However, many of these converts brought in beliefs and practices of their original faith, so the preachers were appointed to instruct them on proper Sikh orthodoxy and orthopraxy, essentially motivating them to choose the Sikh faith and all that comes with it, even if it involves discarding their old ways of spirituality in the process.<ref name=":0" /> He appointed women to become the congregation leaders of the jurisdictions of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> The women appointed for leading the Piri system of disseminating Sikhism to women were Bhani (his younger daughter), Bibi Dani (his elder daughter), and Bibi Pal, all of whom were intellectual types.<ref name=":3" /> The Piri system also educated womenfolk in social plus religious norms and customs.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Fresco depicting a Sikh ragi jatha musically performing using traditional instruments in the presence of Guru Amar Das from Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting a Sikh ''[[Ragi (Sikhism)|ragi jatha]]'' musically performing using traditional instruments in the presence of Guru Amar Das from Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879]]
Amar Das personally patronized the education of his son-in-law Jetha (future Guru Ram Das) in [[Hindustani classical music|North Indian classical music]], and Bhai Gurdas, in various languages and religious literature.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref>

==== Banning of Sati ====
Guru Amar Das was a strong opponent of ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'', the practice of widowed wives being immolated on the funeral pyre of their deceased husband during the latter's cremation.<ref name=":1" /> He states the following regarding the practice:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="Women are not Satis, who burn themselves with their husband's corpse. Rather they are Satis who die by the mere shock of separation from their husband And, they, too, ought to be considered as Satis, who abide in modesty and contentment, Who wait upon their Lord and rising in the morn ever remember him."|author=Guru Amar Das|title=''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787)|source=translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar}}

He further states:<ref name=":4" />

{{Blockquote|text="Women are burnt in the fire with their husbands They undergo sufficient pain by their death. And if they appreciated not their husbands Nanak, why should they be burnt at all?"|author=Guru Amar Das|title=translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar}}

==== Opposing the Purdah system ====
''[[Purdah]]'' is a traditional custom of women obscuring their face and bodies when in the company of men and secluding themselves from the company of men. Guru Amar Das was vehemently against this custom and is said to have once reprimanded the visiting ''[[raja]]'' (king) of Haripur and his wives when the latter observed the custom around him.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> One of the queens of the raja refused to part ways with veiling herself, in which the Guru responded: "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why halt thou come hither."<ref name=":3" />

==== Akbar ====
[[File:Painting of Mughal emperor Akbar meeting Guru Amar Das in 1567 at Goindwal.jpg|thumb|19th century painting of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] meeting Guru Amar Das in 1567 at [[Goindval|Goindwal]]]]
The [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] met Guru Amar Das. According to the Sikh legend, he neither received Akbar nor was Akbar directly ushered to him, rather the Guru suggested that Akbar like everyone sit on the floor and eat in the ''langar'' with everyone before their first meeting. Akbar, who sought to encourage tolerance and acceptance across religious lines, readily accepted the suggestion.<ref>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|page=22}}</ref> After the conclusion of the Langar, Akbar sat in the congregation with the rest of the sangat and asked the Guru a question.<ref>{{cite web|title=Noor-E-Ilahi|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm}}</ref> The Sikh hagiographies called ''janam-sakhis'' mention that Guru Amar Das persuaded Akbar to repeal the tax on Hindu pilgrims going to Haridwar.<ref>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|page=21}}</ref> Prominent Sikh figure [[Bhai Mani Singh]] (1718), mentions prior to the meeting Akbar pleaded the Guru for a blessing in annexing the difficult to capture [[Chittorgarh]], which the Guru gave and after the meeting he gave 84 villages in the name of his prominent Sikh [[Guru Ram Das]] after the Guru himself refused.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurmukh |title=Gurbilas Patshahi—6 |date=1997 |publisher=Punjabi University |location=Patiala |isbn=81-7380-493-5 |page=44 |edition=First}}</ref>

==== Rituals in Sikhism: wedding, festivals, funeral ====
Amar Das composed the rapturous hymn called ''Anand'' and made it a part of the ritual of Sikh marriage called "[[Anand Karaj]]", which literally means "blissful event".<ref>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYucLFfEIsC&pg=PA189 |year=2005|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6583-7|page=189}}, Quote: "The name of the wedding ceremony, anand karaj (anand = bliss, karaj = event), is derived from Guru Amar Das's rapturous hymn Anand (bliss)."</ref><ref name="Ruether2006p700">{{cite book|author1=Rosemary Skinner Keller|author2=Rosemary Radford Ruether|author3=Marie Cantlon|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA700 |year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34687-8|page=700}}</ref>

Amar Das believed that a successful marriage was one in which the souls of the husband and wife became one metaphorically:<ref name=":4" />

{{Blockquote|text="They are not husband and wife who sit together.

Rather are they wife and husband who have one sprit in two bodies"|author=Guru Amar Das|title=translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar}}

The ''Anand'' hymn is sung, in contemporary times, not only during Sikh weddings but also at major celebrations. Parts of the "Anand hymn" are recited in Sikh temples (''Gurdwara'') every evening, at the naming of a Sikh baby, as well as during a Sikh funeral.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> It is a section of the ''[[Anand Sahib]]'' composition of Guru Amar Das, printed on pages 917 to 922 of the ''Adi Granth'' and set to the "Ramkali" raga.<ref name=fenech35/><ref name="Mandair2013p89"/>

Guru Amar Das's entire ''Anand Sahib'' composition is a linguistic mix of Panjabi and Hindi languages, reflecting Guru Amar Das' upbringing and background. The hymn celebrates the freedom from suffering and anxiety, the union of the soul with the divine, describing a devotee's bliss achieved through the [[Guru]] with inner devotion and by repeating the Name of the Creator.<ref name="Mandair2013p89"/> The hymn states in stanza 19 that the [[Vedas]] teach "the Name is supreme", in stanza 27 that [[Smriti]] and [[Shastra]] discuss the good and the bad but are unreal because they lack a Guru and that it is the grace of the Guru which awakens the heart and the devotion to the Name. The hymn celebrates the life of a householder and constant inner devotion to the One, ending each stanza with the characteristic "says Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref>

Guru Amar Das is also credited in the Sikh tradition to have encouraged building of temples and places where Sikhs could gather together on festivals such as [[Maghi]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQeKTUXphPMC&q=guru+amar+das+maghi&pg=PA29|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|first=Major Nahar Singh|last=Jawandha|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=9789380213255|access-date=14 September 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref>
[[Diwali]] and [[Vaisakhi]].<ref name="Singha2005p101">{{cite book|author=Dr. H.S. Singha|title=Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA101 |year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-245-8|pages=101–102}}</ref><ref name="Richman2001p403">{{cite book|author=Paula Richman|title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA403|year=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22074-4|pages=403 with note 14}}</ref> He required his disciples to gather together for prayers and communal celebrations in autumn for Diwali and in spring for Vaisakhi, both post harvest ancient festivals of India.<ref name="Sambhi2005p29"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jon Mayled|title=Sikhism|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=978-0-435-33627-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5/page/36 36]–37}}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amar-Das Amar Das: Sikh Guru], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>

==== Founding of Goindwal and construction of the Baoli Sahib ====
Guru Amar Das was responsible for establishing a new centre of Sikh authority at Goindwal and erecting a stepwell known as Baoli Sahib at the location.<ref name=":022" /> The foresight of the Guru building a headquarters at the central location of Goindwal in the Punjab on the bank of the Beas River, being intersected by the three major cultural regions of the area ([[Majha]], [[Malwa]], and [[Doaba]]), may have facilitated the fast-spread of Sikhism throughout the three main regions of Punjab.<ref name=":022" /> The Baoli Sahib was the first truly Sikh pilgrimage site and it helped attract new prospective members to the faith.<ref name=":022" />

==== Site of the Golden Temple ====
[[File:Hamandir Sahib (Golden Temple).jpg|thumb|Guru Amar Das picked the site for [[Golden Temple|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple).<ref name="Dalal2010p139">{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA139 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |pages=139}}</ref>]]
Guru Amar Das selected the site in Amritsar village for a special temple, that Guru Ram Das began building, [[Guru Arjan]] completed and inaugurated, and the Sikh [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]] gilded. This temple has evolved into the contemporary "Harimandir Sahib", or the temple of Hari (God), also known as the [[Golden Temple]].<ref name="Arshi1989p5">{{cite book|author=Pardeep Singh Arshi|title=The Golden Temple: history, art, and architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcmfAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Harman|isbn=978-81-85151-25-0|pages=5–7}}</ref><ref name="Dalal2010p139" /> It is the most sacred pilgrimage site in Sikhism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=C. Christine Fair|author2=Sumit Ganguly|title=Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2E1NpYuOrsC&pg=PA17|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971189-5|page=17}}</ref>

==== Festivals ====
Scholars such as [[Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)|Pashaura Singh]], Louis E. Fenech and William McLeod state that Guru Amar Das was influential in introducing "distinctive features, pilgrimages, festivals, temples and rituals" that ever since his time have been an integral part of Sikhism.<ref name="Fenech2014p41" /> He was responsible for solidifying the dates of Vaisakhi and Diwali as biannual affairs where Sikhs could gather together and meet directly with their guru.<ref name=":022" />

==== Scripture ====
[[File:Folios from the Pinjore recension of the Goindwal Pothi.jpg|thumb|Folios from the Pinjore recension of the Goindwal Pothi, circa 1570's]]
Amar Das is also remembered as the innovator who began the collection of hymns now known as ''Goindwal Pothi'' or ''Mohan Pothi'', the precursor to what became the ''[[Adi Granth]]'' – the first edition of Sikh scripture – under the fifth Sikh Master, which finally emerged as the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' under the tenth Sikh Master.<ref name="Fenech2014p41">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=41–42}}</ref><ref>Pashaura Singh (1996), ''Scriptural Adaptation in the Adi Granth'', Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Oxford University Press, Volume 64, Number 2 (Summer 1996), pages 337–357</ref><ref name=":022" /> The nearly 900 hymns composed by Guru Amar Das constitute the third largest part, or about 15%, of the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''.<ref name="Balslev2014p39">{{cite book|first=Anindita N. |last=Balslev|author-link=Anindita Balslev|title=On World Religions: Diversity, Not Dissension |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wO2ICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |year=2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-174-9|pages=39–40}}</ref>

=== Choosing a successor ===
[[File:Gilded panel depicting Guru Amar Das with his sons, Baba Mohan and Baba Mohri, from Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.jpg|thumb|Gilded panel depicting Guru Amar Das with his sons, Baba Mohan and Baba Mohri, from Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib]]
Amar Das had four people in mind that would succeed him as the next Guru:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref>

# Ramu, his son-in-law{{Efn|Also known as Bhai Rama, he was married to his elder daughter, Dani.|group=note}}
# [[Guru Ram Das|Jetha]], his son-in-law{{Efn|He was married to his younger daughter, Bhani.|group=note}}
# Mohan, his elder son
# Mohri, his younger son

He devised four tests for them all to undertake to decide who will inherit the guruship.<ref name=":2" /> It is said that only Jetha passed them all.<ref name=":2" />

It has been postulated that he may have considered his own daughter, Bhani, as a possible successor for the guruship at some point.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Urubshurow |first=Victoria Kennick |title=Introducing World Religions |publisher=Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books |year=2009 |isbn=9780980163308 |pages=417}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Jakobsh |first=Doris R. |title=Relocating Gender in Sikh History: Transformation, Meaning and Identity |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780195663150 |series=Oxford India paperbacks |pages=30–31}}</ref>

== Death ==
Shortly before his [[Joti Jot|death]], it is recorded in ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (composed by his great-grandson, [[Baba Sunder|Baba Sundar]]), that he called upon all of his familial relatives to acknowledge the new Guru, Ram Das, and personally placed the sandal paste on Bhai Jetha's forehead to [[Guru Gaddi|anoint him]] as his successor.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=G.S. |title=Bani of Bhagats |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788170103561 |pages=134 |chapter=Chapter 17: Baba Sunder ji}}</ref> He died in 1574, in Goindwal Sahib, and like other Sikh Gurus he was cremated, with the "flowers" (remaining bones and ash after the cremation) immersed into {{Transliteration|hi|harisar}} (flowing waters).

== Literature ==
A large amount of written works is attributed to Guru Amar Das. His poetic works closely mirror those of Guru Nanak, a conservative approach which may have been due to the old-age of Amar Das when he became the guru. Furthermore, the Sikh textual tradition advanced heavily during his guruship tenure, with an example being the compiling of the Goindwal Pothis. Amar Das provides commentary on selections of the [[Bhagat Bani]] that had by this stage already been included in the Goindwal Pothis. His most principal work was the ''[[Anand Sahib]]'', which focuses on the relationship between the guru, his disciples (Sikhs), and ''[[Gurbani|bani]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199699308 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |edition=1st |pages=109–124 |chapter=8: Survey of Literature in the Sikh Tradition |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Guru Amardas'' is a 1979 [[documentary film]], directed by Prem Prakash and produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Films Division]], covering his life and teachings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|access-date=2021-06-12|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.jpg|Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.
File:Guru Amar Das miniature.jpg|Guru Amar Das miniature painting.
</gallery>

==See also ==
{{Portal|India|Biography|Punjab}}
*[[Bhakti]]
*[[Bhakti movement]]
*[[Dasam Granth]]
*[[Japji]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Guru Angad]]
| title = [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]|years=26 March 1552 – 1 September 1574
| after = [[Guru Ram Das]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Sikhism|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru Amar Das}}
[[Category:Sikh gurus|Amar Das]]
[[Category:1479 births]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:1574 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:1552 in India]]

C. P. Radhakrishnan

2026-03-06T13:32:52Z

WECElbert296866: small expand references for consistency and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Vice President of India since 2025}}
{{Indian patronymic|Radhakrishnan|Chandrapuram Ponnusami}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. P. Radhakrishnan
| image = Shri C P Radhakrishnan, Honourable Vice President of India.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2025
| office = [[Vice President of India]]
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 12 September 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| office1 = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 31 July 2024
| term_end1 = 11 September 2025
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Eknath Shinde]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| successor1 = [[Acharya Devvrat]] ''(additional charge)''
| office2 = [[Governor of Jharkhand]]
| term_start2 = 18 February 2023
| term_end2 = 30 July 2024
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Hemant Soren]] [[Champai Soren]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| successor2 = [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| office3 = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]
| term_start3 = 20 March 2024
| term_end3 = 30 July 2024
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Revanth Reddy]]
| predecessor3 = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
| successor3 = [[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
| office4 = [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]
| term_start4 = 22 March 2024
| term_end4 = 6 August 2024
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| predecessor4 = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
| successor4 = [[Kuniyil Kailashnathan]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| primeminister5 =
| constituency5 = [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start5 = 3 March 1998
| term_end5 = 16 May 2004
| preceded5 = [[M. Ramanathan]]
| succeeded5 = [[K. Subbarayan]]
| office6 = [[President (corporate title)|State President]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu|Bharatiya Janata Party, Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start6 = 12 May 2003
| term_end6 = 22 September 2006
| predecessor6 = S. P. Kirubanidhi
| successor6 = [[La. Ganesan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|4 May 1957}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruppur]], [[Madras State]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Businessperson]]|[[agriculturalist]]|[[politician]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[R. Sumathi]]|1985}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[V. O. Chidambaram College]] ([[Bachelor of Business Administration|B.BA]])
| alt = C. P. Radhakrishnan
| birth_name = Chandrapuram Ponnusami Radhakrishnan
| relatives =
| children = 2
| status3 = {{small|Additional charge}}
| status4 = {{small|Additional charge}}
| width = 220px
| residence = [[Vice President's Enclave, New Delhi]]
| parents =
}}
'''Chandrapuram Ponnusami Radhakrishnan''' (born 4 May 1957) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 15th [[Vice President of India]] since 12 September 2025. He previously served as the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of various states, and as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament in Lok Sabha]].

Born in [[Tiruppur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1957, Radhakrishnan obtained his [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] degree from [[V. O. Chidambaram College]] in [[Thoothukudi]]. He has been associated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] since his youth. In 1974, he became part of the Jan Sangh's state executive committee in [[Tamil Nadu]], and later became part of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), when it was founded in 1980. Representing the BJP, Radhakrishnan was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] twice from [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]] in the [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] and [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general elections]]. Since then, he had unsuccessfully contested three general elections from the same constituency in [[2004 Indian general election|2004]], [[2014 Indian general election|2014]], and [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]. He served as the state president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu unit]] of the BJP from 2003 to 2006. Radhakrishnan was appointed as the [[Governor of Jharkhand]] in February 2023 and served in the position till July 2024. He also held additional charges as the [[Governor of Telangana]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]] in 2024. He served as the [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]] from July 2024 to September 2025. Following the resignation of the vice president [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] in August 2025, Radhakrishnan was named as the candidate of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] for the [[2025 Indian vice presidential election]]. In the elections held on 9 September 2025, he defeated [[B. Sudarshan Reddy]] and was sworn in as the vice president on 12 September 2025.

==Early life==
Radhakrishnan was born on 4 May 1957 to C. K. Ponnusamy and K. Janaki in [[Tiruppur]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2165918|title=Shri C.P. Radhakrishnan sworn in as the 15th Vice President of India and Chairman of Rajya Sabha|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=12 September 2025|access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2025|title=Who is CP Radhakrishnan? Meet NDA candidate for Vice-Presidential election - here's all you need to know|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-cp-radhakrishnan-meet-nda-candidate-for-vice-presidential-election-heres-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/123347209.cms|access-date=18 August 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Kongu Vellalar|Gounder]] community. He was reportedly named after the then-incumbent [[List of vice presidents of India#List|first Vice-President of India]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] and co-incidentally he was [[1957 Indian vice presidential election|elected for a second term]] just a week after his birth, leading to a belief of some shared destiny. He received a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] degree from [[V. O. Chidambaram College]] in [[Thoothukudi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NDA Vice President: CP Radhakrishnan's Journey from RSS to Raj Bhavan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/grassroots-to-governor-the-rise-of-cp-radhakrishnan-ndas-vp-nominee-3684882 |access-date=18 August 2025|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=10 Facts About CP Radhakrishnan, BJP's Pick for Vice President|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-facts-about-cp-radhakrishnan-bjps-pick-for-vice-president-9103424|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> Since the age of 16, he has been associated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=19 March 2024|title=From Tamil Nadu BJP Leader To Governor Of Two States: Know Political Journey Of CP Radhakrishnan|url=https://news.abplive.com/states/cp-radhakrishnan-tamil-nadu-bjp-leader-to-jharkhand-telangana-lt-puducherry-governor-two-states-political-journey-1673038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323134716/https://news.abplive.com/states/cp-radhakrishnan-tamil-nadu-bjp-leader-to-jharkhand-telangana-lt-puducherry-governor-two-states-political-journey-1673038|archive-date=23 March 2024|access-date=23 March 2024|work=[[ABP News]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Ranjan|first=Mukesh|date=19 February 2023|title=C P Radhakrishnan takes oath as 11th Governor of Jharkhand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Feb/19/c-p-radhakrishnan-takes-oath-as-11th-governor-of-jharkhand-2548886.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324000625/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/feb/19/c-p-radhakrishnan-takes-oath-as-11th-governor-of-jharkhand-2548886.html|archive-date=24 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2025|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1974, Radhakrishnan was elected to the Jan Sangh's state executive committee. He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) after it was founded in 1980, and became an aide to [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vajpayee invites BJP leaders to Delhi for talks|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/14/stories/2003091408180400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027142032/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/14/stories/2003091408180400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2003|date=14 September 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Member of parliament (1998-2004) ===
In the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 elections]], Radhakrishnan was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], representing [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]. The election was held in the aftermath of the [[1998 Coimbatore bombings]].<ref>{{cite news|last=KV|first=Prasad|title=BJP will have to start from scratch|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bjp-will-have-to-start-from-scratch/article3128814.ece|access-date=28 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 May 2006|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234724/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bjp-will-have-to-start-from-scratch/article3128814.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He defeated the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) candidate by a margin of 144,676 votes. He was one of three BJP candidates to win in Tamil Nadu as a part of the party's alliance with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).<ref>{{cite news|title=Verdict not a surprise, says Radhakrishnan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/verdict-not-a-surprise-says-radhakrishnan/article1935922.ece|accessdate=29 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2007|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235008/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/verdict-not-a-surprise-says-radhakrishnan/article1935922.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Representing the BJP, he won the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]] from the same constitutency as a part of the DMK-led alliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/sep/09coim.htm|title=It's the party that sells, not candidates!|date=September 1999|access-date=8 January 2014|archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108142733/http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/sep/09coim.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= It's for DMK to explain,says C.P. Radhakrishnan|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/13/stories/2003051305250400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108154529/http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/13/stories/2003051305250400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2014 |date=13 May 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> He was part of a parliamentary delegation to the [[United Nations]], and addressed the 58th session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on 20 October 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by Hon'ble Mr. C. P. Radhakrishnan, Member of Parliament and Member of the Indian Delegation at the 58th Session of the UN General Assembly on October 20, 2003|url=https://pminewyork.gov.in/pdf/uploadpdf/4115715.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323142633/https://pminewyork.gov.in/pdf/uploadpdf/4115715.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2024|access-date=23 March 2024|work=Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations}}</ref> He was a member of the parliamentary committee for public sector undertakings from 1998 to 2004 and a member of the parliamentary consultative committee for finance.<ref name=":1"/>

=== Party chief and later years (2005-2022) ===
Ahead of the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general elections]], he was among the BJP's state leaders who worked on forming an alliance with the AIADMK in 2004 after the DMK exited from the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|title=TN BJP invites AIADMK to return to NDA |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan032004/n1.asp |date=3 January 2004|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108142055/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan032004/n1.asp |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His tenure in the [[Parliament of India]] ended following his defeat in the 2004 general election to [[K. Subbarayan]] of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Key Contests : CP Radhakrishnan vs K Subbarayan|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/key-contests-cp-radhakrishnan-vs-k-subbarayan-104050101072_1.html|date=1 May 2004|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=8 January 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108134731/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/key-contests-cp-radhakrishnan-vs-k-subbarayan-104050101072_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was appointed as the state president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu unit]] of the BJP in 2004 and served in the position till 2006. As the president, he took a [[rath yatra]] for 93 days, advocating the linkage of Indian rivers, eradicating untouchability, and campaigning against terrorism in India. He covered all the parliamentary constituencies of Tamil Nadu during his journey, which faced criticism from the ruling DMK. He was also involved in the organising of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Kerala|Kerala state unit]] of the BJP during the late 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raj Bhavan|url=https://governor.telangana.gov.in/present_governor.do|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328055108/http://www.governor.telangana.gov.in/present_governor.do|archive-date=28 March 2024|access-date=28 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 June 2003|title=Two-month awareness yatra by TN BJP chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/two-month-awareness-yatra-by-tn-bjp-chief/articleshow/41575.cms|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328055825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/two-month-awareness-yatra-by-tn-bjp-chief/articleshow/41575.cms|archive-date=28 March 2024|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2012, he faced court arrest in [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] for protesting inaction against culprits who had assaulted an RSS activist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Normality returns to Mettupalayam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/normality-returns-to-mettupalayam/article4078605.ece|date=9 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 January 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108143238/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/normality-returns-to-mettupalayam/article4078605.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Radhakrishnan was announced as the BJP candidate for Coimbatore in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]]. He secured second place after polling 389,701 votes, the highest among the BJP candidates in Tamil Nadu. He contested as the party's candidate from the same constituency in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] and lost to [[P. R. Natarajan]] of the CPIM.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Madhavan|first1=Karthik|date=22 March 2019|title=Familiar faces to fight it out in Coimbatore|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/familiar-faces-to-fight-it-out-in-coimbatore/article26613617.ece|access-date=24 March 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128161556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/familiar-faces-to-fight-it-out-in-coimbatore/article26613617.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the chairman of the [[Coir Board of India]], which comes under the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], from 2016 to 2020.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Coirboard |url=http://coirboard.gov.in/?page_id=34 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627113940/http://coirboard.gov.in/?page_id=34 |archive-date=27 June 2018|access-date=23 March 2023|work=Coir board}}</ref> He also served as a member of the BJP's national executive.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Senior BJP leader CP Radhakrishnan appointed Jharkhand Guv|url=https://www.northeastherald.in/national/senior-bjp-leader-cp-radhakrishnan-appointed-jharkhand-guv |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319081415/https://www.northeastherald.in/national/senior-bjp-leader-cp-radhakrishnan-appointed-jharkhand-guv |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024|work=Northeast Herald}}</ref>

=== Governorship (2023–2025) ===
On 12 February 2023, [[President of India|president]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] appointed Radhakrishnan as the [[governor of Jharkhand]], succeeding [[Ramesh Bais]], and he took office on 18 February 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=C.P. Radhakrishnan takes oath as Jharkhand Governor|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cp-radhakrishnan-takes-oath-as-jharkhand-governor/article66524298.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 February 2023|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shri C.P. Radhakrishnan - Hon'ble Governor of Jharkhand|url=https://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/the_governer.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303170044/https://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/the_governer.html |archive-date=3 March 2024|access-date=26 June 2024|work=[[Governor of Jharkhand]]}}</ref> Following the resignation of [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]], he held additional responsibilities as the [[governor of Telangana]] and as [[lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]] from 19 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title = C.P. Radhakrishnan assumes charge of Lt. Governor of Puducherry|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/c-p-radhakrishnan-assumes-charge-of-lt-governor-of-puducherry/|work=[[All India Radio]]|date=22 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jharkhand Governor C.P. Radhakrishnan given additional responsibilities of Telangana, Puducherry|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jharkhand-governor-cp-radhakrishnan-given-additional-responsibilities-of-telangana-puducherry/article67967271.ece|access-date=19 March 2024|date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319080335/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jharkhand-governor-cp-radhakrishnan-given-additional-responsibilities-of-telangana-puducherry/article67967271.ece |archive-date=19 March 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jharkhand Governor C.P. Radhakrishnan takes charge as Telangana governor|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/jharkhand-governor-c-p-radhakrishnan-to-take-charge-as-governor-of-telangana/|work=[[All India Radio]]|date=20 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> On 27 July 2024, he was appointed as [[List of governors of Maharashtra|governor of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CP Radhakrishnan takes oath as Maharashtra governor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cp-radhakrishnan-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-governor/articleshow/112171726.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 July 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Jishnu Dev Varma]], [[Santosh Gangwar]], and [[Kuniyil Kailashnathan]] , took over his positions in Telangana, Jharkhand, and Puducherry, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title= Santosh Kumar Gangwar sworn in as Jharkhand Governor|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/santosh-kumar-gangwar-sworn-in-as-jharkhand-governor-2-3129975|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=31 July 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=28 July 2024|title=Jishnu Dev Varma is new Governor of Telangana; Radhakrishnan moves to Maharashtra |url=https://telanganatoday.com/jishnu-dev-varma-is-new-governor-of-telangana-radhakrishnan-moves-to-maharashtra |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[Telangana Today]]|archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728081533/https://telanganatoday.com/jishnu-dev-varma-is-new-governor-of-telangana-radhakrishnan-moves-to-maharashtra }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2024|title=Press Communique 19|url=https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/press_releases/press-communique-19|url-status=live|access-date=28 July 2024|work=Office of the [[President of India]]|archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728081512/https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/press_releases/press-communique-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 July 2024|title=Press Communique 20|url=https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/press_releases/press-communique-20 |access-date=28 July 2024|work=Office of the [[President of India]]}}</ref> Radhakrishnan resigned as [[List of governors of Maharashtra|governor of Maharashtra]] following his election as the [[Vice President of India]].

== Vice President of India (2025–present) ==
[[File:The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu administered the Oath of Office of Vice President of India to Shri C. P. Radhakrishnan at a Swearing-in-Ceremony held at Ganatantra Mandap, in Rashtrapati Bhavan on September 12, 2025.jpg|thumb|CP Radhakrishnan with President [[Droupadi Murmu]] and Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] after taking the oath of office as the 16th Vice President of India, 2025]]

On 17 August 2025, following the resignation of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Indian_vice_presidential_election 15th Vice President] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]], BJP national president [[J. P. Nadda]] announced Radhakrishnan's candidacy in the [[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025 vice presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = NDA names Maharashtra Governor C P Radhakrishnan as vice-presidential candidate|url = https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/nda-names-maharashtra-governor-cp-radhakrishnan-as-vice-presidential-candidate-13460692.html|work = Moneycontrol|date = 2025-08-18|access-date = 2025-08-20|language = en}}</ref> He was endorsed by all NDA member parties, including the [[AIADMK]], [[JD(U)]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]], [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SS]], and non-member parties, such as the [[YSRCP]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-18 |title=Vice presidential poll: Nitish Kumar's JD(U) backs NDA's candidate; extends wishes to CP Radhakrishnan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vice-presidential-poll-nitish-kumars-jdu-backs-ndas-candidate-extends-wishes-to-cp-radhakrishnan/articleshow/123356215.cms |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sam Daniel Stalin |first=J |date=18 August 2025 |title="Rise Above Party Lines": BJP, AIADMK To Opposition Over Vice President Pick |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nda-vice-president-candidate-cp-radhakrishnan-bjp-aiadmk-to-opposition-over-vice-president-pick-9108512 |work=NDTV}}</ref> He ran against [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (INDIA) candidate [[B. Sudarshan Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=VP Election 2025: I.N.D.I.A. Nominates Ex-SC Judge B Sudarshan Reddy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-bloc-picks-former-sc-judge-b-sudershan-reddy-as-vp-candidate-3687106 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The polling and results for elections were announced on 9 September 2025 and he emerged victorious defeating Reddy by 116 votes. He polled 452 electoral votes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Sobhana K. |access-date=9 September 2025 |title=C.P. Radhakrishnan is the 17th Vice-President of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cp-radhakrishnan-becomes-vice-president-september-9-2025/article70030241.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He took oath as the 15th Vice President on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-10 |title=C P Radhakrishnan likely to take oath as Vice President on September 12|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/c-p-radhakrishnan-likely-to-take-oath-as-vice-president-on-september-12/articleshow/123809497.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Radhakrishnan married R. Sumathi on 25 November 1985, and they have two children.<ref name="PIB"/> He practised long-distance running, and played [[cricket]], [[table tennis]], and [[volleyball]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is CP Radhakrishnan? NDA's candidate for Vice President elections |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/who-is-cp-radhakrishnan-ndas-candidate-for-vice-president-elections-1755443739090 |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=Wion }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2025|title=Two-time MP, Governor, table tennis champion: 5 points on CP Radhakrishnan, NDA's VP pick|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/twotime-mp-governor-table-tennis-champion-5-points-on-cp-radhakrishnan-ndas-vp-pick-101755448868776.html|access-date=18 August 2025|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
===Vice Presidential elections===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Alliance
!rowspan=2|Result
!rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!colspan=4|Opposition
|-
!Candidate
!colspan=2|Alliance
!Vote percentage
|-
|[[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|{{Won}}
|60.1%
|[[B. Sudarshan Reddy]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|39.9%
|}

===Lok Sabha elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Lok Sabha
!rowspan=2|Constituency
!colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party
!rowspan=2|Result
!rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!Candidate
!colspan=3|Political party
!Vote percentage
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|rowspan=5|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|rowspan=5|[[BJP]]
|rowspan=5|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|20px]]
|rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan=2 {{Won}}
|55.85%
|K. R. Subbian
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37.86%
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|49.21%
|[[R. Nallakannu]]
|rowspan=2|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|20px]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|43.02%
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|rowspan=3 {{Lost}}
|38.74%
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|57.46%
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|33.12%
|[[P. Nagarajan]]
|[[AIADMK]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|20px]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|36.69%
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|31.34%
|[[P. R. Natarajan]]
|[[CPI(M)]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|20px]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|45.66%
|}

==Positions held==
===Parliament of India===
;Rajya Sabha
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025]]
|[[Vice President of India|Chairman]]
|12 September 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2025|09|12}}
|}

;Lok Sabha
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan=2|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]
|rowspan=2|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|23 March 1998
|26 April 1999
|{{age in years and days|1998|03|23|1999|04|26}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|20 October 1999
|6 February 2004
|{{age in years and days|1999|10|20|2004|02|06}}
|}

==See also==
*[[List of governors of Jharkhand]]
*[[List of governors of Maharashtra]]
*[[List of governors of Telangana]]
*[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
*[[Vice President of India]]
*[[List of vice presidents of India]]
*[[Governor (India)|Governors of India]]
*[[List of current governors of all Indian states|List of Governors of India]]
*[[2025 Indian vice presidential election]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140112033819/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12tn20.htm Official biographical sketch on the Parliament of India website] (12th Lok Sabha) (archived)
*[http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13TN20.htm Official biographical sketch on the Parliament of India website] (13th Lok Sabha) (archived)
*[https://governor.telangana.gov.in/present_governor.do Profile] on Governor of Telangana website. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240328055108/http://www.governor.telangana.gov.in/present_governor.do archived]).

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ramesh Bais]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Jharkhand|Governor of Jharkhand]]|years=2023–2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]|years=2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kuniyil Kailashnathan|K. Kailashnathan]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]|years=2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ramesh Bais]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]]|years=2024–2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Acharya Devvrat]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of India]]|years=2025–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[M. Ramanathan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]] |years=1998–2004}}
{{s-aft|after=[[K. Subbarayan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Vice presidents of India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, C. P.}}
[[Category:Vice presidents of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Politicians from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Governors of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Governors of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Governors of Telangana]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]

United Opposition (India)

2026-03-05T12:47:45Z

WECElbert296866: Created New Stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = United Opposition
| abbreviation = UO
|logo =
| founder =
| colorcode = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| chairman =
| incumbent =
| formerpm =
| loksabha_leader =
| foundation = 2022
| dissolution = 2023
| successor = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
| position = [[Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Secularism in India|Secularism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351812730|title=UPA and secularism}}</ref>
|[[Social democracy]]<ref name="Agarwal1989">{{cite book|year=1989|editor1-last=Agrawal|editor1-first=S. P.|editor2-last=Aggarwal|editor2-first=J. C.|title=Nehru on Social Issues|location = New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-817022207-1}}</ref> | [[Big tent]]<ref name="Barrington2009">{{cite book|author=Lowell Barrington|title=Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA379|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-618-49319-7|page=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest|last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair|title=Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds|url=https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye|url-access=registration|access-date=7 April 2016|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-048-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/50 50]}}</ref>
}}
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|121|543|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|92|245|hex=#00BFFF}}
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|1619|4036|hex=#00BFFF}}
| party_logo =
}}

The '''United Opposition'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-election-2022-united-opposition-nominates-yashwant-sinha-as-its-candidate/videoshow/92361496.cms | title=President Election 2022 : United Opposition nominates Yashwant Sinha as its candidate | date=21 June 2022 | access-date=2022-06-22 | archive-date=2022-06-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622070948/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-election-2022-united-opposition-nominates-yashwant-sinha-as-its-candidate/videoshow/92361496.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> was an [[electoral alliance]] formed between various opposition parties in [[India]] ahead of the [[2022 elections in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=Presidential candidate {{!}} Both Sinha and Murmu has Jharkhand connection |url=https://enewsroom.in/opposition-yashwant-sinha-presidential-candidate-draupadi-murmu/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=eNewsroom India |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621181644/https://enewsroom.in/opposition-yashwant-sinha-presidential-candidate-draupadi-murmu/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/politics/presidential-polls-17-opposition-parties-promise-to-consolidate-unity | title=Presidential Polls: 17 Opposition Parties Promise to 'Consolidate' Unity | access-date=2022-06-22 | archive-date=2022-06-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622071200/https://thewire.in/politics/presidential-polls-17-opposition-parties-promise-to-consolidate-unity | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/with-yashwant-sinha-on-board-the-opposition-hopes-to-bring-nitish-kumar-to-tilt-scales-in-presidential-polls/article65549769.ece | title=With Yashwant Sinha on board, the Opposition hopes to bring Nitish Kumar to tilt scales in presidential polls | newspaper=The Hindu | date=21 June 2022 | last1=Nair | first1=Sobhana K. | access-date=22 June 2022 | archive-date=22 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622071712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/with-yashwant-sinha-on-board-the-opposition-hopes-to-bring-nitish-kumar-to-tilt-scales-in-presidential-polls/article65549769.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The United Opposition was first proposed by the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Opposition: Congress welcomes Mamata Banerjee's call, but say it has to play 'pole position' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/01/united-opposition-congress-welcomesmamata-banerjees-call-but-say-it-has-to-play-pole-position-2436724.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=The New Indian Express |date=April 2022 |archive-date=2023-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705064229/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/01/united-opposition-congress-welcomesmamata-banerjees-call-but-say-it-has-to-play-pole-position-2436724.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Foundation ==
To fight against [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] in [[2022 Indian presidential election]], the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] supremo, [[Mamata Banerjee]] proposed an electoral alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Opposition: Congress welcomes Mamata Banerjee's call, but say it has to play 'pole position' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/01/united-opposition-congress-welcomesmamata-banerjees-call-but-say-it-has-to-play-pole-position-2436724.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The New Indian Express |date=April 2022 |archive-date=2023-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705064229/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/01/united-opposition-congress-welcomesmamata-banerjees-call-but-say-it-has-to-play-pole-position-2436724.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Member parties==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:30px;" |Party{{efn|The member party's MPs, MLAs and [[Election Commission of India|ECI]] recognition is added according to July, 2022}}
! style="width:100px;" |MPs in Lok Sabha
! style="width:100px;" |MPs in Rajya Sabha
! style="width:100px;" |MLAs
! style="width:250px;" |Base State
|-
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|style="text-align: center;"|53
|style="text-align: center;"|36
|style="text-align: center;"|692
|style="text-align: center;"|[[List of political parties in India|National Party]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM)
|style="text-align: center;"| 4
|style="text-align: center;"| 5
|style="text-align: center;"| 87
|style="text-align: center;"|[[List of political parties in India|National Party]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|style="text-align: center;"| 2
|style="text-align: center;"| 2
|style="text-align: center;"| 21
|style="text-align: center;"|[[List of political parties in India|National Party]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|style="text-align: center;"| 5
|style="text-align: center;"| 4
|style="text-align: center;"| 58
|style="text-align: center;"|[[List of political parties in India|National Party]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|style="text-align: center;"|23
|style="text-align: center;"|13
|style="text-align: center;"|233
|style="text-align: center;"|[[List of political parties in India|National Party]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}; text-align:center; color:white;"|
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| style="text-align: center;" | 10
| style="text-align: center;" | 156
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Goa]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)
|style="text-align: center;"|24
|style="text-align: center;"|10
|style="text-align: center;"|139
|style="text-align: center;"| [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
|[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
|style="text-align: center;"| 3
|style="text-align: center;"| 3
|style="text-align: center;"| 112
|style="text-align: center;"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
| style="text-align: center;" | 3
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| style="text-align: center;" | 15
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Kerala]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color:#fa0019"|
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC)
| style="text-align: center;" | 3
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color:#d10;" |
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK)
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" |-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Kerala]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}"|
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (SS(UBT))
|style="text-align: center;"|05
|style="text-align: center;"|01
|style="text-align: center;"|16
|style="text-align: center;"|[[List of political parties in India|Maharashtra]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD)
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | 6
| style="text-align: center;" | 80
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Bihar]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD)
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| style="text-align: center;" | 9
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK)
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | Unrecognised
|-
| width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] (CPIML)
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | 0
| style="text-align: center;" | 13
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Bihar]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Total'''
|style="text-align: center;"|'''121'''
|style="text-align: center;"|'''92'''
|style="text-align: center;"|'''1619'''
|style="text-align: center;"| '''[[India]]'''
|}

== 2022 Presidential elections==
The United Opposition nominated [[Yashwant Sinha]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|former External Affairs Minister]], [[Minister of Finance (India)|former Finance Minister]], and [[Trinamool Congress]] leader, as their presidential candidate for the [[2022 Indian presidential election]]. Later [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM)]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party|Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)]], [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam Party (TDP)]] and both factions of [[Shiv Sena|Shiv Sena (SS)]] supported the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] nominated candidate [[Draupadi Murmu|Droupadi Murmu]] for the presidential election instead.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NDA nominee Droupadi Murmu set to get over 60 per cent votes in presidential poll |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nda-nominee-droupadi-murmu-set-to-get-over-60-per-cent-votes-in-presidential-poll/articleshow/92881984.cms |access-date=2022-07-15 |archive-date=2022-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714192216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nda-nominee-droupadi-murmu-set-to-get-over-60-per-cent-votes-in-presidential-poll/articleshow/92881984.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sinha finished in second place in the elections.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Name
! Born
! Current or previous positions
! Home state
! Date announced
!Result
! class="unsortable" |Ref
|-
| data-sort-value="Sinha" | [[File:Yashwant Sinha IMF.jpg|x150px]] '''[[Yashwant Sinha]]'''
| {{birth date and age|1937|11|06|df=y}} [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
|
* [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister of India]] {{small|(2002-2004)}}
* [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha|Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)]] {{small|(1990-1991)}}
* [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister of India]] {{small|(1990-1991, 1998-2002)}}
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]] {{small|(1998-2004, 2009-14)}}
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Jharkhand]] {{small|(2004-2009)}}
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] {{small|(1988-1994)}}
|[[Jharkhand]]
|21 June 2022
|'''Lost'''
with 35.97% votes against [[Droupadi Murmu]] with 64.03%<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-07-21 |title=64 फीसदी वोट के साथ द्रौपदी मुर्मू की शानदार जीत, यशवंत सिन्हा को तीन राज्यों में नहीं मिला वोट |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/presidential-election-result-draupadi-murmu-won-with-64-percent-votes-yashwant-sinha-did-not-get-any-vote-in-three-states-2173418 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/presidential-election-live-updates-21-06-2022/liveblog/92356075.cms | title=Presidential Election Live Updates: Droupadi Murmu to be NDA's presidential candidate | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 June 2022 | access-date=2022-06-22 | archive-date=2022-06-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621210746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/presidential-election-live-updates-21-06-2022/amp_liveblog/92356075.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==2022 Vice Presidential election==
The United Opposition nominated [[Margaret Alva]], [[List of governors of Uttarakhand|former Governor of Uttarakhand]] and [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]], former Union Minister and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader, as their Vice Presidential candidate for the [[2022 Indian vice presidential election|2022 Indian Vice Presidential election]]. However, the leading party of the Opposition, AITC, decided to abstain from voting due to insult of the dignity of the party by other parties as they did not consult or seek consent before declaring a VP candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2022-07-21 |title=TMC to abstain from voting in vice-president polls |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tmc-to-abstain-from-vice-presidential-election-abhishek/article65666361.ece |access-date=2022-07-23 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2022-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722124802/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tmc-to-abstain-from-vice-presidential-election-abhishek/article65666361.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Peek into Mamata's Mind: Why TMC Is Abstaining from Voting in Vice Presidential Election |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/a-peek-into-mamatas-mind-why-tmc-is-abstaining-from-voting-in-vice-presidential-election-5601301.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=News18 |date=22 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724023110/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/a-peek-into-mamatas-mind-why-tmc-is-abstaining-from-voting-in-vice-presidential-election-5601301.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=Not consulted on Margaret Alva, so will skip V-P poll: TMC; not true, say Cong, CPM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/trinamool-congress-abstain-vice-presidential-election-8043917/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724023110/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/trinamool-congress-abstain-vice-presidential-election-8043917/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alva finished in second place in the elections.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Name
! Born
! Positions held
! Home state
! Date announced
!Result
! class="unsortable" |Ref
|-
| [[File:The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Shri Somnath Chatterjee addressing at the inauguration of the Orientation Programme for the media persons accredited to the press gallery of Lok Sabha, in New Delhi on July 28, 2006 (cropped).jpg|138x138px]] '''[[Margaret Alva]]'''
|{{birth date and age|1942|4|14|df=y}} [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|
*Rajya Sabha MP from [[Karnataka]] (1974-1998)
*MP from [[Kanara]] (1999-2004)
*[[List of governors of Rajasthan|Governor of Rajasthan]] (2012-2014)
*[[List of governors of Uttarakhand|Governor of Uttarakhand]] (2009-2012)
*[[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor of Gujarat]] and [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]] (2014)
|[[Karnataka]]
|17 July 2022
|'''Lost'''
with 25.63% votes against
[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] with 74.37%<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-07 |title=Jagdeep Dhankhar defeats Margaret Alva, elected Vice President of India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhankhar-defeats-alva-elected-vice-president-101659810925101.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Margaret Alva is Opposition's choice for Vice President, says Sharad Pawar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/margaret-alva-to-be-opposition-s-vice-president-candidate-says-sharad-pawar-101658056612829.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717112112/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/margaret-alva-to-be-opposition-s-vice-president-candidate-says-sharad-pawar-101658056612829.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
*[[United Progressive Alliance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:United Opposition (India)| ]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2022]]

Mahalakshmi (film)

2026-03-04T07:33:09Z

WECElbert296866: Made entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahalakshmi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Karthik Raghunath
| writer = Rudramurthy Shastry (dialogue)
| screenplay = Raja Venkataramanan
| story = G. R. C. C. Katha Vibhaga
| based_on = 
| producer = K. Madanlal
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Kumar Govind]] [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = R. R. Rajkumar
| editing = P. R. Sounder Rajan
| music = N. Govardhan
| studio = Gloria Rakesh Cine Circuit
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|2|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mahalakshmi''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Karthik Raghunath and starring [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Kumar Govind]] and [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] in the titular role. The film was released to negative reviews.

