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Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T15:01:09Z

WAJID AH: added post!

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Dum Dum {{Small|WB-16}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Dum Dum.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dum Dum Lok Sabha Constituency
| incumbent_image = Saugata Roy MP.jpg
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Saugata Roy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]] [[Dum Dum Uttar]] [[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]] [[Kamarhati Assembly constituency|Kamarhati]] [[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]] [[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]] [[Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
| electors = 1,699,656<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FztfbUTpXSxLP8g7dpVrk7%2FYMdYo4qvd6YLkLk2XBNde03ZpEkiWFydOLAwp4sJFnwdOFtn933icz0MOeiesxvsQ%3D%3D|title=Press Note|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|date=28 May 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Dum Dum]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No.16 Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency are in [[North 24 Parganas district]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. '''Dum Dum''', 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 16 Dum Dum is composed of the following segments from 2009:<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|109
|[[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]]
|rowspan=7|[[North 24 Parganas]]
|[[Kalyan Chakraborti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|110
|[[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum Uttar]]
|[[Sourav Sikdar]]
|-
|111
|[[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]]
|
[[Ratna Debnath]]
|-
|112
|[[Kamarhati Assembly constituency|Kamarhati]]
|[[Madan Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|113
|[[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
|[[Sajal Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|114
|[[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]]
|[[Arijit Bakshi]]
|-
|117
|[[Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
|[[Tarunjyoti Tewari]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=38.46|value2=30.76|value3=15.38|value4=7.69|value5=7.69|label1=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist) |Communist Party of India (Marxist) (5 times)]]|label2=[[All India Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress (4 times)]]|label3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (2 times)]]|label4=[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (1 time)]]|label5=[[Bharatiya Lok Dal|Bharatiya Lok Dal (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|color2={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color4={{party color| Indian National Congress}}|color5={{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|caption=Most successful parties from Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80||[[Ashok Krishna Dutt]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web |url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |archive-date = 23 October 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211023110843/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||[[Niren Ghosh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name =loksabha1980>{{cite web |url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4117-general-election-1980-vol-i-ii/ |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |archive-date = 21 September 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210921145817/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4117-general-election-1980-vol-i-ii/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89||[[Asutosh Laha]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web |url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/ |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |archive-date = 15 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060558/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91||rowspan= "3"|[[Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee]]|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}} <ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web |url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/ |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |archive-date = 15 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060548/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/ |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web |url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |archive-date = 18 January 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220118082512/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web |url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/ |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |archive-date = 15 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060532/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99||rowspan= "2"|[[Tapan Sikdar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09||[[Amitava Nandy]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14||rowspan= "4"|[[Saugata Roy]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 21 June 2016 |archive-date = 23 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-19
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|2019-24
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]
|2024-[[Incumbent]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1='''Year'''
|right1='''Percent'''
|width=300px
|barwidth=250px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|41.95}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|42.51}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|42.67}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|47.04}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|49.70}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.59}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.70}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|47.40}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|46.10}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|55.20}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|61.07}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|51.13}}
}}
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Dum Dum]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Dum Dum">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Dum Dum |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2516.htm |access-date=17 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717061442/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2516.htm |archive-date=17 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dum Dum Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Dum Dum Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/dum-dum |access-date=17 July 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717061437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/dum-dum |archive-date=17 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sougata Roy]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 528,579
|percentage = 41.95
|change = {{decrease}} 0.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Silbhadra Dutta|Shilbhadra Dutta]]|votes=457,919|percentage=36.34|change={{decrease}} 1.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sujan Chakraborty]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=240,784|percentage=19.11|change={{increase}} 5.20}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=11,334|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=70,660|percentage=5.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,60,046|percentage=74.13|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Dum Dum]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/?do=download&r=37787&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=b72cc53a8628978cfcb48a4a837347df|title=Detailed Report Constituency Wise|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|date=23 May 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sougata Roy]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 5,12,062
|percentage = 42.51
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Samik Bhattacharya]]|votes=459,063|percentage=38.11|change=+15.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nepaldev Bhattacharya]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=167,590|percentage=13.91|change=-15.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saurav Saha|party=Indian National Congress|votes=29,097|percentage=2.42|change=-0.59}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=14,491|percentage=1.20|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=53,002|percentage=4.40|change=-9.28}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,04,695|percentage=76.92|change=-3.64}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Saugata Roy|Sougata Roy]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 4,83,244
|percentage = 42.67
|change = -4.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] [[Asim Dasgupta]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=328,310|percentage=28.99|change=-15.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Tapan Sikdar]]|votes=254,819|percentage=22.50|change=+16.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhananjoy Moitra|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34,116|percentage=3.01|change=+3.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the Above|party=NOTA|votes=16,837|percentage=1.49|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,54,934|percentage=13.68|change=-11.58}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,32,644|percentage=80.56|change=+0.07}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Saugata Roy|Sougata Roy]]
|votes = 4,58,988
|percentage = 47.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Amitava Nandy]]|votes=438,510|percentage=44.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Tapan Sikdar]]|votes=55,679|percentage=5.70|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=20,478|percentage=2.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,75,684|percentage=80.49|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Amitava Nandy]]
|votes = 619,325
|percentage = 49.70
|change = +9.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Tapan Sikdar]]|votes=521,073|percentage=41.90|change=-9.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tapas Majumder|votes=76,854|percentage=6.20|change=-0.99}}
{{Election box majority|votes=98,252|percentage=7.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,45,065|percentage=80.7|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha1999/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tapan Sikdar]]
|votes = 614,471
|percentage = 51.59
|change = +0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Anil Bhattacharya|votes=479,910|percentage=40.29|change=+0.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ramesh Bhattacharjee|votes=85,648|percentage=7.19|change=-1.71}}
{{Election box majority|votes=134,561|percentage=11.1|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,09,926|percentage=75.7|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tapan Sikdar]]
|votes = 631,383
|percentage = 50.70
|change = +41.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee]]|votes=493,978|percentage=39.70|change=-3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pradyut Guha|votes=111,078|percentage=8.90|change=-33.8}}
{{Election box majority|votes=137,405|percentage=10.9|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,62,384|percentage=80.9|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha1996/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee]]
|votes = 580,455
|percentage = 47.40
|change = +1.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Asutosh Laha]]|votes=522,164|percentage=42.70|change=+7.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dibakar Kundu|votes=107,501|percentage=8.80|change=-8}}
{{Election box majority|votes=58,291|percentage=4.7|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,52,429|percentage=81.1|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha1991/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee]]
|votes = 446,564
|percentage = 46.10
|change = -9.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Lal Bahadur Singh|votes=341,699|percentage=35.03|change=-8.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Manohar Aich|votes=163,070|percentage=16.80|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=104,865|percentage=10.6|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,89,892|percentage=74.8|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha1989/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee]]
|votes = 556,139
|percentage = 55.20
|change = +6.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Asutosh Laha]]|votes=439,135|percentage=43.60|change=-5.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Chitta Ranjan Biswas|votes=10,766|percentage=16.80|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=117,004|percentage=11.4|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,27,270|percentage=79.2|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election|General Election, 1984]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha1984/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Asutosh Laha]]
|votes = 381,984
|percentage = 49.00
|change = +14.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Niren Ghosh]]
|votes = 379,281
|percentage = 48.70
|change = -12.37
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,703
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,78,814
|percentage = 77.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election|General Election, 1980]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha1980/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Niren Ghosh]]
|votes = 368,214
|percentage = 61.07
|change = +15.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress (Indira)|candidate=Barid Baran Das|votes=202,542|percentage=33.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=Kalyan Brata Roy|votes=19,400|percentage=3.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,65,672|percentage=15.1|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,02,917|percentage=68.30|change=}}
{{Election box swing with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election|General Election, 1977]]:[[Dum Dum]]<ref name=loksabha1977/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Ashok Krishna Dutt]]
|votes = 2,15,766
|percentage = 51.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Indrajit Gupta
|votes = 193,986
|percentage = 45.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baidyanath Ghosh
|votes = 12,254
|percentage = 2.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,780
|percentage = 5.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 4,22,006
|percentage = 61.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dum Dum]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/dum_dum/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Dum Dum lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Coord|22.62|N|88.42|E|format=dms|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]

B. N. Ravi Kumar

2026-04-29T13:46:28Z

WAJID AH: created biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''B. N. Ravi Kumar''' (born 1 January 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sidlaghatta Assembly constituency]] in [[Chikkaballapura district]]. He was elected in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B N Ravikumar in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/b-n-ravikumar-sidlaghatta-candidate-s10a142c013/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Karnataka Election 2023 result: Updates for Sidlaghatta, Chintamani, Srinivaspur, Mulbagal, Kolar Gold Field, Bangarapet {{!}} Hindustan Times | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-polls-live-results-for-sidlaghatta-chintamani-srinivaspur-mulbagal-kolar-gold-field-bangarapet-kolar-101683894389729.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513065606/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-polls-live-results-for-sidlaghatta-chintamani-srinivaspur-mulbagal-kolar-gold-field-bangarapet-kolar-101683894389729.html | access-date=2025-02-16 | archive-date=2023-05-13}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Melur]], in the erstwhile Kolar district, which is presently in [[Chikkaballapura district]]. His father B. Narayanaswamy is a farmer. He studied Class 7 at Government Higher Primary School, [[Melur]] and passed the examinations in 1988.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} He later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B N Ravikumar(JD(S)):Constituency- SIDLAGHATTA(CHIKKABALLAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8312 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar was first elected in the [[Sidlaghatta Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] Party in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 68,932 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Puttu Anjinappa, an independent candidate, by a margin of 16,772 votes and the Congress candidate B. V. Rajeev Gowda, who finished third.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Sidlaghatta Election Result 2023 Live: Jd(s) Candidate B.n. Ravi Kumar Wins From Sidlaghatta |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chintamani-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601861 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Bagepalli Election Results LIVE: Congress SN Subba Reddy leads in early trends - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/bagepalli-election-results-live-will-sn-subba-reddy-retain-his-seat-16641771.htm |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he contested the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], also on Janata Dal (Secular) ticket, but lost to [[V. Muniyappa]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 9,709 votes. In 2018, he polled 66,531 votes against 76,240 votes garnered by Muniyappa.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi Kumar, B. N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Anuradha Roy (novelist)

2026-04-29T04:39:31Z

WAJID AH: created new details

{{Short description|Indian novelist, journalist and editor (born 1967)}}
{{distinguish|Arundhati Roy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image =
| image size =
| name = Anuradha Roy
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1967}}<ref name=webbio />
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[University of Cambridge]]}}
| occupation = [[Novelist]]
| period =
| genre = [[Novel]], [[postcolonial]]
| spouse = Rukun Advani
| subject = Post-modernism
| movement =
| notableworks =
| awards =
| influences =
| influenced =
| website = {{URL|1=http://anuradharoy.blogspot.com/?m=1}}
}}
'''Anuradha Roy''' (born 1967) is an Indian novelist, journalist and editor. She has written five novels: ''An Atlas of Impossible Longing'' (2008), ''The Folded Earth'' (2011), ''[[Sleeping on Jupiter]]'' (2015), ''[[All the Lives We Never Lived]]'' (2018), and ''[[The Earthspinner]]'' (2021).

==Biography==

Roy and her husband, publisher Rukun Advani, live in [[Ranikhet]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Someshwar|first=Manreet Sodhi|title=Anuradha Roy: Past forward|url=https://thepunchmagazine.com/the-byword/interviews/anuradha-roy-past-forward|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Punch Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Writing ===
Roy's first novel, ''An Atlas of Impossible Longing'', was picked up for publication after she shared initial pages with writer and publisher [[Christopher MacLehose]], and has been translated into eighteen languages.<ref name="webbio" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.popmatters.com/146156-an-atlas-of-impossible-longing-2495970153.html |title='An Atlas of Impossible Longing' Has Archeological Roots that Stretch into the Very Hills of Songarh |first=Lara |last=Jillian |date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Pop Matters |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> It was named by ''[[World Literature Today]]'' as one of the "60 Essential English Language Works of Modern Indian Literature".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2010/november/60-essential-english-language-works-modern-indian-literature#.U4oFF4X2KHI |title=60 Essential English-Language Works of Modern Indian Literature |work=[[World Literature Today]] |date=2010 |access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

''[[Sleeping on Jupiter]]'', her third novel, won the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]] and was longlisted for the [[Man Booker Prize]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-anuradha-roy-s-sleeping-on-jupiter-makes-it-to-man-booker-long-list-2109348 |title=Anuradha Roy's Sleeping on Jupiter makes it to Man Booker long list |newspaper=DNA India |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>

Her fourth novel, ''[[All the Lives We Never Lived]]'', won the Tata Book of the Year Award for Fiction 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/harpercollins-anuradha-roy-crabtree-among-tata-literature-live-award-winners/story-eipB3JjU3eqmyYdulXXG9O.html|title=HarperCollins, Anuradha Roy, Crabtree among Tata Literature Live award winners|date=21 November 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> It was longlisted for the Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.walterscottprize.co.uk/tenth-walter-scott-prize-longlist-announced/|title=Tenth Walter Scott Prize Longlist announced -|first=Rebecca|last=Salt|date=6 March 2019|website=The Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction}}</ref> It was shortlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/international-dublin-literary-award-anna-burns-among-eight-women-on-shortlist-1.4344718|title=International Dublin Literary Award: Anna Burns among eight women on shortlist|first=Martin|last=Doyle|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=3 September 2020 }}</ref> In December 2022, it won India's most prestigious literary prize, the Sahitya Akademi Award, given by India's literary academy to a work written in any genre in English.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-anuradha-roy-among-23-winners/article66293975.ece|title=Sahitya Akademi Awards announced, Anuradha Roy among 23 winners|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 December 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

''[[The Earthspinner]]'', her fifth novel, was published by [[Hachette India]] and the Mountain Leopard Press, London, in September 2021.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Porter |title=London's Welbeck Launches a New Imprint with Christopher MacLehose |journal=Publishing Perspectives |date=23 March 2021 |url=https://publishingperspectives.com/2021/03/londons-welbeck-is-in-new-partnership-on-an-imprint-with-christopher-maclehose/ |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> The novel won the Sushila Devi Book Award 2022 for the best novel by a woman writer in India.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/anuradha-roys-book-the-earthspinner-wins-sushila-devi-book-award-2022-502202|title=Anuradha Roy's Book 'The Earthspinner' Wins 'Sushila Devi Book Award 2022'|date=14 December 2022|website=www.millenniumpost.in}}</ref> It was shortlisted for the Tata Book of the Year Award for Fiction 2022, as well as the Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1036279/tata-literature-live-announces-shortlisted-titles-in-all-categories-for-its-2022-literary-awards|title=Tata Literature Live announces shortlisted titles in all categories for its 2022 literary awards|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=31 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://thepatriot.in/listicle/rabindranath-tagore-literary-prize-2021-22-32125|title=Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize 2021-22|first=Ahona|last=Sengupta|date=16 December 2022}}</ref> In December 2023, the French translation of this novel, titled ''Le Cheval en Feu'', was hailed by Radio France as its literary discovery of the year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/le-cheval-en-feu-d-anuradha-roy-la-grande-decouverte-litteraire-de-cette-fin-d-annee-selon-le-masque-7444164 | title="Le cheval en feu" d'Anuradha Roy : La grande découverte littéraire de cette fin d'année selon le Masque | date=11 December 2023 }}</ref>

Her essays and reviews have appeared in newspapers and magazines in India (''Indian Express''; ''Telegraph''; ''The Hindu''), the US (''Orion'' and ''Noema'') and Britain (''Guardian'', ''The Economist''), and most recently in John Freeman, ed., ''Tales of Two Planets''.<ref name="webbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.webbiography.com/biographies/anuradha-roy |title=ANURADHA ROY: BIOGRAPHY |publisher=Web Biography, promoting female writers |access-date=11 July 2018 }}</ref>

=== Publishing ===
Advani and Roy founded Permanent Black, a publishing company focusing on academic literature, in 2000, and Roy is a designer for the company.<ref name="webbio" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Black|url=http://permanent-black.blogspot.com/|access-date=25 October 2017|website=Black.blogspot.com}}</ref> Roy had previously worked with Stree, an Indian independent publisher in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview – Anuradha Roy {{!}} Asia Literary Review|url=https://www.asialiteraryreview.com/interview-anuradha-roy|access-date=2020-09-06|website=asialiteraryreview.com}}</ref> She was a Commissioning Editor at Oxford University Press, India, a job she quit in 2000.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Ticket for Two, Please|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/ticket-for-two-please/209018|access-date=2022-07-03|magazine=Outlook |location=India}}</ref>

==Novels==
* ''An Atlas of Impossible Longing'' (2008)
* ''The Folded Earth'' (2011)
* ''[[Sleeping on Jupiter]]'' (2015)
* ''[[All the Lives We Never Lived]]'' (2018)
* ''[[The Earthspinner]]'' (2021)

==Awards and honors==
*2004 The Outlook/Picador India Non-Fiction Competition, "Cooking Women"<ref>{{cite news|title=And the prize goes to...|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?222933|access-date=5 December 2011|newspaper=Outlook|date=13 February 2004}}</ref>
*2011 [[The Hindu Literary Prize]], shortlist, ''The Folded Earth''<ref>{{cite news|title=Shortlisted work for 2011 prize|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2485103.ece|access-date=5 December 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 September 2011}}</ref>
*2011 [[Man Asian Literary Prize]], longlist, ''The Folded Earth''<ref>{{cite web|title=Man Asian Literary Awards: 5 Indians in long-list|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/man-asian-literary-awards-5-indians-in-longlist/197388-40-100.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105052351/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/man-asian-literary-awards-5-indians-in-longlist/197388-40-100.html|archive-date=5 November 2011|access-date=4 December 2011|website=Ibnlive.com|date=29 October 2011}}</ref>
*2011 [[Economist Crossword Book Award]], winner, ''The Folded Earth''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindus-aman-sethi-bags-award-for-a-free-man/article4010383.ece |title=The Hindu's Aman Sethi bags award for A Free Man |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=dhapola>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/anuradha-roy-aman-sethi-win-at-economist-crossword-awards-496130.html |title=Anuradha Roy, Aman Sethi win at Economist-Crossword awards |website=Firstpost.com |author=Shruti Dhapola |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012}}</ref>
*2015 [[The Hindu Literary Prize]], shortlist, ''Sleeping on Jupiter''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/the-hindu-prize-2015-shortlist/article7813562.ece |title=The Hindu Prize 2015 Shortlist |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 October 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>
*2015 [[Man Booker Prize]], longlist, ''Sleeping on Jupiter''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/news/2015/07/29/man-booker-prize-announces-2015-longlist|title=Man Booker Prize announces 2015 longlist | The Booker Prizes|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref>
*2016 [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]], winner, ''Sleeping on Jupiter''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indian-author-anuradha-roy-wins-usd-50-000-dsc-prize-116011600788_1.html |title=Indian author Anuradha Roy wins USD 50,000 DSC Prize |work=Business Standard |date=16 January 2015 |access-date=16 January 2016|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>
*2018 [[JCB Prize]], shortlist, ''All the Lives We Never Lived''[https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/international-dublin-literary-award-shortlist-announced-anuradha-roys-all-the-lives-we-never-lived-6585233/ International Dublin Literary Award shortlist announced: Anuradha Roy’s ‘All the Lives We Never Lived’ makes the cut]
*2019 [[The Hindu Literary Prize]], shortlist, ''All the Lives We Never Lived''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-hindu-prize-2018-shortlists-announced/article25222576.ece |title=The Hindu Prize 2018 shortlists announced |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 October 2018 |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref>
* 2019 [[Tata Book of the Year Award for Fiction 2018]], winner, ''All the Lives We Never Lived''<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Literature Live! Book of the Year Award – Fiction |website=Tata Literature Live |url=https://tatalitlive.in/awards/tata-literature-live-book-of-the-year-award-fiction/ |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
* 2019 [[Walter Scott Prize]] for Historical Fiction 2018, longlist, ''All the Lives We Never Lived''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.walterscottprize.co.uk/tenth-walter-scott-prize-longlist-announced/ |title=Tenth Walter Scott Prize Longlist |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
* 2020 [[International Dublin Literary Award|International Dublin Literary Award 2020]], shortlist, ''All the Lives We Never Lived''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/international-dublin-literary-award-shortlist-announced-anuradha-roys-all-the-lives-we-never-lived-6585233/ |title=International Dublin Literary Award shortlist announced: Anuradha Roy's 'All the Lives We Never Lived' makes the cut |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* 2022 [[Sushila Devi Award for Best Novel 2022]], winner, ''The Earthspinner''<ref name="auto1"/> and Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize 2022, shortlisted.<ref name="auto"/>
* 2022 Sahitya Akademi Award, All the Lives We Never Lived<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2022.pdf |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Anuradha}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Women writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian potters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Rabindranath Bhattacharya

2026-04-20T08:57:14Z

WAJID AH: Info!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rabindranath Bhattacharya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1932|09|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Minister for Agriculture
| term_start = 20 May 2011
| term_end = 21 November 2012
| constituency = [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur]]
| predecessor =
| successor = Dr. [[Asish Banerjee]]
| governor = [[M. K. Narayanan]]
| office2 = Minister for Statistics & Programme Implementation
| term_start2 = 21 November 2012
| term_end2 = 10 May 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Chandranath Sinha]]
| successor2 = [[Asish Banerjee]]
| governor2 = [[M. K. Narayanan]]
| constituency2 = [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur]]
| office3 = Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly
| constituency3 = [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur]]
| term_start3 = 2001
| term_end3 = 2021
| predecessor3 = [[Bidyut Kumar Das]]
| successor3 = [[Becharam Manna]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2021–present)
| other_party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (1998–2021)
| spouse =
| college =
| children = 1
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}
'''Rabindranath Bhattacharya''' is an Indian [[politician]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2035875.ece|title=Key Ministers in Mamata's Cabinet|access-date=22 May 2011 | location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|date=21 May 2011}}</ref> He was also an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], elected from the [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur]] constituency in the [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]]. Bhattacharjee is better known as “Mastermoshai” which means teacher.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20210412-fumbling-at-the-finish-line-1786459-2021-04-02 |title=Fumbling at the finish line |publisher=The India Today |access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

== Political career ==

In 2001, Bhattacharjee won the [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur constituency]] for [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TMC rebel Rabindranath Bhattacharya quits politics |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tmc-rebel-rabindranath-bhattacharya-quits-politics-287223.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> He was instrumental in mobilizing land acquisition of a proposed Tata Nano factory in Singur.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Rabi |title=Testing Triumph, For Mamata Banerjee, the Singur verdict is both a victory and a challenge |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/mamata-banerjee-singur-verdict.html |work=theweek.in}}</ref> This was one of the causes which led to the defeat of the longest-serving democratically elected [[Communist]] government in the world, ending the 34-year rule of the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government, a fact that was noted by the international media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html |title=Defeat rocks India's elected communists - Features |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> He played a crucial role in the 2007 anti-land acquisition movement launched by Mamata Banerjee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Indrajit |title=BJP workers oppose party's decision to field former TMC MLA from Singur, say he targeted cadre |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/bjp-tmc-singur-rabindranath-bhattacharya-bhattacharjee-workers-protest-seat-allocation-1779258-2021-03-14 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Uttam |title=Rabindranath Bhattacharya, the Trinamul minister who had played a key role in the anti-land acquisition movement in Singur, was today allegedly denied an invite to a party-organised farmers' convention in the area. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/land-protest-leader-left-out-of-singur-show/cid/1319485 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Snigdhendu |title=The two generals of the Singur movement |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/the-two-generals-of-the-singur-movement/story-aoP2bHacAxVLS79s7iZXjL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

From May 2011 to November 2012, he was Minister for Agriculture in [[First Banerjee ministry|Mamata Banerjee ministry]] and was Minister for Statistics & Programme Implementation November 2012 to May 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-cabinet-reshuffle-west-bengal-lok-sabha-election-bjp-tmc-1536735-2019-05-28 |title=TMC Turmoil: Miffed Mamata Banerjee likely to reshuffle her cabinet |publisher=The India Today |access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

In 2021 elections, TMC denied a ticket for Bhattacharjee. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and became the candidate from [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/political-musical-chair-continues-in-bengal/article34020525.ece |title=Political musical chair continues in Bengal |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/14-years-after-protests-against-land-acquistion-jobs-and-industrialisation-are-the-poll-pitch-in-singur/article34273077.ece |title=14 years after protests against land {{as written|acquis|tion, [sic]}} jobs and industrialisation are the poll pitch in Singur |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharjee, Rabindranath}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Singur]]

{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Victor Clough Rambo

2026-04-17T09:02:08Z

WAJID AH: adding new info

{{Short description|American ophthalmologist and missionary (1894 - 1987)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Victor Clough Rambo
| image = File:Dr. Victor C. Rambo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Victor Clough Rambo
| birth_date = 1894
| birth_place = [[Landour]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = 23 May 1987 (aged 92)
| death_place = [[California, Kentucky]]
| education =[[University of Pennsylvania Medical School]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])
| occupation = Medical missionary, ophthalmologist, surgeon
| known_for = Medical missionary work, establishing mobile eye clinics, performing cataract surgeries
| spouse = Louise Birch (1923–1987; his death)
}}
'''Victor Clough Rambo''' (1894 – May 23, 1987) was an American medical missionary and ophthalmologist who worked in India from 1924 to 1974 for the United Christian Missionary Society, of which the former [[Foreign Christian Missionary Society]] became part in 1920.{{sfn|Wilson|1980}} In India, Rambo served as the medical director of the Christian Hospital Mungeli and initiated the development of eye camps, groups of medical surgeons that visited towns, set up cataract removal stations, and restored sight to the partially blind through eye surgeries.<ref name=glow /> Under Rambo's leadership, the hospital conducted over 150 eye camps in over 25 villages.<ref name=glow /> It is estimated that the implementation of these eye camps helped restore sight to over 40,000 patients.<ref name=phil />

== Early life ==
=== Childhood ===
Victor Clough Rambo was born in [[Landour]], India in 1894 to parents William Eagle Rambo and Kate Rambo, both missionaries working for the [[Foreign Christian Missionary Society]] at the time.<ref name=mm>{{cite web|title=Dr. Victor C. Rambo|url=http://www.medicalmissionhalloffamefoundation.org/bios/rambo.html|website=The Medical Mission Hall of Fame Foundation}}</ref> In January 1895, when Victor was six months old, the family moved to [[Damoh]], the location of the boys’ [[orphanage]] where William taught.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=17}} The area suffered from monsoon floods, starvation, and disease and over the next five years, the population of the district decreased by about 40,000 people.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=17}} As more families went hungry, government-sponsored trains sent hundreds of orphans from the north of the country to the Damoh orphanage, where William started farms on which many of the orphans worked and were provided clothing and food.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=19}} From his father's work, he was exposed to the consequences of starvation, cholera and illness, even noting, "I had such a boyhood... no one else could dream of."{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=23}} Raised in a strict Christian family, Rambo was taught to value the Bible and the teachings of [[Christianity]].{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=27}} While living with the other families on the mission compound, he learned conversational [[Hindi]] from the native workers.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=24}}

=== Return to the United States ===
In the spring of 1904, the family moved back to the United States, after William and Kate fell ill.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=32}} The family spent the summer of that year in New Hampshire on a farm with Kate's sister before they relocated to [[Des Moines, Iowa]].{{sfn|Wilson|1980|pp=33–34}} In 1908, the family moved to [[Farson, Wyoming]] where they settled for the next five years, living in a small three-room house.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=42}} During the five years in Farson, Rambo and the family planted crops and raised chickens for food, often struggling to produce enough for all members of the household.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=42}} When Rambo was sixteen, he began working as a water boy to earn money for the family.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=45}} He soon got a more permanent job driving a [[Fresno scraper]], a metal basket that dumped dirt into an irrigation ditch, but was subsequently fired after he joined a group of workers protesting the wage. He then worked as an orderly in the local hospital and caught the attention of the resident doctor, who began to teach him common procedures such as [[catheterization]].{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=45}} After the doctor left the hospital, Rambo performed many of the former doctor's duties, assisting in the operating room and helping out with emergencies at midnight.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=46}} He learned to recognize and use different surgical knives and other tools and started handling the catheterization of paraplegics.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=46}} He attended a nursing class and was two months short of graduating with a registered nurse's certificate when the family suddenly moved to Idaho after William was asked to preach in [[Emmett, Idaho|Emmett]].{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=47}} In March 1914, the family moved again to [[Chehalis, Washington]], where Rambo remained until September 1915, graduating from high school at the age of twenty-one.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=47}}

=== Education ===
Rambo attended Fairmount College, now [[Wichita State University]], in [[Wichita, Kansas]] and graduated in 1917.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=49}} He was admitted to the [[University of Pennsylvania Medical School]], now Perelman School of Medicine, and received his medical degree in 1921 at the age of twenty-seven.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=54}} In order to pay for medical school, Rambo worked as a janitor, busboy, and furnace-keeper.<ref name=phil /> He soon received a scholarship for medical school from members of the Penn Christian Association, who formed a group that would eventually be known as the Rambo Committee, an organization that supported Rambo throughout his time in India and beyond.<ref name=penn>{{cite web|title=ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS Christian Association Records, 1857–2000|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/ups/ups48_1.html|website=Penn University Archives and Records Center|access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> While completing his hospital residency at [[Pennsylvania Hospital]], Rambo was chosen by the head of experimental surgery to stay in the department after residency, but he declined the offer and expressed his desire to become a medical missionary instead.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|pp=61–62}} At end of June 1923, Rambo finished his two years of residency and applied to be an overseas medical missionary, despite having been offered the position of Dean of [[Meharry Medical College]] in [[Nashville]] at the time of his graduation.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=66}} Four days after applying, he was assigned to do work in India by the United Christian Missionary Society.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=63}}
In June, Rambo was ordained as a minister in the [[Church of Christ]] and in August, he was made a diplomate of the [[National Board of Medical Examiners]].{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=66}}

== Missionary Journey ==
Victor Rambo married Louise Birch on October 8, 1923, in [[Germantown, Philadelphia|Germantown, Pennsylvania]].{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=67}} The couple left for India from Seattle and arrived in [[Calcutta]] on January 12, 1924.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=68}}
They stayed in Calcutta for a few days and then headed to [[Harda]], a town where they studied Hindi for about three months with a teacher.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=70}} Knowledge of Hindi was a requisite for missionary work in India, so in March, the Rambos moved to Landour to study the language further.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|pp=72–73}}
There, Rambo worked in a small mission hospital, assisting in surgery.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=72}}
In September, the Rambos returned to Harda to take their required first-year language oral exams, which they both passed.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=75}} In December, they left for [[Mungeli]], a small town in central India with a population of about 5,000 people, that served as a central hub for the 250,000 people in the 250 surrounding villages.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=76}}
The Mungeli mission station was located on one side of the Agar River and the town on the other, and soon, Rambo started work at the local hospital.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=76}}

== Medical missionary work ==
=== Work with Christian Hospital Mungeli ===
Rambo became the medical director of the Christian Hospital Mungeli in 1925.<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://chmungeli.org/about/history/|website=Christian Hospital Mungeli|access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> He worked at the hospital with Hira Lal, an Indian man who had learned to deliver children, hold clinics, and treat [[malaria]] and other diseases from former missionaries, despite having no medical degree of his own.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=78}} When Rambo arrived, he faced many challenges. The hospital building only had four rooms, one for storage, two for examining patients, and one for operating.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=78}} There was no plumbing or proper medical equipment, which made it challenging for him to perform surgery.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=78}} He encountered a variety of surgical cases, ranging from childbirth emergencies to infections resulting from accidents.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=83}} The most prevalent diseases during Rambo's early years in Mungeli were [[yaws]] and [[syphilis]].{{sfn|Wilson|1980|pp=117–118}} Rambo sent workers into villages to gather all people with symptoms of these or other significant diseases and give them injections for their ailments.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=118}} In one year alone, Rambo, Hira Lal and other workers treated nearly 17,000 patients in outlying dispensaries and performed over 737 operations.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=109}}

During his time in India, Rambo gained many supporters, and the hospital's facilities and delivery of medical services expanded substantially, as the building grew from a four-room hospital into a 120-bed surgical unit known for treating [[eye disease]].<ref name=rambo /> The hospital was remodeled to include an outpatient department, lab, and records room and several new wards after it accepted a substantial donation from a supporter back in the United States.<ref name=glow /> Rambo received new operating, delivery, and examining rooms for eye patients.<ref name=glow /> Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] provided Rambo with equipment and instruments worth over 10,000 dollars, and [[Oxfam]] donated additional supplies.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=232}}

=== Focus on eye care ===
Over time, Rambo noticed that blindness was a major problem in the region. Rambo was aware that for many years, people in the region had relied on "couchers," men who traveled with broken razor blades and performed relatively painless eye surgeries on partially blind patients. They would make an incision in the cornea and push the hardened lens back into the vitreous, restoring sight for the patient. However, 97% of patients lost use of the eye within months after surgery, and although couching was outlawed by the government, many people still consulted couchers for surgery.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=87}}

Rambo started performing cataract operations after successfully removing two cataracts from a patient's eye.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=84}} He was initially hesitant to perform more surgeries, having had limited experience in ophthalmology, but began to treat more patients after a large number of blind individuals approached him for operations.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=94}} Under Rambo's leadership, the hospital became well known for its work in restoring sight through the use of "eye camps," surgical teams from the hospital that traveled to villages and performed eye surgeries, often cataract removal surgeries.<ref name=glow /> Rambo thought of the idea of an "eye camp" after speaking with a patient who suggested that he come to the villages to perform operations, because he knew many individuals who had lost their vision and could not make the journey out to the distant mission hospital.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=150}} He was originally hesitant to pursue the idea, knowing the potential risks of operating in a non-sterilized environment. After consulting with Hira Lal, who suggested Rambo test the concept, he decided to go to a village about nineteen miles from Mungeli.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=151}} When he arrived at the village, there were about fifty people waiting for him to begin operating.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=151}} He operated on their eyes using a teacher's desk as a table and was able to remove nineteen cataracts that day successfully.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=151}}

As Rambo traveled to villages and performed more operations, he discovered that cataracts accounted for about 55% of all cases of blindness in the country.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=151}} Determined to mitigate the blindness problem in India, Rambo held the first official eye camp in March 1943 in Kawardha, an area forty-five miles away from Mungeli.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=151}} There was an adequately equipped hospital in the area with about eight clean beds, and Rambo was able to perform ninety-five successful operations that day, most of them for cataract removal.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=157}} Camps were held during the winter months in churches, schoolhouses, temples, and other large buildings, and the doctors used slit-lamp microscopes and instruments kept in boxes to prevent contamination.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=151}} They followed the same procedure as in an official hospital: they sterilized instruments by boiling them and then using a pressure cooker.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=151}} Over the next twenty five years, the hospital held more than 150 eye camps in over 25 villages and restored the sight of many.<ref name=glow />

In 1955, when she was visiting India, [[Helen Keller]] met with Rambo because of his work with curable blind people.

=== Teaching ===
In 1947, Rambo began teaching part-time in the Ophthalmology Department at the [[Christian Medical College]], located in [[Vellore]].<ref name="history" /> Over the course of the next ten years, he spent half of each year teaching and the other six months working in Mungeli.<ref name=rambo /> Rambo taught both undergraduate and graduate medical and nursing classes and encouraged students to watch and participate in his surgeries.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=171}} From 1947 to 1958, he served as chief of the Eye Department at Christian Medical College and was named chief of the Eye Department of [[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana]] in 1959.<ref name=phil />

=== Role of the Rambo Committee ===
Throughout the fifty years of Rambo's career, the Rambo Committee sent medical supplies, equipment, literature, and funds to support the education of dozens of Indian physicians and Dr. Rambo's work. In the 1930s, the committee purchased hospital beds and surgical supplies for the hospital.<ref name=rambo /> In the 1970s, the committee adopted the name, "Rambo Committee, Inc.," and had an annual budget of approximately $50,000, which was used to support the work in India as well as the work of Dr. Rambo's son, Dr. Birch Rambo, a medical missionary in Zaire.<ref name=rambo /> The committee provided the funds to open the Good Samaritan Hospital in Nigeria in 1970.<ref name=rambo /> After Dr. Rambo and his wife left India, the Rambo Committee provided financial support to keep the Christian Hospital Mungeli open from 1980 to 2003, when it experienced a lack of incoming funds.<ref name=rambo />

== Later life and death ==

In 1957, Rambo was elected president of the All-India Ophthalmological Society.<ref name="phil" /> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he still performed surgeries, but left many of his operations to other doctors.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=246}} He spent time in [[Ludhiana, India]] in the fall and winter attending various conferences, seminars, and speaking engagements.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=246}} During this period, the eye camps that Dr. Rambo helped established treated more than five thousand patients.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=246}} The teams at Vellore, Sompeta, Mungeli, and Ludhiana completed more than fourteen thousand eye operations, despite India's increased fighting with Pakistan in 1969.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=227}} Rambo wanted to bring eye camps even farther than India, stating, "I want to have our science of sight restoration reach every single person with curable blindness in every needy nation."{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=228}} In 1969, Rambo and Arin Chatterjee, a fellow physician, wrote a guide on mobile eye hospitals called ''The Curable Blind: A Guide for Establishing and Maintaining Mobile Eye Hospitals,'' a detailed book on the history, techniques, personnel, equipment, surgical procedures and care of patients in mobile eye hospitals.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=241}}

The Rambos returned to the United States in 1974, settling in Germantown, Pennsylvania, after more than half a century of service in India.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=241}} They returned to India in 1976 to attend the fiftieth anniversary of the [[Christian Medical Association of India]].{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=248}} In the United States, Rambo continued to work with the Rambo Committee to raise funds for projects in Mungeli.<ref name=rambo>{{cite web|title=Rambo Committee|url=http://chmungeli.org/rambo-committee/|website=Christian Hospital Mungeli|access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>

In 1980, [[Dorothy Clarke Wilson]] published a biography of Victor C. Rambo called ''[https://archive.org/details/apostle-of-sight/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Apostle of Sight]''.

On May 23, 1987, Rambo died at the age of 92 in [[California, Kentucky]].<ref name="phil">{{cite web|last1=Nicholson|first1=Jim|title=Dr. Victor Clough Rambo, 92, Gave Gift Of Sight To India's Poor|url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-05-29/news/26163164_1_south-india-william-rambo-villages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229213620/http://articles.philly.com/1987-05-29/news/26163164_1_south-india-william-rambo-villages|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 29, 2014|website=Philly.com|access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, five children, fifteen grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.<ref name="phil" />

== Legacy ==
Rambo received many awards for his work, including the Gold [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] from [[King George VI]] in 1941 for exceptional public service.<ref name=mm /> In 1969, Rambo received the Ehrenzeller Award given by the ex-Residents Association of the Pennsylvania Hospital for distinguished service.{{sfn|Wilson|1980|p=232}} In 1994, the [[Church of North India]] opened the Rambo School, named in honor of Dr. Rambo and his legacy, in a bungalow near the Christian Hospital Mungeli.<ref name=glow /> The school, now reconstructed and referred to as the Rambo Memorial English Medium School, provides low-cost English education to children of hospital staff.<ref name=glow /> In 2012, the school enrolled over 600 children aged seven through fifteen.<ref name=glow>{{cite web|title=Celebrating Over 100 Years of the Christian Hospital Mungeli|url=http://globalministries.org/news/sasia/celebrating-ov.html|website=Global Ministries|access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> Due to his work in India, Rambo was posthumously inducted into the [[Medical missions|Medical Missions]] [https://www.utoledo.edu/med/hall-of-fame/awards-2008.html Hall of Fame in 2008].<ref name=mm />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Dorothy Clarke|title=Apostle of Sight|date=1980|publisher=Christian Herald Books|location=Chappaqua, N.Y.|isbn=0-915684-54-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifJMBqMQIvYC|access-date=October 21, 2024}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rambo, Victor Clough}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:American Protestant ministers and clergy]]
[[Category:American ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:Clergy from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Wichita State University alumni]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]
[[Category:American medical missionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century American Christian clergy]]

Danta Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:31Z

WAJID AH: added post!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Danta
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 10
| mla = [[Kantibhai Kharadi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:257978}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Danta''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]] district .It is numbered as 10-Danta and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Amirgadh Taluka
# Danta Taluka

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danta Election and Results 2022, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/danta.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Baldevsinh D. Veghela
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=2|Kachoriya Kantibhai Dharamdas
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|rowspan=3|[[Mukesh Gadhvi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election#Bypolls|2009^]]
| [[Vasant Bhatol]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Kantibhai Kharadi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

^: bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Danta Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kharadi Kantibhai Kalabhai|party=Indian National Congress|votes=85,134|percentage=46.42|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Parghi Latubhai Chandabhai|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=78,807|percentage=42.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bumbadiya Mahendrabhai Kesharabhai|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=12,181|percentage=6.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=5,213|percentage=2.84|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,327|percentage=3.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:257655}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Danta<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kantibhai Kharadi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 86,129
|percentage = 52.88
|change = +2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maljibhai Kodarvi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 61,477
|percentage = 37.74
|change = +5.66
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 15.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,880
|percentage = 74.36
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kantibhai Kharadi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 73,751
|percentage = 50.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gamabhai Kharadi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 46,761
|percentage = 32.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahendrabhai Bumbariya
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 12,432
|percentage = 8.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Somabhai Solanki
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 8,419
|percentage = 5.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,990
|percentage = 18.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 145,647
|percentage = 74.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mukesh Gadhvi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=74,895|percentage=54.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Javansinh Solanki|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=41,952|percentage=30.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Parthabhai Bumbariya|party=Independent politician|votes=11,039|percentage=8.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khimajibhai Balat|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,164|percentage=3.04|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=32,943|percentage=24.03|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=137,061|percentage=60.72|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mukesh Gadhvi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=82,545|percentage=61.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hareshbhai Jani|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=52,455|percentage=38.86|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=30,090|percentage=22.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=135,000|percentage=65.65|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1998]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mukesh Gadhvi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=49,033|percentage=44.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kantibhai Kachoriya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=28,906|percentage=26.05|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,127|percentage=18.14|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=117,809|percentage=68.41|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1995===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1995]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kantibhai Kachoriya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=59,705|percentage=47.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nurmahmadbhai Umatiya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=48,016|percentage=38.20|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,689|percentage=9.30|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=131,378|percentage=76.88|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1990]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kantibhai Kachoriya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=29,774|percentage=37.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narpatsinh Chawda|party=Janata Dal|votes=21,638|percentage=30.61|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,136|percentage=10.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=81,047|percentage=55.05|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1985]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Baldevsinh Vaghela|party=Indian National Congress|votes=26,438|percentage=57.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ibrahim Habibbhai|party=Janata Party|votes=18,772|percentage=40.59|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,666|percentage=16.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=81,047|percentage=55.05|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1980]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harisinh Chavda|party=Janata Party|votes=22703|percentage=50.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdulrehman Memon|party=Indian National Congress|votes=22,557|percentage=49.84|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,136|percentage=10.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=81,047|percentage=55.05|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1975===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1975]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harisinh Chavda|party=Indian National Congress (Organisation)|votes=17,148|percentage=45.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhairavdan Gadhavi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=12,284|percentage=32.80|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,864|percentage=12.99|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=40,508|percentage=49.52|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Banaskantha district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|24.19|72.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Gujarat]]

Jai Hind (2012 film)

2026-04-14T11:05:00Z

WAJID AH: Put Up Initial Data From Scratch

{{short description|2012 film by Venugopal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai Hind
| image = JaihindPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|09|14}}
| director = Venugopal
| producer = Srinivas Pujar
| story = Srinivas Pujar
| screenplay = Srinivas Pujar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Pooja Gandhi]]
*Sandesh Pujar
}}
| music = Vikram - Siddeshwar <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/weekend-musicians-bag-film-contract/articleshow/21606828.cms|title=Weekend musicians bag film contract|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Krishnavardhan Kulkarni
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 141 minutes
| budget =
}}

'''''Jai Hind''''' ({{Translation|[[Jai Hind|Victory to India]]}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[war film]] directed by Venugopal, starring [[Pooja Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Nov/09/pooja-gandhi-turns-patriotic-in-jai-hind-201388.html|title=Pooja Gandhi turns patriotic in 'Jai Hind'|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 November 2009}}</ref> and Sandesh. The film is produced by Srinivas Pujar under the banner of Om Sai Production.

==Cast==
*Sandesh as Salim
*[[Pooja Gandhi]] as Dr. Anjali
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Thriller Manju]]
*[[Shobaraj]] as Sher Khan
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Chand Bhasha

== Plot ==

This is a single handed war on terrorism. Commando in the Indian Army Bharath considers his nation as his mother. He does not want anyone to cut it like piece of cake. He is very strong and stubborn in his decision.

Captain Bharath is Salim, Captain Bharath is Jai Hind. In his first assignment to trace or trash the terrorist operation he round off terrorist Masood and hand over to the [[government of India]]. He gets Shourya Chakra for it. In a short span of time Masood is freed on a hijack of an Indian Air plane with Rs. 2 billion demand set by terrorist gang.

Feeling ashamed of this, Captain Bharath in his second assignment takes his own decision. He seeks the support of his doctor wife Anjali ([[Pooja Gandhi]]) in declaring him as dead. As Salim and as Jai Hind, Captain Bharath now with a clue of terrorist attack in prominent places in Bangalore put an end to terrorist activities and surrenders to the government.

For taking law in to his hand Captain Bharath is sentenced for life imprisonment. The public support Captain Bharath but judiciary is above all.