==Plot==
Mahalakshmi and Shyam are married, but Shyam is often busy with work. He dies in a car crash. To overcome her grief, Mahalakshmi works as a nurse and marries Ramanna a.k.a. Ram. Ram brings home Karna, an [[amnesia]] patient, whom Mahalakshmi suspects to be Shyam. What happens after Karna undergoes an operation and regains his memory forms the rest of the story.<ref name="I"/>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Shyam alias Karna
*[[Kumar Govind]] as Ramanna a.k.a. Ram
*[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Mahalakshmi
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Colonel A. S. Chandrashekar
*[[Mandya Ramesh]] as Raju
*Kumaraswamy Nayak as Rukmini's husband
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Ram's mother
*Ashalatha as Rukmini
*[[Vanishree]] as Raju's mother
}}

==Production==
The director worked on several Tamil films for two decades before making his Kannada debut with this film.<ref name="C"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by N. Govardhan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/11/06/mahalakshmi-2001/|title=Mahalakshmi – ಮಹಾಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ|date=11 June 2013|work=Kannada Movies Info|access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> who won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102014049/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-02 |title=Shivaraj, Tara, Anu bag State film awards |date=2001-12-17 |access-date=2011-11-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Bangalore, India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Lyricist
|-
|"Thaala Mela"
|Butto, [[Manjula Gururaj]] || rowspan="3"|T. Ramesh Rao
|-
|"Aakashadache"
|[[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
|-
| "Kannu Kannu" || Ramesh Chandra, Nanditha
|-
|"Neenu Yaarendu Helalu"
|
|
|-
|"Haaruva Hakkige"
|B. R. Chaya
|Rudramurthy Shastry
|}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that the director "fails to evoke the needed response. He has been fast in his narration but all that is not enough. His brilliance needed some more thought so that it could have been a slick film".<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/mahalaxmi.html|title=MORONIC MAHALAKSHMI|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010412075955/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/mahalaxmi.html|archive-date=12 April 2001|url-status=dead|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that "All in all, ''Mahalaxmi'' is like watching a tele-film".<ref name="I">{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010207202613/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/index.html | archive-date=7 February 2001 |title=Mahalaxmi |last=Sathyanarayana |website=indiainfo.com|access-date=10 May 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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Defence industry of India

2026-03-04T03:33:32Z

WECElbert296866: reworked page after review and updated info based on references

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
[[File:HAL_LUH_Aero_India_2023_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[HAL Light Utility Helicopter]]]]
[[File:HAL_Prachand_during_a_flight.jpg|thumb|[[HAL Prachand]]]]
[[File:HAL_Tejas_(LA-5018)_of_Squadron_18_Flying_Bullets.jpg|thumb|[[HAL Tejas]]]]
[[File:Pro16.jpg|thumb|[[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute|CMERI]] developed [[Surface Robotics Laboratory-CMERI#Completed Projects|Sub Terrain Robot]]]]
The '''defence industrial sector of India''' is strategically important in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title = The seven homegrown firms fighting over India's $620 billion defence market|url = http://qz.com/346941/the-seven-homegrown-firms-fighting-over-indias-620-billion-defence-market/|website = Quartz|date = 20 February 2015|access-date = 12 November 2015|language = en-US|archive-date = 29 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161229035755/http://qz.com/346941/the-seven-homegrown-firms-fighting-over-indias-620-billion-defence-market/|url-status = live}}</ref> India has one of the world's largest [[Indian Armed Forces|military forces]] with a strength of over 1.48 million active personnel. The country has the world's largest volunteer military of over 5.1 million personnel.<ref>{{cite web|title=29 Largest Armies In The World|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/29-largest-armies-in-the-world.html|access-date=5 September 2019|website=WorldAtlas|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909012645/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/29-largest-armies-in-the-world.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The total defence budget sanctioned for the financial year 2025 is {{INRConvert|7.86|lc|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=India's Defence Budget in the shadow of giants: How it stacks up against China and the US |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/indias-defence-budget-in-the-shadow-of-giants-how-it-stacks-up-against-china-and-the-us-3735052/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> India's defence spending is between 1.9% to 2.2% of the country's [[gross domestic product]].<ref name=":11" /> The country has the largest annual defence budget behind USA (US$732 billion) and China (US$261 billion). India's defence budget is projected to increase to US$415.9 billion between 2025 and 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=1 January 2025 |title=India's defence roadmap for 2025: Key developments to watch for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-defence-roadmap-2025-key-developments-to-watch-for-lac-india-china-army-air-force-navy-inductions-2658259-2025-01-01 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

India is the world's largest defence importer, as of 2023, making up 9.8% of global arms imports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2024 |title=India remains world's largest arms importer, Russia its top supplier |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-remains-worlds-top-arms-importer-sipri-report/articleshow/108399377.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> India has a domestic defence industry of which 60% is government owned. The public sector includes [[National Technical Research Organisation|NTRO]], [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]], [[Physical Research Laboratory|PRL]], [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] and its 50 labs, 4 defence shipyards, 12 defence [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] (PSUs). India has a new defence procurement, acquisition and manufacturing policy to reduce imports and enhance domestic manufacturing.<ref name="Up2020">{{cite web |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=4 August 2020 |title=Draft policy seeks self-reliance for India in defence production |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-comes-out-with-draft-defence-production-policy-to-boost-indigenous-weapons-exports/articleshow/77336027.cms |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803210432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-comes-out-with-draft-defence-production-policy-to-boost-indigenous-weapons-exports/articleshow/77336027.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the [[Make in India]] policy, private sector defence companies, including large, medium and small companies, have experienced significant growth and increased procurement orders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arshad |date=17 May 2025 |title=Defence manufacturing gets shot in the arm |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/ani/business/2025/May/17/defence-manufacturing-gets-shot-in-the-arm |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: How India's private sector is arming our military, and why it could transform the future of defence |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/operation-sindoor-how-indias-private-sector-is-arming-our-military-and-why-it-could-transform-the-future-of-defence/articleshow/121228836.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nandini |date=25 February 2025 |title=BS Manthan: Can private firms drive India's defence self-reliance? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/specials/bs-events/business-standard-manthan-india-defence-sector-growth-private-companies-125022500865_1.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> India's defence industry has, at times, been scrutinized for controversies and corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=16 February 2013 |title=A choppy deal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-choppy-deal-113021500680_1.html |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=21 July 2021 |title=Safran Secures India's AMCA Jet Engine Contract amid Rolls Royce & BAE Systems Corruption Scandal |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-safran-secures-indias-amca-jet-engine-contract-amid-rolls-royce-bae-systems-corruption-scandal-3174842/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2013 |title=CBI hasn't cracked any defence scandal in last 30 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cbi-hasnt-cracked-any-defence-scandal-in-last-30-years/articleshow/18537132.cms |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The ''Defence Production Policy of 2018'' (DPrP-2018) sets a goal of becoming among the top 5 global producers of the [[aerospace manufacturer|aerospace]] and defence manufacturing with an annual export target of US$5 billion by 2025.<ref name=mind10>[https://conradcourier.com/india-plans-to-be-among-top-5-defence-producers/ India plans to be among top 5 defence producers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105095120/https://conradcourier.com/india-plans-to-be-among-top-5-defence-producers/ |date=5 November 2019 }}, Conrad Courier, 5 November 2019.</ref><ref name="g2018">{{cite news |title=Nearly half of US arms exports go to the Middle East |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/12/nearly-half-of-us-arms-exports-go-to-the-middle-east |access-date=16 October 2018 |publisher=Guardian |date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016054356/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/12/nearly-half-of-us-arms-exports-go-to-the-middle-east |url-status=live }}</ref> 12% of worldwide arms exports (by value) reach India.<ref name="sipri">{{cite journal |title=Trends in international arms transfers 2017 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2018/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2017 |website=sipri.org |date=March 2018 |publisher=SIPRI |access-date=16 October 2018 |last1=Wezeman |first1=Pieter D. |last2=Fleurant |first2=Aude |last3=Kuimova |first3=Alexandra |last4=Tian |first4=Nan |last5=Wezeman |first5=Siemon T. |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125936/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2018/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> India domestically produces only 70% to 75% of defence products it uses, and the rest are imported.<ref name=mind1/> In the 2024–2025 financial year, India's defence exports were valued at {{INR convert|23622|c|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=2 April 2025 |title=Defence exports hit record Rs 23,622 cr in FY25, but pace of growth slows |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/defence-exports-hit-record-rs-23-622-cr-in-fy25-but-pace-of-growth-slows-125040101323_1.html |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> USA is the largest importer of Indian made materials, alloys, steel, components and sub-systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/usa-is-indias-no-1-market-for-defens/ |title=USA is India's No.1 Defense Export Market; Here is the List of Top 10 Countries for Indian Hardware |date=4 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="theprint.in">{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/defence/yes-indias-defence-exports-are-booming-but-guess-whos-the-biggest-importer/2231765/ | title=Yes, India's defence exports are booming, but guess who's the biggest importer | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=21 August 2024 }}</ref> Armenia is the 2nd largest importer of Indian made finished weapon systems and equipment, and France is a large importer of electronics and software.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=28 October 2024 |title=Indian defence exports: From BrahMos to Akash, who are the major buyers? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/indian-defence-exports-from-brahmos-to-akash-who-are-the-major-buyers-124102800396_1.html |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/indias-defence-exports-at-2-6-billion-dollars-us-france-armenia-top-buyers-13829774.html | title=India's defence exports at $2.6 bn; US, France and Armenia top buyers | date=28 October 2024 }}</ref>

== Military budget ==
{{See also|Military budget of India}}The military budget of India is about 1.49% for the year 2018–19 of the total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Military budget of India 2018 |url=https://idsa.in/issuebrief/defence-budget-2018-19-controlling-manpower-cost-lkbehera-020218 |website=idsa.in |publisher=IDSA |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230175221/https://idsa.in/issuebrief/defence-budget-2018-19-controlling-manpower-cost-lkbehera-020218 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it spends nearly an equal amount in importing defence equipment from other countries. All for achieving the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] of the United Nations, (ref: Speech of Prime Minister Modi on Republic Day, New Delhi, 2024).

Its defence expenditure for the 2017–18 fiscal year, based on allotments by its [[Union Cabinet Minister of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] was ₹86,488 crores for defence capital and ₹2,96,000 crores for pensions.<ref>{{Citation|title=Full Speech: Finance Minister Arun Jaitley's Budget Speech {{!}} Union Budget 2017–18|date=1 February 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsMKW-pJIc0&t=1h9m4s|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004123505/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsMKW-pJIc0&t=1h9m4s|url-status=live}}</ref> Wishing one and all a long and healthy [[rum|life]], (ref: Speech of Prime Minister Modi on Republic Day, New Delhi, 2024).

Service/ department-wise allocation as a percentage of [[arrack|total]] defence estimates in 2017–18:
*[[Indian Army|Army]]: 62%
*[[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]: 18.1%
*[[Indian Navy|Navy]]: 14.6%
*[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]: 5.7%
*[[Ordnance Factory Board#Apex Board|DGOF]]: 0.8%
*DGQA: 0.5%
The [[Indian Army]] accounts for more than half of the total defence budget of India, with most of expenditure going to the maintenance of cantonments, salaries and pensions, instead of critical arms and ammunition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/defence-manufacturing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103071510/https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/defence-manufacturing|archive-date=3 January 2019|title=Defence Manufacturing in India - Companies & Investment Opport}}</ref> As of 2019, there is 25% shortfall in the military's budget demand versus the actually budget allocation by the government.<ref name=mind3/> There are suggestion to use the military's land bank to generate more funds to bridge this gap for the modernisation of military with the latest equipment.<ref name="mind3">{{Cite news |last=Samanta |first=Pranab Dhal |title=Defence BANK: Why unlocking defence land bank to meet military's needs isn't a bad idea |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/view-why-unlocking-defence-land-bank-to-meet-militarys-needs-is-a-good-idea/articleshow/71911296.cms |access-date=2022-07-15 |archive-date=20 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120152338/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/view-why-unlocking-defence-land-bank-to-meet-militarys-needs-is-a-good-idea/articleshow/71911296.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> From November 2019, government exempted the imported defence equipment from the customs and import duties for a period of five year during which domestic production is unlikely to meet the technical demand of the forces.<ref name=mind4/> This will result in a savings of ₹25,000 crore (US$3.5 billion) which could be used for the modernisation of the forces.<ref name="mind4">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |title=GST on Defence Imports: Customs, GST relief to give Rs 60,000-cr boost to defence |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/customs-gst-relief-to-give-rs-60000-cr-boost-to-defence/articleshow/71861506.cms |access-date=2022-07-15 |archive-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123045626/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/customs-gst-relief-to-give-rs-60000-cr-boost-to-defence/articleshow/71861506.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== State orders ==
[[File:BLT-ARJUN.jpg|thumb|BLT tank based on Arjun platform]]
[[File:Mahindra Armado Side view.jpg|thumb|[[Mahindra Armored Light Specialist Vehicle]]]]
[[File:Bhargavastra_micro_misile_system.jpg|thumb|[[Bhargavastra (counter drone system)|Bhargavastra]] is a world's first micro-missile system]]
The [[Government of India]] has been pushing for greater indigenisation of military hardware devices as India imports some amount of its defence equipment. Between 2016 and 2020, India accounted for 9.5% of total global arms imports.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=16 March 2021 |title=India's weapon imports fell by 33% in last five years but remains world's second-largest arms importer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-weapon-imports-fell-by-33-in-last-five-years-but-remains-worlds-second-largest-arms-importer/articleshow/81516403.cms |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607130254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-weapon-imports-fell-by-33-in-last-five-years-but-remains-worlds-second-largest-arms-importer/articleshow/81516403.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2000 to 2022, [[France]], [[Israel]], [[Russia]], [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] are the top 5 countries where India imports its ammunitions and weapons from.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Vignesh |last2=Nihalani |first2=Jasmin |date=2022-03-22 |title=Data {{!}} India reduced weapons importation from Russia, while China's dependency increased |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-india-reduced-arms-imports-from-russia-while-chinas-dependency-increased/article65248748.ece |access-date=2022-04-26 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426132151/https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-india-reduced-arms-imports-from-russia-while-chinas-dependency-increased/article65248748.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus in 2022, the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] scrapped the import of several large defence platforms and equipment, which included helicopters for the [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]], all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and short-range missiles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-01-14 |title=From choppers to missiles, Modi govt cuts defence foreign shopping list, favours Make in India |url=https://theprint.in/defence/from-choppers-to-missiles-modi-govt-cuts-defence-foreign-shopping-list-favours-make-in-india/803701/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426054050/https://theprint.in/defence/from-choppers-to-missiles-modi-govt-cuts-defence-foreign-shopping-list-favours-make-in-india/803701/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to this, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] has started releasing indigenisation lists, which consists of equipment and platforms that the government aims to completely indigenise by December 2025.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-04-06 |title=Defence Minister to release third positive indigenisation list on Thursday |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rajnath-to-release-third-positive-indigenisation-list-on-thursday-122040601115_1.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501204354/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rajnath-to-release-third-positive-indigenisation-list-on-thursday-122040601115_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Defence Ministry has also stated that the equipment and platforms that are on the third indigenisation list, could result in state orders that are worth more than Rs 2,10,000 crore being placed on the Indian defence industry in the next five years.<ref name=":7"/> In January 2025, [[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]], the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], announced that the defence procurement policy will be reformed within six months to a year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=10 January 2025 |title=MoD to reform procurement policy in 6-12 months: Defence Secretary |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/mod-to-reform-procurement-policy-in-6-12-months-defence-secretary-125010901034_1.html |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Arms transfers of India<ref>{{cite web|title=World Development Indicators|url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/5.7|access-date=2021-03-26|website=wdi.worldbank.org|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509011106/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/5.7|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Exports
($1990 million)
! colspan="2" |Imports
($1990 million)
|-
!2010
!2019
!2010
!2019
|-
|5
|115
|2,909
|2,964
|}
Compared to other military branches, the Indian Army consumes 50% of defence budget, is least technology intensive and slowly adopting the indigenisation of defence equipments which has multi-year long procurement cycle, and pre-purchase field trials last for several years sometimes without resulting in any procurement process, for example soldier's hand held GPS enabled indigenous ''"Sathi"'' [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]] "Beta Project" was abandoned midway and soldiers still do not have a PDA.<ref name="mind8">{{cite web |date=21 October 2019 |first=Sandeep |last=Unnithan |title=Why the army's changed mindset on indigenous technology is a relief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-army-s-changed-mindset-on-indigenous-technology-is-a-relief-1611391-2019-10-21 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030150009/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-army-s-changed-mindset-on-indigenous-technology-is-a-relief-1611391-2019-10-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> To expedite the development cycle of new technologies and to better fit the end user requirements, army has asked DRDO to take more army personnel on deputation to be part of the DRDO development project teams.<ref name=mind9>[https://liistudio.com/army-wants-drdo-to-take-in-more-of-its-personnel-on-deputation-give-them-more-access/16025/ NEWS Army wants DRDO to take in more of its personnel on deputation, give them more access] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105095117/https://liistudio.com/army-wants-drdo-to-take-in-more-of-its-personnel-on-deputation-give-them-more-access/16025/ |date=5 November 2019 }}, liistudio.com, 18 October 2019.</ref>

The [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian Armed forces]] are using numerous successful Indigenous technologies produced by the DRDO, including [[Varunastra (torpedo)|Varunastra]], [[Maareech ATDS|Maareech]], [[USHUS (sonar)|Ushus]], [[Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena|Advanced Light Torpedo (TAL) Shyena]]; Electronic Warfare Technologies, radars, composite materials for LCA, AEW&C, [[Astra (missile)|Astra]], [[HAL Tejas|LCA Tejas]] by the Indian Airforce; [[Mission Shakti|ASAT]], [[BrahMos|Brahmos]], [[Nag (missile)|Nag missile]], SAAW, [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun MBT]] Mk1A, 46-metre Modular Bridge, MPR, LLTR Ashwin by the army.<ref name="mind7">{{cite web |title=Rajnath Singh Pushes For Indigenisation Of Defence Equipment |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-pushes-for-indigenisation-of-defence-equipment-2117431 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104195409/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-pushes-for-indigenisation-of-defence-equipment-2117431 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Arms exports==
{{see also|Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association|Make in India|Startup India}}
[[File:Le1s_20180228-142634-1-1.jpg|thumb|[[Ashok Leyland FAT|Ashok Leyland FAT 6×6]] is the latest armoured truck of the Indian Army]]
[[File:DRDO's_enhanced_PINAKA_rocket_tested_on_November_4,_2020_(1).jpg|thumb|[[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|Pinaka Missile System]]]]
India's track record as an arms exporter has been modest due to export restrictions on the manufacturing companies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20060403-diplomatic-concerns-prompt-govt-to-abort-export-of-mine-protected-vehicles-to-iraq-783491-2006-04-03 | title=Diplomatic concerns prompt govt to abort export of Mine Protected Vehicles to Iraq | date=3 April 2006 | access-date=20 September 2019 | archive-date=20 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920230732/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20060403-diplomatic-concerns-prompt-govt-to-abort-export-of-mine-protected-vehicles-to-iraq-783491-2006-04-03 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ddpmod.gov.in/defence-exports | title=Defence Exports {{pipe}} Department of Defence Production | access-date=20 September 2019 | archive-date=20 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920230744/https://ddpmod.gov.in/defence-exports | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Public Sector Undertakings|PSUs]] export arms and ammunition, weapon spares, chemicals and explosives, parachutes, leather and clothing items to more than 30 countries worldwide, which include [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Germany]], [[Belgium]], [[Turkey]], [[Egypt]], [[Oman]], [[Israel]], [[Kenya]], [[Nigeria]], [[Botswana]], [[Chile]], [[Suriname]] and United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ddpdoo.gov.in/pages/customers |title=Customers | Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination and Services) | Government of India |publisher=Ddpdoo.gov.in |date=2022-06-06 |access-date=2022-08-12 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715104652/https://ddpdoo.gov.in/pages/customers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/Were-making-Ordnance-factories-future-ready-says-OFB-Chairman-Dimri/article20342141.ece| title=We're making Ordnance factories future ready, says OFB Chairman Dimri| date=28 September 2011| access-date=20 September 2019| archive-date=20 September 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920230733/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/Were-making-Ordnance-factories-future-ready-says-OFB-Chairman-Dimri/article20342141.ece| url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, HAL got order for its [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]] helicopter from Ecuador.

However, due to [[Open economy|opening up]] of the defence sector by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]'s government since 2014, there has been a substantial increase in India's defence exports. According to the latest official data given in the upper house of the Indian Parliament - the [[Rajya Sabha]], India's defence exports have jumped by 700% in just two years. The export authorisation went up from $213 million in FY 2016–17 to $1.5 billion in FY 2018-19 (April to March period).<ref name="defencestar.in">{{cite web|url = https://www.defencestar.in/defence-industry/indias-defence-export-make-in-india-for-the-world-indias-defence-exports-jump-seven-fold-in-two-years/amp|title = Make in India for the world: India's defence export jumps seven fold in two years|newspaper=Defence Star|date=14 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] has noted that three Indian companies that rank among the top-100 defence companies, viz., [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVANI]] and [[Bharat Electronics Limited]], account for 1.2% of the defence exports of the top-100 total.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=16 December 2021|title=The growth of India's defence exports|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-growth-of-indias-defence-exports/article37966675.ece?homepage=true|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218192538/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-growth-of-indias-defence-exports/article37966675.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2011, [[New Delhi]] agreed to sell its first indigenously designed and built multi-role [[offshore patrol vessel]] (OPV) named Barracuda, to [[Mauritius]]. In March 2017, India finalised a deal with [[Myanmar]] for the sale of indigenously developed lightweight torpedoes worth US$37.9 million. Similar naval platforms were sold to [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Vietnam]] as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-Mauritius-India-to-export-warships-to-Sri-Lanka/articleshow/45585454.cms |title=After Mauritius, India to export warships to Sri Lanka - the Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505031527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-Mauritius-India-to-export-warships-to-Sri-Lanka/articleshow/45585454.cms }}</ref> [[Thailand]] has also purchased over 600 military trucks from India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thepattayanews.com/2020/08/27/royal-thai-army-to-purchase-over-600-tata-lpta-military-trucks/ | title=Royal Thai Army to purchase over 600 TATA LPTA military trucks from India | date=27 August 2020 | access-date=11 November 2023 | archive-date=11 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111050950/https://thepattayanews.com/2020/08/27/royal-thai-army-to-purchase-over-600-tata-lpta-military-trucks/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Armenia]] has emerged as a strategic partner for India. In 2022, when India signed the deal to supply [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|Pinaka]] multi-barrel rocket launchers (MBRL), anti-tank munitions, and ammunition worth US$250 million to Armenia<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/after-pinaka-rockets-armenia-buys-indian-anti-drone-system/ | title=After Pinaka Rockets, Armenia Buys Indian Anti-Drone System to Fight Azerbaijan's Kamikaze UAVs | date=7 November 2023 | access-date=14 November 2023 | archive-date=14 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114093437/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/after-pinaka-rockets-armenia-buys-indian-anti-drone-system/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2017, [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India|AWE]] secured its biggest export orders from [[UAE]] for supplying 40,000 no.of 155 mm artillery shells for {{INRConvert|3.22|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/Ujng65JNmdIJKyZR7F2LDI/India-looking-to-scale-up-military-hardware-exports.html|title=India looking to scale up military hardware exports|first=Arkamoy Dutta|last=Majumdar|date=30 November 2017|website=Mint|access-date=6 February 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328131028/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/Ujng65JNmdIJKyZR7F2LDI/India-looking-to-scale-up-military-hardware-exports.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Aug 2019, AWE received a second order from UAE to supply another 50,000 artillery shells.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/in-its-largest-ever-export-order-ofb-to-supply-50000-bofors-shells-to-uae/articleshow/70501461.cms|title = In its largest ever export order, OFB to supply 50,000 Bofors shells to UAE|newspaper = The Economic Times|date = 3 August 2019|last1 = Pubby|first1 = Manu|access-date = 20 September 2019|archive-date = 8 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108005511/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/in-its-largest-ever-export-order-ofb-to-supply-50000-bofors-shells-to-uae/articleshow/70501461.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>
[[File:INDIAN_ARMY_TATA_LPTA_2038C.jpg|thumb|Tata 8x8 LPTA truck]]
[[File:Akash SAM Missile at Defence Expo.jpg|thumb|[[Akash SAM]] System at Defence Expo.]]

In 2023, the [[Royal Moroccan Army]], which received 92 [[Tata LPTA|Tata 8×8 LPTA 2445]] trucks. Tata 8×8 LPTA 2445 trucks is based on Tata 1623 platform which is going to replace Tatra trucks in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defence.in/threads/moroccan-army-plans-to-acquire-more-tata-6-6-lpta-trucks-after-outstanding-performance-by-previous-batch.10879/ | title=Moroccan Army Plans to Acquire More Tata 6×6 LPTA Trucks after Outstanding Performance by Previous Batch | date=27 October 2024 }}</ref>

The [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] has stated in 2021 that India was ready to export different types of missile systems, Light Combat Aircraft, helicopters, multi-purpose light transport aircraft, warships and patrol vessels, artillery gun systems, tanks, radars, military vehicles, electronic warfare systems and other weapons systems to Indian Ocean region nations.<ref name=":0"/> The Ministry of Defence's Year End Review 2023 states that exports for FY 2022–2023 totalled [[₹]]16,000 [[crore]]. It covered 85 nations and reached a ten-fold increase from FY 2016–17. Major platforms exported include the [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher]], radars, simulators, mine-protected vehicles, armoured vehicles, [[Line-replaceable unit|line replaceable units]] and parts, [[thermal imager]]s, [[body armour]]s, ammunitions, [[small arms]] and avionics components. Other platforms include the [[Dornier 228|Dornier-228]], 155 mm/52 calibre [[DRDO Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System]], [[BrahMos]] cruise missile, and [[Akash SAM]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE - YEAR END REVIEW 2023 |work=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228062022/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-25 |title=2023 witnesses recorded defence exports, all-time high productions |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/2023-witnesses-record-defence-exports-all-time-high-productions/articleshow/106259005.cms |access-date=2023-12-25 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225090859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/2023-witnesses-record-defence-exports-all-time-high-productions/articleshow/106259005.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the fiscal year 2023–2024, defence exports totalled ₹21,083 crores (about $2.63 billion), a 32.5 per cent increase from the previous fiscal year.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=ET Online |date=2024-08-12 |title=India's defence exports skyrocket by 78% in Q1 FY 2024-25, sets new benchmarks |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-defence-exports-skyrocket-by-78-in-q1-fy-2024-25-sets-new-benchmarks/articleshow/112469912.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The data also show a 31-fold increase over the previous ten years when compared to 2013–14. The private sector and the defence public sector entities generated roughly 60% and 40% of exports respectively. About 100 companies are involved in the export of military gear. The total amount of defence exports from 2004–05 to 2013–14 was ₹4,312 crore; from 2014–15 to 2023–24, it increased to ₹88,319 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=India's defence exports cross Rs 21K mark; registers 32% growth from last fiscal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indias-defence-exports-cross-rs-21k-mark-registers-32-growth-from-last-fiscal-2960935 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402043151/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indias-defence-exports-cross-rs-21k-mark-registers-32-growth-from-last-fiscal-2960935 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=India's defence exports cross ₹21,000 crore mark |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-defence-exports-cross-rs-21k-cr-mark-101711981929017.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402043151/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-defence-exports-cross-rs-21k-cr-mark-101711981929017.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first quarter of the financial year 2024–25, defence exports reached ₹6,915 in value.<ref name=":9" /> India's total defence exports in the 2024–2025 financial year amounted to {{INR convert|23622|c|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref name=":12" /> The Indian government is targeting {{INRConvert|50000|c|lk=on|year=2025}} worth of defence exports by 2029–30.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2025 |title=Govt committed to make India self-reliant in defence sector: Rajnath Singh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-committed-to-make-india-self-reliant-in-defence-sector-rajnath-singh/articleshow/120409450.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Companies==
===State-run===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Specialization
!Revenue (as of 2020)
!Operating Income (As of 2020)
!Employees (as of March–April 2019)
!Notes
|-
|[[Bharat Dynamics]]
|[[Ammunition]] and [[missile]] systems
|₹3,095.2 crore (US$430 million)
|₹2,828.8 crore (US$400 million)
|3,030
|<ref name="Financial Results">[https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/bharat-dynamics-ltd/bdl/541143/financials-results/ "Financial Results 31.03.2020 Data from BSE Site"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231124245/https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/bharat-dynamics-ltd/bdl/541143/financials-results/ |date=31 December 2022 }}.</ref><ref name="BalSheet"/>
|-
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|[[Avionics]] and [[radar]]
|₹32,920 crore (US$4.6 billion)
|₹12,480 crore (US$1.7 billion)
|9,612
|<ref name="Financial Results" /><ref name="BalSheet">https://www.bel-india.in/Documentviews.aspx?fileName=Annaul-Report-2019-20-07-09-2020.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204304/https://www.bel-india.in/Documentviews.aspx?fileName=Annaul-Report-2019-20-07-09-2020.pdf |date=24 June 2021 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bharat Earth Movers]]
|[[Earthmoving equipment]] and [[transportation]]
|₹3,077.4 crore (US$430 million)
|₹153.20 crore (US$21 million)
|7,185
|<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020">[https://www.bemlindia.in/writereaddata/Downloads/202006291135March2020.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2020"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018082529/https://www.bemlindia.in/writereaddata/Downloads/202006291135March2020.pdf |date=18 October 2021 }}.</ref>
|-
|[[Electronics Corporation of India Limited|Electronics Corporation of India]]
|[[Communication systems]] and [[electronics]]
|₹13.08 billion (US$160 million) (2015)
|₹0.52 billion (US$6.5 million) (2015)
|1,974
|<ref name="Annual Report 2018">[https://www.ecil.co.in/annual_reports/52nd_ECIL_Annual_Report_2018_19_English.pdf "Annual report 2018-19"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215163422/https://www.ecil.co.in/annual_reports/52nd_ECIL_Annual_Report_2018_19_English.pdf |date=15 December 2022 }}.</ref>
|-
|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aeronautics]]
|[[Aerospace manufacturing]]
|₹21,522.07 crore (US$3.0 billion)
|₹3,960.57 crore (US$560 million)
|28,345
|<ref name="HAL Financial 2020">{{cite web|url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AuditedFinancialResultsMarch2020.pdf|title=HAL Financial 2020|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726111657/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AuditedFinancialResultsMarch2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/Annual%20Report%202018-19.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019134205/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/Annual%20Report%202018-19.pdf |date=19 October 2019 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]
|[[Shipbuilding]] and ship designing
|₹1,658.79 crore (US$230 million)
|₹225.20 crore (US$32 million)
|2,100
|<ref name="Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers 2020">[http://www.grse.in/pdf/investors/Audited_Financial_Results_for_the_quarterandyear_ended_31Mar2020%20and%20Recom%20of%20Div.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2020"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163024/http://www.grse.in/pdf/investors/Audited_Financial_Results_for_the_quarterandyear_ended_31Mar2020%20and%20Recom%20of%20Div.pdf |date=16 July 2021 }}.</ref><ref>http://www.grse.in/pdf/investors/Annual%20Report%202018-19_GRSE.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716162708/http://www.grse.in/pdf/investors/Annual%20Report%202018-19_GRSE.pdf |date=16 July 2021 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Goa Shipyard]]
|[[Shipbuilding]]
|₹₹1,071.76 crore (US$150 million)
|₹264.92 crore (US$37 million)
|1,472
|<ref name="Goa Shipyard 2020">[https://goashipyard.in/file/2020/09/Annual-Report-for-FY-2019-20-Final.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2020"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716162844/https://goashipyard.in/file/2020/09/Annual-Report-for-FY-2019-20-Final.pdf |date=16 July 2021 }}.</ref>
|-
|[[Mazagon Dock Limited|Mazagon Dock]]
|[[Shipbuilding]]
|₹4399.16 crores (US$640 million)
|
|9,000
|<ref>https://mazagondock.in/writereaddata/pdf_doc/Annual_Reports/Annual_Report_English_2017-2018.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023232935/https://www.mazagondock.in/writereaddata/pdf_doc/Annual_Reports/Annual_Report_English_2017-2018.pdf |date=23 October 2021 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/index.htm |title=Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited – Ship Builder to the Nation. |website=mazagondock.gov.in |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125020/http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/index.htm |archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cochin Shipyard]]
|[[Shipbuilding]]
|₹28,745 crore (2017–2018, US$370 million)
|
|12,000
|
|-
|[[Mishra Dhatu Nigam]]
|[[Metallurgy]]
|₹747 crores (US$110 million)
|
|852
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mishra-dhatu-nigam-ltd/profitandlose/companyid-4499.cms|title=Mishra Dhatu Nigam Profit and Loss Reports|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920230732/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mishra-dhatu-nigam-ltd/profitandlose/companyid-4499.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/apr-2018/1522924415143.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920230736/https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/apr-2018/1522924415143.pdf |date=20 September 2019 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.midhani.gov.in/ |title=::Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited::Home::,superalloy, titanium, special steel industry |website=midhani.gov.in |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501140436/http://www.midhani.gov.in/ |archive-date=1 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Hindustan Shipyard]]
|Shipbuilding
|
|
|
|<ref name="UADNL 2020">[https://uadnl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Annual-Report-2020-21.pdf "2nd Annual Report 2020-21"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184421/https://uadnl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Annual-Report-2020-21.pdf |date=30 November 2021 }}.</ref>
|-
|[[Munitions India Limited|Munitions India]]
|[[Ammunition]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited|Armoured Vehicles Nigam]]
|Tanks
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited|Advanced Weapons and Equipment India]]
|Small arms and artillery guns
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Troop Comforts Limited|Troop Comforts]]
|Clothing and protection gear
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Yantra India Limited|Yantra India]]
|Ammunition hardware
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[India Optel Limited|India Optel]]
|Optical sensors
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Gliders India Limited|Gliders India]]
|Military [[parachute]]s
|
|
|
|
|}

===Private companies===
{{see also| Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association}}
''Indo-MIM'' is the largest defence exporter company in India.<ref name="theprint.in"/> The following are private Indian companies that are involved in the defence industry.{{Dynamic list|date=March 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name of company
!Established
!Specialization
|-
|[[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2023-05-25 |title=PTC Industries shares jump over 8% after subsidiary gets IAI approval for components |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630201656/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2015
|Aerospace and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
|-
|Aerolloy Technologies<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms | title=PTC Industries shares jump over 8% after subsidiary gets IAI approval for components | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=25 May 2023 | last1=Singh | first1=Navdeep | access-date=5 October 2023 | archive-date=25 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525132222/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2020
|Metallurgy
|-
|Alpha Design Technologies
| 2003
| Avionics, defence electronics, and space satellite systems
|-
|AS Strategic<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.asstrategic.com/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=AS Strategic |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126015102/http://asstrategic.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2021
|Diversified defence equipment
|-
|Astra Microwave Products<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRISIL reaffirms ratings of Astra Microwave Products |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/crisil-reaffirms-ratings-of-astra-microwave-products-122032800709_1.html |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118071846/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/crisil-reaffirms-ratings-of-astra-microwave-products-122032800709_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1991
|Radar systems
|-
|Apollo Micro Systems<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/apollo-micro-systems-ltd-is-setting-up-a-state-of-the-art-defence-equipment-manufacturing-facility-at-hyderabad-123100200590_1.html |title=Apollo Micro Systems Ltd is setting up a state-of-the-art Defence equipment manufacturing facility at Hyderabad |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628081602/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/apollo-micro-systems-ltd-is-setting-up-a-state-of-the-art-defence-equipment-manufacturing-facility-at-hyderabad-123100200590_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1985
|Defence electronics, avionics and space satellite systems
|-
|Avantel<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AVANTEL-LIMITED-20701922/news/Avantel-to-Supply-Power-Amplifier-Modules-to-Bharat-Electronics-44684314/| title=Avantel to Supply Power Amplifier Modules to Bharat Electronics| date=23 August 2023| access-date=24 August 2023| url-access=subscription| archive-date=4 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204020909/https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AVANTEL-LIMITED-20701922/news/Avantel-to-Supply-Power-Amplifier-Modules-to-Bharat-Electronics-44684314/| url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1985
|High frequency communications, radar, [[software-defined radio|SDR]] and space satellite systems
|-
|[[BrahMos Aerospace]]
| 2004
|Missile systems
|-
|[[Bharat Forge]]
| 1961
|Artillery and metallurgy
|-
|[[Centum Electronics]]
| 1993
|Defense electronics
|-
|CRON systems
| 2015
|Cybersecurity and LIDAR
|-
|[[Crown Group (India)|Crown Group]]
| 1978
|AI, cybersecurity and M.R.I scanning devices
|-
|CST Advanced Systems Pvt Ltd [https://www.zaubacorp.com/CST-ADVANCED-SYSTEMS-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U29308DL2019PTC359602]
|2019
|Adhoc frequency communications, Long range mesh radios, Software-defined radio (SDR), Denied [[GPS tracking unit|GPS tracking]] and mapping systems, situation awareness systems
|-
|CYRAN AI Solutions<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Engineer's Hardware Is Inspired by the Brain |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/manan-suri-profile |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=spectrum.ieee.org |language=en}}</ref>
|2018
|AI, Cyber-Physical Security and [[Nanoelectronics]]
|-
|Data Patterns<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/data-patterns-will-transition-to-end-systems-scale-up-exports-in-four-years-16260341.htm | title=Data Patterns will transition to end-systems, scale up exports in four years | date=24 March 2023 | access-date=4 October 2023 | archive-date=12 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512032545/https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/data-patterns-will-transition-to-end-systems-scale-up-exports-in-four-years-16260341.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1976
|Defence electronics
|-
|Defsys Solutions
| 2007
|Avionics
|-
|DCX Systems<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/technology/dcx-systems-building-indias-aerospace-defence-giant-for/452490 | title="DCX Systems Building India's Aerospace & Defence Giant for an Aatmanirbhar Bharat" | date=22 May 2023 | access-date=4 October 2023 | archive-date=14 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114202304/https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/technology/dcx-systems-building-indias-aerospace-defence-giant-for/452490 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2010
|Avionics and wire-harness
|-
|[[Dynamatic Technologies]]
| 1973
|Aerospace hydraulics and metallurgy
|-
|[[Elecon Engineering]]
| 1960
|Machinery
|-
|EyeROV
| 2016
|UAV
|-
|Gridbots Technologies<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defencexp.com/indian-startup-gridbots-has-completed-trials-of-its-hitman-ugv/|title=Indian Startup Gridbots Has Completed Trials of its HITMAN UGV|work=defencexp.com|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref>
| 2009
| Armored Autonomous Robotic Vehicle
|-
|[[Godrej & Boyce]]
| 1985
|Aerospace and precision engineering
|-
|[[J. K. Organisation|Global Strategic Technologies]]
| 2011
|Aerospace, missile systems and tanks
|-
|HBL Power Systems<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/stock-watch-hbl-power-nearly-triples-in-6-months-defence-railway-play-driving-gains-11453241.html | title=Stock watch: HBL Power nearly triples in 6 months; defence, railway play driving gains | date=29 September 2023 | access-date=4 October 2023 | archive-date=2 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002143139/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/stock-watch-hbl-power-nearly-triples-in-6-months-defence-railway-play-driving-gains-11453241.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1976
|Battery and power-generating systems
|-
|High Energy Batteries Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/production-incentives-to-fuel-battery-innovations-on-cards-11649185815999.html | title=High tech battery innovations may get a PLI push | date=6 April 2022 | access-date=4 October 2023 | archive-date=13 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113121038/https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/production-incentives-to-fuel-battery-innovations-on-cards-11649185815999.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1961
|Battery and power-generating systems
|-
|[[Jakson Group]]
| 1947
|Diesel generators
|-
|Jeanuvs
|2008
|Defence electronics, avionics and space satellite systems
|-
|[[Jindal Stainless Limited|Jindal Defence]]
| 1947
|Arms, armoury and missile systems
|-
|Kineco Limited<ref>{{cite web|title=External link|url=https://www.kinecogroup.com/|website=www.kinecogroup.com|language=en|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171629/https://www.kinecogroup.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1994
|Composites
|-
| Krishna Defence & Allied Industries Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bqprime.com/markets/krishna-defence-shares-hit-record-high-after-securing-order-from-defence-ministry | title=Krishna Defence Shares Hit Record High After Securing Order from Defence Ministry | date=10 May 2023 | access-date=4 October 2023 | archive-date=13 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113115918/https://www.bqprime.com/markets/krishna-defence-shares-hit-record-high-after-securing-order-from-defence-ministry | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1996
|Metallurgy
|-
| [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| 1948
|Diversified defence products and equipment
|-
|MAK Controls and Systems
| 1973
|Ground support equipment, land-based systems and electronic systems
|-
|Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Limited<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/meil-enters-defence-equipment-manufacturing-826622385.html | title=MEIL Enters Defence Equipment Manufacturing | access-date=5 October 2023 | archive-date=13 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113121259/https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/meil-enters-defence-equipment-manufacturing-826622385.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1989
|Defence communications and electronics systems
|-
|Nibe Defence and Aerospace<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Chief of Naval Staff inaugurates Nibe Defence and Aerospace plant, says step towards 'Atma Nirbharta' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chief-of-naval-staff-inaugurates-nibe-defence-and-aerospace-plant-says-step-towards-atma-nirbharta/articleshow/107814495.cms |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|2022
|Power electronics, precision and structural engineering
|-
|Tardid Technologies
| 2016
| AI-based autonomous vehicles<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-another-start-upbrainbox-sso-to-provide-ai-solutionduring-rd-parade-2960399/ | title=Another start-up, Brainbox SSO to provide AI solution during RD Parade | date=25 January 2023 | access-date=4 October 2023 | archive-date=28 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928063146/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-another-start-upbrainbox-sso-to-provide-ai-solutionduring-rd-parade-2960399/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and cybersecurity
|-
| [[Tata Advanced Systems]]
| 2007
| Aerospace, land-based defence systems, radar systems, missile systems, drones and sonar
|-
| Tata Steel Advanced Materials
| 2012
| Composites
|-
| [[Tata Power SED]]
| 1975
|Defence electronics, UAVs, and missile systems
|-
| [[Texmaco Rail & Engineering|Texmaco Defence Systems]]
| 2017
| Armoured vehicles, artillery and weapons
|-
| [[Titagarh Wagons]]
| 1982
|CBRNe, Mine clearing systems and military trailers
|-
| Tonbo Imaging<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/bengaluru-tech-gives-us-israeli-weapons-eyes-11574009242060.html | title=Bengaluru tech gives US, Israeli weapons eyes | date=17 November 2019 | access-date=4 October 2023 | archive-date=14 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114202304/https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/bengaluru-tech-gives-us-israeli-weapons-eyes-11574009242060.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2003
|Imaging systems
|-
| [[Triveni Engineering & Industries]]
| 1932
|Gearboxes and Gas turbines
|-
| [[SSS Defence]]
| 1960
|Small arms and metallurgy
|-
| [[Staqu Technologies]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-buzz/story/ai-for-smart-crime-fighting-234243-2019-10-14 | title=AI for Smart Crime-Fighting | date=14 October 2019 | access-date=5 October 2023 | archive-date=2 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202141744/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-buzz/story/ai-for-smart-crime-fighting-234243-2019-10-14 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2015
| AI/surveillance/computer vision
|-
| Sisir Radar
| 2022
|Radars
|-
| [[Mahindra Aerospace]]
| 2008
|Aerospace
|-
| Mahindra Defence Systems Ltd.
| 2012
|Armoured vehicles
|-
| [[MKU (company)|MKU]]
| 1985
|Armoury
|-
| Paras Defence and Space Technologies Ltd.
| 1972
|Diversified defence equipments
|-
| Premier explosives
| 1980
|Diversified defence equipments
|-
| [[PTC Industries]]
| 1963
| Alloys and metallurgy
|-
| [[Ravindra Reddy|MTAR Technologies]]
| 1984
|Diversified defence equipment and satcoms
|-
| Raphe Mphibr Pvt Ltd
| 1963
|Alloys and metallurgy
|-
| Rossell Techsys
| 2009
|Composites
|-
| [[Samtel Avionics]]
| 2006
|Display systems
|-
| Exicom Telecom-Systems
| 1994
|Defense communication systems and RF
|-
| Sandeep Metalcraft Pvt Ltd
| 1988
| Arms and missile systems
|-
| Sika Interplant Systems Ltd.
| 1969
| Gearboxes and turbines
|-
| [[Solar Industries]]
| 1983
| Diversified defence equipments
|-
|Sagar Defence Engineering<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=India's Defence Advances: Sagar Defence Engineering to Develop Cutting-Edge Underwater Launched Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (ULUAVs) |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indias-defence-advances-sagar-defence-engineering-to-develop-cutting-edge-underwater-launched-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uluavs-3522512/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
| 2015
| Unmanned Marine Vehicles
|-
| Torus Robotics
| 2015
| UAV
|-
| VEM Technologies<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vem-tech-inks-pact-with-hal-for-20-cfl-units-for-tejas/article66030914.ece | title=VEM Tech inks pact with HAL for 20 CFL units for Tejas | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 October 2022 | access-date=4 October 2023 | archive-date=3 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203143221/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vem-tech-inks-pact-with-hal-for-20-cfl-units-for-tejas/article66030914.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1993
| Aerospace
|-
| [[DRDO Netra|ideaForge]]
| 2007
|UAV
|-
| Optimized Electrotech
| 2017
|UAV
|-
| [[Walchandnagar Industries]]
| 1908
|Missile systems
|-
|Sahajanand Laser Technology Limited<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sltmicrowave.com/services | title=Sahajanand Laser Technology services in Defense Industry | date=6 March 2023 | access-date=6 March 2023 | archive-date=6 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102155/https://www.sltmicrowave.com/services | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1989
|Manufacturing & Exporting of Microwave Absorbers, RADAR Absorbent Materials, Shielded Anechoic Chambers and EMI/EMC Test Ranges for both Civil and Defence purposes.
|-
|News Safety Solutions
|2015
|N.E.W.S Safety Solutions: Bulletproof Vehicles & Cars Manufacturer / Delhi.
|}

=== Other defence entities===
[[File:Solid_Fuel_Ducted_Ramjet_(SFDR)_missile_being_tested_on_8_February_2019.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet]] based missile being tested in 2019]]
* [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory|Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL)]]
* [[Defence Research & Development Organisation|DRDO]]
* [[Surface Robotics Laboratory-CMERI|Surface Robotics Laboratory(SRL)]]
* [[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute|CSIR-CMERI]]<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1693800 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>
* [[ISRO]], for [[aerospace manufacturing]]
* [[Ravindra Reddy|MTAR Technologies]], missile system components manufacturing for ISRO
* [[NewSpace India Limited]] for low-cost missile system components manufacturing
* [[INOX Leisure|INOXCVA]] for ISRO cryogenic equipments

==Domestic defence production==
===Indigenisation===
In September 2019, DRDO formulated the ''"DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology"'' and released information on ''"DRDO-Industry Partnership: Synergy and Growth and DRDO Products with Potential for Export"''.<ref name=mind7/> During the Vibrant Goa Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO signed [[technology transfer]] contracts with [[Make in India|16 Indian companies]], including 3 startups, to produce products for the use by [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="mind2" /> This included [[Shelf life|high shelf life]], high nutrition, [[Meal, Ready-to-Eat|ready-to-eat]] on-the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult terrain and bad weather.<ref name="mind2">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms DRDO signs pacts on Transfer of Technology with 16 companies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318211136/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms |date=18 March 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 18 October 2019.</ref> To boost the domestic defense production capability, Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]]'s November 2019 delegation included 50 Indian companies scouting for the Russian partners and joint ventures for the defence production in India.<ref name="mind5">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/50-india-inc-representatives-to-accompany-rajnath-singh-to-russia-to-explore-jvs/articleshow/71829433.cms 50 India Inc representatives to accompany Rajnath Singh to Russia to explore JVs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216221500/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/50-india-inc-representatives-to-accompany-rajnath-singh-to-russia-to-explore-jvs/articleshow/71829433.cms |date=16 February 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 31 October 2019.</ref> DRDO and [[ISRO]] have agreed to collaborate in India's crewed orbital spacecraft project called [[Gaganyaan]] during which DRDOs various laboratories will tailor their defence capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission.<ref name="mind6">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms ISRO, DRDO sign MoUs for Gaganyaan mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134346/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms |date=18 February 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 17 September.</ref> To become technology research and production leader, reduce reliance on the imports and increase self-reliance, DRDO Chief called for more collaboration with the industry, private sector, research and education institutes including [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]]s and [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]].<ref name="mind1">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-chief-urges-for-indigenous-defence-production/articleshow/71350864.cms DRDO chief urges for indigenous defence production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928202908/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-chief-urges-for-indigenous-defence-production/articleshow/71350864.cms |date=28 September 2019 }}, The Economic Times, 28 September 2019.</ref>

===Make in India===
{{Main|Make in India}}
The [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]] in its first year cleared 39 capital procurement proposals, of which 32 proposals worth {{INRConvert|88900|c}} (or 96% of the value of total proposals) were categorized as ''Buy (Indian)'' and ''Buy and Make (India)''—the top two prioritized domestic industry-centric procurement categories as per the defense procurement procedure (DPP).<ref>{{citation |title=Make in India: Big role for private firms in defense |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/xdix0RjSNhvuX4QBeVSm7I/Make-in-India-Big-role-for-private-firms-in-defence.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=15 February 2016 |access-date=15 February 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215095338/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/xdix0RjSNhvuX4QBeVSm7I/Make-in-India-Big-role-for-private-firms-in-defence.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's flagship scheme, "Make in India in Defence," the government's policies encourage domestic manufacturing and the export of defense equipment. It has already resulted in substantial growth of defence exports from the country as it jumped by 700% in just two years, from $213 million in FY 2016–17 to $1.5 billion in FY 2018–19.<ref name="defencestar.in"/> Encouraged by this scheme, the government set a target of achieving defence exports worth ₹35,000 crore ($4.87 billion) in the next four years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defencestar.in/india-defence-news/defence-industry-india-defence-exports-to-double-in-next-four-years/amp|title=India's defence export set to double in next four years to $4.86 billion|newspaper=Defence Star|date=14 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Under "Make in India" initiative, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] is also focusing upon indigenous defence communication systems.[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-releases-indian-radio-software-architecture-standard-for-military-communication/articleshow/124368622.cms?from=mdr] A private-academia collaboration between CST Advanced Systems Pvt Ltd and [[IIT Jammu]] has developed anti-[[GNSS jamming|GPS jamming]] and identification friend or foe (IFF) devices to address critical challenges faced by the armed forces.[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/anti-gps-jamming-identification-devices-developed-by-iit-jammu-nearing-completion-officials/articleshow/103736366.cms?from=mdr][https://www.businesswireindia.com/cst-advanced-systems-and-iit-jammu-collaborate-to-revolutionize-future-warfare-90656.html]

In July 2015, the defence ministry eased export regulations and stopped demanding multiple assurances on end-use from foreign governments even for sale of components by Indian entities.<ref>{{citation |title=Make in India: How small tweaks in policy are drawing domestic and global firms to defence manufacturing |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/make-in-india-how-small-tweaks-in-policy-are-drawing-domestic-and-global-firms-to-defence-manufacturing/articleshow/51002555.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 February 2016 |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617152301/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/make-in-india-how-small-tweaks-in-policy-are-drawing-domestic-and-global-firms-to-defence-manufacturing/articleshow/51002555.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Some critics say that instead of encouraging the manufacturing of equipment in India, the Modi government has given financial powers to the Armed forces to purchase equipment up to ₹500 crores without the consultation of the Ministry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582739|title=Significant rise in value and number of cases processed by Defence Services following delegation of enhanced financial powers|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920230735/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx%3FPRID%3D1582739|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/post-pulwama-government-grants-more-financial-powers-to-the-3-services-for-weapons/articleshow/68916823.cms|title = Post Pulwama, government grants more financial powers to the 3 services for weapons|newspaper = The Economic Times|access-date = 20 September 2019|archive-date = 4 October 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231004123509/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/post-pulwama-government-grants-more-financial-powers-to-the-3-services-for-weapons/articleshow/68916823.cms|url-status = live}}</ref> This will further increase the types of weapons, their spares and components, cost of maintainability which will result in non-compatibility and standardisation problems in the near future.

India's defence output value increased to roughly [[₹]]1.27 [[lakh crore]] in FY 2023–24, from ₹1,08,684 crore in FY 2022–23, marking the country's highest-ever rise. The value of defence output has climbed by more than 60% during FY 2019–20. According to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], of the overall value of output in FY 2023–2024, [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|PSUs]] contributed around 79.2%, while the private sector provided 20.8%. In FY 2023–24, defence exports reached a record high of ₹21,083 crore, up 32.5% from the previous fiscal year when they were ₹15,920 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-05 |title=India's defence production skyrockets to Rs 1.27 lakh crore in 2023-24, thanks to 'Make in India' success |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-defence-production-skyrockets-in-2023-24-make-in-india-hits-turbo-mode/articleshow/111504256.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The value of Indian defence production is expected to exceed {{INRConvert|1.60|lc|lk=on|year=2025}} between 2025 and 2026, and the Indian government is targeting the domestic manufacturing of defence equipment valued at {{INRConvert|3|lc|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=18 April 2025 |title=India has set target of ₹3 lakh cr in defence prod by 2029: Rajnath - ET Manufacturing |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/india-has-set-target-of-3-lakh-cr-in-defence-prod-by-2029-rajnath/120400545 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=ET Manufacturing}}</ref>

===Research and development===
[[File:CMERI Developed AUV.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute|CMERI]] developed Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV-150)]]
[[File:Pro11.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute|CMERI]] developed [[Surface Robotics Laboratory-CMERI#Video gallery|All Terrain Robot (ATR-II)]]]]
In 2024, [[Rajnath Singh]], the Minister of Defence, stated that private sector defence companies need to take a more leading role in the industry, as they are better suited to innovate and respond to sectoral changes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=18 October 2024 |title=Private sector must lead in India's defence innovation: Rajnath Singh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/private-sector-must-lead-in-india-s-defence-innovation-rajnath-singh-124101800476_1.html |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> As of 2024, research and development (R&D) in the Indian defence industry is low compared to global peer companies, with Indian defence companies allocating 1.2% of their revenue to R&D compared to the global average of 3.4%.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2024-07-01 |title=Indian defence firms need to invest more in innovations and R&D to keep pace with global standards: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-defence-firms-need-to-invest-more-in-innovations-and-rd-to-keep-pace-with-global-standards-report/articleshow/111405034.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> There are companies that are exceptions to the low levels of R&D, with HAL allocating 9.3% of revenue to R&D, making the company among a leader in R&D spending globally, and Bharat Dynamics allocating 6.1% to R&D spending.<ref name=":10" />

===FDI in defence===
Even though the Modi government has been trying hard to get FDI in the defence sector by first raising the cap from 26% to 74% through automatic route and 100% through MoD's approval, whereby the investing foreign entities can have ownership up to 100% in the defence manufacturing, which has received a dismal response with a meagre investment of just ₹56 lacs (US$0.08 million) in 2014–15, ₹71 lac (US$0.10 million) in 2015–16, ₹7 lacs (US$0.01 million) in 2017–18 and ₹15 crores (US$2.18 million) during 2018–19.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-industry-received-2-18-million-fdi-in-2018-19-government/articleshow/69960949.cms|title = Defence industry received $2.18 million FDI in 2018-19: Government|newspaper = The Economic Times|access-date = 20 September 2019|archive-date = 25 December 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221225163548/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-industry-received-2-18-million-fdi-in-2018-19-government/articleshow/69960949.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Total FDI in defence
|-
| 2014–15|| USD 0.08 million (₹56 lacs)
|-
| 2015–16|| USD 0.10 million (₹71 lac)
|-
| 2017–18|| USD 0.01 million (₹7 lacs)
|-
| 2018–19|| USD 2.18 million (₹15 crores) <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/>
|}

== Negative import list ==
An import embargo on 101 defence items was announced on 9 August 2020. Over five years, the items will be prohibited from being imported.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-08-10|title=Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-negative-imports-list-for-defence-announced-by-rajnath-singh-6547318/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930152530/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-negative-imports-list-for-defence-announced-by-rajnath-singh-6547318/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 31 May 2021 [[Government of India|GoI]] announced the ban on 108 items that were excluded from the early list. This also includes a roadmap of five years for the promotion of indigenous. The list was described as the "2nd Positive List for Indigenisation" by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mini-uavs-mine-protected-vehicles-among-new-list-of-108-defence-items-banned-for-import-full-list-1809194-2021-05-31|title=Mini UAVs, mine-protected vehicles among new list of 108 defence items banned for import {{pipe}} Full List|date=31 May 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602101154/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/mini-uavs-mine-protected-vehicles-among-new-list-of-108-defence-items-banned-for-import-full-list-1809194-2021-05-31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/31/india-expands-negative-list-for-defence-imports-with-108-new-items-2310016.html|title=India expands negative list for defence imports with 108 new items|date=31 May 2021|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195650/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/31/india-expands-negative-list-for-defence-imports-with-108-new-items-2310016.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-announces-second-progressive-arms-embargo-list-to-boost-domestic-defence-production/articleshow/83119389.cms|title = India announces second progressive arms embargo list to boost domestic defence production {{pipe}} India News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]|date = June 2021|access-date = 22 April 2024|archive-date = 24 March 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240324224215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-announces-second-progressive-arms-embargo-list-to-boost-domestic-defence-production/articleshow/83119389.cms|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/import-embargo-on-101-defence-items-would-encourage-self-reliance-pm-modi-121022201364_1.html|title=Import embargo on 101 defence items would encourage self-reliance: PM Modi|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=22 February 2021|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201339/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/import-embargo-on-101-defence-items-would-encourage-self-reliance-pm-modi-121022201364_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-bans-import-of-108-defence-items-to-boost-selfreliance-101622486811296.html|title = Govt bans import of 108 defence items to boost self-reliance|date = June 2021|access-date = 16 June 2021|archive-date = 9 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210609184834/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-bans-import-of-108-defence-items-to-boost-selfreliance-101622486811296.html|url-status = live}}</ref> These include weapon systems like artillery guns, assault rifles, corvettes, transport aircraft, light combat helicopters (LCHs) and even wheeled armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs).[https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/IMPORT%20EMBARGO%20LIST%20MOD.pdf]

==Involvement of arms dealers and middlemen==
{{see also|:Category:Corruption_in_defence_procurement_in_India|l1=Corruption in defence procurement in India}}

Despite the strategic and economic importance of the defence sector, there have been [[List of scandals in India|numerous scandals]] that have been linked to defence deals which involve the import of foreign arms by the Indian government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Inbar |first1=Efraim |last2=Ningthoujam |first2=Alvite Singh |date=2012 |title=Indo-Israeli Defense Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266439359 |pages=20–24 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=From Bofors to Rafale: Dubious defence deals that rocked India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/from-rafale-to-bofors-dubious-defence-deals-that-rocked-india-1451287-2019-02-08 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028161257/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/from-rafale-to-bofors-dubious-defence-deals-that-rocked-india-1451287-2019-02-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of these scandals, include allegations related to bribery and the alleged involvement of middlemen.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=From Bofors to Rafale: Dubious defence deals that rocked India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/from-rafale-to-bofors-dubious-defence-deals-that-rocked-india-1451287-2019-02-08 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028161257/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/from-rafale-to-bofors-dubious-defence-deals-that-rocked-india-1451287-2019-02-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> These alleged middlemen are also termed as lobbyists, arms agents or arms dealers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |date=2018-09-13 |title=Exclusive: Two Indian businessmen linked to arms dealer Sudhir Choudhrie under investigation agencies' scanner |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/exclusive-two-indian-businessmen-connected-to-arms-dealer-sudhir-choudhrie-under-investigation-agencies-scanner-5175751.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405192634/https://www.firstpost.com/india/exclusive-two-indian-businessmen-connected-to-arms-dealer-sudhir-choudhrie-under-investigation-agencies-scanner-5175751.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Ramesh |first=PR |date=2016-05-12 |title=Indian Arms Dealers: The Defence Dynasty |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/indian-arms-dealers-the-defence-dynasty/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126103145/https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/indian-arms-dealers-the-defence-dynasty/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Ramindar |last2=Badhwar |first2=Inderjit |date=1986 |title=Lobbying for defence contracts is hard core, brutal and uncompromising |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860915-lobbying-for-defence-contracts-is-hard-core-brutal-and-uncompromising-801221-1986-09-15 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402202712/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860915-lobbying-for-defence-contracts-is-hard-core-brutal-and-uncompromising-801221-1986-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Until the 1980s, agenting or lobbying on behalf of foreign defence companies was legal in India, however due to the political fallout from the [[Bofors scandal|Bofors Scandal]], which happened in the 1980s, the Indian Government banned agents from being involved in defence deals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2013 |title=India, the world's largest arms importer doesn't employ a single authorized agent |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-the-worlds-largest-arms-importer-doesnt-employ-a-single-authorized-agent/articleshow/18539121.cms |access-date=2022-04-06 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406220431/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-the-worlds-largest-arms-importer-doesnt-employ-a-single-authorized-agent/articleshow/18539121.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=M. |date=1997-04-21 |title=Bofors Ghost Casts Shadow On Indian Sales Of Arms Majors |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/bofors-ghost-casts-shadow-on-indian-sales-of-arms-majors-197042101011_1.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406220449/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/bofors-ghost-casts-shadow-on-indian-sales-of-arms-majors-197042101011_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to the emergence of allegations against certain Indian politicians and defence officials of receiving payoffs to clinch the deal the between Bofors and the Indian Government.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-21 |title=Bofors scam: A timeline of the 31-year-old, Rs 1,437-cr India-Sweden deal |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rs-1-437-cr-india-sweden-bofors-guns-deal-timeline-of-the-31-year-old-case-117102100190_1.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406220448/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rs-1-437-cr-india-sweden-bofors-guns-deal-timeline-of-the-31-year-old-case-117102100190_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Even though arms dealers or arms agents are controversial within the defence sector, it has been reported that their role and involvement are critical for any defence deal to take place between foreign defence companies and the Indian Government.<ref>{{cite web |last=Doval |first=Nikita |date=2015-01-13 |title=The debate over defence middlemen |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZZHAX9ICUglFcfCAqsdUMM/The-debate-over-defence-middlemen.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402232110/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZZHAX9ICUglFcfCAqsdUMM/The-debate-over-defence-middlemen.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Allegedly, arms agents can manipulate the procurement process because they have the means to pay substantial commissions to politicians, military officials and bureaucrats, therefore making them ever-present in defence deals.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to this, members of the Ministry of Defence and military officials have stated that arms agents have the power to manipulate what is written in weapons test reports, and [[General (India)|General]] [[V. K. Singh|V.K Singh]], a former Indian [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], stated that the reach of lobbyists within the Defence Ministry extends to the level where agents have access to classified intelligence and know the inner workings of the ministry.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Ramindar |last2=Badhwar |first2=Inderjit |date=1986 |title=Lobbying for defence contracts is hardcore, brutal and uncompromising |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860915-lobbying-for-defence-contracts-is-hard-core-brutal-and-uncompromising-801221-1986-09-15 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402202712/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860915-lobbying-for-defence-contracts-is-hard-core-brutal-and-uncompromising-801221-1986-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Mihir |date=2013-11-15 |title='The Arms Lobby Is Very Strong' |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-arms-lobby-is-very-strong/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204212213/https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-arms-lobby-is-very-strong/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), [[Sudhir Choudhrie]], [[Suresh Nanda]] and [[Vipin Khanna]] were the largest and most powerful arms dealers for decades.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Sarin |first=Ritu |date=2006-10-28 |title=Arms and the Men |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/arms-and-the-men-6/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604210708/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/arms-and-the-men-6/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Mihir |date=2012-04-05 |title=The Men Who Do Not Exist |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-men-who-do-not-exist/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213912/https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-men-who-do-not-exist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2006 |title=Nationwide raids |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nationwide-raids/articleshow/2143326.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408213246/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nationwide-raids/articleshow/2143326.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Allegedly, Khanna, Choudhrie and Nanda, started dominating the defence sector since before the Bofors Scandal in the 1980s, and their families have maintained their positions.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=23 October 2019 |title=Role of AgustaWestland middleman in anti-tank missile deal under lens |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/10/23/Role-of-AgustaWestland-middleman-in-anti-tank-missile-deal-under-lens.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302122729/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/10/23/Role-of-AgustaWestland-middleman-in-anti-tank-missile-deal-under-lens.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8" /> Supposedly, their commissions from arms deals could be up to as high as 15%.<ref name=":4" /> Reportedly, Khanna, Choudhrie and Nanda played critical roles in getting defence deals approved because they have the capabilities to get a deal through the political and bureaucratic procurement process, due to their influence and connections within India.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> All three men and members of their families have been accused in several defence scandals, however, none of the allegations against them have ever been proven.<ref>{{cite web |last=PTI |date=2016 |title=CBI registers FIR against NRI arms dealer in Embraer deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/cbi-registers-fir-against-nri-arms-dealer-in-embraer-deal-727719-2016-10-21 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126085142/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/cbi-registers-fir-against-nri-arms-dealer-in-embraer-deal-727719-2016-10-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last= |date=2014-09-07 |title=Indian-born Sudhir Choudhrie, son dropped from bribery probe into Rolls-Royce sales |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rolls-royce-britain-sfo-idINKBN0H20JE20140907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408202635/https://www.reuters.com/article/rolls-royce-britain-sfo-idINKBN0H20JE20140907 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-08 |work=Reuters |language=en |agency=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2017-02-01 |title=Court accepts closure report in Barak missile deal |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-accepts-closure-report-in-barak-missile-deal-117020101010_1.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030055346/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-accepts-closure-report-in-barak-missile-deal-117020101010_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several other individuals have also been alleged arms dealers or arms agents. This includes [[Abhishek Verma (arms dealer)|Abhishek Verma]], whose parents [[Shrikant Verma]] and [[Veena Verma (politician)|Veena Verma]] both were [[Rajya Sabha]] MPs for 3 decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ananya |date=2022-09-06 |title=10 yrs after going to jail in arms case, 'Lord of War' Abhishek Verma resurfaces as Delhi tycoon |url=https://theprint.in/india/10-yrs-after-going-to-jail-in-arms-case-lord-of-war-abhishek-verma-resurfaces-as-delhi-tycoon/1117158/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 8, 2014 |title=Fresh notice to defamation complainant against Advani |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/fresh-notice-to-defamation-complainant-against-advani/story-kBxMU4UC3yckFl6R5iz8nL.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He was directly involved in 2 deals of the Indian military, being the [[Scorpene deal scam|Scorpene Submarines]] purchase by the Indian Navy in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-05 |title=Sting Of The Scorpene |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/sting-of-the-scorpene-news-231796 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-22 |title='Arrest of Congress middleman, scrap Scorpene deal' |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/22/arrest-of-congress-middleman-scrap-scorpene-deal-nda-1143016848.html |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Verma was also accused by the CBI in [[Rheinmetall Air Defence]] scandal in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-26 |title=Court discharges arms dealer Abhishek Verma in graft case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/court-discharges-arms-dealer-abhishek-verma-in-graft-case/articleshow/58380458.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-26 |title=Court discharges Abhishek Verma in graft case |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-discharges-abhishek-verma-in-graft-case/articleshow/58380997.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Verma was arrested by the CBI for violating the [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Official Secrets Act]], but in 2017, Verma was discharged by the courts due to lack of evidence against him.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Abhishek |date=2012 |title=CBI books arms dealer Abhishek Verma under Official Secrets Act |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/cbi-books-arms-dealer-abhishek-verma-under-official-secrets-act-114706-2012-08-30 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408213326/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/cbi-books-arms-dealer-abhishek-verma-under-official-secrets-act-114706-2012-08-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017 |title=Court discharges Abhishek Verma in graft case |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-discharges-abhishek-verma-in-graft-case/articleshow/58380997.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408213326/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-discharges-abhishek-verma-in-graft-case/articleshow/58380997.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2025 after his exoneration, Verma joined full time politics as Chief Coordinator of [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] a [[Hindutva|Hindu Right Wing party]] which is a member of ruling [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA coalition]] at the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=Delhi-based businessman Abhishek Verma joins Eknath Shinde's Shiv Sena |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/abhishek-verma-joins-shiv-sena-eknath-shinde-delhi-businessman-maharashtra-2672911-2025-01-31 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Controversial bizman Abhishek Verma joins Shiv Sena |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/controversial-bizman-abhishek-verma-joins-shiv-sena-101738434541778.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Another individual accused of being an arms dealer is Sanjay Bhandari, who fled to the United Kingdom in 2016, and is currently fighting an extradition case, as the Indian Government wants Bhandari extradited to India, to face charges of money laundering and tax evasion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Canton |first=Naomi |date=4 March 2022 |title=bhandari: Extradition hearing begins for Indian arms dealer Sanjay Bhandari who has fled to UK - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/extradition-hearing-begins-for-indian-arms-dealer-sanjay-bhandari-who-has-fled-to-uk/articleshow/89978667.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408224958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/extradition-hearing-begins-for-indian-arms-dealer-sanjay-bhandari-who-has-fled-to-uk/articleshow/89978667.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Canton |first=Naomi |date=2021 |title=Arms dealer Sanjay Bhandari extradition hearing fixed for February 2022 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/arms-dealer-sanjay-bhandari-extradition-hearing-fixed-for-february-2022/articleshow/84248753.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408224959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/arms-dealer-sanjay-bhandari-extradition-hearing-fixed-for-february-2022/articleshow/84248753.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The CBI also accused Mohinder Singh Sahni of being an arms dealer, during an investigation probe into him.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013 |title=Chopper scam: Spotlight on Tyagis for allegedly acting as middlemen |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chopper-scam-spotlight-on-tyagis-for-allegedly-acting-as-middlemen/articleshow/18508065.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408224958/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chopper-scam-spotlight-on-tyagis-for-allegedly-acting-as-middlemen/articleshow/18508065.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to this, non-Indian citizens have also been accused of allegedly giving bribes and kickbacks to influence defence deals in India. For example, Christian Michel, a British citizen, who was extradited to India from the [[United Arab Emirates]] in 2018.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title=AgustaWestland VVIP Chopper Case: Delhi HC reserves order on British Citizen Christian Michel bail plea |url=https://theprint.in/india/agustawestland-vvip-chopper-case-delhi-hc-reserves-order-on-british-citizen-christian-michel-bail-plea/837348/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408224932/https://theprint.in/india/agustawestland-vvip-chopper-case-delhi-hc-reserves-order-on-british-citizen-christian-michel-bail-plea/837348/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Michel has been accused by the CBI and the [[Enforcement Directorate]], of being one of the middlemen in the [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal]], and has been in judicial custody in India for over five years, with his bail being denied by the Indian courts.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Delhi HC dismisses bail plea of Christian Michel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-dismisses-bail-plea-of-christian-michel-101646985472015.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408224932/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-dismisses-bail-plea-of-christian-michel-101646985472015.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/world/christian-michel-jail-five-years | title=Christian Michel Has Spent Five Years in Tihar Jail but There's No Word on when His Trial Will Begin | access-date=29 January 2024 | archive-date=29 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129214555/https://thewire.in/world/christian-michel-jail-five-years | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of equipment of the Indian Army]]
* [[Military–industrial complex]]
* [[Space industry of India]]
* [[Economy of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Economy of India}}
{{World topic| Defense industry of | title= [[Defense industry|Defence industries of the World]] |noredlinks=yes}}
{{Asia topic|Defence industry of}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defence industry of India| ]]
[[Category:Arms industry by country|India]]

Maranthen Meimaranthen

2026-03-03T04:36:06Z

WECElbert296866: Made new data

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maranthen Meimaranthen
| image =

| caption =
| director = Sivaraman
| producer = S. Sundaravalli
| writer = Sivaraman
| starring = Yohaa [[Poornitha]]
| music = [[Dhina]]
| cinematography = Suyampu
| editing = [[Anil Malnad]]
| distributor =
| studio = Foot Steps Production
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|10|13}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maranthen Meimaranthen''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by Gowri Manohar. The film stars Yohaa and [[Poornitha]], with [[R. Sundarrajan]], [[Crane Manohar]], [[Muthukaalai]], [[Tharika]], Akilan, Lochan, Rajesh and [[Sai Dhanshika|Marina]] playing supporting roles. The film, produced by S. Sundaravalli, was released on 13 October 2006.

==Plot==
The film begins with the young man Yohaa (Yohaa) arriving in [[Chennai]] and he starts working as a delivery boy at a gas agency. He lives at the house of his employer ([[R. Sundarrajan]]). Yohaa's only aim in life is to join the army. With a problem erupting between Yohaa and his employer's family, Yohaa fearing of the police, escapes from there in his employer's car. After driving for approximately 300 kilometres, Yohaa finds his employer's daughter Renuka ([[Poornitha]]) in the back seat of the car who was sleeping all along. Renuka first gets angry and scolds Yohaa for kidnapping her. Yohaa tells her that he didn't do it on purpose and he should not have a police record if he wants to become a serviceman. Renuka sympathises with his plight and they travel to [[Vijayawada]] to meet Yohaa's friend Varadhan (Rajesh), a sub-inspector of police, who will help him out of his problems.

In the past, Yohaa lived happily in Vijayawada with his parents and he dreamt to become a serviceman. His father then died of a heart attack. Yohaa moved with his mother to his uncle's house in [[Nellore]] and he was eagerly waiting for the appointment order from the government. His uncle wanted him to marry his daughter Lalli ([[Sai Dhanshika|Marina]]) but Yohaa didn't want to marry her. Lalli was in love with another man, she slowly became depressed and started to have mental issues. One day, after a fight with his uncle, Yohaa ran away from the house and came to Chennai.

Back to the present, Yohaa and Renula fall in love with each other during the trip. In Vijayawada, Varadhan promises to help them and he advises Yohaa to retrieve the appointment order and his certificates which are in his uncle's house. After taking the documents, Yohaa and Renuka run away from Yohaa's uncle and get on a train. A lawyer, sympathetic to their plight, decides to help them: he stops the train and holds the train driver hostage. The incident receives heavy media attention and the government pressures the police to solve the issue as soon as possible. The lawyer demands the police to organize their marriage on the spot and to not arrest Yohaa and the police accept. The young lovers get off the train and they finally get married. The film ends with Yohaa becoming a serviceman and living happily with his wife Renuka.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*Yohaa as Yohaa
*[[Poornitha]] as Renuka
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Renuka's father
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Anbu
*[[Muthukaalai]] as Karuppu
*[[Tharika]] as Durga
*Akilan as Renuka's brother
*Lochan as Renuka's brother
*Rajesh as Sub-inspector Varadhan
*[[Sai Dhanshika|Marina]] as Lalli
*Amirtha Ganesh
*Inba Gokulraj
*A. M. Ravi Jayapal
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Head constable
*Gayathri
*Viji Kannan as Lalli's mother
*Geetha Lakshmi as Gaja Lakshmi
*[[Kovai Senthil]] as Nair
*[[Citizen Mani]] as Gas agency employee
*Thenali as Gas agency employee
*Chinrasu as Gas agency employee
*Kovai Desingu as Police inspector
*Risha in a special appearance
}}

==Production==
Sivaraman made his directorial debut with ''Maranthen Meimaranthen'' under the banner of Foot Steps Production. Rayan was selected to play the lead role and was renamed as Yohaa for the film. Rayan had acted in a Malayalam and an English cross-over film earlier. Actress [[Poornitha]], who was earlier credited as Kalyani, was cast to play her first lead role. [[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]] was initially approached to appear in an [[item number]] but she was replaced by Risha.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2010 |title=Television Actress Kalyani to Marry Mumbai-Based Doctor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2010/dec/14/second-innings-210752.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250209050241/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2010/Dec/14/second-innings-210752.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref name="chennaionline">{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=13 November 2006 |title=Marandein Meimarandein |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/11mm.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201074807/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/11mm.asp |archive-date=1 December 2006 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Maranthen Meimaranthen
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Dhina]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:01
| label =
| producer = [[Dhina]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Dhina]]. The soundtrack, released in 2006, features 7 tracks.

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline=Tracklist
|all_lyrics=Kalaikumar
|total_length=23:01
|title1=Ethu Nadanthatho|length1=1:30
|title2=Randi Randi|length2=4:09
|title3=Kunniyur Kathayi|length3=4:10
|title4=Maranthen Meimaranthen|length4=3:45
|title5=Ready To Go|length5=3:30
|title6=Arulpadi|length6=2:18
|title7=Pachi Pachi|length7=3:39
}}

==Reception==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' praised the lead pair's performances and the songs composed by Dhina, but criticized some scenes for being unnatural and unconvincing.<ref name="chennaionline"/> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "This film was a gutsy release among the big banner Diwali releases - like an amoeba competing with an octopus. That would compel one to hand out kudos to the brave director, but after going through the trial of actually watching the whole film, that kind thought beats a hasty retreat."<ref>{{cite web |title=Marandhen Meimarandhen |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/marendhen.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128115422/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/marendhen.shtml |archive-date=28 November 2006 |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2006 drama films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dhina]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sarak people

2026-02-28T17:32:21Z

WECElbert296866: Created New Stub

{{original research|date=September 2021}}

{{Short description|Bengali Jain ethnic group in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sarak
| native_name = সরাক
| native_name_lang =
| image = Sarak Jain.jpg
| image_caption = Sarak Jains celebrating [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| image_alt =
| total = 34,000-50,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romanpub.com/resources/aajsa-v1-3.pdf |title=Aajsa V1-3 |website=Romanpub.com |access-date=January 28, 2026}}</ref>
| total_year =
| total_source =
| total_ref =
| region1 = [[West Bengal]]
| pop1 = 25,000-35,000
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Sarak Jati |url=https://jaingpt.org/knowledge/sarak_jati_022859_022859 |website=JainGPT |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>
|region2 =[[Jharkhand]]
|pop2= 5,000-10,000
|ref2 =<ref>{{cite web |title=AAJSA V1‑3 |url=https://www.romanpub.com/resources/aajsa-v1-3.pdf |website=Romanpub.com |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>
|region3 = [[Odisha]]
|pop3 = 2,000-5,000
|ref3= <ref>{{cite web |title=AAJSA V1-3 |url=https://www.romanpub.com/resources/aajsa-v1-3.pdf |website=Romanpub.com |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>
|region4=[[Bihar]]
|pop4=1,000-5,000
|ref4=<ref>{{cite web |title=AAJSA V1-3 |url=https://www.romanpub.com/resources/aajsa-v1-3.pdf |website=Romanpub.com |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>
|region5= [[Assam]]
|pop5= Unknown
|ref5=
|region6= {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|pop6= Unknown
|ref6=
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]], [[Bihari languages]]
| religions = [[Jainism]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Saraks''' (from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] [[Śrāvaka]]) are a [[Jain]] ethnoreligious group found in [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarak Jati Aur Jain Dharm |author=Tejmal Bothra |url=https://jaingpt.org/knowledge/sarak_jati_aur_jain_dharm_007297_007297 |website=JainGPT |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref> They have been followers of [[Jainism]], such as vegetarianism, since ancient times, however, were isolated and separated from the main body of the [[Jain community]] in western, northern, and southern India and have been [[Jainism in Bengal|Jain Bengalis]] ever since. The governments of India and West Bengal both have classified some of the Saraks under [[Other Backward Classes]] since 1994 but many of them have been in the General category from the beginning itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/obc_list.html |title=Government of West Bengal: List of Other Backward Classes |publisher=Govt. of West Bengal |access-date=December 23, 2011}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Statue_of_Adinath_at_Pakbirra_Jain_Shrine_of_Purulia_05.jpg|thumb|Lord [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]] at Pakbirra]]
[[File:Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 03.jpg|thumb|[[Pakbirra Jain temples]], [[Purulia]] ]]
The Saraks are an ancient community in [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bengal]]. British anthropologist [[Edward Tuite Dalton]] noted that according to the Bhumij tradition in [[Singhbhum]] district, the Saraks were early settlers in the region.<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book |title=Pashchimbanger Samskriti |trans-title=The Culture of West Bengal |language=bn |last=Ghosh |first=Binay |year=2010 |orig-year=1957 |publisher=Prakash Bhawan |location=Kolkata |edition=2nd |volume=1 |pages=447–449}}</ref> According to Santosh Kumar Kundu, the Saraks arrived from the northwestern region of India, presently in [[Gujarat]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In the region between the rivers Barakar and Damodar, two democratic republics, Shikharbhum and Panchakot, flourished. Later they merged and came to be known as Shikharbhum, with the capital at [[Garh Panchkot|Panchkot]]. According to Ramesh Chandra Majumder, the Jain scholar [[Bhadrabahu]], the second Louhacharya and the author of Kalpa Sutra may have come from the Sarak community.<ref name="kundu">{{cite book |title=Bangali Hindu Jati Parichay |trans-title=An Introduction of Bengali Hindu Castes |language=bn |last=Kundu |first=Santosh Kumar |year=2008 |publisher=Presidency Library |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-89466-13-8 |pages=273–275}}</ref>

The region is called [[Vajjabhumi]] in ancient texts because diamonds were once mined in the region.<ref>[http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html Historical Background] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209215309/http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html |date=9 December 2009 }})</ref> The [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] visited this region according to the [[Kalpasutra (Jainism)|Kalpa Sūtra]].

==Separation and rediscovery==
[[File:Large Statue of Padmaprabha at Pakbirra 03.jpg|thumb|7.5 feet statue of [[Shitalanatha]], [[Purulia]] ]]
The Saraks lost contact with Jains in the rest of India after its conquest by [[Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji]]. Contact with the Digambara [[Jainism in Bundelkhand|Bundelkhand Jains]] was reestablished when the [[Parwar (Jain)|Parwars]] Manju Chaudhary (1720–1785) was appointed the governor of [[Cuttack]] by the [[Maratha Empire]].

Saraks are concentrated in Purulia, Bankura and Burdwan districts of [[West Bengal]] and [[Ranchi]], [[Dumka]] and [[Giridih district]]s and Singhbhum region of [[Jharkhand]]. The Saraks belonging to most of [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]] are [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speakers while those living in historical Singhbhum region speak Singhbhumi [[Odia language|Odia]]. Educated Saraks speak fluent [[English language|English]].

In 2009, more than 165 Sarak Jains living in parts of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]] visited the ancient Jain pilgrimage center of [[Shravanabelagola]]. A special function to welcome the Sarak Jains was organised at Shravanabelagola.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/News/2009/09-Sept/02_News_Updates_001.htm |title=> News Updates |publisher=Www.Jainheritagecentres.Com |date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2012-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223043115/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/News/2009/09-Sept/02_News_Updates_001.htm |archive-date=23 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Pakbirra, Purulia Temples and Sculptures==
<gallery>
Statue of couple at Pakbirra.jpg|Divine couple with child, Pakbirra, Purulia
Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 51.jpg|Sahasrakuta, Pakbirra, Purulia
Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 28.jpg|Miniature shrine, Pakbirra, Purulia
Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 25.jpg|Miniature shrine, Pakbirra, Purulia
Statues of Adinath - Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 45.jpg|Adinatha Idols
Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 31.jpg|Miniature shrine, Pakbirra, Purulia
Pakbirra- Jain Shrine of Purulia district 29.JPG|Miniature shrine, Pakbirra, Purulia
File:KITLV 88203 - Unknown - Sculptures at Pakbira in British India - 1897.tif|Jain Sculptures at Pakbirra
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)]]
* [[Jainism in Bengal]]
* [[Jainism in Bangladesh]]
* [[Basudih]]
* [[Maji (surname)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Vegetarian communities]]

Prithviraj Singh I

2026-02-26T05:10:44Z

WECElbert296866: cleanup lead further based on references

{{Short description|Raja of Amber from 1503 to 1527}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Prithviraj
| title = [[Raja (title)|Raja]]
| image = Prithvi Raj Singh I of Jaipur (1503-1527).jpg
| caption = Imaginary portrait of Prithviraj Singh I
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]]
| reign = 17 January 1503 – 4 November 1527
| predecessor = Chandrasen
| successor = [[Puranmal]]
| dynasty = [[Kachwaha]]
| spouse-type = Wives
| spouse = Apurva Devi (Bala Bai) of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] Princess of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]]
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Puranmal]]
* [[Bhim Singh of Amber|Bhim Singh]]
* [[Bharmal]]
}}
| father = Chandrasen
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 4 November 1527
| death_place =
| burial_place =
}}

'''Prithviraj Singh I''' (died 4 November 1527), also known as '''Prithvi Singh I''', was a 16th-century [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Jaipur State|Amber]]. He was a monarch of strong religious inclinations and during his reign, Amber became increasingly politically active. He took part in the Rajput alliance against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Babur]], fighting against the latter in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] alongside [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]] in 1527. Three of Prithviraj's sons successively followed him as ruler of Amber, with many of his descendants also populating the kingdom's highest aristocracy in subsequent centuries.

==Reign==
Prithviraj ascended the throne of Amber after the death of his father, Raja Chandrasen, in 1503.<ref name="SarkarP31–3">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |authorlink=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |year=1984 |pages=31–33 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA31 }}</ref> With his rule, Amber, which had been experiencing a long period of stagnation, was revitalised, entering an era of extensive political activity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajiva Nain |title=Raja Man Singh of Amber |year=1966 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121/page/n19 3] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121 }}</ref> This may be shown through his marriage to a [[Udaipur State|Mewari]] princess,<ref name=JaigarhP41>{{cite book|last1=Nathawat|first1=P. S.|last2=Khangarot|first2=R. S.|title=Jaigarh, the invincible fort of Amber|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=RBSA Publishers|year=1990|page=31|isbn=9788185176482}}</ref> to whose house the rajas of Amber owed homage.<ref name=BhatnagarP6>{{cite book |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=V. S. |title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119126/page/n14/mode/1up?view=theater|publisher=Impex India |year=1974 |page=6 }}</ref>

Prithviraj was a fervent devotee of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Krishna]], taking as his spiritual teacher an ascetic who took the name ''Krishna-das'' (slave of Krishna). This [[guru]] bestowed on the Raja two sacred idols; [[Narasimha]], which has a temple in [[Amer, India|Amber]], and [[Sitaram]], which has one in [[Jaipur]].<ref name="SarkarP31–3"/> The latter idol was from then on carried at the head of the Amber army in battle.<ref name=JaigarhP41/> At one point, Prithviraj made a pilgrimage to [[Dwarka]], where he was initiated as a monk in the monastery.<ref name="SarkarP31–3"/>

In March 1527, he, alongside his son Jagmal and a number of relations, fought under [[Rana Sanga]] of Mewar in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Babur]].<ref name=BhatnagarP6/> This was the last of the great battles fought by the [[Rajput]]s, during which Sanga was debilitated after being struck by an arrow. Prithviraj, alongside [[Maldev Rathore|Rao Maldev]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]] and Rao Akheraj of [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]], escorted the injured Sanga to safety.<ref name=KhanP2>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Refaqat Ali |title=The Kachhwahas under Akbar and Jahangir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U9uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Kitab Publishers |year=1976 |page=2 }}</ref>

==Death==
Prithviraj did not long survive after the battle, dying on 4 November 1527, two months before Rana Sanga's death. Like the latter, who was poisoned by his nobles in order to avoid further conflict with Babur, historian V.S Bhatnagar suggests that Prithviraj's death may also have been unnatural, noting that his successors later readily offered their allegiance to the Mughals.<ref>{{Cite book|first=V.S|last=Bhatnagar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119126/page/n14/mode/1up?view=theater|title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688–1743|date=1974|publisher=Impex India|page=6|quote=The latter is believed to have been poisoned by a section of his nobles who were opposed to his resolve to face Babar again. The possibility of Prithviraj having met an unnatural death like Sanga, and for the same very reason, cannot be ruled out, especially when we note that his successors, instead of maintaining the struggle against the foreign foe, readily paid allegiance to him.|language=en}}</ref>

==Family==
Prithviraj had nine wives from multiple clans, by whom he had eighteen sons and three daughters. Twelve of these sons reached adulthood, with three eventually became rajas of Amber: Puranmal, [[Bhim Singh of Amber|Bhim Singh]] and [[Bharmal]].{{NoteTag|Bhim Singh and Bharmal were both sons of Prithviraj's [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] queen, Bala Bai,<ref name="SarkarP31–3"/> daughter of [[Lunkaran|Rao Lunkaran]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |year=1992 |page=1518 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22+He+had+one+daughter+Bala+Bai+%22 }}</ref> Puranmal's mother may also have been this woman,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=A history of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Rupa & Co. |year=2006 |page=482 |isbn=9788129108906 }}</ref> though other identifications include her being Prithviraj's [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tonwar]] wife.<ref name="SarkarP31–3"/>}} Nine of his sons, alongside three collateral relations, were also awarded estates in perpetuity for them and their descendants. These families are termed the ''baro kotri'' (twelve chambers) of the [[Kachwaha|House of Kachwaha]], who later formed the highest aristocracy of Jaipur.<ref name="SarkarP31–3"/>

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Maharajas of Jaipur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prithviraj Singh I}}
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur]]
[[Category:1527 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur district]]

Sri Chinmoy

2026-02-23T09:34:05Z

WECElbert296866: Created New Stub

{{Short description|Indian writer and spiritual teacher (1931–2007)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Shri|Sri]]
| name = Chinmoy
| image = File:Sri-Chinmoy-meditate-2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|8|27}}
| birth_name = Chinmoy Kumar Ghose
| birth_place = [[Boalkhali Upazila|Boalkhali]], [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|10|11|1931|8|27}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| occupation = Spiritual teacher
| known_for =
}}

'''Chinmoy Kumar Ghose''' (27 August 1931 – 11 October 2007), better known as '''Sri Chinmoy''',<ref>Sands 2001, According to legal papers signed in November 2006, his name is Chinmoy Kumar Ghose aka Sri Chinmoy. Sri Chinmoy is the name under which the guru has taught, published, composed and performed since approximately 1972. (See front and back matter of referenced works.) He was previously known as Chinmoy Kumar Ghose (e.g. "Many at U.N." ''[[New York Times]]'' 8 November 1971: 42). He signed most of his paintings and drawings C.K.G. ("C.K.G." ''Jharna-Kala Magazine'' 1.1 (April –June 1977): 1).</ref> was an Indian spiritual leader who taught [[meditation]] in the United States after moving to New York City in 1964.<ref name=hinduaward>[https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/december-1997/1997-12-hindu-of-the-year/ "Hindu of the Year: Sri Chinmoy clinches 1997 'Hindu Renaissance Award'"]. ''[[Hinduism Today]]''. December 1997. pp.34–35. Retrieved 2 December 2016.</ref> Chinmoy established his first meditation center in [[Queens, New York]], and eventually had seven thousand students in 60 countries.<ref name=mcshane>McShane, Larry. [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-10-12-404017503_x.htm "Charismatic guru Sri Chinmoy dies in NYC"]. ''[[USA Today]]''. 12 October 2007.</ref><ref name="NYT_obit">{{Cite news |last=Kilgannon |first=Corey |date=13 October 2007 |title=Sri Chinmoy, Athletic Spiritual Leader, Dies at 76 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/nyregion/13chinmoy.html |access-date=22 August 2008}}</ref> He was an author, artist, poet, and musician; he also held public events such as concerts and meditations on the theme of [[inner peace]].<ref name="NYT_obit" /><ref name="Sri Chinmoy Composes">Dua, Shyam (ed). ''The Luminous Life of Sri Chinmoy: An Authorised Biography''. Tiny Tot Publications, 2005. p. 66.</ref> Chinmoy advocated a spiritual path to God through prayer and meditation. He advocated [[athleticism]] including distance running, swimming, and weightlifting. He organized marathons and other races, and was an active runner and, following a knee injury, weightlifter.<ref name="NYT_obit" /><ref name="Sri Chinmoy Composes"/> Some ex-members have accused Chinmoy of running a [[cult]].<ref name="forbes" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Molina |first=Kimberley |date=1 August 2017 |title=Statue of controversial spiritual leader pops up at busy Ottawa street corner |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/sri-chinmoy-controversial-figure-statue-ottawa-old-ottawa-south-1.4229703}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early years in India===
[[File:Sri-Chinmoy-sprint.jpg|thumb|Chinmoy in his youth at the start of a sprint.]]
Chinmoy was the youngest of seven children, born in Shakpura, [[Boalkhali Upazila]], in the [[Chittagong District]] of [[Bengal Presidency|East Bengal]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]). He lost his father to illness in 1943, and his mother a few months later. Chinmoy began his practice of meditation at the age of 11.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Flame-Waves|last=Chinmoy|first=Sri|publisher=Agni Press|year=1975|location=New York|pages=part 1}}</ref> In 1944, the 12-year-old Chinmoy joined his brothers and sisters at the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] in Pondicherry, where his elder brothers Hriday and Chitta had already established a presence.<ref>Dua, Shyam (ed). ''The Luminous Life of Sri Chinmoy: An Authorised Biography''. Tiny Tot Publications, 2005. pp. 18, 22.</ref><ref>Chinmoy, ''My Brother Chitta'' 1998, p. 58.</ref> It was Chitta that gave Chinmoy his name which means "full of divine consciousness".<ref>{{Cite book|title=World-destruction: never, impossible!|last=Chinmoy|first=Sri|publisher=Agni Press|year=1994|pages=Part 2}}</ref>

In the ashram he spent the next 20 years in spiritual practice, including meditation, study in [[Bengali literature|Bengali]] and [[English literature]],<ref>Chinmoy, ''My Brother'' 1998, pp. 60, 65.</ref> athletics,<ref name="hinduaward" /> and work in the ashram's [[cottage industries]].<ref>Chinmoy, ''Sri Chinmoy Answers, Part 23'' 2000, p. 28 and Chinmoy, ''How Nolini-da'' 2004, pp. 6–7.</ref> Chinmoy claimed that for about eight years, he was the personal secretary to the General Secretary of the ashram, [[Nolini Kanta Gupta]]. Chinmoy translated his writings from Bengali into English.<ref>Chinmoy, ''Sri Chinmoy Answers, Part 23'', Agni, New York, 2000, p. 28</ref>

===Move to the United States===
According to Sri Chinmoy, in 1964 he was prompted to move to the United States in response to a "message from within" to be of service to people in the West searching for spiritual fulfillment.<ref>Chinmoy, ''Sri Chinmoy Answers, Part 23'', Agni, New York, 2000, p. 48</ref> With the help of [[Sam Spanier]], Eric Hughes, and other American sponsors connected with the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, he emigrated to New York City.<ref>Chinmoy, ''Sri Chinmoy Answers, Part 23'' 2000, p. 28.</ref>

He applied for a job as junior clerk at the Indian [[consulate]], despite his lack of formal education. He received support and encouragement from his colleagues and bosses and was invited to give talks on [[Hinduism]]. He started to give talks at universities and later, at the [[United Nations]].<ref>Sri Chinmoy, ''Sri Chinmoy Answers, Part 23'' 2000, pp. 40–50</ref>

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Sri Chinmoy continued giving lectures and talks at universities around the U.S. on spiritual topics. In 1974, he gave lectures in 50 states at 50 universities, and these lectures were published as a six-part book series entitled ''50 Freedom-Boats to One Golden Shore'' (1974). In the 1970s and 1980s he traveled around Europe, Asia, and Australia lecturing at universities, resulting in the publication of ''The Oneness of the Eastern Heart and the Western Mind''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srichinmoybio.co.uk|title=Sri Chinmoy biography|website=srichinmoybio.co.uk|access-date=2016-07-12}}</ref><ref>Sri Chinmoy, ''50 Freedom Boats to One Golden Shore'', 1974, Agni Press, Parts 1-6.</ref> Chinmoy has also published books, essays, spiritual poetry, plays, and commentaries on the [[Vedas]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/88136853/|title=Sri Chinmoy disciples schedule lectures here.|date=14 March 1973|work=Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph}}</ref>

In 1966 Chinmoy opened a Sri Chinmoy Center in San Juan, Puerto Rico.<ref>Sri Chinmoy, 'Sri Chinmoy Answers, Part 3 Agni Press, 1995, p6</ref> Up until the late 1970s the main Sri Chinmoy study centers were in New York, Florida and the West Indies.<ref>Sri Chinmoy, ''Earth's cry meets heaven's smile'', part 3, Agni Press, 1978.</ref> Over the next few decades Sri Chinmoy Centers were opened and established in multiple cities in the US, Europe, Australasia, South Africa and South America totaling 350 centers worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/srichinmoy.html|title=Biography Sri Chinmoy|website=BiographyOnline.net|access-date=2016-07-12|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929184038/http://www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/srichinmoy.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=landmarks>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srichinmoy.org/sri_chinmoy/landmarks|title=Landmarks since 1964 – Sri Chinmoy|website=srichinmoy.org|access-date=2016-07-12}}</ref> In 1973, the ''New York Times'' wrote that Sri Chinmoy was "revered in India as one of the few holy men to have reached [[Nirvikalpa Samadhi]], the absolute highest level of consciousness".<ref name=nyt-1973>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/15/archives/gurus-disciples-active-in-business-meat-served-in-connecticut.html|title=Guru's Disciples Active in Business|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 April 1973|access-date=2017-09-17|last1=Christensen|first1=Jean}}</ref>

[[File:Bonn-sri-chinmoy.jpg|thumb|Sri Chinmoy playing flute]]
During the 1970s Chinmoy began playing and composing on the [[flute]] and [[esraj]].<ref name=landmarks/> In 1984, he started giving free 'Peace Concerts' around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srichinmoycentre.org/sri_chinmoy/concerts|title=Sri Chinmoy Concerts {{!}} Sri Chinmoy Centre|website=srichinmoycentre.org|access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref> The largest concert was in Montreal, for 19,000 people.<ref>[http://us.srichinmoycentre.org/sri_chinmoy/sri_chinmoy_in_concert Sri Chinmoy in Concert]. ''US.SriChinmoyCentre.org''. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</ref>