==Soundtrack==

The Film's Audio was released on 13 August 2011 in [[Davanagere]]'s Bapuji Auditorium, along with the Cinema Siri event.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2355545.ece|title = I am a Kannadiga, says Pooja|newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |date = 14 August 2011}}</ref> Jaihind has five songs, composed by Vikram - Siddeshwar <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/160848/stepping-sandalwood.html|title=Stepping into Sandalwood|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=12 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/dynamic-duo-442 |title=The dynamic duo |access-date=14 August 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011085354/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/dynamic-duo-442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> & Krishnavardhan Kulkarni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/153576/facing-challenges-ease.html|title=Facing challenges with ease|work=[[News18 India]]|date=14 April 2011}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Jayahey Bharata
| extra1 = Hemanth, Sumithra P
| lyrics1 = Saraswathi Putra
| music1 = Vikram - Siddeshwar
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Beedi Henda
| extra2 = Vikrma Joshi
| lyrics2 = Saraswathi Putra
| music2 = Vikram - Siddeshwar
| length2 = 3:32
| title3 = Yekendu Ee Bhaava
| extra3 = Anupama M.A

| lyrics3 = Krishnavardhan Kulkarni
| music3 = Krishnavardhan Kulkarni
| length3 = 5:03
| title4 = Chimmi Chimmi
| extra4 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]] and Anupama.M.A
| lyrics4 = Krishnavardhan Kulkarni
| music4 = Krishnavardhan Kulkarni
| length4 = 3:57
| title5 = Yogi Manege Banda
| extra5 = Nagachandrika Bhat
| lyrics5 =
| music5 = Krishnavardhan Kulkarni
| length5 = 6:36
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Full marks to Sandesh for his excellent performance. Pooja Gandhi has done justice to her role. Music by Krishnavarada Kulakarni is good. Suryakantha Honnali has done a good job of cinematography".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jaihind/movie-review/16410829.cms?from=mdr|title=JAIHIND MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "Cinematography is convincing. The actual Army training places and 'Vandematharam' song are well captured by [[Suryakanth]] Honnalli. Krishnavardhana Kulkarni banked on the old popular tunes. One [[Hindi]] and one Kannada film tunes he has picked shamelessly".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-jai-hind-is-worth-watching-508097.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Jai Hind' is worth watching|work=[[News18 India]]|date=15 September 2012}}</ref> A critic from [[NDTV]] wrote "While the camera work of Suryakanth Honnali is better, Krishnavardhan Kulkarni's music is below average. Editing work is also mediocre. Jai Hind has a laudable concept, but poor direction mars the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jai-hind-movie-review-628185|title=Jai Hind movie review|work=[[NDTV]]|date=17 September 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

Salur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:39Z

WAJID AH: adding article

{{short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Salur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 13
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (13-Salur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Salur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| district = [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Gummadi Sandhya Rani.jpg
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 190,619<ref name="electors"/>{{update after|2024|6}}
}}
'''Salur''' is a [[Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] reserved constituency in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=17, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 190,619 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Salur mandal|Salur]]
|-
| [[Pachipenta mandal|Pachipenta]]
|-
| [[Mentada mandal|Mentada]]
|-
| [[Makkuva mandal|Makkuva]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Saluru Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q24945792,Q59850830,Q24945928,Q24945906"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Kumisetti Venkatanarayana Dora
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[A. Yerukunaidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Lakshmi Narasimha Sanyasi Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| B. Rajayya
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Mutyallu Janni
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| S. R. T. P. S. Veerapa Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |B. Rajaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Lakshmi Narasimha Sanyasi Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=3 |Rajendra Prathap Bhanj Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Rajanna Dora Peedika]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| |[[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Gummidi Sandhyarani
|votes = 80,211
|percentage = 39.15
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Rajanna Dora Peedika
|votes = 66,478
|percentage = 32.45
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Muvvala Puspharao
|votes = 2,239
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "4" Candidates
|votes = 3,684
|percentage = 1.8
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 5,743
|percentage = 2.8
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,58,355
|percentage = 77.29
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,04874
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,733
|percentage = 6.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = PEEDIKA. RAJANNA DORA
|votes = 78,430
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = R. P. BHANJ DEO
|votes = 58,401
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = BONELA. GOVINDAMMA
|votes = 3,308
|percentage =
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "5" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,874
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,713
|percentage = 79.46
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,90,936
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rajanna Dora Peedika]]|votes=49,517|percentage=40.94|change=-7.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]|votes=47,861|percentage=39.57|change=-11.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Hanumantha Rao T.V.|votes=13,479|percentage=11.14|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,656|percentage=1.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=121,002|percentage=71.57|change=-3.07}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunichetti Dora|party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=19,408 |percentage=53.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Yerukunaidu]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,760 |percentage=18.60% |change=18.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alaganji Ramamurthy |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,231 |percentage=17.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kottakki Chiranjividas |party=Independent politician |votes=3,944 |percentage=10.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,648 |percentage=34.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,343 |percentage=46.85% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,570 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Krishikar Lok Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = [[A. Yerukunaidu]]
|votes = 19,204
|percentage = 22.56
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kunichetti Dora
|votes = 14,674
|percentage = 17.24
|change = {{decrease}}1.36
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Boina Rajayya
|votes = 13,473
|percentage = 15.83
|change = {{decrease}}2.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Dippala Dora
|votes = 8,774
|percentage = 10.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Andrarama Bahadur
|votes = 6,168
|percentage = 7.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raja Dugaraja
|votes = 5,198
|percentage = 6.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Balaga Narayana
|votes = 5,179
|percentage = 6.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sankaravamsam Deo
|votes = 4,287
|percentage = 5.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gadipalli Parayya
|votes = 4,286
|percentage = 5.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kota Naidu
|votes = 1,987
|percentage = 2.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Marpina Naidu
|votes = 1,896
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,003
|percentage = 21.15
|change = {{decrease}}13.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 85,126
|percentage = 83.31
|change = {{increase}}36.46
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Praja Socialist Party & Indian National Congress
|loser = Krishikar Lok Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Lakshmi Raju|votes=18,857|percentage=66.99|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. Yerukunaidu]]|votes=9,288|percentage=33.0|change={{decrease}}0.07}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,569|percentage=33.99|change={{decrease}}4.4}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=28,145|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Praja Socialist Party & Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = B. Rajayya
|votes = 17,679
|percentage = 43.11
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = J. Mutyalu
|votes = 10,323
|percentage = 25.17
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = D. Suridora
|votes = 7,692
|percentage = 18.76
|change = {{decrease}}14.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = P.V. Swamy
|votes = 5,318
|percentage = 12.97
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,356
|percentage = 17.94
|change = {{decrease}}16.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 41,012
|percentage = 57.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mutyallu Janni|votes=24,787|percentage=67.14|change={{increase}}48.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|candidate=S. R. T. P. S. Raju|votes=12,132|percentage=32.86|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,655|percentage=34.28|change={{increase}}16.34}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=36,919|percentage=42.48|change={{decrease}}14.97}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=S. R. T. P. S. Veerapa Raju|votes=29,126|percentage=54.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Lakshmi Raju|votes=24,477|percentage=45.7|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,649|percentage=8.3|change={{decrease}}25.98}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=56,227|percentage=72.0|change={{increase}}29.52}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Boniya Rajaiah|votes=32,684|percentage=61.2|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dukka Appanna|votes=16,560|percentage=31.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Vadigala Pentayya|votes=4,209|percentage=7.9|change={{decrease}}46.4}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,124|percentage=29.4|change={{increase}}21.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=54,835|percentage=63.7|change={{decrease}}8.3}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Boina Rajayya|votes=33,348|percentage=56.5|change={{decrease}}4.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=L.N. Raju|votes=25,712|percentage=43.5|change={{increase}}12.5}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,636|percentage=12.6|change={{decrease}}16.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=60,576|percentage=68.2|change={{increase}}4.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Lakshmi Raju|votes=35,823|percentage=49.6|change={{increase}}6.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=R. P. Bhanj Deo|votes=35,182|percentage=48.7|change={{decrease}}7.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Janni Mutyalu|votes=1,199|percentage=1.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=641|percentage=0.8|change={{decrease}}11.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=76,484|percentage=72.4|change={{increase}}4.2}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = R. P. Bhanj Deo
|votes = 54,702
|percentage = 66.1
|change = {{increase}}17.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vikrama Raju
|votes = 25,332
|percentage = 30.6
|change = {{decrease}}19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate = Pakki Usharani
|votes = 1,943
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Appanna Dukka
|votes = 286
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kolaka George
|votes = 259
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumari Jayalaxmi
|votes = 200
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,370
|percentage = 34.5
|change = {{increase}}33.7
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 85,101
|percentage = 72.9
|change = {{increase}}0.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=R. P. Bhanj Deo|votes=48,517|percentage=58.2|change=-7.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]|votes=33,547|percentage=40.2|change=+9.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Mutyala Uooyaka|votes=1,334|percentage=1.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,970|percentage=17.3|change=-17.2}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=86,427|percentage=72.1|change=-0.8}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Salur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=R. P. Bhanj Deo|votes=48,580|percentage=51.32|change=-6.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rajanna Dora Peedika|votes=46,087|percentage=48.68|change=+8.45}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,493|percentage=2.64|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=94,667|percentage=74.64|change=+2.52}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.52|83.20|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Parvathipuram Manyam district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Gohpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:58Z

WAJID AH: added article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gohpur
| constituency_no = 72
| type = SLA
| map_image = Gohpur Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| district = [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Gohpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Gohpur forms part of the [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
!Gahan Chandra Goswami
! rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
! rowspan="3" |Bishnulal Upadhyaya
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
! rowspan="2" |Ram Chandra Sarmah
![[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
![[Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
![[Ganesh Kutum]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
!Kosheswar Barua
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
![[Ganesh Kutum]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Ripun Bora]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
!Monika Bora
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Utpal Borah]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}
== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Utpal Borah]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Sankar Jyoti Kutum|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India United Democratic Front|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohpur<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Utpal Borah]]
|votes = 85,424
|percentage = 58.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Monika Bora
|votes = 56,489
|percentage = 38.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Halan Purtti
|votes = 1,189
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sabir Narzary
|votes = 967
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Deben Saikia
|votes = 928
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,621
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,935
|percentage = 19.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,46,618
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Biswanath district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Biswanath district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Sonda, Karnataka

2026-04-11T15:36:01Z

WAJID AH: adding a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sode
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14|43|35|N|74|47|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = Sirsi Kannada
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA 31 [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

'''Sonda''' (also called Sode or Sodhe) is a village near [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] in the [[Uttara Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]] in India.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=7 September 2016|title=Sonda Mutt|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/uttara-kannada/sonda-mutt/ps54042984.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date= 4 April 2026}}</ref>

==Location==

Sodhe is a village in the [[Malenadu]] region, surrounded by thick [[forest]]s. It is 22 km from Sirsi and 13 km from Hulekal.

==Prehistoric rock art==
{{see also | Archaeology in India }}

Prehistoric [[Rock art]] has been found near Sodhe.<ref name=sundara>{{cite web|last=Dr. A|first=Sundara|title=Pre historic art in Karnataka|url=http://ignca.nic.in/nl002902.htm|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts(IGNCA)|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715033310/http://ignca.nic.in/nl002902.htm|archive-date=15 July 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|last=kannada|first=classical.org|title=Mural Paintings of Karnataka|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20ART%20and%20ARCHITECTURE%20HTML/MURAL%20PAINTINGS%20OF%20KARNATAKA.htm|publisher=classicalkannada.org|access-date=6 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412233506/http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20ART%20and%20ARCHITECTURE%20HTML/MURAL%20PAINTINGS%20OF%20KARNATAKA.htm|archive-date=12 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It comprises engravings and drawings dated to c. the [[1st millennium BC|first millennium BCE]].{{citation needed|date= August 2012}} In them, double sided squares with intersecting loops are engraved/ drawn. Such drawings have also been found at Hire Benakal, [[Gavali, Karnataka]].<ref name=sundara/> They have some resemblance to present day [[rangoli]]/ [[rangavalli]].

==History==
'''Sodhe''' or '''Sonda''' has a long, recorded history. Sonda kingdom was established in 1555 by Arasappa Nayaka, a Jain chieftain (1555–1598). Sonda was ruled by [[Sundem|Sonda Nayakas]] for more than two hundred years (1555–1763). Arasappa Nayaka remained vassal of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] till the fall of Vijayanagara to the [[Adil Shahis]] in 1565. He continued as the subordinate ruler of [[Adil Shah]] till his death in 1598. Arasappa Nayaka established Vadiraj Matha in Sonda which is still in existence. [[Shivaji]], the Maratha Emperor conquered Sonda during 1674 and gave it back to Sonda ruler, Sadashiva Nayaka. [[Hyder Ali]], the Sultan of Mysore attacked Sonda in 1763 and totally destroyed it. The last chief of Sonda, Immodi Sadashivaraya escaped to Portuguese Goa.<ref name=gazet/> The ruins of the fort which was protecting Sonda is covered with overgrowth of shrubs.<ref name=gazet/> According to Imperial Gazetteer of India, five carved pillars, approximately 3 feet high are the remains of the Sonda palace.<ref name=gazet/>

== Temples ==
=== Jain temples ===
There are [[Jain temple|Jain monasteries]], like Swadhi Jain matha and Digambar Jain temples situated at Sodhe.<ref name=gazet>{{cite web |title=Sonda:Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol.23, (1908) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_088.gif |publisher=uchicago.edu |pages=82 |access-date=6 August 2012 }}</ref>

=== Sonda Mutt (Sodhe Vadiraja Matha) ===

The Sonda Mutt (also known as the Sodhe Vadiraja Matha) is a prominent Hindu monastery and one of the [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi]] established by [[Madhvacharya]] in the 13th century. While the lineage (''[[parampara]]'') of the Mutt originated in Udupi with [[Vishnu Tirtha]] (Madhvacharya's brother) as its first pontiff, the monastery's headquarters were shifted to its present location in Sonda by [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] in the 16th century.<ref name="Hebbar2004">{{cite book |last=Hebbar |first=B. N. |title=The Viśiṣṭādvaita of Rāmānuja and the Dvaita of Madhva |date=2004 |publisher=Bhartiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-8180900495 |page=152}}</ref>

Sri Vadiraja Tirtha, the 20th swami in the lineage, established the Mutt in Sonda under the patronage of the local ruler, Arasappa Nayaka. He is credited with the spiritual and architectural development of the complex, which serves as the propagation center for the [[Dvaita]] school of philosophy.<ref name="Kamath1980">{{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A Concise History of Karnataka |date=1980 |publisher=Archana Prakashana |location=Bangalore |pages=278–280}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shivallibrahmins.com/articles/the-eight-tulu-monasteries-of-udupi/|title=The Eight Tulu Monasteries of Udupi|publisher=Shivalli Brahmins|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/destinations/udupi-paryaya-utsava/|title=Udupi Paryaya Utsava |publisher=Karnataka Tourism|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

'''Spiritual Significance''': The Mutt is the final resting place (Brindavana) of Sri Vadiraja Tirtha, a legendary figure in the Madhva tradition known for his scholarly works, social reforms, and spiritual powers. Unlike most saints whose Samadhis are single structures, the main Brindavana here is unique:<ref name="TOI"/>

'''The Five Brindavanas''': Sri Vadiraja is believed to have entered his Brindavana alive (Sajeeva). His central Brindavana is surrounded by four others, forming a perfect square.<ref name="TOI"/>

'''Deities''': The Mutt is dedicated to the worship of Lord Bhuvaraha, Lord Hayagriva, and Sri Bhutaraja.<ref name="TOI"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://bhaavisameera.com/ Bhaavi Sameera]
*[https://sodematha.in/home Sode Matha]
*[http://shreeswarnavalli.org Shree Swarnavalli Matha]

{{Ashta Mathas of Udupi}}

[[Category:Ashta Mathas of Udupi]]
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Rock art in India]]

Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital

2026-04-11T06:44:06Z

WAJID AH: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of dental colleges in India#Karnataka]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Semwal (musician)

2026-04-10T05:23:04Z

WAJID AH: adding new data

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Semwal
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Guitarist|Producer}}
}}

'''Shubham Semwal''', known professionally as '''Semwal''', is an Indian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and music producer based in Chandigarh. He is active in the independent Punjabi pop music scene. He has released over 30 original tracks, blending Punjabi lyrics with R&B and electronic pop production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandel |first=Anirudh |date=2021-01-31 |title=Shubham Semwal a.k.a. Sémwal - a Singer-Songwriter from the Dehradun |url=https://gogomagazine.in/shubham-semwal-a-k-a-semwal-a-singer-songwriter-from-the-dehradun/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=GOGO Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> As a session musician and producer, Semwal has collaborated with artists such as [[Karan Aujla]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and Kaka.

== Career ==

=== Independent music and ''Elephant In The Room'' (2020-2021) ===
Semwal released his debut extended play (EP), ''Elephant In The Room'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=“I was pretty bummed out because I had no female singer to make the track with. Then I met Julie by chance on a dating app and fell in love with her voice!” Semwal Talks About His EP Elephant in the Room |url=https://flipsyde.live/semwal-talks-about-his-ep-elephant-in-the-room.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Flipsyde Live {{!}} Indie Music News From India And Around The World |language=en}}</ref> in 2021. The project was financed through a direct-to-consumer crowdfunding campaign that raised over ₹2.4 lakhs.

The EP features acoustic pop and indie-folk tracks in English and Hindi. Notable tracks include "Tishnagi"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semwal Provides Indie Goodness On New Single |url=https://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/semwal-provides-indie-goodness-on-new-single.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.rsjonline.com}}</ref> and "Take Me Home (Pahadon Mein)", a song written while he was stranded in Chandigarh during the COVID-19 lockdowns. The EP included collaborations with independent musicians Sparsh Dangwal and Julie Ngurang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2021-01-11 |title=New Music: Pune Rap-Rock, Shillong Neo-Soul, Telugu Pop and More |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/new-music-damini-bhatla-semwal-firki-apartment-upstairs/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mainstream Punjabi pop and production (2023-present) ===
In January 2023, Semwal released the Punjabi synth-pop track "Dil Da Pecha",<ref name="Tagat-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-01-20 |title=Premiere: Semwal Yearns for Old-School Romance With Arms Wide Open in 'Dil Da Pecha' Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/premiere-semwal-dil-da-pecha-video/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> co-produced with Agaazz and featuring lyrics by Hemant Vijh, with an accompanying music video starring travel vlogger Satya Saggar. The song charted at number one on Extragavanza's weekly "Top Indian Songs" chart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Semwal ventures into Pop territory with groovy Punjabi single 'Dil Da Pecha' – MusiCulture |url=https://www.musiculture.in/semwal-ventures-into-pop-territory-with-groovy-punjabi-single-dil-da-pecha/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> He subsequently released the R&B-influenced Punjabi tracks "Desire" and "Nedhe Nedhe".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-23 |title=Semwal's 'Nedhe Nedhe' with a fresh R&B sound is a must listen! – MusiCulture |url=https://www.musiculture.in/semwals-nedhe-nedhe-with-a-fresh-rb-sound-is-a-must-listen/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024 and 2025, Semwal continued to release collaborative and solo singles. His track "Zulfaan" (2024), a collaboration with Geet and 13 Jay, amassed over 1.1 million streams. In 2025, he released "Ni Billo",<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbKQ2VZg3YQ |title=Ni Billo - Semwal Feat. Sargun Kaur Luthra (Official Music Video) |date=2025-02-14 |last=Semwal |access-date=2026-03-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref> which featured live saxophone instrumentation by Dima Faust, and a music video starring television actress Sargun Kaur Luthra. He later compiled several singles into the EP ''Nishaniyan''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKVWfF4Tabg&list=OLAK5uy_lSjWR6mUcZHQZ8dt44D7DW3WR01PrZg0g |title=Nishaniyan - Semwal (Official Music Video) |date=2025-07-24 |last=Semwal |access-date=2026-03-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>''.''

== Musical style and themes ==
Semwal's music incorporates elements of 1980s synth-pop, contemporary R&B, and neo-soul into modern Punjabi pop, diverging from traditional folk and trap-heavy beats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-23 |title=Punjabi music audience has always been receptive to new sounds: Singer Semwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/punjabi-music-audience-has-always-been-receptive-to-new-sounds-singer-semwal/articleshow/98181418.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Lyrically, his songs frequently discuss the complexities of modern digital dating culture. According to ''Rolling Stone India'', tracks like "Dil Da Pecha"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Indian Songs of the week 29th January 2023 |url=https://extragavanza.in/blog/Top-Indian-Songs-of-the-week-29th-January-2023 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=extragavanza.in}}</ref> serve as a critique of online personas and advocate for traditional, organic relationships.<ref name="Tagat-2023" />

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Format
!Song Name
|-
|2026
|Single
|Nakhre
|-
|2025
|Single
|Tu Ni Jandi
|-
|2025
|Single
|Baatein
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |EP (Nishaniyan)
| colspan="1" |Nishaniyan
|-
|Crazy 4 U
|-
|Ni Billo
|-
|Zulfaan
|-
|Far Away
|-
|2024
|Single
|Kinne Saal
|-
|2024
|Single
|Offline
|-
|2023
|Single
|Kinni Sohni
|-
|2023
|Single
|Desire
|-
|2023
|Single
|All Eyes On You
|-
|2023
|Single
|Midnight Gedhi
|-
|2023
|Single
|Nedhe Nedhe
|-
|2023
|Single
|Rabb Rakha
|-
|2023
|Single
|Dil Da Pecha
|-
|2022
|Single
|I Need You
|-
| rowspan="12" |2022
| colspan="1" rowspan="12" |EP(Elephant In The Room[Deluxe Edition])
| colspan="1" |Tishnagi
|-
|Pull Me In
|-
|By Your Side
|-
|Take Me Home(Pahadon Mein)
|-
|Whiskey Sour
|-
|Afsana
|-
|Asar Tera
|-
|Through These Years
|-
|Indian Summer
|-
|Tishnagi - Acoustic
|-
|Pull Me In - Orchestral Reimagination
|-
|Through These Years - Stripped
|-
|2021
|Single
|Deja Vu
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Semwal}}
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kalipada Soren

2026-04-10T04:01:15Z

WAJID AH: Put Up The Bio Nd Citations!

{{Short description|Indian politician and Santhali writer (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalipada Soren
| image = ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ.jpg
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Kunar Hembram]]
| successor1 = Incumbent
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|12|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jhargram]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Writer]]
| education = [[Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya]], [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022), Sahityakaar Academi Awards, Sarada Prasaad Kisku Award
}}

'''Kalipada Soren''' (born 9 December 1957) or '''Kherwal Soren''' is an Indian Santali playwright, author, editor and politician, currently serving as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]] in [[West Bengal]].

==Career==
Kherwal Soren, born as Kalipada Soren in 1957 at Raghunathpur near [[Jhargram]] in [[West Bengal]], graduated from [[Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya]] and passed M.A in political science from [[Rabindra Bharati University]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BirSar|date=2022-01-26|title=পদ্মশ্রী পুরস্কার পাচ্ছেন প্রখ্যাত সাঁওতালি নাট্যকার কালিপদ সরেন ওরফে খেরওয়াল সরেন|url=https://www.sarsagunpatrika.com/2022/01/renowned-santali-playwright-kalipada-saren-alias-kherwal-saren-to-receive-padma-shri-award.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Sar Sagun Patrika|language=en-US|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126140550/https://www.sarsagunpatrika.com/2022/01/renowned-santali-playwright-kalipada-saren-alias-kherwal-saren-to-receive-padma-shri-award.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He regularly edits a literary magazine ''Kherwal Jaher''. Soren has written 31 plays and a number of stories and poems in the [[Santali language|Santhali language]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=সাঁওতালি সাহিত্যে অবদানের স্বীকৃতি, পদ্মশ্রী পেলেন ঝাড়গ্রামের কালীপদ সোরেন|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/jhargram-laureate-kalipada-soren-hopnoured-with-padma-shri-award/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn}}</ref> He translated ''Anubhab'', a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel of [[Dibyendu Palit]] into Santhali. He received the [[Sarada Prasad Kisku]] award for his literary contribution. He retired from State Bank of India. In 2007, Soren was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi]] for his play ''Chet Re Cikayana''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Council of Paschim Banga Santali Academy|url=https://wbxpress.com/general-council-paschim-banga-santali-academy/|access-date=2022-01-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::..|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|access-date=2022-01-26|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Santali Sahitya Akademi Award list 2005-2019 List|url=https://www.gksantali.com/2020/04/santali-sahitya-akademi-award-list-2005.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Santali History Blogger|date=12 April 2020 }}</ref> He was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-25|title=Former West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee refuses to accept Padma Bhushan by politics over Padma Awards - New Times Of India|url=https://newtimesofindia.com/former-west-bengal-chief-minister-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-refuses-to-accept-padma-bhushan-by-politics-over-padma-awards/,%20http://www.naidunia.com/national-former-west-bengal-chief-minister-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-refuses-to-accept-padma-bhushan-7259211/|access-date=2022-01-26|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contribution in the social field, Padma Bhushan honored Buddhadeb Bhattacharya – Uttarbanga Sambad {{!}} North Bengal News Media|url=https://irshivideos.com/contribution-in-the-social-field-padma-bhushan-honored-buddhadeb-bhattacharya-uttarbanga-sambad-north-bengal-news-media/|access-date=2022-01-26|language=en-US|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126140616/https://irshivideos.com/contribution-in-the-social-field-padma-bhushan-honored-buddhadeb-bhattacharya-uttarbanga-sambad-north-bengal-news-media/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Political career==
He contested the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha election]] from the [[Trinamool Congress]] from [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=Full list of TMC candidates for 42 Lok Sabha seats in West Bengal: Check it out here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tmc-releases-candidates-for-west-bengals-42-lok-sabha-seats-check-full-list-here-9206057/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and won<ref>{{Cite web |last=Updated after Election |first=Election Commission web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Election Commission web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2533.htm}}</ref> to became first time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soren, Kherwal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Santali]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]
[[Category:People from Jhargram district]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rabindra Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Lavi Fair

2026-04-10T03:45:13Z

WAJID AH: creating new info - done

{{short description|Fair in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|name = International Lavi Fair
|native_name = Lavi Mela
|native_name_lang =
|logo = File:Lavi Mela-CM Virbhadra Singh's address at Part Bungalow during Levi Mela.jpg
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption = [[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|CM]] [[Virbhadra Singh|Virbhadra Singh's]] address at Paat Bungalow during Lavi Mela
|logo_size =
|image = Lavi Mela- A Kinnauri market view from Lavi Mela.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = A [[Kinnaur]]i Market view from Lavi Fair
|status = Active
|genre = Trade Fair, Night Functions
|date =
|begins = 11 November
|ends = 14 November
|frequency = Annually
|venue = *PGSS Boys' School, [[Rampur Bushahr]] (Night Function)
*Part Bungalow, [[Rampur Bushahr]] (Main Traders)
*Alongside [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 05]] (Small Traders)
|location = [[Rampur Bushahr]]
|coordinates = {{coord|31|27|0|N|77|37|59|E|display=inline,title}}
|country = [[India]]
|years_active = 17th Century Onwards
|first = 
|founder_name = | founders = Trade treaty between [[Bushahr]] and [[Tibet]]
|last =
|prev = 11 November 2023
|next = 11 November 2024
|participants = [[Tourist]], [[Merchant|Traders]], [[Seller]]s, Shoppers, Local people
|attendance = From all over the globe
|capacity =
|area =
|budget =
|activity =
|leader_name =
|patron =
|organised = International Lavi Fair Organising Committee
|filing =
|people =
|member = *Chairperson ([[District Magistrate|DC]], [[Shimla district|Shimla]])
*Vice-Chairperson ([[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|SDM]], [[Rampur Bushahr]])
|sponsor = [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
|website =
|current =
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Lavi Fair''' or '''Lavi Mela''', officially known as '''International Lavi Fair''', is fundamentally a trade fair held at [[Rampur Bushahr]] in [[Shimla district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hpshimla.nic.in/fair-festivals/|title=International Lavi Fair one of most important fair of Himachal Pradesh|website=hpshimla.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/famous-lavi-fair-concludes-in-himachal-pradesh-4937961/|title=Famous Lavi fair concludes in Himachal Pradesh|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> The main attraction is the cultural night function starts from 11 to 14 November in PGSS Boys' School.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/lavi-fair-from-nov-11-858640|title=Lavi fair attraction singers night function from 11 November to 14 November|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> While the trade fair runs throughout November in Part Bungalow. This fair is the outcome of signing of the trade treaty between the erstwhile [[Bushahr|Bushahr state]] and [[Tibet]] in the end of the 17th century (1679-1684).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/601755|title=Lavi Fair as a result of the trade treaty between Bushahr Raja Kehri Singh and Tibet King(Dalai Lama) in 1679-1684|journal=Serindia|date=January 2009 |last1=Halkias |first1=Georgios T. }}</ref>

Historically, it is an important commercial fair and is attended by tourists from all over the world. It is the most significant trade and commercial fair ([[Mela]]) of [[Shimla district|Shimla]] as well as of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

==Etymology==
The word Lavi is derived from the word ''Loe'' which means "a sheet of woolen cloth".
Another meaning of Lavi is "shearing of the sheep".
These word meaning clearly indicates the trade of something woolen or sheep.

==History==
Lavi once served as a major trading centre and the stopover point on the old trade routes that led to [[Kinnaur]], [[Tibet]], [[Ladakh]] and [[Afghanistan]]. The fair that takes place there also finds a mention in the records of the erstwhile state of [[Bushahr]].

The Lavi fair started after trading treaty between the Hindu Raja of [[Bushahr]], Kehri Singh (1639-1696), and the government of (Tibet) [[Lhasa]] (dGa' ldan pho brang) headed by Bio bzang rgya mtsho, the [[5th Dalai Lama|Fifth Dalai Lama]] (1617-1682). Historical ties between Tibet and Bushahr go back to at least the 17th century, when the princely ruler of Bushahr, Kehri Singh, sided in 1679 with the Mongol commander dGa' ldan tshe dbang on a Tibetan-Mongol punitive expedition against the Kingdom of Ladakh. The result of their mutual cooperation during the war was a sworn agreement stipulating that no taxes be levied on Bushahri and Tibetan merchants when trading on each others' territories, an official delegation from Bushahr should be sent tri-annually to the towns of Tsaparang, Purang, Dawa, Ruthog and Gartok in western Tibet.

For the small Himalayan state of [[Bushahr]], the Tibet-Bashahr treaty of 1679-1684 was undoubtedly of great economic importance. Historical documents, testify that tax-free commerce between Tibetans and Bushaharis should be observed in perpetuity. Similarly, the Kinnauri oral tradition preserves the formulaic expression that the treaty was meant to last until the "[[Sutlej]] goes dry, crows become white, horses get horns, and stones - stated to be at the borders of both the States and on which the treaty was written - produce hair or wool".

Concerning the origins of Lavi Fair of Rampur Bushahr, the [[1961 census of India|Census of India (1961)]] reports:

{{Blockquote
| quote = ''About three hundred years ago during the regime of Raja Kehar Singh of Bushahr, a trade treaty was signed between the Bushahr State and Tibet ... Horses from Tibet and swords from Bushahr were exchanged in token of this friendship. It was written in the treaty that their friendly relations would continue till this time ... Since then, it is presumed that trade relations increased and eventually [The] Lavi fair was held.''
| author = [[Census of India]] ([[1961 census of India|1961]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rrUAAAAMAAJ|title=Census of India 1961 Report|year=1967}}</ref>}}
In earlier time, traders from [[Tibet]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] used to do business at the International Lavi Fair. They used to come here especially with horses including [[Dried fruit|dry fruit]], [[wool]], [[Pashmina (material)|pashmin]] and [[sheep]]. In return, traders used to take [[salt]], [[jaggery]] and other rations from Rampur. This salt was brought from Gumma in [[Mandi district]]. ''Chaumukhi'' (also called ''Chamurthy'') horses were also traded at the Lavi Fair.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fair trade]]
[[Category:Culture of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shimla district]]
[[Category:Trade fairs in India]]

Shiv Mehta

2026-04-08T00:39:42Z

WAJID AH: adding new stub

{{Short description|Indian Dogri writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shiv Mehta
| birth_place = Jammu and Kashmir, India
| occupation = Writer
| language = Dogri
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Short stories
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Award
}}

'''Shiv Mehta''' is an Indian writer. He is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].

== Awards ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Banna'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces 24 winners for annual awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-24-winners-for-annual-awards/articleshow/62199223.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Akademi Samman Suchi |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

==Public actions==
Mehta donated the prize money of his [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] to the family of a lynching victim.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya award winner gives prize money to lynch victim kin |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/sahitya-award-winner-gives-prize-money-to-lynch-victim-kin/ |website=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Dogri literature]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp Sahitya Akademi official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Shiv}}
[[Category:Dogri-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Abdul Rasheed Nomani

2026-04-01T02:44:15Z

WAJID AH: created new page

{{Short description|Pakistani Islamic scholar (1915–1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Rasheed Nomani
| native_name = عبد الرشيد نعماني
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Abdul Rasheed Nomani.jpg
| alt = Black & white personal image
| birth_name = Muhammad Abdul Rasheed
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|9|28|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|8|12|1915|9|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list|[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]|[[University of the Punjab]]}}
| profession = professor, Writer
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]]
| main_interests = [[Hadith studies]], [[Abu Hanifa]]
| notable_works = ''[[Lughat al-Quran]]''
| teacher = [[Haydar Hasan Khan Tonki]] '''Ijazah in hadith from:''' {{Unbulleted list|[[Abul Wafa al-Afghani]]|[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]|[[Yusuf Banuri]]|[[Habibur Rahman Azami]]|[[Abd al-Aziz al-Ghumari]]|[[Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda]]}}
| students = [[Hifzur Rahman]], [[Muhammad Abdul Malek]], [[Abdul Haleem Chishti]], [[Habibullah Mukhtar]], [[Abdur Razzaq Iskander]]
}}
}}
'''Abdul Rasheed Nomani''' (28 September 1915 – 12 August 1999) was a 20th-century Pakistani Islamic scholar known for his expertise in the classical [[Hadith studies|sciences of hadith]] and [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]]. The surname 'Nomani' was adopted to reflect his affection for the Hanafi school, rooted in the lineage of [[Abu Hanifa]]. His scholarship primarily focused on the history of Hadith compilation and its terminology, as well as the defense of Abu Hanifa's positions, an approach that drew criticism from some who labeled him a Hanafi fanatic. He began his career as a member of [[Nadwatul Musannifeen]], and following the [[partition of India]], he migrated to Pakistan, where he taught at institutions such as [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] and [[Islamia University of Bahawalpur]]. At the same time, he served as the founding editor-in-chief of periodicals published by these institutions, including ''[[Bayyināt]]''. Nomani published his research in both Urdu and Arabic, advancing the view that Abu Hanifa was the first to organize Hadith within a juristic framework. Two of his works, focusing on Abu Hanifa and ''[[Sunan ibn Majah]]'', were edited by [[Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda]] and published in the [[Arab world]]. Some scholars have described him as ''Khātam al-Muḥaddithīn'', or the last of the hadith scholars of the [[Indian subcontinent]].

== Formative years ==
Muhammad Abdul Rasheed was born on 28 September 1915 in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, British India, to Munshi Abdur Rahim.<ref name=":TDV">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|first=Mehmet|last=Özşenel|title=NU'MÂNÎ, Muhammed Abdürreşîd|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/numani-muhammed-abdurresid}}</ref> At the age of four, he began learning the ''[[Quran]]'' from his uncle, Abdul Karim, and studied elementary Persian texts with his father. After completing basic lessons at Madrasa Anwar-e-Muhammadi, he enrolled at Madrasa Talimul Islam near Ajmeri Gate, where he studied advanced Persian works under Munshi Irshad Ali Khan, Munshi Sattar Ali Khan, Munshi Abdul Qayyum Nateq, and Munshi Saeed Husain. Under Qadir Bakhsh Badauni, he completed the curriculum from ''Mizan al-Sarf'' to ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]'' in less than five years (1928–1932) and studied portions of ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', while also engaging with the writings of [[Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi]] and [[al-Dhahabi]]'s ''[[Mizan al-Itidal]]''.<ref name=":Malek">{{Cite journal |last=Abdul Malek |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Abdul Malek |date=2017 |title=Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Abdur Rashid Nomani Rh. |url=https://www.alkawsar.com/bn/article/2019/ |journal=Monthly Alkawsar |volume=13 |issue=6 |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206222922/https://www.alkawsar.com/bn/article/2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1934, he entered [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]],<ref name=":TDV" /> where he studied for two years under Haydar Hasan Khan Tonki, then the [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] of the institution, from whom he learned ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', ''[[Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]'', and the Muqaddima of ''[[Sahih Muslim]]''.<ref name=":Malek" /> He also received degrees in Islamic studies, Persian, and Arabic from [[University of the Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Sardar |last2=Ullah |first2=Syed Hayat |last3=Ahmed |first3=Khalil |date=2022 |title=Muhammad Abdul Rasheed Nomani And His Educational Efforts |url=https://www.jibas.org/index.php/jibas/article/view/80 |journal=International Journal of Islamic Business, Administration and Social Sciences |language=ar |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=32 |issn=2788-4325 |archive-date=15 June 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615062101/http://www.jibas.org/index.php/jibas/article/view/80 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Haydar Hasan Khan Tonki, a disciple of [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]], also became his Sufi guide, and Nomani pledged allegiance (bay'a) to him shortly after their meeting.<ref name=":Malek" /> Alongside him, Nomani received spiritual authorizations from [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], [[Abdul Qadir Raipuri]], and [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]].<ref name=":JHS">{{Cite journal |last=Özşenel |first=Mehmet |date=2004 |title=Obituary: Muhammed Abdürreşîd en-Nu'mânî |url=https://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D02568/2004_1/2004_1_OZSENELM.pdf |journal=Journal of Hadith Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=228 |issn=1304-3617}}</ref> He attended gatherings of leading scholars and Sufis, including [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], and [[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]], and completed Sufi training during a year and a half spent with [[Ilyas Kandhlawi]] and his son, [[Yusuf Kandhlawi]].{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=229}} At the direction of Haydar Hasan, Nomani moved to southern [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], where he collaborated with Mahmud Hasan Tonki for four years in compiling and editing the bibliographical work ''[[Mu'jam al-Musannifin]]''.<ref name=":Malek" /> He also received ijazat (authorizations) in hadith from a number of scholars, including [[Abul Wafa al-Afghani]], Zakariyya Kandhlawi, [[Yusuf Banuri]], [[Habibur Rahman Azami]], [[Abd al-Aziz al-Ghumari]], and [[Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda]].<ref name=":JHS" /> While his intellectual orientation carried traces of [[Nadwatul Ulama]], Nomani developed an independent scholarly identity, choosing not to identify himself with Nadwi but rather as 'Nomani.' Nevertheless, among the major intellectual currents of the Indian subcontinent, his closest associations were with figures linked to the [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi tradition]].{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=229}}

== Career ==
From 1942 to 1947, Nomani was a member of the [[Nadwatul Musannifeen]] in Delhi.<ref name=":Malek" /> In 1948, under the supervision of [[Abul Wafa al-Afghani]] and with the support of his associates, a committee was established for the revival of Nomani sciences, early texts of the Hanafi school, called Lajnat-u-Ihya al-Ma'ārif an-No'maniyyah. The committee's objectives were to preserve the heritage of Hanafi jurist scholars and to publish the works of early jurists and [[Ijtihad|mujtahid]] scholars. Nomani was a founding member of this committee.{{Sfn|Ahmed|Ullah|Ahmed|2022|P=|p=40}}

After the [[Partition of India]], he migrated to Pakistan and taught for two years at Darul Uloom al-Islamiyya in [[Tando Allahyar]], covering advanced texts in fiqh, usul, and hadith sciences. In 1955, upon his resignation, [[Yusuf Banuri]] invited him to [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] in Karachi, where he taught hadith, fiqh, and usul until 1963. During this period, he initiated the publication of the monthly magazine ''[[Bayyināt]]'' and served as its editor-in-chief for nearly a year.<ref name=":Malek" />

In 1963, with the establishment of the [[Islamia University of Bahawalpur]], Nomani joined the institution, serving first as deputy head of the Hadith Department and later as head of the Tafsir Department until 1976.<ref name=":Malek" /> He also served as editor-in-chief of the university's ''Jamia al-Islamia Magazine''.{{Sfn|Ahmed|Ullah|Ahmed|2022|P=|p=39}} Returning to Karachi in 1976, he assumed responsibilities as a member of the Majlis al-Da'wah wa al-Tahqiq al-Islami and as overseer of higher research and educational departments. He continued in these roles until 1992, when he retired due to age-related infirmity. During his tenure at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, he supervised and reviewed the theses of all students completing studies in the Hadith and Fiqh departments.<ref name=":Malek" />

In 1409 [[Hijri era|A.H.]], following the death of Ziya al-Hasan, Sheikh al-Hadith of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Nomani was invited to teach temporarily and assumed responsibility for ''Sahih al-Bukhari''. His teaching closely followed the methods of his teacher, Haydar Hasan.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kamal |first=Mohd Arif |title=Ulema e Hind ki Bisween Sadi Nisf Awwal mein Khidmat e Hadith Tanquidi Mutala |access-date=1 November 2023 |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |language=ur |pages=242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101061946/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |year=2020 |location=India |hdl=10603/364940 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 1412 A.H. until his death, Nomani resided in the staff quarters of University of Karachi at his son Abdul Shahid Nomani's residence, while continuing to teach ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' and ''[[Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar]]'' at Ayesha Siddiqah Madrasa.<ref name=":Malek" /> He also conducted weekly study circles every Thursday after [[Asr (prayer)|Asr]] at his mosque in Karachi University, covering [[hadith terminology]], the history of hadith compilation, and related topics.{{Sfn|Ahmed|Ullah|Ahmed|2022|P=|p=39}}

Nomani served as a member of the Board of Honor Trustees of the Higher Scientific Assembly for Islamic and Arabic Sciences in [[Damascus]] and the Islamic Dawah and Research Council in Karachi.{{Sfn|Ahmed|Ullah|Ahmed|2022|P=|p=41}} Over more than fifty years of teaching, he trained thousands of students. Among his students were his brother [[Abdul Haleem Chishti]], [[Habibullah Mukhtar]], [[Abdur Razzaq Iskander]], [[Hifzur Rahman]], and [[Muhammad Abdul Malek]].{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=226}}

== Defending hanafism ==
Nomani's writings demonstrate an independent scholarly approach. Rather than merely compiling or transmitting the views of others, he incorporated his own juristic reasoning, critical assessments, and original research.{{Sfn|Yusuf|2021|p=19}} His works, which include critical editions, introductions, and essays, cover a wide range of fields, particularly the history of hadith compilation and its terminology, Quranic vocabulary, the defense of [[Abu Hanifa]] and his companions, refutations of [[Nasibi]] positions, and the defense of the [[Ahl al-Bayt]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ullah |first=Syed Hayat |last2=Ahmed |first2=Sardar |last3=Ahmed |first3=Khalil |date=2022 |title=Sheikh Nomani And His Approach To The Languages Of The Quran |url=https://www.jibas.org/index.php/jibas/article/view/39 |journal=International Journal of Islamic Business, Administration and Social Sciences |language=ar |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=19 |issn=2788-4325 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907232004/https://jibas.org/index.php/jibas/article/view/39 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahmad Reza Bijnori, a student of [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], compared his method of verification and critique to that of [[al‑Kawthari]].{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=229}} Among his most debated arguments was his rejection of the view that Abu Hanifa did not compile a hadith collection. He maintained that Abu Hanifa produced an independent work, but because it was transmitted under the names of his students—particularly [[Muhammad al-Shaybani]], who introduced additions—the book later became associated with them rather than its original author. The absence of manuscripts explicitly attributed to Abu Hanifa reinforced this shift, yet Nomani concluded, on the basis of research, that Abu Hanifa was the first to compile hadith in a juristic framework.{{Sfn|Yusuf|2021|p=19}} [[Muhammad Abdul Malek|Malek]] later noted that Nomani was the first to advance this claim through systematic investigation.<ref name=":Malek" />

A distinctive aspect of Nomani's scholarship was his engagement with hadith in the Hanafi tradition. He studied the musnads and works attributed to Abu Hanifa and highlighted the role of Hanafi scholars in hadith sciences. He argued that criticisms of Hanafi narrators in [[Biographical evaluation|rijal]] literature should be approached with caution and that the methodological principles of the Hanafi school in hadith should be considered. He further maintained that certain views of [[Ibn al-Salah]] and [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] warranted closer examination.{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=227}} His strong defense of Hanafi scholarship led some contemporaries to label him a [[Fanaticism|fanatic]] in favor of Hanafism, most notably [[Al-Albani]].<ref name=":TDV" /> However, his students responded that Nomani's positions were not based on blind sectarian loyalty but on research, verification, and evidence.{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=227}}

Nomani also engaged with methodological debates about continuity in hadith transmission. He explained [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]]'s position that if two narrators were contemporaries and the possibility of meeting existed, their narrations could be regarded as connected without requiring proof of an actual encounter. In contrast, [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] held that such narrations required evidence of at least one meeting.{{Sfn|Yusuf|2021|p=21}} Nomani interpreted Muslim's view as treating contemporaneity as sufficient, and on this basis, he classified Abu Hanifa as a [[Tabi'un|Tabi']], since he lived during the time of several [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]].{{Sfn|Yusuf|2021|p=21}} He also criticized [[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]], [[Ibn al-Jawzi]], and [[Ibn Abi Shaybah]] for their unfavorable assessments of Abu Hanifa, questioning the grounds of their judgments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yusuf |first=Ikramullah Khan |date=2021 |title=Maulana Abdur Rasheed Nau'mani And The Originality Of His Research Contributions In Ilm Al-hadith (Hadith Sciences) |url=https://www.journalusooluddin.com/index.php/irjdu/article/view/143 |journal=The International Research Journal of Usooluddin |language=ur |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=24 |issn=2664-4940}}</ref>

In his biographical studies, Nomani considered [[Masud ibn Shaybah al-Hanafi]] a respected scholar and cited Hanafi historians who referred to him as an [[imam]].{{Sfn|Yusuf|2021|p=25}} He defended Masud's reliability and rejected the criticism of Ibn Hajar, who had classified him as 'unknown' on the basis that his teachers and students were unidentified, that his transmission chain was unclear, and that his book ''al-Ta'lim'' allegedly contained disparaging remarks about [[Malik ibn Anas|Malik]], [[Al-Shafi'i]], and even the Prophets. Nomani argued that Ibn Hajar's judgment was shaped by bias, pointing out that other historians, including [[Ibn Daqiq al-'Id|Ibn Daqiq]], [[Al-Maqrizi]], [[Badr al-Din al-Ayni|al-Ayni]], and [[Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Tulun|Ibn Tulun]], all recognized Masud ibn Shaybah as a known and respected figure.{{Sfn|Yusuf|2021|p=26–27}}

== Publications ==
Nomani authored sixteen books in Urdu and Arabic and wrote more than seventy articles, many of which appeared in ''[[Bayyināt]]'' and [[Burhan (magazine)|''Burhan'']].{{Sfn|Kamal|2020|p=244}}<ref name=":Malek" /> His writings often engaged with contemporary debates, including responses to figures such as [[Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]].<ref name=":TDV" /> Two of his works were later edited and published by [[Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda]] in the [[Arab world]].{{Sfn|Kamal|2020|p=244}}

Among his books, ''Ma Tamassu ilayhi al-Hajah li-man yutali Sunan Ibn Majah'' is identified as a key work. Written in Arabic, it examines the development of hadith scholarship and the compilation of ''[[Sunan ibn Majah]]''.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |access-date=2023-10-24 |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |language=urdu |page= |pages=143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/364027 |url-status=live}}</ref> First published in 1953, it was reissued in 1999 in [[Beirut]] under the title ''al-Imam Ibn Majah wa kitabuhus-Sunan''.{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=228}} An Urdu version, ''Imam Ibn-i Majah aur Ilm-i Hadis'' (Karachi, 1956), was prepared separately for Urdu readers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Muhammad |last2=Chisht |first2=Ali Asghar |date=2021 |title=Contribution of the Sindhi Scholars to the Hadith Sciences: A Study of Mawlana Abdur Rasheed Numani |url=https://arjicc.com/index.php/arjicc/article/view/115 |journal=Al Khadim Research Journal of Islamic Culture and Civilization |language=ur |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=172 |doi=10.53575/arjicc.v2.03(21)u12.168-181 |issn=2710-0235 |doi-access=free |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907135801/http://arjicc.com/index.php/arjicc/article/view/115 |url-status=live }}</ref> In correspondence, Abul Wafa al-Afghani noted that the book includes numerous discussions not found even in the works of earlier scholars such as al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar.<ref name=":Malek" />

Another study, ''Makanat al-Imam Abi Hanifa fi al-Hadith'', discusses Abu Hanifa's role and status in hadith scholarship. Portions of the work were first printed with [[al-Suyuti]]'s ''Tabyid al-sahifa'' (Karachi, 1990) before the complete edition appeared in Beirut in 1996, later translated into Turkish.<ref name=":TDV" /> Earlier versions of the study had been published in journals including ''Al−Dirasat Al−Islamiyyah'' ([[International Islamic University]], 1409 AH), ''[[Al-Baas El-Islami]]'' (Lucknow, 1411 AH), and by Idarat al-Quran wal-Ulum al-Islamiyya (1412 AH).{{Sfn|Ahmad|Chisht|2021|p=173}} With revisions and additions, it was reissued in Beirut in 1416 AH. The text surveys assessments of Abu Hanifa's position by a range of later scholars, including [[Abu Dawud al-Sijistani]], [[Ibn Taymiyya]], [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]], [[Ibn al-Nadim]], and al-Dhahabi.{{Sfn|Ahmad|Chisht|2021|p=173}}

Nomani also prepared several specialized works on hadith criticism and commentary. These include ''Tabsira bar al-Madkhal fi usul al-hadith lil-Hakim al-Nisaburi'', a critical analysis first published in ''Burhan'' (Delhi); ''al-Taqibat ala al-Dirasat,'' a critique of Muhammad Muin al-Tattawi's ''Dirasat al-Labib''; and ''al-Taliqat ala Dhabb dhubabat al-Dirasat'', a set of notes on Abd al-Latif al-Tattawi's response to Muin al-Tattawi. He also published ''al-Taliq al-qawim ala Muqaddimat Kitab al-Talim'', an edition of Masud ibn Shaybah al-Hanafi's treatise on Abu Hanifa with introduction and annotations, and ''Fath al-Aazz al-Akram li-takhrij al-Hizb al-azam'' (Karachi, 1980), which traces the hadith sources of [[Ali al-Qari]]'s devotional compilation ''al-Hizb al-azam wal-wird al-afkham''.<ref name=":TDV" />

In the field of Quranic studies, he wrote ''[[Lughat al-Quran]]'', a dictionary in Urdu that evaluates the derivations and explanations of Quranic words in relation to disciplines such as [[tafsir]], [[fiqh]], history, and [[kalam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Hashem |date=2025 |title=The Development of Arabic Lexicography in the 20th Century Indian Subcontinent |url=https://www.ru.ac.bd/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/61/2025/07/07.-Hashem-Ali.pdf |journal=The Faculty Journal of Arts, University of Rajshahi |volume=38 |issue=2024 |pages=75 |issn=1813-0402 |archive-date=1 August 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801220938/https://www.ru.ac.bd/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/61/2025/07/07.-Hashem-Ali.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Nomani prepared the first four volumes, while the remaining two were completed by Abdul Daim al-Jalali.<ref name=":Abdul Waris">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Abdul Waris |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/islami-uloom-mein-nadwat-ul-musannifin-ki-khidmaat-ek-mutala-abdul-waris-khan-ebooks |title=Islāmi Uloom mai Nadwatul Musannifeen ki Khidmāt: Ek mutāla |date=1999 |publisher=Islamic Book Foundation |location=New Delhi |page=47 |pages= |language=ur |trans-title=The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808093141/https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/islami-uloom-mein-nadwat-ul-musannifin-ki-khidmaat-ek-mutala-abdul-waris-khan-ebooks |archive-date=8 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also authored several treatises in Urdu addressing [[Nasibi]] perspectives in Pakistan, including ''Yazid ki Shakhsiyyat Ahl-i Sunnat ki Nazar me'' (Karachi, 1982), ''Shuhada-i Karbala par Iftira'' (Karachi, 1988), ''Akabir-i Sahaba par Buhtan'' (Karachi, 1988), ''Nasibiyyat Tahqiq ke Bahis me'' (Karachi, 1962), ''Nasibi Sazish'' (Karachi, 1984), and ''Hazrat-i Ali or Qisas-i Uthman'' (Karachi, 1998).<ref name=":TDV" /> His unfinished or unpublished works include ''Ma Khalafa fihi Abu Hanifa Ibrahim al-Nakha'i'', ''Tartib Kitab al-Athar bi-riwayat Muhammad ala'l-masanid'', ''Rijal Kitab al-Athar riwayat Muhammad, Rijal Jami' al-masanid'', and ''Tarjama Kitab al-Athar''.<ref name=":TDV" />

== Death ==
Nomani died on 12 August 1999 in [[Karachi]], Pakistan.{{Sfn|Ahmed|Ullah|Ahmed|2022|p=42}} His funeral prayer was led by his brother, [[Abdul Haleem Chishti]], and he was interred at the Karachi University cemetery.{{Sfn|Ahmed|Ullah|Ahmed|2022|p=42}} Nomani married in 1940 and had four children, including three daughters. His elder son died during childhood, while his younger son, Abdul Shahid Nomani, later served as the head of the Arabic Department at [[University of Karachi]].{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=229}} Some scholars have described Nomani as the ''Khātam al-Muḥaddithīn'', meaning 'the last of the hadith scholars' of the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{Sfn|Özşenel|2004|p=225}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:Maktaba-Maulana-Abdur-Rasheed-Nomani-ra|Works of Abdul Rasheed Nomani]] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Disciples of Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]
[[Category:Disciples of Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karachi]]
[[Category:Writers from Karachi]]
[[Category:Writers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Arabic-language writers]]
[[Category:Islamia University of Bahawalpur]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]]
[[Category:Members of Nadwatul Musannifeen]]

Goharganj

2026-03-25T18:04:07Z

WAJID AH: added new details!