While in America in the 1970s, Sri Chinmoy attracted followers such as musicians [[Carlos Santana]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]], [[Narada Michael Walden]], [[Roberta Flack]], [[Clarence Clemons]], [[Premik Russell Tubbs]] and [[Boris Grebenshchikov]].<ref name="New York Times">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/01/nyregion/they-re-not-heavy-they-re-his-people-72-year-old-sri-chinmoy-offers-uplift.html|title=They're Not Heavy; They're His People; 72-Year-Old Sri Chinmoy Offers An Uplift Beyond the Spiritual|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=1 July 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Thomas Jr">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/22/sports/scouting-one-more-time-a-torch-relay.html|title=SCOUTING; One More Time: A Torch Relay|author=Robert McG. Thomas Jr. and Samuel Abt|date=22 April 1987|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=31 May 2011}}</ref> Sri Chinmoy offered the musicians a disciplined spiritual path that forbade the use of [[recreational drugs]] including alcohol and encouraged music and poetry as expressions of thankfulness to the Divine.<ref>Weinstein, Norman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4AfpTEM1FsAC&pg=PA50 ''Carlos Santana: A Biography'']. [[ABC-CLIO]], 2009. p. 50.</ref>

Santana and McLaughlin stayed with Sri Chinmoy for a number of years before leaving. In 1973 they released an album based on Sri Chinmoy's teachings, titled ''[[Love Devotion Surrender]]''. McLaughlin was a Sri Chinmoy follower from 1970 to 1975.<ref>Stump, Paul. ''Go Ahead John: The Music of John McLaughlin''. SAF Publishing, 2000. p. 92. {{ISBN|0-946719-24-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-946719-24-2}}</ref> In 1971 he formed the [[Mahavishnu Orchestra]], named for the spiritual name Sri Chinmoy had given him. McLaughlin introduced Santana to the guru,<ref>Nigro, Nicholas. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F5AiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8 ''The Spirituality of Carlos Santana''].
Hal Leonard Corporation, 2014. GoogleBooks pt. 8.</ref><ref>Slavicek, Louise Chipley. [https://books.google.com/books?id=H37dSTiOPqIC&pg=PA80 ''Carlos Santana'']. Infobase Publishing, 2006. p. 80.</ref> and Santana and his wife Deborah were subsequently Chinmoy followers from 1972 to 1981. Santana said, "Without a guru I serve only my own vanity, but with him I can be of service to you and everybody. I am the strings, but he is the musician. Guru has graduated from the Harvards of consciousness and sits at the feet of God."<ref name=heath>Heath, Chris. [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-epic-life-of-carlos-santana-20000316 "The Epic Life of Carlos Santana"]. ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. 16 March 2000. Retrieved on 10 August 2008.</ref> Under the spiritual name ''Devadip'' – meaning "Lamp of God", "Eye of God", and "Light of God"<ref>Santana, Deborah. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dIPII6_q4g0C&pg=PA241 ''Space Between the Stars: My Journey to an Open Heart'']. Random House, 2009. p. 241.</ref> – that Chinmoy gave him, Santana released three albums: ''[[Illuminations (Alice Coltrane and Carlos Santana album)|Illuminations]]'' (1974), ''[[Oneness (Carlos Santana album)|Oneness]]'' (1979), and ''[[The Swing of Delight]]'' (1980). In 2000, he told ''[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]'' that things soured between him and Chinmoy in the 1980s. Santana emphasized that he took much that was good from his years with the guru, even though when he left, Sri Chinmoy "was vindictive for a while. He told all my friends not to call me ever again, because I was to drown in the dark sea of ignorance for leaving him."<ref name=heath /> In 2017 Santana told ''Rolling Stone'', "I'm really grateful for those 10 years I spent with that spiritual master."<ref>Browne, David. [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/carlos-santana-on-coltrane-trump-woodstock-drugs-w491909 "The Last Word: Carlos Santana on Turning 70, Trump's 'Darkness'"]. ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. 13 July 2017.</ref>

[[File:Sri-Chinmoy-John-Paul-II.jpg|thumb|Sri Chinmoy and [[John Paul II]] in Vatican, 1980]]
Spiritual teacher [[Frederick Lenz]] became a follower around 1972, but in 1981 he broke with Sri Chinmoy and became a guru on his own.<ref name=autogenerated13>{{cite web|url=http://www.ex-cult.org/Groups/Rama/rama-appendix-1.html |title=Chronology/Biography, Frederick Lenz |publisher=Ex-cult.org |date=9 February 1950 |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> Spiritual author [[Lex Hixon]] was a member of the Sri Chinmoy Centre in the 1970s.<ref>Greenfield, Robert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tlZcHVc5q_4C ''Spiritual Supermarket: An Account of Gurus Gone Public in America'']. Saturday Review Press, 1975. p. 203.</ref>

Sri Chinmoy advocated "self-transcendence" by expanding one's consciousness to conquer the mind's perceived limitations,<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. "Limitation", university lecture in: ''The Oneness of the Eastern Heart and the Western Mind, Part 1''. Agni Press, 2003.</ref> and this was applied to athletics. Olympic gold-medalist runner [[Carl Lewis]] was advised by Sri Chinmoy.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140611091357/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3985387.html "Carl Lewis Receives U Thant Peace Award"]. ''The New York Beacon''. 11 June 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Callahan, Tom| url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,926709,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724221953/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,926709,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 July 2013 | magazine=Time | title=Olympics: No Limit to What He Can Do | date=30 July 1984}}</ref> He learned to meditate from Sri Chinmoy, and practices the techniques regularly. A devoted Christian, Lewis stated that his involvement with Sri Chinmoy was a step forward to spiritual fulfillment which strengthened his Christian beliefs.<ref>Lewis, Carl with Marx, Jeffrey. ''Inside Track: My Professional Life in Amateur Track and Field''. Simon and Schuster, 1990. pp.56–61.</ref> In 2011 Lewis appeared in the short documentary ''[[Challenging Impossibility]]'', which features the feats of strength demonstrated by Chinmoy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/25/a-monument-to-strength-as-a-path-to-enlightenment |title=A Monument to Strength as a Path to Enlightenment |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 April 2011 |first=Corey |last=Kilgannon |date=25 April 2011}}</ref>

According to the team's website, members of the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team have swum the [[English Channel]] over 40 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://channel.srichinmoyraces.org/channel_swimmers/channel_swimmers_list |title=Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team Channel Swim List |publisher=Channel.srichinmoyraces.org |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> Other Chinmoy-sponsored athletic events include [[Ultramarathon|ultra-distance running]], including the [[Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race]]; [[mountain climbing]]; and [[long-distance cycling]]. In 2010 [[Ashrita Furman]], who holds over 150 [[Guinness World Record]]s, stated that "the meditation he learned from Sri Chinmoy helps him to perform beyond his expectations."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703326204575616624274994844|title=The Ultimate Guinness Record Is the Record for Records|last=Mincer|first=Jilian|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=30 May 2011}}</ref>

In 1987 Sri Chinmoy inaugurated the Sri Chinmoy Oneness Home Peace Run, a relay style run for peace through many countries of the world where runners carry a flaming torch representing harmony. Sri Chinmoy described his concept as a "grassroots effort for peace". The 'Oneness Home' theme of the Peace Run, is that people are all peace-longing citizens on one single planet.<ref name="Thomas Jr"/><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-13973385 "Worldwide torch relay reaches Cornwall"]. [[BBC News]]. 11 June 2011.</ref>

In 1991 Sri Chinmoy initiated the 'Oneness Heart Tears and Smiles' humanitarian service which sends food and medicine to those in need. The organisation, which as of 2007 served 136 countries, began with members of the Sri Chinmoy Centre distributing humanitarian aid to needy children and adults worldwide.<ref>Rouen, Ethan. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/sri-chinmoy-spiritual-leader-dies-queens-article-1.231438 "Sri Chinmoy, Spiritual Leader, dies in Queens"]. ''[[New York Daily News]]''. 12 October 2007.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807164651/http://www.onenessheart.org/en/about_sri_chinmoy The Oneness-Heart-Tears and Smiles – About Sri Chinmoy]. ''OnenessHeart.org''. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</ref> It works with NGOs or governments, and provides health, medical, and educational supplies to recipient nations. It is served by health professionals and private volunteers on five continents, in programs which provide disaster relief, regional development, and health and medical supplies.<ref>[http://www.globalhand.org/en/organisations/11770 Oneness – Heart, Tears and Smiles]. Crossroads Global Hand. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807165412/http://www.onenessheart.org/about_us Welcome to The Oneness-Heart-Tears and Smiles International]. ''OnenessHeart.org''. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</ref> The 'Kids to kids' program sponsored by the Oneness Heart Tears and Smiles encourages school children to prepare packs of school supplies and toys for disadvantaged children in other communities.<ref>Poirier, Tracy. [http://www.orleansstar.ca/Living/Community/2007-05-10/article-642950/Kids-To-Kids-program-embraced-at-east-end-school/1 "'Kids To Kids' program embraced at east end school"]. ''Orléans Star''. 10 May 2007.</ref>

[[File:Sri-Chinmoy-and-Mother-Teresa.jpg|thumb|Sri Chinmoy and [[Mother Teresa]]]]
Chinmoy travelled and dedicated his many activities and the events he founded to peace. He met with world figures, and was described as an ambassador of peace. Chinmoy met Mother Teresa on five separate occasions. On their second meeting in Rome, Italy during October 1994, Sri Chinmoy presented her with an award. During the ceremony, Mother Teresa said to Sri Chinmoy: "I am so pleased with all the good work you are doing for world peace and for people in so many countries. May we continue to work together and to share together all for the glory of God and for the good of man."<ref name="mcshane" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srichinmoy.org/service/meetings/mother-teresa|title=Meetings with Mother Teresa|website=srichinmoy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/fe7cceee985a17f4e101ffbbe8af6dc8/Mother-Teresa-meets-peace-activist-Sri-Chinmoy-in-Rome/|title=Mother Teresa meets Sri Chinmoy|date=2 October 1994|website=[[United Press International|UPI]] Photo}}</ref> Chinmoy met with [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], at [[Kensington Palace]] on 21 May 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srichinmoy.org/kind_words/diana|title=Princess Diana|website=srichinmoy.org|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref>

[[File:Princess Diana Sri Chinmoy.jpg|thumb|[[Diana, Princess of Wales]], meeting Sri Chinmoy]]

He did not charge fees for his spiritual guidance or music performances. He was respectful towards all religions and religious figures of the world.<ref name=":2">Harley, Gail M., [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hhK4cfNt4BMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA90 ''Hindu and Sikh Faiths in America'']. Infobase Publishing, 2009. p. 90.</ref> He attracted an estimated 7,000 students in his lifetime.<ref name="greenberg">Greenberg, Keith, [http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-11-06/news/sri-you-later/full/ "Sri You Later"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203171811/http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-11-06/news/sri-you-later/full/ |date=3 February 2014 }}, ''[[The Village Voice]]'', 6 November 2007, accessed 28 May 2011</ref> His path was a contemporary spiritual system of [[yoga]], practised under the guidance of a [[guru]], or spiritual teacher.<ref>Melton, J. Gordon and Martin Baumann (eds). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140314013847/http://librarum.org/book/21245/1300 ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'']. ABC, 2002. p. 1216.</ref><ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vKiFI67GIFMC&pg=PA74 ''The Wisdom of Sri Chinmoy'']. Motilal Banarsidass Pub., 2003. pp. 74–75.</ref> Chinmoy advocated [[brahmacharya]] – celibacy – for both married and unmarried devotees, and focusing on experiencing inner spiritual joy rather than pleasure.<ref name=institutehonors>{{cite magazine|title=Peace Institute Honors Chinmoy|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-1994/1994-02-peace-institute-honors-chinmoy/|author=Anonymous|magazine=[[Hinduism Today]]|date=2 February 1994|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> According to a 1987 article in ''[[Hinduism Today]]'', Chinmoy as a yoga spiritual master was an unmarried celibate.<ref name=powerhouse>{{cite magazine|title=A Spiritual Powerhouse Powerlifts 7,063 Pounds|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/december-1987/1987-12-a-spiritual-powerhouse-powerlifts-7-063-pounds/|magazine=[[Hinduism Today]]|author=Anonymous|date=2 December 1987|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> Unlike in some other older traditions, Chinmoy taught that a complete withdrawal from the world was not necessary for spiritual progress, but rather "a gradual and total Illumination of life".<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [http://www.srichinmoy.org/resources/library/talks/philosophy/quintessence_mysticism "The Quintessence of Mysticism"]. ''SriChinmoy.org''.</ref><ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/mmt-11 "Spirituality and satisfaction"]. In: ''My Maple Tree''. Agni Press, 1974.</ref>

===Death===
[[File:Sri Chinmoy President Gorbachev.jpg|thumb|Sri Chinmoy with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]]]
Until his death in late 2007, Chinmoy was the spiritual leader to thousands of devoted followers worldwide.<ref name=olmsted>Olmsted, Larry. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IT8AMyZMe3QC&pg=PA7 ''Getting into Guinness: One Man's Longest, Fastest, Highest Journey Inside the World's Most Famous Record Book'']. HarperCollins, 2008. pp. 6–8.</ref> Chinmoy died from a heart attack while at his home in [[Jamaica, Queens]], New York on 11 October 2007. Mikhail Gorbachev wrote that his death was a loss for the whole world and that he will remain a man who dedicated his whole life to peace.<ref name="NYT_obit" />

== Controversy ==
The Chinmoy group was accused of being a [[cult]] by some, including some ex-members.<ref name="mcshane" /><ref name="San Diego CityBeat" /><ref name="forbes" /><ref name=":3" /> The 1994 book ''The Joy of Sects'' stated that "some of his followers left, however, amid accusations that Chinmoy was making sexual advances towards the wives of his disciples",<ref>Occhiogrosso, Peter. ''The Joy of Sects''. Doubleday, 1994. p. 67.</ref> and in 2005 and 2014 ''[[San Diego CityBeat]]'' and ''[[Salon.com]]'' each posted a profile of a different female former disciple who alleged inappropriate sexual conduct.<ref name="San Diego CityBeat">{{cite news |last1=Gottlieb |first1=Jed |title=The Amazing World of Sri Chinmoy and his devoted disciples |url=http://sdcitybeat.com/culture/film/amazing-world/ |access-date=13 August 2018 |work=[[San Diego CityBeat]] |date=10 August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/05/09/the_medias_love_affair_with_accused_sex_criminal_sri_chinmoy/ |title=The media's love affair with alleged sex criminal Sri Chinmoy |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=2014-05-09 |access-date=2014-06-17}}</ref> In February 2016 [[PIX 11|PIX 11 News]] in New York did two segments on Chinmoy, in which one former follower alleged sexual impropriety, while others praised Chinmoy and the Sri Chinmoy Center's spokesperson stated in a written response that "Our founder and teacher, Sri Chinmoy, led a life of the utmost purity and integrity".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pix11.com/2016/02/24/former-disciples-of-sri-chinmoy-draw-ire-by-continuing-stories-about-abuse|title=Former 'Disciples' of Sri Chinmoy draw ire, by continuing stories about abuse|author=Murphy, Mary|website=[[PIX 11]]|date=24 February 2016|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225141556/https://www.pix11.com/2016/02/24/former-disciples-of-sri-chinmoy-draw-ire-by-continuing-stories-about-abuse|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="defend his name">{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Mary|title=Followers of late Guru defend his name|url=https://pix11.com/2016/02/25/followers-of-late-guru-sri-chinmoy-defend-his-name-and-stay-in-the-life/|website=[[PIX 11]]|date=25 February 2016|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226221201/https://www.pix11.com/2016/02/25/followers-of-late-guru-sri-chinmoy-defend-his-name-and-stay-in-the-life/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sri Chinmoy was never sued or charged with any crime, and his lawyer denied the 2004 allegations at the time.<ref name="San Diego CityBeat" />

Some journalists and former followers have criticized what they view as Sri Chinmoy's obsessive or aggressive self-promotion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Brian |title=Chinmoy Annoys |url=http://mycitypaper.com/articles/092696/article028.shtml |access-date=13 August 2018 |work=[[Philadelphia City Paper]] |issue=26 September – 3 October 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannapell |first1=Andrea |title=New Plaque Affixed to Statue of Liberty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/07/nyregion/new-plaque-affixed-to-statue-of-liberty.html |access-date=13 August 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 September 1996}}</ref><ref name="defend his name" />

In 2009, Jayanti Tamm published an account of life as a Chinmoy disciple, ''[[Cartwheels in a Sari: A Memoir of Growing Up Cult]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Child of Chinmoy ministry blasts 'cult' in new book|author=Brendan Brosh|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/queens/2009/04/24/2009-04-24_child_of_chinmoy_ministry_blasts_cult_in_new_book.html|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York|date=24 April 2009}}</ref> Tamm, who was born into Chinmoy's organisation, claimed that Chinmoy predicted she would become his perfect disciple. She was banished from the group when she was 25. The book describes her life in the guru's inner circle and her efforts to break free from his influence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sussman |first=Mick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/19/books/review/Sussman-t.html |title=Sunday Book Review: Nonfiction Chronicle |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redroom.com/publishedwork/cartwheels-a-sari-a-memoir-growing-up-cult |title=Cartwheels in a Sari: A Memoir of Growing Up Cult |publisher=Redroom.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603144233/http://redroom.com/member/jayanti-tamm/books/cartwheels-in-a-sari-a-memoir-of-growing-up-cult|date=2009-04-14 |archive-date=2012-06-03}}</ref> According to the book, Chinmoy banned sex, and most disciples were directed to remain single. The book also states that the guru disparaged secular education, and his prohibitions included the consumption of alcohol, caffeine, and meat; dancing; dating; socializing with outsiders; and owning pets, although he kept a collection of exotic pets in his Queens basement. Tamm notes however that the 7,000 other followers around the world, and others who encountered Chinmoy, are likely to have had different experiences and perceptions.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/14/jayanti-tamm-carwheels-sari-opinions-book-reviews-cults-sri-chinmoy.html|title=Under The Thumb of Cult Leader Sri Chinmoy|author=Krystle M. Davis|date=14 April 2009|work=Forbes}}</ref>

==Teachings==
Sri Chinmoy taught that spiritual progress could be made by following a path of love, devotion, and surrender.<ref name=nyt-1973/><ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140313080427/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/eternity-breath/devotion "Devotion"]. In: ''Eternity's Breath''. Agni Press, 1972.</ref><ref name=lovedevotion>Chinmoy, Sri. [http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/my-rose-petals-1/love-devotion-and-surrender "Love, devotion and surrender"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218222251/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/my-rose-petals-1/love-devotion-and-surrender |date=18 February 2014 }}. In: ''My rose petals, part 1''. Agni Press, 1971.</ref><ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [http://www.srichinmoy.org/resources/library/talks/inner_qualities/love_divine "Love Divine"]. ''SriChinmoy.org''.</ref><ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144544/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/cacr-65 "Question: Do you have a particular meditation technique?"]. In: ''Canada Aspires, Canada Receives, Canada Achieves Part 2''. Agni Press, 1974.</ref> He described divine love as self-offering and self-expansion.<ref name=lovedevotion /><ref>Bennett, Vidagdha Meredith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KHIPQVSGj7IC&pg=PA96 ''Simplicity and Power: The Poetry of Sri Chinmoy, 1971-1981'']. Aum Publications, 1991. p. 96.</ref> This practice of love and devotion to God is known as [[Bhakti Yoga]].<ref name=":1" /> His path was not one of earthly renunciation or asceticism, but a middle path where the seeker has the opportunity to renounce or transform, the negative qualities which stand in the way of union with the Divine. Chinmoy taught that meditation on the heart brings the light of the soul forward to reach the highest reality as soon as possible.<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BDDwAAAACAAJ ''The Divine Hero: Winning in the Battlefield of Life'']. Watkins, 2002. pp. 6–7, 34-35.</ref>
Chinmoy stated: "We are all seekers, and our goal is the same: to achieve inner peace, light and joy, to become inseparably one with our Source, and to lead lives full of true satisfaction."<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6dbdSOBXuR4C&pg=PA13 ''The Wings of Joy: Finding Your Path to Inner Peace'']. Simon and Schuster, 1997. p. 13.</ref>
An integral element of Sri Chinmoy's teachings is the understanding of 'self-transcendence'. Self-transcendence is the practice of having a new goal and going beyond our previous capacities and limits which inevitably gives us joy. Self-transcendence is the goal of making progress in life by becoming a better human being rather than competing with the rest of the world. Chinmoy believed that we are unlimited in spirit.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sri Chinmoy|title=Sport and Meditation|date=2013|publisher=The Golden Shore|isbn=978-3-89532-213-6|pages=16–18}}</ref>

Sri Chinmoy's philosophy he explains is the acceptance of life. By sharing goodwill and inspiration to others and serving mankind the world can be transformed and peace can be achieved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/sca-812|title=Interviewer: So you feel that peace is going to come about by offering goodwill to each and every human being? {{!}} Sri Chinmoy Library|website=srichinmoylibrary.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-28}}</ref>

He asked his disciples to adopt a vegetarian diet, abstain from [[recreational drugs]] including [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]],<ref>Kubacki, Maria. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090301103721/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=0bbec2e4-ce74-4c86-9ffb-dc4a940af980&k=83044 "An 868-kilometre 'Spiritual Journey'"] ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. 23 May 2006.</ref> and lead a pure and celibate lifestyle.<ref name=hinduaward/><ref name=institutehonors/> Although influenced by [[Hinduism]], his path catered to an international community of seekers from diverse backgrounds.<ref>Hinnells, John R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CDSxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 ''Who's Who of World Religions'']. Springer, 1991. p. 80.</ref>

===Meditation===
Sri Chinmoy taught a range of techniques for meditation, those for calming and bringing silence to the mind, purifying the thoughts of the mind and meditating on the spiritual heart. Chinmoy explains that by keeping your mind calm and quiet for ten or fifteen minutes, a new experience can begin to dawn within you and this practice of stilling the mind is the root of all spiritual progress.<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sZ1EhmSSX30C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3 ''Meditation: Man-Perfection in God-Satisfaction'']. Aum Publications, 1978 (1989 reprint). pp. 3–5.</ref>

Sri Chinmoy recommended meditation during the quiet atmosphere of the early morning, before starting daily activities. As the traditional hour of God, between three and four a.m., known as the ''[[Brahma Muhurta]]'', may not suit the western lifestyle of keeping late hours, Sri Chinmoy recommended for those newer to meditation to ideally meditate before seven a.m. Sri Chinmoy taught that both prayer and meditation are important, but there is a difference in the result. Prayer is a process of rising up to God and speaking to Him, and meditation is a practice of stilling the mind so that the God-presence can envelop us and commune with us.<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6dbdSOBXuR4C&pg=PA29 ''The Wings of Joy: Finding Your Path to Inner Peace'']. Simon and Schuster, 1997. p. 29.</ref> He also taught that reading spiritual writings or singing profound songs was useful to prepare for meditation or to remain in a meditative mood after practicing meditation.<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sZ1EhmSSX30C&oi=fnd&pg=PA140 ''Meditation: Man-Perfection in God-Satisfaction'']. Aum Publications, 1978 (1989 reprint). pp. 140, 158.</ref> Chinmoy believed that running and physical fitness were a help to the inner spiritual life as well as to the outer life of activity, and encouraged his followers to run daily.<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/orir ''The Outer Running and the Inner Running''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053044/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/orir |date=20 December 2016 }}. Agni Press, 1974 (reprinted online). Retrieved 3 December 2016.</ref> Sri Chinmoy regarded the benefits of running as keeping the body fit and clearing the mind; he felt it can also be a form of external meditation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/foot-soldiers-of-the-soul-636987.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/foot-soldiers-of-the-soul-636987.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Foot soldiers of the soul|last=Welch|first=Julie|date=28 October 2000|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref>

====United Nations====
In 1970, Sri Chinmoy began giving twice-weekly non-denominational peace meditations at the [[United Nations]] for UN delegates, staff, and NGO representatives.<ref name=consecrated>Rebidoux, Michelle. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yrweDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT407 "Cultivating the Life of Divinity: The Consecrated Lifestyle of the Sri Chinmoy Centers of Canada"]. In: ''Understanding the Consecrated Life in Canada: Critical Essays on Contemporary Trends'', Jason Zuidema, editor. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 2015. GoogleBooks pt. 407.</ref> In 1976, he stated, "The ideas of the United Nations are universal peace and universal brotherhood, and the ideals of the United Nations are a oneness-world-family and a oneness-heart."<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/msun-16 ''My Meditation-Service at the United Nations For 25 Years''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053056/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/msun-16 |date=20 December 2016 }}. Agni Press, 1995. Retrieved 3 December 2016.</ref>

After directing the peace meditations, which had been attended by many UN employees and diplomats, for 37 years, more than 700 UN officials, ambassadors, members of the U.S. Congress, and representatives of various religions, paid tributes to Chinmoy following his death during a posthumous celebration at the UN headquarters in New York.<ref>[[Press Trust of India]]. [http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/01chinmoy.htm "UN pays tribute to spiritual guru Sri Chinmoy"]. ''[[Rediff]]''. 1 November 2007.</ref> During the ceremony at the UN, Daw Aye Aye Thant, the daughter of former UN Secretary-General [[U Thant]], said in her speech:
{{blockquote|In a letter to Sri Chinmoy in April 1972, my father wrote, 'You have indeed instilled in the minds of hundreds of people here the moral and spiritual values which both of us cherish very dearly. I shall always cherish the memorable occasion of our meetings at the United Nations." ... I feel fortunate to have known Sri Chinmoy and to have been in his presence many times, and to have known many members of the Group.<ref>[http://www.srichinmoybio.co.uk/news/celebration-life-sri-chinmoy/ "Celebration of the Life of Sri Chinmoy"]. 30 October 2007, United Nations, New York. ''SriChinmoyBio.co.uk''. Retrieved 16 January 2014.</ref>}}

===Interfaith===
[[File:Parliament of Religions 1993.jpg|thumb|Sri Chinmoy giving opening meditation at the [[Parliament of World Religions]], Chicago, 1993]]
An integral part of Sri Chinmoy's teaching is the respect for other paths and religions. Sri Chinmoy wrote:

{{blockquote|True religion has a universal quality. It does not find fault with other religions. ... Forgiveness, compassion, tolerance, brotherhood and the feeling of oneness are the signs of a true religion.<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/books/0988/1/21 ''World-Destruction: Never, Impossible!'' Part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122313/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/books/0988/1/21 |date=2 April 2012 }}. Agni Press, 1994 (excerpted online). Retrieved 1 May 2011.</ref>}}

Sri Chinmoy's efforts to promote inter-faith harmony resulted in him being invited to open the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in Chicago (1993)<ref name="PoWR">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/news/index.php/2013/04/interfaith-reborn-sri-chinmoys-opening-meditation-of-the-1993-parliament-video/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026123841/http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/news/index.php/2013/04/interfaith-reborn-sri-chinmoys-opening-meditation-of-the-1993-parliament-video/|title=Interfaith Reborn: Sri Chinmoy's Opening Meditation of the 1993 Parliament |website=[[Parliament of the World's Religions]] |date=10 April 2013|archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> and Barcelona (2004)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718142233/http://www.yogachicago.com/sep04/parliament.shtml "Sri Chinmoy Opens the Parliament of World's Religions"]. ''YOGA Chicago''. September–October 2004.</ref> with a silent meditation. During the 2004 Opening Meditation, he said: "During my opening meditation I am praying for the oneness of all religions."<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [https://www.srichinmoy.org/interfaith ''I Bow to the Soul of the Parliament of Religions – Barcelona''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220045949/https://www.srichinmoy.org/interfaith |date=20 December 2016 }}. Agni Press, 2005. p. 5 (excerpted online). Retrieved 3 December 2016.</ref>

Sri Chinmoy said that although he was brought up in the [[Hindu]] tradition, he felt that his religion was the "Love of God".<ref name=consecrated/>

==The arts==
===Artwork===
[[File:Jharna Kala Painting by Sri Chinmoy.jpg|thumb|Jharna Kala painting by Chinmoy]]

Sri Chinmoy began painting in 1974 during a visit to Ottawa, Canada. He called his artwork "Jharna Kala", which in Bengali means "Fountain Art". Chinmoy's artwork is inspired by the themes of universal oneness and universal peace.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/07/painting-exhibition-showcases-art-a-spiritual-luminary.html|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|title=Painting exhibition showcases the art of a spiritual luminary|last=Nurhayati|first=Desy|date=7 February 2011}}</ref>

His abstract paintings are a mixture of acrylics and pen drawings. Sri Chinmoy used variety of sponges, brushes and colors to paint in a mystical style with vigour, strong movement and rhythm. Sri Chinmoy has said that when he paints he finds flow of creativity from the stillness of his meditation that allows him to follow an inner inspiration or 'streak of light' to follow.
In December 1991 Chinmoy started a new series of art-work entitled "Dream-Freedom-Peace-Birds" or 'Soul Birds'. The bird drawings are often simple zen like sketches that have either one bird or in some paintings hundreds of birds in one large drawing. The soul bird drawings, Sri Chinmoy stated, symbolize humanity's heart cry for freedom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Art of Sri Chinmoy|url=http://www.srichinmoybio.co.uk/art/|website=SriChinmoyBio.co.uk|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ART|url=http://www.srichinmoycentre.org/sri_chinmoy/sri_chinmoy_art|website=SriChinmoyCentre.org|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Chinmoy's Art|url=http://www.srichinmoy.tv/art/|website=SriChinmoy.tv|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

His art has been displayed in the [[UNESCO]] offices in Paris, London's [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], the Mall Gallery in London, the Museum of Modern Art in [[St. Petersburg]], [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] in New York, and the [[United Nations Headquarters]].<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/08/29/out-of-the-chaos-of-difference-harmony.html|title=United Nations Displays Sri Chinmoy's Paintings |last=Barker|first=Kate|date=29 August 2008|work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=28 May 2011}}</ref><ref>Shaw, Alexandra. "70,000 Soul-Bird-Flights by Sri Chinmoy". ''Manhattan Arts International''. September–October 1993. p.25.</ref><ref>[http://www.srichinmoy-reflections.com/birds-stats-ref "Sri Chinmoy's First One Million Soul-Birds: December 29th, 1991 – January 5th, 1994"]. ''SriChinmoy-Reflections.com''. Retrieved 3 December 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/09/us/religion-notes.html|title=RELIGION NOTES – Messengers of Peace|last= Goldman |first=Ari L.|date=9 April 1994|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=31 May 2011}}</ref> [[File:Acrylic by Sri Chinmoy.jpg|thumb|Acrylic by Sri Chinmoy]]

===Music===
According to his followers, Sri Chinmoy composed thousands of short musical compositions, written with lyrics primarily in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and English.<ref name="NYT_obit" /> Many of these have been published online under a Creative Commons license at Sri Chinmoy Songs (lyrics and sheet music)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srichinmoysongs.com/|title=Sri Chinmoy Songs|website=SriChinmoySongs.com|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> and Radio Sri Chinmoy (audio).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiosrichinmoy.org/|title=Radio Sri Chinmoy: Meditative and Spiritual Music|website=RadioSriChinmoy.org|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> He released two albums in Jamaica on the [[Studio One (record label)|Studio One]] subsidiary label Port-O-Jam.<ref>{{cite web |title=MY PILOT SUPREME – Sri Chinmoy |url=http://www.downbeat-special.co.uk/mypilotsupreme.html |website=Downbeat-Special.co.uk|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downbeat-special.co.uk/mother.html|title=MOTHER, I BOW TO THEE – Sri Chinmoy|website=Downbeat-Special.co.uk|access-date=3 December 2016|archive-date=19 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119073038/http://www.downbeat-special.co.uk/mother.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1976, Sri Chinmoy released a meditative album on [[Folkways Records]] entitled ''Music for Meditation''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/sri-chinmoy/music-for-meditation/world/album/smithsonian|website=Folkways.SI.edu|title=Music for Meditation – Sri Chinmoy|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

Sri Chinmoy also gave hundreds of peace concerts,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srichinmoy-reflections.com/peace-concerts|title = Sri Chinmoy's Peace Concerts | Sri Chinmoy Reflections}}</ref> many of them free.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gallery.srichinmoycentre.org/Posters-concerts-and-meditation-classes |title=Posters-concerts and meditation classes |website=gallery.srichinmoycentre.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812175920/https://gallery.srichinmoycentre.org/Posters-concerts-and-meditation-classes |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He gave concerts in venues around the world, including London's [[Royal Albert Hall]],<ref>Sri Chinmoy offers 500th Peace Concert in London Hosted by HC Singhvi (2 May 1997) Sri Chinmoy offered his 500th Peace Concert at London's majestic Royal Albert Hall last night. The completely full house of 4500 people included many prominent British and Indian dignitaries personally invited by High Commissioner for India to the United Kingdom Dr. LM Singhvi... (Asia Online, No.117 Vol II. 2 June 1997)</ref> New York's [[Lincoln Center]]<ref>Chinmoy Concert For U.N. The 50th and final concert in the series of performances by Sri Chinmoy in honor of the Golden Anniversary of United Nations was scheduled for 8 Dec. at 7:30 p.m. at the Kaplan Penthouse in Lincoln Center, New York..... (India Abroad, International Weekly Newspaper, Vol. XXVI, No.10, Friday, 8 December 1995)</ref> and [[Carnegie Hall]],<ref>Sri Chinmoy's Family Music, The Magazine of Carnegie Hall (1975-76 season, Sri Chinmoy's Family Music, Tuesday Morning, 13 April 1976 at 10:00, program notes) Sri Chinmoy in Concert, an evening of Spiritual Music, Sri Chinmoy's musical creativity is in a class by itself. It unites the lyrical, devotional tradition of India and the power, speed and vastness of the dynamic West – all in the universal human aspiration toward the Infinite. Says Sri Chinmoy: "Soulful music makes us feel that we are in tune with the highest, with the deepest, with the farthest. It also makes us feel that God Himself is the Supreme Musician."</ref> Tokyo's [[Nippon Budokan]],<ref>Sri Chinmoy Dedicates Peace Concert for Gorbachev, Peace Philosopher Sri Chinmoy dedicated his Peace Concert in Tokyo's Nippon Budokan Hall to renovated man of peace Mikhail Gorbachev. In May, Sri Chinmoy will bring his Peace Concert series to Washington D.C. .. (The Washington Sun, 19 March 1992)</ref> the [[Eiffel Tower]] in Paris,<ref>Sri Chinmoy's Week-long Concert Tour Begins at Mother Teresa's Birthplace and finishes in the Eiffel Tower, Oct.30 Sri Chinmoy returned from a non-stop week in Europe of standing room only concerts and art exhibits. ...His concert included performances on such instruments as the Indian flute and esraj, cello, sitar, the slide guitar and grand piano. At the top level, Sri Chinmoy offered an exalted performance in the historic setting of Eiffel Tower. (The Weekly Bangladesh, Vol. 06, Issue 33, Saturday, 8 November 2003)</ref> and the [[Sydney Opera House]].<ref>Heart-Power-Victory, Sri Chinmoy (Author) Format: Audio CD, Pipe Organ recorded live in Australia. Tracks: 1. Sydney Opera House, 11/30/87 36:10; 2. Sydney Town Hall, 11/30/87 23:14.,

Label : Aum, published in 1988.

ASIN : B000CS8MN2</ref> Sri Chinmoy played a number of different instruments at his concerts including the flute, esraj, piano, cello and other Eastern and Western instruments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edgemagazine.net/2000/10/the-joy-of-inner-peace-with-sri-chinmoy/|title=The Joy of Inner Peace|last=Miejan|first=Tim|date=1 October 2000|website=Edge Magazine}}</ref>

===Poetry===
According to the Sri Chinmoy Centre, Sri Chinmoy published over 1,300 books including 120,000 poems.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.srichinmoycentre.org/sri_chinmoy/writings |title=Literary output |website=US.SriChinmoyCentre.org |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> Many of these poems are aphorisms – a short but complete spiritual poem or verse, such as "We are all truly unlimited, if we only dare to try and have faith."<ref>Chinmoy, Sri. [http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/luw-98 ''Lifting Up the World with a Oneness-Heart'']. Agni Press, 1988 (reprinted online). poem no: 98. Retrieved 3 December 2016.</ref> Chinmoy also published some volumes of longer more classical style poetry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Writings|url=http://www.srichinmoy.org/sri_chinmoy/writings|website=SriChinmoy.org|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Chinmoy's Writings on Poetry|url=http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/poetry|website=SriChinmoyLibrary.com|access-date=3 December 2016|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103124548/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/poetry/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2001, Chinmoy recited his poetry at the United Nations, as part of a UN sponsored event of promoting "Dialogue Among Civilizations Through Poetry".<ref>[http://www.rattapallax.com/dialogue/ "Rattapallax Press organized Dialogue Among Civilizations Through Poetry in 2001"]. ''Rattapallax.com''. Retrieved 6 December 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101229081141/http://www.un.org/Dialogue/poetryprfinal.htm Dialogue Among Civilizations Through Poetry]. [[United Nations]]. Retrieved 29 December 2010.</ref>

Sri Chinmoy's writing has been praised by many, including Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]], who wrote: "These sweet gems of wisdom written by my dear friend Sri Chinmoy are timeless truths full of encouragement, love and goodness. These chapters fill us with indomitable hope and enthusiasm for life."<ref>Tutu, Archbishop Desmond. [http://www.heart-light.com/the-jewels-of-happiness/ "Foreword"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913044448/http://www.heart-light.com/the-jewels-of-happiness/ |date=13 September 2011 }}. In: Chinmoy, Sri. ''The Jewels of Happiness: Inspiration and Wisdom to Guide Your Life-Journey''. Watkins Publishing, 2010. {{ISBN|1906787972}}</ref>

==Athleticism==
===Running===
In 1977 the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team was founded; it holds running, swimming, and cycling events worldwide, from [[fun run]]s to [[ultramarathon]]s.<ref>Puntillo, Kimi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=C53Y8utmakQC&pg=PA140 ''Great Races, Incredible Places: 100+ Fantastic Runs Around the World'']. Random House, 2009. p. 140.</ref><ref>Bennett. ''Ultrarunning''. April 1987. pp. 23–25.</ref><ref>Pearlman, Jeff. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FMgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA71 "Endurance Special"]. ''[[Runner's World]]''. February 2007. p. 71.</ref><ref>Cushman, Anne and Lizette Montgomery. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44 "Ultra Runners"]. ''[[Yoga Journal]]''. April 1995. pp. 44–45.</ref><ref>[https://us.srichinmoyraces.org/marathon-team-history History of the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team]. Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</ref> Its precursor was the 1976 Liberty Torch Run, a [[relay race|relay]] in which 33 runners marked America's [[United States Bicentennial|bicentennial]] by covering 8,800 miles in 7 weeks through 50 states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aspiringindia.org/saints_sages/sri-chinmoy/biography-of-sri-chinmoy-part-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622083214/http://www.aspiringindia.org/saints_sages/sri-chinmoy/biography-of-sri-chinmoy-part-3|title=Biography of Sri Chinmoy – Part 3 |website=Aspiringindia.org |date=4 June 2006|archive-date=22 June 2006}}</ref> This concept was expanded in 1987 to become the [[Peace Run|Sri Chinmoy Oneness-Home Peace Run]].<ref name="pr">{{cite web|url=http://www.peacerun.org/|website=PeaceRun.org|title=Sri Chinmoy Oneness-Home Peace Run|access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> The Peace Run is generally held every two years, and the first was launched in April 1987 at the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in New York City.<ref name="Thomas Jr"/>

In 1985 Sri Chinmoy, with the then [[Mayor of Oxford]], inaugurated the first "Sri Chinmoy Peace Mile", which is a measured mile in [[Cutteslowe Park, Oxford]] giving joggers something against which to measure their progress.<ref name="Student of Peace">{{cite web|url=http://www.studentofpeace.org/oxford-sri-chinmoy-peace-mile/|title=Oxford Peace Mile|website=StudentOfPeace.org|date=23 November 2010 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>  There are now numerous "Peace Miles" around the world.<ref>Morano, Mercedes. [https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/137391862/ "Making the world fit for peace"]. ''[[Democrat and Chronicle]]''. 3 July 1991. p. 46.</ref>

Many of Sri Chinmoy's followers run daily for health and physical fitness. Sri Chinmoy himself continued to enter races until his 60s when a knee injury hampered his ability to run; afterwards he turned his attention to tennis and weightlifting.<ref name="Times_obit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/sri-chinmoy-520djd8x873|title=Sri Chinmoy|date=14 October 2007|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=21 August 2008|location=London|first=Fiona|last=Hamilton}}</ref>

Sri Chinmoy also founded the [[Self-Transcendence 6- & 10-day Race]]s, which run concurrently in Queens each April, and the [[Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race]], described by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as the "Mount Everest of ultramarathons".<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard |last=Weir |title=Neighborhood Report: Jamaica: Running on Inner Strength |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/12/nyregion/neighborhood-report-jamaica-running-on-inner-strength.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 July 1998 |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref>

The Self-Transcendence Marathon is a [[marathon]] around the shores of [[Rockland Lake State Park]], located in [[Congers, New York]], north of [[New York City]]. Inaugurated in 2002, the event attracts around 900 international runners. The Marathon takes place in the last week of August.<ref name="ref">Random House {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C53Y8utmakQC&dq=Self-Transcendence+Marathon++Rockland+Lake+State+Park&pg=PA139 |title= Great Races, Incredible Places |date= April 2009|isbn= 9780553906202 |accessdate=2013-07-29|last1= Puntillo |first1= Kimi |publisher= Random House Publishing }}</ref>

===Weightlifting===
[[File:Sri-Chinmoy-weightlifting.jpg|thumb|Sri Chinmoy weightlifting]]
Sri Chinmoy began weightlifting in 1985, at the age of 54. His weightlifting included an array of objects and machinery designed to challenge his strength and ability. His message to the public in his weightlifting endeavours was that anything is possible if one is able to put aside the limitations of the mind.<ref name=hinduaward/><ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Chinmoy's Weightlifting |url=https://www.inspiration-lifts.org/ |website=Inspiration-Lifts.org |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> [[Bill Pearl]], former [[Universe Championships|Mr. Universe]], acted as Master of Ceremonies at many of Chinmoy's strength exhibitions. Introducing one of Chinmoy's weightlifting exhibitions in 1999, Bill Pearl wrote: "Today you are going to see some amazing feats of strength that I myself – and I have been in the industry for fifty-five years – would not even attempt to perform."<ref>Pearl, Bill ''Beyond The Universe: The Bill Pearl Story'' 2003, p192</ref> Chinmoy said his motivation for lifting was to inspire others, especially those of an older generation.<ref>''New Zealand Fitness'', February/March 2006 issue (No.77)</ref>

In a program created in 1998 known as 'Lifting up the world with a Oneness Heart', Sri Chinmoy lifted well- known people while they stood on a platform overhead. Sri Chinmoy stated: 'I lift them up to show my appreciation for their achievements,'<ref>[http://www.srichinmoy.org/service/lifting_up_the_world/ Lifting up the World] at Sri Chinmoy.org</ref> Among some of the 7000 people he lifted include: [[Nelson Mandela]],<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Z9H9ga3agTU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726124214/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9H9ga3agTU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9H9ga3agTU |title=Video of Mandela and Sri Chinmoy |via=YouTube |date=30 April 2009 |access-date=15 July 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Desmond Tutu]], [[Muhammad Ali]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Eddie Murphy]], [[Susan Sarandon]], [[Roberta Flack]], [[Yoko Ono]], [[Jeff Goldblum]], [[Richard Gere]],<ref name="New York Times"/> and [[Helen Hunt]].<ref name="TFE">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/who-needs-doctors-when-you-can-conceive-courtesy-indian-guru-helen-hunt-finds-out/1075823|title=Who needs doctors when you can conceive courtesy Indian guru, Helen Hunt finds out|date=18 February 2013|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> Twenty Nobel laureates and a team of sumo wrestlers were also lifted.<ref name="NYT_obit" />

In April 2011, a documentary film about Sri Chinmoy's weightlifting titled ''[[Challenging Impossibility (film)|Challenging Impossibility]]'' was featured at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]].<ref name="NY_Times">{{Cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/25/a-monument-to-strength-as-a-path-to-enlightenment/|title=A Monument to Strength as a Path to Enlightenment|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=25 April 2011|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2011-05-28}}</ref>

[[Terry Todd]], a former powerlifter and latterly professor of [[kinesiology]] at the University of Texas, concluded that Sri Chinmoy misrepresented the type and weight of some of the lifts he claimed to have completed.<ref name=powerhouse/><ref>{{cite news |last=Galloway |first=Paul |date=20 September 1991 |title=Gonzo Guru |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/09/20/gonzo-guru/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116210218/https://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-09-20/features/9103110628_1_meditation-sri-chinmoy-ashram/2 |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/1840086/bless-you-sir-may-i-jog-another|title=Bless You, Sir, May I Jog Another?|date=2 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/1840156/be-sri|title = Be Like Sri|date = 2 May 2004}}</ref>

==Awards==
A summary of award highlights includes:

* '''Visva Sama Duta''', meaning "Ambassador of Universal Peace", title conferred by the Asgiriya Order of Buddhist Monks in 1990. The first non-Buddhist in Sri Lankan history to receive such an honorary degree.<ref>''Daily News'', Sri Lanka. 10 January 1990.</ref>
* '''Mahatma Gandhi Universal Harmony Award''' received jointly with [[Coretta Scott King]], widow of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], from the American branch of the Indian cultural institute [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] in 1994.<ref>''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. 31 October 1994.</ref>
* '''Fred Lebow Award''', in the name of the founder of the [[New York City Marathon]], presented by NYC Marathon Director Allan Steinfeld and Umberto Silvestri, President of the Rome Marathon in 1996.<ref>''Northwest Runner''. December 1996</ref>
* '''Hindu of the Year (1997)''' and '''Hindu Renaissance Award''' presented by the international magazine ''[[Hinduism Today]]'' in 1997, honouring him for teaching a yoga which combines aspects of ancient Hinduism in a modern setting.<ref name=hinduaward/>
* '''Pilgrim of Peace''' prize from the 'International Center of Assisi for Peace among Peoples' in 1998.<ref name="Centro_Pace">{{cite web|url=http://www.centropace.org/contents/it-IT/Storia/index.html|title=Peace Pilgrim Award|access-date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209014003/http://www.centropace.org/contents/it-IT/Storia/index.html|archive-date=9 February 2011}}</ref>
* '''Mother Teresa Award''' presented by President of the Republic of Macedonia [[Boris Trajkovski]] in 2001.<ref>''Nova Makedonija''. 9 July 2001.</ref><ref>''Macedonia Denes''. 10 July 2001.</ref>
* '''Medal of Honor For the Cause of Peace and Friendship Among Nations''' presented by Vietnamese Ambassador to the United Nations [[Le Luong Minh]] in 2004.<ref>''Voice of Vietnam News''. 16 November 2004.</ref><ref>''Vietnam News Agency''. 15 November 2004.</ref>
* '''Honorary Doctorate of Humanities in Peace Studies''' presented by the Science Council committee of [[Cambodia's International University]] in a unanimous decision in 2005.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130413135851/http://www.iu.edu.kh/old-website/www.iu.edu.kh/oldweb/public/news_070905_srichinmoyddps.htm "Sri Chinmoy Honored"] News Release. International University [Cambodia] 7 September 2005.</ref>
* '''2012 Class of Honorees''', International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame, including honouring the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team with [[swimming the English Channel]] 38 times.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://imshof.org/2012/04/20/imshof-class-of-2012/ |title=Class of 2012 Announced |date=December 2011 |access-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102143337/http://imshof.org/2012/04/20/imshof-class-of-2012/ |archive-date=2 November 2012 }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Main| Sri Chinmoy bibliography}}
* (1972) ''Arise! Awake! Thoughts of a Yogi'' – Frederick Fell Inc
* (1974) ''Yoga and the Spiritual Life'' – Aum Publications
* (1974) ''The Inner Promise: Paths to Self Perfection'' – Wildwood House
* (1974) ''Samadhi and Siddhi – The Summits of God Life'' – Aum Publications
* (1974) ''The Dance of Life – Volume 1 -20'' – Agni Press
* (1975) ''Astrology, the Supernatural and the Beyond'' – Aum Publications
* (1977) ''Everest Aspiration'' – Aum Publications
* (1977) ''The Soul's Evolution'' – Agni Press ({{ISBN|0-88497-396-4}})
* (1984) ''Inner and Outer Peace'' – Peace Publishing ({{ISBN|0-88497-769-2}})
* (1985) ''The Master and the Disciple – Insights into the Guru-Disciple Relationship'' – Agni Press ({{ISBN|978-0884978848}})
* (1986) ''A Child's Heart and a Child's Dreams'' – Aum Publications
* (1988) ''Beyond Within'' – Agni Press
* (1989) ''Meditation: Man-Perfection in God-Satisfaction'' – Aum Publications
* (1990) ''On Wings of Silver Dreams'' – Aum Publications
* (1992) ''Kundalini: The Mother-Power'' – Aum Publications
* (1994) ''Garden of the Soul'' – Health Communications Inc.
* (1994) ''My Life's Soul-Journey'' – Aum Publications
* (1997) ''God Is...'' – Aum Publications
* (1997) ''The Wings of Joy: Finding Your Path to Inner Peace'' – Simon and Schuster
* (1998) ''Blessingful invitations from the university-world -'' Agni Press
* (2000) ''Wisdom of Sri Chinmoy''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKiFI67GIFMC&pg=PA82 |title=Wisdom of Sri Chinmoy – Sri Chinmoy – Google Boeken |date= March 2003|isbn=9788120819436 |access-date=2014-01-16|last1=Chinmoy |first1=Sri|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref> – Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
* (2007) ''Power Within: Secrets of Spirituality and Ocultism'' – Guru Noka Publications
* (2007) ''Heart-Garden'' – New Holland Publishing
* (2009) ''A Selection of Songs composed by Sri Chinmoy, Vol. 1'' – Sri Chinmoy Center
* (2010) ''The Jewels of Happiness'' – Watkins Publishing
* (2013) ''Sport and Meditation'' – The Golden Shore ({{ISBN|978-3-89532-213-6}})

===Poetry===
* (1979–1983) ''Ten Thousand Flower-Flames'' – Agni Press (100 volumes)
* (1983–1998) ''Twenty-Seven Thousand Aspiration-Plants'' – Agni Press (270 volumes)
* (1998–2007) ''Seventy-Seven Thousand Service-Trees'' – Agni Press (50 volumes... unfinished)
* (1973) ''The Dance of Life''
* (1974) ''The Wings of Light''
* (2000–2007) ''My Christmas-New Year-Vacation-Aspiration-Prayers'' (51 volumes)

===Plays===
* (1973) ''Sri Ramachandra'' – My Rama is My All – A play on the life of Sri Ramachandra
* (1973) ''The Singer of the Eternal Beyond'' – A play on the life of [[Sri Krishna]]
* (1973) ''Siddhartha Becomes The Buddha'' – A Play on the life of Lord [[Buddha]]
* (1973) ''The Son'' – A play on the life of [[Jesus]] Christ
* (1973) ''Lord Gauranga: Love Incarnate'' – A Play on the life of Sri Chaitanya
* (1973) ''Drink, Drink, My Mother's Nectar'' – A play on the life of [[Sri Ramakrishna]]
* (1973) ''The Heart of a Holy Man'' – various plays on spiritual figures
* (1973) ''Supreme Sacrifice'' – a book of spiritual plays
* (1974) ''The Descent of the Blue'' – A play about the life of [[Sri Aurobindo]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Sri Chinmoy|display=Sri Chinmoy|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|b=no|author=no|d=Q319578}}
* [http://www.srichinmoy.org/ SriChinmoy.org]
* {{Internet Archive author}}
{{Spirituality-related topics}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}
{{New Age Movement}}

{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinmoy, Sri}}
[[Category:Sri Chinmoy| ]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:People from Boalkhali Upazila]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]

Dandeli National Park

2026-02-22T18:19:53Z

WECElbert296866: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|National park in the Western Ghats of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Dandeli National Park
| iucn_category =
| image =
| image_caption =
| location = Karnataka, India
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|14.99|74.36|display=title,inline}}
| area =
| established =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
}}
'''Dandeli National Park''' is a protected area in the [[Western Ghats]], India.

The park was created in 2007 by merging with the neighboring Anshi Nature Reserve as part of a tiger protection program. Today, they cover an area of about 834 square kilometers. Nature lovers here can enjoy an unforgettable landscape and admire the richness of diversity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary- Dandeli National Park in Karnataka|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/wildlife_sancturies/dandeli-national-park.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=tourmyindia.com}}</ref>

== Flora ==
The forest is mostly evergreen with shades of olive, caused by numerous creepers, wildflowers and shrubs. Some of the plant species that thrive here are: ''Eucalyptus,'' ''Tectona grandis,'' ''Grevillea Robusta,'' ''T. bellerica,'' ''Adina cordifolia'', ''Mitragyna parviflora'', ''Acacia'', ''Xylia xylocarpa'' and various types of orchids.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary – Dandeli National Park {{!}} Karnataka|url=https://www.avathi.com/stories/dandeli-wildlife-sanctuary?dd=16|access-date=2021-05-26|website=avathi.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dandelitravel.com/ Dandeli Tourism]

{{Western Ghats|state=Karnataka}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Kartik |date=2023-09-12 |title=Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary - September 2023 |url=https://dandelihub.com/dandeli-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Dandeli Hub |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Category:National parks in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Veer Teja

2026-02-22T18:15:46Z

WECElbert296866:

{{Short description|Indian folk deity (1074–1103)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Kuwar Sa.jpg
| caption = Veer Tejaji riding his Leelan
| name = Veer Teja [[-ji|Ji]]
| deity_of =
| birth_place = [[Kharnal]], [[Nagaur]] ([[Rajasthan]], India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1074|01|29}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1103|08|28|1074|01|29}}
| father = Tahar Dev
| mother = Ram Kunwari
| siblings = Rajal (sister)
| spouse = Pemal
| affiliation = Avatar of [[Shiva]]
| mantra =
| weapon = [[Spear]]
| consort =
| abode =
| mount =
| gender = Male
| parents = Tahar Dev (father) Ram Kunwari (mother)
| festivals = Teja Dashmi
| death_place = [[Sursura]], [[Ajmer]]
| animals = Leelan (mare)
| weapons =
}}

'''Veer Tejaji Jat''' (29 January 1074 - 28 August 1103)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Dr Seema |title=Veer Tejaji - The Symbol of Folk Faith |url=https://cajlpc.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJLPC/article/download/58/686/ |journal=Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Culture |volume=01 |pages=42}} “ ''As per historians, he was born on Friday, Magha Shukla 14 samvat 1130 (29 January 1074)''. </ref> also known as '''Tejaji Maharaj''', or simply '''Tejaji''', was a great warrior, social reformer, cow protector and [[Folk religion|folk-deity]] in [[Rajasthan]]. In rural parts of northern Rajasthan, he is revered as a deity and is considered to be one of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva's]] eleven primary incarnations.<ref name="Murphy">{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Anne |editor1-last=Mills |editor1-first=Margaret A. |editor2-last=Diamond |editor2-first=Sarah |editor3-last=Claus |editor3-first=Peter J. |editor1-link=Margaret Mills (folklorist) |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |page=596 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA596 |entry=TĒJAJI |quote=Tējaji was a Jāt of Karnala near Nagaur, in Marwar}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=16 September 2016 |title=Rajasthan celebrates unique snake festival to bring good fortune |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/rajasthan-celebrates-unique-snake-festival-to-bring-good-fortune-1491059/ |access-date=16 October 2018 |work=India.com |language=en}} “ ''Teja is considered to be one of the eleven incarnations of Lord Shiva and worshipped as a deity in rural Rajasthan. Devotees sang and danced to the sounds of drums and instruments, holding snakes in their hands and receiving their bites. It is believed that the snake bites cures ailments and bring good fortune''.”</ref> He is mainly worshipped in the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=अजमेर |first=सुमित सारस्वत |date=4 September 2022 |title=सांप को दिया वचन निभाया, अब लोक देवता के रूप में होती है इस गौ रक्षक की पूजा |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/tejaji-maharaj-story-kept-promise-given-snake-cow-protector-is-worshiped-as-folk-deity-rajasthan-ann-2207935 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi}} “ ''वीर तेजाजी को भगवान शिव का ग्यारहवां अवतार माना जाता है. राजस्थान, मध्यप्रदेश, गुजरात, उत्तर प्रदेश, हरियाणा और अन्य राज्यों में इन्हें लोक देवता के रूप में पूजा जाता है.''”</ref> He is commonly known as the ''God of Snakes'' in Rajasthan, because it protect against snake bites or also worshipped as ''Dhauliya Veer''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Nagaur News: वीर तेजाजी ने एक वचन के लिए दे दिए थे प्राण, सांपों वाले देवता के रूप में पहचान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/nagaur-nagaur-veer-tejaji-maharaj-gave-life-for-promise-people-worship-today-as-lord-of-snakes-and-cows-5422749.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=In India, getting bitten by a snake seen as good luck |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-snake-festival-idUSKCN11L2C4 |access-date=16 October 2018 |work=Reuters Original |language=en-US}} “ ''Veer Teja or Tejaji was a legendary Rajasthani folk hero, also considered to be one of the major eleven incarnations of Lord Shiva and worshipped as a deity in rural Rajasthan''.”</ref>

==Early life==
Veer Tejaji was born on 29 January 1074, in the family of Tahar Dev, a Dhauliya [[Jat]], chieftain in [[Kharnal|Kharnal, Nagaur]] and Ram Kunwari in [[Kharnal]] village of [[Nagaur district]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2 March 2023 |title=Ahead of Global Jat Mahakumbh, Gehlot sets up 'Veer Tejaji Welfare Board' in Rajasthan |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/ahead-of-global-jat-mahakumbh-gehlot-sets-up-veer-tejaji-welfare-board-in-rajasthan-1503158914.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en}} “ ''Veer Teja or Satyavadi Veer Tejaji is a Rajasthani folk deity. Its history says that Kanwar Tejaji ji is considered to be the eleventh incarnation of Lord Shiva and he was born in Dholiya gotra of Nagvanshiya Jat''.”</ref>

As per the historians, it is believed that Ram Kunwari, Tejaji mother, got a boon from [[Nagaraja]] and gave birth to a baby named, Teja Ji. His parents were worshippers of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejaji Maharaj Story: सांप को दिया वचन निभाया, अब लोक देवता के रूप में होती है इस गौ रक्षक की पूजा |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/tejaji-maharaj-story-kept-promise-given-snake-cow-protector-is-worshiped-as-folk-deity-rajasthan-ann-2207935 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=ABP NEWS|date=4 September 2022 }} “''राजस्थान में नागौर जिले के खरनालियां गांव में तेजाजी का जन्म हुआ था. नागवंशी क्षत्रिय जाट घराने के एक जाट परिवार में जन्मे वीर तेजाजी सामान्य किसान के बेटे थे. तेजाजी के पिता ताहड़ देव और माता रामकंवरी भगवान शिव के उपासक थे. मान्यता है कि माता रामकंवरी को नाग-देवता के आशीर्वाद से पुत्र की प्राप्ति हुई थी''.”</ref>

== Story ==

=== Halsotia: The Sacred Duty ===
In the rural heartland of Rajasthan, tradition dictated that the chieftain Tejaji, must initiate the plowing of fields after the first monsoon rains in the month of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyestha]]. This ritual, known as “halsotia,” held immense significance. Tejaji embraced this duty with unwavering determination, ready to turn the soil and honor age-old customs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Bhabhi’s Taunts and the Quest for Pemal ===
Tejaji’s mother urged him to perform the ploughing, known as Halsotia, because his father and brother were out of village due to some work. So,Tejaji started ploughing his fields and his sister-in-law was responsible for bringing him food in fields during ploughing (locally known as “Chhak”), one day she arrived late. Frustrated, Tejaji’s anger flared when she taunted him about his wife’s absence- Pemal (Tejaji wife) was still at her father’s home. Determined to rectify this perceived shame, Tejaji resolved to retrieve his wife from her in-laws’ abode. Before bringing Pemal back, Tejaji faced another task: reuniting with his sister, Rajal. Pemal had requested that Rajal be there to welcome her.<ref name=":0" />
=== War with Meenas ===
When Tejaji was on his way to bring his sister, Rajal back he encountered some meena [[Dacoity|dacoits]]. In fight Tejaji emerged victorious and proceeded to Tabiji, Ajmer, securing permission from his sister’s husband, to bring Rajal back to [[Kharnal]].

=== Journey to [[Paner]] ===
When Tejaji arrived at his in-laws house, he found his mother-in-law was busy in milking cows. His entry on his leelan mare startled the animals, disrupting their peaceful routine. Unfortunately, his mother-in-law failed to recognize him because Tejaji was married to Pemal when he was only nine months old. Tejaji's mother-in-law gave Tejaji a curse that he would be bitten by a black snake for disturbing her cows.<ref name=":0" />

Tejaji’s anger flared, and he decided to return to [[Kharnal]] without Pemal. However, Pemal was upset by her mother's reaction and requested that her father and brother stop Tejaji. Lachha Gujari, Pemal’s friend, stepped forward and shared the story of Pemal’s suffering to Tejaji. Then Tejaji stayed at Lachha’s Gujari house, where he met Pemal for the first time.<ref name=":2" />

=== Lachha Cows Incident ===
When Tejaji and Pemal are talking to each other at Lachha House, a knock is echoed by Lachha Gujari. Lachha urgently informed Tejaji that the Meenas from Chang had stolen all her cows and requested help from Tejaji. Without hesitation, Tejaji mounted his Leelan and rode off alone to confront the dacoits who had taken Lachha's cows.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 24 September 2023|title=Veer Teja Dashmi : तेजाजी को मिला था सर्पों के देवता बनने का वरदान, एक वचन के लिए दिया था बलिदान |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/ajmer/veer-teja-dashmi-know-the-history-of-lok-devta-tejaji-who-sacrificed-his-life-for-promise/rj20230924152113637637884 |access-date= |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

When Tejaji was on his way to confront the dacaits, Basak Naag, a snake, was burning in the fire, and Tejaji saved him from burning. That snake cursed and wanted to bite him. Tejaji assured that he would come back after taking Lachha cows back.After that, Tejaji fought with the Meenas in the valley of Chang, about 15 km from Sursura. He killed all 350 Meenas in the fight and got back the cows of Lachha Gujari.<ref name=":1" />
=== Death of Teja Ji ===
Tejaji, after returning cows to Lachha, produced himself before Basak Naga, the snake, and asked the snake to bite his body. Basak Naga did not find any unwounded places on Tejaji's body, and then Tejaji asked him to bite on his tongue. Basak Naga gave a boon to Tejaji that he will be a deity of [[Kali Yuga|Kalyug]] and will be worshipped. That’s why Tejaji is also called a man of words. Tejaji died on ''Bhadrapada Shukla Dashmi'' Saturday, V.S. 1160, or 28 August 1103 at the age of 29. The date of the martyrdom of Tejaji is celebrated as Teja Dashmi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Saint Kanha |title=Shri Veer Tejaji Ka Itihas Evam Jiwan Charitra (Shodh Granth) |publisher=Veer Tejaji Shodh Sansthan |year=2015}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Veer Tejaji – A Great Warrior and Folk Deity, who sacrificed his life for Cow protection !! |url=https://trunicle.com/veer-tejaji-a-great-warrior-and-folk-deity-who-sacrificed-his-life-for-cow-protection/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Trunicle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन है वीर तेजाजी, जिनके नाम से बोर्ड का गठन करने जा रही राजस्थान सरकार |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/nagaur/who-is-veer-tejaji-rajasthan-government-made-new-welfare-board-on-there-name/articleshow/98371230.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

Tejaji is also known as God of Snakes, because of this when anyone gets bitten by snake, then there are rituals to visit Tejaji temple and seek blessings from Tejaji.<ref name=":3" /> Apart from being called as God of Snakes, Tejaji was also a great protector of cows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=6 October 2022 |title=Lok Devta Tejaji: वचन पालन के लिए तेजाजी महाराज ने दिया था बलिदान, जानिए जाटों के आराध्य देव की अमर गाथा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/nagore/lok-devta-veer-tejaji-maharaj-had-sacrificed-his-life-for-cow-protection-know-their-history-and-importance/rj20221006062408060060002 |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}} “ ''गायों की रक्षा को दी प्राणों की आहुति: इतिहासकार घनश्याम मुंडेल बताते हैं कि सर्पदंश के कारण लोक देवता तेजाजी महाराज की मृत्यु हुई थी. तेजाजी महाराज बचपन से ही बहादुर थे. एक बार की बात है जब तेजाजी महाराज अपनी बहन को लेने उनके ससुराल पहुंचे तो पता चला कि दस्यु गिरोह उनकी बहन की सारी गायों को लूटकर ले गए. जिसके बाद तेजाजी महाराज अपने एक साथी के साथ जंगलों में बहन की गायों को छुड़ाने के लिए निकल गए. इस दौरान बीच रास्ते में एक सांप तेजाजी के घोड़े के सामने आ गया और उन्हें डसने की कोशिश करने लगा. यह देख तेजाजी ने उस सांप को वचन दिया कि जब वो अपनी बहन की गायों को छुड़ाकर आएंगे तब वो उन्हें डस ले. तेजाजी का वचन सुनकर सांप उनके रास्ते से हट गया''”</ref>

==Commemoration==
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2011_-_Colnect_259277_-_Teja_Ji_Maharaj.jpeg|thumb|India Post, Government of India releases commemorative postage stamp of Tejaji Maharaj|right|220px]]Teja [[Dashami]] is a festival celebrated in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] on the Dashami Tithi (tenth day) of the [[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]] (bright fortnight of the Moon) in the month of [[Bhadrapada]]. The occasion commemorates the life and sacrifice of Tejaji, who is revered as a folk-deity and hailed for his commitment to truth and promise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2020 |title=Teja Dashami: All you need to know about Tejaji Maharaj |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/teja-dashami-2020-all-you-need-to-know-about-tejaji-maharaj/643978 |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

In September 2011, [[India Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp depicting Tejaji.<ref>[http://www.rajasthanvoice.com/2011/09/special-postal-stamp-released-on-folk.html#comment-form Rajasthan Voice: Thursday, September 8, 2011, Special postage stamp released on Folk deity Veer Teja]</ref> The [[Government of Rajasthan]] later constituted the Rajasthan State Veer Tejaji Welfare Board for Farmers, comprising seven members including a chairman and vice-chairman. The board is tasked with reviewing the socio-economic conditions of farmers and recommending measures to address their backwardness.<ref name=":4" />

Tejaji’s life has also been depicted in cultural media. A Rajasthani-language film titled Veer Tejaji was produced in the 1980s. In November 2023, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Tejaji Temple at [[Kharnal]] village, [[Nagaur|Nagaur, Rajasthan]], to pay homage to the folk deity.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCK9f15cJeU PM Modi performs Darshan and Pooja at Veer Tejaji Temple, Kharnal, Rajasthan]</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tejaji married Pemal, daughter of Raimal, chieftain of [[Paner]] village in the [[Ajmer district]] of Rajasthan. He was just nine months old at the time of marriage, while Pemal was six months old, and they got married at Pushkar Ghat on Pushkar Purnima in 1074. His wife, Pemal, and his sister, Rajal, practiced [[Sati (practice)|sati pratha]] when Tejaji sacrificed his life for cows.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Pratibha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dufZAAAAMAAJ |title=Honour, Status & Polity |last2=Śarmā |first2=Saṅgītā |date=2004 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-859-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
This section includes pictures of some temples dedicated to Veer Tejaji.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Tejaji Temple Kharnal.JPG|Tejaji temple at [[Kharnal]], [[Nagaur]], [[Rajasthan]]
File:Tejaji's marriage.JPG|Painting depicting Tejaji's marriage in [[Pushkar]], [[Rajasthan]]
File:Tejaji Mandir Sursura.JPG|Teja Dham at his death place in [[Sursura|Sursura, Ajmer]]
File:Tejaji Temple at Palot village.jpg|Tejaji temple at [[Palot]] village
</gallery>
== See also ==
*[[Kharnal]] - Tejaji birth place
*[[Paner]] - Tejaji marriage place
*[[Sursura]] - Tejaji [[samadhi]] place

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Madan Meena]]: Tejaji Gatha (Hadoti & Hindi), Kota Heritage Society, Kota, 2012 {{ISBN|978-81-8465-686-2}} (Published under the World Oral Literature Project, University of Cambridge, UK)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Teja, Veer}}
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:1103 deaths]]
[[Category:1074 births]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]

Kadamankulam

2026-02-18T18:06:39Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
[[File:Palamel.jpg|thumb|Padanilam temple festival]]
'''Kadamankulam''' is a village in Peruvanthanam village Panchayath, of Perumedu taluk, [[Idukki District]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].

==Location==
The nearest towns are [[Pandalam]] and [[Adoor]]. It is in the border of both Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta Districts.

==Economy==
Agriculture is the main occupation of people here. Like any other village in this part of Kerala, many of youth are working outside India in different sectors. This village is near 2 kilometers from KP Road (Kayankulam- Punaloor) near [[Pazhakulam]] and 3 kilometers from MC road (Main Central) near Kurampala.

==Community life==
St. Mary's Orthodox Church is one of the main religious institution here. Navodaya Art's and Sport's club, Navodaya Library and many other organisations are working here. The Onam celebrations on Thiruvonam day (the most important day of Onam) organised by Navodaya is the main celebrations here.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord missing|Kerala}}
{{Alappuzha district}}
[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]

{{Alappuzha-geo-stub}}

Pradeep Patwardhan

2026-02-16T05:49:46Z

WECElbert296866:

{{Short description|Marathi actor and comedian (1970–2022)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradeep Patwardhan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 8 February 1958
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|8|9|1958|2|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = Suvarna Rekha (div.)
| children =
| website =
| yearsactive = 1980–2022
}}

'''Pradeep Shantaram Patwardhan''' (8 February 1958 – 9 August 2022)<ref>{{Cite news| date=10 August 2022 |title=Pradeep Patwardhan dies at 52: Film Industry Mourns Marathi Actor's Untimely Demise |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/pradeep-patwardhan-dies-at-52-film-industry-mourns-marathi-actors-untimely-demise/articleshow/93452275.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> was an Indian actor and comedian who predominantly worked in the [[Marathi theatre]].

His role in Marathi play ''[[Moruchi Mavshi]]'' led him to stardom. His well-known movies include ''Ek Full Chaar Half'' (1991), ''Jaml Ho Jaml'' (1995), ''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]'' (2009), and ''Gola Berij'' (2012).

== Death ==
Patwardhan died on 9 August 2022 by [[cardiac arrest]] at the age of 64 at his residence in Zaobawadi [[Thakurdwar]] area of [[Girgaon]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/veteran-marathi-actor-pradeep-patwardhan-passes-away-at-64-celebs-mourn-his-sad-demise/articleshow/93446170.cms |title=Veteran Marathi Actor Pradeep Patwardhan Passes Away at 64, Celebs Mourn His Sad Demise |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date= 4 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="sritej post">{{cite news |title="अगदी आदल्या दिवशीसुद्धा..." अभिनेते प्रदीप पटवर्धन यांच्या मुलाची भावूक पोस्ट |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-actor-pradeep-patwardhan-son-shritej-share-emotional-facebook-post-after-father-death-nrp-97-3074966/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=16 August 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> His last rites were carried out in [[Chandanwadi, Mumbai|Chandanwadi]] crematorium.<ref name="sritej post"/>

==Filmography==

===Marathi play===
* ''[[Moruchi Mavshi]]'' (1985 onwards)

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1991
|''Ek Full Chaar Half''
|
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995
|''Jaml Ho Jaml sukhi sansarachi bara sutre''
|
|Marathi
|-
|''Dance Party''
|
|[[Hindi]]
|-
|2004
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]]''
| Criminal Babu Kaalia
|Marathi
|-
|2009
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
|
|Marathi
|-
|2012
|''Gola Berij''
|
|Marathi
|-
|2013
|''[[Chaandi]]''
|
|Marathi
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
|''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
|
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Holding Back (film)|Holding Back]]''
|
|Hindi, short
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
|''Police Line Ek Purna Satya''
|
|Marathi
|-
|''1234''
|
|Marathi
|-
|2017
|''Journey Premachi''
|
|Marathi
|-
|2023
|''[[Surya (2023 film)|Surya]]''
|
|Marathi
|}

===Television series===
* ''Shwetambara'' (1983)
* ''Nasti Aafat'' (1989)
* ''[[Sukhachya Sarini He Man Baware]]''
* ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
* ''Gharakul''

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Comedy|Film|India |Television|Theatre}}
* [[List of Indian actors]]
* [[List of Indian comedians]]
* [[List of people from Mumbai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patwardhan, Pradeep}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]

{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Swami Rama

2026-02-12T23:20:23Z

WECElbert296866:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{short description|Indian yoga guru (1925-1996)}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Swami Rama
| image = SwamiRamaImg.jpg
| birth_date = 1925
| birth_place = Northern India
| birth_name = Brij Kishore Dhasmana
| death_date = 13 November 1996
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| death_place =
| guru = Bengali Baba
| honors =
}}
<references group="R" />
'''Swami Rama''' ({{IAST|Svāmī Rāma}}; 1925 – 13 November 1996) was an Indian [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]].<ref name="ID 2017">{{cite web |title=15 Yoga Gurus That Are Empowering The World Through Social Media |url=https://influencedigest.com/fitness/top-15-yoga-instructors/ |website=Influence Digest + |access-date=16 August 2021 |date=5 June 2017}}</ref> He moved to the US in 1969, initially teaching yoga at the [[YMCA]], and founding the [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]] in Illinois in 1971; its headquarters moved to its current location in [[Honesdale, Pennsylvania]] in 1977. He became famous for his ability to control his body in [[yoga nidra]], writing many books including the autobiographical ''Living with Himalayan Masters''. From the 1970s onwards, there were persistent allegations of [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|sexual abuse of his followers]];<ref name="Webster 1990"/> in 1997 a woman won a lawsuit against him for multiple sexual assaults.<ref name="NYT 1997"/>

== Early life ==

Swami Rama was born Brij Kiśore Dhasmana or Brij Kiśore Kumar,<ref name="Webster 1990">{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Katharine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58 |title=The Case Against Swami Rama of The Himalayas |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |issue=December 1990 |year=1990 |pages=59–69, 92, 94}}</ref> to a northern Indian [[Brahmin]] family in the village of Toli in the [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s. He claimed that he was raised somewhere in the monasteries and holy caves of the Himalayas by his personal guru or master Sri Madhavananda Bharati.<ref name="Webster 1990">{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Katharine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58 |title=The Case Against Swami Rama of The Himalayas |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |issue=December 1990 |year=1990 |pages=59–69, 92, 94}}</ref> He further claimed to have gained degree-level qualifications from an Indian school of homeopathic medicine, the [[University of Hamburg]], [[Utrecht University]], and finally the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref group=R name="Rama Ballentine 1976"/><ref group=R>{{cite book |last=Tigunait |first=Rajmani |year=2001 |title=At the Eleventh Hour: The biography of Swami Rama |publisher=[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan Institute Press]] |location=Honesdale, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0893892111 }}</ref> However, in 1987 two of his closest followers left his Himalayan Institute when they learnt that part of his official biography had been "fabricated"; further, Vanessa Webber of the [[Cult Awareness Network]] has stated that his academic background could not be verified.<ref name="Webster 1990"/>

In 1969 he went to the United States, where he gave lectures in temples and churches, and taught Hatha yoga in [[YMCA]]s and in private homes.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=239}} Concerned that the YMCA had presented yoga as one of its physical fitness programs, he included some philosophy and meditation in his classes.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=349, note 30}}

== Himalayan Institute==
{{main|Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy}}

In 1966, he founded the original [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]] in [[Kanpur]], India; this was followed by an institute in [[Glenview, Illinois]] in 1971; it is now headquartered in [[Honesdale, Pennsylvania]], purchased in 1977. The institute has branches in the United States, Europe, and India.<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref group=R name="Rama Ballentine 1976"/><ref group=R name="Founding and Leadership">{{cite web |title=Founding and Leadership |date=28 March 2016 |url=https://www.himalayaninstitute.org/about/#founding-leadership |publisher=[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan Institute]] |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> Swami Rama founded other teaching and service organizations, including a large medical facility, in [[Dehradun]] in [[Uttarakhand]] in the north of India, to serve millions of poor people in the nearby mountains who had little access to health care.<ref group=R>{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan Institute]] Hospital Trust |url=http://hihtindia.org/about-us/ |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

== Yoga nidra ==
{{further|Yoga nidra}}

Swami Rama's abilities in [[yoga nidra]], a [[guided meditation]] whose name means "yogic sleep",<ref name="Birch Hargreaves 2015">{{cite web |last1=Birch |first1=Jason |last2=Hargreaves |first2=Jacqueline |author1-link=Jason Birch |title=Yoganidrā |url=https://www.theluminescent.org/2015/01/yoganidra.html |website=The Luminescent |access-date=11 March 2022 |date=January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116034513/https://www.theluminescent.org/2015/01/yoganidra.html |archive-date=16 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> were measured experimentally at the [[Menninger Foundation]] in Topeka, Kansas in 1971.{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}}<ref name="Green Green 1977">{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Elmer |last2=Green |first2=Alyce |title=Beyond Biofeedback |date=1977 |publisher=Delacorte Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0440005834 |pages=197–218 |url=http://www.swamiramasociety.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/BFB21.pdf |chapter=II. Self-regulation: East and West}}</ref> He was seen to be able to produce different brain waves at will. As he relaxed, he created [[alpha wave]]s by "imagining an empty blue sky with drifting clouds".{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}} He then produced the longer [[theta wave]]s of dreaming sleep, and finally the slow [[delta wave]]s of deep sleep, staying aware throughout and able to describe accurately what had happened in the laboratory although he had been lying in the laboratory "snoring".{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}}

In another experiment at the Menninger Foundation, he voluntarily stopped his heart from pumping blood for 17 seconds. He did this by increasing his heart rate to 300 beats per minute so that the [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]]s stopped pumping and the [[Atrium (heart)|atria]] just fluttered. He was further seen to create a temperature differential of 5 degrees Celsius between two areas on the palm of his right hand.<ref name="Webster 1990"/>{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}}

Widely reported in the mainstream media, he acquired a reputation for achieving remarkable psychosomatic states; the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' journalist and author William J. Broad described him as "the star of [[Autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] control".{{sfn|Broad|2012|p=90}} The result was a sharp increase of interest in his teachings.<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref group=R name="Rama Ballentine 1976">{{cite book |last1=Rama |first1=Swami |last2=Ballentine |first2=Rudolph |last3=Ajaya |first3=Swami |title=Yoga and Psychotherapy: The Evolution of Consciousness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zDXgb_wslsC&pg=PA19 |year=1976 |publisher=[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan Institute]] Press |isbn=978-0-89389-036-0 |pages=xv, 25–26}}</ref> All the same,
he was critical of the tendency for yogis to use supernatural feats to demonstrate their enlightenment, arguing that these only demonstrated the ability to perform a feat.<ref name="Green Green 1977"/>

== Writings ==

Swami Rama authored dozens of books, published in India and America, which describe the path he took to become a yogi. He discusses the philosophy, practice and benefits of yoga and meditation. In an early co-authored book, ''Yoga and Psychotherapy'' (1976), he presented Hatha Yoga with reference to western psychology. His best known work is ''Living With Himalayan Masters''; the cultural historian [[Alistair Shearer]] calls it "an influential autobiography".{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}}

== Sexual abuse ==


Swami Rama has been [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|accused and sued for sexual abuse]].<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref name="NYT 1997"/> Abuses alleged to have taken place against former students of Swami Rama in Chicago, in Minneapolis, in New York, and in India in the 1970s were documented by Patricia Ann Darling in a chapter of her 1987 [[University of Minnesota]] PhD thesis.<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref name="Darling 1987">{{cite book |last1=Darling |first1=Patricia Ann |title=Turning East in the Twin Cities: Converts and Movements in the 1970s |date=1987 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]], PhD Thesis}}</ref> The journalist Katharine Webster stated in ''[[Yoga Journal]]'' in 1990 that women had since the early 1970s made claims of sexual abuse against him, and that since the matter had never been investigated, she had spent two years researching it. She heard "numerous former students say they left the [Himalayan] Institute because they were sexually exploited by Swami Rama or knew someone who was".<ref name="Webster 1990"/> She wrote that their statements, two of which were on file with the [[Cult Awareness Network]] in New York, fitted a pattern of what she called "sex in the forbidden zone", with a guru, "coupled with institutional mechanisms of defense and denial".<ref name="Webster 1990"/>

In 1997, a woman won a lawsuit, first filed in 1994,{{sfn|Broad|2012|pp=164–165}} regarding multiple sexual assault by Swami Rama while she was attending the Himalayan Institute in 1993; she was awarded $1.9 million in damages.<ref name="NYT 1997">{{cite news |author=[[Associated Press]] |title=$1.9 Million Awarded In Swami Sexual Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/us/1.9-million-awarded-in-swami-sexual-case.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 September 1997}}</ref> This was one of the first judgements against a yoga guru for sexual activity with a devotee.{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=296}}


== References ==

=== Primary ===
{{reflist|group=R|30em}}

=== Secondary ===
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

* {{cite book |last=Broad |first=William |author-link=William Broad |title=The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4516-4142-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceofyogaris0000broa }}
* {{cite book |last=Shearer |first=Alistair |title=The Story of Yoga: From Ancient India to the Modern West |title-link=The Story of Yoga |date=2020 |publisher=[[Hurst Publishers]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-78738-192-6}}
*{{cite book |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |title-link=The Subtle Body |year=2010 |first=Stefanie |last=Syman |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus, and Giroux]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-23676-2 }}, available at [https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma Archive.org]

==External links==

* [http://www.swamij.com/swami-rama-articles.htm Swami Rama Articles]

{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Swami}}
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Telekinetics]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]

Shankar Abaji Bhise

2026-02-11T07:17:57Z

WECElbert296866: Created A Stub - done

{{Infobox person
| name = Shankar Abaji Bhisey
| image = S A Bisey.jpg
| birth_date = 29 April 1867
| death_date = 7 April 1935 (aged 68)
| occupation = Inventor, academic
| other_names = ''Edison of India''
}}

'''Shankar Abaji Bhisey, Sunker Abaji Bhisey''', '''Shanker Abaji Bhise''' or '''Sunker Bisey Abaji''' (he used the form Bisey in the US) (29 April 1867 – 7 April 1935) was a self-taught Indian inventor who was once called by the ''[[New York American]]'' as the "Edison of India". Sponsored by Indian nationalists, he moved to England where his inventions included a type-setting machine for the printing industry, an advertising innovation and so on. He then moved to the US where he designed a modification of the then popular [[Ouija|ouija board]] where the supposed message of the spirit was printed onto a strip of paper. This spirit typewriter was patented in the US on 27 June 1922. He made no money from it but shortly after that he promoted a form of iodine termed as "atomidine" as a [[patent medicine]], promoted by the American psychic [[Edgar Cayce]], which earned him royalty and fame. He had nearly 200 inventions to his credit with 40 of them patented.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48905151|title=The forgotten Indian inventor who dazzled London|last=Patel|first=Dinyar|date=2019-07-14|access-date=2019-07-23|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Life and work ==
Bhisey was born in Bombay. His father Abaji had been a court worker, a ''Munsif'' to a ''Shirestadar'' before becoming a Sadar Amin at Surat. After his father moved to Jalgaon, Bhisey spent time reading ''Scientific American'' and conducting experiments. He had only a high school education but was interested in tinkering with mechanical devices. He began a Scientific Club in Bombay which had meetings each month. He was also involved in other activities including mentalism, magic tricks, and seances - associating also with the theosophists of the period who admired his abilities as a traditional Indian necromancer. After his father died in 1893, he accepted an offer to go to England to show his inventions (of optical illusions and mind reading) with support from [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao Gaikwad]] of Baroda, and he drew the interests of [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Ratanji Tata]] and [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale|G.K. Gokhale]]. He examined paper pulping in England and returned to India to try to obtain a job at the Girgaon Paper Mill in 1896 but failed. During the same year, he volunteered in the plague management efforts in Fanaswadi Ward of Bombay. His caste of [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] had [[Kala pani (taboo)|ostracised him for undertaking a sea voyage]] but in 1898 he was honoured for his work during the plague.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Campbell, Sir James MacNabb|url=https://archive.org/details/b24974535/page/219/mode/1up|title=Report of the Bombay Plague Committee|year=1898|place=Bombay|page=219}}</ref>
[[File:Sunker_Abaji_Bisey_with_spirit_typewriter.png|thumb|left]]
In 1896 he applied for a patent for a station indicator for use in the railways which showed the station of halt, the stations that had been passed and an estimate of the time to reach the next station.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38070/page/n24/mode/1up|title=Government of India. Department of Revenue and Agriculture. Inventions and Designs. Calcutta 1 April 1897|date=1897 |pages=338}}</ref> His father wished that he had trained in the legal profession, but he instead worked in the Accountant General's office in Bombay (1888-1897), which left him time for his own studies and diversions. He came into the limelight when he won a £10 prize in July 1897 for an invention for an automatic weighing machine in a contest held in England. Several Indian newspapers of the period declared that his work demonstrated Indian talent in science, and he sought sponsorship from Indian princes for him to travel and demonstrate his talents in Europe or America. In 1898 he designed a sliding door, while a patent application for a method for tying Indian turbans and pagries, submitted in 1897, lapsed due to failure of payments.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.10902/page/n145/mode/1up|title=The Gazette of India, July 5, 1902|year=1898|page=729}}</ref> Around this period he moved to England. In 1901 Bhisey invented an illuminated advertising machine called a "Vertoscope" that could show multiple coloured advertisements which changed rapidly at intervals. This was however banned for use in London claiming that it startled horses. When this machine was displayed in the World Trade Exhibition in 1901 several English backers sought to purchase the rights but he was advised against it by Dadabhai Naoroji who helped him instead to found the Bhisey Patent Syndicate. He had the same device exhibited in Paris in 1901 with support from [[Mancherjee Bhownaggree|Mancherji Bhavnagari]]. He patented an automatic toilet flush, an automatic bicycle stand, and the Vertolite Sign Lamp. The most influential invention was a type-setting machine called the Spasotype and later the Bhiso-type which could insert blocks at 1500 to 2000 characters per hour for use in printing. The Hindu Missionary Society and several other Indian nationalist groups promoted Bhisey and his talents. He was invited to several meetings where he was honoured, including the Indian National Trade Congress at Madras on 26 December 1908. He and his wife Sushilabai, as well as others like Govind Kukade and Govind Ray, established an Indian society in London. In 1910 Ratanji Tata established the Tata Bhisey Invention Syndicate in London. During [[World War I]], [[Shapurji Saklatvala|Shapurji Saklatwala]] who managed operations in London for Tata shutdown Bhisey's syndicate and sold off the machinery to manufacture his Bhisotype. Bhisey then joined hands with Charles Slaughter of the Universal Type Casting Company in the US. Bhisey faced significant difficulties with the Tatas and it was not until 1920 that he was able to launch his own corporation in the US, the Bhisey Ideal Type Caster Corporation. In 1917 he also dabbled in chemistry, producing a washing chemical called "Shella". He also developed an iodine based formulation called Baseline that he believed cured his malaria and could make water safe for drinking. It was later bought in 1926 and renamed as Atomidine and was touted as a remedy for blood pressure, pyorrhoea, malaria and influenza. He was labelled in the press as the "Indian Edison" and science journalist Francis Tietsort of the ''[[New York Journal-American|New York American]]'' proposed that he be given an honorary doctorate. Bhisey received an honorary doctorate in psychoanalysis from [[University of Chicago|Chicago University]]. In 1930 he met his childhood inspiration, Edison, in New Jersey. He was sometimes referred to as "professor" and used the DSc as a postnominal along with F.S.Sc. (Fellow of the [[Society of Science, Letters and Art]]s of London).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dhumatkar|first=Abhidha|date=2010|title=The Indian Edison|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787477|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=45|issue=42|pages=67–74|jstor=20787477 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Patel, Dinyar|title=Bombay before Mumbai|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|year=2019|editor1=Kidambi, P.|pages=239–262|chapter=The Transnational Career of the ‘Indian Edison’: Shankar Abaji Bhisey and the Nationalist Promotion of Scientific Talent|editor2=Kamat, M.|editor3=Dwyer, R.}}</ref>

Bhisey also wrote in Marathi, a family history of Raghunatha Viththala, also called Bapuji Viththala Satpute in 1896<ref>{{cite book|author=Blumhardt, J.F.|url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofmarat1915brit/page/n88/mode/1up|title=Catalogue of Marathi and Gujarati printed books in the library of the British museum|year=1915|page=154}}</ref> and wrote a script for a drama called ''Garden of Agra'' or ''Diplomatic Doorga'' which featured Jack, an English boy falling in love with an Indian girl Doorga. Bhisey was politically a moderate, a supporter of the [[Indian National Congress]] and a staunch follower of Dadabhai Naoroji. He sought to build a Lotus Philosophy Centre for the promotion of an inter religious practice. The six petals of the lotus in the plan of the building represented the six major religions.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* Patents - {{Patent|US|1477204A}} {{Patent|US|1420956A}} {{Patent|US|1568047A}} {{Patent|US|1477205A}} {{Patent|US|603251}} {{Patent|US|1240168A}} {{Patent|US|1197896A}} {{Patent|US|1191867A}} {{Patent|US|1284568A}} {{Patent|US|789708A}} {{Patent|US|1176726A}} {{Patent|US|1146124A}} {{Patent|US|1122677A}} {{Patent|US|1122676A}} {{Patent|US|1228524A}}
* [http://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/sr/2013/SR%2050(10)%20(Scientists%20of%20India).pdf Scientists of India] (by J.B. Kulkarni)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhisey, Sunker Abaji}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]

Bangladesh Television

2026-02-08T15:52:42Z

WECElbert296866: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|State-owned television network of Bangladesh}}
{{Distinguish|Television in Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| name = {{ubl|Bangladesh Television|{{lang|bn|বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশন}}}}
| logo = Bangladesh Television Logo.svg
| logo_caption = [[Logo]] of BTV
| image = Bangladesh Television inside area 01.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = The headquarters of Bangladesh Television in Rampura, built in 1975. Often known as the BTV Bhaban.
| type = {{plainlist|
* [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]]
* Satellite television
* Internet}}
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| airdate = {{Start date and age|df=y|1964|12|25}}
| founded = 1964
| founder = [[Government of Pakistan]]
| motto =
| tvstations = 16 (including 14 relays)
| headquarters = [[Rampura Thana|Rampura]], [[Dhaka]]
| key_people = Mahbubul Alam (director general)
| established = {{plainlist|
* {{Start date and age|df=y|1964|12|25}} {{small|(as Pilot Television Dacca)}}
* {{Start date and age|df=y|1971|12|16}} {{small|(as Bangladesh Television)}}
}}
| available = {{ubl|Nationwide|Worldwide}}
| branding = BTV
| owner = [[Government of Bangladesh]]
| picture format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[16:9]] [[576i]] for [[SDTV]] sets)
| website = {{URL|http://www.btv.gov.bd/|btv.gov.bd}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''Bangladesh Television''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশন}}), commonly known by its acronym '''BTV''' ({{langx|bn|বিটিভি}}), is the state-owned television network of [[Bangladesh]]. The network was originally established as the [[East Pakistan]] branch of [[Pakistan Television Corporation|Pakistan Television]] in 1964. It was rebranded right after the independence of Bangladesh. BTV is the oldest Bengali-language television network in the world,<ref name="banglatribune">{{cite news|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/720096/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A7%AC%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80|script-title=bn:বিটিভির আরও ৬টি চ্যানেল চালু হচ্ছে: তথ্যমন্ত্রী|date=26 December 2021|access-date=21 July 2022|work=[[Bangla Tribune]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721074057/https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/720096/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A7%AC%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80|archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> as well as the oldest television network in Bangladesh, and is sister to the radio broadcaster [[Bangladesh Betar]], which, along with BTV, are both owned and operated by the government.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Autonomy of BB and BTV|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-197482|date=7 August 2011|access-date=9 November 2021|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603132908/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-197482|archive-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%99|script-title=bn:বিটিভি-বেতারে পুরোটাই 'সরকার'|date=29 December 2018|access-date=11 June 2022|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922174706/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%99|archive-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

Bangladesh Television is the country's only television network provided on terrestrial television.<ref name="bdtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.bangladesh.com/tv/|title=Television of Bangladesh|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222072404/http://www.bangladesh.com/tv/|archive-date=22 December 2008|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> It is primarily financed through [[television licence]] fees.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Rajib|last2=Kakuchi|first2=Suvendrini|last3=Yamaji|first3=Miki|title=Media and Disaster Risk Reduction: Advances, Challenges and Potentials|date=2021|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=9789811602856|page=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFUkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> Although it has produced many award-winning programs, it has often been accused of being the mouthpiece of the government and panned for its lack of quality programming.<ref>{{cite news|title=Media men slam ministry for poor BTV standards|url=http://international.ucla.edu/institute/article/12950|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=22 July 2004|access-date=24 June 2011|via=UCLA International Institute|archive-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017114313/http://international.ucla.edu/institute/article/12950|url-status=live}}</ref> Both the headquarters and the administrative building of Bangladesh Television are located at [[Rampura Thana|Rampura]] in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.btv.gov.bd/site/page/8082f0a6-7b63-42d8-acb6-d7e2a4f9a505/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|title=Offices of BTV|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Bangladesh Television|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922210317/http://www.btv.gov.bd/site/page/8082f0a6-7b63-42d8-acb6-d7e2a4f9a505/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|archive-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

Prior to the late 1990s, Bangladesh Television was the sole television broadcaster provided in Bangladesh. It was a very successful network in terms of viewership until the launch of several satellite television channels, which led to the network's downfall and stagnation, mostly because it was used for spewing government propaganda for a long period of time.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 240|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/01/27/d50127060168.htm|date=27 January 2005|access-date=24 December 2021|work=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921191506/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/01/27/d50127060168.htm|archive-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Chowdhury|first=Parvez|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/12/01/entertainment.htm|title=Television in Bangladesh|date=1 December 2011|access-date=12 June 2022|magazine=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922115040/https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/12/01/entertainment.htm|archive-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="dekhacche">{{cite news|author=Sadia Mahjabin Imam|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/zdb8p0e144|script-title=bn:বিটিভি আগে কী দেখাত, এখন কী দেখাচ্ছে|date=3 October 2024|access-date=3 October 2024|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003105935/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/zdb8p0e144|archive-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] dubbed Bangladesh Television, along with Bangladesh Betar, as a "government propaganda outlet".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/country/bangladesh|title=Bangladesh|access-date=19 September 2024|website=Reporters Without Borders|date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126030542/https://rsf.org/en/country/bangladesh|archive-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>