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Goharganj
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.02|N|77.67|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen District|Raisen]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| population_total = 4,659
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 38]]
}}
'''Gaouharganj''' is a small town located in [[Raisen District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It's also [[Tehsil]] Headquarter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://raisen.nic.in/en/tehsils/ | title=Tehsils | District Raisen, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==Geography==
Goharganj is located in Raisen district with pincode 464990. It's 45 km away from [[Bhopal]] and 50 km away from [[Raisen]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/raisen/goharganj#:~:text=Goharganj%20Pin%20Code%20is%20464990,Raisen%2C%20Madhya%20Pradesh%2C%20INDIA | title=Goharganj Pin Code | Postal Code (Zip Code) of Goharganj, Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, India }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhopal Division}}
{{Raisen district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raisen district]]
[[Category:Raisen]]

Aai Majhi Kalubai

2026-03-23T16:15:13Z

WAJID AH: created new data

{{short description|Indian Marathi-language television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aai Majhi Kalubai.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Dramaturgy (sociology)|Social drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Mythological]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Shirish Latkar
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Vighnesh Kamble Bhimrao Mude
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Prakash Chavan
| open_theme =
| country = India
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 285
| creative_director =
| producer = [[Alka Kubal]] Sameer Athalye
| editor = Milind Narkar
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Kashturisha Arts
| location = [[Satara, Maharashtra]]
| network = [[Sony Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|09|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|08|15|df=y}}
}}

'''''Aai Majhi Kalubai''''' ({{translation|My Mother Kalubai}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which premiered from 14 September 2020 on [[Sony Marathi]]. It starred [[Alka Kubal]], Rashmi Anpat and Vivek Sangle in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prajakta Gaikwad refutes Alka Kubal's claims; alleges use of foul language on the set - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/alka-kubal-lashes-out-at-prajakta-gaikwad-calls-her-unprofessional/articleshow/79019951.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Prajakta Gaikwad's unprofessional attitude forced us to axe her from Aai Mazi Kalubai, says producer-actress Alka Kubal - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-prajakta-gaikwads-unprofessional-attitude-forced-us-to-axe-her-from-aai-mazi-kalubai-says-producer-actress-alka-kubal/articleshow/78993530.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aarya is a 21-year-old girl who is beautiful, scatterbrained & naughty but at the same time is genuine and clean hearted. She believes in meeting new people and making new friends. Her positivity will amaze everyone. There's a spark in her appearance and character which has a special reason behind it. Aarya is born because of the blessings of Goddess Kalubai. This is a wonderful story of how Goddess Kalubai stands behind a common devotee and makes her divine miracle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aai Mazi Kalubai completes 100 episodes; Veena Jagtap thanks cast and crew - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aai-mazi-kalubai-completes-100-episodes-veena-jagtap-thanks-cast-and-crew/articleshow/80171115.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Aai Mazi Kalubai resumes shoot - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/team-aai-mazi-kalubai-resumes-shoot/articleshow/78409865.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Alka Kubal]] as Goddess Kalubai and as Gaura Maushi / Politician, Goddess Kalubai's human form.
* Prajakta Gaikwad / Veena Jagtap / Rashmi Anpat as Aarya Amogh Patil (née Purohit): Amogh's wife, Madhavrao and Shalini's daughter-in-law, Purohit's daughter, Sanket's sister, Kalubai's devotee. Her mission is to defeat Virat's wrongdoings and re-establish Goddess Kalubai's devotion in Patil's Mansion and the whole village.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Veena Jagtap quits Aai Mazi Kalubai; Rashmi Anpat to replace her as Aarya - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-veena-jagtap-quits-aai-mazi-kalubai-rashmi-anpat-to-replace-her-as-aarya/articleshow/81755784.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 March 2021}}</ref>
* Vivek Sangle as Amogh Raje Patil, Madhavrao and Shalini's son, Milind's cousin, Hamberao Patil's grandson. He is a lawyer by profession. He is an atheist and believes neither Goddess Kalubai nor Virat Guruji.

=== Recurring ===
;Amogh's family
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] / Shakuntala Nare / Smita Oak as Vasundhara Hamberao Patil: Hamberao Patil's wife, Surendra Raje and Madhavrao Raje's mother, Amogh and Milind's grandmother, Shalini, Susheela's mother-in-law, Aarya and Malati's grandmother-in-law, Goddess Kalubai's devotee. Along with Susheela, she helps Aarya to re-establish Goddess Kalubai in Patil Mansion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aai Mazi Kalubai actress Ashalata Wabgaokar passes away due to COVID-19 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aai-mazi-kalubai-actress-ashalata-wabgaokar-passes-away-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/78248533.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2020}}</ref>
* Prasanna Ketkar as Madhavrao Raje Patil: Vasundhara & Hamberao Patil's older son, Surendra Raje's brother, Shalini's husband, Amogh's father, Aarya's father-in-law. He was provoked by Virat Guruji against Goddess Kalubai. He was involved in killing Aarya's grandfather in the past.
* Manjusha Godse as Shalini Madhavrao Patil: Vasundhara & Hamberao Patil's daughter-in-law, Amogh's mother, Aarya's mother-in-law. She follows Virat Guruji's orders against Aarya and Goddess Kalubai.
* Sangram Salvi as Milind Raje Patil: Surendra's son, Hamberao and Vasundhara's grandson, Virat's devotee. He believes in Virat Guruji and decides to demolish Aarya's plan against them. When killing Aarya, he himself gets electrocuted and dies.
* Janhavi Killekar as Malti Milind Patil: Milind's Wife. Along with Milind, she plans to get the family property. She hates Amogh and Aarya due to their kind-heartedness and decided to take her revenge against them after Milind's death. She eventually turns kind and tries to save Patils with Aarya against Virat's evil plans and also becomes devotee of Goddess Kalubai.
* Ketaki Patil as Susheela Patil: Vasundhara & Hamberao Patil's daughter-in-law, Goddess Kalubai's devotee.
* Aniket Kelkar as Surendra Raje Patil: Vasundhara & Hamberao Patil's younger son, Madhavrao Raje's brother, Milind's father, Malati's father-in-law. He is a local politician. He along with Malati plan to takeover Patil Mansion.
* Kalpana Jagtap as Vandana Surendra Patil: Sundredra Raje Patil's wife, Milind's mother, Malati's mother-in-law. She is a politician who likes being in the media to show off.
;Aarya's family
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Purohit: Aarya and Sanket's father. He is a devotee of Goddess Kalubai. He escaped Mavalkhed when his father was attacked by Patils and Virat at a young age.
* Prajakta Dighe as Anita Purohit: Aarya and Sanket's mother. She is a devotee of Goddess Kalubai.
* Leena Athavale-Datar as Manda Aatya: Purohit's sister, Aarya, and Sanket's aunt, Goddess Kalubai's devotee.
* Parth Ketkar as Sanket Purohit: Aarya's brother. He is also a devotee of Goddess Kalubai and was in Milind's captivity when he learned about his wrongdoings and crime, although he managed to escape later on.

;Others
* [[Milind Shinde]] as Virat Guruji: The evil successor of Lakhyasura. He misguided the Patil family against Goddess Kalubai. His goal is to achieve the highest level of power in the village and end the existence of Goddess Kalubai.
* [[Shilpa Thakre]] / Rutuja Dharap as Sai: Amogh's ex-fiancée. Virat Guruji's student.

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The show was produced by [[Alka Kubal]] and Sameer Athalye of Kasturisha Arts Production House. The pre-production started in March 2020 and show was about to air from April 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the production of the series stopped. After three and a half months, the production of the series began in July 2020 and the show was launched on 14 September 2020.

=== Filming ===
The show was about to shoot in [[Thane]] in March 2020. But due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the production house decided to make [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]] as their production base. On 13 April, Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [[Uddhav Thackeray]] announced sudden curfew due to increased [[COVID-19]] cases, while the production halted from 14 April 2021. Hence, the production location was soon shifted temporarily to [[Goa]]. Soon in May 2021, the shooting locations were shifted once again to [[Silvassa]], where the story focused on Aarya's pregnancy and Virat's evil plotting against Patils. Later again in June 2021, it returned to its original location in [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]].

=== Casting ===
Prajakta Gaikwad was cast as main lead Aarya Purohit, Goddess Kalubai's devotee. Vivek Sangle was cast opposite her as Amogh. [[Alka Kubal]] reprised the titular role of Goddess Kalubai. [[Milind Shinde]] was roped to play the role of Virat Guruji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/marathi-tv-show-aai-majhi-kalubai-aarya-and-virat-war-actress-prajakta-gaikwad-milind-shinde-ssj-93-2299615/|title=आर्याच्या विरोधात उभा 'विराट' खलनायक!|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]], Rutuja Dharap, Manjusha Godse, Prasanna Ketkar, [[Sharad Ponkshe]], Janhavi Killekar, Sangram Salvi were cast in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/sangram-salvi-doing-negative-role-in-aai-majhi-kalubai-serial-ssv-92-2282062/|title='आई माझी काळुबाई' या मालिकेत संग्राम दिसणार खलनायकाच्या भूमिकेत|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

When 22 cast and crew members were tested positive for [[COVID-19]] in the launch week of the show, [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] also tested positive and died in late September 2020. Later, Shakuntala Nare was roped in as Vasundhara Aaji in early October 2020. But due to her health issues, she quit the show and later Smita Oak replaced her in the show. In late October 2020, lead actress Prajakta Gaikwad quit the series. Soon in November 2020, Veena Jagtap stepped into the role of Aarya. In late March 2021, Veena Jagtap quit the series due to her deteriorating health and was eventually replaced by Rashmi Anpat as Aarya.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13144420}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/aai-mazhi-kalubai-1700000277 ''Aai Majhi Kalubai''] at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Sony Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]

Munni Badnaam Hui

2026-03-20T15:34:26Z

WAJID AH:

{{Short description|2010 song by Mamta Sharma and Aishwarya Nigam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Munni Badnaam Hui
| cover =
| alt =
| type = Song
| artist = [[Mamta Sharma]] and [[Aishwarya Nigam]]
| album = [[Dabangg (soundtrack)|Dabangg]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|08|20}}
| recorded = 2010
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = {{hlist|[[pop-folk]]|[[filmi]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=5|s=07}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Lalit Pandit]]
| lyricist =
| producer = {{hlist|[[Arbaaz Khan]]|[[Malaika Arora Khan]]|[[Dhillin Mehta]]}}
| misc = {{external media
|video1 ={{YouTube|Jn5hsfbhWx4|"Munni badnaam Hui"}}}}
}}

"'''Munni Badnaam Hui'''" ({{lit|Munni is defamed}}) is a song from the soundtrack album of the 2010 [[Hindi film]] ''[[Dabangg]]'', featuring [[Malaika Arora]], [[Sonu Sood]] and [[Salman Khan]]. The song is sung by [[Mamta Sharma]] and [[Aishwarya Nigam]], with music by [[Lalit Pandit]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ganguly|first=Prithwish|title=Dabangg sweeps Mirchi Awards|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news-interviews/28369108_1_mirchi-music-awards-indian-music-mamta-sharma|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213838/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news-interviews/28369108_1_mirchi-music-awards-indian-music-mamta-sharma|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2014|accessdate=12 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2011}}</ref> [[Mamta Sharma]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer#2010s|Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for this song, while Sajid-Wajid and Lalit Pandit won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director#2010s|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] in the [[56th Filmfare Awards]] 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=56th Filmfare Awards 2011 winners list|url=http://www.bollywoodworld.com/bollywood-news/56th-filmfare-awards-2011-winners-list-113937.html|publisher=Bollywood World|accessdate=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122144319/http://www.bollywoodworld.com/bollywood-news/56th-filmfare-awards-2011-winners-list-113937.html|archive-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Due to its popularity, Malaika and the song itself were frequently compared to actress [[Katrina Kaif]] and her item number "[[Sheila Ki Jawani]]" from the film ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' (2010).

==Influence==
The track is said to be inspired by an old [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] [[folk song]] "Launda Badnaam Hua Naseeban Tere Liye". It was also alleged that it was inspired from the Pakistani song "Ladka Badnaam Hua", from the film ''[[Mr. Charlie]]'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabangg-Shame-Shame/articleshow/6722958.cms?referral=PM |title=Dabangg: Shame! Shame! |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=11 October 2010 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303063235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabangg-Shame-Shame/articleshow/6722958.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Director Abhinav Kashyap denied the latter and accepted using the folk song saying that he, being from [[Uttar Pradesh]], was familiar with the song since childhood, so he suggested the very song to be improvised and rephrased to fit the film's requirement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Folk-inspiration-for-Munni-Badnaam/articleshow/6564833.cms?referral=PM |title=Folk inspiration for Munni Badnaam |last=Kamra |first=Diksha |date=16 September 2010 |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210081602/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Folk-inspiration-for-Munni-Badnaam/articleshow/6564833.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>

==Reception==
The reception by the public and critics was generally positive. Devesh Sharma of [[Filmfare]] noted the song's raunchy nature and praised it for its tempo, at the same time criticizing its "nonsensical" lyrics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Devesh|date=21 August 2010|title=Dabangg|newspaper=Filmfare|url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/dabangg-1322.html|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> Atta Khan of Planet Bollywood said "... expect it to explode with Mallaika's entrance on the big screen and chances are, after watching that you may enjoy it..."<ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Atta|title=Review |url=http://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m080610115118|publisher=Planet Bollywood|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref>

"Munni Badnaam Hui" was referred to in many political situations, to varying effects. In October 2010, the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] [[Narendra Modi]] played a pun on the song to criticize his opposition party, the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Harish|title=Cong paid heavy price for using CBI, says Modi|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-18/surat/28218324_1_tourism-campaign-bharuch-muslims |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708035814/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-18/surat/28218324_1_tourism-campaign-bharuch-muslims |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |accessdate=12 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 October 2011}}</ref> It was one of many other popular terms used to criticize the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] and its organization.<ref name=Sify>{{cite news|title=Jokes in the time of a floundering Games|url=http://www.sify.com/sports/jokes-in-the-time-of-a-floundering-games-news-others-kjzmuccjjie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001045923/http://sify.com/sports/jokes-in-the-time-of-a-floundering-games-news-others-kjzmuccjjie.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=12 January 2012|newspaper=Sify Sports|date=25 September 2010}}</ref>

===Munni vs. Sheila===
After the song "[[Sheila Ki Jawani]]" featuring [[Katrina Kaif]] was released, parallels were drawn between Katrina and Malaika, as well as between the item numbers, in what was popularly known as the "Munni vs Sheila" debate.<ref name=Sify/><ref>{{cite news|last=Nagpaul-D'Souza|first=Dipti|title=Munni vs Sheila: The way of the 'Item Bomb'|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/munni-vs-sheila-the-way-of-the-item-bomb/729468/1|accessdate=22 December 2011|newspaper=Indian Express|date=26 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wangoo|first=Anupama|title=Sheila steals Munni's thunder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Sheila-steals-Munnis-thunder/articleshow/7164852.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701180033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-26/chandigarh/28217169_1_munni-badnaam-hui-malaika-arora-jawani|url-status=live|archive-date=1 July 2012|access-date=22 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 December 2011}}</ref> Subsequently, news outlets reported increased rivalry between the two actors, which was supposedly highlighted by various incidents. The two were invited to perform their respective numbers at parties and other occasions, adding to the rivalry.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kapoor|first=Reena|title=An end to this 'Kat' fight|url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/end-kat-fight-138|accessdate=12 January 2012|newspaper=The Asian Age|date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Munni-Sheila battle heats up|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20100162156&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|accessdate=12 January 2012|newspaper=Mid-Day|date=4 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206074900/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20100162156&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|archive-date=6 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Lawsuit by Emami===
The popular product by [[Emami]], a pain relieving balm called [[Zandu Realty|Zandu Balm]], is referred to at various times in the song. Emami filed a lawsuit against [[Arbaaz Khan]], the producer of the movie for trademark misuse, but subsequently reached an out of court settlement with the producer. Emami then utilized the popularity of the song to advertise the Zandu Balm brand by signing up Malaika to do commercials.<ref>{{cite news|last=Himatsingka|first=Anuradha|title=New Zandu Balm ad to encash popularity of Dabangg's song Munni badnaam|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-24/news/27590436_1_dabangg-song-mohan-goenka-emami|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527150446/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-24/news/27590436_1_dabangg-song-mohan-goenka-emami|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2012|accessdate=12 January 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=24 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Emami signs up Malaika 'Munni' Arora to endorse Zandu Balm|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-14/news/27587800_1_zandu-balm-arbaaz-khan-productions-emami-director-mohan-goenka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081421/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-14/news/27587800_1_zandu-balm-arbaaz-khan-productions-emami-director-mohan-goenka|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|accessdate=12 January 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 December 2010}}</ref>

===Public Interest Litigations seeking ban===

In December 2010, a [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in the [[Lucknow]] bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]], with the petitioner asking for a ban of the song, claiming it was "indecent" and "immoral".<ref>{{cite news|title=PIL demands ban on Munni Badnaam Hui and Sheila Ki Jawani|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/123107/pil-demands-ban-munni-badnaam.html|accessdate=21 December 2011|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=23 December 2010}}</ref> Another person also filed a lawsuit in a Sessions court in [[Mumbai]] objecting to the use of the word "[[Hindustan]]" in the lyrics of the song. The film got a [[Central Board of Film Certification#Current certificates|U/A]] rating from the [[Censor board of India]] and was released without any cuts in the song, but the word "Hindustan" in the song was changed to "Policeistan" to avoid any further controversy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=Roshmila|title='There was nothing derogatory in Munni...'|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Interviews/There-was-nothing-derogatory-in-Munni/Article1-598426.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125065704/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Interviews/There-was-nothing-derogatory-in-Munni/Article1-598426.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|accessdate=12 January 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=10 September 2010}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[3rd Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| -
| {{won}}
| rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-01-30|title=Nominees - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2010|date=2011-01-30|access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php|title=Winners - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| [[Mamta Sharma]] and [[Aishwarya Nigam|Aishwarya]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| [[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| Mamta Sharma
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Item Song of the Year
| -
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Song Recording
| Abani Tanti
| {{nom}}
|}

==Sequel==
In the soundtrack album of the sequel ''[[Dabangg 2]]'', "Munni Badnaam Hui" has a sequel titled "Pandeyjee Seeti Mare" featuring [[Malaika Arora]] with [[Sonakshi Sinha]].

For the soundtrack of the film ''[[Dabangg 3]]'', Sajid-Wajid recreated the song, titled "Munna Badnaam Hua", which featured [[Warina Hussain]] and [[Salman Khan]] in the music video. The song included a rap segment by [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and was sung by Mamta Sharma and Kamaal Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dabangg 3, Salman Khan, Munna Badnaam Hua, Badshah, Kamaal Khan |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-dabangg-3-song-munna-badnaam-hua-out-salman-khan-drops-audio-of-badshah-ka-rap-chulbul-ki-dabanggayi-3839718/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Dabangg}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 songs]]
[[Category:Pop-folk songs]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in music]]
[[Category:Works subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Songs about infidelity]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:2010 controversies]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

Aruna Dhathathreyan

2026-03-14T10:56:51Z

WAJID AH:

{{short description|Indian biophysicist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Aruna dhathathreyan''' is a Professor and Emeritus scientist at CSIR-[[Central Leather Research Institute]], [[Chennai, India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clri.org/EmployeProfile/279_Dr.Aruna_Dhathathreyan_.html#tab-1|title=CLRI|website=clri.org|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref> Her fields of work and research include biophysics, biophysical chemistry, and surface sciences.<ref name=":0" />

{{Infobox person
| name = Aruna Dhathathreyan
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
}}

== Education ==
Dhathathreyan grew up and was schooled in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thelifeofscience.com/2016/03/07/aruna/|title=Aruna, the Leather Detective|last=TLoS|date=2016-03-07|website=The Life of Science|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref> Inspired by the science-fiction works of [[Jules Verne]], she chose to pursue physics as her undergraduate field of study.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/N0j16kL2ZAzk94ssOKoTdK/Where-are-Indias-female-scientists.html|title=Where are India's female scientists?|last=Masoodi|first=Ashwaq|date=2016-04-19|newspaper=www.livemint.com|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref> With few options available to her in Delhi, Dhathathreyan moved to Chennai to study physics at [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1974, Dhathathreyan completed her undergraduate education and pursued a postgraduate degree at [[Madras Christian College]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Following this, she completed her PhD in 1984, from the Department of Crystallography and Biophysics at the [[University of Madras]].<ref name=":2" /> Accepted by the [[Max Planck Institute]] in Germany, Dhathathreyan spent six years working on her post-doctoral fellowship.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Throughout her career, Dhathathreyan has worked under, and with, eminent scientists, including Dr. [[G. N. Ramachandran|GN Ramachandran]], and the last PhD student of [[Linus Pauling]];<ref name=":1" /> she currently works at CSIR-CLRI's Advanced Materials Lab., where she has been working since July 2015.<ref name=":0" /> She is also an INSA DFG visiting professor at Max Planck Institute, Germany, and visiting faculty at Anna University-CSIR-CLRI, Chennai.<ref name=":0" />

Her publications have been featured in various journals, and include papers and articles such as:

* Scientists - making sense and being sensitive (General article, 2003).<ref name=":0" />
* Teaching and research programmes in science in Indian universities (General article, 2003).<ref name=":0" />
* Protein microcapsules: Preparation and applications (Publication, 2014).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clri.org/EmployeProfile/279_Dr.Aruna_Dhathathreyan_.html#tab-3|title=CLRI|website=clri.org|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>
* Development of smart leathers: incorporating scent through infusion of encapsulated lemongrass oil. (Publication, 2015).<ref name=":3" />
* Balancing soft elasticity and low surface polarity in films of charged BSA capsules at air/fluid interface (Publication, 2016).<ref name=":3" />

Dhathathreyan has authored over 125 research papers and has two patents.<ref name=":0" /> She has research experience in areas such as [[Biocolloid|bio-colloids]], Langmuir and [[Langmuir–Blodgett film|Langmuir-Blodgett films]], and molecular organized assemblies of [[Biomembrane|bio-membranes]], [[liposome]]s, and [[proteasome]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clri.org/EmployeProfile/279_Dr.Aruna_Dhathathreyan_.html#tab-2|title=CLRI|website=clri.org|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>

She recently retired as Head of Department at CLRI, but continues to work with and mentor several students.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and honours ==
Awards received by Dhathathreyan include the following:

* B.C. Deb Memorial Award for Physical Chemistry (1998).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clri.org/EmployeProfile/279_Dr.Aruna_Dhathathreyan_.html#tab-4|title=CLRI|website=clri.org|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>
* Raman Research Fellowship (1999).<ref name=":4" />
* Stree Shakti Samman Award for Best Woman Scientist, Physical Sciences (2005).<ref name=":4" />
* Best Woman Biophysicist, [[Mother Teresa Women's University]] - Silver Jubilee Year Award (2009).<ref name=":4" />
* INSA DFG Visiting Fellowship, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interface Research (2010).<ref name=":4" />

In addition, Dhathathreyan was elected Fellow of the Madras Science Foundation in 2011, and was among 98 scientists featured in Leelavathi's Daughters, a compendium of female scientists in India created by the Indian Science Academy, Bengaluru (2008).<ref name=":4" />

== Personal life ==
Dhathathreyan married a chemist who, at the time of their marriage, was a Humboldt Fellow in Germany.<ref name=":2" /> She has one child, a boy named Aditya, who is an entrepreneur in Chennai.

On her hobbies, Dhathathreyan says, "I think it’s important for scientists to be aware of trends in the world. They can’t lead isolated lives."<ref name=":1" /> She enjoys reading fiction, listening to a wide variety of music genres, and often discusses movies and actors with her students.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhathathreyan, Aruna}}
[[Category:Women scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian biophysicists]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Max Planck Society people]]

Political integration of India

2026-03-14T07:27:16Z

WAJID AH: cleanup article to improve readability and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|1947–1956 integration of Indian princely states}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|Political subdivisions of the Indian Empire in 1909 with British India (pink) and the princely states (yellow)]]

Before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|it gained independence]] in 1947, [[British Raj|India]] (also called the Indian Empire) was divided into two sets of territories, one under direct [[British Raj|British rule]] (British India), and the other consisting of princely states under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[British Crown]], with control over their internal affairs remaining to varying degrees in the hands of their hereditary rulers. The latter included 562 [[princely states]] which had different types of revenue-sharing arrangements with the British, often depending on their size, population and local conditions. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by [[France]] and [[Portugal]]. After independence, the political integration of these territories into an [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] was a declared objective of the [[Indian National Congress]], and the [[Government of India]] pursued this over the next decade.

In 1920, Congress (party) under the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] declared ''[[swaraj]]'' (self-rule) for Indians as its goal and asked the princes of India to establish responsible government.<ref name="Sisson Wolpert"/> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] played a major role in pushing Congress to confront the princely states and declared in 1929 that "only people who have the right to determine the future of the States must be the people of these States".<ref name="o824"/> In 1937, the Congress won in most parts of [[British India]] (not including the princely states) in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|provincial elections]], and started to intervene in the affairs of the states.<ref name="o824"/> In the same year, Gandhi played a major role in proposing a federation involving a union between British India and the princely states, with an Indian central government. In 1946, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book|last1=Menon|first1=Shivshankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaWWDwAAQBAJ|title=India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present|date=20 April 2021|isbn=978-0-670-09129-4|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|pages=34|access-date=6 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414152424/https://books.google.com/books?id=eaWWDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 1947, Nehru said that independent India would not accept the [[divine right of kings]].<ref>Lumby, E. W. R. 1954. ''The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947''. London: [[George Allen and Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]. p. 228</ref> In May 1947, he declared that any [[princely state]] which refused to join the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] would be treated as an enemy state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=172053|title=Sardar Patel – Man who United India|date=30 October 2017|first=Aaditya|last=Tiwari|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115115915/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=172053|url-status=live}}</ref> Vallabhbhai Patel, [[Louis Mountbatten]] and V. P. Menon were more conciliatory towards the princes, and as the men charged with integrating the states, were successful in the task.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/|title=How Vallabhbhai Patel, V P Menon and Mountbatten unified India|date=31 October 2017|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215161435/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/|url-status=live}}</ref> Having secured their accession, they then proceeded, in a step-by-step process, to secure and extend the union government's authority over these states and transform their administrations until, by 1956, there was little difference between the territories that had been part of [[British India]] and those that had been princely states. Simultaneously, the Government of India, through a combination of military and diplomatic means, acquired ''[[de facto]]'' and ''[[de jure]]'' control over the remaining colonial enclaves, which too were integrated into India.

==Princely states in India==
{{See also|Territorial evolution of the British Empire#Asia}}
[[File:India british expansion 1805a.jpg|thumb|British expansion in 19th century India]]
The early history of British expansion in India was characterised by the co-existence of two approaches towards the existing princely states.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|2004|pp=57–59}}</ref> The first was a policy of [[annexation]], where the British sought to forcibly absorb the Indian princely states into the provinces which constituted their [[British India|Empire in India]]. The second was a policy of indirect rule, where the British assumed [[paramountcy]] over princely states, but conceded to them [[sovereignty]] and varying degrees of internal [[Self-governance|self-government]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|2004|pp=55–56}}; {{Harvnb|Fisher|1984|pp=393–428}}</ref> During the early part of the 19th century, the policy of the British tended towards annexation, but the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] forced a change in this approach, by demonstrating both the difficulty of absorbing and subduing annexed states, and the usefulness of princely states as a source of support.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|pp=15–16}}</ref> In 1858, the policy of annexation was formally renounced, and British relations with the remaining princely states thereafter were based on [[subsidiary alliance]]s, whereby the British exercised paramountcy over all princely states, with the [[British crown]] as ultimate [[suzerain]], but at the same time respected and protected them as allies, taking control of their external relations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lee-Warner|1910|pp=48–51}}</ref> The exact relations between the British and each princely state were regulated by individual treaties and varied widely, with some states having complete internal self-government, others being subject to significant control in their internal affairs, and some rulers being in effect little more than the owners of landed estates, with little autonomy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=202–204}}</ref>

During the 20th century, the British made several attempts to integrate the princely states more closely with British India, in 1921 creating the [[Chamber of Princes]] as a consultative and advisory body,<ref>{{Harvnb|Ashton|1982|pp=29–57}}</ref> and in 1936 transferring the responsibility for the supervision of smaller states from the provinces to the centre and creating direct relations between the [[Government of India]] and the larger princely states, superseding political agents.<ref>{{Harvnb|McLeod|1999|p=66}}</ref> A more ambitious aim was a scheme of federation contained in the [[Government of India Act 1935]], which envisaged the princely states and British India being united under a federal government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Keith|1969|pp=506–514}}</ref> This scheme came close to success, but was abandoned in 1939 as a result of the outbreak of the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|1978|pp=chs 1–3}}</ref> As a result, in the 1940s the relationship between the princely states and the crown remained regulated by the principle of paramountcy and by the various treaties between the British crown and the states.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|pp=387–389}}</ref>

Neither paramountcy nor the [[subsidiary alliance]]s could continue after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]]. The British took the view that because they had been established directly between the British crown and the princely states, they could not be transferred to the newly independent [[dominion]]s of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=218–219}}</ref> At the same time, the alliances imposed obligations on Britain that it was not prepared to continue to carry out, such as the obligation to maintain troops in India for the defence of the princely states. The British government therefore decided that paramountcy, together with all treaties between them and the princely states, would come to an end upon the British departure from India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|pp=387–388}}</ref>

==Reasons for integration==
[[File:Baroda state 1909.jpg|thumb|The [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Kathiawar]] regions of [[Gujarat]] were home to over two hundred princely states, many with non-contiguous territories, as this map of Baroda shows.]]

The termination of paramountcy meant that all rights flowing from the states' relationship with the British crown would return to them, leaving them free to negotiate relationships with the new states of India and Pakistan "on a basis of complete freedom".<ref>{{Harvnb|Wood|Moon|Blake|Ashton|1985|pp=690–691}}</ref> Early British plans for the [[The Transfer of Power, 1942–47|transfer of power]], such as the offer produced by the [[Cripps Mission]], recognised the possibility that some princely states might choose to stand out of independent India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=214–215}}</ref> This was unacceptable to the [[Indian National Congress]], which regarded the independence of princely states as a denial of the course of Indian history, and consequently regarded this scheme as a "[[Balkanisation]]" of India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Menon|1956|pp=90–91}}.</ref> The Congress had traditionally been less active in the princely states because of their limited resources which restricted their ability to organise there and their focus on the goal of independence from the British,<ref>{{Harvnb|Rangaswami|1981|pp=235–246}}</ref> and because Congress leaders, in particular [[Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Phadnis|1969|pp=360–374}}</ref> were sympathetic to the more progressive princes as examples of the capacity of Indians to rule themselves.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|1988|pp=378–381}}</ref>

In 1920, Congress under the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] declared that attainment of ''swaraj'' for Indians was its goal. It asked "all the sovereign princes of India to establish full responsible government in their states". Gandhi assured the princes that Congress will not intervene in internal affairs of the princely states.<ref name="Sisson Wolpert">{{cite book | last1=Sisson | first1=Richard | last2=Wolpert | first2=Stanley | title=Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-Independence Phase | publisher=University of California Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-520-30163-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47jADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 | access-date=2023-08-14 | page=381}}</ref> Congress reiterated their demand at 1928 Calcutta Congress, "This Congress assures the people of the Indian States of its sympathy with and support in their legitimate and peaceful struggle for the attainment of full responsible government in the States."<ref name="o824">{{cite book | last=Purushotham | first=S. | title=From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India | publisher=Stanford University Press | series=South Asia in Motion | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-5036-1455-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lQMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 | access-date=2024-08-11 | page=40}}</ref>

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] played a major role in pushing Congress to confront the princely states.<ref name="o824"/> In his presidential address at Lahore session in 1929, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] declared: "The Indian states cannot live apart from the rest of the (sic) India".{{sfn|Phadnis|1968|p=90}} Nehru added he is "no believer in kings or princes" and that "the only people who have the right to determine the future of the States must be the people of these States. This Congress which claims self-determination cannot deny it to the people of the states."<ref name="o824"/>

After the Congress's electoral victory [[1937 Indian provincial elections| in 1937 elections]], protests, sometimes violent, and ''[[Satyagraha|satyagrahas]]'' against the princely states were organised and were supported by the Congress's ministries. Gandhi fasted in [[Rajkot State]] to demand "full responsible government" and added that "the people" were "the real rulers of Rajkot under the paramountcy of the Congress". Gandhi termed this protest as struggle against "the disciplined hordes of the British empire". Gandhi proclaimed that the Congress had now every right to intervene in "the states which are the vassals of the British".<ref name="o824"/> In 1937, Gandhi played a major role in formation of federation involving a union between British India and the princely states with an Indian central government.<ref name="Singh 2017">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=R. | title=Gandhi and the Nobel Peace Prize | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-351-03612-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SitEDwAAQBAJ | access-date=2023-08-14 | page=4}}</ref> As a result of the federation scheme contained in the Government of India Act 1935 and the rise of socialist Congress leaders, the Congress began to actively engage with popular political and labour activity in the princely states.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1987|pp=127–129}}</ref>

In 1939, Nehru challenged the existence of the princely states and added that "the states in modern India are anachronistic and do not deserve to exist."<ref name="o824"/> By 1939, the Congress's formal stance was that the states must enter independent India, on the same terms and with the same autonomy as the provinces of British India, and with their people granted responsible government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=224–225}}</ref> As a result, it attempted to insist on the incorporation of the princely states into India in its negotiations with the British,<ref>{{Harvnb|Moore|1983|pp=290–314}}</ref> but the British took the view that this was not in their power to grant.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} In July 1946, Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/>

A few British leaders, particularly [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], the last British [[viceroy of India]], were also uncomfortable with breaking links between independent India and the princely states. The development of trade, commerce and communications during the 19th and 20th centuries had bound the princely states to the British India through a complex network of interests.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=204}}</ref> Agreements relating to railways, customs, irrigation, use of ports, and other similar agreements would get terminated, posing a serious threat to the economic life of the subcontinent. Mountbatten was also persuaded by the argument of Indian officials such as [[V. P. Menon]] that the integration of the princely states into independent India would, to some extent, assuage the wounds of [[Partition of India|partition]]. The result was that Mountbatten personally favoured and worked towards the accession of princely states to India following the transfer of power, as proposed by the Congress.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|pp=393–394}}</ref>

[[Hindu Mahasabha]] took funding from the [[princely states]] and supported them to remain independent even after the [[independence of India]]. [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|V. D. Savarkar]] particularly hailed the Hindu dominated states as the 'bedrock of Hindu power' and defended their despotic powers, referring to them as the 'citadels of organised Hindu power'. He particularly hailed the princely states such as [[Mysore State]], [[Travancore]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Oudh]] and [[Baroda State]] as 'progressive Hindu states'.<ref name="c565">{{cite book | last=Bapu | first=P. | title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History | publisher=Routledge | series=Online access with subscription: Proquest Ebook Central | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-415-67165-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA32 | access-date=2024-10-12 | page=32-33}}</ref><ref name="w584">{{cite book | last1=Chhibber | first1=P.K. | last2=Verma | first2=R. | title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-062390-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT248 | access-date=2024-10-12 | page=248}}</ref>

==Accepting integration==

The era of the princely states effectively ended with Indian independence in 1947; by 1950, almost all of the principalities had [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to either India or Pakistan.<ref>Ravi Kumar Pillai of Kandamath in the Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs, pages 316–319 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2016.1171621</ref>

===The princes' position===
The rulers of the princely states were not uniformly enthusiastic about integrating their domains into independent India. The [[Jamkhandi State]] integrated first with Independent India. Some, such as the rulers of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] and [[Jawhar State|Jawhar]], were motivated to join India out of ideological and patriotic considerations,<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=237}}</ref> but others insisted that they had the right to join either India or Pakistan, to remain independent, or form a union of their own.<ref name=Ramu273>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|2004|p=273}}</ref> [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], [[Travancore]] and [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] announced that they did not intend to join either dominion.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|p=393}}; {{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=232}}</ref> Hyderabad went as far as to appoint trade representatives in European countries and commencing negotiations with the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] to lease or buy [[Goa#Portuguese period|Goa]] to give it access to the sea,<ref>{{Harvnb|Morris-Jones|1983|pp=624–625}}</ref> and Travancore pointed to the strategic importance to Western countries of its [[thorium]] reserves while asking for recognition.<ref>{{Harvnb|Spate|1948|pp=15–16}}; {{Harvnb|Wainwright|1994|pp=99–104}}</ref> Some states proposed a subcontinent-wide [[confederation]] of princely states, as a third entity in addition to India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=215, 232}}</ref> Bhopal attempted to build an alliance between the princely states and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] to counter the pressure being put on rulers by the Congress.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=226–227}}</ref>

A number of factors contributed to the collapse of this initial resistance and to nearly all non-Muslim majority princely states agreeing to accede to India. An important factor was the lack of unity among the princes. The smaller states did not trust the larger states to protect their interests, and many [[Hindu]] rulers did not trust [[Muslim]] princes, in particular [[Hamidullah Khan]], the [[Nawab of Bhopal]] and a leading proponent of independence, whom they viewed as an agent for Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|2004|p=272}}</ref> Others, believing integration to be inevitable, sought to build bridges with the Congress, hoping thereby to gain a say in shaping the final settlement. The resultant inability to present a united front or agree on a common position significantly reduced their bargaining power in negotiations with the Congress.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|pp=233–240}}</ref> The decision by the Muslim League to stay out of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] was also fatal to the princes' plan to build an alliance with it to counter the Congress,<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=229}}</ref> and attempts to boycott the Constituent Assembly altogether failed on 28 April 1947, when the states of [[Baroda State|Baroda]], [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Cochin State|Cochin]], [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], [[Patiala State|Patiala]] and [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] took their seats in the Assembly.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=244}}</ref>

Many princes were also pressured by popular sentiment favouring integration with India, which meant their plans for independence had little support from their subjects.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=232}}</ref> The Maharaja of Travancore, for example, definitively abandoned his plans for independence after the attempted assassination of his dewan, Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]].<ref name=Cop97258>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=258}}</ref> In a few states, the chief ministers or [[dewan]]s played a significant role in convincing the princes to accede to India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Phadnis|1968|pp=170–171, 192–195}}</ref> The key factors that led the states to accept integration into India were, however, the efforts of [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[V. P. Menon]]. The latter two were respectively the political and administrative heads of the [[States Department]], which was in charge of relations with the princely states.

===Mountbatten's role===
[[File:Admiral of the Fleet Earl Mountbatten of Burma TR1228.jpg|thumb|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] played an important role in convincing reluctant monarchs to accede to the Indian Union.]]

Mountbatten believed that securing the states' accession to India was crucial to reaching a negotiated settlement with the Congress for the transfer of power.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|pp=253–254}}</ref> As a relative of King George VI, he was trusted by most of the princes and was a personal friend of many, especially the [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab of Bhopal]], [[Hamidullah Khan]]. The princes also believed that he would be in a position to ensure that independent India adhered to any terms that might be agreed upon, because Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Patel had asked him to become the first [[Governor General]] of the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|pp=391–392}}</ref>

Mountbatten used his influence with the princes to push them towards accession. He declared that the British Government would not grant dominion status to any of the princely states, nor would it accept them into the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], which meant that the British Crown would sever all connections with the states unless they joined either India or Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=255}}</ref> He pointed out that the [[Indian subcontinent]] was one economic entity, and that the states would suffer most if the link were broken.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gandhi|1991|pp=411–412}}</ref> He also pointed to the difficulties that princes would face maintaining order in the face of threats such as the rise of [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal violence]] and [[Communism|communist movements]].<ref name=Cop97258 />

Mountbatten stressed that he would act as the trustee of the princes' commitment, as he would be serving as India's head of state well into 1948. He engaged in a personal dialogue with reluctant princes, such as the Nawab of Bhopal, who he asked through a confidential letter to sign the Instrument of Accession making Bhopal part of India, which Mountbatten would keep locked up in his safe. It would be handed to the States Department on 15 August only if the Nawab did not change his mind before then, which he was free to do. The Nawab agreed, and did not renege over the deal.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gandhi|1991|pp=413–414}}</ref>

At the time, several princes complained that they were being betrayed by Britain, who they regarded as an ally,<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|p=385}}</ref> and Sir [[Conrad Corfield]] resigned his position as head of the Political Department in protest at Mountbatten's policies.<ref name=Cop97258/> Mountbatten's policies were also criticised by the opposition [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=252}}</ref> [[Winston Churchill]] compared the language used by the Indian government with that used by [[Adolf Hitler]] before the [[Anschluss|invasion of Austria]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Eagleton|1950|p=283}}</ref> Modern historians such as E. W. R. Lumby and R. J. Moore, however, take the view that Mountbatten played a crucial role in ensuring that the princely states agreed to accede to India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moore|1983|p=347}}; {{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=236}}</ref>
===Pressure and diplomacy===
[[File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]] as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister for Home and States Affairs]] had the responsibility of welding the British Indian provinces and the princely states into a united India.]]