Bangladesh Television operates two main television stations, BTV Dhaka and [[BTV Chittagong]], and fourteen relay stations all over Bangladesh. The network also has one specialized television channel, [[BTV News]].<ref name="24hourtv">{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ps2qxnwz8a|script-title=bn:বিটিভির ২৪ ঘণ্টার সংবাদ চ্যানেল চালু হলো|date=31 December 2024|access-date=31 December 2024|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101172706/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ps2qxnwz8a|archive-date=1 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="btvnews">{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2025/01/01/1463618|script-title=bn:বিটিভি নিউজের যাত্রা শুরু|date=1 January 2025|access-date=1 January 2025|work=[[Kaler Kantho]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101092425/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2025/01/01/1463618|archive-date=1 January 2025}}</ref> It is a member of the [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]] and [[Asiavision (news exchange)|Asiavision]], and is an associate member of the [[European Broadcasting Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abu.org.my/portfolio-item/btv/|title=Bangladesh Television (BTV)|access-date=21 November 2021|website=Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121115352/https://www.abu.org.my/portfolio-item/btv/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eknojor">{{Cite web|url=http://www.btv.gov.bd/site/page/2cddc9f2-6535-4bdc-8ba5-3a354382584d/-|title=BTV At a Glance|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Bangladesh Television|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140726/https://btv.gov.bd/site/page/2cddc9f2-6535-4bdc-8ba5-3a354382584d/-|archive-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> Bangladesh Television also plans to launch six more television channels.<ref name="banglatribune"/> The network formerly had an international television channel, [[BTV World]], which was launched in 2004. BTV can be received via satellite throughout Asia and parts of Europe and Africa. Bangladesh Television is also the sister network of [[Sangsad Television]], a parliamentary television channel. BTV Dhaka broadcasts eighteen hours a day on terrestrial television, and twenty-four hours a day on satellite television. BTV Chittagong broadcasts on a full-day basis daily.<ref name="24hourctg">{{Cite news|script-title=bn:বিটিভির চট্টগ্রাম কেন্দ্রের ২৪ ঘণ্টা সম্প্রচার শুরু|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81|date=20 December 2021|access-date=23 July 2022|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617041350/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 1964–1971: Pakistan Television era ===
[[File:Mustafa Monwar at Chotoder Ashor on BTV 1964.jpg|thumb|[[Mustafa Monwar]] at PTV's Dhaka studios; 1964]]
BTV first commenced transmissions on 25 December 1964 at 19:00 ([[Bangladesh Standard Time|Dhaka Standard Time]]), as a pilot project in the then [[East Pakistan]] under the name '''Pilot Television Dacca''',<ref name="television">{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Ratan Kumar|title=Television in Bangladesh: News and Audiences|date=28 December 2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1000332742|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JW0LEAAAQBAJ&dq=television+in+bangladesh&pg=PT36|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> airing a song titled "Oi Je Akash Nil Holo Aaj/Shei Shudhu Tomar Preme", sung by singer [[Ferdausi Rahman]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article901058.bdnews|script-title=bn:বিটিভির প্রতিযোগিতার সক্ষমতা বাড়াতে হবে: প্রধানমন্ত্রী|date=25 December 2014|access-date=10 June 2022|work=BDNews24|language=bn|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921195605/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article901058.bdnews|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lohomay">{{cite news|last=Shahnewaz|first=Altaf|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8|script-title=bn:এক লহমায় বিটিভির ইতিহাস|date=30 December 2016|access-date=12 September 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826085654/https://www.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8|archive-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> Mordecai Cohen was the first announcer on BTV. One of the first broadcasts on the station was also the announcement, "Accept our best wishes, pilot television, Dhaka, 10 Poush 1371", using the Bengali calendar date rather than the Gregorian one.<ref name="romanchokor">{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/7z6n8xbwgn|script-title=bn:বিটিভির যাত্রা শুরুর রোমাঞ্চকর নেপথ্য কাহিনি|date=5 July 2024|access-date=16 September 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705140001/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/7z6n8xbwgn|archive-date=5 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="firstdays">{{Cite news|title=The First Days of Television|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/the-first-days-of-television-34703|last=Sagor|first=Faridur Reza|date=26 July 2014|access-date=19 November 2021|work=The Daily Star |archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119111224/https://www.thedailystar.net/the-first-days-of-television-34703|url-status=live}}</ref> It broadcast from the [[RAJUK Bhaban|DIT Bhaban]] on a three- to four-hour basis, with broadcasting equipment provided by [[NEC]].<ref name="firstdays"/><ref name="lostcause">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2010/12/02/media.htm|last=Urmee|first=Farhana|title=BTV A Lost Cause?|date=10 December 2010|access-date=15 September 2024|magazine=The Star|publisher=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915154840/https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2010/12/02/media.htm|archive-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> It was originally supposed to be launched on 1 October.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1096809|title=From the past pages of dawn: 1964: Fifty years ago: TV stations at Dacca, Lahore soon|date=31 March 2014|access-date=10 September 2024|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000732/https://www.dawn.com/news/1096809|archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref>

After three months on the air, it was officially converted into a service of Pakistan Television on 25 March 1965.<ref name="television"/><ref name="romanchokor"/> It only broadcast six days a week, while being closed on Mondays.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/last-page/2014/12/25/167275|script-title=bn:বিটিভির শুরু যেভাবে|date=25 December 2014|access-date=19 September 2024|work=[[Kaler Kantho]]|language=bn}}</ref> This was Pakistan Television's second television station after the one in Lahore. The first drama telecast on PTV's Dacca television station, ''Ektala Dotala'', written by [[Munier Choudhury]], was aired in 1965. The reality television series ''[[Notun Kuri]]'' premiered on the station in 1966. It was later taken off the air, although the series would return to the air in 1976.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/entertainment-news/2020/03/01/201942|script-title=bn:১৫ বছর পর আবার 'নতুন কুঁড়ি'|date=1 March 2020|access-date=9 August 2022|work=Desh Rupantor|language=bn|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809075959/https://www.deshrupantor.com/entertainment-news/2020/03/01/201942|url-status=live}}</ref> The first television commercial on PTV Dacca was aired in 1967 for a detergent soap ''707''.<ref name=beyond>{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/celebrating_bd/celeb_bd18.htm|title=From BTV to ETV and beyond: The television revolution|date=4 February 2006|access-date=6 August 2017|newspaper=The Daily Star |first=Novera|last=Deepita|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313143917/http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/celebrating_bd/celeb_bd18.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same year, Pakistan Television's eastern branch was converted to an autonomous corporation.<ref name=eknojor/> The station initially broadcast on [[Very high frequency|VHF]] channel 9, but moved to channel 6 and increased its signal on 27 October 1968. There were also plans to establish relay stations in [[Khulna]], [[Rajshahi]], and Chittagong.<ref name=tvfactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1972-73-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1972-73.pdf|title=Television Factbook|date=1972|accessdate=19 October 2023|page=1084|archive-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025025407/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1972-73-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1972-73.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 March 1971, the Dacca station of Pakistan Television was unofficially renamed "Dacca Television", and television celebrities refused to work for Pakistani television as the East Pakistanis [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|struggled for autonomy]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=March 4, 1971: Radio, TV renamed, join struggle for freedom|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/04/march-4-1971-radio-tv-renamed-join-struggle-for-freedom|date=4 April 2021|access-date=8 November 2021|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108134226/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/04/march-4-1971-radio-tv-renamed-join-struggle-for-freedom|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 March 1971, three days before Bangladesh was declared an independent state, Dacca Television began displaying the flag of Bangladesh and playing the Bangladeshi national anthem, [[Amar Sonar Bangla]], rather than the Pakistani flag and national anthem,<ref name="70s">{{Cite news|title=Bangladesh Television in the 70s|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-television-in-the-70s-49056|last=Shagor|first=Faridur Reza|date=8 November 2014|access-date=16 November 2021|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116030353/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-television-in-the-70s-49056|url-status=live}}</ref> despite special programming being arranged on the occasion of [[Pakistan Day]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/literature/history-tradition/history/news-463721|script-title=bn:২৩ মার্চ ১৯৭১: যেভাবে পাকিস্তান দিবস হয়ে উঠল প্রতিরোধ দিবস|date=23 March 2023|access-date=18 September 2024|work=The Daily Star Bangla|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023704/https://bangla.thedailystar.net/literature/history-tradition/history/news-463721|archive-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>

Threats were made by Pakistani authorities that if the flag of Pakistan was not displayed on television, then Bengali workers would be barred from entering the television center. However, pro-Bangladesh songs were aired on Dacca Television on the night of 23 March instead. Dacca Television later signed off the next day at 00:01 following an announcement by Masuma Khatun. No programming was broadcast on that day in order to protest Pakistani intervention. As a result, the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] took control of the DIT Bhaban on 26 March but was attacked by the [[Mukti Bahini]]. At that moment, people joined to fight for the independence of East Pakistan through its television industry.<ref name="romanchokor"/><ref name="70s"/>

=== 1971–1997: Independence and government monopoly ===
[[File:Bangladesh Television in 1970s.jpg|thumb|One of the earliest known broadcasts of Bangladesh Television.]]
After the [[independence of Bangladesh]] in 1971, Pakistan Television's Dacca television station was renamed '''Bangladesh Television Corporation Dacca''', officially losing its affiliation with PTV. Bangladesh Television's logo appeared on the television screen for the first time on 17 December 1971.<ref name="television"/> Major [[Abu Taher Mohammad Haider|A.T.M. Haider]] announced the [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|victory]] of Bangladesh in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|separation war]] on Bangladesh Television on the same day during the afternoon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alamgir|first=Mohiuddin|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/victory-day-special-2021/news/liberated-last-2918636|title=Liberated, at last|date=16 December 2021|access-date=17 September 2024|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215203711/https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/victory-day-special-2021/news/liberated-last-2918636|archive-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="17dec1971">{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Ishtiaque|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-295006|script-title=bn:১৭ ডিসেম্বর ১৯৭১: বিজয়ের ঘোষণা দেন মেজর হায়দার|date=17 December 2021|access-date=17 September 2024|work=The Daily Star|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222114354/https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-295006|archive-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> Official broadcasts using the name also began that day at 19:00 (BST).<ref name="17dec1971"/>

Jamil Chowdhury was the first director general of Bangladesh Television. A signature tune for the station was later made, being based on [[Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara]], a patriotic song written by Bengali poet [[Dwijendralal Ray]]. The next year, the autonomous corporation was converted into a fully government-owned department on 15 September, being renamed again as '''Bangladesh Television Dacca''', known just as Bangladesh Television or BTV.<ref name="romanchokor"/><ref name=eknojor/> The network established its first television station outside Dhaka in [[Natore]] in 1974.<ref name="agrajatra">{{Cite web|url=https://www.techtunes.io/setelite-tv/tune-id/598436|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশে টেলিভিশনের অগ্রযাত্রার কথা|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Techtunes|last=Al Faruk|first=Abdullah|date=2 June 2019|language=bn|archive-date=18 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618213915/https://www.techtunes.io/setelite-tv/tune-id/598436|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 February 1975, the offices and studios were shifted to the newly built headquarters located at Rampura in Dacca with newer technology.<ref name=beyond/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/tv/বিটিভির-জন্মদিনে|script-title=bn:বিটিভির জন্মদিনে...|date=31 December 2019|access-date=10 June 2022|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610132404/https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/entertainment/tv/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/168005/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|script-title=bn:বিটিভিতে বায়ান্ন উৎসব|date=25 December 2016|access-date=9 August 2022|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809075516/https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/168005/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|url-status=live}}</ref> Operations from the Rampura headquarters building commenced on 6 March of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://btv.portal.gov.bd/site/page/e487d0cb-a283-4640-9bed-fa73044d84bd/-|title=Background and Evolution|access-date=17 September 2024|website=Bangladesh Television|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520194017/https://btv.portal.gov.bd/site/page/e487d0cb-a283-4640-9bed-fa73044d84bd/-|archive-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> The then president of Bangladesh, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], visited the new headquarters building on 18 May 1975.<ref name="lohomay"/> A while following the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, four BTV officials, including one of the founders of the network and then deputy general director, Monirul Alam, were killed on 7 November 1975.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/families-of-4-btv-officials-await-justice-for-39-years|last1=Biswas|first1=Prokash|last2=Khalid|first2=Shikdar|title=Families of 4 BTV officials await justice for 39 years|date=7 November 2014|access-date=15 September 2024|work=BDNews24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915154840/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/families-of-4-btv-officials-await-justice-for-39-years|archive-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="revives">{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/hc-revives-trial-after-12-years-1975-killings-4-btv-officials-3107896|title=HC revives trial after 12 years for 1975 killings of 4 BTV officials|date=31 August 2022|access-date=15 September 2024|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831170104/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/hc-revives-trial-after-12-years-1975-killings-4-btv-officials-3107896|archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="hotya">{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime/h2yz497f3p|script-title=bn:১৯৭৫ সালে বিটিভির চার কর্মকর্তা হত্যা মামলা সচল হচ্ছে|date=31 August 2022|access-date=15 September 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831151005/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime/h2yz497f3p|archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> By 1975, BTV increased its broadcasting schedule to four hours daily. At the time, the transmissions of BTV Dacca covered areas around Comilla, Faridpur, Mymensingh, and Tangail besides Dacca.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Business/World-Communicatiions-Unesco-1975.pdf|title=World Communications UNESCO|date=1975|access-date=13 October 2024|page=277}}</ref> It increased its broadcasting schedule again to five and a half hours daily the following year.<ref name="lostcause"/>

[[File:PM5544 (SECAM TDF variation).png|thumb|The [[Philips circle pattern|Philips PM5534]] test pattern used by Bangladesh Television. The station identification in Bengali was inscribed at the bottom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Radio-&-Electronics-World/R&EW-1984-03.pdf|title=Radio & Electronics World|date=March 1984|page=84|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>]]
In 1977, [[Fazle Lohani]] created a new magazine show for BTV based on [[David Frost|The David Frost Show on BBC]], ''Jodi Kichhu Mone Na Koren''{{efn|{{langx|bn|যদি কিছু মনে না করেন}}, meaning '''If you don't mind anything'''}}, which ended right after his death.<ref name=beyond/> It later expanded its broadcasting schedule to six hours daily in 1979.<ref name="lostcause"/> Bangladesh Television commenced color transmissions on 1 December 1980, being inaugurated by President [[Ziaur Rahman]], marking the first official full-time color broadcasts in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=1 December 2024|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশে যেভাবে শুরু হয়েছিল রঙিন টিভির সম্প্রচার|magazine=Kishore Alo|last=Kabir|first=Zahin Jaimah|url=https://www.kishoralo.com/other/halpxsc3jn|access-date=1 December 2024|publisher=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201140141/https://www.kishoralo.com/other/halpxsc3jn|archive-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="power">{{cite news|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/May/power.htm|title=The Power of Television|date=May 2011|access-date=28 February 2023|work=The Daily Star |archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630215458/http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/May/power.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=M Abdullah|url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/post-editorial/584820/জিয়ার-গণমাধ্যম-নীতি-ও-দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি|script-title=bn:জিয়ার গণমাধ্যম নীতি ও দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি|date=29 May 2021|access-date=26 July 2024|work=[[Daily Naya Diganta]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726145111/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/post-editorial/584820/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF|archive-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> In 1984, Bangladesh Television merged with [[Bangladesh Betar]] to form the National Broadcasting Authority.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Whyte|first1=Mariam|title=Bangladesh|date=1999|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761408697|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEia7W2x2WEC&pg=PA89|access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181740/https://books.google.com/books?id=CEia7W2x2WEC&pg=PA89|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 1986, BTV broadcast for 9 hours on weekdays and 14 hours on weekends,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Amos Owen|title=Transnational Media and Contoured Markets: Redefining Asian Television and Advertising|date=8 June 2006|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9352805550|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> usually during the evenings. It also aired special programming on Fridays, as well as during national and religious holidays.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foarde|first1=John J.|title=Marketing in Bangladesh|date=1984|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLG9IhpfCsYC&pg=PA8|access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420053022/https://books.google.com/books?id=oLG9IhpfCsYC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

It began relaying broadcasts of [[CNN]] and [[BBC]] in 1992, marking the first presence of foreign television in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-barta247.com/archive/details?n=4110|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশন ও এর সংক্ষিপ্ত ইতিহাস|date=8 October 2017|access-date=8 November 2021|website=|language=bn|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108093116/https://www.e-barta247.com/archive/details?n=4110|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1994, BTV telecasted its first private production, a one-hour play, ''Prachir Periye''{{efn|{{langx|bn|প্রাচীর পেরিয়ে}}, meaning '''Crossing the walls'''}}, directed by [[Atiqul Haque Chowdhury]].<ref name=beyond/> A commission for the formulation of the autonomy policy of Bangladesh Television, as well as Bangladesh Betar, was founded in September 1996 in order to reform Bangladeshi state media. It issued a report recommending granting BTV its autonomy the next year on 30 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ufmuxyq9tj|title=BTV bereft of audience, proposal for autonomy in cold storage|date=24 October 2024|access-date=25 October 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241024102203/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ufmuxyq9tj|archive-date=24 October 2024}}</ref> The network established its [[BTV Chittagong|Chittagong]] station on 19 December 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/btv-chittagong-case-for-local-tvs|title=BTV Chittagong: Case for local TVs|work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|first=Shihab|last=Sarkar|date=5 January 2017|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191047/https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/btv-chittagong-case-for-local-tvs|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 1997, Bangladesh Television received an Asiavision Award for its coverage of the [[May 1997 Bangladesh cyclone|cyclone]] that occurred in that year.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BTV gets 'Asiavision Award'|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/btv-gets-asiavision-award|date=17 July 1997|access-date=22 November 2021|work=The Daily Star |archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122065653/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/btv-gets-asiavision-award|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1997–2024: Decline of BTV and rise of private television ===
Bangladesh Television was the sole television broadcaster in Bangladesh<ref name="obsolete">{{Cite news|title=Is BTV obsolete?|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/spotlight/bangladesh-lost-darling-1482172|last=Karim|first=Naimul|date=27 October 2017|access-date=9 November 2021|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109013642/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/spotlight/bangladesh-lost-darling-1482172|url-status=live}}</ref> until the launch of [[ATN Bangla]] on satellite television in 1997, and [[Ekushey Television]] on terrestrial in 2000. As competition grew over the years, BTV declined and stagnated, and privately owned television channels gained more popularity among locals. However, up to 2003, Bangladesh Television had established fourteen relay stations, covering 93% of the country.<ref name="agrajatra"/> In 2004, Bangladesh Television began international satellite broadcasts via [[BTV World]].<ref name="satellite">{{Cite news|title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 310|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/11/d40411250196.htm|date=11 April 2004|access-date=8 November 2021|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108090249/https://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/11/d40411250196.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2005, [[Ferdous Ara Begum]] was appointed the first female Director General of BTV.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ferdous Ara first woman DG of BTV|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/03/17/d50317061780.htm|access-date=17 March 2005|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714022708/https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/03/17/d50317061780.htm|archive-date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ferdous Ara Begum|url=https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?Ferdous-Ara-Begum|access-date=17 March 2025|website=|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925211502/https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?Ferdous-Ara-Begum|archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> In April 2005, the Bangladeshi adaptation of ''[[Sesame Street]]'', ''[[Sisimpur]]'', debuted on BTV, which still airs the series as of today.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/04/15/sisimpur-turns-16|title=Sisimpur turns 15|date=15 April 2020|access-date=10 June 2022|work=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610084303/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/04/15/sisimpur-turns-16|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to a power outage caused by the [[2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|North Indian Ocean cyclone]] on 17 November 2007, BTV temporarily ceased transmissions for nearly three hours that day.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BTV off air for 3 hrs|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-12002|date=17 November 2007|access-date=17 November 2021|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117115933/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-12002|url-status=live}}</ref>

A new license office was inaugurated at the headquarters of BTV in 2008, according to a press release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-57329|title=New licence office of BTV inaugurated|date=5 October 2008|access-date=4 August 2022|work=The Daily Star |archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804001153/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-57329|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, the government of Bangladesh decided to reserve terrestrial television frequencies in the country solely for Bangladesh Television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news/story/2009/04/090427_satv|script-title=bn:টেরেস্ট্রিয়াল সুবিধা একমাত্র বিটিভির|date=27 April 2009|access-date=17 July 2022|work=[[BBC Bangla]]|language=bn|archive-date=17 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717094424/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news/story/2009/04/090427_satv|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[BBC World Service]] developed two television series for BTV, ''[[Bishaash]]'' and ''[[BBC Janala Mojay Mojay Shekha]]'', to promote the English language to Bangladeshi audiences. Both series premiered on the network in October 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/23/bbc-new-tv-drama-bangladesh|title=BBC to launch new TV drama for Bangladesh|date=23 August 2009|access-date=21 July 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721081932/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/23/bbc-new-tv-drama-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eiabd.com/eia_oldsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152:bishaash-and-bbc-janala-mojay-mojay-shekha-launched&catid=252:news-2010&Itemid=57|title='Bishaash' and 'BBC Janala – Mojay Mojay Shekha' launched|publisher=English in Action|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407193143/http://www.eiabd.com/eia_oldsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152:bishaash-and-bbc-janala-mojay-mojay-shekha-launched&catid=252:news-2010&Itemid=57|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Its sister, [[Sangsad Television]], was launched on 25 January 2011, which simultaneously broadcasts live programming from the [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-171357|title=Jatiya Sangsad television|date=25 January 2011|work=The Daily Star |language=en|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803201020/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-171357|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, BTV commenced experimental broadcasts on [[digital terrestrial television]] in Dhaka, Chittagong, and Khulna.<ref name="eknojor" /> BTV was available for streaming on phones through [[Teletalk]]'s 3G services in October 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/3g-will-free-nation-of-digital-divide-pm|title=3G will free nation of digital divide: PM|date=14 October 2012|access-date=30 September 2024|work=BDNews24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202120137/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/3g-will-free-nation-of-digital-divide-pm|archive-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/business/teletalk-handsets-with-3g-sim-in-feb|title=Teletalk handsets with 3G SIM in Feb|date=9 November 2012|access-date=30 September 2024|work=BDNews24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202113007/https://bdnews24.com/business/teletalk-handsets-with-3g-sim-in-feb|archive-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> On 5 November 2012, to compete with privately owned local television channels, BTV began broadcasting for 24 hours via satellite television, while still retaining the 18-hour broadcast on terrestrial.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/149180.details|script-title=bn:২৪ ঘণ্টা সম্প্রচারে যাচ্ছে বিটিভি|date=4 November 2012|access-date=18 June 2022|work=Banglanews24.com|language=bn|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622111921/https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/149180.details|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2014, an unused frequency of BTV was scrapped as it disrupted 3G services of mobile operators in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Regulator scraps BTV's unused frequency|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/regulator-scraps-btvs-unused-frequency-26927|last=Mamun|first=Abdullah|date=4 June 2014|access-date=24 December 2021|work=The Daily Star |archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224084019/https://www.thedailystar.net/regulator-scraps-btvs-unused-frequency-26927|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 June 2014, as lightning struck on the tower of Bangladesh Television's Patuakhali relay station, terrestrial broadcasts from there temporarily halted, as a result of the damages caused by the lightning.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/140668165/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7|script-title=bn:পটুয়াখালীতে বিটিভির টাওয়ারে বজ্রপাত সম্প্রচার বন্ধ|date=24 June 2014|access-date=10 June 2022|work=Samakal|language=bn|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610073944/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/140668165/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7|url-status=live}}</ref> BTV, along with [[GTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|GTV]] and [[Maasranga Television]], broadcast the [[2016 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/sports/news/81016|script-title=bn:গাজী, মাছরাঙ্গা, বিটিভি এবং স্টার স্পোর্টসে দেখা যাবে এশিয়া কাপ|date=15 February 2016|access-date=10 June 2022|work=Jago News 24|language=bn|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610080948/https://www.jagonews24.com/sports/news/81016|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh Television opened the country's first television museum on 1 December 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের প্রথম টেলিভিশন জাদুঘর|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/mass-media/news/233725|date=18 March 2017|access-date=10 November 2021|work=[[Jagonews24.com]]|language=bn|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110052823/https://www.jagonews24.com/m/mass-media/news/233725|url-status=live}}</ref>

BTV, along with [[Maasranga Television]] and [[Nagorik (TV channel)|Nagorik]], was the broadcaster of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BTV, Nagorik TV, Maasranga to show WC|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/btv-nagorik-tv-maasranga-show-wc-1544431|date=7 March 2018|access-date=18 November 2021|work=The Daily Star |archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118032457/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/btv-nagorik-tv-maasranga-show-wc-1544431|url-status=live}}</ref> The network began broadcasting in India via [[DD Free Dish]] on 2 September 2019, via the [[Bangabandhu-1]] satellite.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:সোমবার থেকে ভারতে বিটিভির সম্প্রচার শুরু|url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/216060/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81|date=1 September 2019|access-date=9 November 2021|work=[[Jugantor]]|language=bn|trans-title=BTV to begin broadcasting in India from Monday|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109023400/https://www.jugantor.com/national/216060/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bangabandhu satellite to telecast BTV in India|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/technology/2019/07/04/bangabandhu-satellite-to-telecast-btv-in-india|last=Hossain|first=Imran|date=4 July 2019|access-date=16 November 2021|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116051503/https://www.dhakatribune.com/technology/2019/07/04/bangabandhu-satellite-to-telecast-btv-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref> To celebrate BTV's 55th anniversary in 2019, privately owned [[Channel i]] organized a special program in its headquarters, which was broadcast on both networks.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:চ্যানেল আই চত্বরে বিটিভি'র জন্মদিন!|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/600497/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E2%80%99%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8|date=25 December 2019|access-date=9 November 2021|work=[[Bangla Tribune]]|language=bn|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109194154/https://www.banglatribune.com/600497/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E2%80%99%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8|url-status=live}}</ref> BTV inaugurated two new digital studios on 8 February 2020, at the BTV Bhaban, as a part of the network's renaissance.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BTV gets two new digital studios|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/460511/BTV-gets-two-new-digital-studios|date=8 February 2020|access-date=9 November 2021|work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]]|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109031942/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/460511/BTV-gets-two-new-digital-studios|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], BTV, along with [[Sangsad Television]], began broadcasting educational programming for secondary-level students.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BTV, Sangsad TV to air lessons for secondary level students from Sunday|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/03/28/btv-sangsad-tv-to-air-lessons-for-secondary-level-students-from-sunday|date=28 March 2020|access-date=8 November 2021|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108134930/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/03/28/btv-sangsad-tv-to-air-lessons-for-secondary-level-students-from-sunday|url-status=live}}</ref> It had also reaired some of its classic television series.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BTV classic 'Ei Shob Din Ratri' back again|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/btv-classic-ei-shob-din-ratri-back-again|last=Liakat|first=Farjana|date=5 May 2020|access-date=23 November 2021|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123061916/https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/btv-classic-ei-shob-din-ratri-back-again|url-status=live}}</ref> BTV announced the establishment an educational channel to make remote learning more effective on students, which was also planned way back in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:রবিবার এ কথা জানান তথ্য ও সম্প্রচারমন্ত্রী ড. হাছান মাহমুদ|url=https://bangla-archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/06/27/35912|date=27 June 2021|access-date=27 July 2022|work=Dhaka Tribune|language=bn|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727053427/https://bangla-archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/06/27/35912|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Plan to start BTV edn channel|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-37512|date=21 May 2008|access-date=24 December 2021|work=The Daily Star |archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224084400/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-37512|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 February 2021, Sohrab Hossain was appointed as Bangladesh Television's new director general.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/391621/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8|script-title=bn:বিটিভির নতুন মহাপরিচালক সোহরাব হোসেন|date=8 February 2021|access-date=10 June 2022|work=Jugantor|language=bn|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181743/https://www.jugantor.com/national/391621/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 March 2021, Bangladesh Television announced that they will be establishing 6 more regional stations, which was originally to be accomplished by 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/650318|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশনের আরো ৬টি কেন্দ্র স্থাপন হবে: তথ্যমন্ত্রী|date=13 March 2021|language=bn|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184543/https://www.jagonews24.com/amp/650318|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eknojor"/> The network officially launched its app in May 2021, in which four channels, including BTV Dhaka, BTV Chittagong, BTV World, and Sangsad Television, can be streamed worldwide.<ref name="btvapp">{{Cite news|title=BTV app launched|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/05/12/btv-app-launched|date=12 May 2021|access-date=9 November 2021|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109110857/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/05/12/btv-app-launched|url-status=live}}</ref> It also planned to launch its own DTH service soon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/national/699488/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|script-title=bn:শিগগিরই ডিটিএইচ কার্যক্রম শুরু করবে বিটিভি|date=2 September 2021|access-date=14 June 2022|work=[[Bangla Tribune]]|language=bn|archive-date=14 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614031909/https://www.banglatribune.com/national/699488/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh Television inaugurated its [[high-definition television|high definition]] broadcasts on its 57th anniversary in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:৫৮তম বর্ষে এইচডি সম্প্রচারে বিটিভি|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/901582.details|date=25 December 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|work=Banglanews24.com|language=bn|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226005639/https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/901582.details|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, a Bangabandhu Corner dedicated to the first president of Bangladesh, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], was inaugurated at the headquarters of Bangladesh Television.<ref name="eknojor"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-entertainment/article/2112137418/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8|script-title=bn:৫৮ বছরে বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশন|date=25 December 2021|access-date=12 July 2022|work=Samakal|language=bn|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224203039/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-entertainment/article/2112137418/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2022, the Government of Bangladesh ordered the broadcast of BTV's channels in airports across the country.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:দেশের সব বিমানবন্দরে বিটিভি দেখানোর নির্দেশ|url=https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/2205111371/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6|date=15 May 2022|access-date=18 May 2022|work=Samakal|language=bn|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518041435/https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/2205111371/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6|url-status=live}}</ref> The High Court of Bangladesh revived the trial for the four BTV officials killed in 1975 on 31 August 2022, lifting a stay order issued on 25 April 2010.<ref name="revives"/><ref name="hotya"/> In October 2022, Bangladesh Television began airing the first 2D animated series fully produced in Bangladesh, ''[[Jungle Mangal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/529492/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2|script-title=bn:বিটিভিতে দেশের প্রথম দ্বিমাত্রিক সিরিজ জঙ্গলে মঙ্গল|date=28 October 2022|access-date=28 October 2022|work=[[Daily Inqilab]]|language=bn|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027205216/https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/529492/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022, with the cost of 980 million BDT, Bangladesh Television gained the rights to air the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] held in Qatar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/wc-rights-balloon-0-tk-98-crore-btv-3175981|title=WC rights balloon from 0 to Tk 98 crore for BTV|date=22 November 2022|access-date=10 December 2022|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121192124/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/wc-rights-balloon-0-tk-98-crore-btv-3175981|archive-date=21 November 2022}}</ref> As there were allegations of corruption against the chief engineer of the television network, the [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission]] raided the headquarters of Bangladesh Television on 16 May 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/05/16/acc-raids-btv-office|title=ACC raids BTV office|date=16 May 2023|access-date=21 May 2023|work=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521090401/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/05/16/acc-raids-btv-office|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2023, Jahangir Alam was appointed as the new director general of Bangladesh Television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/ykmrymfvm2|script-title=bn:বিটিভির নতুন মহাপরিচালক জাহাঙ্গীর আলম|date=5 June 2023|access-date=18 June 2023|work=BDNews24|language=bn|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618060713/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/ykmrymfvm2|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2024 arson attack ====
Amid the [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|quota reform protests]], some unidentified individuals stormed the headquarters of Bangladesh Television and set it ablaze on 18 July 2024. The main building was also vandalized. Following the incident, BTV ceased all broadcasts at approximately 19:00 BST, after evacuating all staff members.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Drury|first1=Flora|last2=Ethirajan|first2=Anbarasan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ck5g9xd9rrwo.amp|title=Bangladesh issues high security alert as deadly protests escalate|date=18 July 2024|access-date=19 July 2024|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160636/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ck5g9xd9rrwo.amp|archive-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240718-state-tv-hq-set-ablaze-death-toll-rises-student-protests-roil-bangladesh|title=State TV set ablaze, death toll rises as student protests roil Bangladesh|date=18 July 2024|access-date=19 July 2024|work=[[France 24]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718145241/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240718-state-tv-hq-set-ablaze-death-toll-rises-student-protests-roil-bangladesh|archive-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacherjee|first=Kallol|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/bangladesh-tv-goes-off-air-as-anti-quota-protesters-set-fire-to-tv-station-mobile-internet-blocked/article68419229.ece/|title=Bangladesh TV goes off air as anti-quota protesters set fire to TV station; mobile internet blocked|date=18 July 2024|access-date=19 July 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-tv-goes-off-air-as-anti-quota-protesters-set-fire-to-tv-station-mobile-internet-blocked/article68419229.ece/amp/|archive-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/capital/hfektkd7um|script-title=bn:বিটিভি ভবনে হামলা, ভাঙচুর–অগ্নিসংযোগ, সম্প্রচার বন্ধ|date=18 July 2024|access-date=19 July 2024|work=Prothom Alo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718232345/https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/bangladesh/capital/hfektkd7um|archive-date=18 July 2024}}</ref> Broadcasts resumed the following day on 19 July at 16:00 (BST).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=119895|script-title=bn:ফের বিটিভি'র সম্প্রচার চালু|date=20 July 2024|access-date=25 July 2024|work=[[Manab Zamin]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725150306/https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=119895|archive-date=25 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalbela.com/ajkerpatrika/khobor/105835|script-title=bn:২৪ ঘণ্টা পর বিটিভির সম্প্রচার চালু|date=24 July 2024|access-date=25 July 2024|work=Kalbela|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725151811/https://www.kalbela.com/ajkerpatrika/khobor/105835|archive-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] later visited the headquarter building on July 26 and called for the punishment of the perpetrators.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/find-perpetrators-violence-urges-pm-during-visit-ransacked-btv-bhaban-3662551|title=Find perpetrators of violence, urges PM during visit to ransacked BTV Bhaban|date=26 July 2024|access-date=26 July 2024|work=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726072056/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/find-perpetrators-violence-urges-pm-during-visit-ransacked-btv-bhaban-3662551|archive-date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

=== 2024–present: Post-revolution ===
On 18 August 2024, the adviser of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)|information and broadcasting]], [[Nahid Islam]], called for the speedy modernization of all institutions under the Information and Broadcasting Ministry including BTV, criticizing them for being stagnant. He stated that BTV was more like the network itself of the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/251389/৮০-৯০-দশকের-প্রজন্ম-ছাড়া-কেউ-বিটিভি-দেখে-কি-না-জানি-না:-নাহিদ-ইসলাম|script-title=bn:৮০-৯০ দশকের প্রজন্ম ছাড়া কেউ বিটিভি দেখে কি-না জানি না: নাহিদ ইসলাম|date=18 August 2024|access-date=19 August 2024|work=Samakal|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/961989|script-title=bn:আশি-নব্বই দশকের প্রজন্ম ছাড়া কেউ বিটিভি দেখে কি না জানি না|date=18 August 2024|access-date=19 August 2024|work=JagoNews24|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819194813/https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/961989|archive-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> On the same day, Jahangir Alam was removed as the director general, being appointed as the Officer on Special Duty in the [[Ministry of Public Administration]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/4m13why44s|script-title=bn:বিটিভির মহাপরিচালক ওএসডি, জিএম পদে পরিবর্তন|date=21 August 2024|access-date=25 August 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822010110/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/4m13why44s|archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> Nahid Islam later advised BTV not to broadcast any programming pleasing the government, and instead to work in favor of the people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/nm6571tsom|script-title=bn:সরকারকে খুশি নয়, জনগণের পক্ষে প্রচার করুন: বিটিভির প্রতি তথ্য উপদেষ্টা|date=4 September 2024|access-date=11 September 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905010055/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/nm6571tsom|archive-date=5 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2024/09/04/1422082|script-title=bn:বিটিভিকে যে পরামর্শ দিলেন তথ্য উপদেষ্টা|date=4 September 2024|access-date=11 September 2024|work=Kaler Kantho|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904192817/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2024/09/04/1422082|archive-date=4 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/news-flash/150918|script-title=bn:বিটিভি'কে জনগণের মিডিয়া হিসেবে কাজ করতে হবে : তথ্য উপদেষ্টা|date=4 September 2024|access-date=11 September 2024|work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911185700/https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/news-flash/150918|archive-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> Mahbubul Alam is appointed as the new director general of Bangladesh Television on 22 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/mahbubul-alam-made-new-director-general-of-btv/143355|title=Mahbubul Alam made new Director General of BTV|date=22 September 2024|access-date=22 September 2024|work=[[United News of Bangladesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414175334/https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/mahbubul-alam-made-new-director-general-of-btv/143355|archive-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bssnews.net/news/211205|title=Mahbubul Alam made new BTV DG|date=22 September 2024|access-date=22 September 2024|work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222113320/https://www.bssnews.net/news/211205|archive-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> The network launched its news-oriented channel, [[BTV News]], on 31 December 2024.<ref name="24hourtv"/><ref name="btvnews"/>

On 19 June 2025, a five-member committee was formed ensuring the autonomy of Bangladesh Television and Bangladesh Betar, which would also review media policies during [[Premiership of Sheikh Hasina|Hasina's premiership]] from 2009 to 2024 and work on a roadmap implementing the recommendations of the Media Reform Commission.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bssnews.net/news/284080|title=Govt forms 5-member body to ensure BTV-Betar autonomy, review media policies|date=19 June 2025|access-date=1 February 2026|work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/committee-formed-ensure-autonomy-btv-bangladesh-betar-1169171|title=Committee formed to ensure autonomy of BTV, Bangladesh Betar|date=19 June 2025|access-date=1 February 2026|work=The Business Standard}}</ref> On 12 August 2025, Bangladesh Television announced on its official social media pages that ''[[Notun Kuri]]'' would return to the air after two decades. It began airing again three days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/notun-kuri-returns-after-two-decades-applications-open-august-15-3962371|title='Notun Kuri' returns after two decades, applications open from August 15|date=14 August 2025|access-date=1 February 2026|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814101221/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/notun-kuri-returns-after-two-decades-applications-open-august-15-3962371|archive-date=14 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/television/d2hrqy1bfv|title='Notun Kuri' returning to BTV after two decades|date=15 August 2025|access-date=1 February 2026|work=Prothom Alo English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112023642/https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/television/d2hrqy1bfv|archive-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>

== Television stations ==
[[File:Bangladesh Television (BTV) head office inside view 06.jpg|thumb|A map of Bangladesh, signifying all the television stations of BTV.]]
[[File:BTV mural by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|thumb|A mural on the front wall of Bangladesh Television head office.]]
Bangladesh Television operates two main television stations in [[Dhaka]] and [[Chittagong]], of which the station in Dhaka is relayed nationwide via its fourteen relay stations, known as ''upakendra'' (উপকেন্দ্র) in Bengali, throughout Bangladesh. About 2 million television sets in the country receive signals from BTV, which covers more than 90% of the Bangladeshi area.<ref name="bdtv"/> VHF [[Band III]], UHF [[Band IV]], and UHF [[Band V]] are reserved for use by Bangladesh Television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-1022/section-39384.html|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশনের জন্য টেরেস্ট্রিয়াল টেলিভিশন সম্প্রচার সুবিধা সংরক্ষণ আইন, ২০০৯|date=14 July 2009|access-date=2 November 2024|website=Laws of Bangladesh|language=bn}}</ref>

The relay stations are located at Natore, [[Khulna]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Sylhet]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Noakhali]], [[Brahmanbaria]], [[Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila|Thakurgaon]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Jhenaidah]], [[Satkhira]], [[Patuakhali]], [[Ukhia Upazila|Ukhia]], and [[Rangamati]] respectively.<ref name="eknojor" /> The network announced to establish six more regional BTV stations for the rest of Bangladesh's divisions, namely Barisal, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Sylhet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btv.gov.bd/site/page/a3908e47-7d97-4753-a664-3a28d3e27516/-|title=Project|access-date=26 July 2022|website=Bangladesh Television|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726082022/http://www.btv.gov.bd/site/page/a3908e47-7d97-4753-a664-3a28d3e27516/-|url-status=live}}</ref> The first station of BTV outside Dhaka was established in Natore in 1974. Later, more relay stations of BTV were established across the country. BTV's first contemporary regional television station was established in Chittagong in 1996.

=== Main television stations ===
* '''BTV Dhaka''' or '''BTV National''' – The largest and main television station of Bangladesh Television, headquartered in Rampura and mostly branded on-air as 'BTV'. It commenced transmissions for the first time in 1964 as a PTV-affiliated station of Dacca in the then East Pakistan. After Bangladesh's independence, the station was rebranded as BTV and was the only major station until 1996. It is relayed nationwide via its terrestrial relay stations and formerly via BTV's satellite channel, [[BTV World]]. BTV Dhaka is a [[free-to-air]] television channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/national/news/110325|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের কোন টিভি চ্যানেল ভারতে প্রদর্শন করা হয় না|date=18 February 2015|access-date=27 July 2022|work=[[Janakantha]]|language=bn|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415231850/https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/national/news/110325|url-status=live}}</ref> It broadcasts on VHF channel 9 on [[Analog television|analog]] terrestrial television and VHF channel 6 on [[digital terrestrial television]].<ref name="brief">{{cite web|url=https://btv.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/btv.portal.gov.bd/tenders/1876d8d7_44f0_428e_a29f_3ee8a37870df/DTTB%20Brief%20(2).pdf|title=Short Brief of Technical Profile of BTV|page=3|access-date=21 September 2024|website=Bangladesh Television|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415233355/https://btv.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/btv.portal.gov.bd/tenders/1876d8d7_44f0_428e_a29f_3ee8a37870df/DTTB%20Brief%20(2).pdf|archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>
* '''[[BTV Chittagong]]''' – BTV's first and currently the sole regional television station, inaugurated in 1996. It began broadcasting on satellite television in 2016 and is the second terrestrial television station in Bangladesh. It broadcasts programming for the Chittagonians and the indigenous peoples of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. BTV Chittagong has been broadcasting on a full-day basis since 19 December 2021.<ref name="24hourctg" />

=== Relay television stations ===
* '''BTV Natore ''' – The first television station of Bangladesh Television outside of Dhaka, inaugurated in 1974 by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. It was a regional station airing original programming but was later converted to a relay station simulcasting programming from BTV's Dhaka station in approximately September 1975,<ref name="agrajatra" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/country/rajshahi/760574/প্রত্যেক-বিভাগীয়-শহরে-পূর্ণাঙ্গ-টিভি-উপকেন্দ্র|script-title=bn:প্রত্যেক বিভাগীয় শহরে পূর্ণাঙ্গ টিভি উপকেন্দ্র হচ্ছে: তথ্যমন্ত্রী|date=30 August 2022|access-date=10 May 2024|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127123348/https://www.banglatribune.com/country/rajshahi/760574/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0|archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="tvfactbook1981">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1981-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1981-82.pdf|title=Television Factbook|date=1981–1982|accessdate=10 May 2024|page=1189|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816224722/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1981-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1981-82.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> As of August 1989, BTV Natore broadcast on VHF channel 8 with a 90 kilowatt transmitter.<ref name="tvfactbook1990">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1990-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1990-Other.pdf|title=Television Factbook|date=1990|accessdate=10 May 2024|page=409|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218154525/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1990-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1990-Other.pdf|archive-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>
* '''[[BTV Khulna]]''' – Experimental broadcasts from the station commenced in the year 1976. It subsequently went on the air on 11 March 1977. Despite numerous attempts, the station has not been able to be converted into a full-fledged regional television station as of today.<ref name="khulna">{{Cite news|date=22 April 2015|script-title=bn:সকল প্রস্তুতি সম্পন্ন হলেও চার বছরে চালু হয়নি খুলনা বিটিভি|url=https://dailysangram.com/post/184906-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207023829/https://dailysangram.com/post/184906-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|archive-date=7 December 2021|access-date=7 December 2021|work=[[The Daily Sangram]]|language=bn}}</ref>
* '''[[BTV Mymensingh]]''' – It was established in May 1979<ref name="tvfactbook1981"/> on VHF channel 12<ref name="tvfactbook1997">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1997-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1997-ALL-OTHER.pdf|title=Television Factbook|date=1997|access-date=29 August 2024|page=546|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128042811/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1997-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1997-ALL-OTHER.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> It is slated to be converted into a regional television station.
* '''[[BTV Rajshahi]]''' – Originally planned prior to Bangladesh's independence,<ref name=tvfactbook/> the decision to set up the station only occurred in 1994.<ref name="rajshahi">{{Cite news|script-title=bn:অবশেষে আসছে বিটিভির 'রাজশাহী উপকেন্দ্র'|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/38679.details|date=3 May 2011|access-date=30 August 2024|work=Banglanews24.com|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003094805/https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/38679.details|archive-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> The relay station was established on 13 June 2001 by the then prime minister Sheikh Hasina. Despite pledges and efforts, it has still not yet been converted.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:বিটিভির স্টুডিও হচ্ছে রাজশাহীতে|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/306616.details|date=14 July 2014|access-date=12 November 2021|work=Banglanews24.com|language=bn|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112035138/https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/306616.details|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[BTV Rangpur]]''' – It was established in December 1978.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:চার দশকেও পূর্ণাঙ্গ চালু হয়নি বিটিভির আঞ্চলিক সম্প্রচার কেন্দ্র|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country-village/2021/12/06/718321|date=6 December 2021|access-date=7 December 2021|work=Bangladesh Pratidin|language=bn|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181740/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country-village/2021/12/06/718321|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tvfactbook1981"/> It was announced on 8 January 2021 that it would be converted within the next two and a half years,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/technology/news/634752|script-title=bn:ভ্যাকসিন আসা নিয়ে শঙ্কা নেই: তথ্যমন্ত্রী|date=8 January 2021|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Jagonews24.com|language=bn|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208062243/https://www.jagonews24.com/amp/634752|url-status=live}}</ref> although it is still yet to be converted.
* '''[[BTV Sylhet]]''' – Originally planned to be established by the end of 1975,<ref name="tvfactbook1976">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1976-TV-Factbook/1976-TV-Factbook.pdf|title=Television Factbook|date=1976|accessdate=8 June 2024|page=1071|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228115640/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1976-TV-Factbook/1976-TV-Factbook.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2025}}</ref> the station went operational in June 1977.<ref name="tvfactbook1981"/> An initiative was taken to convert the station to a full-fledged regional one, although it has not yet been converted as of today.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:দীর্ঘ প্রতীক্ষায়ও স্থাপন হয়নি বিটিভির সিলেট কেন্দ্র|url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-mohanagar/article/1701265946/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0|last=Babul|first=Faisal Ahmed|date=28 January 2017|access-date=12 November 2021|work=[[Samakal]]|language=bn|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112054745/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-mohanagar/article/1701265946/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/cat/news/bd/59478.details|script-title=bn:১৬ বছর ধরে লাল ফিতায় বন্দি বিটিভির সিলেট কেন্দ্র|date=24 September 2011|access-date=8 June 2024|language=bn|work=Banglanews24.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403232743/https://www.banglanews24.com/cat/news/bd/59478.details|archive-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

==== Other relay stations ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:middle"
!City
!Station
!Established
!Frequency
!Notes
|-
| Noakhali
| BTV Noakhali Upakendra
| 1975–1984<ref name="pdf">{{cite web|url=https://btv.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/btv.portal.gov.bd/page/2fe71a2c_7e36_41a4_91d3_a7fd81b037dc/rti-annualreport.pdf|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশন|access-date=31 July 2022|website=Bangladesh Television|language=bn|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120000712/https://btv.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/btv.portal.gov.bd/page/2fe71a2c_7e36_41a4_91d3_a7fd81b037dc/rti-annualreport.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| VHF channel 12<ref name="tvfactbook1997"/><ref name="brief"/>
|
|-
| Brahmanbaria
| BTV Brahmanbaria Upakendra
| 16 May 1997<ref name="brahmanbaria">{{cite web|url=https://btv.brahmanbaria.gov.bd/en/site/page/এক-নজরে|title=At A Glance|access-date=29 August 2024|website=Bangladesh Television Brahmanbaria Sub-center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222114058/https://btv.brahmanbaria.gov.bd/en/site/page/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87|archive-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>
| VHF channel 5<ref name="brahmanbaria"/>
|
|-
| Thakurgaon
| BTV Thakurgaon Upakendra
| 1999–2003<ref name="pdf" />
| VHF channel 10<ref name="brief"/>
|
|-
| Jhenaidah
| BTV Jhenaidah Upakendra
| 1999–2003<ref name="pdf" />
| VHF channel 5<ref name="brief"/>
|
|-
| Satkhira
| BTV Satkhira Upakendra
| circa 1980s
| VHF channel 7<ref name="tvfactbook1997"/><ref name="brief"/>
|
|-
| Patuakhali
| BTV Patuakhali Upakendra
| 1999–2003<ref name="pdf" />
| VHF channel 7<ref name="brief"/>
|
|-
| Ukhia, [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]]
| BTV Ukhia Upakendra
| 1975–1984<ref name="pdf" />
| VHF channel 10<ref name="brief"/>
|
|-
| Rangamati
| BTV Rangamati Upakendra
| 14 July 2001<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:পাহাড় ধসের ঝুঁকিতে রাঙ্গামাটি বিটিভি উপকেন্দ্র ভবন|url=https://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/others/2018/01/29/253636.html|date=29 January 2018|access-date=16 November 2021|work=[[The Daily Ittefaq]]|language=bn|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116051701/https://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/others/2018/01/29/253636.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| VHF channel 8<ref name="brief"/>
|
|}

=== Satellite television ===
[[File:Bangladesh Television Broadcast Area AsiaSat 7.jpg|thumb|Countries where BTV can be received through AsiaSat 7 Satellite shown in green, host country in red.]]
{{Further|BTV World}}
BTV broadcasts worldwide through satellite television. An international channel, [[BTV World]] was launched on 11 April 2004, the same year when BTV itself also began broadcasting on satellite. BTV World broadcast on a full-day basis, and BTV's satellite feed simulcast the transmission of BTV World, when the channel closed down for the night, as the terrestrial feed shut off.<ref name="satellite"/> BTV World was later shut down on 31 December 2024, being replaced with [[BTV News]].<ref name="24hourtv"/><ref name="btvnews"/> BTV broadcasts in over 49 countries via the [[AsiaSat 7]] satellite, covering almost the entire continent of Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:বিশ্বের ৪৯ দেশে বিটিভি|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/305041|date=13 July 2017|access-date=16 November 2021|work=[[Jagonews24.com]]|language=bn|trans-title=BTV in 49 countries|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116084232/https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/305041|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, BTV Chittagong began satellite transmissions with airtime hours increasing over time, which broadcast in 60 countries worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/mass-media/news/412339|script-title=bn:অনুমোদিত বেসরকারি টিভি চ্যানেল ৪৪টি|date=27 February 2018|access-date=11 June 2022|work=[[Jago News 24]]|language=bn|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607101414/https://www.jagonews24.com/m/mass-media/news/412339|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Bangladesh Television began broadcasting through the [[Bangabandhu-1]] satellite, along with several other local television channels.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Local TV channels using Bangabandhu-1 satellite|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/local-tv-channels-using-bangabandhu-1-satellite-1677544|last=Islam|first=Muhammad Zahidul|date=23 December 2018|access-date=17 November 2021|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117113110/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/local-tv-channels-using-bangabandhu-1-satellite-1677544|url-status=live}}</ref> Via the Bangabandhu-1 satellite, the network's television signals can be received in the Middle East and North Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BTV World now available in Middle East, North Africa via Bangabandhu satellite|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/04/13/btv-world-now-available-in-middle-east-north-africa-via-bangabandhu-satellite|date=13 April 2020|access-date=17 November 2021|work=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117121245/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/04/13/btv-world-now-available-in-middle-east-north-africa-via-bangabandhu-satellite|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Specialized television channels ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:middle"
! Channel
! Launched
! Genre
! Notes
|-
| [[BTV News]]
| 31 December 2024<ref name="24hourtv"/><ref name="btvnews"/>
| News
| Replaced BTV World
|}

== Internet ==
Bangladesh Television is available on several social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:৫টি ডিজিটাল প্ল্যাটফর্মে বিটিভি|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/167309/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|date=22 December 2016|access-date=18 November 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118041949/https://www.banglatribune.com/167309/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:বিটিভি আসছে ইউটিউবে|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/tv/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87|date=23 December 2017|access-date=11 June 2022|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611091742/https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/tv/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also been broadcasting live on IPTV and mobile TV services from 12 November 2013.<ref name="eknojor"/> Bangladesh Television's channels, along with [[Sangsad Television]], are made available for streaming worldwide via the BTV app since May 2021.<ref name="btvapp"/>

== Logo ==
[[File:Bangladesh Television (BTV) head office inside view 02.jpg|thumb|The logo of Bangladesh Television at its headquarters.]]
The logo of Bangladesh Television was claimed to be created by prominent art director [[Mohiuddin Faroque]] in 1971 in one article.<ref name="dhakatimes">{{Cite news|script-title=bn:বিটিভির লোগোটি তৈরি করেন মহিউদ্দিন ফারুক|url=https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2021/04/20/210963/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95|date=20 April 2021|access-date=17 November 2021|work=Dhakatimes24|language=bn|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017114911/https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2021/04/20/210963/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95|url-status=live}}</ref> Others, however, suggested that it was [[Imdad Hossain]] who, in fact, designed the logo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article482421.bdnews|script-title=bn:বিদায়, ইমদাদ হোসেন|date=14 November 2011|access-date=18 August 2024|work=BDNews24|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516192539/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article482421.bdnews|archive-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> Nevertheless, it is currently in use since then. The logo consists of a 60s-style television screen with a red disc and a green line inside, resembling a sunrise. It is one of the most recognizable logos in Bangladesh, as it has been used since the country itself gained independence.<ref name="dhakatimes"/>

== Programming ==
{{Main|List of programmes broadcast by Bangladesh Television}}
Bangladesh Television has a diversified set of programming. It mainly consists of dramas, news, educational, public affairs, talk shows, and others.<ref name="handbook">{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Indrajit|last2=Logan|first2=Stephen|title=Asian Communication Handbook 2008|date=2008|publisher=AMIC|isbn=978-9814136105|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wo9YWvrWFcIC&pg=PA105|access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wo9YWvrWFcIC&pg=PA105|url-status=live}}</ref> It also broadcasts sports programming, typically cricket matches.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Congratulations BTV|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/28/congratulations-btv|last=Islam|first=Rabiul|date=28 December 2014|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121094805/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/28/congratulations-btv|url-status=live}}</ref> BTV also airs English-language news and entertainment programming, including acquired foreign television series.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Asian Englishes|date=14 September 2020|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118791653|page=303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhr9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303|access-date=8 July 2022|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181742/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhr9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303|url-status=live}}</ref> During its anniversaries, Bangladesh Television broadcasts documentaries regarding the history of the network, such as ''DIT theke Rampura'', which was aired on its 50th anniversary in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/mass-media/news/9840|script-title=bn:৫০ বছর পেরিয়ে বিটিভি|date=25 December 2014|access-date=8 August 2022|work=Jago News 24|language=bn|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181742/https://www.jagonews24.com/mass-media/news/9840|url-status=live}}</ref> The network terrestrially broadcasts from 7'o clock at morning to after 12 midnight. Its Chittagong station broadcasts all day, along with BTV World. BTV, however, also broadcasts all day on satellite and cable television.<ref name="eknojor" /> More than 90% of the programming broadcast on Bangladesh Television is produced by the network itself.<ref name="handbook"/>

During the 1980s to 1990s, Bangladesh Television created several popular television series, such as ''[[Ei Shob Din Ratri]]'', ''[[Bohubrihi]]'', ''[[Ayomoy]]'', ''[[Ityadi]]'', ''[[Kothao Keu Nei]]'', ''[[Aaj Robibar]]'', and many others.<ref name=beyond/> It has also aired several foreign television series, such as ''[[Alif Laila]]'' and ''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]'', which helped with the network's success.<ref name="nineties">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/things-we-had-the-90s-1779562|title=Things that we had in the 90's|date=1 August 2019|access-date=17 November 2021|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|last=Zaheen|first=Aysha|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117041920/https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/things-we-had-the-90s-1779562|url-status=live}}</ref> The era from the 1980s to the year 2000 was often called the "golden age" of Bangladesh Television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/726276|script-title=bn:যে কারণে তুমুল জনপ্রিয় ছিলো বিটিভি|date=25 December 2021|access-date=30 July 2022|work=Jago News 24|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730003240/https://www.jagonews24.com/amp/726276|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the fall of Sheikh Hasina's government, the programming structure of Bangladesh Television changed drastically. However, some programming was still found to be appeasing the government even if the [[Yunus ministry|interim government]] no longer mandated the network to do so.<ref name="dekhacche"/> Three new series premiered on the network, which were ''Fascibader Dinlipi''{{efn|{{langx|bn|ফ্যাসিবাদের দিনলিপি}}, meaning '''The Diary of Fascism'''}}, ''Nipironer Golpo''{{efn|{{langx|bn|নিপীড়নের গল্প}}, meaning '''The Story of Torture'''}}, regarding corruption and torture under the [[Awami League]]–led government,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/84560/'ফ্যাসিবাদের-দিনলিপি'-ও-'নিপীড়নের-গল্প'-নিয়ে-আসছে|script-title=bn:'ফ্যাসিবাদের দিনলিপি' ও 'নিপীড়নের গল্প' নিয়ে আসছে বিটিভি|date=2 September 2024|access-date=3 October 2024|work=Dhaka Tribune|language=bn}}</ref> and ''Agamir Bangladesh''{{efn|{{langx|bn|আগামীর বাংলাদেশ}}, meaning 'Bangladesh in the Future'}}, which premiered on 7 September 2024.<ref name="dekhacche"/> For a long time, privately owned television channels were mandated to broadcast BTV's two o'clock news bulletin. This mandate was removed on 18 September 2024, when Information and Broadcasting Adviser Nahid Islam stated that the channels no longer need to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/g0nswi2iet|script-title=bn:বেসরকারি চ্যানেলে বিটিভির সংবাদ প্রচারে বাধ্যবাধকতা নেই|date=18 September 2024|access-date=18 September 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918173228/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/g0nswi2iet|archive-date=18 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bssnews.net/news/210424|title=No need to broadcast BTV's news bulletin on private channels: Nahid|date=18 September 2024|access-date=18 September 2024|work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114030447/https://www.bssnews.net/news/210424|archive-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
As of 2014, 1.2% of the television audience in Bangladesh watched BTV.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|script-title=bn:ক্ষয়ে যাচ্ছে বিটিভি|date=11 November 2014|access-date=10 June 2022|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610133456/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF|url-status=live}}</ref> The network's then director general, Haroon Or Rashid, once stated that if BTV does not change, it will become 'obsolete'.<ref name="obsolete"/>

By 2018, Bangladesh Television began regaining its fame and relevancy, after the network reformed its programming, which led to a tremendous increase in viewership. According to [[Hasanul Haq Inu]], the then [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)|minister of information]] of Bangladesh, around 83% of the country's population watched BTV in that year.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:জনপ্রিয়তা বেড়েছে বিটিভির|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/mass-media/news/434838|date=21 June 2018|access-date=16 November 2021|work=[[Jagonews24.com]]|language=bn|trans-title=BTV regains popularity|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116084919/https://www.jagonews24.com/mass-media/news/434838|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Bangladesh|Television}}
* [[List of television stations in Bangladesh]]
* [[Mass media in Bangladesh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.btv.gov.bd/}}
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Television in Bangladesh}}
{{Bengali language television channels}}
{{Ministry of Information (Bangladesh)}}
{{European Broadcasting Union Members}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bangladesh Television]]
[[Category:Public television in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Television in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1964]]
[[Category:Mass media in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Television channels in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the National Film Awards (Bangladesh)]]
[[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)]]
[[Category:State media]]
[[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in East Pakistan]]

Daragpur

2026-02-07T00:09:37Z

WECElbert296866: put up some entry from scratch

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daragpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Daragpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Daragpur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.16535|N|78.33203|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.907
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 692
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daragpur''' ({{IAST|Daragpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located west of Firozabad. As of 2011, it had a population of 692, in 126 households.

== Geography ==
Daragpur is located west-northwest of Firozabad, just south of the main line of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]. The hamlet of Garhi Daragpur is located immediately to the east of Daragpur. A short distance to the southwest is [[Kurri Kupa]]. The surrounding terrain is basically all level farmland.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Daragpur had a population of 692, in 126 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 54.4% male (376) and 45.6% female (316). The 0–6 age group numbered 106 (63 male and 43 female), making up 15.3% of the total population. 19 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 2.7% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Daragpur as having a population of 402 people (220 male and 182 female), in 54 households and 51 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|192–3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Daragpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 272 people (141 male and 131 female), in 43 households and 35 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 225 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Daragpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Cyber City Kochi

2026-01-22T17:09:23Z

WECElbert296866: put up initial place and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cyber City
| logo =
| type = Private sector
| genre = [[Special Economic Zone]]
| foundation = 17 February 2011
| founder =
| location_city = [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location = 
| locations =
| key_people =
| area_served =
| industry = [[Information technology]] business park
| subsid =
| owner = [[Adani group]]
| slogan =
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
{{coord|10.049|N|76.350|E|type:landmark|display=t}}
'''Cyber City, Kochi''', also known as Adani Cyber City, was a proposed [[Special Economic Zone]] [[information technology]] park in the city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It was promoted by Adani and is located near [[HMT (company)|HMT]] at [[Kalamassery]].<ref name="will-not-exit-cybercity-project">{{Cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/hdil-says-it-will-not-exit-cybercity-project-in-kochi/article4788645.ece|title=HDIL says it will not exit Cybercity project in Kochi |access-date=2016-05-06|location=Chennai, India|date=2013-06-07}}</ref> The SEZ was to be built over a land area of {{convert|70|acre|ha|1}}. Construction was expected to start on 17 February 2011, and the first phase was scheduled to be within two years.<ref name="Work Starts">{{Cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/work-on-cyber-city-to-begin-today/article1463836.ece|title=Work on Cyber City to begin today |access-date=2011-02-17|location=Chennai, India|date=2011-02-17}}</ref> The current status of the project is uncertain as the work never commenced as planned.

According to the rules governing a Special Economic Zone, 70% of the built-up area would be processing area for IT and ITES business, primarily for export. The remaining 30 per cent is categorised as a non-processing zone and will feature shopping malls, convention centres, apartment complexes and other lifestyle needs, developing it into a full-fledged township.<ref name="Launch News">{{Cite web|publisher=The New Indian Express|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article397776.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905020232/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article397776.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2014|title=HDIL Cyber City to be launched today|date=2011-02-17|access-date=2011-02-17}}</ref>

The first phase consists of a built-up space of {{convert|1000000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}, to be built in two years. Once completed, it would house a built-up space of {{convert|10000000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Work Starts"/>

==Location & Connectivity==

The planned township is on 70 acres of land bought from HMT. It is located 17 km from the city centre and 22 km from [[Cochin International Airport]], among an area where a number of other similar developments are being planned. the distance to [[National Highway 47 (India)|NH 47]] is 5 km.

The [[VSNL]]’s communication [[Gateway (computer networking)|gateway]] is located less than 7 km from the park. This gateway handles around 70% of the country’s data traffic.<ref name="cost effective bandwidth">{{Cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://subscribe.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/eweek.dll/portal/ep/itcontentView.do?contentId=6239024&programId=6037308&BV_ID=@@@|title=Kerala has cost effective bandwidth|access-date=2016-05-06|location=Kochi, India}}{{Dead link|date=August 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The proximity to the [[SAFE (cable system)|SAFE]] and [[SEA-ME-WE 3]] cables dropping zone and direct optical fibre link to the gigabyte router of VSNL, enables the park to offer 100% uptime data connectivity to units. Kochi offers [[Pacific]] and [[Atlantic]] route of connectivity to the [[US]].

==Infrastructure==

70% of the built up area of the township will be used for IT and ITES industries. The remaining 30% will be non processing area, used for residential, commercial and entertainment purposes.

==See also==
* [[Economy of Kochi]]
* [[Smart City, Kochi|Smart City]]
* [[Infopark, Kochi]]
* [[Electronics City, Kochi]]
* [[Cyber City Gurgaon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://keralait.org/ Keralait.org]

[[Category:Software technology parks in Kerala]]
[[Category:Economy of Kochi]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]

Sacred groves of India

2026-01-18T02:00:50Z

WECElbert296866: small changes

{{Short description|Forest fragments of varying sizes}}
[[File:Ancient monoliths in Mawphlang sacred grove.jpg|thumb|Ancient monoliths in Mawphlang sacred grove, India]]
[[File:ChandodSacredGrove.jpg|thumb|''The Sacred Hindoo Grove near Chandod on the Banks of the Nerbudda'' by [[James Forbes (artist)|James Forbes]], 1782]]

'''[[Sacred grove]]s of [[India]]''' are forest groves which are communally protected and usually have a religious connotation. Hunting and logging are usually prohibited within these areas.<ref>Gadgil, M. and Vartak, V.D. ; Sacred groves of India : A plea for continued conservation
Journal of [[Bombay Natural History Society]], 72 : 314-320, 1975</ref> Other forms of forest usage like [[honey]] collection and [[Coarse woody debris|deadwood]] collection are sometimes allowed on a sustainable basis. NGOs work with local villagers to protect such groves. Traditionally, and in some cases even today, members of the community take turns to protect the grove.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Forest Management and Joint Forest Management; An Ecological, Economic and Institutional Assessment in Western Ghats, India |url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000166/00/sudha.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610012512/http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000166/00/sudha.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-10 |date=2007-06-10 |access-date=2018-08-07 }}</ref> The introduction of the protected area category [[Conservation reserves and community reserves of India|community reserves]] under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002]] has introduced legislation for providing government protection to community held lands, which could include sacred groves.

Around 14,000 sacred groves have been reported across India, which serve as protected spaces for rare fauna and flora amid rural and even urban settings. According to [[Malhotra]] (1998), the number of sacred groves in India is between 100,000 and 150,000.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Malhotra, K.C. 1998|title= Anthropological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India: An Overview. In: Ramakrishnan, P.S., Saxena, K.G. and Chandrashekara, U.M., Eds., Conserving the Sacred: For Biodiversity Management|publisher= Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 423-438. }}</ref> Threats to the groves include urbanization, fragmentation, encrochement, and [[over-exploitation]] of resources. While many of the groves are looked upon as abodes of [[List of Hindu deities|Hindu deities]], in the recent past a number of them have been partially cleared for construction of shrines and temples.<ref>Malhotra, K. C., Ghokhale, Y., Chatterjee, S. and Srivastava, S., Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India, INSA, New Delhi, 2001</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods, University of California Press, 2000 ({{ISBN|978-0520222359}})</ref> Sacred groves are places of [[yatra]] (pilgrimage) in [[Indian religions|Indian-origin religions]], such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]].

Indian sacred groves are often associated with [[List of Hindu temples|temples]], [[akhara|monasteries]], [[Samadhi (shrine)|shrines]], [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage sites]], or with burial grounds. Historically, sacred groves find their mention in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts, from sacred tree groves in [[Hinduism]] to sacred bamboo groves and sacred deer parks in [[Buddhism]] for example.<ref name=remains>{{cite book|title=Buddhist remains in India|first=Dr. A.|last=Sen|publisher=Maha Bodhi Book Agency|location=Calcutta|year=2008|isbn=978-81-87032-78-6|pages=30–34}}</ref> Sacred groves may be loosely used to refer to natural habitat protected on religious grounds. Other historical references to sacred groves can be obtained in ''Vrukshayurveda'' an ancient treatise, ancient classics such as [[Kalidasa]]'s [[Vikramuurvashiiya]]. There has been a growing interest in creating green patches such as ''[[Nakshatravana]]'' grove.

==Uses of sacred groves==

===Traditional uses===

One of the most important traditional uses of sacred groves was that it acted as a repository for various [[Ayurvedic]] medicines. Other uses involved a source of replenishable resources like fruits and honey. In most sacred groves it was taboo to hunt or chop wood. The vegetation cover helps reduce soil erosion and prevents [[desertification]] as in [[Rajasthan]]. The groves are often associated with ponds and streams, and meet water requirements of local communities. They sometimes help in recharging [[aquifer]]s as well.

===Modern uses===

In modern times, sacred groves have become [[biodiversity hotspot]]s, as various species seek refuge in the areas due to progressive [[habitat destruction]] and hunting elsewhere. Sacred groves often contain plant and animal species that have become extinct in neighboring areas. They therefore harbor great genetic diversity. Besides this, sacred groves in urban landscapes act as "lungs" to the city as well, providing much needed vegetation cover.

==Religious beliefs and practices==
[[File:Banyan tree at Kanhirathara, Chirakkal.jpg|thumbnail|Banyan Tree at a temple in [[Kannur]], India]]
[[File:Mawphlang Sacred Groves2.jpg|thumb|Sacred grove in Mawphlang, India]]
[[File:Sacred grove surrounded by paddyfields Coorg.jpg|thumb|Sacred grove surrounded by paddy fields, India]]

Typically, sacred groves in [[Indian religions|Indian-origin religions]] are associated with the concept of a ''presiding deity''. Often these sacred deities are numerous nature spirits and guardians associated with [[Hindu mythology|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Buddhist mythology|Buddhist]] deities, such as nature spirits known as [[Yaksha]]s (numerous nature spirits), [[Nāga]]s (serpent guardians) and guardian tutelary deities (like ''[[Aiyanar|ayyanar]]'' and ''[[Devi|amman]]'') are also known. There are over 1000 deities associated with sacred groves in the states of [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]] alone. A large number of distinct local art forms and folk traditions are associated with the deities of sacred groves, and are an important cultural aspect closely associated with sacred traditions. Ritualistic dances and dramatizations based on the local deities that protect the groves are called ''[[Theyyam]]'' in Kerala and ''Nagmandalam'', among other names, in [[Karnataka]]. Often, elaborate rituals and traditions are associated with sacred groves,<ref>Chris A. Gregory, [http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-08-0-000-000-2004-Web/JSS-08-2-085-178-2004-Abst-PDF/JSS-08-2-093-104-2004-Gregory/JSS-08-2-093-104-2004-Gregory.pdf The Oral Epics of the Women of the Dandakaranya Plateau: A Preliminary Mapping], J. Soc. Sci., 8(2): 93-104 (2004)</ref> as are associated [[Folklore|folk tale]]s and folk mythology.

===Types of sacred forests===

The Hindu tradition considers forests to be of three types - '''''Tapovan''''', '''''Mahavan''''' and '''''Sreevan'''''. ''Tapovan'' are forests associated with penance '''(''Tapas'')''', and are inhabited by saints and ''rishis''. ''Mahavan'' refers to the grand natural forests. ''Tapovan'' and ''Mahavan'' are considered to be a ''Raksha'' '''("sanctuary")''' for flora and fauna as ordinary human beings are not allowed to enter these forests. ''Sreevan'', which means, "'''forests of the goddess of prosperity'''", consists of dense forests and groves. From the former, people would collect dry wood, leaves, forest produce and a limited amount of timber, though natural ecosystem would not be unnecessarily disturbed. Groves were considered as spaces of forests from where harvesting could be done. Sometimes, specific trees like mango trees could be planted and nurtured here. Groves were associated with religious rites, festivals and recreation. Typical recreational activities associated with these groves included ''jhoola''/ ''jhoolan''.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ranchor Prime, Vedic Ecology: Practical Wisdom for Surviving the 21st Century, Mandala Publishing, Novato, CA, 2002</ref> In the villages, ''Panchavati'', or a cluster of five trees that represented the forests, were maintained. These trees represented the five elements of Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Space.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Religious merits of planting and nurturing forests===

Planting and nurturing of trees had been a highly evolved practice in ancient India.<ref name="ReferenceB">Vrukshayurveda, authored by Surapala, translated by Nalini Sadhale, Agri-History Bulletin No.1, Asian Agri-History Foundation, Secunderabad</ref> ''Vrukshayurveda'', the science of plant life and also a 10th-century treatise of that title on the subject ascribed to Surapala, dealt with various species of trees and their growth. Verses 9-23 from this text indicate how mystical beliefs and conservation of ecology was inter-connected.

:''A person is honored in [[Vaikuntha]] for as many thousand years as the days they reside in a house where [[tulasi]] is grown.''

:''And if one properly grows [[bilva]], which pleases [[Lord Siva]], in their family, the goddess of riches resides permanently passes on to the sons and grandsons''

:''One who plants even a single [[Sacred Fig|asvattha]], wherever it may be, as per the prescribed mode, goes to the abode of Hari.''

:''One who has planted [[Phyllanthus emblica|dhatri]] has performed several sacrifices. They has donated the earth. They would be considered a liberated soul forever.''

:''One who plants a couple of [[banyan]] trees as per the prescribed mode would go to the abode of Siva.''

:''After planting [[neem]] trees a person well-versed in [[dharma]] attains the abode of Sun. Indeed! One resides there for a long period.''

:''By planting four [[plaksa]] trees a person doubtlessly obtains the fruits of [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice.''

:''One who plants five or six [[mango]] trees attains the abode of [[Garuda]] and lives happily forever like gods.''

:''One should plant seven [[Butea monosperma|palasa]] trees or even one. One attains the abode of [[Brahma]] and enjoys the company of gods by doing so.''

:''One who personally plants eight [[udumbara]] trees or even prompts someone to plant them, rejoices in the lunar world''

:''One who has planted [[Madhuca longifolia|madhuka]] has propitiated [[Parvati]], has become free from diseases, and has worshipped all deities.''

:''If one plants ksirini, dadimi, rambha, [[Buchanania lanzan|priyala]], and panasa, one experiences no affliction for seven births.''

:''One who has knowingly or unknowingly planted ambu is respected as a recluse even while staying in the house.''

:''By planting all kinds of other trees, useful for fruits and flowers, a person gets a reward of thousand cows adorned with jewels.''

:''By planting one asvattha, one picumanda, one [[nyagrodha]], ten [[tamarind]] trees, the group of three, viz., kapittha, [[bilva]], and amalaka, and five [[mango]] trees, one never visits hell.''<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

==Locations of sacred groves==
[[File:Cedrus deodara Manali 2.jpg|thumb|Deodar ''Devban'' grove in Himachal Pradesh, India]]

===Distribution of sacred groves in India ===

Sacred groves are scattered all over the country, and are referred to by different names in different parts of India. Sacred groves occur in a variety of places – from [[Deserts and xeric shrublands|scrub forest]]s in the [[Thar Desert]] of [[Rajasthan]] maintained by the [[Bishnoi]]s, to [[rain forest]]s in the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Kerala]]. [[Himachal Pradesh]] in the north and [[Kerala]] in the south are specifically known for their large numbers of sacred groves.<ref>A [http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/forest20031231/forest-index.htm series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203075638/http://cseindia.org/dte-supplement/forest20031231/forest-index.htm |date=2007-02-03 }} of articles in the journal ''Down to Earth'' on sacred groves</ref> The [[Gurjar]] people of Rajasthan have a unique practice of [[Azadirachta indica|neem (Azadirachta indica)]] planting and worshipping as abode of God [[Devnarayan]]. Thus, a Gurjjar settlement appears like a human-inhabited sacred grove.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_pande_forest.htm |title = Sacred Forestry}}</ref> Similarly [[Mangar Bani]], last surviving natural forest of Delhi is protected by Gurjars of nearby area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ngtba.org/index.php/news?start=190 |title=News |access-date=2014-05-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002326/http://www.ngtba.org/index.php/news?start=190 |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> 14,000 sacred groves have been reported from all over India, which act as reservoirs of rare fauna, and more often rare flora, amid rural and even urban settings. Experts believe that the total number of sacred groves could be as high as 100,000.<ref name = "mal">Malhotra, K. C., Ghokhale, Y., Chatterjee, S. and Srivastava, S., Cultural and
Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India, INSA, New Delhi, 2001</ref><ref name="ReferenceC"/>

It is estimated that around 1000 km2 of unexploited land is inside sacred groves. Some of the more famous groves are the ''kavu''s of Kerala, which are located in the Western Ghats and have enormous biodiversity; and the ''law kyntang''s of [[Meghalaya]] – sacred groves associated with every village (two large groves being in [[Mawphlang]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://megtourism.gov.in/ecodestination.html |title=Eco Destination . Mawphlang Sacred Forest |access-date=2010-07-03 |archive-date=2011-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209012830/http://megtourism.gov.in/ecodestination.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Mausmai) to appease the forest spirit.

===Summary of number of sacred groves by states in India ===

Among the largest sacred groves of India are the ones in Hariyali, near [[Gauchar]] in [[Chamoli District]] of [[Uttarakhand]], and the [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]] grove in Shipin near [[Shimla|Simla]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Seeing the importance of sacred groves and other [[sacred natural site]]s in having conserved biodiversity all across the Himalayas, the intergovernmental organization [[ICIMOD]] developed and published a framework in 2016, to assess the present day significance of such sites for their integration into formal conservation and development frameworks.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Abhimanyu |last2=Kotru |first2=Rajan |last3=Pradhan |first3=Nawraj |date=2016 |title=A Framework for the Assessment of Cultural Ecosystem Services of Sacred Natural Sites in the Hindu Kush Himalayas; Based on fieldwork in the Kailash Sacred Landscape regions of India and Nepal - ICIMOD Working Paper 2016/8 {{!}} HimalDoc |url=https://lib.icimod.org/record/32317 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=lib.icimod.org |language=en}}</ref>

All numbers are quoted from the records of the ''C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre'' of the Government of India. Starred numbers are likely to increase. The centre also maintains a complete list of identified sacred groves in India, most of which is online.<ref>[http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/innerpageof.php?$mFJyBfKPkE6 Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813072123/http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/innerpageof.php?$mFJyBfKPkE6 |date=2016-08-13 }} at the CPR Environmental Education Centre</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope = "col" | State
! scope = "col" | No of groves
! scope = "col" | Local name
! scope = "col" class = "unsortable"| References
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 691
| ''Pavitraskhetralu''
| Kailash C. Malhotra et al.<ref name="himalayanconnections.org">Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Sudipto Chatterjee, and Sanjeev Srivastava (2001). ''Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India''. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, and Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal. {{cite web |url=http://himalayanconnections.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Malhotra_2001_CultureEcologySacredGrovesIndia_IAS.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808033418/http://himalayanconnections.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Malhotra_2001_CultureEcologySacredGrovesIndia_IAS.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-08 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 65
| ''Gumpa forests'' (since attached to monasteries)
| Dudley et al.<ref name = "gum">
Ed. N. Dudley, L. Higgins-Zogib, and S. Mansourian;
[http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/WWF%20Beyond%20Belief.pdf The Arguments for Protection Series - Beyond Belief: Linking faiths and protected areas to support biodiversity conservation], pp. 91-95; World Wide Fund for Nature, 2005 ({{ISBN|2-88085-270-6}})</ref>
|-
| [[Assam]]
| 40
| ''Than'', ''Madaico''
|
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 600*
| ''Sarna'', ''Devlas'', ''Mandar'', ''Budhadev''
|
|-
|[[Goa]]
| 0*
|
| SERBC document <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040530233156/http://www.serbc.info/public/ser_seminar/webex/rseaton-2_0403251550-322 Website] of the Sacred
Grove Restoration Project, Society for Ecological Restoration</ref>
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| 42*
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sacred Groves in Gujarat|url=http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/sacred_1617.aspx|website=C. P. R. Environmental Education Centre, Chennai}}</ref>
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| 248
| ''Beed'' or ''Bid'' (बीड़), Bani (बणी), Bann (बण), Janglat (जंगलात), Shamlat (शामलात)
|
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 329
| ''Dev Kothi'', ''Devban'', ''Bakhu Devban''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/HimachalPradesh_2228.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-11-13 |archive-date=2018-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113075457/http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/HimachalPradesh_2228.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 21*
| ''Sarna''
more than 500 " Jaherthan" in Godda of Jharkhand
| Marine Carrin <ref>Marine Carrin, [http://www.sociology.ed.ac.uk/sas/papers/panel20_carrin.rtf Santal autonomy as a social ecology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527143854/https://www.sociology.ed.ac.uk/sas/papers/panel20_carrin.rtf |date=2024-05-27 }},
16th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Edinburgh, 2000</ref>
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| 1424
| ''Devarakadu'', ''Devkad''
| Gadgil et al.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ignca.nic.in/cd_08008.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331212350/http://www.ignca.nic.in/cd_08008.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-03-31|title=Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada|date=2017-03-31|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| 2000
| ''Kavu'', ''Sarpa Kavu''
| M. Jayarajan <ref>M. Jayarajan, [http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/92.pdf Sacred Groves of North Malabar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326054142/http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/92.pdf |date=2009-03-26 }}, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Centre for Development
Studies, Thiruvananthapuram ({{ISBN|81-87621-95-8}})
</ref>
|-
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 2820
| ''Deorai''/''Devrai'' 
([[Pune District|Pune]], [[Ratnagiri District|Ratnagiri]], 
[[Raigarh District|Raigarh]], [[Kolhapur District|Kolhapur]] [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]], [[Thane district|Thane]]
districts)
| Waghchaure et al.<ref>Waghchaure, Chandrakant K.; Tetali, Pundarikakshudu; Gunale, Venkat R.; Antia, Noshir H.; Birdi, Tannaz J.,
[http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/GM4026112LVK5057.pdf Sacred Groves of Parinche Valley of Pune District of Maharashtra, India and their Importance]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }},
Anthropology & Medicine, Volume 13, Number 1, April 2006, pp. 55-76(22)</ref> Envis<ref name="Envis">{{cite web |last1=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre, Chennai |title=Sacred Groves - Maharashtra |url=http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/SacredGrovesinMaharashtra_887.aspx |website=www.cpreecenvis.nic.in |publisher=Govt. of India |access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| 365
| ''Umang Lai'', ''Gamkhap'', ''Mauhak'' (sacred [[bamboo]] reserves)
| ''Khumbongmayum'' et al.<ref>Khumbongmayum, M.D., Khan, M.L., and Tripath, R.S,
[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252004/430.pdf Sacred groves of Manipur – ideal centres for biodiversity conservation],
Current Science, Vol 87, No 4, 25 Aug 2004</ref>
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| 79
| ''Law Kyntang'', ''Law Lyngdoh''
| Upadhyay et al.<ref>Upadhaya, K.; Pandey, H.N. 2; Law, P.S.; Tripathi, R.S;
[https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022401012824 Tree diversity in sacred groves of the Jaintia hills in Meghalaya, northeast India], Biodiversity and Conservation, Volume 12, Number 3, March 2003, pp. 583-597(15)</ref>
|-
| [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
| 322*
| ''Jahera'', ''Thakuramma''
|
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| 108
| ''Kovil Kadu''
| Ramanujam et al.<ref>
M.P. Ramanujam and K. Praveen Kumar Cyril,
[https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021926002101 Woody species diversity of four sacred groves in the Pondicherry region of South India],
Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 12, Number 2 / February, 2003,
Springer Netherlands
</ref>
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|9*
|''Jhidi''
|Singh et al.<ref>Singh, Gurharminder & Singh, Vartika & Jerath, Neelima. (2024). Assessment of Biodiversity and Conservation Challenges of Prominent Sacred Groves of Punjab: An Overview. African Journal of Biological Sciences. 6. 787-811. 10.33472/AFJBS.6.4.2024.787-811. Retrieved via: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387403999_Assessment_of_Biodiversity_and_Conservation_Challenges_of_Prominent_Sacred_Groves_of_Punjab_An_Overview</ref>
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 9*
| ''Oran'' ([[Jaiselmer]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Bikaner]]), ''Kenkri'' ([[Ajmer]]), ''Vani'' ([[Mewar]]), ''Shamlat deh'', ''Devbani'' ([[Alwar]]), ''Jogmaya''
|
|-
| [[Sikkim]]
| 56
| ''Gumpa forests'' (since attached to monasteries)
| S. S. Dash <ref>
S. S. Dash,
[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102005/427.pdf Kabi sacred grove of North Sikkim]
Current Science, Vol 89, No 3, 10 Aug 2005
</ref> 
Dudley et al.<ref name = "gum"/>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 1400
| ''Kovil Kadu''
| Eliza Kent <ref>Kent, E. (2009). Sacred Groves and Local Gods: Religion and Environmentalism in South India. *Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology, 13*(1), 1-29. [https://brill.com/view/journals/wo/13/1/article-p1_1.xml?language=en&ebody=abstract%2Fexcerpt Link]</ref>
TNBB document <ref>TNBB Document. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231216201915/https://tnbb.tn.gov.in/sacred-groves.php Link]. Accessed on December 16, 2023 (Archived on December 16, 2023)</ref>
|-
| [[Telangana]]
| 65
|
| Kailash C. Malhotra et al.<ref name="himalayanconnections.org"/>
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 18*
| ''Devbhumi'', Baun, ''Bugyal'' (sacred alpine meadows)
| Anthwal et al.<ref>
Ashish Anthwal, Ramesh C. Sharma, and Archana Sharma,
[http://www.americanscience.org/journals/am-sci/0202/07-0114-anthwal.doc Sacred Groves: Traditional Way of Conserving Plant Diversity in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706223523/http://www.americanscience.org/journals/am-sci/0202/07-0114-anthwal.doc |date=2007-07-06 }},
The Journal of American Science, 2(2), 2006, Anthwal et al., Sacred Groves: Conserving Plant Diversity
</ref>
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| 670*
| ''Garamthan'', ''Harithan'', ''Jahera'', ''Sabitrithan'', ''Santalburithan''
| R. K. Bhakat <ref>
Ram Kumar Bhakat,
Socio-religious and ecological perspective of a sacred grove from Midnapore district, West Bengal,
Science and Culture (Sci. Cult.), 2003, vol. 69, no 11-12, pp. 371-374
</ref>
|}

===Select examples of sacred groves ===
[[File:Kavu.jpg|thumb|Mannan Purath Kavu, [[Nileshwaram]]]]

* Sarpa Kavu: A Sarpakkavu or Snake Grove is a kind of holy grove found in Kerala. [[Kavu]] is the traditional name given for Sacred groves across the [[Malabar Coast]] in [[Kerala]], [[South India]].<ref>M. Jayarajan, [http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/92.pdf Sacred Groves of North Malabar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326054142/http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/92.pdf |date=2009-03-26 }}, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram ({{ISBN|81-87621-95-8}})</ref> Kavus are notable for [[Theyyam]], the centuries-old ritual dance.
* [[Umang Lai]] (literally, "Forest Deities"): A form of holy [[Sacred grove]] found in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/Manipur_890.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-10-21 |archive-date=2020-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125204704/http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/Manipur_890.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ostromworkshop.indiana.edu/library/node/20894 |title=Sacred Groves of Manipur, Northeast India: Biodiversity Value, Status and Strategies for Their Conservation | Ostrom Workshop |access-date=2019-10-21 |archive-date=2019-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021145019/https://ostromworkshop.indiana.edu/library/node/20894 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are more than 365 Umang Lais, affiliated to the ancient religion of [[Sanamahism]], which exists in various regions scattered across the Northeastern state of Manipur since ancient times. The holy as well as religious festival of [[Lai Haraoba]] is celebrated especially in regards of these holy sacred groves.<ref name="thebetterindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/101103/lai-haraoba-help-manipur-become-sports-superpower/ |title=Lai Haraoba – Connecting Manipur's Mythology and Its Martial Art |website=www.thebetterindia.com |date= 22 May 2017 |author=Milaap |access-date= 18 January 2021}}</ref> The accounts of these holy sacred groves are found in the ancient [[Puya (Meitei texts)|Manipuri Manuscript]] named Karthong Lamlen. Interestingly, Manipur stands 8th rank among all the Indian States and 1st rank for [[North East India]], for having highest number of [[sacred groves]] across the country.

==Threats==
[[File:Threats.jpg|thumb|Threats – mining projects]]

Threats to the grove include [[urbanization]], [[over-exploitation]] of resources (like [[overgrazing]] and excessive firewood collection), and environmental destruction due to religious practices. Other threats to the sacred groves include invasion by [[invasive species]], like the [[invasive weed]]s ''[[Chromolaena odorata]]'', ''[[Lantana camara]]'' and ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]''.

== See also ==

* India related
** [[Bodhi Tree]]
** [[Environment of India]]
** [[List of Banyan trees in India]]
* Sacred related
** [[Sacred groves]]
** [[Sacred mountains]]
** [[Sacred natural site]]
** [[River#Sacred|Sacred rivers]]
** [[Sacred site]]
** [[Sacred trees]]
** [[Tree hugger (disambiguation)]]
** [[Tree worship]]
* General
** [[List of types of formally designated forests]]
** [[List of superlative trees|Superlative trees]]

<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malhotra |first1=K C |title=Anthropological dimensions of sacred groves in India: An overview |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford and IBH Publishing |location=New Delhi |pages=423 - 438}}</ref>==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title= Shifting Cultivation, Sacred Groves and Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy in the Western Ghats |author= M. D. Subash Chandran |chapter= Twenty-two |url= http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue30/M%20D%20S%20Chandran.pdf}}
* {{Cite web|title= CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF SACRED GROVES IN INDIA] By Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Sudipto Chatterjee, Sanjeev Srivastava |others=Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi & Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal |date=June 2001 |publisher= Indian National Science Academy, Bhopal. Printed at : Nirmal Vijay Printer, New Delhi |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue4/Yogesh_CEdimensions.pdf}}
* {{Cite web|title= SACRED GROVES OF INDIA : AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY] |author= Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Ketaki Das |publisher=INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY AND DEVELOPMENT ALLIANCE; © Development Alliance, New Delhi (www.dev-alliance.com); August, 2001 |url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue4/Yogesh_Anno_bib.pdf}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFiHPEyWNks6UXr4nWz |title=SACRED GROVES SOURCES; ENVIS; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. |access-date=2010-01-26 |archive-date=2017-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331205935/http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFiHPEyWNks6UXr4nWz |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |title= ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sights of India]; ENVIS; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India |url= http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/index.php |access-date= 2010-01-26 |archive-date= 2019-01-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195115/http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/index.php |url-status= dead }}
* {{Cite book|author=Malhotra, K.C. 1998|title= Anthropological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India: An Overview. In: Ramakrishnan, P.S., Saxena, K.G. and Chandrashekara, U.M., Eds., Conserving the Sacred: For Biodiversity Management|publisher= Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 423-438. }}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Sacred groves of India| ]]
[[Category:Communal forests of India]]
[[Category:Indian traditions]]
[[Category:Sacred groves]]
[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]

List of accolades received by Aadukalam

2026-01-16T14:31:00Z

WECElbert296866: Made pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Aadukalam''}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of accolades received by ''Aadukalam''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Dhanush at the launch of 'Raanjhanaa' (cropped).jpg|centre|200px|alt=A picture of Dhanush as he looks at the camera]] [[Dhanush]]'s performance in ''[[Aadukalam]]'' garnered him several awards and nominations
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|7}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Chennai International Film Festival]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[The Times of India|The Chennai Times Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[National Film Awards]]
|{{won|6}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|4}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Vijay Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|22}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''33'''}}
|{{nom|'''52'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}
''[[Aadukalam]]'' ({{translation|Arena}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Vetrimaaran]] and produced by S. Kathiresan. Vetrimaaran co-wrote the dialogues with Vikram Sugumaran.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadukalam-is-a-contemporary-film/articleshow/6930057.cms |title='Aadukalam is a contemporary film' |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=16 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204083342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadukalam-is-a-contemporary-film/articleshow/6930057.cms |archive-date=4 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-2011south/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-2011south-winners/Best-Film-Tamil/articleshow/14746578.cms |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South): Winners |date=8 July 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510102257/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-2011south/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-2011south-winners/Best-Film-Tamil/articleshow/14746578.cms |archive-date=10 May 2017}}</ref> The film stars [[Dhanush]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]] with [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[V. I. S. Jayapalan]], [[Aadukalam Naren|Naren]], and [[Aadukalam Murugadoss|Murugadoss]] playing supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-aadukalam/20110114.htm |title=Aadukalam is impressive |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=14 January 2011 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822014033/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-aadukalam/20110114.htm |archive-date=22 August 2015 |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> The musical score was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] while the cinematography and editing were respectively handled by [[Velraj]] and [[Kishore Te]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aadukalam-fascinating-shades-of-grey/article1111608.ece |title='Aadukalam': Fascinating shades of grey |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=22 January 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822012742/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aadukalam-fascinating-shades-of-grey/article1111608.ece |archive-date=22 August 2015}}</ref> The film's story revolves around Karuppu who is the understudy of an experienced [[cockfight]]er, Pettaikaran. When Karuppu wins in a cockfight against Pettaikaran's rival Rathnasamy, Pettaikaran, who is initially happy, becomes jealous of Karuppu's newfound popularity and plots his downfall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aadukalam-review-review-tamil-pclxOKbibghba.html |title=Aadukalam-Review |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814052314/http://www.sify.com/movies/aadukalam-review-review-tamil-pclxOKbibghba.html |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/Pandem-Kollu/articleshow/46056444.cms |title=Pandem Kollu |date=29 January 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/Pandem-Kollu/articleshow/46056444.cms |archive-date=23 January 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Produced on a budget of {{INR}}150-200 million,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/vetrimaran.html |title=Vetrimaran Interview |last=Bhavanishankar, Jyothsna |date=21 December 2010 |website=Behindwoods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814061410/http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/vetrimaran.html |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> ''Aadukalam'' was released on 14 January 2011 and grossed {{INR}}300 million according to a February 2011 report by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/media/after-bollywood-sony-music-taps-tamil-movie-market/articleshow/7459587.cms |title=After Bollywood, Sony Music taps Tamil movie market |date=9 February 2011 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213035001/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/media/after-bollywood-sony-music-taps-tamil-movie-market/articleshow/7459587.cms |archive-date=13 February 2011 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2011 was 51.10 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="ex2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm |title=Rupee vs dollar: From 1990 to 2012 |date=18 May 2012 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321115240/http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>|name=exchange2010}} The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories, with particular praise for its direction, screenplay, Dhanush's performance, music, cinematography, and editing. The film has won 33 awards from 52 nominations.

''Aadukalam'' won six awards at the [[58th National Film Awards]] ceremony, thereby sharing the record with ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002) for the most number of National Film Awards won by a Tamil film.<ref name="NAFF58">{{Cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/awards.asp |title=58th National Film Awards for 2010 announced |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233408/http://dff.nic.in/awards.asp |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=19 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf |title=50th National Film Awards |date=26 July 2003 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224027/http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> It won awards under the [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] (Vetrimaaran), [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Dhanush), [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay (Original)]] (Vetrimaaran), [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] (Kishore Te) and [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] ([[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]]) categories with a [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]] being presented to V. I. S Jayapalan. The film was nominated in seven categories at the [[59th Filmfare Awards South]], winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]] (S. Kathiresan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]] (G. V. Prakash Kumar), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer - South|Best Cinematographer]] (Velraj). At the [[6th Vijay Awards]], it was nominated in twenty-two categories and won in five, including [[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]], [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]. Among other wins, the film received seven [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], four [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], three [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Music Awards]], and one [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award]], [[Chennai International Film Festival|Chennai International Film Festival Award]], and Chennai Times Film Award each.