By far the most significant factor that led to the princes' decision to accede to India was the policy of the Congress and, in particular, of [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Patel]] and [[V. K. Krishna Menon|Menon]]. The Congress' stated position was that the princely states were not sovereign entities, and as such could not opt to be independent notwithstanding the end of paramountcy. The princely states must therefore accede to either India or Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=232}}</ref> In July 1946, Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<ref name=Cop97258 /> In January 1947, he said that independent India would not accept the [[divine right of kings]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=228}}</ref> and in May 1947, he declared that any princely state which refused to join the Constituent Assembly would be treated as an enemy state.<ref name=Cop97258 /> Other Congress leaders, such as [[C. Rajagopalachari]], argued that as paramountcy "came into being as a fact and not by agreement", it would necessarily pass to the government of independent India, as the successor of the British.<ref name=LumbyMult>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=218–219, 233}}</ref>

Patel and Menon, who were charged with the actual job of negotiating with the princes, took a more conciliatory approach than Nehru.<ref>{{Harvnb|Brown|1984|p=667}}</ref> The official policy statement of the Government of India made by Patel on 5 July 1947 made no threats. Instead, it emphasised the unity of India and the common interests of the princes and independent India, reassured them about the Congress' intentions, and invited them to join independent India "to make laws sitting together as friends than to make treaties as aliens".<ref>{{Harvnb|Menon|1956|pp=99–100}}</ref> He reiterated that the States Department would not attempt to establish a relationship of domination over the princely states. Unlike the Political Department of the British Government, it would not be an instrument of paramountcy, but a medium whereby business could be conducted between the states and India as equals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=234}}</ref>

===Instruments of accession===
Patel and Menon backed up their diplomatic efforts by producing treaties that were designed to be attractive to rulers of princely states. Two key documents were produced. The first was the [[Standstill agreement (India)|Standstill Agreement]], which confirmed the continuance of the pre-existing agreements and administrative practices. The second was the [[Instrument of Accession]], by which the ruler of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters.<ref name=Ramu273 /> The nature of the subject matters varied depending on the acceding state. The states which had internal autonomy under the British signed an Instrument of Accession which only ceded three subjects to the government of India—defence, [[external affairs]], and communications, each defined in accordance with List 1 to Schedule VII of the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. Rulers of states which were in effect estates or [[taluk]]as, where substantial administrative powers were exercised by the Crown, signed a different Instrument of Accession, which vested all [[Separation of legislative powers in India|residuary powers]] and jurisdiction in the Government of India. Rulers of states which had an intermediate status signed a third type of Instrument, which preserved the degree of power they had under the British.<ref>{{Harvnb|Menon|1956|pp=109–110}}</ref>

The Instruments of Accession implemented a number of other safeguards. Clause 7 provided that the princes would not be bound to the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] as and when it was drafted. Clause 8 guaranteed their autonomy in all areas that were not ceded to the Government of India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|p=399}}</ref> This was supplemented by a number of promises. Rulers who agreed to accede would receive guarantees that their [[extra-territorial]] rights, such as [[immunity from prosecution]] in Indian courts and exemption from customs duty, would be protected, that they would be allowed to democratise slowly, that none of the eighteen major states would be forced to merge, and that they would remain eligible for [[British honours|British honours and decorations]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=256}}</ref> In discussions, Lord Mountbatten reinforced the statements of Patel and Menon by emphasising that the documents gave the princes all the "practical independence" they needed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|p=396}}</ref> Mountbatten, Patel and Menon also sought to give princes the impression that if they did not accept the terms put to them then, they might subsequently need to accede on substantially less favourable terms.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|p=396}}; {{Harvnb|Menon|1956|p=120}}</ref> The Standstill Agreement was also used as a negotiating tool, as the States Department categorically ruled out signing a Standstill Agreement with princely states that did not sign an Instrument of Accession.<ref>{{Harvnb|Menon|1956|p=114}}</ref>

==Accession process==
[[File:1946 Political Subdivisions of India by National Geographic.jpg|thumb|right|280px|1946 political map of India, showing princely states (in gray) and British India]]
The limited scope of the Instruments of Accession and the promise of a wide-ranging autonomy and the other guarantees they offered, gave sufficient comfort to many rulers, who saw this as the best deal they could strike given the lack of support from the British, and popular internal pressures.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|2004|p=274}}</ref> Between May 1947 and the transfer of power on 15 August 1947, the vast majority of states signed Instruments of Accession. A few, however, held out. Some simply delayed signing the Instrument of Accession. [[Piploda State|Piploda]], a small state in central India, did not accede until March 1948.<ref name=Cop97260>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=260}}</ref> The biggest problems, however, arose with a few border states, such as [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], which tried to negotiate better deals with Pakistan, with [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]], which actually did accede to Pakistan, and with [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]], which decided to remain independent.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Instruments of Accession |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/insideoutside/instruments-of-accession-23183/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Border states===
The ruler of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], [[Hanwant Singh]], was antipathetic to the Congress, and did not see much future in India for him or the lifestyle he wished to lead. Along with the ruler of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]], he entered into negotiations with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], who was the designated head of state for [[Pakistan]]. Jinnah was keen to attract some of the larger border states, hoping thereby to attract other [[Rajput]] states to Pakistan and compensate for the loss of half of [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. He offered to permit Jodhpur and Jaisalmer to accede to Pakistan on any terms they chose, giving their rulers blank sheets of paper and asking them to write down their terms, which he would sign.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mosley|1961|p=177}}</ref> Jaisalmer refused, arguing that it would be difficult for him to side with Muslims against Hindus in the event of communal problems. Hanwant Singh came close to signing. However, the atmosphere in Jodhpur was in general hostile to accession to Pakistan. Mountbatten also pointed out that the accession of a predominantly Hindu state to Pakistan would violate the principle of the [[two-nation theory]] on which Pakistan was based, and was likely to cause communal violence in the State. Hanwant Singh was persuaded by these arguments, and somewhat reluctantly agreed to accede to India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Menon|1956|pp=116–117}}</ref>

In the northeast India, the border states of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] and [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]] acceded to India on 11 August and 13 August respectively.<ref>{{citation |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |title=Bleeding Manipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&pg=PA171 |year=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |page=171}}</ref><ref>{{citation |editor1=Sajal Nag |editor2=Tejimal Gurung |editor3=Abhijit Choudhury |title=Making of the Indian Union: Merger of princely states and excluded areas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3UMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA317 |year=2007 |publisher=Akansha Pub. House |isbn=978-81-8370-110-5 |page=317}}: "Maharani Kanchan Prabha Devi as President of the 'Council of Regency' signed the 'Instrument of Accession' on 13 August 1947."</ref>

===Junagadh===
{{Main|Annexation of Junagadh}}

Although the states were in theory free to choose whether they wished to accede to India or Pakistan, Mountbatten had pointed out that "geographic compulsions" meant that most of them must choose India. In effect, he took the position that only the states that shared a border with Pakistan could choose to accede to it.<ref name=Cop97260 />

The Nawab of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]], a princely state located on the south-western end of [[Gujarat]] and having no common border with Pakistan, chose to accede to Pakistan ignoring Mountbatten's views, arguing that it could be reached from Pakistan by sea. The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh—[[Mangrol State|Mangrol]] and [[Babariawad]]—reacted to this by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India. In response, the Nawab of Junagadh militarily occupied the states. The rulers of neighbouring states reacted angrily, sending their troops to the Junagadh frontier and appealed to the Government of India for assistance. A group of Junagadhi people, led by [[Samaldas Gandhi]], formed a government-in-exile, the ''Aarzi Hukumat'' ("provisional government").<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=237–238}}</ref>

India believed that if Junagadh was permitted to go to Pakistan, the communal tension already simmering in Gujarat would worsen, and refused to accept the accession. The government pointed out that the state was 80% Hindu, and called for a referendum to decide the question of accession. Simultaneously, they cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and reoccupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acceded to India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=238}}</ref> Pakistan agreed to discuss a [[Referendum|plebiscite]], subject to the withdrawal of Indian troops, a condition India rejected. On 26 October, the Nawab and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes with Indian troops. On 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, invited the Government of India to take over the State's administration. The Government of India agreed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=238–239}}</ref> A plebiscite was conducted in February 1948, which went almost unanimously in favour of accession to India.<ref name=Furb359>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=359}}</ref>

To this day, Pakistan claims sovereignty over Junagadh state.

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Main|Kashmir conflict }}
{{see also|1947 Jammu massacres}}
[[File:Kashmir map big.jpg|thumb|Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. The dark-brown region represents Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] while the [[Aksai Chin]] is under Chinese administration.]]

At the time of the transfer of power, the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (widely called "Kashmir") was ruled by [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]], a Hindu, although the state itself had a Muslim majority. Hari Singh was equally hesitant about acceding to either India or Pakistan, as either would have provoked adverse reactions in parts of his kingdom.<ref>{{Harvnb|Menon|1956|pp=394–395}}</ref> He signed a Standstill Agreement with Pakistan and proposed one with India as well,<ref name=Lumb245>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=245}}</ref> but announced that Kashmir intended to remain independent.<ref name=Cop97260 /> However, his rule was opposed by [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the popular leader of Kashmir's largest political party, the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]], who demanded his abdication.<ref name=Lumb245 />

Pakistan, attempting to force the issue of Kashmir's accession, cut off supplies and transport links. Its transport links with India were tenuous and flooded during the rainy season. Thus Kashmir's only links with the two dominions was by air. Rumours about atrocities against the Muslim population of [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]] by the Maharajah's forces circulated in Pakistan. Shortly thereafter, [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] tribesmen from the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] of Pakistan crossed the border and entered Kashmir.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=245–247}}</ref> The invaders made rapid progress towards [[Srinagar]]. The Maharaja of Kashmir wrote to India, asking for military assistance. India required the signing of an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] and setting up an [[interim government]] headed by Sheikh Abdullah in return.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=247–248}}</ref> The Maharaja complied, but Nehru declared that it would have to be confirmed by a plebiscite, although there was no legal requirement to seek such confirmation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Potter|1950|p=361}}</ref>

Indian troops secured [[Jammu]], Srinagar and the valley itself during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|First Kashmir War]], but the intense fighting flagged with the onset of winter, which made much of the state impassable. Prime Minister Nehru, recognising the degree of international attention brought to bear on the dispute, sought UN arbitration, arguing that India would otherwise have to invade Pakistan itself, in view of its failure to stop the tribal incursions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Potter|1950|pp=361–362}}</ref> On 13 August 1948, the UN adopted a [[United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_47#Ceasefire_(1948)|three-part resolution]] and demanded ceasefire. On 1 January 1949, India agreed to a ceasefire.<ref name="e403">{{cite book | last1=Osmańczyk | first1=E.J. | last2=Mango | first2=A. | title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M | publisher=Routledge | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-415-93922-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1190 | access-date=2024-10-31 | page=1190}}</ref> The plebiscite was never held, and on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India came into force in Kashmir, but with [[Article 370|special provisions]] made for the state.<ref>{{Harvnb|Security Council|1957|p=359}}</ref> India did not, however, capture all of the Jammu and Kashmir. The northern and western portions of Kashmir came under Pakistan's control in 1947 during [[1947 Poonch rebellion]] and [[1947 Gilgit rebellion]], and came to be called [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]].

===Hyderabad===
{{Main|Annexation of Hyderabad}}
{{See also|Hyderabad massacres}}
{{Not to be confused with|text=[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] which is also a city in the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]]}}
[[File:Hyderabad state 1909.jpg|thumb|[[Hyderabad State]] in 1909. Its former territories are today incorporated in the Indian states of [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]].]]
[[File:Op Polo Surrender.jpg|thumb|[[Major General]] [[Syed Ahmed El Edroos]] (at right) offers his surrender of the [[Hyderabad State]] Forces to Major General (later [[General]] and [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]]) [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]] at [[Secunderabad]].]]

Hyderabad was a landlocked state that stretched over 82,000 square miles (over 212,000 square kilometres) in southeastern India. While 87% of its 17 million people were Hindu, its ruler [[Nizam]] [[Osman Ali Khan]] was a Muslim, and its politics were dominated by a Muslim elite.<ref>{{Harvnb|Talbot|1949|pp=323–324}}</ref> The Muslim nobility and the [[Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen]], a powerful pro-Nizam Muslim party, insisted Hyderabad remain independent and stand on an equal footing to India and Pakistan. Accordingly, the Nizam in June 1947 issued a ''[[Firman (decree)|firman]]'' announcing that on the transfer of power, his state would be resuming independence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=240}}</ref> The Government of India rejected the firman, terming it a "legalistic claim of doubtful validity". It argued that the strategic location of Hyderabad, which lay astride the main lines of communication between northern and southern India, meant it could easily be used by "foreign interests" to threaten India, and that in consequence, the issue involved national-security concerns. It also pointed out that the state's people, history and location made it unquestionably Indian, and that its own "common interests" therefore mandated its integration into India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Talbot|1949|pp=324–325}}</ref>

The Nizam was prepared to enter into a limited treaty with India, which gave Hyderabad safeguards not provided for in the standard Instrument of Accession, such as a provision guaranteeing Hyderabad's neutrality in the event of a conflict between India and Pakistan. India rejected this proposal, arguing that other states would demand similar concessions. A temporary Standstill Agreement was signed as a stopgap measure, even though Hyderabad had not yet agreed to accede to India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=243–244}}</ref> By December 1947, however, India was accusing Hyderabad of repeatedly violating the Agreement, while the Nizam alleged that India was blockading his state, a charge India denied.<ref>{{Harvnb|Talbot|1949|pp=325–326}}</ref>

The Nizam was also beset by the [[Telangana Rebellion]], led by communists, which started in 1946 as a peasant revolt against feudal elements; and one which the Nizam was not able to subjugate.<ref>{{Harvnb|Puchalapalli|1973|pp=18–42}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=224}}</ref> The situation deteriorated further in 1948. The [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]] ("volunteers"), a militia affiliated to the Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen and set up under the influence of Muslim radical [[Qasim Razvi]], assumed the role of supporting the Muslim ruling class against upsurges by the Hindu populace, and began intensifying its activities and was accused of attempting to intimidate villages. The Hyderabad State Congress Party, affiliated to the Indian National Congress, launched a political agitation.<ref name=Talbot325>{{Harvnb|Talbot|1949|p=325}}</ref> Matters were made worse by communist groups, which had originally supported the Congress but now switched sides and began attacking Congress groups.<ref name=Talbot325/> Attempts by Mountbatten to find a negotiated solution failed and, in August, the Nizam, claiming that he feared an imminent invasion, attempted to approach the [[UN Security Council]] and the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Eagleton|1950|pp=277–280}}</ref> Patel now insisted that if Hyderabad was allowed to continue its independence, the prestige of the Government would be tarnished and then neither Hindus nor Muslims would feel secure in its realm.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gandhi|1991|p=483}}</ref> On 7 September, Jawaharlal Nehru gave ultimatum to Nizam, demanding ban on the Razakars and return of Indian troops to [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|Secunderabad]].<ref name="Siddiqi 1960 p. ">{{cite book | last=Siddiqi | first=A. | title=Pakistan Seeks Security | publisher=Longmans, Green, Pakistan Branch | year=1960 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsM9AAAAMAAJ | page=21}}</ref>

On 13 September 1948, two days after the death of Jinnah, the [[Indian Army]] was sent into Hyderabad under [[Operation Polo]] on the grounds that the law and order situation there threatened the peace of [[South India]].<ref name="Hangloo Murali 2007 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Hangloo | first1=Rattan Lal | last2=Murali | first2=A. | title=New Themes in Indian History: Art, Politics, Gender, Environment, and Culture | publisher=Black & White | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-89320-15-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwVuAAAAMAAJ | pages=240–241}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Institute">{{cite journal | title=Vol. 17, No. 2, Second Quarter, 1964 | journal=Pakistan Horizon | publisher=Pakistan Institute of International Affairs | volume=17 | issue=2 | year=1964 | issn=0030-980X | jstor=41392796 | page=169 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41392796 | access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref> The troops met little resistance by the Razakars and between 13 and 18 September took complete control of the state. The operation led to massive communal violence with estimates of deaths ranging from the official one of 27,000–40,000 to scholarly ones of 200,000 or more.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thomson|2013}}</ref><ref name=NooraniUntold>{{Harvnb|Noorani|2001}}</ref> The Nizam was retained as the [[head of state]] in the same manner as the other princes who acceded to India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Talbot|1949|pp=326–327}}</ref> He thereupon disavowed the complaints that had been made to the UN and, despite vehement protests from Pakistan and strong criticism from other countries, the Security Council did not deal further with the question, and Hyderabad was absorbed into India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Eagleton|1950|p=280}}; {{Harvnb|Talbot|1949|pp=326–327}}</ref>

==Completing integration==
[[File:Central Provs 1909.jpg|thumb|[[Central Provinces and Berar]], which form part of modern [[Chhattisgarh]], Madhya Pradesh and [[Maharashtra]]]]
[[File:Madras Prov 1859.gif|thumb|The British-ruled [[Madras Province]] and adjacent princely states]]
[[File:Madras Prov South 1909.jpg|thumb|The [[Madras Presidency]] was divided and merged with neighbouring princely states to produce [[Kerala]], Tamil Nadu, [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].]]

The Instruments of Accession were limited, transferring control of only three matters to India, and would by themselves have produced a rather loose federation, with significant differences in administration and governance across the various states. Full political integration, in contrast, would require a process whereby the political actors in the various states were "persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations, and political activities towards a new center", namely, the [[Republic of India]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wood|1984|p=68}}</ref> This was not an easy task. While some princely states such as [[Mysore State|Mysore]] had legislative systems of governance that were based on a broad franchise and not significantly different from those of British India,<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=363}}</ref> in others, political decision-making took place in small, limited aristocratic circles and governance was, as a result, at best paternalistic and at worst the result of courtly intrigue.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wood|1984|p=72}}</ref> Having secured the accession of the princely states, the Government of India between 1948 and 1950 turned to the task of welding the states and the former British provinces into one polity under a single republican constitution.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=352}}</ref>

===Fast-track integration===
[[File:Map of the partition of British India.jpg|thumb|Reorganization process as of 31st May 1948.]]
The first step in this process, carried out between 1947 and 1950, was to merge the smaller states that were not seen by the Government of India to be viable administrative units either into neighbouring provinces, or with other princely states to create "princely unions".<ref name=Cop97262>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=262}}</ref> This policy was contentious since it involved the dissolution of the very states whose existence India had only recently guaranteed by Mountbatten and the Indian leaders.{{Sfn|Copland|1997|p=263}} Patel and Menon emphasised that without integration, the economies of states would collapse, and anarchy would arise if the princes were unable to provide democracy and govern properly. They pointed out that many of the smaller states were very small and lacked resources to sustain their economies and support their growing populations. Many also imposed tax rules and other restrictions impeding free trade with provinces, which had to be dismantled in a united India.<ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Menon|1956|pp=193–194}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2023}}

Given that the merger involved the breach of guarantees personally given by Mountbatten, initially, Patel and Nehru intended to wait until after his term as [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] ended. An [[adivasi]] uprising in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] in late 1947, however, forced their hand.<ref name=Cop97262 /> In December 1947, princes from the Eastern India Agency and Chhattisgarh Agency were summoned to an all-night meeting with Menon, where they were persuaded to sign Merger Agreements integrating their states into Orissa, the [[Central Provinces]] and [[Bihar]] with effect from 1 January 1948.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=354–355}}</ref> Later that year, 66 states in Gujarat and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] were merged into [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], including the large states of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] and [[Baroda State|Baroda]]. Other small states were merged into [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[East Punjab]], West Bengal, the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=355–356}}</ref> Not all states that signed Merger Agreements were integrated into provinces, however. Thirty states of the former [[Punjab Hill States Agency]] which lay near the international border and had signed Merger Agreements were integrated into [[Himachal Pradesh]], a distinct entity that was administered directly by the centre as a [[Chief Commissioner's Province]], for reasons of security.<ref name=Furber366>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=366–367}}</ref>

A second kind of 'merger' agreement was demanded from states along sensitive border areas: [[Cutch (princely state)|Kutch]] in western India, and [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]] and [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] in [[Northeast India]]. They were not merged into other units but retained as Chief Commissioners' Provinces under central government control. [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], whose ruler was proud of the efficiency of his administration and feared that it would lose its identity if merged with the neighbouring [[Maratha]] states, also became a Chief Commissioner's Province, as did [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], much of which was likely to be flooded on completion of the [[Bhakra dam]].<ref name="Furber366" />

The Merger Agreements required rulers to cede "full and exclusive jurisdiction and powers for and in relation to governance" of their state to the [[Dominion of India]]. In return for their agreement to entirely cede their states, it gave princes many guarantees. Princes would receive an annual payment from the Indian government in the form of a [[privy purse in India|privy purse]] as compensation for the surrender of their powers and the dissolution of their states. While state property would be taken over, their [[private property]] would be protected, as would all personal privileges, dignities and titles. Succession was also guaranteed according to custom. In addition, the provincial administration was obliged to take on the staff of the princely states with guarantees of equal pay and treatment.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=354, 356}}</ref>

===Four-step integration===

====Merger====
The bulk of the larger states, and some groups of small states, were integrated through a different, four-step process. The first step in this process was to convince adjacent large states and a large number of adjacent small states to combine to form a "princely union" through the execution by their rulers of Covenants of Merger. Under the Covenants of Merger, all rulers lost their ruling powers, save one who became the [[Rajpramukh]] of the new union. The other rulers were associated with two bodies—the council of rulers, whose members were the rulers of [[salute state]]s, and a [[presidium]], one or more of whose members were elected by the rulers of non-salute states, with the rest elected by the council. The Rajpramukh and his deputy ''Uprajpramukh'' were chosen by the council from among the members of the presidium. The Covenants made provision for the creation of a constituent assembly for the new union which would be charged with framing its constitution. In return for agreeing to the extinction of their states as discrete entities, the rulers were given a [[privy purse]] and guarantees similar to those provided under the Merger Agreements.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=358–359}}</ref>

Through this process, Patel obtained the unification of 222
states in the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula of his native Gujarat into the princely union of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] in January 1948, with six more states joining the union the following year.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=358}}</ref> [[Madhya Bharat]] emerged on 28 May 1948 from a union of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], [[Indore State|Indore]] and eighteen smaller states.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=359–360}}</ref> In Punjab, the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] was formed on 15 July 1948 from [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]], [[Nalargarh]], and [[Kalsia State|Kalsia]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=36o}}</ref> The [[United State of Rajasthan]] was formed as the result of a series of mergers, the last of which was completed on 15 May 1949.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=361}}</ref> Travancore and Cochin were merged in the middle of 1949 to form the princely union of [[Travancore-Cochin]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=362–363}}</ref> The only princely states which signed neither Covenants of Merger nor Merger Agreements were Kashmir, Mysore and Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muzaffar |first=H. Syed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+only+princely+states+which+signed+neither+Covenants+of+Merger+nor+Merger+Agreements+were+Kashmir,+Mysore+and+Hyderabad&pg=PA93 |title=History of Indian Nation : Post-Independence India |date=2022-02-20 |publisher=K.K. Publications}}</ref>

====Democratisation====
Merging the administrative machineries of each state and integrating them into one political and administrative entity was not easy, particularly as many of the merged states had a history of rivalry. In the former [[Central India Agency]], whose princely states had initially been merged into a princely union called [[Vindhya Pradesh]], the rivalry between two groups of states became so bad that the Government of India persuaded the rulers to sign a Merger Agreement abrogating the old Covenants of Merger, and took direct control of the state as a Chief Commissioner's State.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=367–368}}</ref> As such, the mergers did not meet the expectations of the Government of India or the States Department. In December 1947, Menon suggested requiring the rulers of states to take "practical steps towards the establishment of popular government". The States Department accepted his suggestion, and implemented it through a special covenant signed by the rajpramukhs of the merged princely unions, binding them to act as constitutional monarchs.<ref name=Cop97264>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=264}}</ref> This meant that their powers were ''de facto'' no different from those of the [[Governors of India|Governors]] of the former British provinces,<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=357–358, 360}}</ref> thus giving the people of their territories the same measure of responsible government as the people of the rest of India.<ref name=Cop97264 />

The result of this process has been described as being, in effect, an assertion of paramountcy by the Government of India over the states in a more pervasive form.<ref name=Furb36970>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=369–370}}</ref> While this contradicted the British statement that paramountcy would lapse on the transfer of power, the Congress position had always been that independent India would inherit the position of being the paramount power.<ref name=LumbyMult />

[[File:1950 India showing Political Divisions in the New Republic by Survey of India.jpg|thumb|States of India in 1950]]

====Centralisation and constitutionalisation====
Democratisation still left open one important distinction between the former princely states and the former British provinces, namely, that since the princely states had signed limited Instruments of Accession covering only three subjects, they were insulated from government policies in other areas. The Congress viewed this as hampering its ability to frame policies that brought about [[social justice]] and national development.<ref name=Cop97264 /> Consequently, they sought to secure to the central government the same degree of powers over the former princely states as it had over the former British provinces. In May 1948, at the initiative of V. P. Menon, a meeting was held in Delhi between the Rajpramukhs of the princely unions and the States Department, at the end of which the Rajpramukhs signed new Instruments of Accession which gave the Government of India the power to pass laws in respect of all matters that fell within the seventh schedule of the [[Government of India Act 1935]].<ref name=Cop97264 /> Subsequently, each of the princely unions, as well as Mysore and Hyderabad, agreed to adopt the Constitution of India as the constitution of that state, thus ensuring that they were placed in exactly the same legal position vis-à-vis the central government as the former British provinces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=357}}</ref> Until [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]] was abrogated, the only exception was Kashmir, whose relationship with India continued to be governed by the original Instrument of Accession, and the constitution produced by the [[Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|state's Constituent Assembly]].

Effective from 1950, the Constitution of India classified the constituent units of India into three classes—Part A, B, and C states. The former British provinces, together with the princely states that had been merged into them, were the Part A states. The princely unions, plus Mysore and Hyderabad, were the Part B states. The former Chief Commissioners' Provinces and other centrally administered areas, except the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], were the Part C states.<ref name="Furber 1951 352–354">{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=352–354}}</ref> The only practical difference between the Part A states and the Part B states was that the constitutional heads of the Part B states were the Rajpramukhs appointed under the terms of the Covenants of Merger, rather than Governors appointed by the central government. In addition, Constitution gave the central government a significant range of powers over the former princely states, providing amongst other things that "their governance shall be under the general control of, and comply with such particular directions, if any, as may from time to time be given by, the President". Apart from that, the form of government in both was identical.<ref name=Furb36970 />

====Reorganisation====
The distinction between Part A and Part B states was only intended to last for a brief, transitional period.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} In 1956, the [[States Reorganisation Act]] reorganised the former British provinces and princely states on the basis of language. Simultaneously, the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution removed the distinction between Part A and Part B states, both of which were now treated only as "states", with Part C states being designated as "[[union territories]]". The Rajpramukhs lost their authority, and were replaced as the constitutional heads of state by Governors, who were appointed by the central government. These changes finally brought the princely order to an end.<ref name=Cop97266>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|p=266}}</ref> In both legal and practical terms, the territories that had been part of the princely states were now fully integrated into India and did not differ in any way from those that had been part of British India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gledhill|1957|p=270}}</ref> The personal privileges of the princes—the privy purse, the exemption from customs duty, and customary dignities—survived, only to be abolished in 1971.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roberts|1972|pp=79–110}}</ref>

==Post-integration issues==

===The princes===
{{see also | Privy Purse in India | Central Waqf Council | Custodian for Enemy Property for India | Enemy Property Act, 1968 }}

Although the progressive integration of the princely states into India was largely peaceful, not all princes were happy with the outcome. Many had expected the Instruments of Accession to be permanent, and were unhappy about losing the [[autonomy]] and the guaranteed continued existence of their states they had expected to gain. Some felt uneasy about the disappearance of states that generations of their family had controlled, while others were unhappy about the disappearance of administrative structures they had worked hard to build up and which they believed to be efficient.<ref name=Cop97266 /> The majority, however, despite the "strain and tension" of adapting to life as private citizens,<ref name=Cop97266 /> were content to retire on the generous pension provided by the privy purse.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|pp=354, 371}}</ref> Several took advantage of their eligibility to hold public offices under the central government. The Maharaja of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]], [[Krishna Kumarasingh Bhavasingh|Col. Krishna Kumarasingh Bhavasingh Gohil]], for example, became the Governor of [[Madras State]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=371}}</ref> and several others were appointed to [[Diplomat|diplomatic posts]] overseas.<ref name=Cop97266 />

===Colonial enclaves===
[[File:French India 1815.gif|thumb|The French enclaves in 1947{{image reference needed|date=December 2022}}]]
{{See also|French India|Portuguese India}}

The integration of the princely states raised the question of the future of the remaining colonial [[enclave]]s in the Indian subcontinent. At independence, the regions of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]], [[Karaikal]], [[Yanam, French India|Yanam]], [[Mahé, India|Mahe]] and [[Chandernagore]] were still colonies of France, and [[Daman and Diu]], Dadra and Nagar Haveli and [[Goa]] remained colonies of Portugal.<ref name=Furb369>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=369}}</ref> An agreement between France and India in 1948 provided for an election in France's remaining possessions in South Asia to choose their political future. A plebiscite held in Chandernagore on 19 June 1949 resulted in a vote of 7,463 to 114 in favour of being integrated with India. It was ceded to India on a ''de facto'' basis on 14 August 1949 and ''[[de jure]]'' on 2 May 1950.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fifield|1950|p=64}}</ref> In the other enclaves, however, the pro-French camp, led by [[Edouard Goubert]], used the administrative machinery to suppress the pro-merger groups. Popular discontent rose, and in 1954 [[Coup d'état de Yanaon|demonstrations in Yanam]] and [[Mahé, India|Mahe]] resulted in pro-merger groups assuming power. A referendum in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Karaikal]] in October 1954 resulted in a vote in favour of merger, and on 1 November 1954, de facto control over all four enclaves was transferred to the Republic of India. A treaty of cession was signed in May 1956, and following ratification by the [[National Assembly of France|French National Assembly]] in May 1962, ''de jure'' control of the enclaves was also transferred.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vincent|1990|pp=153–155}}</ref>

[[File:Goa 1955 invasion.ogg|thumb|Demonstrators demanding the integration of Goa into India march against the Portuguese on 15 August 1955.]]

Portugal, in contrast, resisted diplomatic solutions. It viewed its continued possession of its enclaves in the Indian subcontinent as a matter of national pride<ref name=Karan188>{{Harvnb|Karan|1960|p=188}}</ref> and, in 1951, it amended its [[Constitution of Portugal|constitution]] to convert its possessions in India into Portuguese provinces.<ref name=Fisher624>{{Harvnb|Fisher|1962|p=4}}</ref> In July 1954, an uprising in Dadra and Nagar Haveli threw off Portuguese rule.<ref name=Karan188 /> The Portuguese attempted to send forces from Daman to reoccupy the enclaves, but were prevented from doing so by Indian troops. Portugal initiated proceedings before the [[International Court of Justice]] to compel India to allow its troops access to the enclave, but the Court rejected its complaint in 1960, holding that India was within its rights in denying Portugal military access.<ref>{{Harvnb|Karan|1960|pp=188–190}}</ref> In 1961, the Constitution of India was amended to incorporate Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India as a Union Territory.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fisher|1962|p=8}}</ref>

Goa, Daman and Diu remained an outstanding issue. On 15 August 1955, five thousand non-violent demonstrators marched against the Portuguese at the border, and were met with gunfire, killing 22.<ref name=Fisher624 /> In December 1960, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] rejected Portugal's contention that its overseas possessions were provinces, and formally listed them as "non-self-governing territories".<ref name=Fisher626>{{Harvnb|Fisher|1962|p=6}}</ref> Although Nehru continued to favour a negotiated solution, the Portuguese suppression of a revolt in [[Angola]] in 1961 radicalised Indian public opinion, and increased the pressure on the Government of India to take military action. African leaders, too, put pressure on Nehru to take action in Goa, which they argued would save Africa from further horrors.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fisher|1962|pp=8–10}}</ref> On 18 December 1961, following the collapse of an American attempt to find a negotiated solution,<ref>{{Harvnb|Fisher|1962|p=10}}</ref> the Indian Army entered Portuguese India and defeated the Portuguese garrisons there. The Portuguese took the matter to the [[Security Council]] but a resolution calling on India to withdraw its troops immediately was defeated by the [[USSR]]'s [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|1962|p=619}}</ref> Portugal surrendered on 19 December.<ref name=Fisher626/> This take-over ended the last of the European colonies in the Indian subcontinent. [[Indian annexation of Goa|Goa was incorporated]] into India as a centrally administered union territory and, in 1987, became a state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1886?view_type=browse&sam_handle=123456789/1362 |date=23 May 1987}}</ref>

==Sikkim==
[[File:Sikkim area map.svg|thumb|The former princely state of [[Sikkim]], located at a strategically important point on the border between India and China, was integrated into India in 1975 as its 22nd state.]]

Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim were Himalayan states bordering India. [[Nepal]] had been recognised by the British by [[Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923]] as being ''de jure'' independent<ref name=Furb369 /> and not a princely state. [[Bhutan]] had in the British period been considered a [[protectorate]] outside the international frontier of India.<ref name=Furb369 /> The Government of India entered into a treaty with Bhutan in 1949 continuing this arrangement, and providing that Bhutan would abide by the advice of the Government of India in the conduct of its external affairs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fifield|1952|pp=450}}</ref> After 1947, India signed new treaties with Nepal and Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The India-China Competition in the Himalayas: Nepal and Bhutan |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/india-china-competition-himalayas-nepal-and-bhutan-28258 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=ISPI}}</ref>

Historically, Sikkim was a British [[Dependent territory|dependency]], with a status similar to that of the other princely states, and was therefore considered to be within the frontiers of India in the colonial period. On independence, however, the [[Chogyal]] of Sikkim resisted full integration into India. Given the region's strategic importance to India, the Government of India signed first a Standstill Agreement and then in 1950 a full treaty with the Chogyal of Sikkim which in effect made it a protectorate which was no longer part of India. India had responsibility for defence, external affairs and communications, and ultimate responsibility for law and order, but Sikkim was otherwise given full internal autonomy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=369}}; {{Harvnb|Note|1975|p=884}}</ref> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Chogyal [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]], supported by the minority [[Bhutia]] and [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] upper classes, attempted to negotiate greater powers, particularly over external affairs, to give Sikkim more of an international personality. These policies were opposed by [[Kazi Lhendup Dorji]] and the [[Sikkim State Congress]], who represented the ethnic [[People of Nepal|Nepali]] middle classes and took a more pro-Indian view.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1975|pp=789–790}}</ref>

In April 1973, anti-Chogyal agitation broke out and protestors demanded popular elections. The Sikkim police were unable to control the demonstrations, and Dorji asked India to exercise its responsibility for law and order and intervene. India facilitated negotiations between the Chogyal and Dorji, and produced an agreement, which envisaged the reduction of the Chogyal to the role of a [[constitutional monarch]] and the holding of elections based on a new ethnic power-sharing formula.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1975|pp=790–793}}</ref> The Chogyal's opponents won an overwhelming victory, and a new Constitution was drafted providing for Sikkim to be associated with the Republic of India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1975|pp=793–795}}</ref> On 10 April 1975, the Sikkim Assembly passed [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|a resolution]] calling for the state to be fully integrated into India. This resolution was endorsed by 97 percent of the vote in a referendum held on 14 April 1975, following which the Indian Parliament amended the constitution to admit Sikkim into India as its 22nd state.<ref>{{Harvnb|Note|1975|p=884}}</ref>

===Secessionism and sub-nationalism===
While the majority of princely states absorbed into India have been fully integrated, a few outstanding issues remain. The most prominent of these is in relation to Jammu and Kashmir, where a [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|secessionist insurgency]] has been raging since 1989.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zutshi|2017|p=123}}</ref>

Some academics suggest that the insurgency is at least partly a result of the manner in which it was integrated into India. Kashmir, uniquely amongst princely states, was not required to sign either a Merger Agreement or a revised Instrument of Accession giving India control over a larger number of issues than the three originally provided for. Instead, the power to make laws relating to Kashmir was granted to the Government of India by Article 5 of the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] and was, under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]], somewhat more restricted than in relation to other states. Widmalm argues that during the 1980s, a number of Kashmiri youth began to feel that the Indian government was increasingly interfering in the [[politics of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=Widmalm1923>{{Harvnb|Widmalm|1997|pp=1019–1023}}</ref> The elections of 1987 caused them to lose faith in the political process and begin the violent insurgency which is still ongoing.<ref name=Widmalm1923 /> Similarly, Ganguly suggests that the policies of the Indian government towards Kashmir meant that the state, unlike other parts of India, never developed the solid political institutions associated with a modern multi-ethnic democracy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ganguly|1996|pp=99–101}}</ref> As a result, the growing dissatisfaction with the ''status quo'' felt by an increasingly politically aware youth was expressed through non-political channels<ref>{{Harvnb|Ganguly|1996|pp=91–105}}</ref> which Pakistan, seeking to weaken India's hold over Kashmir, transformed into an active insurgency.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ganguly|1996|p=103}}</ref>

Separatist movements also exist in two other former princely states located in Northeast India— Tripura and [[Manipur]], though insurgency in Tripura has been crushed the [[Insurgency in Manipur|insurgency in Manipur continues on]]. However, these separatist movements are generally treated by scholars as being part of the broader problem of [[Insurgent groups in Northeast India|insurgencies in North-east India]], rather being a result of specific problems in integrating the princely states into India, as the Kashmir problem is and, in particular, to reflect the failure of the Government of India to adequately address the aspirations of tribal groups in the Northeast, or to tackle the tensions arising from the immigration of people from other parts of India to the north-eastern areas.<ref>''See e.g.'' {{Harvnb|Hardgrave|1983|pp=1173–1177}}; {{Harvnb|Guha|1984|pp=42–65}}; {{Harvnb|Singh|1987|pp=263–264}}</ref>

The integration of former princely states with other provinces to form new states has also given rise to some issues. The [[Telangana]] region, comprising the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking districts of the former Hyderabad State, were in many ways different from the Telugu-speaking areas of British India with which they were merged. In recognition of these differences, the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] originally recommended that Telangana be created as a separate state, rather than as part of a broader Telugu-speaking entity. This recommendation was rejected by the Government of India, and Telangana was merged into [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The result was the emergence in the 1960s of a movement demanding a separate Telangana state.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gray|1971|pp=463–474}}</ref> The demand has been accepted by the Union Government, leading to formation of Telangana as the 29th state of India in June 2014. A similar movement, although less strong, exists in the [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]], which consists of the former [[Nagpur state]] and the [[Berar Division|Berar]] region of the former Hyderabad state.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mitra|2006|p=133}}</ref>

==Critical perspectives on the process of integration==
The integration process repeatedly brought Indian and Pakistani leaders into conflict. During negotiations, Jinnah, representing the Muslim League, strongly supported the right of the princely states to remain independent, joining neither India nor Pakistan, an attitude which was diametrically opposed to the stance taken by Nehru and the Congress<ref>{{Harvnb|Menon|1956|pp=86–87}}</ref> and which was reflected in Pakistan's support of Hyderabad's bid to stay independent. Post-partition, the [[Government of Pakistan]] accused India of hypocrisy on the ground that there was little difference between the accession of the ruler of Junagadh to Pakistan—which India refused to recognise—and the accession of the Maharajah of Kashmir to India, and for several years refused to recognise the legality of India's incorporation of Junagadh, treating it as ''de jure'' Pakistani territory.<ref name=Furb359 />

Different theories have been proposed to explain the designs of Indian and Pakistani leaders in this period. [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] postulates that an ideal deal working in the mind of Patel was that if Muhammad Ali Jinnah let India have Junagadh and Hyderabad, Patel would not object to Kashmir acceding to Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gandhi|1991|pp=430–438}}</ref> In his book ''Patel: A Life'', Gandhi asserts that Jinnah sought to engage the questions of Junagadh and Hyderabad in the same battle. It is suggested that he wanted India to ask for a plebiscite in Junagadh and Hyderabad, knowing thus that the principle then would have to be applied to Kashmir, where the Muslim-majority would, he believed, vote for Pakistan. A speech by Patel at the Bahauddin College in Junagadh following the latter's take-over, where he said that "we would agree to Kashmir if they agreed to Hyderabad", suggests that he may have been amenable to this idea.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gandhi|1991|p=438}}</ref> Although Patel's opinions were not India's policy, nor were they shared by Nehru, both leaders were angered at Jinnah's courting the princes of Jodhpur, Bhopal and Indore, leading them to take a harder stance on a possible deal with Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gandhi|1991|pp=407–408}}</ref>

Modern historians have also re-examined the role of the States Department and Lord Mountbatten during the accession process. Ian Copland argues that the Congress leaders did not intend the settlement contained in the Instruments of Accession to be permanent even when they were signed, and at all times privately contemplated a complete integration of the sort that ensued between 1948 and 1950.<ref name=Cop97264 /> He points out that the mergers and [[cession]] of powers to the Government of India between 1948 and 1950 contravened the terms of the Instruments of Accession, and were incompatible with the express assurances of internal autonomy and preservation of the princely states which Mountbatten had given the princes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|pp=399–401}}</ref> Menon in his memoirs stated that the changes to the initial terms of accession were in every instance freely consented to by the princes with no element of coercion. Copland disagrees, on the basis that foreign diplomats at the time believed that the princes had been given no choice but to sign, and that a few princes expressed their unhappiness with the arrangements.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1997|pp=266, 271–272}}</ref> He also criticises Mountbatten's role, saying that while he stayed within the letter of the law, he was at least under a moral obligation to do something for the princes when it became apparent that the Government of India was going to alter the terms on which accession took place, and that he should never have lent his support to the bargain given that it could not be guaranteed after independence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copland|1993|pp=398–401}}</ref> Both Copland and Ramusack argue that, in the ultimate analysis, one of the reasons why the princes consented to the demise of their states was that they felt abandoned by the British, and saw themselves as having little other option.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramusack|2004|p=274}}; {{Harvnb|Copland|1997|pp=355–356}}</ref> Older historians such as Lumby, in contrast, take the view that the princely states could not have survived as independent entities after the transfer of power, and that their demise was inevitable. They therefore view successful integration of all princely states into India as a triumph for the Government of India and Lord Mountbatten, and as a tribute to the sagacity of the majority of princes, who jointly achieved in a few months what the [[British Empire|Empire]] had attempted, unsuccessfully, to do for over a century—unite all of India under one rule.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=218}}; {{Harvnb|Furber|1951|p=359}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[All India States Peoples' Conference|All Indian States People's Conference]]
*[[List of princely states of British India (by region)|List of princely states of British India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

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== External links ==
* [[:s:White Paper on Indian States (1950)|White Paper on Indian States]], Government of India, 1950. At Wikisource

{{Territorial evolution of the world}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Political integration of India| ]]
[[Category:Constitutional history of India]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Origins of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Princely states of India|*]]

Haqeeqat (1995 film)

2026-03-10T18:15:48Z

WAJID AH: minor enhance content for consistency also and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Haqeeqat
| image = Haqeeqat (1995).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sandesh Kohli|Kuku Kohli]]
| producer = N.R. Pachisia
| writer = Tanveer Khan (dialogues)
| screenplay = Rajeev Kaul Praful Parekh
| story = Rajeev Kaul Praful Parekh
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ajay Devgan]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| music = Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen
| cinematography = Nirmal Jani
| editing = Kuldip K. Mehan
| studio = Tips Industries, Ratan International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|12|29|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Haqeeqat''''' (transl. ''Reality'') is a 1995 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[action film]] directed by Kuku Kohli and produced by N.R. Pachisia. It stars [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=040706020347 | title=Haqeeqat - movie review by Avinash Ramchandani - Planet Bollywood }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539319 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207083147/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539319 | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 February 2012 | title=Haqeeqat | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | accessdate=1 November 2012}}</ref> The film was a hit and became the 11th highest-grossing movie of the year at the box office.

==Plot==
Shiva is a hitman working for a gangster Anna. One day Anna receives a contract from Bhajan Singh, a corrupt politician, to kill the Chief Minister of the state. Anna puts Shiva on the job. Shiva manages to shoot the CM but the CM doesn't die. While escaping from the scene, Shiva inadvertently kills a man. This incident disturbs Shiva who tells Anna to compensate the dead man's family with money. On Anna's instructions, Shiva escapes to Mumbai under the alias Ajay. While on the train, Ajay meets a kind hearted man called Shivcharan and saves his family from being attacked by assassins. Shivcharan then reveals that he is a policeman and hence it must have been some enemy trying to get revenge.

In [[Mumbai]], Ajay starts living with a landlady, Mrs. David, who starts doting on him like her own son. One day, Ajay saves a woman, Sudha, from some hooligans and falls in love with her. The hooligans' ringleader is the brother of a dreaded don Jagpati Bhavani Singh who has Ajay arrested and tries to harass him. However, Shivcharan intervenes and lets Ajay go. One day, Shivcharan, who has incriminating evidence against Bhavani decides to approach the CM regarding this but is attacked and hospitalized. In the hospital, Bhavani's assistant tries to kill Shivcharan by planting a bomb in the ward, but Ajay finds out and saves Shivharan, killing Bhavani's assistant in the process. Bhavani is furious and vows vengeance.

Meanwhile, Ajay and Sudha develop feelings for each other but Sudha is hesitant to move forward since she is a widow and her family won't be very happy if she remarries. Ajay tells her that he loves her come what may and these things don't matter to him and promptly marries her against the protests of her sister-in-law in the presence of the colony's residents. Shivcharan and Mrs. David give their blessings to the couple and Sudha's sister-in-law also relents. The couple start their lives anew leaving their respective pasts behind and begin living happily as a married couple.

Soon, Shivcharan finds out about Ajay's past but decides against arresting him when he sees Ajay saving two small children from an accident. Ajay opens a garage and during the inauguration, Shivcharan burns all the evidence against Ajay in the latter's presence saying that it would be a sin to persecute a man who has already reformed for good.
Ajay and Sudha's lives are going on smoothly until one day Anna visits Ajay at his house telling him to come back. Ajay refuses saying he has had great difficulty in washing all the blood off his hands and doesn't want to go back into the cesspool of crime. An infuriated Anna then reveals to Ajay that the man he had accidentally killed was Sudha's first husband. Sudha overhears this conversation and is devastated and tears away from Ajay. Soon it is revealed that she is pregnant with Ajay's child. Anna and Bhajan Singh, who have now joined hands with Bhavani once again try to convince Ajay but he refuses.

Anna has Sudha's brother attacked and Ajay participates in a fighting competition to provide money for his treatment. Ajay wins the money but Sudha harshly rejects him reminding him of his past deeds. Mrs. David and Sudha's sister-in-law try to convince her to reconcile with Ajay saying that he has reformed and loves her truly. However, before she can do anything the three ladies are attacked, and Sudha is kidnapped. Anna, Bhavani, and Bhajan Singh compel Ajay to obey them in exchange for Sudha's life. Ajay seemingly kills the CM and escapes as a helpless Shivcharan looks on.

However, this is revealed to be a ploy when during a condolence meeting for the CM, the CM reveals himself to be alive. Bhajan Singh makes a last ditch attempt to kill the CM but is killed by Ajay. Anna and Bhavani escape to the roof of the building and are cornered by Ajay and Shivcharan. Ajay kills them both and surrenders himself to Shivcharan, who promises to get his sentence reduced. Sudha and Ajay reconcile.

== Cast ==
* [[Ajay Devgan]] as Shiva/Ajay
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Sudha Malhotra
* [[Amrish Puri]] as ACP. Shivcharan
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Mrs. David
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Anna
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Tony
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Kamini, Sudha's sister-in-law
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Chief Minister L.K. Chowdhury
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Sumitra – Shivcharan's wife
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Jagpati Bhavani Singh
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Vivek , Bhawani Singh ka bhai
* Mahesh Gupta as Sudha's first Husband
* Ghanshyam Rohera as Batuklal, Bhavani's henchman
* Ishrat Ali as Bhajan Singh
* Pratibha Goregaonkar as Gangubai , House Maid Servant

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Le Pappiyan Jhappiyan"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
| [[Gulshan Bawra]]
|-
| 2
| "Ek Ladki Hai"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| [[Faaiz Anwar]]
|-
| 3
| "Dil Ne Dil Se Ikrar Kiya"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| Nawab Arzoo
|-
| 4
| "Mele Lage Hue Hain Haseeno Ke"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
| Rani Malik
|-
| 5
| "O Jaane Jaan"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
| Gulshan Bawra
|-
| 6
| "Main Tera Dil Mein Saason Mein"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
| Rani Malik
|-
| 7
| "Akrakam Tuka Ta"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]]
| Maya Govind
|}

== Awards ==
'''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''
* '''Nomination''', [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Male)]] : [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] (Dil Ne Dil Se)

'''[[Screen Awards]]'''
* '''Won''', [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Playback Singer (Male)]] : [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] (Dil Ne Dil Se)
* '''Won''', [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Playback Singer (Female)]] : [[Alka Yagnik]] (Dil Ne Dil Se)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0286672}}

{{Tips Industries Limited}}

[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kuku Kohli]]

Taxakeshwar Temple, Mandsaur

2026-03-07T14:29:25Z

WAJID AH: adding a place

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

'''Taxakeshwar Temple, Mandsaur''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Takshaka|Lord Taxak]], in [[Mandsaur]], [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref name="ta2">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Akash |date=12 June 2018 |title=Taxakeshwar In Madhya Pradesh – Where A Serpent Is Worshipped As A Lord |language=en |publisher=nativeplanet.com |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/taxakeshwar-in-madhya-pradesh-where-a-serpent-is-worshipped-as-a-lord-004895.html |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="ta 1">{{cite news |title=Eighth century statues are enshrined in Takshakeshwar temple |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/neemuch/news/mp-news-statue-of-the-nineteenth-century-is-immortalized-in-the-temple-of-takshareshwar-103004-5172462.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=bhaskar.com}}</ref> The temple is around 22 km from Bhanpura, in Nawli village.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== Legend ==

It is believed that King Parikshit was bitten by Takshak as a result of a curse. He called Lord Dhanvantari for removal of poison. Takshak became worried that the medicinal effect would nullify the curse. Takshak changed into the form of wood and f4ll on the path of Dhanavantri. This made Dhanavantri itchy on the back and as she picked up the wood to rub, Takshak converted into a snake and bit her. Takshakeshwar Temple is situated where Takshak bit Dhanavantri.<ref name="ta 1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Taxakeshwar, Bhanpura, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.apnisanskriti.com/temple/taxakeshwar-bhanpura-mandsaur-madhya-pradesh-3045 |website=ApniSanskriti - Back to veda |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}



{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandsaur]]

Gadibidi Krishna

2026-03-03T22:03:18Z

WAJID AH: basic reworked citations per standard format additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gadibidi Krishna
| image = Gadibidi Krishna.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sai Prakash]]
| writer =
| producer = Bharathi Devi
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Ravali]] [[Indraja]] [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Vijayakumar
| editing = Narasaiah
| studio = Chinni Chitra
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1998|10|23}}
| runtime = 139 min
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}
'''''Gadibidi Krishna''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]], written and directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]] and produced by Bharati Devi. It stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Ravali]] and [[Indraja]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217082320/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/25035/sandalwood/shivarajkumar-century-100-films-list-news-details Shivarajkumar 100 Movies list]}}</ref> The musical score is by [[Hamsalekha]]. The film is a remake of the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]], ''[[Sommokadidi Sokokadidi]]''.