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7"|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|rowspan="7"|5 January 2012
|Best Film
|{{sort|Kathiresan|S. Kathiresan}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |title=Vikatan Awards 2011 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |publisher=India Malaysia Online |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170516160112/http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |archive-date=16 May 2017 |access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/siva_kartikeyan/status/155178218045964288 |title=Siva Kartikeyan via Twitter |date=5 January 2012 |publisher=[[Twitter]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170516161015/https://twitter.com/siva_kartikeyan/status/155178218045964288 |archive-date=16 May 2017 |access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Story
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Velraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Editor
|{{sort|Te|[[Kishore Te]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|{{sort|Balasubrahmanyam|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]}}, [[S. P. B. Charan]] for "Ayyayyo"
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1"|[[Chennai International Film Festival]]
|rowspan="1"|22 December 2011
|Best Film
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/spotlight-on-pencamera-relationship/article2740314.ece |title=Spotlight on pen-camera relationship |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=23 December 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=16 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816070626/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/spotlight-on-pencamera-relationship/article2740314.ece |archive-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1"|[[The Times of India|The Chennai Times Film Awards]]
|rowspan="1"|22 June 2012
|Best Director
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14318349.cms |title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2011 |date=22 June 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811133040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14318349.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|rowspan="7"|[[59th Filmfare Awards South|7 July 2012]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Kathiresan|S. Kathiresan}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref>{{Cite episode |title=59th Filmfare Awards South |series=Filmfare Awards South |network=[[Sun TV Network]] |date=7 July 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |date=9 July 2012 |website=[[Filmfare]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811102950/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |date=8 July 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811103446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Dhanush]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Jayapalan|[[V. I. S. Jayapalan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}} for "Yathe Yathe"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer - South|Best Cinematographer – South]]
|[[Velraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3"|[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|rowspan="3"|4 August 2012
|Best Music Director
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/index.html |title=Mirchi Music Awards Background |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811130934/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/winners.html |title=Mirchi Music Awards Winners |publisher=Radio Mirchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131047/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/winners.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/listners_choice.html |title=Mirchi Music Awards Listener's Choice |publisher=Radio Mirchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131053/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/listners_choice.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Listener's Choice Award − Song
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}} for "Yathe Yathe"
|{{won}} (5th place)
|-
|Listener's Choice Award − Album
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{won}} (2nd place)
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6"|[[National Film Awards]]
|rowspan="6"|[[58th National Film Awards|9 September 2011]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | <ref name="NAFF58" />
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Dhanush]]{{efn|Shared with [[Salim Kumar]] for ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/Dhanush--Salim-share-National-award-news-default-ljknuQgehdesi.html |title=Dhanush, Salim share National award |date=10 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817052129/http://www.sify.com/news/Dhanush--Salim-share-National-award-news-default-ljknuQgehdesi.html |archive-date=17 August 2015 |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|{{sort|Te|[[Kishore Te]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|{{sort|Kumar|[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|{{sort|Jayapalan|[[V. I. S. Jayapalan]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1"|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|rowspan="1"|20{{ndash}}25 April 2011
|Best Choreographer
|{{sort|Kumar|[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]]}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/tamil/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%20%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%20-%20%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%20%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE |title=NTFF 2011: Festival Program 20th-25th April |date=1 April 2011 |publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812112347/http://www.ntff.no/tamil/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%20%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%20-%20%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%20%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE |archive-date=12 August 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/TamilarAwardWinner2011 |title=Tamilar Awards 2011 - Winners of the year |date=25 April 2011 |publisher=Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812112339/http://www.ntff.no/TamilarAwardWinner2011 |archive-date=12 August 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|rowspan="4"|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|21{{ndash}}22 June 2012]]
|Best Director — Tamil
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |title=The South Shines |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=28 June 2012 |website=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811115724/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |title=SIIMA Awards: 2011 Winners |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811120512/http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor — Tamil
|[[Dhanush]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer — Tamil
|[[Velraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director — Tamil
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="22"|[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="22"|[[6th Vijay Awards|16 June 2012]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|{{sort|Kathiresan|S. Kathiresan}}
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Complete list of winners |work=IBNLive |date=19 June 2012 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811113839/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=6th Vijay Awards |series=Vijay Awards |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=30 June 2012 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Dhanush]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|{{sort|Jayapalan|[[V. I. S. Jayapalan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
|{{sort|Pannu|[[Taapsee Pannu]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Velraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|Jacki
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Balasubrahmanyam|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]}}, [[S. P. B. Charan]] for "Ayyayo"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Velmurugan]] for "Otha Sollala"
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Prashanthini]] for "Ayyayo"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Snehan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|{{sort|Sugumaran|Vikram Sugumaran}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|{{sort|Kumar|[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
|Rajasekhar
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Crew|Best Crew]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]]
|[[Dhanush]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|[[Dhanush]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
|{{sort|Pannu|[[Taapsee Pannu]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|"Otha Sollala"
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2011]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1821317/awards Accolades for ''Aadukalam''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Aadukalam]]

Seetha Doraiswamy

2026-01-09T07:25:23Z

WECElbert296866: added references

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = [[Kalaimamani]] Seetha Iyer Doraiswamy
| image = SeethaDoraiswamy1.jpg
| caption = An [[All India Radio]] Recording (c.a. 1950)
| image_size =
| birth_name = G. Seethalakshmi
| alias =
| birth_date = 27 January 1926
| birth_place = Adachani, [[Tirunelveli District]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = 14 March 2013 (aged 87)
| origin = [[India]]
| instrument = [[Jal tarang]]
| genre = [[Carnatic classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Classical instrumentalist
| years_active = 1937– 2013
| label = HMV
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Seethamma Doraiswamy''' ("Seetha Amma Doraiswamy") or '''Seetha Doraiswamy''' ({{Indic|lang=ta|indic=சீதா துரைசாமி |trans=sītā turAisvāMī}} 27 January 1926 – 14 March 2013), was a renowned [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] multi-instrumentalist. She was the last recognised female exponent<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/IMC-presents-JALTARANG-Waves-of-Sound-012008-part1 |title=IMC OnAir JALTARANG – Waves of Sound (2008, part 1/3):Internet Archive |date= January 2008|accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref> of a dying Indian instrument, the [[jal tarang]]. She was the first (and till date youngest) female musician ever to be awarded the Gold Medal of Honour from The Music Academy, the first Carnatic music Institute.<ref name="hindu2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121603160300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119085636/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121603160300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2008 |title=Entertainment Chennai / Personality : Musical waves with water |date=16 December 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref> She is the only Jal Tarang exponent to have ever received the [[Kalaimamani]] award by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], in 2001, with the citation reading "(Seetha) has tirelessly worked to prevent the [[jal tarang|jalatharangam]] from becoming extinct and is often recognized only for that; it is time to bring to notice the fact that she championed for the cause of equal female representation during a time where our cultural norms may have not."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/edition/story.aspx?SectionName=Puducherry&artid=243452&SectionID=157&MainSectionID=157&SEO=&Title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%20%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2;%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%20%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%20%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF |title=மகிழ்ச்சிக்கு மட்டுமல்ல; மருந்தாகவும் பயன்படுகிறது இசைக் கருவி | Pondicherry |publisher=Dinamani |date=17 May 2010 |accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early years===
Seetha or Seethamma ("Amma" being a respectful suffix used for south Indian ladies) was born in Adachani, a village in [[Tirunelveli|Tirunelveli District]] of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] (then the [[Madras Presidency]]) into a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking [[Tamil Brahmin|Brahmin]] family, the daughter of Pumpu Ganapathy Iyer and his wife Meenakshi Amma.

Under encouragement of her parents, the young Seetha started learning [[Carnatic music]] at an early age locally from Kodaganallur Subbiah Bhagavatar and later under [[Gottuvadhyam]] vidhwan Seetharama Bhagavatar. After receiving an acceptance letter despite being 10 years old to become a member of the first Music Department established in [[Tamil Nadu]] by Prof. [[P. Sambamoorthy]], Seetha moved to Chennai in 1937 and trained alongside [[D. K. Pattammal]] where she became the first female recipient of the Gold Medal of Honour. She still holds the record of being the youngest recipient of the award.

She was married at the age of 14. Her husband, who understood her yearning to continue with her music lessons, encouraged her to enrol for a course conducted by the Music Academy. She completed the course under [[Valadi Krishnaiyer]] who played a pivotal role in her music development. She was top of the class in her batch and she won a Gold Medal.

She is the grandmother of author [[Jaya Madhavan]], musician [[Bindhumalini]] Narayanswamy, and musician [[Ganavya]] Doraiswamy.

===Jal Tarang Training===
Students who excelled in the theoretical aspect of Carnatic music were given the choice to learn either the [[gottuvadhyam]] or the [[jal tarang]] at the Academy. When asked why she inclined towards the jal tarang, Seetha answered that she "was only ten then, and the dishes used by jalatarangam artistes reminded me of the miniature vessels children use when they play 'house.' Striking dishes containing water seemed a lot of fun".<ref name="hindu2005"/>
The teacher charged with the task of teaching the jal tarang, Ramaniah Chettiar, was not convinced that any of the students at the Academy were intelligent enough to pick up the instrument.
Under the urging of Prof. Sambamoorthy, he entertained Seetha's request and put her to a test by tuning the instrument to [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]] and asked her to set it to [[Mayamalavagowla]]. After successfully tuning it, Seetha was given the opportunity to begin training. She learnt under the tutelage of Prof. Sambamoorthy and Ramaniah Chettiar for one and half months, and was told that her knowledge of theory would suffice in complementing her training for the rest of her career.
Recognizing her financial position, Prof. P. Sambamoorthy bought Seetha her first set of jal tarang cups.

==Career ==
She tirelessly worked to prevent the Jal Tarang from being extinct and is often recognized for that. Although her training began at a young age, familial obligations prevented her from performing. Seetha was married at age 14 to N. Doraiswamy and gave birth to 10 children. The death of a prodigious son left her shattered, and it was under the encouragement of her family that she began to perform again at the age of 41. Citing this particular circumstance, she is often referred to and has received awards as a pioneer female Indian musician for having been one of the few who performed despite the social connotations that prevented her colleagues from doing so.
[[Image:SeethaDoraiswamy2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Seetha Doraiswamy (left) with N. Doraiswamy c.a. 1938]]

===Awards and honours===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Musician
|-
! Year
! Award
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Aasthaana Vidhwaan]]''
| Award from [[Kanchi matha]] as resident Musician
|-
| 1939
| ''Gold Medal''
| First female recipient of Award from [[Madras Music Academy]]
|-
| 2009
| ''TTK Award''
| [[Madras Music Academy|The Music Academy's]] Special TTK Award
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Kalaimamani]]''
| Fourth highest Government Civilian award in India
|-
| 1999
| ''Jalatarangam Vidushi''
| Awarded by [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Seetha Doraiswamy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doraiswamy, Seetha}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Jal tarang players]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian multi-instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tamil Nadu]]

NPR College Ground

2026-01-02T02:33:25Z

WECElbert296866: small changes

{{short description|Cricket ground}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Coord|10.24094|N|78.18673|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox cricket ground|ground_name=NPR College Ground|country=India|location=[[Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India|owner=Danasekar BA|establishment=n/a|seating_capacity=5000|source=http://www.nprcolleges.org/resources/turf-ground Turf ground|club1=2014-present|year1=[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]}}
'''NPR College Ground''' is a cricket ground of NPR Group of Institute situated at [[Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-venues/405/npr-college-ground|title=NPR College Ground, Dindigul details, matches, stats - Cricbuzz|website=Cricbuzz|language=en|access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref> It is an [[artificial turf]] ground with a seating capacity of 5000 and flood lights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nprcolleges.org/resources/turf-ground|title=Turf Ground|website=www.nprcolleges.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>

The ground has hosted 10 first class cricket matches and it is also a venue for [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/tnpl-2018-schedule-squad-fixtures-live-telecast-teams-all-you-need-to-know-about-tamil-nadu-premier-league/1240353/|title=TNPL 2018 schedule, squad, fixtures, live telecast, teams: All you need to know about Tamil Nadu Premier League|date=2018-07-11|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|2=Sports}}

* [[Indian Cement Company Ground]]
* [[Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nprcolleges.org/resources/turf-ground NPR Colleges]
* [https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-venues/405/npr-college-ground Cricbuzz]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/802611.html ESPNcricinfo]

{{Commons category|Cricket in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Dindigul District}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dindigul]]
[[Category:Event venues with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

K. Arumugam

2025-12-31T09:36:12Z

WECElbert296866: Created a post

{{Short description|Indian sports journalist, author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''K. Arumugam''' (born 20 June 1958) is an Indian hockey journalist,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-03 |title=Game for more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/game-for-more-2/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> author,<ref>{{Cite web |title=September 2006 Bulletin |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/2006/nov2006.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.bharatiyahockey.org}}</ref> columnist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-28 |title=Hockey World Cup 2018, K Arumugam column: Harendra Singh's India up against history in Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hockey-world-cup-2018-k-arumugam-column-harendra-singhs-india-up-against-history-in-bhubaneswar-5630801.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> and hockey historian based in [[New Delhi]]. He has written over a dozen hockey books<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Finally, a book on TN hockey heroes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2011/Aug/26/finally-a-book-on-tn-hockey-heroes-284737.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and runs an Indian hockey website, stick2hockey.com.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=September 2002 Bulletin |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/2002/sep2002.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.bharatiyahockey.org}}</ref> He is also the founder of a project that promotes the spread of hockey in India, One Thousand Hockey Legs (OTHL).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-10 |title=An IIT-an who had a dream for Indian hockey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/an-iit-an-who-had-a-dream-for-indian-hockey/articleshow/53629433.cms |access-date=2024-01-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> OTHL started with a target of training 500 students from schools and underprivileged backgrounds every year.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-16 |title=This man quit being scientist to nurture hockey dreams |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/this-man-quit-being-scientist-to-nurture-hockey-dreams/story-YBaacztsOJIFQ28oayIr1L.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Arumugam hails from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He did his schooling at the Government High School in [[Thirumarugal]], near [[Nagapattinam|Nagapatanam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Then, he studied at [[Presidency College, Chennai]] and completed his graduation from [[IIT Bombay|IIT, Bombay]] (now Mumbai).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editor |url=https://stick2hockey.com/editor/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref> He resides in Delhi with his wife Shanti, and they have two children.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} A qualified geologist, he later moved to Delhi to work as a water scientist. But he quit his Central Government job to focus full time on his hockey work.<ref name=":3" />

== Projects ==
One of the main projects, One Thousand Hockey Legs (OTHL), was formally started in 2008.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Shuvro |date=2016-01-14 |title=Interview with K. Arumugam, the man who quit his high-paying job to teach hockey to underprivileged kids |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/hockey-interview-with-k-arumugam |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> The project work in schools actually started at the turn of the century and aims to train 500 students below 15 years, from select schools, to make 1000 hockey legs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Judith Mariya |date=2022-05-05 |title=Man with a plan: Nurturing young hockey dreams |url=https://thepatriot.in/cover-story/man-nurturing-young-hockey-dreams-25387 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The Patriot |language=en-US}}</ref> OTHL selects schools and enters into a partnership, provides coaches and equipment and the school has to provide a space and time to develop a hockey team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhogal |first=Jimmy |date=2010-06-28 |title=One Thousand Hockey Legs |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/one-thousand-hockey-legs |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Starting with Delhi, the OTHL schools were started in [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref name=":3" /> By the end of 2023, OTHL teams were functioning in 18 government schools in Delhi. Overall, it trains over 5000 students in 100 government schools across five cities as of December 2025.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Joe |date=2 December 2025 |title=Hockey’s hidden heroes: From chawls to champions |url=https://newsarenaindia.com/sports/hockey-s-hidden-heroes-from-chawls-to-champions/63783 |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=News Arena India}}</ref> The cost of about Rs.12 lakhs a year is spent by Arumugam on his own, with part of the support coming from donations from friends, and the proceeds from his hockey books.

== Award ==
He was awarded [[Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]] by [[President Pranab Mukherjee]] on 29 August 2016, the Indian Sports Day at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-01-04 |title=Disqualification in Beijing Olympics 2008 led to birth of One Thousand Hockey Legs |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/disqualification-in-beijing-olympics-2008-led-to-birth-of-one-thousand-hockey-legs20220104202210/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.ANInews.in}}</ref> He was also awarded the [[Hockey India]] President's Outstanding Achievement Award for the years 2015 and 2016.<ref name=":2" />

== Dhyan Chand chapter in text books ==
Arumugam's article titled ''The Wizard'' was taken from one of his books, ''The Great Indian Olympians''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOOK REVIEW/ AWARDS, ACCOLADES AND DEDICATION |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/book-review-awards-accolades-and-dedication/cid/886041 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-02 |title=17 medals, 1 billion people |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/17-medals-1-billion-people/story-8BlJqDYurp4ZIVD3I2aK1J.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and was included in the Class XI English text books by [[NCERT]] (2002-2003).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Our Sports Reporter |date=2002-08-28 |title=Chapter on Dhyan Chand figures in textbook |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020829/ncr3.htm |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arumugam, K}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Field hockey writers]]
[[Category:Indian sportswriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]

Pio Gama Pinto

2025-12-29T13:08:11Z

WECElbert296866: adjust section for consistency and fixed typos

{{short description|Kenyan politician and journalist (1927–1965)}}
{{COI|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pio Gama Pinto
| image = Pio Gama Pinto.jpg
| caption = Pinto in the 1950s (specific date unknown)
| office = [[National Assembly (Kenya)|Member of Parliament]]
| primeminister = [[Jomo Kenyatta]]
| term_start = 1 June 1963
| term_end = 24 February 1965
| predecessor = ''Office created''
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|3|31}}
| birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya Colony]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1965|2|24|1927|3|31}}
| death_place = [[Westlands, Nairobi|Westlands]], Parklands, Nairobi, Kenya
| party = [[Kenya African National Union]]
| nationality = {{ubl|
* [[British subject]] (until 1963)
* Kenyan (from 1963)}}
| spouse = Emma Pinto
| relations =
| children = 3
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Karnatak College Dharwar]]
| occupation = Politician, journalist
}}

'''Pio Gama Pinto''' (31 March 1927 – 24 February 1965) was a Kenyan journalist, politician and [[freedom fighter]]. He was a [[socialist]] leader who was key in Kenya's struggle for independence. He was assassinated in 1965, leading many to consider him [[Kenyan independence|independent Kenya's]] first political martyr.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pinto, Pio Gama (1927–1965)|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405184649_yr2012_chunk_g97814051846491190|publisher=Blackwell Reference Online|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

==Early years==
Pinto was born in [[Nairobi]] on 31 March 1927 to a family of [[Goan Catholic]] descent. Born to immigrant [[Goa|Goan parents]] hailing from the [[Portuguese Goa]], his father was an official in the [[British East Africa|colonial government of Kenya]] while his mother was a housewife.<ref name="books.google">{{cite book|last=Vaz|first=J. Clement|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|year=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|pages=241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&q=pio+gama+pinto&pg=PA241|isbn=9788170226192}}</ref>

At age eight, he was sent to [[Goa]] for his education and spent the next nine years there, passing his [[matriculation]] exams at St. Joseph's High School, [[Arpora]] and then moving to the [[Bombay Presidency]], studying science at [[Karnatak College Dharwar|Karnatak College]], [[Dharwar]] for two years before joining the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] in 1944 as an apprentice ground engineer. He then took up a job in the Posts and Telegraph office in [[Bombay]], participated in a general strike and became a founding member of the Goa National Congress whose aim was the [[liberation of Goa]] from Portuguese rule.<ref name="awaazmagazine">{{cite news|title=Pio Gama Pinto - {{sic|Indep|endant|nolink=y}} Kenya's First Marytr|url=http://www.awaazmagazine.com/index.php/latest-issue/item/304-pio-gama-pinto-independant-kenyas-first-marytr|access-date=29 December 2012|newspaper=Awaaz Magazine|date=2 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903130905/http://www.awaazmagazine.com/index.php/latest-issue/item/304-pio-gama-pinto-independant-kenyas-first-marytr|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

When only seventeen, he started an agitation in Bombay against the [[Portuguese colonies|Portuguese colonial occupation]] of [[Goa]].<ref name="books.google" /> His political activism soon made it necessary for him to return to Kenya to avoid being arrested and deported to the [[Tarrafal concentration camp|Tarrafal]] concentration camp in [[Cape Verde]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Political career==
In 1949, Pinto returned to Kenya and, after a succession of clerical jobs, became involved in local politics aimed at overthrowing British colonial rule in Kenya. In 1951, he co-founded the East African Indian Congress, a nationalist political party dedicated to building support for independence amongst the [[Indians in Kenya|South Asian community of Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pio Gama Pinto (1927-65) {{!}} Another World? East Africa and the Global 1960s |url=https://globaleastafrica.org/global-lives/pio-gama-pinto-1927-65 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=globaleastafrica.org}}</ref> Pinto also turned to journalism, writing for the ''Colonial Times,'' ''[[Daily Chronicle (United Kingdom)|Daily Chronicle]]'' and ''The Uzwod''. From 1952, he was also a regular contributor to the international services of [[All India Radio]], where he produced a popular anti-colonial program named Goan Newsletter.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxcrxth |title=Pio Gama Pinto: Kenya's Unsung Martyr. 1927 - 1965 |date=2018 |publisher=Vita Books |doi=10.2307/j.ctvxcrxth |jstor=j.ctvxcrxth |isbn=978-9966-1890-0-4}}</ref> He also worked closely with British anti-colonial activists, including the [[Independent Labour Party|Independent Labour]] MP [[Fenner Brockway]], to inform the world press of political developments in Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pio Gama Pinto (1927-65) {{!}} Another World? East Africa and the Global 1960s |url=https://globaleastafrica.org/global-lives/pio-gama-pinto-1927-65 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=globaleastafrica.org}}</ref> This international activism, however, brought Pinto to the attention of Kenya's colonial authorities. In 1954, five months after his marriage to Emma Dias, he was rounded up in the notorious [[Mau Mau uprising|Operation Anvil]] and spent the next four years in detention on [[Manda Island]]. He was kept in confinement from early 1958 until October 1959 at [[Kabarnet]].<ref name="goanvoice">{{cite web|title=Mrs Emma Gama Pinto|url=http://goanvoice.org.uk/supplement/EmmaGamaPinto.html|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

In 1960, he founded the [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) newspaper ''Sauti Ya KANU'', and later, ''Pan African Press'', of which he subsequently became Director and Secretary.<ref name="awaazmagazine" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Meusburger|first=Peter|title=Knowledge and Space: Cultural Memories: the Geographical Point of View|year=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Heidelberg|pages=318}}</ref>
Pinto also formed Kenya Freedom Party, a multiracial socialist organisation, but dissolved the party when KANU allowed non-Africans to join its ranks for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pio Gama Pinto (1927-65) {{!}} Another World? East Africa and the Global 1960s |url=https://globaleastafrica.org/global-lives/pio-gama-pinto-1927-65 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=globaleastafrica.org}}</ref> Pinto subsequently played an active role in campaigning for KANU during the 1961 elections, which the party won comfortably.<ref>''Pio Gama Pinto: Kenya's Unsung Martyr, 1927-1965.'' Edited by Shiraz Durrani. 2018. Nairobi: Vita Books. 9789966189004.</ref> From 1962, Pinto turned his attention to [[Mozambique]], which was still under Portuguese colonial rule, and worked closely with the anti-colonial group [[FRELIMO]]. In 1963 he was elected a Member of the Central Legislative Assembly and in July 1964 was appointed a Specially Elected Member of the House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pio Gama Pinto (1927–1965)|url=http://safariafricaradio.com/index.php/typogrpahy/98-featured-story/771-pio-gama-pinto-19271965|publisher=Safari Africa Radio|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> He worked to establish the Lumumba Institute in 1964 to train KANU party officials.<ref name="awaazmagazine" />

==Assassination==
On 24 February 1965, at the [[Westlands, Nairobi|Westlands]] neighbourhood of [[Parklands, Nairobi|Parklands]] in [[Nairobi]], Pinto was shot at close range in the driveway while waiting for the gate to be opened.<ref name="books.google"/><ref>"Pinto, Pio Gama", in ''Historical Dictionary of Kenya'', Robert M. Maxon and Thomas P. Ofcansky, eds. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) pp287-288</ref> He was with his daughter in his car at the time of his killing. Pinto became the first Kenyan politician to be assassinated after Independence. At the time of his assassination, Pinto was 38.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

=== Aftermath ===
The police set out to find three gunmen in connection with the murder. [[Kisilu Mutua]] and Chege Thuo, young adults at the time, were arrested on the day of the murder. Kisilu and Chege informed the [[Criminal Investigation Department (Kenya)|C.I.D.]] that they were hired by [[Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo|Ochola Mak’Anyengo]], the secretary general of the Kenya Petroleum Oil workers union, to frighten Pinto ostensibly on account of his interfering with the union. Mak’Anyengo was arrested following these accusations. At the police lineup however, the accused affirmed that Mak’Anyengo resembled the man who hired them, but he was not the actual culprit who had identified himself as Mak'Anyengo.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

Mak’Anyengo was cleared of any involvement and released. After the case was heard in court, Thuo was acquitted, but Mutua was given the death sentence. This sentence was later reduced to life in prison following an appeal.<ref>Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission 2013. Excerpts available from: http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/gvuk_files/Pio_Gama_Pinto_TRJC_2013.pdf</ref><ref>How Pinto Murder was Plotted…Kisilu Framed. Daily Nation, 19 June 2000</ref> When Mutua, convicted for the murder of Pinto, was released after 35 years in prison through a [[presidential pardon]] by the late [[President of Kenya|President]] [[Daniel Arap Moi]], Mutua insisted on his innocence and called for thorough investigations to identify Pinto's true assassins.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2001 |title=Kenyan freed after 35 years |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1424276.stm |access-date=29 December 2012 |newspaper=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2001 |title=RIGHTS-KENYA: Tasting New Life after 36 Years in Jail |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2001/07/rights-kenya-tasting-new-life-after-36-years-in-jail/ |access-date=29 December 2012 |newspaper=Inter Press Service News Agency}}</ref>

Different theories have been forwarded about the assassination with some suggesting that Pinto was killed by Jomo Kenyatta's men and others seeing Pinto's assassination as the extermination of an avowed Communist with links to the Mozambican liberation movement by neocolonial forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=David William|title=The Risks of Knowledge: Investigations Into the Death of the Hon. Minister John Robert Ouko|year=2004|publisher=Ohio University Press|location=Athens, Ohio|pages=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOHBLpEmiEAC&q=pio+gama+pinto&pg=PA4|isbn=9780821415986}}</ref> An article published in [[Transition Magazine|Transition magazine]] in 1966 noted that a letter was circulated amongst Members of Parliament after Pinto's murder warning of the risks of cooperating with the [[eastern bloc]]. [[Bildad Kaggia]] was quoted saying that Pinto's killing was not an ordinary murder but a political one. Despite the wide perception that this was a political assassination, the police investigation treated the murder as not political.<ref>Freedom and suffering. Chapter in: Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963 – 2011 by Daniel Branch. Yale University Press. Nov 2011</ref><ref>The Changing face of Kenyan Politics. Transition Magazine. 1966, No. 25 pp 44-50</ref>

==Personal life==
Pinto was survived by his wife, Emma Gama and his three daughters Linda, Malusha and Tereshka. Two years after the assassination, Emma and her daughters emigrated to Canada.<ref name="goanvoice" />

Emma died in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-16 |title=Remembering Emma Gama Pinto |url=https://africasacountry.com/2020/11/remembering-emma-gama-pinto |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legacy==
After his death, Pinto's colleagues established the Pinto Trust Fund to help his widow and family to which leftist governments such as those of China and Tanzania contributed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mwakikagile|first=Godfrey|title=Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era|year=2010|publisher=New Africa Press|location=Dar es Salaam|pages=573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4LcR4iOmcYC&q=pio+gama+pinto&pg=PA573|isbn=9780980253412}}</ref> In September 1965, Pinto's wife Emma, was invited to [[Santiago, Chile]], to receive a posthumous prize awarded to her husband by the [[International Organisation of Journalists]] for his contribution in journalism to the liberation of African countries from foreign domination and exploitation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaz|first=J. Clement|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|year=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|pages=243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&q=pio+gama+pinto&pg=PA241|isbn=9788170226192}}</ref> In 2008, Kenya released a series of four stamps titled Heroes of Kenya, one of which depicted Pinto.<ref name="goanvoice" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinto, Pio Gama}}
[[Category:Kenyan newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:Assassinated Kenyan journalists]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Kenyan politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Kenya]]
[[Category:Kenya African National Union politicians]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Goan Catholics]]
[[Category:People murdered in Kenya]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:Kenyan Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Kenyan trade unionists]]
[[Category:Kenyan politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Kenyan socialists]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1965]]
[[Category:Assassinated trade unionists]]
[[Category:20th-century trade unionists]]

Suryaputra Karn

2025-12-24T15:48:44Z

WECElbert296866: updated details

{{short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Suryaputra_Karn.png
| caption = ''Suryaputra Karn''
| genre = Mythology Drama
| creator = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]
| based_on = ''Mrutyunjay'' by [[Shivaji Sawant]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'' by [[Vyasa]]
| writer = Mihir Buta Radhika Anand Vinod Sharma Utkarsh Naithani
| director = Kamal Monga Gautam Nagrath Swapnil Mahaling Sumit Thakur Sunil Dharmadhikari Gurpreet Rana Kiran Gorde
| creative_director = Anish N surana
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Lalin Nandi
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 307
| producer = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] Gayatri Gill Tewary Rahul Kumar Tewary
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = [[Swastik Pictures]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2015|06|29}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|08|07}}
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
}}

'''''Suryaputra Karn''''' ({{Translation|''Son of [[Surya]], [[Karna]]''}}) is an Indian historical epic television series, which premiered on 29 June 2015 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. Produced by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] of [[Swastik Pictures]], the series covers the life journey of [[Karna]] in the [[Mahabharata]]. The show starred [[Gautam Rode]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Gautam Rode joins 'Suryaputra Karn'|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/gautam-rode-joins-suryaputra-karn/|website = The Indian Express|date = 2015-09-22|access-date = 2015-12-05|archive-date = 8 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230708142053/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/gautam-rode-joins-suryaputra-karn/|url-status = live}}</ref> (adult Karna), [[Vishesh Bansal]] (young Karna) and [[Basant Bhatt]] (teenage Karna) as the lead character at various stages of his life.

==Premise==
The story revolves around one of the best archer of the [[Mahabharata]], [[Karna]] and narrates the entire story of [[Mahabharata]] from Karna and Pandavas' birth to the eventual crowning of Karna in the Swarga. The show covers the life journey of Karna on his way to becoming a great warrior.

He was the son of [[Surya]] and [[Kunti]]. He was born to Kunti before her marriage with [[Pandu]]. Kunti thus abandoned him. He was then saved by [[Adhirath]], who was a charioteer. Karna since his childhood only decided to become an archer. He learnt archery from Lord [[Parshurama]] and lied him about his identity of being a Brahmin. But his lie was soon discovered and Parshurama cursed him. Lord Parshurama said to Karna ,"I, the son of Jamadagni, curse you that you will forgot the method of calling divine astras when you need them the most."

After that [[Duryodhana]] made him the king of [[Anga]] and befriended him. Later, [[Shakuni]], devised a plan to insult [[Draupadi]], wife of the [[Pandavas]]. They arranged a gambling where [[Yudhishthir]] lost all of his properties including Draupadi. Duryodhana asked Dushasan to disrobe her but failed as Lord [[Krishna]] saved her dignity. The Pandavas and Draupadi were sent for an exile of 13 years. This sowed the seeds of Mahabharata war.

[[Indra]], in disguise of a Brahmin took Karna's armour and earrings. Later, he learned his true identity of Kunti and Surya's son but he decided to fight for Duryodhana blaming Yudhishthir for owing Draupadi. The Mahabharata war resulted in the death of Karna, Bheeshma, Drona, and many of the [[Kauravas]]. Thus, the Pandavas won the war. Yudhishthir was made the king of [[Hastinapura]].

[[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] cursed Krishna for destroying Kuru Vansh. Her curse showed result after 36 years and Krishna's dynasty also got destroyed. A hunter named Jara killed Krishna mistakenly. Thus, the Pandavas decided to go to heaven where they met the Kauravas and Karna. The show ended with Krishna's blessings to everyone.

==Cast==
===Main===

* [[Gautam Rode]] as
** [[Karna]]: Surya and Kunti's son, Pandavas' half brother, Adhiratha and Radha's adopted son, Vrushali and Supriya's husband, Duryodhana's friend and the King of [[Anga]]; Vrishasena and Vrishaketu's father
** [[Basant Bhatt]] as teenage [[Karna]]
** [[Vishesh Bansal]] as a child [[Karna]]
* [[Saurabh Pandey]] as
** Lord [[Krishna]], Viratswaroop [[Narayana|Narayan]]: Devaki and Vasudeva's son; Nanda and Yashoda's adopted son; Karna, Draupadi and Arjuna's friend
** [[Paundraka]]; fake Lord, who preaches that Krishna is fake and he himseld is real Lord, Duryodhana's friend
* [[Malika Juneja]] as [[Supriya (Karna's wife)|Supriya]] – Karna's first wife, Vrishasena's mother
* [[Farnaz Shetty]] as [[Vrushali]]: Karna's childhood friend-turned-second wife; Vrishaketu's mother
** [[Richa Mehta]] as teenage [[Vrushali]]
**[[Jagrati Sethia]] as Young [[Vrushali]]
* [[Gautam Rode]] as [[Vrishaketu]] – Karna and [[Wives of Karna|Vrushali's]] son, later the King of [[Anga]]

=== Recurring ===
* [[Shaleen Bhanot]] as [[Duryodhana]]: Dhritarashtra and Gandhari's first son, eldest of the Kauravas, Crown Prince of Hastinapura, Karna's best friend, Bhanumati's husband and Laxmankumar, Lakshamana, and more sons/daughters' father
** [[Yash Rajendra Karia]] as teenager or child [[Duryodhana]]
*[[Priya Bhatija]] as Arshi: Shakuni's wife
* [[Ajay Jayram]] as [[Shakuni]]: Gandhari's brother, Kauravas's maternal uncle, Duryodhana's accomplice who is an expert in gambling, son of [[King Gubala]]
*[[Shafaq Naaz]] as [[Kunti]]: the mother to the Pandavas who possesses a divine boon allowing her to invoke gods to bear children. Before her marriage, she uses it to bear Karna and Eklavya, and later, at the request of her husband Pandu, she invokes the gods to bear Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva. After the death of Pandu, Kunti raises her sons equally, ensuring their unity. Naaz found aspects of the role personally relatable, particularly in terms of emotional depth, patience, and understanding, considering herself as the modern version of the character. Despite being 20 years old at the time, her performance was noted for capturing the character’s maturity
*[[Kanan Malhotra]] as [[Yudhisthira]]: Dharmaraj, Kunti and Pandu's son, first Pandava, Devika and Draupadi's husband, Prativindhya's father, King of Indraprastha and later King of Hastinapura
*[[Gulki Joshi]] as [[Devika]]: Shivi Princess, King Govasena's daughter; Yudhishthira's first wife and Mother of Yaudheya.
*[[Ashish Sharma]] as [[Bhima]]: Vayu, Kunti and Pandu's son, second Pandava, Hidimba and Draupadi's husband, Ghatotkach and Sutasoma's father
*[[Pankhuri Awasthy Rode]] as Draupadi [[Hidimba]]: Sister of Hidimb, Bhima's first wife and Mother of Ghatotkacha.
*[[Ketan Karande]] as Ghatotkacha: Bheema and Hidimba's son; Ahilawati's husband; Barbarik, Anjanaparvana and Meghavarna.
*[[Ruheen Ali Khan]] as Ahilawati: Ghatotkacha's wife and Mother of Barbarik, Anjanaparvana and Meghavarna.
*Vashu Chauhan as Barbarik: Ghatotkacha and Ahilawati's first son.
* [[Akbar Ali (actor)|Akbar Ali]] as Anjanaparvana: Ghatotkacha and Ahilawati's second son.
*[[Danish Akhtar Saifi]] as Meghavarna: Ghatotkacha and Ahilawati's third son.
* [[Sujay Reu]] as [[Arjuna]]: Indra, Kunti and Pandu's son, third Pandava, Draupadi, Ulupi, Chitrangada and Subhadra's husband; Iravan, Babruvahana Abhimanyu and Shrutkarma's father, Karna's arch-rival
* [[Navi Bhangu]] as Iravan: Arjuna and Ulupi's son killed by Alambusha
* [[Kinshuk Vaidya]] as [[Babruvahana]]: Arjuna and Chitrangada's son
* Aanchal Goswami as [[Bhanumati]]: Shri Krishna and Satyabhama's granddaughter and Arjuna's fifth wife
* [[Meghan Jadhav]] as Parikshit: Madravati's husband and Father of Janamejaya, Bhimasena, Shrutasena and Ugrasena
* [[Alice Kaushik]] as Madravati: Parikshit's wife and Mother of Janamejaya, Bhimasena, Shrutasena and Ugrasena
* Buneet Kapoor as [[Nakula]]: Ashwinikumars, Kunti and Pandu's son, fourth Pandava, Draupadi's husband, Shatanika's father
* Suchit V. Singh as [[Sahadeva]]: Ashwinikumars, Kunti and Pandu's son, fifth Pandava, Draupadi's husband, Shrutasena's father.
* [[Basant Bhatt]] as [[Vrishasena]]: Karna and Supriya's eldest son died on the third day of the war by Arjuna.
* [[Sandeep Rajoral]] / [[Farooq Saeed]] as [[Lord Surya]] – Karna's biological father
* [[Mouli Ganguly]] / Hemaakshi Ujjain as [[Radha (Mahabharata)|Radha]] – Karna's foster mother, Shona's mother, Adhirath's wife
* [[Anand Suryavanshi]] as [[Adhirath]] – Karna's foster father, Shon's father, Radha's husband, Bhishma's charioteer
* [[Babloo Mukherjee]] as [[Ucchasena]] – Adhirath's brother, Radha's brother-in-law, Karna and Shon's uncle
* [[Ujjwal Gauraha]] as [[Visheshan]] – King of Sut Society where Karna was raised in childhood
* [[Aditya Kapadia]] as [[List of characters in the Mahabharata#Karna's adoptive brothers|Shon]] – Karna's foster brother
** [[Uzair Basar]] As child Shon
* [[Riva Bubber]] as [[Priyamvada]] – Kunti's maid
* [[Shubhi Ahuja]] as Draupadi friend
* [[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as [[Shani]] – Surya's son, Karna's brother
* [[Rumi Khan]] as [[Madhyam]]
* [[Hirdeyjeet Jarnail Singh]] as Vrishbhan – Vrushali's father
* [[Naved Aslam]] as [[Bhishma]] – Great-uncle (grandfather figure) of Pandavas and Kauravas, Shantanu and Ganga's son
* [[Aditi Govitrikar]] as [[Ganga]]- Bhishma's mother, Shantanu's wife
* [[Paras Thukral]] as [[Dhritarashtra]] – Son Of Ambika and Vichitravirya, King of Hastinapur, Gandhari's husband, father of the Kauravas and Dushala
* [[Sandeep Arora]] as [[Vikarna]] – Third Kaurava prince, King Dhritarashtra and Queen Gandhari's third son and Duryodhan and Dushasna's younger brother, Dushyala's elder brother
* [[Resha Konkar]] as [[Sulabha]] (2020)
*[[Manish Bishla]] as [[Yuyutsu]]: Dhritarashtra and Sugadha's son, Duryodhana's younger stepbrother and other Kauravas's elder stepbrother fought for Pandavas and remained alive.
* [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]] as [[Vidur]] – Younger brother Dritarashtra and Pandu, Prime Minister of Hastinapura
* [[Nimai Bali]] as [[Dronacharya]] – Guru of Pandavas and Kauravas, Ashwathama's father, Kripi's Husband
* [[Chandni Sharma]] as [[Kripi]] – Drona's wife and Kripa's sister
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as [[Ashwatthama]] – Son of Dronacharya and Kripi, Duryodhana's friend, Student of Dronacharya too
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as [[Kripacharya]] – Drona's brother-in-law, Kripi's brother
* [[Surendra Pal]] as [[Parashurama|Parshuram]] – Guru of Bhishma, Drona, Karna, and Kripa
* [[Kamaljeet Rana]] as [[Dushasan]] Dhritarashtra and Gandhari's second son, youngest of the Kauravas, Duryodhana's younger brother
* [[Jay Thakkar]] as a child [[Dushasan]]
* [[Raj Premi]] as [[Drupad]] – King of Panchala; Shikandini, Drishtadymna, and Draupadi's father
* [[Payal Rohatgi]] as [[Shikhandi]]ni/Shikhandi – Daughter of Drupad, Dristadyumna and Draupadi's elder sister
* Akash Sharma as [[Dhrishtadyumna]] – Drupad's son, Shikandini, and Draupadi's brother
* [[Vikramjeet Virk]] as [[Jarasandha]] – King of Magadha, Brihadhrata's son
* [[Dinesh Mehta]] as [[Jayadratha]] – Dushala's husband, Kauravas' brother-in-law, King Of Sindhu, Vriddhakshatra's son
* [[Deblina Chatterjee]]/[[Aishwarya Sharma|Aishwarya Sharma Bhatt]] as [[Urvashi]]
* Karan Sharma as [[Virata]] – King of the Matsya kingdom, Sudeshna's husband, Uttara, and Uttar's father
* [[Jaswinder Gardner]] as [[Sudeshna]] – Virata's wife, Queen of the Matsya kingdom, Uttara and Uttar's mother
* [[Vishal Kotian]] as [[Lord Hanuman]]: Rama's devotee, Vayu's son, and Bheema's elder spiritual brother.
* [[Sachin Verma]] as [[Lord Indra]] – King of the Devtas, Arjun's father
* [[Kunal Bhatia]] as [[Lord Agni]] – God of fire. Drishtadyumna and Draupadi's father
* [[Niel Satpuda]] as Prativindhya: Yudhishthira, Draupadi's son, and the Eldest Upapandava.
* [[Aman Sharma]] as Sutasoma: Bheema and Draupadi's son.
* [[Jay Joshi]] as Shatanika: Nakula and Draupadi's son.
* [[Akshay Batchua]] as Shrutasena: Sahadeva and Draupadi's son.
* [[Yagya Saxena]] as Eklavya: Kunti and Surya's premarital son and Karna and Pandavas's brother. A devoted student of Drona who gives away his thumb as Guru Dakshina, son Of Hridaydhanush and Nishad Prince.
* [[Ashwin Patil]] as Uttar – Virat and Sudeshna's son, Uttara's brother
* [[Zohaib Siddiqui]] as [[Kichaka]] – Sudeshna's brother, Commander-in-chief of the Matsya kingdom army
* [[Malhar Pandya]] as [[Balarama]] – Krishna's elder brother
* [[Richa Mukherjee]] as [[Lakshmanaa]] – Duryodhana and Bhanumati's daughter, Samba's wife, Krishna's daughter-in-law
* [[Aayush Shah]]/[[Shresth Kumar]] as [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] – Krishna's son, Lakshmanaa's husband
* [[Aniruddh Dave]] as [[Shishupala]], King Of Chedi, Son Of King Damaghosha
* [[Tarakesh Chauhan]] as [[Vishwakarma]]
* [[Kaushik Chakraborty]] as [[Shalya]] – Pandavas' maternal uncle, King of Madra
* [[Vikram Soni]] as [[Prativindhya]] – Yudishtira and Draupadi's son
* [[Ayush Shrivastava]] as [[Shrutkarma]] – son of Arjun and Draupadi

==Production==
[[Karanvir Bohra]], [[Karan Grover]], [[Karan Tacker]], [[Avinesh Rekhi]] and [[Aditya Redij]] were approached for playing the lead role of [[Karna]], but [[Gautam Rode]] was signed for the eponymous role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Karans approached to play 'Suryaputra Karna' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-three-karans-approached-to-play-suryaputra-karna-2085970 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114053308/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-three-karans-approached-to-play-suryaputra-karna-2085970 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Gautam Rode won the Best Actor in a Historical Serial award in [[Indian Telly Awards]] for the show.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} The show was intended to be a finite series of 150 episodes but was extended up to August due to a rise in the ratings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Gautams-Suryaputra-Karn-gets-an-extension/articleshow/50716526.cms|title=Gautam's 'Suryaputra Karn' gets an extension|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 Jan 2016|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708191329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Gautams-Suryaputra-Karn-gets-an-extension/articleshow/50716526.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2016
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Actor-popular
|[[Gautam Rode]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Gautam's 'Suryaputra Karn' gets an extension |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Gautams-Suryaputra-Karn-gets-an-extension/articleshow/50716526.cms |access-date=26 Jan 2016 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708191329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Gautams-Suryaputra-Karn-gets-an-extension/articleshow/50716526.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2022}}
|-
|2016
|[[Asiavision Awards]]
|Best Actor National
|[[Gautam Rode]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHPaTYzluNI | title=Gautam Rode receiving Best Actor Award- Asiavision TV Awards | website=YouTube | access-date=28 April 2022 | archive-date=28 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428060326/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHPaTYzluNI | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5328326}}

{{SET Shows}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Swastik Productions television series]]

Platyceps bholanathi

2025-12-16T04:01:19Z

WECElbert296866: Put up new stub.

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Platyceps bholanathi.jpg
| image_caption = Road kill of ''Platyceps bholanathi''
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |author3=Mohapatra, P. |author4=Giri, V. |year=2013 |title=''Coluber bholanathi'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T194089A2297516 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T194089A2297516.en |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>
|taxon = Platyceps bholanathi
|authority = ([[Ramesh Chandra Sharma|Sharma]], 1976)
|synonyms = ''Coluber bholanathi'' Sharma, 1976
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB/>
|range_map = Coluber bholanathi distribution.png
|range_map_caption = ''Platyceps bholanathi'' was originally described from Nagarjuna Hill in Andhra Pradesh
}}

'''''Platyceps bholanathi''''', also known as the '''Nagarjun Sagar racer''', '''Nagarjunasagar racer''', '''Nagarjuna racer''', '''Bhola Nath's racer''', or '''Sharma's racer''',<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansnakes.org/snakedetails/nagarjun%20sagar%20racer |title=Nagarjun Sagar Racer (''Platyceps bholanathi'' Sharma, 1976) |publisher=IndianSnakes |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> is a species of [[colubrid]] snake. It is found in peninsular [[India]], in the [[Eastern Ghats]] and the [[Deccan Plateau]], in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana.<ref name=RDB/> It is a rather recently described species, that was first discovered in 1976, in the [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] by scientists of the [[Zoological Survey of India]].

It is a diurnal, fast-moving, active snake, living among rock boulders. It feeds on [[lizards]], small [[mammals]], and [[birds]].

==Description==
A slender snake; rich brown above with white, black-edged rounded or ovoid spots on the back; underside white.

Scales: Supralabials 9; loreal 1, preocular 1-2, postocular 2, subpostocular 1 or absent, temporal 2+2 or 2+3; 19 mid body rows; ventral 201-212, anal divided; subcaudal 105-121, paired.<ref name = RDB/>

==Distribution==
This species is known from [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] in [[Telangana]], [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bellary]] in [[Karnataka]] and [[Gingee]] and [[Hosur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], essentially covering all of the rocky hillocks and outcrops in [[south India]].

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Platyceps |species=bholanathi |accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref>
}}
* Guptha, Bubesh; Nimmakayala Venkata Sivaram Prasad, Deepak Veerappan. 2012. Rediscovery and range extension of ''Coluber bholanathi'' Sharma, 1976 from Seshachalam hills, Andhra Pradesh, India. Herpetology Notes 6: 447–448.
*Ganesh S. R., Adimallaiah D., Kailash P. K. (2013) New locality records of Nagarjun Sagar Racer Snake, ''Coluber bholanathi'' Sharma, 1976. Herpetotropicos. 9 (1-2): 09–12.
* Seetharamaraju, M. & C. Srinivasulu 2013. Discovery and description of male specimen of Coluber bholanathi Sharma, 1976 (Reptilia: Colubridae) from Hyderabad, India. Taprobanica 5 (1): 32–35.
* Sharma, R. C. 1976. Some observations on ecology and systematics of ''Coluber bholanati'', a new species of snake from India. Comp. Physiol. Ecol. 1 (3): 105–107.
* Sharma, R. C. 2004. Handbook Indian Snakes. Akhil Books, New Delhi, 292 pp.
* Sharma, Vivek; Jose Louies, Aditya Vattam 2013. A Contribution to ''Coluber bholanathi'' Sharma, 1976 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Russ. J. Herpetol. 20 (4): 259–263.
* Smart, Utpal; Eric N. Smith, B.H.C.K. Murthy & Arun Mohanty 2014. Report of Nagarjunasagar Racer ''Coluber bholanathi'' Sharma, 1976 (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Gingee Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. JoTT 6 (4): 5671–5674.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2984523}}

[[Category:Platyceps|bholanathi]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1976]]

{{Colubrinae-stub}}

Pragativadi

2025-12-14T05:17:21Z

WECElbert296866: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian Newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Pragativadi
| logo =
| image = [[File:Pragativadi (15 August 2013).PNG|250px|Front page of 15 August 2013]]
| caption =
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners =
| founder = Pradyumna Bal
| publisher =
| editor =
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| seniorstaff =
| staff_writers =
| founded = 1973
| political_position = Independent
| language = Odia
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Bhubaneswar, India]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|pragativadi.com}}
}}
'''Pragativadi''' is an Indian [[Odia language]] [[daily newspaper]] published from Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oriya newspapers and news sites|url=http://www.w3newspapers.com/india/oriya/|publisher=www.w3newspapers.com|access-date=15 August 2013}}</ref> This is one of the most circulated news dailies in [[Odisha]]. Founded in the year 1973 by Pradyumna Bal, currently it is being edited by Birupakshya Tripathy. The newspaper also has a news website and an online version of the printed newspapers freely available to internet users.

it publish 6 edition Everyday.

==References==
<references />

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Odia-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Orissa]]

{{india-newspaper-stub}}