==Plot==

The film depicts identical twins, a city-bred doctor and a villager, who swap identities for personal gain. Chaos ensues.

Krishna, a village simpleton, visits the city. One day, he comes across his lookalike: Dr. Shivram. Krishna starts plotting to take Dr. Shivram's place and swap his difficult existence for a life of urban comfort. But he soon realizes that Dr. Shivram has his own problems.

Shivram too discovers that he has a lookalike and visits Krishna's home. When he arrives, he learns that he and Krishna were identical twins separated at birth. Thugs kidnap Shivram for money, but Krishna and his family manage to defeat them. By the end of the film, the brothers are reunited.

==Cast==
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Krishna / Dr Shivram (Double Role)
* [[Ravali]]
* [[Indraja]]
* C. R. Simha
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
* [[B. V. Radha]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Vanisri|Vani shree]]
* [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]
* Mysore Ramanand
* Mandeep Rai
* [[Mandya Ramesh]]
* M. S. Karanth
* Vaasu Dev
* Anil Kumar
* Bharath Kumar
* Pushpa Swamy
* Mandya Ramesh
* Charulatha as Special Appearance in the Song

==Soundtrack==
All the songs were composed and written by [[Hamsalekha]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Sl No !! Song title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Taka Taka Takaisu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sowmya Raoh]]
|-
| 2 || "Ene Idu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Latha Hamsalekha]]
|-
| 3 || "Raadha Raadha" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sowmya Raoh
|-
| 4 || "Thamma Thamma" || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
|-
| 5 || "Kanasina TV" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Sowmya Raoh
|-
| 6 || "Baare Baare"|| Rajesh Krishnan, [[Rathnamala Prakash]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadibidi Krishna}}
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sai Prakash]]
[[Category:1998 drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Pon Vilangu

2026-03-03T04:56:41Z

WAJID AH: Done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pon Vilangu
| image = Pon Vilangu.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = K. S. Rajkumar
| screenplay = K. S. Rajkumar
| story = [[R. K. Selvamani]]
| producer = K. Rajarathinam
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|[[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]|[[Ramya Krishnan]]|[[Ooha|Sivaranjani]]}}
| cinematography = M. Chandra Mouli
| editing = V. Uthayasankaran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = RK Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|04|10}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pon Vilangu''''' ({{translation|Golden Chain}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by debutante director K. S. Rajkumar. The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], [[Ramya Krishnan]] and [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]]. It was released on 10 April 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பொன் விலங்கு / Pon Vilangu (1993) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/pon-vilangu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309122019/https://screen4screen.com/movies/pon-vilangu |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Muthu is a daily wage worker whose whole world revolves around his young sister Mallika. Being a short-tempered man who cannot tolerate injustice, Muthu often gets involved in fights furthermore he hates policemen. Raani, an avid private moneylender, is in love with Muthu and begins to seduce him in various ways.

His sister Mallika falls in love with the honest police inspector Raghu. Both become very close, spending time together until one day Muthu surprises them. The angry Muthu beats up his sister, and Raani intervenes in time to calm the enraged Muthu. Muthu tells them his tragic past.

In the past, his sister Mallika was just a baby and Muthu's parents were very poor. His jobless father looked for a job to feed the family. The only job that he found required a bicycle, so he purchased a bicycle from an unknown person for a low rate. The next day, the police caught his father and beat him for stealing the collector's bicycle. Knowing the news, his mother ran to the police station and she was raped to death by the drunk police officers. After seeing this atrocity, his father committed suicide in police lock-up.

Since that traumatic event, Muthu starts to hate the police. Mallika understands her brother's feelings and asks him forgiveness, she then tries to forget Raghu. Thereafter, Raani begs Muthu to accept for Mallika's wedding with Raghu. Muthu finally accepts for the wedding but only under one condition : Raghu must resign his police job. Raghu, who also has a tragic past, refuses to resign. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Raghu
*[[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Muthu
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Raani
*[[Ooha|Sivaranjani]] as Mallika
*Veera Pandiyan
*[[Loose Mohan]]
*Krishnamoorthy as Raghu's father
*Yuvasri as Raghu's mother
*Muthukumar
*Arulmani
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Maari
*Mahima
*Soundar
*[[Singamuthu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pon Vilangu Tamil FIlm Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pon-vilangu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816193028/https://mossymart.com/product/pon-vilangu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pon Vilangu |url=https://gaana.com/album/pon-vilangu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309122015/https://gaana.com/album/pon-vilangu |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:25
| title1 = Oru Kolakili
| lyrics1 = Kamakodiyan
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]], Sunanda
| length1 = 5:07
| title2 = Sandhana Kumba
| lyrics2 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
| length2 = 6:07
| title3 = Koduthu Vacha
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Sunanda
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Indha Pacha Kili
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = Jayachandran
| length4 = 5:01
| title5 = Ooty Malai
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = Malaysia Vasudevan, Sunanda
| length5 = 5:05
}}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a positive review; she described the film as "an engrossing film centered on the strong bond between a brother and a sister" and praised the lead actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=16 April 1993 |title=Flaws minor |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930416&printsec=frontpage |access-date=19 May 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote that the film "keeps you entertained".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=24 July 1993 |title=Surprise hit for movie using well-tried formula |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MGs0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=2hMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6841%2C1358950 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407065713/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MGs0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=2hMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6841,1358950 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=26 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave the film a negative review and was also critical of Ilaiyaraaja's music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=2 May 1993 |title=பொன் விலங்கு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n49/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230131033649/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n49/mode/2up |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=5 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=48 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0318587}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vaaitha

2026-03-03T02:36:43Z

WAJID AH: adding a info

{{Short description|2022 Tamil language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaaitha
| image = Vaaitha poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mahivarman C. S
| producer = K. Vinothkumar
| writer = Mahivarman C. S
| screenplay = Mahivarman C. S
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mu Ramaswamy]]
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
*Pugazh Mahendran
}}
| music = Loceshwaran C.
| cinematography = R. J. Sethumurugavel Angharagan
| editing = Naresh Gunaseelan
| studio = Varaha Swamy Films
| distributor = Om Films
| runtime = 117 mins
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|05|27}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vaaitha''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by Mahivarman C. S. The film features [[Mu Ramaswamy]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and Pugazh Mahendran, and was released on 27 May 2022.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2022 |title='வாய்தா' படம் சர்ச்சை: இழிவுபடுத்தி எடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது என ராஜகுல சமூகம் எதிர்ப்பு - Vaaitha movie controversy particular community apposed this movie insult their community | Indian Express Tamil |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vaaitha-movie-controversy-particular-community-apposed-this-movie-insults-their-community-459032/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604084326/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vaaitha-movie-controversy-particular-community-apposed-this-movie-insults-their-community-459032/ |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|*[[Mu Ramaswamy]] as Appusamy
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
*Pugazh Mahendran as Vignesh
*Prasanna Balachandran as Muthusamy
*Powlen Jessica
*Regin Rose
*Thirunavukkarasu
*Muthu Azhagarsamy
*Rani Jaya
*Pradeep Durairaj as Constable Jayaprakash}}

==Plot==
A poor laundry worker gets injured in a road accident and finds himself struggling for justice. He and his family suffers, due to conflicts among two different caste groups.

==Production==
Mahivarman first started planning for the film in 2018, under the tile of ''Yegaali''. The film marked the acting debut of Pugazh Mahendran, son of [[C. Mahendran]], one of the state executive members of the Indian Communist Party.<ref name="fulloncinema">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=The audio launch of a new-fangled strong content-driven movie 'Vaaitha' held in Chennai |url=https://www.fulloncinema.in/the-audio-launch-of-a-new-fangled-strong-content-driven-movie-vaaitha-held-in-chennai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818162147/https://www.fulloncinema.in/the-audio-launch-of-a-new-fangled-strong-content-driven-movie-vaaitha-held-in-chennai/ |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=Full On Cinema}}</ref>

The film's teaser was released by [[Raju Murugan]] in April 2022.<ref name="ianslife">{{Cite web |title=Teaser of courtroom comedy 'Vaitha' released |url=https://ianslife.in/entertainment/teaser-courtroom-comedy-vaitha-released |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=IANS Life |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404102419/https://ianslife.in/entertainment/teaser-courtroom-comedy-vaitha-released |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was scheduled to release on 6 May 2022 but was pushed on the day of release to 27 May 2022, in an attempt to secure more screens.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |date=6 May 2022 |title=Release of GV Prakash's Ayngaran and courtroom drama Vaaitha postponed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/release-of-gv-prakashs-ayngaran-and-courtroom-drama-vaaitha-postponed/articleshow/91372589.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527005301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/release-of-gv-prakashs-ayngaran-and-courtroom-drama-vaaitha-postponed/articleshow/91372589.cms |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=2022-06-04 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film was released on 27 May 2022 across [[Tamil Nadu]]. A reviewer from the [[Times of India]] wrote "''Vaaitha'' is an emotional social drama that deserves a watch", adding "the writing is so good that it makes us empathise with the central character, who becomes a victim of the evils in our society" and that "the only problem here is that it takes time for us to get used to the atmosphere that he builds".<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite news |title=Vaaitha Movie Review: Vaaitha is an emotional social drama that deserves a watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vaaitha/movie-review/91839801.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603174257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vaaitha/movie-review/91839801.cms |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-04 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from [[The Hindu]] called the film a "worthy effort".<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |last=Hindu Tamil |date=28 May 2022 |title=முதல் பார்வை | வாய்தா - எளிய மக்களின் நீதிக்கான அலைக்கழிப்பை பதிந்த வலிமையான படைப்பு | Vaaitha movie review |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/806052-vaaitha-movie-review-1.html |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=hindutamil.in}}</ref> A reviewer from [[OTTplay|OTTPlay]] noted it was a "a bumpy legal drama that does not rise above the message".<ref name="ottplay">{{Cite web |title=Vaaitha movie review: A bumpy legal drama that does not rise above the message |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vaaitha-movie-review-a-bumpy-legal-drama-that-does-not-rise-above-the-message/2329a0993d352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531053458/https://www.ottplay.com/review/vaaitha-movie-review-a-bumpy-legal-drama-that-does-not-rise-above-the-message/2329a0993d352 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=ottplay.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15848010}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Moodlakatte Institute of Technology

2026-03-02T05:00:10Z

WAJID AH: creating a data

{{More citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Moodlakatte Institute of Technology
|native_name =
|image = Moodlakatte Institute of Technology, Kundapura logo.png
|logo =
|motto = Sathyamvada Dharmamchara
|established = 2004
|type = Private-Un Aided [[Engineering]] & [[Management]] [[Institution]]
|president = I. M. Siddharth Shetty
|director = Dr. Shankaranarayana Bhat M.
|principal = Dr. Ramakrishna Hegde<ref>{{cite web|title=Principal|url=http://www.mitkundapura.com/mitk/principal.php|website=www.mitkundapura.com|publisher=Moodlakatte Institute of Technology, Kundapura|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref>
|city = [[Kundapur]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{Coord|13|36|51|N|74|43|57|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|campus = Rural
|affiliations = [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
|website = http://www.mitkundapura.com/

}}
'''Moodlakatte Institute of Technology''' ('''MIT Kundapura''', '''MITK''') is a higher education institute located in [[Kundapur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. it was founded by [[I. M. Jayarama Shetty]] in the year 2004. It is affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated colleges - Mysuru|url=http://vtu.ac.in/affiliated-institutes/affiliated-institutes-mysore/|publisher=Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref> and approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicte-india.org/|title=Government of India, All India Council for Technical Education {{!}}|website=www.aicte-india.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214203019/https://www.aicte-india.org/|archive-date=14 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is situated in Moodlakatte, about 200 meters from Kundapura railway station. Moodlakatte Institute of Technology is the product of the charitable trust Moodlakatte Nagarathna Bhujanga Shetty Trust (R.),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mitkundapura.com/mitk/management.php|title=MITK - Moodlakatte Institute of Technology, Kundapura|last=Shylesh|first=B C|date=|website=www.mitkundapura.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref> situated in a beautiful natural environment of coastal karnataka, in front of Kundapura Railway Station in a small village called Moodlakatte. It was established in the year 2004.

==Courses==
The Institute offers 4-year UG programmes, 2-year PG programmes and a Research Programme.

'''B.E. Degree Programmes:'''
*[[Computer Science & Engineering]]
*[[Computer Science & Engineering (Data Science)]]
*[[Artificial Intelligence|Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning]]
*[[Information Science]] & [[Engineering]]
*[[Electronics]] & [[Communications]] [[Engineering]]
*[[Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)]]

'''Postgraduate Programmes:'''
*[[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA)
*[[Master of Computer Applications]] (MCA)

'''Research Programme:'''
*[[Ph.D.]] - [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]

==Students Associations==
*IEEE Student Branch
*Computer Society of India
*TRICS - Tribunes of Computer Savviers
*EMINENCE - E & C Association
* NSS
* Youth Red Cross Unit

==Hostels==

Has elegantly built separate secured hostels for both boys and girls in the campus

==See also==
*[[List of educational institutions in Mangalore]]
*[[List of engineering colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.mitkundapura.com}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Udupi district]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Karnataka]]

Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College

2026-02-27T16:15:51Z

WAJID AH: fix citations additionally

{{More citations needed|date=January 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology
| image = Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College Logo B.png
| established = {{start date|1989}}
| type = Government Autonomous College
| director = Prof. Vijay Kumar Banga
| undergrad = 1391
| postgrad = 175
| doctoral = 76
| city = Ghurdauri, [[Pauri Garhwal]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Rural areas|Rural]]
| nickname = GBPIET Formerly GBPEC
| website = {https://gbpiet.ac.in/}
| affiliations = [[AICTE]], [[Uttarakhand Technical University, DEHRADUN]]
}}
[[File:Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College, 2005.jpg|right|thumb|Overlooking the Himalayas from near the Principal's residence]]
'''Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology''' ('''GBPIET''') (known as ''Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College'' before August 2017) is an autonomous institution for higher technical education located in Ghurdauri of [[Pauri Garhwal]] district, in the north Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. College run by the government of [[Uttarakhand]], India. It was created in 1989 and named after the memory of the first Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], statesman and [[Bharat Ratna]] recipient [[Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant]].<ref>M. Chalapathi Rau, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant: his life and times (1981), pp. 183–184.</ref>

==History==
Gobind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology<ref>[http://www.euttaranchal.com/education/colleges/gp-pant-engineering-college-pauri.php Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology GBPEC 2012 Exam Dates Admissions Results Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand GB Pant Engineering College]. Euttaranchal.com (13 August 2013). Retrieved on 2013-10-05.</ref> was established by the Government of Uttar Pradesh in 1989. It started its first academic session in 1991. The institute is affiliated with [[Uttarakhand Technical University]], Dehradun.<ref>[http://www.uktech.in/collegelist.aspx List of Affiliated Colleges and Institutes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611211932/http://www.uktech.in/collegelist.aspx |date=11 June 2010 }} [[Uttarakhand Technical University]]</ref> since 2006.

It is located about 11 km from [[Pauri]], the District headquarters, and is about 33 km from [[Devprayag|Dev Prayag]], a historical and pilgrimage place. When the weather is clear a panoramic view of Himalayas as well as a short view of Srinagar can be seen from GBPIET. The college is financed by the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] and managed by the Board of Governors with the Minister of Technical Education, Government of Uttarakhand, as the chairman.

==Courses==
The institute offers courses in [[Master of Computer Applications|MCA]], [[Master of Engineering|M. Tech]], and [[Bachelor of Technology|B. Tech.]] The college provides seven [[undergraduate]], five [[postgraduate]], and six [[doctoral]] courses.

==Departments==

* Applied Sciences and Humanities
* Biotechnology
* Civil Engineering
* Computer Science and Applications
* Computer Science and Engineering
* Electrical Engineering
* Electronics and Communication Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering

The college offers undergraduate [[Bachelor of Engineering|B. Tech.]] degrees in:<ref>[http://www.gbpec.net Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College Website]</ref>

* Biotechnology Engineering (60 seats)
* Civil Engineering (60 seats)
* Computer Science and Engineering (60 seats)
* Electrical Engineering (60 seats)
* Artificial Intelligence& Machine Learning(60 seats)
* Electronics and Communication Engineering (60 seats)
* Mechanical Engineering (60 seats)
* Production Engineering (15 seats)

The college offers postgraduate programmes [[Master of Computer Applications|M.C.A.]] (Master of Computer Applications), [[Master of Technology|M.Tech]] programmes in [[biotechnology]], [[digital signal processing]], [[computer science and engineering]], and [[production engineering]].

The institute offers doctorate degrees Ph.D. in [[Biotechnology]], [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]], [[Computer Science and Applications]], [[Computer Science and Engineering]], and [[Electrical Engineering]] and [[Production Engineering]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.alumni.gbpec.ac.in/ GBPEC Alumni website]
*[https://gbpiet.ac.in/ GBPEC Official Website]

{{Universities in Uttarakhand}}
{{Coord|30.1838151|N|78.6929065|E|region:IN_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]

Tollygunge

2026-02-26T11:28:52Z

WAJID AH: small reworked intro for consistency and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Tollygunge
| official_name =
| other_name =
| native_name = টালিগঞ্জ
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
| total_type = 
| image_skyline = Tollygunge, Kolkata.jpg
| image_flag =
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| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas ]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata South district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South 24 Parganas district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ELECTORS DETAILS AS ON 30-10-2010 South 24 Parganas |url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf |website=www.s24pgs.gov.in |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2013 |date=30 October 2010}}</ref>
| subdivision_type4 = Metro Station
| subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Rabindra Sarobar metro station|Rabindra Sarobar]]|[[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar Metro Station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar]]|[[Netaji metro station|Netaji]]}}
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| subdivision_type6 =
| subdivision_name6 = 
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
| parts_style = 
| parts = [[Ward No. 89, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|89]], [[Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|94]], [[Ward No. 81, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|81]], [[Ward No. 95, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|95]], [[Ward No. 97, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|97]], [[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|98]] (Added Area) 
| p1 =
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| coordinates = {{coord|22.498|N|88.346|E|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700033, 700040
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata South]] and [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rashbehari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rashbehari]] and [[Tollygunge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tollygunge]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tollygunge''' is a locality of [[South Kolkata]], in [[West Bengal]], India. It is known for being the center of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema in India]], with filming locations used for other [[Indian cinema|regional Indian films]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.498|88.346}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Tollygunge
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.498|88.346}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

===Location===
It is flanked by the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] south suburban line to the north, Lake Gardens and [[Golf Green]] in the east, the Pashchim Putiari and Purba Putiari in the south and [[Behala]] in the west. The neighbourhood is served by [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station]] and [[Netaji metro station]] of [[Kolkata Metro]].

===Neighbourhoods===
Other prominent neighbourhoods in the area include [[Haridevpur]], [[Kudghat]], [[Ranikuthi]], [[Regent Park, Kolkata|Regent Park]], [[Netaji Nagar, Kolkata|Netaji Nagar]] and [[Bansdroni]].

===Places of interest===
[[File:UttamKumar.jpg|thumb|View of statue of Uttam Kumar, a famous Tollywood actor, at night at Tollygunge .]]
*Other places of Interest in Tollygunge include-
* [[Tollygunge Agragami F.C.|Tollygunge Agragami]]
*[[Tollygunge Club]]
*[[Royal Calcutta Golf Club]] (RCGC)
*[[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]]
* [[Indrapuri Studio|Indrapuri Film Studio]](now known as [[Star Studios]])

==History==
In the 18th century, Tollygunge, then known as Rasa Pagla, was a jungle with European garden houses scattered throughout. The Europeans, living in the central areas of old Calcutta, had a craze for villas far out in the sleepy villages, which were emerging as suburbs. It was renamed after [[William Tolly|Colonel William Tolly]], who made the dead [[Adi Ganga]] channel navigable in 1774. [[Tipu Sultan]]'s sons settled down in the area after the [[Vellore Mutiny]] in 1806. The British extended their patronage to [[Tollygunge Club]] and [[Royal Calcutta Golf Club|Tollygunge Golf Club]] in the 19th century.<ref name="nair">{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=P.Thankappan |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=Sukanta |title=Calcutta: The Living City |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195636970 |language=en |chapter=The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta|pages=11, 18, 13 |editor1-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri}}</ref>

In 1888, Ballygunge and Tollygunge formed a common ''thana'' when 25 new Police Section Houses were set up.<ref name="nair"/> In 1889, the suburbs of Calcutta were divided among 4 municipalities. While a portion of Tollygunge formed the South Suburban Municipality, northern Tollygunge which was part of the earlier Suburban Municipality was made one of the 'added area wards' of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="nair"/> In 1951, the southern part of Tollygunge was added to Calcutta.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakraborti |first1=Satyesh C. |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=Sukanta |title=Calcutta: The Living City |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195636970 |page=3 |language=en |chapter=The Growth of Calcutta in the Twentieth Century}}</ref>

Around 1921, Kolkata Municipal Corporation made efforts in certain areas, and that included Ballygunge-Tollygunge, to widen roads and add sewerage, water supply and other civic benefits.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bagchi |first1=Amiya Kumar |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=Sukanta |title=Calcutta: The Living City |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195636970 |page=218 |language=en |chapter=Wealth and Work in Calcutta, 1860-1921}}</ref>

With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], "millions of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees]] poured in from erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]... hundreds of 'refugee colonies' sprang up almost overnight all across the city and occupied all vacant land in the fringe areas. Here the refugees built their very own type of settlement, bearing some reflection of the village set-up of their lost homes... the refugees had taken command of adjoining areas such as Tollyganj and transformed them into a very different environment."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Monideep |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=Sukanta |title=Calcutta: The Living City |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195636970 |page=142 |language=en |chapter=Town Planning in Calcutta: Past, Present and Future}}</ref> The influx of refugees occurred in several spurts between 1947 and 1971. Only a small part of the influx stayed in the government transit camps and the overwhelming majority settled in squatters' colonies along the eastern fringes of the city, starting from Barrackpore in the north, through Dumdum to Jadavpur, Tollygunge and Behala, down to Sonarpur in the south. The massive influx had a major demographic, cultural, economic and political impact on the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Partha |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=Sukanta |title=Calcutta: The Living City |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195636970 |page=20 |language=en |chapter=The Political Culture of Calcutta}}</ref>

There is a small [[red-light district]] is located near [[Prince Anwar Shah Road]].<ref name="YPP_Research">{{cite web |author1=YOUTH PARTNERSHIP PROJECT SOUTH ASIA (YPP-SA) |title=VULNERABILITY OF CHILDREN LIVING IN THE RED LIGHT AREAS OF KOLKATA, INDIA |url=http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/YPP_Research_indial.pdf |publisher=[[End Child Prostitution and Trafficking]] |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=July 2010 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074514/http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/YPP_Research_indial.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
===Film===
The area is the centre of the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film industry]], which is known by the nickname Tollywood. It is the location of Indrapuri Studio and Technician Studio, a favourite hub for the late director Rituparno Ghosh (who happens to be an alumnus of [[Jadavpur University]], located in neighbouring [[Jadavpur]]), Ajoy kar and Tarun Majumdar. There is also the old NH1 studio and now several other new ones have emerged.

With the construction of old Calcutta with various imported styles, the local temple architecture also evolved. Among the temples are the Atchala temples of the Ghosh family built between 1788 and 1807. Prince Ghulam Mohammad built the mosque in Tollygunge in 1830.<ref>Lahiri Choudhury, Dhriti Kanta, "Trends in Calcutta Architecture 1690-1903", in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 169-170, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

===Literature===
Tollygunge is the setting among others in the 2013 novel, ''[[The Lowland]]'', by [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], who is ethnically from the locality. The novel was placed on the shortlist for the [[2013 Man Booker Prize]].

==Economy==
===Daily markets===
Lake Market, along with [[Hatibagan#Daily markets|Hatibagan]], [[Maniktala#Daily markets|Maniktala]], [[Sealdah#Daily markets|Sealdah]] and [[Ballygunge#Gariahat Market|Gariahat]] markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. The larger markets of Kolkata are divided into two sectors – inner and outer. The inner market is the official or core market in a planned building and the outer is a makeshift arrangement of pavement stalls.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bandopadhyay |first1=Raghab |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=Sukanta |title=Calcutta: The Living City |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195636970 |page=118 |language=en |chapter=Calcutta's Markets}}</ref> The Lake Road Market at 104 Rash Behari Avenue is a Kolkata Municipal Corporation market spread over 1.16 acres. Vegetables, fruits, betel leaf, flowers, fish, meat, egg etc. are available.<ref name="market">{{cite web| url = http://www.wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/kolkata1.html| title = Primary Hats/ Markets of District| work = Markets in Brief - Kolkata| publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board| access-date = 11 April 2018| archive-date = 2 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402051015/http://www.wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/kolkata1.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> There are several South Indian hotels and restaurants in the area.

The Lake Mall, developed by the Space Group, is a more recent addition. It is a six-story building with a high-end shopping mall, food courts and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-road-clogged-but-no-takers-for-lake-mall-basement-parking-lot/articleshow/64047511.cms|title=Kolkata: Road clogged, but no takers for Lake Mall basement parking lot - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>

[[Charu Market|Charu Chandra Market]] at 54/1 Charu Chandra Avenue is a private roadside market spread across 0.66 acres. Vegetables, fruits, betel leaf, fish, meat, eggs and grocery are available.<ref name="market"/>

==Education==
Educational institutions:
*South Academy High School (Near Bansdroni Bazar)
* Maharishi Vidyamandir (Near Bansdroni Fire Brigade)
* [[G.D.Birla Centre For Education]]
*[[Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management]]
*[[Sir Nripendra Nath Institution]] (SNNI)
* Adarsh Hindi High School
* Bangur High School
*[[Naktala High School]]
*Netaji Nagar Vidyamandir
*Swami Pranabananda Vidyapith
*The Assembly of God Church School
*Narmada High School
*Mansur Habibullah Memorial School (Formerly: South End School), [[Kudghat]] beside Netaji metro station
*Ashok Nagar Boys High School (co.education)
*Milan Garh Girls High School
*[[The Future Foundation School, Kolkata|The Future Foundation School]]
*[[Industrial Training Institute, Tollygunge|Industrial Training Institute]] (ITI Tollygunge)
*Gandhi Colony Madhyamik Vidyalaya (Boys & Girls)
*Tirthapati Institution
*[[Institute of Mass Communication Film and Television Studies]]

==Electorate==
Tollygunge happens to be a Vidhan Sabha constituency in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly and several neighbourhoods in this area like [[Golf Green]], Bijoygarh, Bikramgarh, Azadgarh etc. served as refugee colonies post the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. It is currently represented by [[Aroop Biswas]] of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the Legislative Assembly, who also serves as Minister for North Bengal Development in the [[Government of West Bengal]]. Erstwhile Leader of the Opposition in the Assembly, Pankaj Banerjee, preceded Biswas. The first Left Front Mayor of Kolkata, [[Prasanta Sur]], represented Tollygunge in several successive elections. Hence, Tollygunge has a rich and diverse political and socio-economic history. [[Ambika Chakrabarty]] and [[Niranjan Sengupta]], had earlier been elected from Tollygunge several number of times within the 1950-70s. Both were veteran fighters of the Bengal Independence movement, having been members of the Chittagong Jugantar Party and the Dhaka Anushilan Samity, respectively. Tollygunge is currently part of the Jadavpur Lok Sabha Constituency, which was represented by famous singer Kabir Suman from 2009 to 2014. Earlier, it fell within the South Kolkata constituency. As per the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Tollygunge Vidhan Sabha Was Composed of Ward No. 89,94,97,98,99 till 1967.89,94,97,98 till 1982. 89,94,95,97,98 till 2001 and 81,89,94,95,97,98 till 2011.From 2011 now comprises the following wards: 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 111, 112, 113 and 114 of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 21 July 2014|work= West Bengal| publisher= ECI}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
One of the major government super-speciality hospitals, M.R. Bangur Hospital, is situated in Tollygunge. An ISO-certified hospital it serves as the district hospital for the South 24 Parganas district. M R Bangur caters to the massive population of the district as well as adjoining metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freeassociation.in/entries/best-hospitals-in-dnb/blog-post-10|title=Dr Satarupa paul talks about OBG at M.R. Bangur hospital, Kolkatta|date=9 September 2014|website=FreeAssociation|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Other important hospitals and nursing homes include - RSV, Bijoygar Government Hospital, Moore Avenue Polly Clinic, Tapan Sinha Memorial Hospital, Swiss Park Nursing Home Private Limited, Tollygunge Medical Hall, Arogya Maternity and Nursing Home, Medline Nursing Home, Apollo Clinic Bansdroni, Silver Line Eye Hospital, Calcutta Lions Netra Niketan, New Bangur Hospital and Cancer Research, Jissan International, Metro Railway Hospital, Tiss Path Lab, among others.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==Transport==
Tollygunge serves as terminal points of several transport services including the tram, city buses of the Calcutta Tramways company and the metro station.

'''WBTC Bus'''
* V-1 (Tollygunge Tram Depot - Airport)
* EB-3 (Tollygunge Tram Depot - Ecospace)
* AC-1 (Jadavpur 8B Bus Stand - Howrah Stn)
* AC-4B (Joka - New Town)
* AC-6 (Garia 6 no Bus stand - Howrah Stn)
* AC-47 (Kudghat - Shapoorji)
* AC-49 (Parnasree - Ecospace)
* C-8 (Joka - Barasat)
* S-2 (Kudghat - Howrah Stn)
* S-3W (Joka - Ecospace)
* S-4 (Parnasree - Karunamoyee)
* S-4C (Haridevpur - Howrah Stn)
* S-7 (Garia 6 no Bus stand - Howrah Stn)
* S-22 (Shakuntala Park - Karunamoyee)
* S-17A (Kudghat - Dakshineswar)

Tollygunge Railway Station is located on the [[Budge Budge]] section of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]. The [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station]] (formerly Tollygunge) had been a terminal station of the [[Kolkata Metro]] from 1984 to 2009. From 2009, the overground extension of the Metro Railway extended the Metro's range to beyond Tollygunge up to [[New Garia]]. Hence, if one's office is located in the office para areas of Park Street, Camac Street, or LL Nehru Road, then one can commute through the metro much more conveniently.

The first electric tramcar in Kolkata ran from Esplanade to Khidirpur in 1902, and tracks were laid up to Tollygunge in 1903.<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''Civic and Public Services in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], page 235, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref>

The [[Calcutta Tramways Company]] depot in Tollygunge serves as a terminal point for the [[Calcutta Tramways Company|tram]] service (which links it to [[Ballygunge]] and [[B.B.D. Bagh]] by tram routes 24/29 and 29, respectively). The same company also operated some state government buses. Bus services connecting [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] via [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] pass through it.

The major auto routes are Ranikuthi-Garia More, Ranikuthi-Tollygunge Tram Depot, Ranikuthi-Baghajatin, Ranikuthi-Jadavpur 8B, Tollygunge Tram Depot-Jadavpur 8B and Prince Anwar Shah More-Jadavpur Police Station.

==Notable residents==
* Ali Muhammad Shibli, anti-colonial revolutionary (born 1879)<ref>{{cite book|author=Sengupta, Subodha|editor=Bose, Anjali|title=সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান|language=bn|volume=1|publisher=Sahitya Samsad|location=[[Kolkata]]|date=November 2013|page=79|edition=2|ISBN=978-81-7955-135-6}}</ref>
*[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], founder of [[ISKCON]]
*[[Utpal Dutt]], film actor and theatre personality
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]], actor, director and producer
*[[Saiee Manjrekar]], actress
*[[Medha Manjrekar]], actress
*[[Wamiqa Gabbi]], actress
*[[Shalini Pandey]], actress
*[[Sai Tamhankar]], actress
*[[Neeraj Roy]], businessman
*[[Amruta Subhash]], actress
*[[Jyoti Subhash]], actress

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/South}} 
{{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Southern fringes}}

{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Red-light districts in India]]

Hamsika Iyer

2026-02-05T02:56:49Z

WAJID AH: general improved section to improve readability and improved wording per sources

{{short description|Indian singer based in Mumbai (born 1972)}}
{{Cleanup|reason=style|date=February 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Hamsika Iyer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| origin = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| genre = [[Playback singing]], [[jingle]]s, [[Carnatic music]], [[Hindustani music]], [[world music]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1996–present
}}

'''Hamsika Iyer''' (born 12 April 1972) is an Indian singer based in [[Mumbai]]. She is a regular voice with ad world jingles and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] tele-serials, and has sung songs in [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] movies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Hamsika-bags-award-for-Kannada-film/articleshow/48041230.cms|title= Hamsika bags award for Kannada film |date= July 12, 2015|work= Times of India}}</ref>

==International collaborations and tours==
Hamsika Iyer is an Indian vocalist who has made significant international contributions to music. She was the Indian vocalist for [[Prem Joshua]]'s 2014 album ''Kashi''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2014/10/07/transglobal-and-versatile-indian-music/ | title= Transglobal and versatile Indian music | work=World Music Central.org | date=7 October 2014 | access-date= 31 March 2020}}</ref> Since 2012, she has also been a performer with the international band [[Juno Reactor]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/ben-watkins-reloaded/articleshow/21436777.cms | title= Ben Watkins Reloaded | work= [[Bangalore Mirror]] | date=24 January 2012 | access-date= 31 March 2020}}</ref> In August 2012, Hamsika performed with Aamir John Hadad's band, Zoobazar, in Valencia, Spain.Earlier, in November 2011, she was featured alongside the Rajagopalan Quartet at [[The Urban Folk Quartet|UrbanFOLK]] in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hG6A7bk6K_0 Vivek</ref> Hamsika also gained recognition in March 2010 when she sang [[Chammak Challo|''Chammak Challo'']] with Akon for the film ''[[Ra.One]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/in-the-city/chammak-challo-singer-to-perform-in-dubai|title= Chammak Challo singer to perform in Dubai|date= February 22, 2016|work= Khaleej Times}}</ref>

==Discography==
* "Nindiya" – ''[[Fateh (2025 film)|Fateh]]'' (2025) with Tineke Van Ingelgem (music by Vivek Hariharan)
* "Main Faraar Sa" – ''[[Running Shaadi]]'' (2017) with [[Anupam Roy]] (music by Anupam Roy)
* ''Kashi'' (2014) with [[Prem Joshua]] & Chintan, as Indian vocalist in the album
* "Ninna Danigaagi" (Version 1) – ''[[Savaari 2]]'' (2014) with [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] (music by [[Manikanth Kadri]])
* "Bekhauff" – Marathi – ''[[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' (2014)
* "1 2 3 4 Get on the Dance Floor" – ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013) with [[Vishal Dadlani]], Sricharan Kasturirangan (music by Vishal-Shekhar)
* ''[[Vishwaroopam (soundtrack)|Vishwaroopam]]'' (2012), backing vocals on "Unnai Kaanadhu" (music by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy)
* ''[[Delhi Safari]]'' (2012) (music by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy)
* "Lonely" – ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' (2012) with [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
* "Alai Payuthe" – ''[[English Vinglish]]'' (Tamil Dubbed), music by Amit Trivedi (2012)
* ''[[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' TV series, Music by [[Ram Sampath]] – "Sakhi", "Rupaiya", "Ghar Yaad Aata Hai" (Tamil/Telugu/Malayalam versions), "Chanda Pe Dance" (all languages, except Hindi)
* "Kala Kalyat" – ''[[Hridayanath]]'' (2012), Marathi (music by Santosh Muley)
* "Kanna Mucche" – ''Amet Asal Eemet Kusal'' (2012), music by Umang Doshi, [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
* ''Abhimaan Geet'' by Kaushal Inamdar (2007), Marathi
* "Mann Chimb Paavasaali" – ''Ajintha'' (2012), Marathi
* "Lal Hori" (''Chhand Othaatale'') – ''Ajintha'' (2012) with [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[Kaushal Inamdar]]
* "[[Raabta (song)|Raabta (Siyaah Raatein)]]" – ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]'' (2012) with [[Arijit Singh]], Joy
* "Chhaya Bhitu Chhaya" – ''Aparajita Tumi'' (2012), Bengali
* "[[Chammak Challo]]" – ''[[Ra.One]]'' (2011) with [[Akon]]
* "Jay Jagadish" – ''Ganaraj Adhiraj'' (2011) with [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]] and Gulraj Singh
* "Jhoola Jhool" – ''[[Stanley Ka Dabba]]'' (2011)
* "Athadilo Edo" – ''[[Kudirithe Cup Coffee]]'' (2011), Telugu
* "Lalita" (vocals) – ''Spirit and Spice''<ref>[https://archive.today/20130124030603/http://www.georgebrooks.com/george-brooks-music/spirit-and-spice/ ''Spirit and Spice'']</ref> (2010), George Brooks
* "Ishq Barse" – ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010) with Pranab Biswas, [[Swanand Kirkire]]
* "Ninagende Vishesha" – ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' (2010) with [[Kunal Ganjawala]] (music by [[Manikanth Kadri]])
* "Kuchi Kuchi Twist" – ''[[Quick Gun Murugun]]'' (2009) with [[Vijay Prakash]]
* "Jheeni Jheeni" – ''[[Phir Kabhi]]'' (2009) with [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
* "Urrat Dhadhdhad" – ''Sunder Mazhe Ghar''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090603174045/http://sundarmazeghar.com/ ''Sunder Mazhe Ghar'']</ref> (2009), Marathi
* "Kadhaigal Pesum" – ''[[Angaadi Theru]]'' (2009) with [[Benny Dayal]]
* "Chaal Apni" – ''[[Sikandar (2009 film)|Sikandar]]'' (2009) with Rishikesh Kamerkar
* "Fallen" – ''3 Cities''<ref>[https://www.pri.org/stories/2008-09-25/global-hit ''PRI.org'']</ref> (2008) with Bombay Dub Orchestra
* "Bagundey Bagundey" – ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' (2008) with [[Vijay Prakash]]
* "Khushboo Sa" – ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]'' (2007)
* "Raaz ki ek baat" – ''Its Breaking News'' (2007) with Bhushan Marathe, Clinton
* "Haqeeqat ne aisa pakda girebaan" – ''Its Breaking News'' (2007)
* ''[[Loins of Punjab Presents]]'' (2007)
* "Maa tere haath, Jaane kyun aisa lagta hai" – ''[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]]'' (2007)
* "Chanda re" (The moon song) – ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]'' (2007)
* "The love theme" – ''Eklavya: The Royal Guard'' (2007)
* "Mugurtha neram" – ''[[Mercury Pookal]]'' (2006) with [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
* ''Kal – Yesterday And Tomorrow'' (2005)
* "Saawalith Majhya" – ''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]'' (2003)
* "Jheel jaisi teri aankhen" – ''[[Jajantaram Mamantaram]]'' (2003) with Narayan Parasuram
* "Pyaar se dekh le" – ''[[Calcutta Mail]]'' (2003) with [[Sonu Nigam]]

She has also sung songs with the band 3 Brothers & a Violin for the ''Karadi Tales'' audio book series for kids.
==Awards==
*Nominated – [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Female]] For Song Man chimb Pawsali ([[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]])

==Concerts==
* Juno Reactor, Tours of 2012
:Venue: Asia Tour (Japan), Middle East Tour (Jerusalem), Kubana Festival Russia<ref>[http://www.junoreactor.com/?q=hamsika_iyer Juno Reactor]</ref><ref>[http://www.junoreactor.com/?q=node/57421 Japan Tour]</ref>

* Vivek Rajagopalan Quartet – November 2011
:Venue: UrbanFolk Bangalore
:Vivek Rajagopalan is a percussionist and musician based in Mumbai. This concert was sponsored by [[Vivanta By Taj|Taj Vivanta]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sp9w0ser0g Vivek Rajagopalan Quartet]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Juno Reactor}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, Hamsika}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Pune]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Juno Reactor members]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Profit (economics)

2026-01-26T03:55:34Z

WAJID AH: expanded content

{{Short description|Concept in economics}}
{{About|profit in economics and political economy|profit in accounting and business|Profit (accounting)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date= March 2020}}
{{Capitalism sidebar}}
{{Economics sidebar}}
[[File:Economist Versus Accountants.pdf|thumb|Difference between how accountants and economists view a firm]]
In economics, '''profit''' is the difference between [[revenue]] that an economic entity has received from its outputs and [[total cost]]s of its inputs, also known as "surplus value".<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Arnold
| first1 = Roger A.
| title = Economics
| year = 2001
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7gf-GPHMLYYC
| edition = 5
| location =
| publisher = South-Western College Publishing
| publication-date = 2001
| page = 475
| isbn = 9780324071450
| access-date = 14 April 2021
| quote = Economic profit is the difference between total revenue and total opportunity cost, including both its explicit and implicit components. [...] Economic profit = Total revenue – Total opportunity cost [...]
}}
</ref> It is equal to total revenue minus total cost, including both [[Explicit cost|explicit]] and [[implicit cost|implicit]] costs.<ref name="EconDictionary" />

It is different from [[accounting profit]], which only relates to the explicit costs that appear on a firm's [[financial statements]]. An [[accountant]] measures the firm's accounting profit as the firm's total revenue minus only the firm's explicit costs. An [[Economists|economist]] includes all costs, both explicit and implicit costs, when analyzing a firm. Therefore, economic profit is smaller than accounting profit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankiw |first=Gregory |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=CENGAGE Lesrning |year=2013}}</ref>

''Normal profit'' is often viewed in conjunction with economic profit. Normal profits in business refer to a situation where a company generates revenue that is equal to the total costs incurred in its operation, thus allowing it to remain operational in a competitive industry. It is the minimum profit level that a company can achieve to justify its continued operation in the market where there is competition. In order to determine if a company has achieved normal profit, they first have to calculate their economic profit. If the company's total revenue is equal to its total costs, then its economic profit is equal to zero and the company is in a state of normal profit. Normal profit occurs when resources are being used in the most efficient way at the highest and best use. Normal profit and economic profit are economic considerations while [[accounting profit]] refers to the profit a company reports on its financial statements each period.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Normal profit = Total revenue – Total costs
|-
|Normal profit = Revenues – Total costs
|-
|Normal profit = Revenues – (Implicit costs + Explicit costs)
|}
Economic profits arise in [[Market (economics)|market]]s which are [[Competition|non-competitive]] and have significant [[barriers to entry]], i.e. [[Monopoly|monopolies]] and [[Oligopoly|oligopolies]]. The inefficiencies and lack of competition in these markets foster an environment where firms can set prices or quantities instead of being [[price taker|price-taker]]s, which is what occurs in a perfectly competitive market.<ref name="Hubbard">
{{cite book
|last1= Hubbard |first1= Glenn |last2= O'Brien |first2= Anthony
|title= Essentials of Economics, Global Edition |date= 2014
|publisher= Pearson Education Limited |isbn= 9781292079172
|page= 397 |edition= 4
}}
</ref>
In a [[perfect competition|perfectly competitive market]] when long-run [[economic equilibrium]] is reached, economic profit would become non-existent, because there is no incentive for firms either to enter or to leave the [[Industry (economics)|industry]].<ref name=autogenerated1>Lipsey, 1975. pp. 285–59.</ref>

== Competitive and contestable markets ==
[[File:Perfect competition in the short run (simple).svg|thumb|right|Only in the short run can a firm in a perfectly competitive market make an economic profit.]]

Companies do not make any economic profits in a [[perfect competition|perfectly competitive market]] once it has reached a [[long run]] equilibrium. If an economic profit was available, there would be an incentive for new firms to enter the industry, aided by a lack of [[barriers to entry]], until it no longer existed.<ref name="lipsey">Lipsey, 1975. p. 217.</ref> When new firms enter the market, the overall supply increases. Furthermore, these intruders are forced to offer their product at a lower price to entice consumers to buy the additional supply they have created and to compete with the incumbent firms (see {{sectionlink|Monopoly profit|Persistence}}).<ref name="Essentials">Chiller, 1991.</ref><ref name="micro theory">Mansfield, 1979.</ref><ref name="IntermediateMicro">LeRoy Miller, 1982.</ref><ref name="IndustrialOrg"/> As the incumbent firms within the industry face losing their existing customers to the new entrants,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saloner |first=Garth |title=Strategic Management |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley]] |year=2001 |pages=216}}</ref> they are also forced to reduce their prices. Therefore, increased competition reduces price and cost to the minimum of the long run average costs. At this point, price equals both the marginal cost and the average total cost for each good production.<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="micro theory" /> Once this has occurred a perfect competition exists and economic profit is no longer available.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Desai |first1=Meghnad |chapter=Profit and Profit Theory |encyclopedia=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |date=16 March 2017 |volume=2|pages=1–14 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1319-2 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1319-2.pdf|isbn=978-1-349-95121-5 }}</ref> When this occurs, economic agents outside the industry find no advantage to entering the market, as there is no economic profit to be gained. Then, the supply of the product stops increasing, and the price charged for the product stabilizes, settling into an [[Economic equilibrium|equilibrium]].<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="micro theory" /><ref name="IntermediateMicro" />

The same is likewise true of the [[long run]] equilibria of [[monopolistic competition|monopolistically competitive]] industries, and more generally any market which is held to be [[contestable market|contestable]]. Normally, a firm that introduces a differentiated product can initially secure ''temporary'' market power for a ''short while'' (See [[Monopoly profit#Persistence|Monopoly Profit § Persistence]]). At this stage, the initial price the consumer must pay for the product is high, and the demand for, as well as the [[Monopoly profit|availability of the product in the market]], will be limited. In the long run however, when the profitability of the product is well established, and because there are few [[Monopoly profit|barriers to entry]],<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="micro theory" /><ref name="IntermediateMicro"/> the number of firms that produce this product will increase. Eventually, the supply of the product will become relatively large, and the price of the product will reduce to the level of the average cost of production. When this finally occurs, all economic profit associated with producing and selling the product disappears, and the initial monopoly turns into a competitive industry.<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="micro theory" /><ref name="IntermediateMicro" /> In the case of contestable markets, the cycle is often ended with the departure of the former "hit and run" entrants to the market, returning the industry to its previous state, just with a lower price and no economic profit for the incumbent firms.

Economic profit can, however, occur in competitive and contestable markets in the short run, since short run economic profits attract new competitors and prices fall. Economic loss forces firms out of the industry and prices rise till marginal revenue equals marginal cost, then reach long run equilibrium. As a result of firms jostling for market position. Once risk is accounted for, long-lasting economic profit in a competitive market is thus viewed as the result of constant cost-cutting and performance improvement ahead of industry competitors, allowing costs to be below the market-set price.

== Uncompetitive markets ==
[[File:Imperfect competition in the short run.svg|thumb|right|A monopolist can set a price in excess of costs, making an economic profit (shaded). The above picture shows a monopolist (only one firm in the industry/market) that obtains a [[monopoly profit|(monopoly) economic profit]]. An oligopoly usually has "economic profit" also, but usually faces an industry/market with more than just one firm (they must ''share'' available demand at the market price). ]]Economic profit is much more prevalent in uncompetitive markets such as in a perfect [[monopoly]] or [[oligopoly]] situation, where few substitutes exit. In these scenarios, individual firms have some element of [[market power]]. Although monopolists are constrained by [[Demand (economics)|consumer demand]], they are not price takers, but instead either price or quantity setters. Due to the output effect and the price effect, marginal revenue for uncompetitive markets is very different from marginal revenue for competitive firms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankiw |first=Gregory |title=principles of economics |publisher=Cengage learning |year=2016 |pages=288}}</ref> In the output effect, more output is sold, quantity sold is higher. In the price effect, this reduces the prices firms charge for every unit they sell, and cut in price reduces revenue on the units it was already selling. Therefore, in uncompetitive market, marginal revenue is less than its price. This allows the firm to set a price which is higher than that which would be found in a similar but more competitive industry, allowing the firms to maintain an economic profit in both the short and long run.<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="micro theory" />

The existence of economic profits depends on the prevalence of [[Barrier to entry|barriers to entry]], which stop other firms from entering into the industry and sapping away profits like they would in a more competitive market.<ref name="IndustrialOrg">Tirole, 1988.</ref> Examples of barriers to entry include [[patents]], [[land law|land rights]], and certain [[zoning|zoning laws]].<ref name="Perloff">{{cite book |last1=Perloff |first1=Jeffrey |title=Microeconomics, Global Edition |date=2018 |publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=9781292215624 |edition=8 |location=Harlow, United Kingdom |pages=252–272}}</ref> These barriers allow firms to maintain a large portion of [[market share]] due to new entrants being unable to obtain the necessary requirements or pay the initial costs of entry.

An [[oligopoly]] is a case where barriers are present, but more than one firm is able to maintain the majority of the market share. In an oligopoly, firms are able to collude and limit production, thereby restricting supply and maintaining a constant economic profit.<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="IndustrialOrg" /><ref name="EconDictionary">Black, 2003.</ref> An extreme case of an uncompetitive market is a monopoly, where only one firm has the ability to supply a good which has no close [[substitute good|substitutes]].<ref name="Perloff" /> In this case, the monopolist can set its price at any level it desires, maintaining a substantial economic profit. In both scenarios, firms are able to maintain an economic profit by setting prices well above the costs of production, receiving an income that is significantly more than its implicit and explicit costs.

== Government intervention ==

The existence of uncompetitive markets puts consumers at risk of paying substantially higher prices for lower quality products.<ref name="Pindyck">{{cite book |last1=Pindyck |first1=Robert |last2=Rubinfeld |first2=Daniel |title=Microeconomics, Global Edition |date=2015 |publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=9781292081977 |page=365}}</ref> When monopolies and oligopolies hold large portions of the market share, less emphasis is placed on consumer demand than there would be in a perfectly competitive market, especially if the good provided has an [[Price elasticity of demand|inelastic]] demand. Government intervention in the form of restrictions and subsidies can also create uncompetitive markets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winters |first=L.Alan |date=1987 |title=THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT - A SURVEY |journal=OECD Economic Studies|citeseerx=10.1.1.412.1477 }}</ref> Governments can also intervene in uncompetitive markets in an attempt to raise the number of firms in the industry, but these firms cannot support the needs of consumers as if they were born out of a profit generated on a competitive market basis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowe |first=James L. |date=2017 |title=Back to Basics: Economic concepts explained |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/pdf/Economic-concepts-explained.pdf |journal=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> {{POV statement|Government intervention POV|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Imperfect competition after regulation.svg|thumb|right|In a regulated industry, the government examines firms' marginal cost structure and allows them to charge a price that is no greater than this marginal cost. This does not necessarily ensure zero economic profit for the firm, but eliminates a [[monopoly profit]].]]

[[Competition law]]s were created to prevent powerful firms from using their [[economic power]] to artificially create barriers to entry in an attempt to protect their economic profits.<ref name="micro theory" /><ref name="IntermediateMicro" /><ref name="IndustrialOrg" /> This includes the use of [[predatory pricing]] toward smaller competitors.<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="IndustrialOrg" /><ref name="EconDictionary"/> For example, in the United States, [[Microsoft Corporation]] was initially convicted of breaking [[United States antitrust law|Anti-Trust Law]] and engaging in anti-competitive behaviour in order to form one such barrier in ''[[United States v. Microsoft]]''. After a successful appeal on technical grounds, Microsoft agreed to a settlement with the Department of Justice in which they were faced with stringent oversight procedures and explicit requirements<ref name="MSCourtSettlement">[https://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f200400/200457.pdf "United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Microsoft Corporation, Defendant", Final Judgement], Civil Action No. 98-1232, 12 November 2002.</ref> designed to prevent this predatory behaviour. With lower barriers, new firms can enter into the market again, making the long run equilibrium much more like that of a competitive industry, with no economic profit for firms and more reasonable prices for consumers.

On the other hand, if a government feels it is impractical to have a competitive market—such as in the case of a [[natural monopoly]]—it will allow a monopolistic market to occur. The government will regulate the existing uncompetitive market and control the price the firms charge for their product.<ref name="micro theory" /><ref name="IntermediateMicro" /> For example, the old AT&T (regulated) monopoly, which existed before the courts [[United States v. AT&T (1982)|ordered its breakup]], had to get government approval to raise its prices. The government examined the monopoly's costs, and determined whether or not the monopoly should be able raise its price. If the government felt that the cost did not justify a higher price, it rejected the monopoly's application for a higher price. Though a regulated firm will not have an economic profit as large as it would in an unregulated situation, it can still make profits well above a competitive firm in a truly competitive market.<ref name="IntermediateMicro" />

==Maximization==
{{main|Profit maximization}}
It is a standard economic assumption (although not necessarily a perfect one in the real world) that, other things being equal, a firm will attempt to maximize its profits.<ref name="Hirshleifer160">Hirshleifer et al., 2005. p. 160.</ref> Given that profit is defined as the difference in total revenue and total cost, a firm achieves its maximum profit by operating at the point where the difference between the two is at its greatest. The goal of maximizing profit is also what leads firms to enter markets where economic profit exists, with the main focus being to maximize production without significantly increasing its marginal cost per good. In markets which do not show [[interdependence]], this point can either be found by looking at these two curves directly, or by finding and selecting the best of the points where the gradients of the two curves (marginal revenue and marginal cost respectively) are equal.<ref name="Perloff" /> In the real world, it is not so easy to know exactly firm's marginal revenue and the marginal cost of last goods sold. For example, it is difficult for firms to know the price elasticity of demand for their good – which determines the MR.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pettinger |first=Tejvan |date=16 July 2019 |title=Profit Maximisation |url=https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/3201/economics/profit-maximisation/ |website=Economics help}}</ref> In interdependent markets, It means firm's profit also depends on how other firms react, [[game theory]] must be used to derive a profit maximizing solution.

Another significant factor for profit maximization is ''market fractionation''. A company may sell goods in several regions or in several countries. Profit is maximized by treating each location as a separate market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regional Outlook |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Industry Analysis Report and Forecast, 2021 - 2027 |url=https://www.reportlinker.com/p06073606/ |website=GLOBE NEWSWIRE}}</ref> Rather than matching supply and demand for the entire company the matching is done within each market. Each market has different competitions, different supply constraints (like shipping) and different social factors. When the price of goods in each market area is set by each market then overall profit is maximized.

== Other applications of the term ==
The ''social'' profit from a firm's activities is the accounting profit plus or minus any [[externalities]] or [[consumer surplus]]es that occur in its activity. An externality including positive externality and negative externality is an effect that production/consumption of a specific good exerts on people who are not involved.<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="IndustrialOrg" /><ref name="EconDictionary">Black, 2003.</ref> [[Pollution]] is an example for negative externality.

[[Consumer surplus]] is an economic indicator which measures consumer benefits.<ref name="Essentials" /><ref name="IndustrialOrg" /><ref name="EconDictionary">Black, 2003.</ref> The price that consumers pay for a product is not greater than the price they desire to pay, and in this case there will be consumer surplus.

For the [[supply-side economics|supply side]] of economics, the general school of thought is that profit is meant to ensure [[shareholder yield]]. While it is the case that profits are a means for [[total shareholder return|shareholder returns]], it also fulfills other functions. A [[target surplus]] may secure long-term solvency in the event of facing potential adversity. [[Capital surplus]] may be used to finance [[investments]] with significant [[capital expenditure]]s or charitable contributions. All in all, [[producer surplus]] concerns several factors of interest for a [[for-profit corporation|for-profit economic entity]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoerger |first1=Thomas J. |title='Profit' variability in for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals |journal=Journal of Health Economics |date=1991 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=259–289 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016762969190030Q |doi=10.1016/0167-6296(91)90030-Q |pmid=10114567 |access-date=2 April 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Economics Of The Profit Rate |journal=Books |date=1993 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/b/elg/eebook/153.html |publisher=Ideas |access-date=2 April 2023 |last1=Duménil |first1=Gérard |last2=Lévy |first2=Dominique }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Economic surplus]]
* [[Economic rent]]
* [[Economic value added]]
* [[Externality]]
* [[Incremental profit]]
* [[Inverse demand function]]
* [[Profit motive]]
* [[Profitability index]]
* [[Rate of profit]]
* [[Superprofit]]
* [[Surplus value]]
* [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall]]
* [[Value (economics)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book|last=Albrecht|first=William P.|year=1983|title=Economics|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=0-13-224345-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/economics0003albr}}
* {{cite book|last=Carbaugh|first=Robert J.|title=Contemporary economics: an applications approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Pascy_5HUMC|access-date=3 October 2010|date=January 2006|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-324-31461-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=An introduction to positive economics|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontopo0000lips|url-access=registration|edition=fourth|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontopo0000lips/page/214 214]–7|first=Richard G.|last=Lipsey|year=1975|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=0-297-76899-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Bradley R.|last=Chiller|title=Essentials of Economics|location=New York|publisher= McGraw-Hill|year=1991}}
* {{Cite book|first=Edwin|last=Mansfield|title=Micro-Economics Theory and Applications|edition=3rd|location=New York and London|publisher=W.W. Norton and Company|year=1979}}
* {{Cite book|first=Roger|last=LeRoy Miller|title=Intermediate Microeconomics Theory Issues Applications|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1982}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tirole|first=Jean|title=The Theory of Industrial Organization|url=https://archive.org/details/theoryofindustri00jean|url-access=registration|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=MIT Press|year=1988|isbn=9780262200714}}
* {{Cite book|first=John|last=Black|title=Oxford Dictionary of Economics|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003}}
* {{cite book|author1=Jack Hirshleifer|author2=Amihai Glazer|author3=David Hirshleifer|title=Price theory and applications: decisions, markets, and information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbrKgDK-rioC|access-date=20 December 2010|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81864-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Perloff |first1=Jeffrey |title=Microeconomics, Global Edition |date=2018 |publisher=Pearson Education Limited |location=Harlow, United Kingdom |isbn=9781292215624 |pages=252–272 |edition=8}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap8a.asp Entrepreneurial Profit and Loss], [[Murray Rothbard]]'s ''[[Man, Economy, and State]]'', Chapter 8.
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Thurow |first1=Lester C. |author-link1=Lester Thurow |editor=David R. Henderson |editor-link=David R. Henderson |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Profits |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Profits.html |year=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |location=Indianapolis |isbn=978-0865976658 |oclc=237794267}}

{{Microeconomics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Profit| ]]
[[Category:Business economics]]

Adita Wahi

2026-01-25T23:01:24Z

WAJID AH: created new article - done

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=March 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adita Wahi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[model (person)|model]], [[News presenter|anchor]]
| known_for = ''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]'' as Sonali Swaika
| years_active = 2004–2015
| spouses = Ameet Sawant (Divorced) 
[[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]]
}}

'''Adita Wahi'''  is an Indian television actress, model and anchor. She is best known for her roles as Sonali Swaika in the TV show, ''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/overnights-life-ok-beats-all-rivals-at-2200-on-tuesday |title=Overnights: Life Ok beats all rivals at 22:00 on Tuesday {{!}} BizAsia UK {{!}} The UK's only Asian media news site |website=www.media247.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903074127/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/overnights-life-ok-beats-all-rivals-at-2200-on-tuesday |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> and as Shefali Goenka in ''[[Saarrthi]]'' (2007). Adita was a finalist in the [[Femina Miss India]] beauty pageant.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-getting-to-know-adita-wahi-multi-tasking-model-1069093 |title=Getting to know Adita Wahi, multi-tasking model}}</ref>

==Early life==
Adita was born in New Delhi, India. She completed her schooling at [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Delhi]]. She took up a summer internship at Weekenders - a popular clothing retailer. Within a few years, Adita was merchandising for one of the largest clothing exporters in Delhi. Subsequently, Adita moved to [[New York City]] to pursue a specialized program in merchandising at the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]]. While in New York she fell in love with theater and acting and eventually decided to focus her time and energy pursuing her love of acting. She attended the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]] in New York.<ref name="dnaindia1" />

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year: !! Serial: !! Role: !! Channel:
|-
| 2014 - 2015 || ''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]'' || Sonali Gaurav Swaika || [[Life OK]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Haunted Nights]]'' || Lead Role || [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2011 - 2012 || ''[[Bollywood Families]]'' || Anchor || [[Zee Zing]]
|-
| 2004 - 2011 || ''[[Chart Masala]]'' || Anchor || [[Zee UK]] (broadcast in UK, USA, EU, Canada, SE Asia
|-
| 2008 - 2009 || ''[[Mata Ki Chowki]]'' || Natasha || [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]'' || Shaheen || [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]'' || Namrata Veer Kapoor || [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Mano Ya Na Mano (2006 TV series)|Mano Ya Na Mano]]'' || Lead Role (Episodic) || [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]
|-
| 2007 || ''Solhah Singaarr'' || Menka || [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Man Mein Hai Visshwas]]'' || Lead Role (Episodic) || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' || Lead Role (Episodic) || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' || Lead Role (Episodic) || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Vaidehi (2006 TV series)|Vaidehi]]''{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} || Tara || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kaajjal]]'' || Sonia || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2004 - 2006 || ''[[Saarrthi]]'' || Shefali Yuvraj Goenka || [[StarPlus]]
|-
| 2004 - 2006 || ''[[Daud (TV series)|Daud]]'' || Anchor || [[Zee Music]]
|-
| 2004 || ''Boogie Woogie'' || Anchor || [[Zee Music]]
|-
|}

==Films==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year: !! Serial: !! Role: !! Notes:
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Punaah]]'' || Supporting Role ||
|-
| 2009 || ''My Guru'' || Supporting Role ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Kashmakash'' || Supporting Role || Presented at the [[Los Angeles Film Festival]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3246368}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wahi, Adita}}
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vedanarayana perumal temple, Thirunarayanapuram

2026-01-24T03:32:21Z

WAJID AH: adding a place

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Vedanarayana perumal temple, Thirunarayana puram
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Vedanarayana perumal temple
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.97247|78.31816|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruchirapalli]]
| location = Thirunarayana puram
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vishnu|Vedanarayana perumal]] and [[Lakshmi|Vedanayaki thayar]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
}}
'''Vedanarayana perumal temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in the [[Tiruchirapalli district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]] as Vedanarayana and Goddess [[Lakshmi]] as Vedanayaki. Lord Vishnu showers his blessings in a reclining position with ''four [[Vedas]]'' as his pillow and Teaching the Vedas to [[Brahma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/worship/2020/12/24122943/2191264/tamil-news-thiru-narayanapuram-vedanarayana-perumal.vpf|title=திருநாராயணபுரம் வேதநாராயண பெருமாள் கோவிலில் சொர்க்கவாசல் திறப்பு நாளை நடக்கிறது|first=மாலை|last=மலர்|date=24 December 2020|website=www.maalaimalar.com|lang=ta}}</ref> The structure is Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], it is believed to have been built by the Medieval Cholas and Vijayanagar king. Six daily rituals and a dozen yearly festivals are held there, of which the chariot festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (March–April), is the most prominent. The temple is open from 6 am to 7:30 pm. It is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/trichy-news-inauguration-of-sorkavasal-at-vedanarayana-perumal-temple-thirunarayanapuram-556535|title=திருநாராயணபுரம் வேதநாராயண பெருமாள் கோயிலில் சொர்க்கவாசல் திறப்பு|first=மாலை|last=மலர்|date=3 January 2023|website=www.maalaimalar.com|lang=ta}}</ref>

Significance :

There was a great devotee named Thiru Naraiyur Araiyar, who came to this sacred place along with his wife and six children, seeking moksham. During their stay in the temple, a sudden fire broke out and threatened to engulf the entire temple, including the Lord’s sanctum.

In his unshakable devotion, Araiyar threw his children one by one towards the Lord, to shield the divine idol from the flames. As the fire still raged, he finally threw himself into the fire and covered the Lord with his own body.

Moved by such supreme devotion and sacrifice, Sri Narayana was immensely pleased and immediately granted moksham to Araiyar and his entire family.

Hence, this holy place is also revered as Pillai Thirunaraiyur Abhimana Kshetram. To this day, there is a separate shrine dedicated to Thiru Naraiyur Araiyar in the temple prahāram.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

List of Indian animated television series

2025-12-31T04:20:18Z

WAJID AH: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
This is a '''list of animated television series produced in India'''. (this list doesn't include Western cartoons that are outsourced to India; example: ''[[Mickey Mouse Clubhouse]]'' (DQ Entertainment) & ''[[Megamind Rules!]]'' (88 Pictures)).

== Series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! Series
! Network
! Production company
! Original run
! Refs
|-
| ''Adventures of Chhota Birbal''
| rowspan="2"| [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]]
| Climb Media
| 2003–2004
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-tube-gets-to-tenali/224368|title=The Tube Gets to Tenali|date=5 July 2004|access-date=10 June 2017|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812231444/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-tube-gets-to-tenali/224368|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Akbar Birbal''
| Phobeus Media
| 2006
| <ref name=Indian>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060218/asp/weekend/story_5841936.asp|title=No child's play|date=18 February 2006|access-date=10 June 2017|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621170702/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060218/asp/weekend/story_5841936.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Akki Jaanbaaz''
| [[Gubbare (TV channel)|Gubbare]]
| Toonz Animation
| 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-20 |title=IN10 Media's Gubbare to launch its first original animated series 'Akki Jaanbaaz' |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/in10-media-networks-gubbare-to-launch-its-first-original-animated-series-akki-jaanbaaz/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=AnimationXpress |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Amader Thakurmar Jhuli''
| [[Sony Aath]]
| Ssoftoons
| 2024–present
|
|-
| ''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]''
| [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] [[ZeeQ]]
| [[ACK Media]]
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/educational/zeeq-acquires-rights-of-amar-chitra-katha|title=ZeeQ acquires rights of Amar Chitra Katha|date=12 April 2012|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110443/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/educational/zeeq-acquires-rights-of-amar-chitra-katha|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Andy Pirki]]''
| [[Pogo TV]]
| AUM Animation Studios
| 2017–2018
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/animation/pogo-launches-indigenous-slapstick-comedy-andy-pirki-171125|title=Pogo launches indigenous slapstick comedy Andy Pirki|date=25 November 2017 |access-date=25 November 2017|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318015320/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/animation/pogo-launches-indigenous-slapstick-comedy-andy-pirki-171125|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Animals of Mythology''
| [[Epic (TV channel)|Epic]]
|
| 2018–2020
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/epic-tv-to-launch-its-first-animated-show-animals-in-mythology/|title=Epic TV to launch its first animated show 'Animals in Mythology'|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712144106/http://www.televisionpost.com/epic-tv-to-launch-its-first-animated-show-animals-in-mythology/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Appu - The Yogic Elephant''
| Pogo TV
| Appu Series
| 2016–2017
| <ref name=Nyc>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pogo-welcomes-new-year-with-new-shows-movie-mania-170103|title=Pogo welcomes new year with new shows and movies|date=3 January 2017|access-date=27 August 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113015918/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pogo-welcomes-new-year-with-new-shows-movie-mania-170103|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Arjun — Prince of Bali''
| rowspan="2"|[[Disney Channel India]]
| [[Green Gold Animations]]
| 2014–2016
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/disney-set-to-launch-green-gold-animations-arjun-prince-of-bali/|title=Disney set to launch Green Gold Animation's 'Arjun, Prince of Bali'|date=31 May 2014|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183345/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/disney-set-to-launch-green-gold-animations-arjun-prince-of-bali/|archive-date=6 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/disney-india-bets-big-on-arjun-prince-of-bali-rolls-out-merchandise-and-mobile-game|title=Disney India bets big on Arjun|date=1 June 2015|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720110214/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/disney-india-bets-big-on-arjun-prince-of-bali-rolls-out-merchandise-and-mobile-game|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4Lp_TqXMnw|title=Arjun, Prince of Bali - Season 3 - Hiranya Trailer 1|last=Disney India|date=14 March 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110455/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4Lp_TqXMnw|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Astra Force]]''
| Graphic India
| 2016–2017
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-superhero-series-astra-force-unveiled-on-his-74th-birthday-3077134/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan's superhero series Astra Force unveiled on his 74th birthday |work=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2016 |access-date=9 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015084415/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-superhero-series-astra-force-unveiled-on-his-74th-birthday-3077134/ |archive-date=15 October 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Bunty Billa aur Babban''
| Discovery Kids India
| Toonz Media Group
| 2022–present
|
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: The Lost Legends]]''
| [[Amazon Video|Amazon Prime Video]]
| [[Arka Media Works]] Graphic India
| 2017–present
| <ref name=indianexpress>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali-the-lost-legends-animation-series-launched-new-stories-about-characters-reveal-hidden-secrets-ss-rajamouli-4619760/|access-date=26 June 2017|website=[[Indian Express]]|title=Baahubali The Lost Legends animation series launched, to have new stories about characters and reveal hidden secrets|date=19 April 2017|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707070927/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali-the-lost-legends-animation-series-launched-new-stories-about-characters-reveal-hidden-secrets-ss-rajamouli-4619760/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Baahubali: Crown of Blood''
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| Arka Media Works Graphic India
| 2024
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-05-02 |title='Baahubali: Crown of Blood' to release on Disney+ Hotstar on May 17; trailer of SS Rajamouli's animated series out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baahubali-crown-of-blood-to-release-on-disney-hotstar-on-may-17-trailer-of-ss-rajamoulis-animated-series-out/article68131575.ece |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bal Chanakya''
| [[Maha Cartoon TV]]
| DV Group
| 2016
| <ref name=Maha>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/maha-cartoon-targets-65-per-cent-rural-hsm-via-dd-freedish-2000-lcos-161027|title=Maha Cartoon targets 65% rural audience|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016|archive-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411041102/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/maha-cartoon-targets-65-per-cent-rural-hsm-via-dd-freedish-2000-lcos-161027|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bandbudh Aur Budbak]]''
| [[ZeeQ]]
| Paperboat Animation Studio
| 2015–2017
| <ref name=ZEEQ>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/zeeq-rebrands-channel-postioning-with-fresh-offerings|title=ZEEQ Rebrands channel|date=13 April 2015|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111437/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/zeeq-rebrands-channel-postioning-with-fresh-offerings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bapu''
| Disney Channel India
| Cosmos-Maya
| 2020–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/bapu-launches-on-disney-india-on-1-may|title='Bapu' launches on Disney India on 1 May|date=29 April 2020|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702104542/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/bapu-launches-on-disney-india-on-1-may|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bantul the Great (2010 animated series)|Bantul the Great]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Animatrix Multimedia
| 2014
|
|-
| ''Bhaagam Bhaag''
| Disney Channel India
| Cosmos Animation
| 2019–present
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bhaagam Bhaag|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/bhaagam-bhaag/1260041193|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-01|website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|language=en|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124221522/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/bhaagam-bhaag/1260041193}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhootu]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Animatrix Multimedia
| 2017
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7oGjT-4gpE|title=Bhootu Animation Show Teaser|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110633/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7oGjT-4gpE|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bunty Aur Billy''
| Hungama TV
| Toonz Animation
| 2015–2016
| <ref name="Hungama">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungama-to-add-90-hours-of-original-content-this-summer-150404|title=Hungama to add new original content|date=4 April 2015|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605225703/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungama-to-add-90-hours-of-original-content-this-summer-150404|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bongo''
| [[DD National]]
| Green Gold Animations
| 2004–2006
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr142.htm|title=DD's summer bonanza for kids: 'Bongo'|work=Indian Television Dot Com |date=17 April 2004|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321155420/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr142.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bommi & Friends''
| International syndication
| Gusto Studios
| 2016
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=Subha J.|date=2015-03-23|title=Bommi's back home|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bommis-back-home/article7024297.ece|access-date=2021-04-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141756/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bommis-back-home/article7024297.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bujji and Bhairava]]''
| Amazon Prime Video
| Green Gold Animations
| 2024
|
|-
| ''Chander Buri O Magic Man''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Animatrix Multimedia
| 2008
|
|-
| ''Chacha Bhatija''
| [[Hungama TV]]
| Cosmos Maya
| 2016–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/hungama-to-air-second-movie-from-chacha-bhatija-franchise-on-19-nov/|title='Chacha Bhatija' on Hungama TV|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180711/http://www.televisionpost.com/hungama-to-air-second-movie-from-chacha-bhatija-franchise-on-19-nov/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chai Chai''
| Hungama TV
| Toonz Animation
| 2016
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nextvnews.com/hungama-launch-new-shows-considers-south-india-boost-audience/%7ctitle=|title=HUNGAMA TO LAUNCH NEW SHOWS AND CONSIDERS SOUTH INDIA TO BOOST AUDIENCE|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chacha Chaudhary (2019 TV series)|Chacha Chaudhary]]''
| [[Disney Channel India]]
| Toonz Animation India
| 2019
|
|-
| ''[[Galli Galli Sim Sim#Chamki Ki Duniya|Chamki Ki Duniya]]''
| Pogo TV
| [[Sesame Workshop|Sesame Workshop India]]
| 2014–2016
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timewarner.com/blog/posts/20140101-turner-sesame-launch-chamki-ki-duniya-on-pogo|title=Chamki ki Duniya Launches on POGO|date=1 April 2010|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422172307/http://www.timewarner.com/blog/posts/20140401-turner-sesame-launch-chamki-ki-duniya-on-pogo|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chhota Bheem]]''
| Pogo TV
| Green Gold Animations
| 2008–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/animation/original-indian-kids-animation-content-is-the-need-of-the-hour-171201|title=Original Indian kids' animation content is the need of the hour|date=December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316174213/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/animation/original-indian-kids-animation-content-is-the-need-of-the-hour-171201|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chhoti Anandi]]''
| [[Colors TV]]
| [[Sphere Origins]] HopMotion Animation Studio
| 2016
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chhoti-Anandi-to-enter-small-screen-world-soon/articleshow/50463353.cms|title='Chhoti Anandi' to enter small screen world soon|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 Jan 2016|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110185713/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//tv/news/hindi/Chhoti-Anandi-to-enter-small-screen-world-soon/articleshow/50463353.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chimpoo Simpoo''
| ZeeQ
| Digitales Studio
| 2016–2017
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/buzz/watch-zeeq-shows-bandbudh-aur-budbak-pyaar-mohabbat-happy-lucky-and-chimpoo-simpoo-on-noiz-network-youtube-channel-2020435/|title=ZeeQ Animated Television series|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831030547/http://www.india.com/buzz/watch-zeeq-shows-bandbudh-aur-budbak-pyaar-mohabbat-happy-lucky-and-chimpoo-simpoo-on-noiz-network-youtube-channel-2020435/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chorr Police''
| Disney XD India
| Green Gold Animations
| 2009–2012
| <ref name=CHILAKA>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/resources/studios/chilakas-roller-coaster-ride-from-engineering-to-animation-171226|title=Chilaka's roller coaster ride from engineering to animation|date=26 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411191100/http://www.indiantelevision.com/resources/studios/chilakas-roller-coaster-ride-from-engineering-to-animation-171226|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chikoo Aur Bunty]]''
| [[Nickelodeon India]]
| Hitech Studio
| 2021
|
|-
| ''Ciko se Sikho''
| Maha Cartoon TV
| DV Group
| 2016
| <ref name=Maha/>
|-
| ''[[Crime Time]]''
| Cartoon Network India
| [[Future Thought Productions]]
| 2008–2009
| <ref>Animation Xpress: {{cite web |url=http://usanx02.indiantelevision.co.in/index.php/index.php?file=story&id=2334 |title=Header |access-date=2010-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154425/http://usanx02.indiantelevision.co.in/index.php/index.php?file=story&id=2334 |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dabangg (film series)|Dabangg: The Animated Series]]''
| Cartoon Network India
| [[Arbaaz Khan Productions]] Cosmos Maya
| 2021
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dabangg animated series heads to Cartoon Network India|url=https://www.awn.com/news/dabangg-animated-series-heads-cartoon-network-india|url-status=live|website=awn.com|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215602/https://www.awn.com/news/dabangg-animated-series-heads-cartoon-network-india}}</ref>
|-
| ''Danpite Khadu Aar Tar Chemical Dadu''
| [[DD Bangla]]
| Ssoftoons
| 2004
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssoftoons.com/?p=1931|title=Danpite khadu aar tar chemical dadu by Ssoftoons|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075503/http://www.ssoftoons.com/?p=1931|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Eena Meena Deeka''
| Hungama TV
| Cosmos Maya
| 2015–2017
| <ref name=Hungama/>
|-
| ''[[Ek Tha Jungle]]'' (''Indian Fables'')
| Disney Channel India
| [[Karadi Tales]] [[Accel Animation Studios]]
| 2010–2011
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/disney-channel-acquires-animated-series-ek-tha-jungle/30776|title=Disney Channel acquires animated series Ek Tha Jungle|date=27 March 2010|access-date=7 September 2017|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102837/https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/disney-channel-acquires-animated-series-ek-tha-jungle/30776|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-03-26|title=Disney to offer TV serials based on Thirukkural|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/Disney-to-offer-TV-serials-based-on-Thirukkural/article16615615.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110424/https://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/Disney-to-offer-TV-serials-based-on-Thirukkural/article16615615.ece}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ekans - Snakes Awake|Ekans : Ek Se Badhkar Snake]]''
| [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo TV]]
| Hi-tech Animation
| 2021
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Cartoon Network India Launching 'Ekans – Ek Se Badhkar Snake'|url=https://www.awn.com/news/cartoon-network-india-launching-ekans-ek-se-badhkar-snake|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-16|website=[[Animation World Network]]|language=en|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629082000/https://www.awn.com/news/cartoon-network-india-launching-ekans-ek-se-badhkar-snake}}</ref>
|-
| ''Fab5 Mission Tango''
| [[Sony Yay]]
|
| 2017–2019
| <ref name="indiantelevision.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/sony-yay-increases-movie-bank-with-100-hours-of-fresh-content-190425|title=Sony Yay increases movie bank with 100 hours of fresh content|date=25 April 2019|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425120857/https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/sony-yay-increases-movie-bank-with-100-hours-of-fresh-content-190425|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Fatak Patak''
| [[Marvel HQ]]
| Nihodo Media
| 2017
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Fatak Patak|url=http://nihodomedia.com/portfolio-item/fatak-patak/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Nihodo Media Private Limited|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505135410/http://nihodomedia.com/portfolio-item/fatak-patak/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fukrey|Fukrey Boyzzz]]''
| [[Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Kids]]
| Paperboat Design Studios
| 2019–present
| <ref>{{cite web|date=September 26, 2019|title='Fukrey Boyzzz' to add value to 'Fukrey' franchise|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/26/fukrey-boyzzz-to-add-value-to-fukrey-franchise-2039499.html|via=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005192844/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/26/fukrey-boyzzz-to-add-value-to-fukrey-franchise-2039499.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gadget Guru Ganesha''
| Disney Channel India
| Cosmos-Maya
| 2020–present
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Disney Channel India launches Gadget Guru Ganesha|url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-channel-india-launches-gadget-guru-ganesha-95814.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-01|website=ADGully|language=en-US|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914114143/https://www.adgully.com/disney-channel-india-launches-gadget-guru-ganesha-95814.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gaju Bhai]]''
| Disney Channel India
| rowspan="2"|Toonz Animation
| 2016–2018
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-india-launches-gajju-bhai-with-hyundai-and-patanjali-as-sponsors-160418|title=Disney India launches 'Gaju Bhai'|date=18 April 2016|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621125146/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-india-launches-gajju-bhai-with-hyundai-and-patanjali-as-sponsors-160418|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gattu Battu''
| [[Nickelodeon India]] [[Nickelodeon Sonic]]
| 2017–2020
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/tapping-into-the-homegrown-content-demand-nickelodeon-announces-new-show-gattu-battu|title=Tapping into the homegrown content demand Nicklelodeon announces new show Gattu Battu|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150535/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/tapping-into-the-homegrown-content-demand-nickelodeon-announces-new-show-gattu-battu|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gini Zindabad''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Fourth Dimension Visual Effects Pvt Ltd
| 2015–2016
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOO4wb9uMds |title=Gini Zindabad {{!}} Bangla Serial {{!}} Full Episode - 1 {{!}} Zee Bangla |date=2018-08-29 |last=Zee Bangla |access-date=2025-05-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ghayab Aya]]''
| DD National
| [[Suddhasattwa Basu|Studio IFEKT]]
| 1986
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessandeconomy.org/09122010/storyd.asp?sid=5802&pageno=1 |title=Can Indian Animation Take The Big Leap? |publisher=Business & Economy Magazine |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=8 June 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195352/http://www.businessandeconomy.org/09122010/storyd.asp?sid=5802&pageno=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golmaal (film series)#Animated series|Golmaal Jr.]]''
| [[Nickelodeon Sonic]] (2019-2020) [[Nickelodeon India]] (2020-present)
| Reliance Entertainment [[Rohit Shetty|Rohit Shetty Picturez]]
| 2019–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/golmaal-for-kids/cid/1690587|title=Golmaal for kids|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517202215/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/golmaal-for-kids/cid/1690587|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gopal Bhar (TV series)|Gopal Bhar]]''
| [[Sony Aath]]
| Ssoftoons
| 2015–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43496_Sony-Aath-launches-kids-slot-Sunday-Funday|title=Sony Aath launches kids' slot 'Sunday Funday'|date=4 March 2015|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010144/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43496_Sony-Aath-launches-kids-slot-Sunday-Funday|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Guddu the Great''
| Hungama TV
| Cosmos Maya
| 2019–present
| <ref>{{cite web|title='Motu Patlu' set for European adventure|url=http://www.sify.com/news/motu-patlu-set-for-european-adventure-news-others-tghnnShhdiejf.html|access-date=14 June 2019|website=[[Sify]]|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101652/https://www.sify.com/news/motu-patlu-set-for-european-adventure-news-others-tghnnShhdiejf.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gulte Mama''
| [[Sony Aath]]
| Animatrix Multimedia
| 2023–present
|
|-
| ''Guru Aur Bhole''
| [[Sony Yay]]
| Cosmos Maya
| 2017–2020
| <ref name=Yay>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/sony-yay-channel-to-anchor-on-original-indian-toons/|title=Sony YAY! Channel to Anchor on Original Indian Toons|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422073111/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/sony-yay-channel-to-anchor-on-original-indian-toons/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Howzzattt]]''
| Disney XD India
| Toonz Animation
| 2012
| <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-xd-all-set-to-launch-the-new-gully-cricket-series-howzzat-50066.html|title=Disney XD all set to launch the new Gully Cricket Series 'Howzzat'|first=Adgully|last=Bureau|website=www.adgully.com|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713101521/https://www.adgully.com/disney-xd-all-set-to-launch-the-new-gully-cricket-series-howzzat-50066.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hum Chik Bum''
| Hungama TV
| Afternoon Films
| 2015–2017
| <ref name=Hungama/>
|-
| ''Indian Folk Tales''
| Splash
| [[Pentamedia Graphics]]
| 2001–2002
| <ref name=Penta>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/pentamedias-kids-channel-splash-formally-launched|title=Pentamedia's kid's channel Splash formally launched|date=19 October 2001|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073257/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/pentamedias-kids-channel-splash-formally-launched|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Inspector Chingum]]''
| Hungama TV
| Cosmos Maya
| 2018–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital/cosmos-maya-bullish-on-its-show-inspector-chingum_89849.html|title=Cosmos Maya bullish on its show Inspector Chingum|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185637/https://www.exchange4media.com/digital/cosmos-maya-bullish-on-its-show-inspector-chingum_89849.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{anchor|AumSum}}''It's AumSum Time''
|[[YouTube]]
|AumSum
|2014–present
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's AumSum Time's Subscriber Count, Stats & Income - vidIQ YouTube Stats |url=https://vidiq.com/youtube-stats/channel/UCobgOt3poNKlml3Y5TnVU8Q/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=vidiq.com |publisher=[[vidiq]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[J Bole Toh Jadoo]]''
| [[Nickelodeon India]]
| Graphiti Multimedia
| 2004–2005
| <ref>{{cite web|date=26 March 2006|title=Indian content, global lure|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indian-content-global-lure/145734/|website=Financial Express|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110634/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indian-content-global-lure/145734/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jungle Tales (television)|Jungle Tales]]''
| Cartoon Network India
| Moving Pictures Company
| 2004
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/june/june224.htm|title=Cartoon Network acquires "Jungle Tales"|work=Indian Television Dot Com |date=28 June 2004|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413151831/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/june/june224.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kalari Kids''
| Amazon Prime Video
| Green Gold Animations
| 2017–2019
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/green-gold-amazon-prime-put-kerala-martial-art-on-the-map-171209|title=Green Gold, Amazon Prime put Kerala martial art on the map|date=9 December 2017 |access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=21 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521101642/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/green-gold-amazon-prime-put-kerala-martial-art-on-the-map-171209|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kalpopurer Galpo''
| [[Sony Aath]]
| Ssoftoons
| 2023–present
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's AumSum Time's Subscriber Count, Stats & Income - vidIQ YouTube Stats |url=https://vidiq.com/youtube-stats/channel/UCobgOt3poNKlml3Y5TnVU8Q/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website= |publisher=[[vidIQ]] |language=en}}</ref>*
|-
| ''[[Keymon Ache]]''
| [[Nickelodeon Sonic]]
| DQ Entertainment
| 2011–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/nick-announces-new-episodes-of-keymon-ache|title=Nick announces new episodes of "Keymon Ache"|date=12 January 2012|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130817/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/nick-announces-new-episodes-of-keymon-ache|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kicko & Super Speedo''
| Sony Yay
| Green Gold Animations
| 2018–2019
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/sony-yay-banks-on-originals-with-a-slew-of-fresh-content-180419|title=Sony Yay banks on originals with a slew of fresh content|date=19 April 2018 |access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423022339/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/sony-yay-banks-on-originals-with-a-slew-of-fresh-content-180419|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kid Krrish (film series)|Kid Krrish]]''
| [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]]
| Toonz Animation Film Kraft Productions [[Turner International India]]
| 2013–2015
|
|-
| ''Kisna''
| [[Discovery Kids India]]
| Cosmos Maya
| 2014–2017
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42218_Discovery-Kids-bets-big-on-Kisna|title=Discovery Kids bets big on 'Kisna'|date=14 October 2014|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130624/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42218_Discovery-Kids-bets-big-on-Kisna|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Krishna''
| [[Cartoon Network]]
| [[Green Gold Animations]]
| 2006–2007
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna The Great |url=http://www.greengold.tv/krishna-the-great.php |website=Green Gold Animation |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823115318/http://www.greengold.tv/krishna-the-great.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Krishna Balram''
| [[Cartoon Network]]
| [[Green Gold Animations]]
| 2008–2010
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Balram |url=https://www.netflix.com/watch/81088333 |website=[[Netflix]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Krish Trish and Baltiboy''
| [[Cartoon network|Cartoon Network]]
| [[Children's Film Society, India|Children's Film Society India]]
| 2010
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Watch Krish, Trish and Baltiboy on Cartoon Network|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-business/watch-krish-trish-and-baltiboy-on-cartoon-network-113101500324_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-16|website=[[India Infoline]]|language=en|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016185503/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-business/watch-krish-trish-and-baltiboy-on-cartoon-network-113101500324_1.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kuku Mey Mey]]''
| [[Toon Goggles]]
| Hopmotion Animation Studio
| 2018
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hopmotion-releases-first-original-ip-on-toon-googles-amazon-prime-us-180410|title=HopMotion releases first original IP on Toon Googles, Amazon Prime US|date=10 April 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528044145/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hopmotion-releases-first-original-ip-on-toon-googles-amazon-prime-us-180410|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kumbh Karan]]''
| Pogo TV
| Cornershop Animation
| 2010–2012
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2012/05/pogo-refreshes-summer-programming-with-new-season-of-kumbh-karan/|title=Pogo refreshes summer programming with new season of 'Kumbh Karan'|date=12 May 2012|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130702/http://bestmediainfo.com/2012/05/pogo-refreshes-summer-programming-with-new-season-of-kumbh-karan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lamput]]''
| Cartoon Network India
| Vaibhav Studios
| 2017–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/tv/cartoon-network-looks-india-lamput-series-150192.html|title=Cartoon Network Looks To India For 'Lamput' Series|date=13 April 2017 |access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415144559/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/tv/cartoon-network-looks-india-lamput-series-150192.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Little Krishna]]''
| [[Nickelodeon India]]
| [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/animation-series-little-krishna-debut-on-may-11/article1051136.ece|title=Animation series 'Little Krishna' debut on May 11|date=7 May 2009|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110446/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/Animation-series-lsquoLittle-Krishnarsquo-debut-on-May-11/article20073122.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Little Singham]]''
| [[Discovery Kids India]]
| Reliance Entertainment Rohit Shetty Picturez
| 2018–present
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/discovery-reliance-animation-to-produce-new-kids-series/article10047884.ece|title=Discovery, Reliance Animation to produce new kids' series|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133553/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/discovery-reliance-animation-to-produce-new-kids-series/article10047884.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Lok Gatha''
| DD National
| Climb Media
| 1991
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-national-award-winning-animation-expert-bhimsain-khurana-passes-away-at-82-438152|title=Creator of DD's classic animation Ek Chidiya and film Gharaonda director Bhimsain passes away at 81|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418181152/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-national-award-winning-animation-expert-bhimsain-khurana-passes-away-at-82-438152|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Luv Kushh''
| Disney XD India
| Green Gold Animations
| 2012–2014
| <ref name= local/>
|-
| ''Mahabharata''
| [[Sony Aath]]
| Animatrix Multimedia
| 2016
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharata |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/mahabharata-1700000127 |website=[[SonyLIV]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Meena (character)|''Meena'']]
| [[DD National]]
| [[UNICEF]] [[Hanna-Barbera]]
| 1993
| <ref name="Chesterton">{{cite web|last=Chesterton|first=Paul|date=May 2004|title=Evaluation of the Meena Communication Initiative|url=http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ROSA_2004_800_Meena_Comm_Initiative.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162303/https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ROSA_2004_800_Meena_Comm_Initiative.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2020|access-date=|website=unicef.org|publisher=UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia|location=Kathmandu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chhota Bheem#Spin-offs|Mighty Raju]]''
| Pogo TV
| [[Green Gold Animations]]
| 2015–2019
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/mighty-raju-series-to-launch-on-pogo-150205|title=Mighty Raju series to launch on Pogo|date=5 February 2015|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401110742/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/mighty-raju-series-to-launch-on-pogo-150205|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mighty Little Bheem]]''
| [[Netflix]]
| [[Green Gold Animation]]
| 2019–present
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/mighty-little-bheem-makes-heroic-netflix-debut/ |title='Mighty Little Bheem' Makes Heroic Netflix Debut |publisher=Animation Magazine |date=2019-05-05 |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515112915/http://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/mighty-little-bheem-makes-heroic-netflix-debut/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Mooshak Gungun''
| Maha Cartoon TV
| DV Group
| 2016
| <ref name=Maha/>
|-
| ''[[Motu Patlu]]''
| [[Nickelodeon India]]
| Cosmos Maya
| 2012–present
| <ref>{{cite news|last1=AnimationXpress Team|title='Motu Patlu' Premiers Today on Nickelodeon - In Conversation with director of 'Motu Patlu' Suhas Kadav|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/motu-patlu-premiers-today-on-nickelodeon-in-conversation-with-director-of-motu-patlu-suhas-kadav|access-date=24 February 2018|work=AnimationXpress|date=16 October 2012|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130753/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/motu-patlu-premiers-today-on-nickelodeon-in-conversation-with-director-of-motu-patlu-suhas-kadav|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Feluda in film#Animated|Mysteries and Feluda]]''
| Disney XD India
| DQ Entertainment
| 2011
| <ref name= local/>
|-
| ''Nandu Apna''
| [[DD National]]
| [[Manorama Music]] Bijaybawa Productions
| 2003
| <ref>{{cite web|last=|date=September 5, 2001|title=First Malayalam animated serial on DD|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/first-malayalam-animated-serial-on-dd/articleshow/1774234665.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/first-malayalam-animated-serial-on-dd/articleshow/1774234665.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ninja Nontu''
| Cartoon Network India
| Nihodo Media
| 2014
| <ref>{{cite web|date=2014-12-11|title=Ninja Nontu launched on Cartoon Network! - 2014/11/05|url=http://nihodomedia.com/ninja-nontu-launched-on-cartoon-network/|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Nihodo Media Private Limited|language=en-US|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195409/http://nihodomedia.com/ninja-nontu-launched-on-cartoon-network/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''NIX - Je Sob Pare''
| [[Sony Aath]]
| Animatrix Multimedia
| 2017
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VN3G-5ph84A|title=NIX on Sony Aath|website=[[YouTube]]|date=24 June 2016 |access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301001408/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VN3G-5ph84A|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nut Boltu]]''
| [[Sony Aath]]
|
| 2016
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Nut Boltu |url=https://bn.wikipedia.org/s/ir0q/shows/nut-boltu-1700000126 |website=[[SonyLIV]] }}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oye Golu]]''
| [[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel India]]
| Popcorn Animation Studios
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|date=December 12, 2019|title=2019: How did Indian animated IPs fair?|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/2019-indian-animated-ips-fair|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212063133/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/2019-indian-animated-ips-fair|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''P5 - Pandavas 5''
| Disney XD India
| Rudra Matsa Entertainment
| 2011–2012
| <ref name= local/>
|-
| ''[[Paap-O-Meter]]''
| Sony Yay
| Ssoftoons
| 2017–present
| <ref name=Yay/>
|-
| ''[[Pakdam Pakdai]]'' (''Rat-a-Tat'')
| [[Nickelodeon India]] (2013–2014; 2017–2018) [[Nickelodeon Sonic]] (2014–2020; 2022–present)
| Toonz Animation
| 2013–present
| <ref name=Move>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/chase-comedy-pakdam-pakdai-moves-from-nick-to-fuel-sonics-growth/|title=Chase comedy 'Pakdam Pakdai' moves from Nick to fuel Sonic's growth|date=18 December 2014|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051048/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/chase-comedy-pakdam-pakdai-moves-from-nick-to-fuel-sonics-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Panchatantram]]''
| [[ETV (Telugu)]]
| [[Usha Kiran Movies|Usha Kiran Television]]
| 2003–2007
| <ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=22 August 2003 |title=ETV starts telecasting Panchatantra series |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/etv-starts-telecasting-panchatantra-series/articleshow/142382.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| ''Panchatantra Stories''
| [[Maha Cartoon TV]]
| DV Group
| 2016
| <ref name=Maha/>
|-
| ''Panchotantrer Montro''
| Sony Aath
|
| 2017–2019
| <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fa4_-CNAUj8 Panchotantrer Montro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915042544/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fa4_-CNAUj8 |date=15 September 2021 }} on [[Sony Aath]].</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pinaki & Happy - The Bhoot Bandhus]]''
| [[Nickelodeon Sonic]]
| Tavrohi Animations
| 2020–present
| <ref>{{cite web|last=|title=Nickelodeon announces new IP 'Pinaki & Happy - The Bhoot Bandhus'|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/nickelodeon-announces-new-ip-happy-pinaki-the-bhoot-bandhus/79038360|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-01|website=The Economic Times|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120132328/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/nickelodeon-announces-new-ip-happy-pinaki-the-bhoot-bandhus/79038360}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pot Pourri''
| Splash
| Pentamedia Graphics
| 2001–2002
| <ref name=Penta/>
|-
| ''Prince Jai aur Dumdaar Viru''
| Sony Yay
| Phobeus Media
| 2017–2019<ref name="indiantelevision.com"/>
| <ref name=Yay/>
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Mohabbat Happy Lucky]]''
| ZeeQ
| Popcorn Animation Studios
| 2015–2017
| <ref name=ZEEQ/>
|-
| ''Raju The Rickshaw''
| International syndication
| [[Accel Animation Studios]]
| 2009
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Watch Raju The Rickshaw|url=https://www.amazon.com/Raju-The-Rickshaw/dp/B082WMD975|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Prime Video|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915042545/https://www.amazon.com/Raju-The-Rickshaw/dp/B082WMD975}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood]]''
| International syndication
| DQ Entertainment [[Method Animation]]
| 2016
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awn.com/news/pgs-announces-raft-sales-robin-hood-mischief-sherwood |website=[[Animation World Network]] |title=PGS Announces Raft of Sales for 'Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood' |first=Jennifer |last=Woolfe |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428194235/http://www.awn.com/news/pgs-announces-raft-sales-robin-hood-mischief-sherwood |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Roll No 21]]''
| Cartoon Network India
| Animasia Studio
| 2010–present
| <ref name="New Movie and Season of Roll No 21">{{cite web|title=New Movie and Season of Roll No 21 Premier|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/cartoon-network-to-launch-new-movies-and-contests-this-childrens-day|website=animationxpress.com|access-date=14 November 2014|year=2014|archive-date=22 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122142147/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/cartoon-network-to-launch-new-movies-and-contests-this-childrens-day|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Rudra: Boom Chik Chik Boom''
| [[Nickelodeon India]]
| [[Green Gold Animations]]
| 2018–present
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv/nickelodeon-launches-fifth-local-ip-rudra-targets-500-hrs-of-content-by-fy19_90374.html|title=Nickelodeon launches fifth local IP Rudra; targets 500 hrs of content by FY19|work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=2018-06-10|language=en-US|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142506/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv/nickelodeon-launches-fifth-local-ip-rudra-targets-500-hrs-of-content-by-fy19_90374.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[:simple:Sab Jholmaal Hai|Sab Jholmaal Hai]]
| [[Sony Yay]]
| Toonz Animation
| 2017–present
| <ref name="Yay"/>
|-
| ''Selfie With Bajrangi''
| Amazon Prime Video (2017-2018) [[Disney+ Hotstar]] (2020-)
| Cosmos Maya
| 2017–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wkq3aZSwlRQ|title="Selfie with Bajrangi" on Amazon Prime Video India|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022225133/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wkq3aZSwlRQ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shaktimaan: The Animated Series]]''
| [[Nickelodeon Sonic]]
| [[Reliance Entertainment]] Paperboat Animation Studio
| 2011–2012
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/32329_Viacom18-to-launch-Sonic-its-fifth-television-channel|title=Viacom18 to launch Sonic, its fifth television channel|website=www.afaqs.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-15|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135124/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/32329_Viacom18-to-launch-Sonic-its-fifth-television-channel|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sheikh Chilli and Friendz''
| [[Discovery Kids India]]
| Irealities Technology
| 2016–2017
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/discovery-kids-announces-second-series-of-sheikh-chilli-and-friendz-161221|title=Discovery Kids announces second series of 'Sheikh Chilli and Friendz'|date=21 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2016|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222193130/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/discovery-kids-announces-second-series-of-sheikh-chilli-and-friendz-161221|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shiva''
| [[Nickelodeon India]] (2015-2016) (2018-2021) [[Nickelodeon Sonic]] (2016-2018) [[Nickelodeon India]] (2021–present)
| Cosmos Maya Hi-Tech Animation
| 2015–present
| <ref name="Milligan 2016">{{cite web | last=Milligan | first=Mercedes | title=Cosmos-Maya Leads Regional Animation Production | website=Animation Magazine | date=19 May 2016 | url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/cosmos-maya-leads-regional-animation-production/ | access-date=16 November 2016 | archive-date=17 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063311/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/cosmos-maya-leads-regional-animation-production/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/special-reports/with-nick-at-the-top-viacom18-focuses-on-strengthening-sonic/|title=With Nick at the top, Viacom18 focuses on strengthening Sonic|date=22 April 2016|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172501/http://www.televisionpost.com/special-reports/with-nick-at-the-top-viacom18-focuses-on-strengthening-sonic/|archive-date=30 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Simmba#Animated series|Smashing Simmba]]''
| [[Pogo TV]]
| Reliance Animation
| 2020–present
|
|-
| ''[[Singhasan Battisi]]''
| Pogo TV
| Shethia Audio and Video
| 2011–2012
| <ref>{{cite web|date=1 August 2010|title='Singhasan Battisi' on Pogo|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/singhasan-battisi-on-pogo/654528/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505125053/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/singhasan-battisi-on-pogo/654528/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Simple Samosa''
| Disney Channel India
| Ice Candy
| 2018
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/disney-channel-to-launch-two-new-animated-shows-during-summer/|title=Disney Channel to launch two new animated shows during summer|website=www.televisionpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-15|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184121/http://www.televisionpost.com/disney-channel-to-launch-two-new-animated-shows-during-summer/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kakababu in other media#Kakababu-Sontu (2010)|''Sontu O Kakababu'']]
| [[Ruposhi Bangla]]
| Ssoftoons
| 2010–2011
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTNPBEZbThs|title="Kakababu" on Ruposhi Bangla|website=[[YouTube]]|date=5 August 2013 |access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110514/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTNPBEZbThs|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super V]]''
| [[Star India]] [[The Walt Disney Company India|Disney India]]
| Cornerstone Animation [[Star India]]
| 2019
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Promo of Virat Kohli as Superhero "Super V" Released - Watch Here|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/promo-of-virat-kohli-as-superhero-super-v-released-watch-here-2362423.html|url-status=live|website=[[News18]]|date=24 October 2019 |access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028163223/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/promo-of-virat-kohli-as-superhero-super-v-released-watch-here-2362423.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suppandi|Suppandi Suppandi! The Animated Series]]''
| [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]]
| [[ACK Media]]
| 2012
| <ref>{{cite web|date=2012-04-05|title=ACK Animation Studio develops animated series Suppandi Suppandi!; to air on Cartoon Network|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/ack-animation-studio-develops-animated-series-suppandi-suppandi-to-air-on-cartoon-network/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-01|website=AnimationXpress|language=en-US|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915042546/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/ack-animation-studio-develops-animated-series-suppandi-suppandi-to-air-on-cartoon-network/}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chhota Bheem#Spin-offs|Super Bheem]]''
| Pogo TV
| Green Gold Animations
| 2017–2020
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/super-bheem-to-be-weekly-show-from-2-april-170330|title=Super Bheem to be weekly show|date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017|archive-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331131620/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/super-bheem-to-be-weekly-show-from-2-april-170330|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suraj: The Rising Star]]''
| [[Colors TV]]
| [[Kodansha|KODANSHA Inc.]] [[TMS Entertainment]] DQ Entertainment
| 2012–2013
| <ref>{{cite web|date=8 December 2012|title=Baseball to cricket|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/baseball-to-cricket/article4176367.ece/|access-date=6 April 2018|website=The Hindu|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110448/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/baseball-to-cricket/article4176367.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah]]''
| [[Sony Yay]]
| [[Neela Tele Films]]
| 2021–present
| <ref>{{cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Everyone's Worked Really Hard on Taarak Mehta Ka Chhota Chashmah, Says Producer Asit Modi|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/everyones-worked-really-hard-on-taarak-mehta-ka-chhota-chashmah-says-producer-asit-modi-3658013.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[News18]]|language=en|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423123659/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/everyones-worked-really-hard-on-taarak-mehta-ka-chhota-chashmah-says-producer-asit-modi-3658013.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tenida (TV series)|Tenida]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Animatrix Multimedia
| 2007–2008
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Money Matters|url=https://www.animatrixindia.com/admin/post_img/164752218606.jpg |date=1 August 2007 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Kolkata}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli#Film and television|Thakurmar Jhuli]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Dawsen Infotech
| 2003–2008
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/thakurmar-jhuli-going-strong-on-alpha-bangla/|title=Thakurmar Jhuli going strong on Alpha Bangla|date=29 December 2005|access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/dawsen-scores-hat-trick-on-zee-bangla-with-thakurmar-jhuli|title=Dawsen scores hat-trick on Zee Bangla with Thakurmar Jhuli|date=27 January 2007|access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Adventures of King Vikram''
| [[Disney XD (Indian TV channel)|Disney XD]]
|
| 2012–2014
| <ref name= local>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/july/july124.php|title=Kids channels hunt for growth, local talent|date=14 July 2012|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908055803/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/july/july124.php|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Adventures of Tenali Raman]]''
| Cartoon Network India
| Toonz Animation
| 2003–2004
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article28923511.ece|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|title=Cartoon network focus on India-centric image-building|date=19 June 2003|first=Sriram|last=Srinivasan|access-date=21 September 2019|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922022757/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article28923511.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Jungle Book (2010 TV series)|The Jungle Book]]''
| International syndication
| DQ Entertainment [[MoonScoop|MoonScoop Group]] [[Ellipsanime]] [[ZDF|ZDF Enterprises]]
| 2010–2020
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/dq-e-and-zdf-enterprises-to-co-produce-second-series-of-the-jungle-book-156399495.html|title=DQ E and ZDF Enterprises to Co-Produce Second Series of the Jungle Book|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|date=4 February 2011|access-date=30 May 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053146/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/dq-e-and-zdf-enterprises-to-co-produce-second-series-of-the-jungle-book-156399495.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Hanuman]]''
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| Graphic India
| 2021
|
|-
| ''[[The New Adventures of Hanuman]]''
| Pogo TV [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]]
| [[Percept Picture Company]]
| 2010–2011
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/lifestyle-buzz/watch-the-new-adventure-of-hanuman-only-on-pogo-channel-113092801199_1.html|title=Watch The New Adventure of Hanuman only on POGO channel|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130852/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/lifestyle-buzz/watch-the-new-adventure-of-hanuman-only-on-pogo-channel-113092801199_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Pandavas''
| [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]]
| Hi-tech Animation
| 2022
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 22 April 2022|title=POGO Premieres New Co-Pro 'The Pandavas' in India |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pogo-premieres-new-co-pro-the-pandavas-in-india/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Animation Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ting Tong (TV series)|''Ting Tong'']]
| [[Nickelodeon India]] [[Nickelodeon Sonic]]
| Fable Spinners Studio
| 2020–present
|
|-
| ''[[Tik Tak Tail]]''
| [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo TV]] [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]]
| Cosmos Maya
| 2017–2019
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/pogo-launches-the-biggest-chase-comedy-of-the-year-tik-tak-tail|title=Pogo launches the chase comedy T"ik Tak Tail"|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814163546/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/pogo-launches-the-biggest-chase-comedy-of-the-year-tik-tak-tail|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Titoo''
| [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo TV]]
| ''Cosmos Maya''
| 2020–present
|
|-
| ''[[Vartmaan]]''
| DD National
| Climb Media
| 1994–1995
| <ref name="intoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19910115-discontent-brews-in-doordarshan-815618-1991-01-14|title=Discontent brews in Doordarshan|date=15 January 1991 |publisher=|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225110716/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/discontent-brews-in-doordarshan/1/319621.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''ViR: The Robot Boy''
| Hungama TV
| Cosmos Maya
| 2013–2016
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.co.in/hungama-tv-to-launch-vir/|title=Hungama TV to launch VIR|work=Box Office India |date=6 November 2013|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731035146/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/hungama-tv-to-launch-vir/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[V 4 Viraat]]''
| rowspan="2"|Disney Channel India
| Toonz Animation
| 2016
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneychannel.disney.in/v-4-viraat%7ctitle=|title=V 4 VIRAT|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| ''Surya''
| Shrishti India
| 2017
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/graphiti-to-produce-local-animated-series-yom-for-disney-channel-india-151215|title=Graphiti to produce local animated series 'Yom' for Disney channel india|date=15 December 2015|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605054655/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/graphiti-to-produce-local-animated-series-yom-for-disney-channel-india-151215|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yom (TV series)|Yom]]''
| [[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel]]
| Graphiti Multimedia
| 2017
|The sisters
|}

== See also ==
* [[Indian animation industry]]
* [[List of Indian animated films]]
== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Indian Animation Industry}}
{{Animationserieslist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian animated television series}}
[[Category:Indian animated television series| ]]
[[Category:Indian animation|Television series]]
[[Category:Lists of animated television series]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Animated]]

Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara

2025-11-27T07:25:48Z

WAJID AH: Starting Some Article V1

{{Short description|Ancient Buddhist monastery in Sri Lanka}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara
| native_name = තිස්සමහාරාම රජ මහා විහාරය
| image = Tissamaharama Stupa.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = View of Tissamaharama Stupa across the paddy fields in the that area.
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|6|16|46|N|81|17|25|E|region:LK_type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| deity =
| country = Sri Lanka
| province =[[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]]
| district =[[Hambantota District|Hambantota]]
| functional_status =
| website =
| founded_by = King [[Kavan Tissa]] of [[Ruhuna]]
| year_completed = Around 2nd century BC
}}
The '''Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara''' is an ancient [[Buddhist temple]] in [[Tissamaharama]], [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]] of [[Sri Lanka]]. It was one of the four major Buddhist monasteries established in [[Sri Lanka]], after the arrival of Arhant [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda Thera]] to the country. Tissamaharama monastery had been recognized as a pre-eminent Buddhist educational center of the southern Sri Lanka from the 3rd century B.C. to the 11th century A.D.<ref name=Arch/> The ''Tissamaharama Dagoba'' which is situated in the premises of the monastery is one of the largest [[stupa]]s in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="southeast">{{cite book | title=Southeast Ceylon: Trends and Problems in Agricultural Settlement | publisher=Department of Geography, University of Chicago, 1963 | author=Wikkramatileke, Rudolph | year=1963}}</ref> The present chief incumbent of Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara is Ven. Devalegama Dhammasena Nayaka Thera.<ref name="chief">{{cite web | url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_12A/Jul29_1343580218CH.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802004239/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_12A/Jul29_1343580218CH.php | url-status=usurped | archive-date=August 2, 2012 | title=Sri Lanka President engages in religious activities | publisher=ColomboPage | date=Jul 29, 2012 | accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://cgihambantota.com/event_detail.php?id=72 Photographic Exhibition - India Through Sri Lankan Eyes ], Consulate General of India in Hambantota, August 2016</ref>

==History==
During the reign of emperor [[Asoka of India]] (304–232 BCE), many prominent Buddhist monks were sent as missionaries to neighboring kingdoms to propagate [[Buddhist philosophy]]. As a part of these missions, Arhant Mahinda Thera, the son of emperor Asoka arrived in Sri Lanka during the reign of
king [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura]] in 3rd century BC.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ashokas-son-took-Buddhism-outside-India/articleshow/46578312.cms | title=Ashoka's son took Buddhism outside India | publisher=Times of India | accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref>
After the establishment of Buddha Sasana in Sri Lanka, major Buddhist monasteries such as [[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya]] and [[Mihintale Raja Maha Viharaya]] were established in the North central region of the country while Tissamaharama Raja Maha Viharaya and [[Sithulpawwa Rajamaha Viharaya]] were established in the [[Ruhuna|Southern region]].
According to the chronicle [[Mahawamsa]] this temple was built in the 2nd century BC as ''Silapassa Pirivena'', by then King [[Kavan Tissa]] (186-161 B.C.) of [[Ruhuna]] (Southern Sri Lanka) and in the reign of King [[Ilanaga of Anuradhapura|Ilanaga]] (38-44 A.D.) the temple had been expanded and renovated.<ref name=Arch>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Tissamaharama|url=http://www.archaeology.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:tissamaharama&catid=51:sites&Itemid=99&lang=en|accessdate=21 March 2016|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Sri Lanka|date=}}</ref> But according to some historians the temple was initially built by king Mahanaga in the 3rd century BC and later it was expanded as a major temple by king Kavan Tissa in the 2nd century BC.<ref name=Arch/>

The beginning of kingdom of Ruhuna dates back to the reign of king kalashoka in 2nd century BC. His younger brother [[Mahanaga, Prince of Ruhuna|Mahanaga]] left the then capital [[Anuradhapura]] to avoid an assassination attempt and moved to the southern area of the island and became the ruler of the area.<ref name=fu>[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/030817/funday/1.html King Mahanaga, first king of Ruhuna], Funday Times</ref> Mahanaga is regarded as the first king of Ruhuna,<ref>[http://lankainformation.lk/directory/top-listings/general-information/history/9482-the-kingdom-of-ruhuna The Kingdom of Ruhuna], Lanka Information</ref> where the capital of was Magama. King Mahanaga did a great service to improve agriculture and was responsible for raising a peaceful and prosperous civilization in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka.<ref name=fu/> He was succeeded by his son [[Yatala Tissa, Prince of Ruhuna|Yatala-Tissa]], who was able to rule the province virtuously. After Yatala-Tissa his son [[Gothabhaya, Prince of Ruhuna|Gothabhaya]] became the king of the south, and by this time the kingdom of Ruhuna was well established and developed. After Gothabhaya, his son Kavan-Tissa succeeded to the throne.<ref name=fu/> King Kawan Tissa is regarded as the founder of many Buddhist monasteries located in Southern and Eastern areas of Sri Lanka.

[[File:Thissa Wewa Lake (43125718780).jpg|thumb|right|The stupa across the lake]]
Thissmaharama Vihara was the largest Buddhist monastery in historic Southern Sri Lanka.<ref name="History">{{cite book | title=Tissamaharama Chaitya Ithihasaya | author=Dhammasena Thera, Devalegama | pages=09–10}}</ref> Some of the notable resident Buddhist monks of this great monastery includes Arhant [[Mahasiva]] Thera, Arhant Dhammadinna Thera and Arhant Pindapathika Tissa Thera.<ref name="History"/> King Kawan Tissa who founded Tissmaharama Vihara also modified the [[Tissa Wewa (Tissamaharama)|Tissa wewa]] (tank) to cater the water requirement of Tissamaharama monastery, as well as for the irrigation purposes of surrounding area. Many [[List of Sinhalese monarchs|ancient kings of Sri Lanka]] had also offered lands to the Tissamaharama monastery for the welfare of Buddhist monks who lived there. According to ancient [[Stone inscriptions in Sri Lanka|stone inscriptions]] found, many land donations to the Tissamaharama Vihara were made during the reigns of king Jettha Tissa, Wasabha and Mihindu. From 3rd century to the 5th century the monastery owned more than 18 000 acres of land. These land donations were made by the kings for the maintenance work of the monastery and the stupa as well as for the needs of the resident monks.<ref name="History"/>

First evidences of renovating Tissamaharama Vihara goes to the reign of king [[Ilanaga of Anuradhapura|Illanaga]] in 38 AD, after two centuries of its initial construction. King [[Voharika Tissa of Anuradhapura|Voharaka Tissa]] (215 -237 AD) in the 3rd century had also made some renovations to the stupa.<ref name="History"/> Prince Mahanaga renovated the stupa in 560 AD, when the status of the stupa deteriorated once again in the 6th century. It had also undergone renovations during the reign of king [[Vijayabahu I]] (1055-1110 AD). But later Thissamaharama Vihara was raided by the armies of invader [[Kalinga Magha]] in the 13th century. It appears that no major restoration work was done on this stupa till the last half of the 19th century after this rifling.<ref name="danuma">{{cite web | url=http://www.danuma.lk/index.php?option=com_content&id=1064:Tissamaharama | title=Conservation of Tissamaharama Maha Stupa | publisher=www.danuma.lk | accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> However sources reveal that in 1662 AD, king [[Vira Narendra Sinha of Kandy|Veera Parakrama Narendrasinghe]] donated two lands to the temple for the maintenance purposes, when Kadurupokune Budhdha Rakkhitha Thero was the chief incumbent.<ref name="History"/> But later in the 18th century Tissmaharama Vihara was abandoned after the state of the temple deteriorated badly, during the [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch Colonial rule]] in the coastal areas of Sri Lanka.

==Great stupa==
[[File:Tissamaharama Dagoba, 0648.jpg|right|thumb|Tissamaharama stupa]]
Tissamaharama Stupa is the largest stupa in the Southern region of the country with a height of 156 feet and 550 feet in circumference.<ref name=az/> According to chronicles, King Kawan Tissa had sought blessings and instructions from Arhant Gothama Thera, who was a spiritual adviser to the king, when constructing Tissamaharam stupa.<ref name=az>[https://amazinglanka.com/wp/tissamaharama/ Tissamaharama Rajamaha Viharaya – තිස්සමහාරාම විහාරය], Amazing Lanka</ref> The stupa was built to commemorate Buddha's visit to the area, at the same place where Buddha spent time in meditation with 500 arhant Buddhist monks.
The stupa which has a 'Bubble Shape' and was built by using bricks on a square platform made of granite stones. King Kawan-tissa received the instructions of Buddhist monks throughout the construction period of the stupa. The relics enshrined in this stupa is subjected to debate. According to [[Mahavamsa]] the frontal bone relic (Lalata Dhathu) is enshrined in Tissamaharam stupa as the main relic.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130330023606/http://trips.lakdasun.org/heritage-of-ancient-magama-the-capital-of-ruhuna-kingdom.htm Heritage of ancient Magama, the capital of Ruhuna kingdom]}}, Lakdasun Trips</ref> However some believe that the frontal bone relic of Buddha was temporally enshrined in this stupa but later it was enshrined in the [[Seruvila Mangala Raja Maha Viharaya|Seruvila Mangala Maha Seya(Thissa Maha Viharaya)]].<ref name=az/> A recent discovery of a pillar inscription in Kirinda, reveals that the left tooth relic of Buddha was also enshrined in this stupa.

==Restoration==
[[File:PSX 20190206 164800.jpg|thumb|right|Steel cable tendons are used to structurally stabilize the dome]]
The more recent restoration work of this stupa had begun in 1858 due to the efforts of Wepathaira Sumana Thera, who rediscovered Thissmaharama Vihara after making a pilgrimage to the area. He built a hut in the vicinity of the stupa and started living there to supervise the restoration works by himself. It took 16 years to complete the renovation work of the ''Garbhaya'', semi spherical part of the stupa which is 86 feet in height. But Wepathaira Sumana Thera could not complete the restoration of Thissmaharama stupa in his lifetime and after the death of Wepathaira Sumana Thera, Walpita Medhankara Thero, a monastic brother of Wepathaira Sumana Thera took over the renovation works. By 1878 Walpita Medhankara Thero managed to complete the restoration of ''Hatharaskotwa'' of the stupa and enshrined relics in it.<ref name="History"/>

In 1882 the British governor general of Ceylon, Sir [[James Robert Longden]] visited Thissamaharama Vihara and appointed Walpita Medhankara Thero as the chief incumbent of the temple. He also vested the power to [[Siyam Nikaya]] to take care of Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara. In 1895 Walpita Medhankara Thero managed to complete the work of ''Dewatha Kotuwa'' and enshrined relics there. In 1897 the Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara development committee was formed with the leadership of Mudaliyar S. F. Jayawickrama of [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]] and N. Amarasingha of [[Tangalle]]
and the restoration works completed in early 20th century.<ref>[http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=27766 Poson Day Historic Reflections and Buddhist Activity in the Colonial Time] Upali K Salgado (The Island) Retrieved 18 November 2015</ref> In 1900 the ''Koth Kerella'' of the stupa was completed and placing the pinnacle (''Chuda Manikya'') of the stupa was done on Poson [[poya day]] of 1900. The pinnacle consists of a red colour gem which was imported from [[Bohemia]].

Tissamaharama stupa had developed a series of vertical cracks right round the dome of the stupa and in some other parts around in 1990. The [[Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka)|department of Archeology of Sri Lanka]] and State Engineering Co-operation intervened on the request of chief incumbent of the temple and prevented further cracking of the stupa by using galvanized steel cables tied around the circumference of the dome in the midsection.<ref name="danuma"/> This final repair works were completed in February 1998 at a total cost of 6 million Sri Lankan rupees.

==See also==
* [[Yatala Vehera]]
* [[Sithulpawwa Rajamaha Viharaya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

* ''Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka''.von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1990). (752 p.; 1620 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-05-0}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara}}
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Hambantota District]]
[[Category:Stupas in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Archaeological protected monuments in Hambantota District]]

Bijendra Prasad Yadav

2025-11-26T07:28:09Z

WAJID AH: adjusted references additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bijendra Prasad Yadav
| image = File:Bijendra Yadav.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[List of ministers of finance of Bihar|Minister of Finance]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart = 20 November 2025
| termend =
|predecessor = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| termstart1 = 20 May 2014
| termend1 = 20 November 2015
|predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]
| office2 = Minister of Commercial Taxes [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart2 = 20 November 2025
| termend2 =
|predecessor2 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| termstart3 = 20 May 2014
| termend3 = 20 November 2015
|predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = Minister of Prohibition, Excise and Registration [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart4 = 2015
| termend4 = 2015
| predecessor4 = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| successor4 = Sunil Kumar
| termstart5 = 2010
| termend5 = 2014
| predecessor5 = [[Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
| successor5 = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| office6 = Minister of Energy [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart6 = 16 November 2020
| predecessor6 = [[Maheshwar Hazari]]
| successor6 = Incumbent
| termstart7 = 20 May 2014
| termend7 = 22 February 2015
|predecessor7 =
| successor7 =
| termstart8 = 26 November 2010
| termend8 = 20 May 2014
| predecessor8 = [[Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
| successor8 = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| termstart9 = 24 November 2005
| termend9 = 13 April 2008
| predecessor9 = [[Shakeel Ahmed Khan]]
| successor9 = [[Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
| office10 = Minister of Planning and Development [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart10 = 16 November 2020
| predecessor10 = [[Maheshwar Hazari]]
| successor10 = Incumbent
| office11 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency11 = [[Supaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Supaul]]
| termstart11 = 1990
| predecessor11 = Pramod Kumar Singh
| successor11 = Incumbent
| office12 = Minister of Food & Consumer Protection [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart12 = 16 November 2020
| termend12 = 9 February 2021
|predecessor12 = [[Madan Sahni]]
| successor12 = [[Leshi Singh]]
| office13 = [[List of ministers of transport of Bihar|Minister of Transport]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart13 = 20 May 2014
| termend13 = 22 February 2015
| predecessor13 =
| successor13 = [[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
| office14 = Minister of Building Construction [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart14 = 20 May 2014
| termend14 = 22 February 2015
| predecessor14 =
| successor14 =
| office15 = Minister of Environment, Forest andClimate Change [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart15 = 20 May 2014
| termend15 = 22 February 2015
| predecessor15 =
| successor15 =
| office16 = Minister of Water Resources [[Government of Bihar]]
| termstart16 = 13 April 2008
| termend16 = 26 November 2010
| predecessor16 = [[Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
| successor16 = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Janata Dal United]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Supaul]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| date = 21 November 2025
}}

'''Bijender Prasad Yadav''' is an Indian politician, a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]]. Currently, he is a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], as well as the state's Cabinet [[Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry|Minister for Finance, Planning, and Development]] under Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/energy/CitizenHome.html |title=Bihar Department of Energy |date=25 March 2021 |website=state.bihar.gov.in |publisher=Bihar State Government |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/planning/CitizenHome.html |title=Bihar Department of Planning and Development |date=25 March 2021 |website=state.bihar.gov.in |publisher=Bihar State Government |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> He has been an incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|representative]] for [[Supaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Supaul]] since 1990.<ref>[https://www.thequint.com/politics/2017/07/26/nitish-kumar-lalu-tejashwi-yadav-rift PM Modi Backs Nitish on 'Joining Fight Against Corruption]</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-cabinet-expansion-portfolios-nitish-kumar-sushil-modi-bjp-jdu-ljp-4773172/ Chief Minister and JD(U) leader Nitish Kumar kept the Home Ministry to himself, newly instated Deputy Chief Minister and BJP leader Sushil Kumar Modi got Finance and Commerce Ministries]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-expands-ministry-inducts-27-new-ministers/article19386115.ece Nitish’s new team in the saddle in Bihar]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ljp-to-join-bihar-cabinet/article19380713.ece LJP to join Bihar Cabinet]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Bijendra Prasad}}
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Supaul district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

S. Rajeswari

2025-11-25T16:25:34Z

WAJID AH: Started!

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Rajeswari
| birth_name = Subramanian Rajeswari
| birth_date = 1946
| birth_place = [[Pollachi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Carnatic musician, music teacher
| known_for = Vocal accompaniment for Bharatanatyam, Carnatic music
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2010) [[Kalaimamani]] (2020) M.S. Subbulakshmi Award (2020) Sahana Fine Arts Award
}}

'''S. Rajeswari''' (born 1946) is an Indian [[Carnatic music]]ian and [[Music education|music teacher]] from [[Tamil Nadu]], known for her contributions to [[Carnatic music]] and vocal accompaniment for [[Bharatanatyam]] performances, particularly with dancer [[Kumari Kamala]].<ref name="Hindu2021">{{cite web |title=Becoming the voice of a dancer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/becoming-the-voice-of-a-dancer/article33933761.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 February 2021 |access-date=14 April 2025 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706195342/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/becoming-the-voice-of-a-dancer/article33933761.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SNA2010">{{cite web |title=Subramanian Rajeswari |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741088786_Subramanian%20Rajeswari.pdf |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajeswari was born in 1946 in [[Pollachi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She trained in [[Carnatic music]] under musicians such as Tanjai Balasubramaniam, Ramnad Krishnan, and T. Muktha.<ref name="Hindu2021"/><ref name="Narthaki">{{cite web |title=Voice of dance - S Rajeswari |url=https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv235.html |website=Narthaki |access-date=14 April 2025 |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414061823/https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv235.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajeswari has specialized in vocal accompaniment for [[Bharatanatyam]], notably collaborating with dancer [[Kumari Kamala]] for several decades.<ref name="Hindu2021"/><ref name="NIE2014">{{cite web |title=A rhythm maker par excellence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Mar/24/a-rhythm-maker-par-excellence-589909.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 March 2014 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> She has also performed as a [[Carnatic music]] vocalist and taught music, contributing to the preservation of traditional styles.<ref name="NIE2014"/> Her work integrates [[Carnatic music]] with dance, focusing on rhythmic and melodic support for choreography.<ref name="Narthaki"/>

== Awards and recognition ==
*In 2010, Rajeswari received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her contributions to vocal accompaniment for [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref name="SNA2010"/>
*In 2020, she was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] for her contributions to music.<ref name="NIE2021">{{cite web |title=TN Govt releases Kalaimamani awardees list |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/Feb/20/tn-govt-releases-kalaimamani-awardees-list-2266396.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=20 February 2021 |access-date=14 April 2025 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418014301/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/Feb/20/tn-govt-releases-kalaimamani-awardees-list-2266396.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In 2020, she received the M.S. Subbulakshmi Award for her contributions to [[Carnatic music]] and dance accompaniment.<ref name="Hindu2021"/>
*She was honored by Sahana Fine Arts, Chennai, for her musical contributions.<ref name="Sruti">{{cite web |title=Prof. S. Rajeswari was honoured by Sahana Fine Arts |url=https://www.sruti.com/articles/newsnotes/prof-s-rajeswari-was-honoured-by-sahana-fine-arts |website=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti]] |access-date=14 April 2025 |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414061823/https://www.sruti.com/articles/newsnotes/prof-s-rajeswari-was-honoured-by-sahana-fine-arts |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeswari, S.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]

Baljinder Singh

2025-10-18T06:17:01Z

WAJID AH: fixed content per standard format per standard format

{{short description|Indian racewalker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Baljinder Singh
| nickname =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =[[India]]n
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[20 kilometres race walk]]
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|9|18}}
| birth_place = [[Dera Bassi]], [[Punjab, India]]
| residence =
}}

'''Baljinder Singh''' (born 18 September 1986) is an Indian [[Sportsperson|athlete]] who competes in the [[20 kilometres race walk]] event. He has qualified in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|20 kilometres race walk]] event at the [[London Olympics 2012]]. His personal best in this event is 1:22:12.<ref>{{cite web|title= Biography of Baljinder Singh |url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/country=ind/athcode=264557/index.html|accessdate=10 July 2012|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations]] (IAAF)}}</ref>

Baljinder clocked a time of 1:25:39 in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|20 km walk]] event at the London Olympics and finished 43rd.

==Personal life==
He hails from Dera Bassi a town in the [[Mohali district]] near [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India]]. He got his sports training at [[Sports Authority of India]], [[Bangalore]] centre under the tutelage of Ramakrishnan Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=An introduction to Indian long distance walkers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3614805.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The loneliness of the long-distance walkers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article3613051.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204063607/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article3613051.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 July 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Athletics}}
* {{Olympics.com profile|baljinder-singh}}
* {{SR/Olympics profile|si/baljinder-singh-1}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Baljinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Kondaveeti Venkatakavi

2025-10-17T00:24:12Z

WAJID AH: Put Up A Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian poet, scholar, and film writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kondaveeti Venkatakavi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername = Kondaveeti Venkata Kavi
| birthname = Kondaveeti Venkatayya
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|01|25}}
| birth_place = Vipparla, [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|04|07|1918|01|25}}
| yearsactive = 1932 - 1991
| homepage =
| occupation = Poet, Film Writer
| father = Narayana
| mother = Sheshamma
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Kondaveeti Venkatakavi''' is an Indian poet, scholar, and scriptwriter from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He served as the Principal of a Sanskrit college. He is best known for writing the dialogues in the film ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' (1977).<ref name="dvsk">{{cite web |last=Chinarayana |first=Pulagam |date=17 January 2017 |editor-last=Sri |editor2-last=NaChaKi |title=Daana Veera Soora Karna - Retrospective |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/daana-veera-soora-karna-retrospective |access-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[TeluguCinema.com]]}}</ref>

==Childhood==
Venkata Kavi was born as Venkatayya to Narayana and Seshamma in the village of Vipparla in Guntur district.<ref name="Sobhanachala">{{cite web |url=http://sobhanaachala.blogspot.com/2014/04/blog-post_14.html |title=Interview with Kondaveeti Venkatakavi |publisher=Sobhanachala|date= 14 April 2014|access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date= |archive-url= }}</ref>

==Education==

He got primary education was from his scholarly father. He studied Sanskrit poetry and pancha kavyas under the guidance of Narikonda Nammalaraju, a poet from [[Gadwal]]. He later moved to [[Tenali]] and worked as assistant under [[Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Chowdary]]. He mastered Sriharsha Naishada under his uncle Yetukri Narasimhayya. He worked as assistant under Srimat Tirumala Mudhimalla Varadhacharya, who was working to teach Sanskrit to all sections of the people. He learned Sanskrit [[Vyakarana]] and [[Mahabhashya|Patanjali Bhashya]] from Kavi Ramanujacharya. He leaned Telugu Vyakarana from Duvvur Venkataramana Sastry. He moved to [[Vijayanagaram]] and studied grammar under Chinaseetarama Sastry. He later practiced [[Avadhanam]] under the guidance of [[Chellapilla Venkata Sastry]].<ref name="Sobhanachala"/>

==Career==

===Teacher===
He worked as a Telugu scholar in the Board High School in [[Macherla]] from 1948 to 1952, and as Sanskrit lecturer in [[Ponnur]] oriental college for forty years from 1952.<ref name="Sobhanachala"/>

===Poet===

He started writing poetry at the age of 14 and wrote many books. In 1932, he wrote ''Karshaka Satakam'' about the problems of farmers. It was banned by the government. In 1946, he wrote ''Chennakesava Satakam''. He wrote ''Divyasmrutulu'' remembering [[Vemana]], [[Gurajada Apparao]] and other eminent Telugu personalities. He published a research work on [[Amuktamalyada]] of [[Krishna Devaraya]]. He wrote a book with rational thoughts on ''Melu Kolupu'' in 1942.<ref name="Sobhanachala"/>

He wrote a literary series with the name ''Nehru Charita''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/NehruCharitra/page/n25/mode/2up|title=Nehru Charitra|author=Kondaveeti Venkatakavi |publisher=Jyothi Press, Tenali|year=1963|page=189|isbn=}}</ref>

====Works====
* ''Karshaka'' satakam (1932)
* ''Hithabhodha'' (1942)
* ''Bhagavatula vaari Vamsavali'' (1943)
* ''Udayalakshmi Nrusimhavataravali'' (1945)
* ''Chennakesava'' satakam (1946)
* ''Bhavanarayana Charita'' (1953)
* ''Divyasmrutulu'' (1954)
* ''Nehru Charitra'' Part I (1956)
* ''Trisati'' (1960)
* ''Nehru Charitra'' Part II (1962)
* ''Bali'' (1963)

== Film career ==
Venkata Kavi was the Principal of a Sanskrit college and initially turned down an offer from actor and filmmaker [[N. T. Rama Rao]] to write the script and dialogues for ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' (1977). However, after Rama Rao personally asked for his assistance, Venkata Kavi agreed to join the project. His dialogues received widespread acclaim and significantly contributed to the film's success. Released as [[LP record]]s and [[Cassette tape|audio cassettes]], they sold very well, with [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] reporting continued sales of cassettes and CDs even years later. The dialogues were noted for their literary quality and were written in formal Telugu. Unlike most mythological films of that time, which used colloquial language (Vaaduka bhaasha), ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' distinguished itself with a formal literary style (Graanthika bhaasha).<ref name="dvsk" />

After this film, Venkata Kavi worked on various projects, including ''[[Sri Madvirata Parvam]]'' (1979), ''[[Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra|Sreemadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra]]'' (1984), and ''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]'' (1986). He later contributed to the ''[[Eenadu]]'' magazine, where he was responsible for news headlines until his death.<ref name="dvsk" />

== Filmography ==
* ''Daaana Veera Soora Karna'', dialogues (1977) - dialogues<ref name="dvsk" />
* ''[[Sri Madvirata Parvam]]'', dialogues (1979)<ref name="dvsk" />
* ''[[Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra]]'', dialogues (1984)<ref name="dvsk" />
* ''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]'', dialogues (1986)<ref name="dvsk" />
* ''[[Aadi Dampatulu]],'' lyricist (1986)

==Awards==
* ''Kaviraju'' title in Guntur district in 1953
* [[Kala Prapoorna]] from Andhra University in 1971
* [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer]] - ''Tandra Paparayudu'' (1986)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|10079424}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatakavi, Kondaveeti}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Varun Aaron

2025-10-14T13:17:09Z

WAJID AH: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian former cricketer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Varun Aaron
| image = Varun Aaron.jpg
| country = India
| fullname = Varun Raymond Aaron
| nickname = Roon
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|10|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Singhbhum district]], [[Bihar]], (now [[Jharkhand]]), India
| height = 6 ft 0 in
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2011–2015
| testdebutdate = 22 November
| testdebutyear = 2011
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| lasttestdate = 14 November
| testcap = 273
| lasttestyear = 2015
| lasttestagainst = South Africa
| odidebutdate = 23 October
| odidebutyear = 2011
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 192
| odishirt = 77
| lastodidate = 2 November
| lastodiyear = 2014
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| club1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2008/09–2021/22}}
| club2 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year2 = 2011–2012
| clubnumber2 = 77
| club3 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year3 = 2014–2016
| clubnumber3 = 45
| club4 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
| year4 = 2014
| club5 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| year5 = 2017
| clubnumber5 = 77
| club6 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]
| year6 = 2018
| clubnumber6 = 11
| club7 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year7 = 2019–2020
| clubnumber7 = 77
| club8 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| year8 = 2022
| club9 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| year9 = 2022/23
| club10 = Jharkhand
| year10 = 2023/24
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 9
| runs1 = 35
| bat avg1 = 3.88
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 9
| deliveries1 = 1,189
| wickets1 = 18
| bowl avg1 = 52.61
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/97
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 9
| runs2 = 8
| bat avg2 = 8.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 6[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 380
| wickets2 = 11
| bowl avg2 = 38.09
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/24
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 66
| runs3 = 837
| bat avg3 = 10.59
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 72
| deliveries3 = 9,945
| wickets3 = 173
| bowl avg3 = 33.27
| fivefor3 = 6
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 6/32
| catches/stumpings3 = 12/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 88
| runs4 = 326
| bat avg4 = 10.51
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 34
| deliveries4 = 4,115
| wickets4 = 141
| bowl avg4 = 26.47
| fivefor4 = 4
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 6/33
| catches/stumpings4 = 14/–
| medaltemplates = 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014 Bangladesh]]|}}
| date = 19 February
| year = 2024
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/360911.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Varun Raymond Aaron''' (born 29 October 1989) is an Indian former cricketer from [[Jamshedpur]]. A right-arm [[seam bowling|fast]] bowler, he first played for Jharkhand U-19 followed by Jharkhand Ranji team. He played his first [[One Day International]] (ODI) for [[India national cricket team|India]] in October 2011 and made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut the following month.

==Domestic career==
Aaron is a product of the [[MRF Pace Foundation]]. He made his first-class debut playing for Jharkhand in the [[2008–09 Ranji Trophy|2008–09 season]] of the [[Ranji Trophy]], in a home fixture against [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He claimed two wickets in each innings.<ref name="fcretire">{{cite web |title=Varun Aaron to wrap up red-ball career after ongoing Ranji Trophy season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-2023-24-varun-aaron-to-wrap-up-red-ball-career-after-ongoing-season-1421357 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en |date=16 February 2024}}</ref>

Aaron took 13 wickets in the [[2010–11 Ranji Trophy]] and bowled a {{convert|153.4|km/h|abbr=on}} delivery.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/page2/content/story/528990.html |title=Varun Aaron says he won't compromise on pace |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=22 August 2011 |access-date=6 January 2011}}</ref> He was part of the India Emerging Players squad that went to Australia in 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/Dhawan-to-lead-team-in-Emerging-Players-tournament/articleshow/9078596.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707044643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-02/top-stories/29729988_1_ambati-rayudu-saurabh-tiwary-tournament|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=''Dhawan to lead team in Emerging Players tournament''|date= 2 July 2011}}</ref> and after impressing there earned a call-up to the India ODI squad for the series in England. He was part of the India Emerging Players squad that went to Australia in 2011, and after impressing there earned a call-up to the Indian T20 and ODI squad for the series in England as a replacement for [[Ishant Sharma]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/360911.html Varun Aaron | India Cricket | Cricket Players no. ESPNcricinfo]</ref>

In September 2014, he was signed by the [[Durham County Cricket Club]] for the [[2014 County Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Varun Aaron to join Durham |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/county-cricket-2014/content/story/778197.html |publisher= ESPNcricinfo|date= 5 September 2014 |access-date= 5 September 2014}}</ref>

In February 2017, he was bought by the [[Kings XI Punjab]] team for the [[2017 Indian Premier League]] for 2.8 [[crore]]s.<ref name="IPL">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1083407.html |title=List of players sold and unsold at IPL auction 2017 |work=Cricinfo |access-date=20 February 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In October 2018, he was named in India B's squad for the [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1162570.html |title=Rahane, Ashwin and Karthik to play Deodhar Trophy |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref>

In December 2018, he was bought by the [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|player auction]] for the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25390461/ipl-2019-auction-was-sold-whom |title=IPL 2019 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms |title=IPL 2019 Auction: Who got whom |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref>

In August 2019, he was named in the India Red team's squad for the [[2019–20 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27331972/shubman-gill-priyank-panchal-faiz-fazal-lead-duleep-trophy-sides |title=Shubman Gill, Priyank Panchal and Faiz Fazal to lead Duleep Trophy sides |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/duleep-trophy-2019-shubman-gill-faiz-fazal-and-priyank-panchal-to-lead-duleep-trophy-2019-squad-fixtures-schedule-876560 |title=Duleep Trophy 2019: Shubman Gill, Faiz Fazal and Priyank Panchal to lead as Indian domestic cricket season opens |work=Cricket Country |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Gujarat Titans]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>

Aaron announced his retirement from the first-class format in February 2024. He cited that his "body won't allow me to continue bowling fast in red-ball cricket, so I have decided to quit."<ref name="fcretire"/> He finished with 173 wickets at an [[Bowling average|average]] of 33.27.<ref>{{cite web |title=End of an Era: Five domestic stalwarts bring curtains to illustrious Ranji careers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/end-of-an-era-five-domestic-stalwarts-bid-adieu-to-illustrious-ranji-careers/articleshow/107826250.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

==International career==

===ODI career===
Aaron only bowled 3 overs in his second match against England at Eden gardens and took 1 wicket (again bowled) of [[Alastair Cook]] which proved to be a key strike for India.<ref>
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2011/content/story/537630.html Aaron, Meaker debut as England bat] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 October 2011</ref>

On 25 January 2014, Aaron made his international comeback after 2 years, having previously suffered from a back injury. He returned figures of 1/52.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2011/content/current/story/538351.html Harbhajan Singh out of Test squad; Rahul Sharma, Ravichandran Ashwin, Virat Kohli in] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 24 December 2011</ref><ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20111125003252/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/late-strikes-give-aaron-hope/61803-18.html Key wickets give Varun Aaron hope] CricketNext. Retrieved 25 November 2011</ref>

== Coaching career ==
He was appointed as fast bowling coach for [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Varun-Aaron/4074.html Varun Aaron]'s profile page on Wisden
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/360911.html}}
* [http://www.royalchallengers.com/varun-aaron Varun Aaron – IPL Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627222542/http://www.royalchallengers.com/varun-aaron |date=27 June 2016 }} from [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RoyalChallengers]]
* {{Twitter}}
* [http://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/Sports.htm Varun Aaron]'s name on [[Jain University]] Website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aaron, Varun}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Jharkhand cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Leicestershire cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:Gujarat Titans cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]

Miss Indian World

2025-09-28T23:19:24Z

WAJID AH: Starting The Article Initial Version.

{{short description|National beauty pageant competition in the United States}}
[[File:Nicole Alek'aq Colbert 9478.jpg|thumb|Nicole Alek'aq Colbert, Miss Indian World 2008, at the Indian Summer festival in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]]]]
Founded in 1983, '''Miss Indian World''' is a five-day competition held in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]].<ref name=":0" /> The event is part of the annual [[Gathering of Nations]], the largest [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Pow wow|powwow]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2016/04/23/miss-indian-world-contestants-promote-native-culture.html|title=Miss Indian World contestants promote native culture {{!}} Toronto Star|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=23 April 2016|access-date=2016-10-22|last1=McKnight|first1=Zoe}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Report: Miss Indian World: The Original All-American Girl; Face Paint, Eagle Feathers, Deerskins, Drums and Dancing. Welcome to the World's Biggest Powwow Where 50,000 Native Americans Gather to Celebrate Their Heritage and Crown This Year's Queen|date=June 28, 2003 | newspaper=The Mirror |location=London | url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104484838.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052612/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104484838.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref> Young women from across North America represent their tribes and communities as they compete to win the crown. Rather than emphasizing contestants' outward appearance, Miss Indian World aims to select a winner who demonstrates a deep understanding of her culture, traditions, people and history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://america.aljazeera.com/features/2014/5/no-swimsuits-no-eveninggownsatmissindianworldpageant.html|title=No swimsuit competition for Miss Indian World|website=america.aljazeera.com|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Report:+Miss+Indian+World:+the+original+all-American+girl;+Face...-a0104484838|title=Report: Miss Indian World: the original all-American girl; Face paint, eagle feathers, deerskins, drums and dancing... Welcome to the world's biggest powwow where 50,000 Native Americans gather to celebrate their heritage and crown this year's queen. - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref>

Once awarded the title, Miss Indian World acts as a cultural representative, promoting individually-selected platforms, sharing Native American culture, and representing the annual [[Gathering of Nations]] event.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/oglala-woman-has-eyes-set-on-miss-indian-world-crown/article_d9de0af1-b8cd-5808-8ac7-121bccbde407.html|title=Oglala woman has eyes set on Miss Indian World crown|last=O'Connell|first=Max B.|newspaper=Rapid City Journal|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref> This role is important to the native community because it helps perpetuate traditions and overturn negative stereotypes.<ref name=":2" />

In addition to the title, Miss Indian World also wins prize money, the Miss Indian shawl and banner, a four-day ocean cruise, and a travel stipend to attend powwows, conferences, workshops, and festivals.<ref name=":0" /> Previous Miss Indian World winners have continued to be sought-after speakers, even after they have passed on the crown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/762208/cultural-ambassador.html|title=Miss Indian World works to instill pride in Native American heritage|last=Olmstead|first=Donna|website=www.abqjournal.com|access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/10/02/we-day-2014_n_5919668.html|title=We Day 2014: Grown-Ups, You Missed Out!|date=2 October 2014}}</ref>

After 42 years it announced 2026 would be the last year for the annual Gathering of Nations, with Dania Wahwasuck being the final Miss Indian World.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MISS INDIAN WORLD |url=https://www.gatheringofnations.com/miss-indian-world/ |access-date=2025-09-28}}</ref>

== Competition requirements ==
To qualify for Miss Indian World, contestants must be native or [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous Americans]] between the ages of 18 and 24 as age requirements were updated for the 2018 pageant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gatheringofnations.com/miss-indian-world.aspx|title = Miss Indian World}}</ref> with a verifiable tribal affiliation. They must also be single, never married, and have no dependents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gatheringofnations.com/miss-indian-world.aspx|title=Miss Indian World|website=www.gatheringofnations.com|access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref>

Each contestant participates in four categories: Public Speaking and Personal Interviews, Traditional Talent Presentation, Dance Competition, and Essay. Contestants are evaluated based on their skill, as well as cultural knowledge about tribes and traditions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/standing-rock-woman-to-compete-for-miss-indian-world-title/article_99d33478-cf24-5160-885d-ad044a0da349.html|title=Standing Rock woman to compete for Miss Indian World title|last=Sisk|first=Amy R.|newspaper=Bismarck Tribune|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref> The woman who accumulates the most points in each category will hold the Miss Indian World title for one year.

== Winner history ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!width=5%| Year
!width=10%| Miss Indian World
!width=15%| Tribe
|-
|2025
|Dania Wahwasuck
|[[Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation]] /[[Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe Reservation|Pyramid Lake Paiute]]
|-
| 2024
| Kassie John<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://nativeamericacalling.com/thursday-may-9-2024-miss-indian-world-kassie-john|title=Thursday, May 9, 2024 – Miss Indian World Kassie John}}</ref>
| [[Navajo Nation]]
|-
| 2023
| Tori McConnell
| [[Yurok Tribe of the Yurok Reservation|Yurok Tribe]]/[[Karuk Tribe]]
|-
|2022
|Tashina Red Hawk
|[[Rosebud Sioux Tribe]]
|-
|2019–21
|Cheyenne Kippenberger
|[[Seminole Tribe of Florida]]
|-
|2018
|Taylor Susan<ref>{{citation|title=New Miss Indian World crowned: Taylor Susan of the White Mountain Apache/Walker River Paiute Tribes|publisher =Native News Online|date=April 28, 2018|url=https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/new-miss-indian-world-crowned-taylor-susan-of-the-white-mountain-apache-walker-river-paiute-tribes/}}</ref>
|[[Fort Apache Indian Reservation|White Mountain Apache]]/[[Walker River Indian Reservation|Walker River Paiute Tribes]]
|-
|2017
|Raven Swamp<ref>[http://www.gatheringofnations.com/2017-2018-miss-indian-world.aspx 2017-2018 Miss Indian World] from http://www.gatheringofnations.com (accessed 12/01/2017)</ref>
|[[Mohawk people|Mohawk Nation]] of the [[Iroquois|Haudenosaunee Confederacy]] (Resigned February 2018)
|-
|2016
|Danielle Ta'Sheena Finn
|[[Standing Rock Indian Reservation|Standing Rock Sioux]]
|-
|2015
|Cheyenne Brady
|[[Sac and Fox Nation|Sac and Fox]] /[[Cheyenne]] /[[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] /[[Otoe]] / [[Plains Apache|Kiowa-Apache]] /[[Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation|Hidatsa/Arikara]] /[[Tonkawa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanpress.com/20160117-miss-indian-world|title=American Press - Home|website=www.americanpress.com|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Taylor Thomas
|[[Fort Hall Indian Reservation|Shoshone Bannock]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/04/28/taylor-thomas-crowned-miss-indian-world-154639|title=Taylor Thomas Crowned Miss Indian World|last=rcjohnson|date=2014-04-28|website=Indian Country Today Media Network.com|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|Kansas K. Begaye
|[[Navajo Nation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powwows.com/2014/02/13/a-chat-with-miss-indian-world-kansas-begaye/|title=A Chat with Miss Indian World, Kansas Begaye|date=2014-02-13|website=PowWows.com - Native American Pow Wows|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|Jessa Rae GrowingThunder-Slivers
|[[Fort Peck Indian Reservation|Ft. Peck]] [[Assiniboine]] and [[Sioux]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/culture/12519-jessa-rae-growing-thunder-crowned-2012-miss-indian-world|title=Jessa Rae Growing Thunder Crowned 2012 Miss Indian World|website=Indian Country News|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|Marjorie Tahbone
|[[Iñupiat|Inupiaq]] and [[Kiowa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/05/30/talking-miss-indian-world-marjorie-tahbone-35219|title=Talking With Miss Indian World Marjorie Tahbone|last=babrams|date=2011-05-30|website=Indian Country Today Media Network.com|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|Dakota Brant
|[[Mohawk people|Mohawk]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powwows.com/2014/05/05/mohawkformer-miss-indian-worldgardener-and-graduate-a-visit-with-teyotsihstokwathe-dakota-brant/|title=Mohawk, Former Miss Indian World, Gardener and Graduate: A Visit with Teyotsihstokwathe Dakota Brant|date=2014-05-05|website=PowWows.com - Native American Pow Wows|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|Brooke Grant
|[[Hupa|Hoopa]], [[Yurok people|Yurok]], [[Karuk]] and [[Ojibwe|Chippewa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2009/06/05/northern-california-native-wins-first-miss-indian-world-title-tribe-83573|title=Northern California Native wins first Miss Indian World title for tribe|last=admin|date=2009-06-05|website=Indian Country Today Media Network.com|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|Nicole Alek'aq (Colbert) Kaganak
|[[Yup'ik]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oldwestnewwest.com/20080907108/things-to-do/festivals/gathering-of-nations-powwow-celebrates-native-american-culture-dance-and-song.html|title=Gathering Of Nations Powwow Celebrates Native American Culture, Dance And Song - Western Travel Magazine {{!}} News {{!}} Rodeos {{!}} History {{!}} Towns {{!}} Old West {{!}} New West|last=Harris|first=Mike|website=oldwestnewwest.com|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|Megan Young
|[[Poarch Band of Creek Indians]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nativepeoples.com/Native-Peoples/March-April-2014/Miss-Indian-World-at-30/|title=Miss Indian World at 30 - Native Peoples - March-April 2014 - Native Peoples|website=www.nativepeoples.com|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|Violet (John) Duncan
|[[Plains Cree language|Plains Cree]]/[[Taíno]]
|-
|2005
|Cassie Thomas
|[[Seneca Nation of New York|Seneca Nation]]
|-
|2004
|Delana Smith
|[[Red Lake Indian Reservation|Red Lake Band of Ojibwe]]
|-
|2003
|Onawa Lacy
|[[Navajo Nation]]/[[Mescalero|Mescalero Apache]]
|-
|2002
|Tia Smith
|[[Cayuga people|Cayuga]]/Iroquois of the [[Six Nations of the Grand River|Six Nations Reserve]]
|-
|2001
|Ke Aloha May Cody Alo
|[[Western Apache people|White Mountain Apache]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2001-06-09/miss-indian-world-is-cultural-ambassador-19874|title=LDS Church News - Miss Indian World is cultural ambassador|website=[[Church News]]|date=9 June 2001|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref>
|-
|2000
|Lillian ‘Cepa’ Sparks
|[[Rosebud Indian Reservation|Rosebud]] and [[Lakota people|Lakota Sioux]]
|-
|1999
|Mitzi Tolino
|[[Western Apache people|White Mountain Apache]]/[[Navajo|Navajo Nation]]
|-
|1998
|April Whittemore
|[[Lumbee]]
|-
|1997
|Shayai Lucero
|[[Acoma Pueblo|Pueblo of Acoma]]/[[Laguna Pueblo|Pueblo of Laguna]]
|-
|1996
|Andrea Jack
|[[Tlingit]]/[[Yupik peoples|Yupik]]
|-
|1995
|Crystal Pewo-Lightfoot
|[[Plains Apache|Apache of Oklahoma]]/[[Kiowa]]
|-
|1994
|J.C. Lonetree
|[[Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin|Ho-Chunk Nation]]
|-
|1993
|Gloria Snow
|[[Nakoda (Stoney)|Stoney Nakoda First Nation]]
|-
|1992
|Lanette Asepermy
|[[Cheyenne]]/[[Kiowa]]
|-
|1991
|Janet Saupitty
|[[Comanche]]
|-
|1990
|LoVina Louie
|[[Coeur d'Alene people|Coeur d'Alene]]/ [[Syilx|Okanagan]] & [[Sinixt|Lakes Band]] of the [[Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation|Colville Confederated Tribes]]
|-
|1989
|Tammy Deann Billey
|[[Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma]]
|-
|1988
|Prairie Rose Little Sky
|[[Oglala|Oglala Sioux Tribe]]
|-
|1987
|Jovanna Plenty (August – April)
|[[Cree]]/[[Assiniboine]]
|-
|1987
|Celeste Tootoosis (April – August)
|[[Cree]]/[[Assiniboine]]
|-
|1986
|Lisa Ewauk
|[[Nakoda (Stoney)|Nakoda]]/[[Dakota people|Dakota]]
|-
|1985
|Shelly Valdez
|[[Laguna Pueblo|Pueblo of Laguna]]
|-
|1984
|Codi High Elk
|[[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation|Cheyenne River Sioux]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of beauty contests]]
* [[Miss Indigenous Canada]]
* [[Miss Indian America]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gatheringofnations.com/miss-indian-world.aspx Miss Indian World Homepage] at the [[Gathering of Nations]] website

[[Category:Beauty pageants in the United States]]
[[Category:Native American culture]]

Neichülie-ü Nikki Haralu

2025-09-26T18:08:54Z

WAJID AH: Started!

{{short description|Indian ambassador}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Neichülie-ü Nikki Haralu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Neichülie-ü Nikki Haralu
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1918|07|28|2016|09|2}}
| birth_place = [[Kohima]], [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]], [[Assam Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Now Kohima, [[Nagaland]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|09|2|1918|07|28}}
| death_place = [[Dimapur]], Nagaland, India
| office = 3rd Ambassador of India to Panama
| term_start = June 1978
| term_end = July 1980
| predecessor = [[Chhedi Lal]]
| successor = M. L. Suri
| president = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Diplomat
| years_active =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Neichülie-ü Nikki Haralu''' (28 July 1918 – 2 September 2016) was an experienced Indian diplomat from [[Nagaland]] who served as Indian Ambassador to [[Panama]], [[Costa Rica]] and [[Nicaragua]] from 1978–80.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Indian Ambassador |url=https://www.indianembassyinpanama.com/pages.php?id=11 |publisher=Indian Embassy in Panama}}</ref> She also served as Chairman, Nagaland State Social Welfare Advisory Board after her retirement from [[Indian Foreign Service]].

== Biography ==
Neichülie-ü Nikki Haralu was born in [[Kohima]], in the then [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] of British India. Her father, [[Harielungbe Haralu]] of Poilwa, was the first Naga Physician, while her mother, Rükhrie-ü is from [[Kohima Village]].

Haralu received her schooling in Kohima and [[Shillong]]. She graduated from the [[Scottish Church College]], [[Calcutta University]] in 1948. Haralu went on to complete her master's degree in Haverford, US in the year 1953.<ref>{{cite web |title=N N Haralu life testimony |url=https://morungexpress.com/neichiilieii-nikki-haralu-life-testimony |publisher=Morung Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haralu, N N}}
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Costa Rica|India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Nicaragua|India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Panama]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kohima]]
[[Category:Women ambassadors of India]]

{{India-diplomat-stub}}

Njarackal

2025-09-11T08:26:46Z

WAJID AH: refine content further and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Indian village}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Njarackal
| other_name = Njarakkal, Narakal, Narackal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Njarakkalbeach.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Njarakkal Beach
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.047|N|76.217|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.99
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 33500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627998-njarackal-kerala.html | title=Njarackal Census Town City Population Census 2011-2024 | Kerala }}</ref> (estimated)
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 682505
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0484
| registration_plate = KL 42
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kochi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ernakulam]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Vypin]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|MODERATE]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Njarakkal''' ({{IPA|ml|ɲaːrɐkːɐl|IPA}}) is a village in the [[Vypin]] area situated in [[Ernakulam district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geoiq.io/places/Njarakkal/ZCilReIRaa|title=About Njarakkal|website=GeoIQ|access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Njarakkal is a village located at the center of [[Vypin|Vypeen island]], Ernakulam district in the southern state of Kerala, India. According to the 2011 Census of India,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627998-njarackal-kerala.html | title=Njarackal Census Town City Population Census 2011-2024 | Kerala }}</ref> Njarakkal had a population of 23,760 people, with a male population of 11,544 and a female population of 12,216.

The literacy rate of Njarakkal is higher than the national average, with a literacy rate of 97.46% (as of 2011). The majority of the population speaks Malayalam, which is the official language of Kerala, and some people also speak English and Hindi.

Njarakkal has a mixed population of people from various religious backgrounds. The majority of the population is Hindu, followed by Christians and Muslims. The village is known for its rich cultural heritage and traditional festivals, which are celebrated with great enthusiasm by people of all religions.

The main occupation of the people in Njarakkal is fishing, and the village is famous for its fishing industry. However, with the growth of tourism, many people have also started working in the hospitality industry and other related businesses.

==Landmarks==

* Fish Farm and Aqua Tourism Centre (MatsyaFed Njarakkal Fish Farm), Vypin
* Njarakkal Panchayath
* Village Office
* Police Station
* [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] office (KSEB)
* Krishi Bhavan
* Post Office
* Jai Hind Play Ground
* Government Register Office
* Sree Sakthidhara Temple
* Sree Balabhadra Temple
* Govt. Fisheries U.P. School
* Surya Wooden Industry
* Western Jewellery- Jewellers
* Bakers Corner- Dominant Bakers
* [[St. Mary's Church, Njarackal|St. Mary's Church]]
* Majestic Multiplex
* Judicial First Class Magistrate Court

* Govt. Fashion Designing Institute
* Little Flower High School
* Marello Public School
* Talent Public School
* GVHSS Njarakkal
* Assisi Vidyanikethan Public School
* St. Joseph's Public School

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ernakulam district}}
{{Suburbs of Kochi}}

[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kochi]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

Assamese Language Movement

2025-08-27T23:16:58Z

WAJID AH: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian mass movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

The '''Assamese Language Movement''' ({{Langx|as|/ɔxɔmia bʱaxa andʊlɔn/|lang=}}) refers to a series of political activities demanding the recognition of the [[Assamese language]] as the only sole official language and medium of instruction in the educational institutions of [[Assam]], [[India]].

The struggle for the use of Assamese for official purposes, in courts and as a medium of instruction in educational institutions began in the nineteenth century, when the region was under the [[British Raj|British rule]]. The use of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in Assam as the language of the courts was resented by the [[Assamese people]] and also by American Baptist Missionaries such as [[Nathan Brown (missionary)|Nathan Brown]].

Following the agitations for linguistic states in various part of India and the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganization Act (1956)]], the [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] demanded the use of Assamese as the official language in Assam. This was followed by political movements supporting it and also opposing it. The Assam Official Language Act was passed in 1960, recognizing Assamese as an official language in Assam, while also having provisions for the safeguard of linguistic minorities.

==Background==

=== The Colonial Era ===
Assam, which was ruled by the [[Ahom dynasty]], [[Kachari kingdom]], [[Koch dynasty]] and [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia dynasty]] for centuries came into the hands of the [[British East India Company]] in 1826 following the [[Treaty of Yandabo]].<ref name=burma>Cady, John F. (1968). "MAUNG HTIN AUNG. A History of Burma. Pp. x, 363. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967. $12.00". ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science''. '''378''' (1): 187–188. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1177/000271626837800164. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] 0002-7162.</ref> Assam was placed under the administration of [[Bengal Presidency]]. In April 1836, Bengali was declared the language of the courts in Assam, replacing [[Assamese language|Assamese]] in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]].<ref name=burma /> Bengali was also used as the medium of instruction in the educational institutions of Assam. Within decades, the Assamese began to resent the state of affairs.<ref>Bose, M.L. (1989). ''Social History of Assam''. New Delhi: Ashok Kumar Mittal Concept Publishing Company. p. 91.</ref>

The imposition of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the language of the court and educational institutions exasperated the Assamese intelligentsia and common society of Assam. As a result of this language imposition, the progress of education in Assam remained slow and deficient. Many Bengalis were brought in and employed in the schools of Assam. There was no encouragement for the writing of school text books in Assamese, and Assamese literature suffered. This was thought to be one of the core factors behind the community conflicts that emerged between the Assamese and Bengali communities in the following decades.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social History of Assam|last=Bose|first=M.L.|publisher=Ashok Kumar Mittal Concept Publishing Company|year=1989|location=New Delhi|pages=91}}</ref> Initially the imposition did not meet with any kind of protest. Rather, the Assamese elite used the language in their writings, and even in conversation, and the language policy of the government went unquestioned for almost a decade. The recruitment of Bengalis to government services increased abruptly, leading to greater unemployment among the Assamese. The increased number of Bengali "Amlas" in the districts of Assam was thought to be posing a challenge to the distinct identities of the [[People of Assam]], because these immigrants had their own culture, language, and traditions, and their existence in the land was perceived as having an effect on Assam's language, culture, economy, and political status.<ref>{{Cite book|title=North-East India, Problem Prospect and Politics|last=Barpujari|first=H.K.|publisher=Spectrum Publishers|year=1998|location=Guwahati|pages=41}}</ref>

American Baptist Missionaries were one of the first to take up the cause of the Assamese language. With the desire to spread Christian values in the native language of the people, they started publishing texts in Assamese and initiated the publication of the first Assamese newspaper- [[Orunodoi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/media/arunodoi.htm|title=Orunoidoi/Arunodoi |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com|access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref> They are believed to have inspired a younger generation of Assamese intellectuals to pursue the cause.<ref>Neog D., New Light in the History of Assamese Literature, Guwahati, 1962.</ref> Assamese intellectuals such as [[Anandaram Dhekial Phukan]]<ref name="vedanti1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vedanti.com/Legends/anandaram_dhekial_phukan.htm |title=Anandaram Dhekial Phukan |publisher=Vedanti.com |date=8 August 2011 |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211045732/http://www.vedanti.com/Legends/anandaram_dhekial_phukan.htm |archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref> wrote in the 'Orunodoi era'. He also wrote books such as 'Axomiya Lorar Mitro' (Assamese: অসমীয়া ল'ৰাৰ মিত্ৰ, 'Friend of an Assamese Boy'). [[Gunabhiram Barua]] was involved with the ''Assam-Bandhu''. [[Hemchandra Barua]] contributed to the development and modernization of the language through the publication of grammar texts such as ''Oxomiya Byakoron'' (অসমীয়া ব্যাকৰণ), ''Oxomiya Lorar Byakoron'' (অসমীয়া ল'ৰাৰ ব্যাকৰণ) and dictionaries such as ''Porhaxolia Obhidhan'' (পঢ়াশলীয়া অভিধান) and ''[[Hemkosh]]'' (হেমকোষ).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/literature/hemchandra-barua.html |title=Hemchandra Barua - First Assamese Dictionary Hemkosh |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |access-date=2013-05-05}}</ref>

In 1872, Lieutenant governor of Bengal, George Campbell declared Assamese the language of education and administration for its native speakers. Two years later, in 1874, Assam acquired the status of a Chief Commissioner's Province. The Chief Commissioner declared that Assamese shall, from then on, be the sole medium of instruction in the primary educational institutions throughout the province. However, Bengali continued to be used as the medium of instruction in middle and higher educational institutions till the end of the nineteenth century.<ref name=":0">Chattopadhay, D.K: History of the Assamese Movement since 1947, Minerva Association Publication, Calcutta, 1990.</ref> In 1899, Manick Chandra requested the British Government to set up a college in Guwahati- the Chief Commissioner [[Henry Cotton (civil servant)|Henry Cotton]] inaugurated it in 1901. The college was named [[Cotton College, Gauhati|Cotton College]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam's Cotton College becomes Cotton University |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2017/06/02/assams-cotton-college-becomes-cotton-university/ |access-date=6 June 2018 |work=The Shillong Times |date=2 June 2017 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618042916/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2017/06/02/assams-cotton-college-becomes-cotton-university/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1888, the [[Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha]] was formed to further the cause of the development of the Assamese language, by a group of students then studying in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name="ab">{{cite web|url=http://www.sarai.net/fellowships/independent/archival-submissions/fellowships-04-05/uddipan-dutta-the-growth-of-print-nationalism-and-assamese-identity-in-two-early-assamese-magazines/page-6|title=The Growth of Print Nationalism and Assamese Identity in Two Early Assamese Magazines|last=Dutta|first=Uddipan|publisher=Sarai|page=6|access-date=4 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109001953/http://www.sarai.net/fellowships/independent/archival-submissions/fellowships-04-05/uddipan-dutta-the-growth-of-print-nationalism-and-assamese-identity-in-two-early-assamese-magazines/page-6|archive-date=9 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The members of this organization were associated with the ''[[Jonaki (magazine)|Jonaki]]'' magazine, in what is known as the ''Jonaki Era'' of Assamese Literature.

In 1903–1905, decisions regarding the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] were taken. Viceroy Curzon's decision to divide Bengal in two- the Hindu west and the Muslim east sparked protests- both from the Bengali Hindus- because of their opposition to the division of Bengal, and the Assamese- because the Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam was proposed to be included in the proposed Muslim majority eastern Bengal.<ref>Kalita Ramesh C., Situating Assamese Middle Classes, the Colonial Period, Bhabani Prints and Publications, Guwahati, 2011.</ref> The decision was annulled in 1912 and Assam was reinstated as a separate Chief Commissioner's Province.

===Census data - 1931 and 1951===
In 1931, the population of Assamese speakers in [[Assam Province]] was 1.74 million- which constituted 31.42% of the total population while by 1951, it turned into 4.55 million, constituting 56.69% of the population.<ref name=chubra>Chubbra K. M. L, Assam Challenge, Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, 1992.</ref> After the [[Sylhet referendum]] in 1947, only [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] region of [[Sylhet district]] of Assam province remained in the region. It had a population where most of them spoke Bengali. [[Garo Hills]], United Khasi-Jayantiya Hills, United Mikir and [[Dima Hasao district|North-Cachar Hills]] and [[Lushai Hills|Mizo Hills]] had a combined population of about 800 thousand, less than 5% of which spoke either Assamese or Bengali.<ref name=":1">Trivedi, V.R., Documents on Assam, Part- A, Omsons Publications, New Delhi, 1995.</ref> Bengali majority [[Sylhet]] on the other hand, was included in [[East Pakistan]].<ref>Tanweer Fazal (2013). ''Minority Nationalisms in South Asia''. Routledge. p. 53. {{ISBN|978-1-317-96647-0}}.</ref> The majority of the [[Tea-tribes of Assam|Tea Tribe]] people reported their first language to be Assamese.<ref>Barpujari H.K. ed: North-East India, Problem Prospect and Politics, Spectrum Publishers, Guwahati, 1998.</ref> A lot of [[Bengali Muslims]] also reported their language to be Assamese, many because of prospective land grants and assimilation with the Assamese society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/67093/12/12_chapter%205.pdf |title=CAUSES OF LANGUAGE CONFLICTS IN ASSAM |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref><ref name=chubra /> These are proposed to be reasons of the sharp rise in the population of Assamese speakers in the Census of India. The Government of Assam clarified, "there is nothing unusual in the figures of 1951 census, so far as the Assamese speaking and Bengali speaking populations are concerned. The increase or decrease in the number of people speaking a particular language between 1931-1951 Census is dependent not merely on natural growth and biological factors. Emigrations, immigration and natural absorption of immigrant groups are all relevant factors".<ref>Sarma, S.C., On Language Statistic of Assam Censuses, Assam Govt. Press, Shillong, 1955, p. 61.</ref>

==Official Language Movement==
Although the demand<ref>Citation missing (for demands, time, who demanded, etc.)</ref> for making Assamese the official language in Assam, after the independence of India had been raised since 1950, following the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganization Act, 1956]],<ref>"Explainer: The reorganization of states in India and why it happened"</ref> the movement gained a new momentum. The inclusion of Assamese in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] also helped increase a sense of confidence.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] passed two resolutions, one in 1950 and another in 1959, stressing the need to make Assamese the official language in Assam.<ref name=":0" /> The April 1959 resolution, demanding that Assamese be made the sole official language in Assam- sparked political reaction. During a visit by the then Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to [[Gauhati University]], the students made the same demand. In 22 April, the [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee]] (APCC) passed a resolution supporting it. Students organized processions, strikes and meetings for the cause.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Student Movements inAssam|last=Deka|first=M.|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1996}}</ref>

This move to make Assamese the official language was however, protested against by a group of non-Assamese speakers in Assam. Following the APCC resolution, a procession was led out by non-Assamese students in Shillong to oppose the decision to make Assamese the sole official language in Assam.<ref>The Assam Tribune, Gauhati, 26 April 1960</ref> The Shillong students' procession was in turn opposed in [[Upper Assam Division|Upper Assam]]- in areas such as [[Sivasagar]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Golaghat]] and [[Jorhat]], where they supported the acceptance of Assamese as the official language. After a tenuous situation, as colleges and the university reopened, the agitation became pronounced in [[Lower Assam]] and [[Guwahati]].<ref>Neog, M., Assam's Language Question, op. cit., pp. 12-13</ref> The Silchar and Karimganj Bar Associations on the other hand passed resolutions demanding President's Rule in the state.<ref>The Assam Tribune, Gauhati, 20 June 1960.</ref> On 4 July 1960, an Assamese student was killed and 6 others injured in police firing.<ref>Cottonian (editorial), Guwahati, July, 1960</ref>

The government of Assam, under the then Chief Minister [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]] proposed the Assamese Official Language Bill in the Assembly on 10 October 1960. The Bill provided for two official languages- Assamese and for an interim period, English.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/4925?view_type=browse&sam_handle=123456789/2513|title=The Assam Official Language Act,1960|website=India Code}}</ref> It was passed on 24 October 1960.<ref name=":2">Chowdhury, Ranajit (19 May 2013). "বিস্মৃত বলিদান". ''Ei Samay'' (in Bengali). Retrieved 22 May 2013.</ref>

Protests in the [[Barak Valley]] region- including Cachar, Karimganj etc. against the bill on 19 May 1961 led to the death of a number of protesters.<ref>Times of India, Delhi, 20 May 1961.</ref><ref name=":2"/> In Cachar itself, on the other hand, the Muslims, the [[Meitei people|Manipuri]]s and the indigenous Cacharis formed the 'Shanti Parishad' which in a memorandum to the Home Minister urged that Assamese should be the sole official language in Assam.<ref>The Assam Tribune, Gauhati, 16 June 1961.</ref> Clashes between the two groups led to deaths and insecurity.<ref>The Assam Tribune, Gauhati, 21 June 1961.</ref> A circular was released in 1961 stating that "without prejudice to the provisions contained in Section 3, the Bengali language shall be used for administrative and other official purposes up to and including district level"<ref name=":3">
{{cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4926/1/the_assam_official_language_%28amendment%29_act%2c_1961._0_recognized.pdf |title=ASSAM ACT No .XXII OF 1961 |website=indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> as the bill was amended on 7 October 1961.<ref>The Assam Tribune, Gauhati, 8 October 1961.</ref> This move is associated with the 'Shastri Formula'- named after the then Union Home Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Provisions regarding the autonomous districts in the state were also made, where English is the official language.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/langUse/policy.html|title=Untitled Document|website=www.ciil-ebooks.net}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.neportal.org/northeastfiles/Assam/ActsOrdinances/Assam_Official_Language_Act_1968.asp|title=THE ASSAM OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ACT, 1960|website=www.neportal.org|access-date=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226063540/http://www.neportal.org/northeastfiles/Assam/ActsOrdinances/Assam_Official_Language_Act_1968.asp|archive-date=26 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Medium of Instruction Movement==
In 1970, the Gauhati University decided to introduce Assamese as the medium of instruction in all colleges under its jurisdiction, except a few, including colleges in Cachar, [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], the [[Arunachal Pradesh|NEFA]] and the then newly proposed [[Meghalaya]]. English was allowed as an alternative and no deadline was set to shift to Assamese too. With the possibility of other universities taking a similar decision in the near future, political resentment got pronounced in Cachar through press statements, public meetings etc.<ref>The Assam Tribune, Gauhati, 15 March 1971</ref><ref>Desh (Bengali Journal), 1 Nov. 1972</ref><ref>Dainik Asom, 31 May 1972</ref> In March 1972, the university released a circular that also allowed students to write answers in Bengali in examinations. A section of the Assamese students protested. While they had no objection to students from Cachar writing exams in Bengali, they opposed the application of this in the Brahmaputra Valley.<ref>Dainik Asom (editorial), 7 June 1972.</ref> The Assam Sahitya Sabha backed this position.<ref>Jitendranath Goswami, General Secretary of Assam Sahitya Sabha on the Gauhati University Academic Council's Decision quoted in Dainik Asom, Gauhati, 9 June 1972.</ref> The university in response, quickly changed its stand and declared that only Assamese and English shall be accepted in examination answer-scripts. This resulted in protests in Cachar again and the matter reached the [[Supreme Court of India]], where it was alleged that Article 30 of the Indian Constitution, providing certain rights to linguistic minorities, was violated. The court released a stay order<ref>Kamrupee, Cool Behind the Noise and Funny, Economic and Political Weekly, Special Number, August, 1972.</ref> while the Government of Assam supported the idea that a new university shall be set up for the Barak Valley.<ref>Assam Legislative Assembly Debates, 23 September 1972</ref> People in the Brahmaputra Valley opposed the government's stand, as they believed it would make the state, clearly bi-lingual.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13531/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |title=LANGUAGE MOVEMENT – A CRISIS OF IDENTITY |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> The people of Cachar also did not support the stand because it diluted their demand for making Bengali an option for colleges even in the Brahmaputra Valley. The [[All Assam Students Union]] in the Brahmaputra Valley opposed the stand believing that it was against the suggestion of the States Reorganization Commission, 1956, which suggested Assam as an Assamese speaking state.<ref>The Assam Tribune, Gauhati, 14 October 1972.</ref> It called for Bandh on 5 October 1972. While it did not face much opposition initially, a clash in [[Kharupetia]] turned violent, and one died. Over the days the clashes spread to the neighbouring [[Mangaldoi]] town and other parts of the Brahmaputra Valley such as Dhing, Doboka, Laharighat and Moirabari, mostly between immigrant peasantry and Bengali Hindu refugees.<ref>Dainik Asom, Gauhati, 23 October 1972.</ref> Curfew was set up in parts of Guwahati, Dibrugarh and Nagaon. The clashes were finally tackled by the military. A total of 33 deaths was recorded, including 3 in police firing.<ref>Governor’s Address, Assam Legislative Assembly Debates, 16 March 1973.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Assam movement]]
* [[Assamese language]]
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[Bengali language movement]]
* [[Dark Age of the Assamese language]]
*[[Mozammil Haque|Muzammil Haque]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese language]]
[[Category:History of Assam]]
[[Category:Colonial India]]
[[Category:Official languages of Assam]]

Mount Frey

2025-08-24T10:00:02Z

WAJID AH: creating post

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Frey
| photo = Kanchenjanga (571190277).jpg
| photo_caption = Mount Frey (right) and Kokthang (centre) from south-east
| elevation_m = 5889
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
| map = India Sikkim#Nepal Province1#India#Nepal
| map_caption = Location of Mount Frey
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27|33|08.75|N|88|05|46.34|E|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Mount Frey''' (also known as ''Frey Peak'') is a mountain peak location at {{cvt|5889|m}} in northwest of [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountaineering Details of Frey Peak |url=https://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Public/ThingsToDo/GetMountainDetailsAndIterinary/3?Name=Frey%20Peak%20 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=[[Government of Sikkim]]}}</ref>

== Location ==
This summit of the Frey Peak is located in the neighbourhood of [[Rathong Glacier]], [[Kabru]], and Kokthang. On its north, the Rathong Glacier is located.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mETAQAAIAAJ&q=Frey |title=The Himalayan Club Newsletter |date=1985 |publisher=Himalayan Club |location=[[Mumbai]], [[India]] |language=en |issue=38–53}}</ref>

This mountain is named after the Swiss mountaineer George Frey, who perished climbing this peak with [[Tenzing Norgay]] in 1951. Norgay advised Frey to put on his crampons, but Frey disregarded this advice and continued climbing without them. As a tribute to Frey, his ice axe and crampons are still left where they fell at the base of Frey Peak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The HJ/17/17 IN MEMORIAM |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The HJ/17/17 IN MEMORIAM |language=en}}</ref>

== Climbing history ==
In 1990, the peak was opened for the purpose of climbing.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frey, Mount}}
[[Category:Mountains of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Five-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Industrial Training Institute, Arab Ki Sarai

2025-08-24T04:31:22Z

WAJID AH: Put Up Some Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Vocational institute in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox university
| name = Industrial Training Institute - Arab Ki Sarai
| image = ITI_Arab_Ki_Sarai.jpg
| image_size =
| motto = कौशल बलम
| established = 1948
| type = Government Institute
| principal = Shri Sebastian Augusthy
| academic_staff = 92
| students = 1706
| city = New Delhi
| postalcode = 110013
| country = India
| campus_size = {{convert|8|acre}}
| former_names = Vocation Training Center, Training – cum- Work Center
| website = {{url|itinizamuddin.delhi.gov.in}}
}}
'''ITI''' '''Arab Ki Sarai''' is an [[industrial training institute]] in [[New Delhi]], India. It is a government-operated facility that offers one- and two-year training courses for 28 trades. The institute is affiliated with the [[National Council for Vocational Training]] and the State Council for Vocational Training.

==History==
The [[Government of India]], [[Ministry of Rehabilitation and Prison Reforms|Ministry of Rehabilitation]] established a Vocational Training Center for displaced persons in [[New Delhi]] in 1948.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Website of Industrial Training Institute (ITI) Arab Ki Sarai Nizamuddin, NCT of Delhi |url=https://www.india.gov.in/website-industrial-training-institute-iti-arab-ki-sarai-nizamuddin-nct-delhi |access-date=August 23, 2025 |website=National Portal of India}}</ref> In 1949, its name was changed to Vocational Training – cum- Work Center.<ref name=":1" /> The center's originally focused on teaching book binding, leather working, tailoring, weaving, printing, mason, plumbing, and carpentry.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=History of the Institute |url=https://itinizamuddin.delhi.gov.in/itinizamuddin/history-institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624165913/https://itinizamuddin.delhi.gov.in/itinizamuddin/history-institute |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=ITI, Arab Ki Sarai, Nizamuddin |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour & Employment]] took on oversight of the center on 22 May 1958.<ref name=":1" /> At that time, it was re–named the [[Industrial Training Institute]] or ITI.<ref name=":1" />

On 1 March 1961, ITI Arab Ki Sarai was placed under the authority of the Delhi Administration.<ref name=":1" />

== Campus ==
ITI Arab Ki Sarai campus includes {{Convert|8|acre|ha}} adjacent to [[Humayun's Tomb]] in [[Nizamuddin East]], New Delhi.<ref name=":3" /> It includes a three-story training building, three workshops, an office building, and a three-story dormitory.<ref name=":3" /> The campus includes open parks and a playground.<ref name=":3" />

== Academic ==
ITI Arab Ki Sarai offers one-year and two-year full-time certificates in 28 trades.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary of Trades affiliated TO NCVT |url=https://itinizamuddin.delhi.gov.in/itinizamuddin/summary-trades-affiliated-ncvt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624170027/https://itinizamuddin.delhi.gov.in/itinizamuddin/summary-trades-affiliated-ncvt |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=ITI, Arab Ki Sarai, Nizamuddin |language=en}}</ref> Some of its trade programs include architecture assistant, computer hardware and network maintenance, draftsman, electrician, electronics mechanic, fashion design, fitter, health sanitary inspector, machinist, mechanic, auto body painting, plumbing, refrigeration and air conditioning technician, sheet metal worker, stenography and secretarial assistant, and welding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITI Detail |url=https://ncvtmis.gov.in/Pages/ITI/Detail.aspx?code=GU07000024 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=ncvtmis.gov.in}}</ref>

ITI Arab Ki Sarai is affiliated to the [[National Council for Vocational Training]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=NCVT MIS Portal |url=https://ncvtmis.gov.in |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> and the State Council for Vocational Training.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Training and Technical Education |url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_TT/training+and+technical+education/home |access-date=2016-03-20 |website=www.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Students and faculty ==
ITI Arab Ki Sarai has 92 faculty members and 1,706 students. Its principal is Shri Sebastian Augusthy.

== See also ==

* [[List of schools in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Delhi]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Industrial Training Institute]]

Anvita Abbi

2025-08-04T21:30:17Z

WAJID AH: created article - done

{{Short description|Indian linguist and scholar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anvita Abbi
| image = Anvita Abbi.jpg
| imagesize = 250
| caption = Abbi at [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]].
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|01|09}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[Dominion of India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Scholar and linguist
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = www.andamanese.net
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] ''Rashtriya Lok Bhasha Sammaan'' All India Institute of Advanced Study Fellowship Gold Medal - Delhi University [[SOAS, University of London|SOAS]] ''Leverhume Professor'' [[Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology|Max Planck Institute]] Visiting Scientist Kenneth Hale Award - Linguistic Society of America (2015)
}}
'''Anvita Abbi''' (born 9 January 1949) is an Indian linguist and scholar of minority languages, known for her studies on tribal languages and other minority languages of [[South Asia]].<ref name="Lsi">{{cite web | url=http://www.lsi.org.in/lsi.img/Prof.%20Abbi.pdf | title=Lsi | publisher=Lsi | date=2013 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714065103/http://lsi.org.in/lsi.img/Prof.%20Abbi.pdf | archive-date=14 July 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, she was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award by the [[Government of India]] for her contributions to the field of [[linguistics]].<ref name="Padma 2013">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838 | title=Padma 2013 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=25 January 2013 | access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Anvita Abbi was born on 9 January 1949, in [[Agra]]<ref name="JNU CV">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/anvita/Abbi.pdf | title=JNU CV | publisher=JNU CV | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028124609/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/anvita/Abbi.pdf | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Andamanese CV">{{cite web | url=http://www.andamanese.net/Anvita%20Abbi%20CV.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722045240/http://www.andamanese.net/Anvita%20Abbi%20CV.pdf | url-status=usurped | archive-date=22 July 2012 | title=Andamanese CV | publisher=Andamanese | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> to a family that had produced a number of Hindi writers.<ref name="JNU Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/ | title=JNU Profile | publisher=JNU | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309095121/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/ | archive-date=9 March 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> After schooling at local institutions, she graduated in economics ([[Bachelor of Economics|BA]] Hons) from the [[University of Delhi]] in 1968.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /> Subsequently, she secured a master's degree (MA) in [[linguistics]] from the same university with first division and first rank in 1970<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /> and continued her studies to obtain a PhD from [[Cornell University]], Ithaca, USA, in 1975,<ref name="Faculty Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/FacultyStaff/ShowProfile.asp?SendUserName=anvita | title=Faculty Profile | publisher=JNU | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028124407/http://www.jnu.ac.in/FacultyStaff/ShowProfile.asp?SendUserName=anvita | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> with a major in General Linguistics and minor in South Asian Linguistics.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" />
She worked as professor of linguistics at Centre for Linguistics, School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies.<ref name="HRELP">{{cite web | url=http://www.hrelp.org/aboutus/staff/index.php?pid=925 | title=Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project | publisher=Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project | date=2011 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908092752/http://www.hrelp.org/aboutus/staff/index.php?pid=925 | archive-date=8 September 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She currently lives in [[New Delhi]].

==Legacy==
[[File:Great Andamanese couple.jpg|thumb|Great Andamanese couple - an 1876 photograph]]
Anvita Abbi is credited with extensive research on the six language families in India<ref name="HRELP" /> and the languages and culture of the [[Great Andamanese]]<ref name="Andamanese Intro">{{cite web | url=http://www.andamanese.net/AnvitaAbbi.html | title=Andamanese Intro | publisher=Andamanese | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028120941/http://www.andamanese.net/AnvitaAbbi.html | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> which she did as a part of the ''Endangered Languages Documentation Project'' (ELDP) project on ''Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese'' (VOGA),<ref name="Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese">{{cite web | url=http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0014 | title=Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese | publisher=SOAS, University of London | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Terra Lingua">{{cite web | url=http://www.terralingua.org/bcdconservation/?p=125 | title=Terra Lingua | publisher=Terra Lingua | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414221519/http://www.terralingua.org/bcdconservation/?p=125 | archive-date=14 April 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[SOAS, University of London]].<ref name="ELDP">{{cite web | url=http://www.hrelp.org/grants/ | title=ELDP | publisher=HRELP | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026043851/http://www.hrelp.org/grants/ | archive-date=26 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Her studies of 2003-2004 have helped in identifying the distinct characteristics of two Great Andamanese languages, [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] and [[Önge language|Onge]] which promoted the concept of a sixth language family of India.<ref name="Andamanese Intro"/><ref name="JNU Research">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/ResearchWorks.htm | title=JNU Research | publisher=JNU Research | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028124308/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/ResearchWorks.htm | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later researches on [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]] people by other scholars have reported to have confirmed Abbi's findings by discovering two distinct [[haplogroups]] of the region, viz. M31 and M32.<ref name="HRELP" />

She resumed her research on the topic in 2006, concentrating on the [[morpho-syntax]] and lexicon of three dying languages of Andaman Islands and unearthed evidence proving that Great Andamanese belongs to a linguistically different language family.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Research" /> She has also compiled an English-Great Andamanese-Hindi Dictionary.<ref name="A Dictionary of the Great Andamanese Language: English-Great Andamanese-Hindi" /> Her current project covers the grammar and the evolution of [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]] languages and its people.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="HRELP" />

A teacher at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]], Abbi has assisted 20 PhD and 29 MPhil students in their researches.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="HRELP" />

==Positions==
Abbi has held many positions of importance, both at administrative and academic levels. Current position: Director, Center of Oral and Tribal Literature Sahtiya Akademi, New Delhi India. Adjunct Professor, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and the President of the Linguistic society of India.<ref name="JNU Positions">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/Mem_Exp.htm | title=JNU Positions | publisher=JNU | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028124703/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/Mem_Exp.htm | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She has served as an advisor to institutions such as [[UNESCO]] (since 2002) and [[Sahitya Akademi]]. He is a / She is a life member of the ''Linguistic Society of India'' at their [[Dravidian Linguistics Association]] wing and has also sat on the editorial board of two journals, ''Indian Linguistics'' (1991–95) and the ''International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics''<ref name="IJDL">{{cite journal | url=http://linguistlist.org/pubs/journals/get-journals.cfm?JournalID=14100 | title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics | journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics | issn=0378-2484 | access-date=28 October 2014 | archive-date=10 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710142200/http://linguistlist.org/pubs/journals/get-journals.cfm?JournalID=14100 | url-status=dead }}</ref> (1992–96).<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Positions" />

The list of academic and organizational responsibilities Professor Anvita Abbi has carried out may be listed as:<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Positions" />

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Chairperson, Centre of Linguistics and English, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi - 1995-97 and since 2007
* Proctor - [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
* Member of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) Review Committee- 1996
* Member - Advisory Committee - [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]], Mysore - [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], India - 1996 & 1999
* Member - Advisory Board - [[Sahitya Akademi]] for ''Bhasha Samman awards'' in Tribal and Lesser known languages - since 2002
* Advisor - [[Linguapax Institute]], [[UNESCO]], since 2000
* Member - Board of Directors - [[Terralingua]], Washington DC, US - 1998, 2001-2004 and 2004–2006.
* Member - Review Committee - [[Dravidian University]], [[Kuppam]], Andhra Pradesh - 2006
* External member - Centre of German Studies - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1990–2002
* External member - Centre of East Asian Studies - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1990–2002
* External member - Centre of French studies - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1990–2002
* Member - Governing body - [[Daulat Ram College]] - 1995–2001
* Member - Advisory Board - International University of Hindi, Wardha - 1998–2000
* External Member - Faculty of Arts, [[University of Delhi]], Delhi - 1995–2000
* Member - Bifurcation Committee - Centre of Afro-Asian Studies
* Member - Academic Council - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1995–1997
* Member - Telecommunication Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1995–1996
* Member - Equivalence Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1986–1988
* President - Music Society - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1982–1986
* Advisor - Konkani Survey - Konkani Academy, Goa - 1991–1992
* Advisor - Post Graduate Hindi Linguistics Courses - [[University of Delhi]] - 1991–1992
* Director - South Asia Media Centre - [[Kansas State University]], Kansas - 1975–76
* Member - Advisory Board - Sahitya Akademi for (Classical Language selection)
{{div col end}}

==Professional assignments and memberships==
Abbi has been invited by several universities around the world as visiting professor.<ref name="JNU Memberships">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/Visiting_Pro.htm | title=JNU Memberships | publisher=JNU | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028124859/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/Visiting_Pro.htm | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She has taught at the following universities:<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kansas State University]] - 1986<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* Advanced Centre of Linguistics, [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad - 1990<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* South Asia Institute, [[University of Heidelberg]], Heidelberg - 1998<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO), the Basque country, Spain - 2000<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[Cornell University]]<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[Syracuse University]]<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[University of Illinois]]<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[University of Texas]]<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[University of California]], Berkeley campus<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* University of California, Santa Barbara campus<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[Ohio State University]], Columbus<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[Rutgers University]], New Jersey<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[Stuttgart University]]<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|Max Planck Institute]]<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[University of Heidelberg]], Germany<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[University of Toulouse]], France<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* University of Vitoria Gasteiz, The Basque Country, Spain<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, Indonesia<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
* [[Kobe University]], Japan<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Memberships" />
{{div col end}}

Anvita Abbi, an honorary life member of the [[Linguistic Society of America]]<ref name="Faculty Profile" /> and the [[Dravidian Linguistics Association]],<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Positions" /> sits on the advisory board of [[Terralingua]] and the [[UNESCO]].<ref name="Faculty Profile" /><ref name="HRELP" /> She has also served as a Director Board member of Terralingua during 1998–2008.<ref name="Faculty Profile" />

==Lectures==
Anvita Abbi has presented papers and delivered keynote addresses at various platforms and at many institutions of repute.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="HRELP" /> A selection of her lectures are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Venue !! Date || Topic || Country
|-
| Cairns Institute, [[James Cook University]] || 8 November 2010 || The endangered languages of the Andaman Islands: Reconstructing the knowledge-base of the Pre Neolithic tribes of India<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="HRELP" /> || Australia
|-
| Cairns Institute, [[James Cook University]] || 11 January 2011 || Semantics of inalienability and grammaticalization of body part terms in [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="HRELP" /> || Australia
|-
| Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology || 18 September 2010 || In search of language contact between [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] and [[Aka-Bea]]: the languages of South Andaman<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="HRELP" /> || Germany
|-
| [[University of Würzburg]] || 1 July 2010 || Contact language in Northeast India<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="HRELP" /> || Germany
|-
| [[University of Oslo]] || 23 September 2010 || Hindi as a contact language of India<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="HRELP" /> || Norway
|}

==Publications==
Anvita Abbi is credited with 19 books, authored, coauthored and edited.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Profile" /><ref name="Academia">{{cite web | url=https://jnu.academia.edu/AnvitaAbbi | title=Academia | publisher=Academia | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Amazon">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/Anvita-Abbi/e/B001ICJ0VE | title=Amazon | publisher=Amazon | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> Her writings cover the typology, structures and ethnolinguistic aspects of languages and their documentation.<ref name="HRELP" /> Her work has spanned the entire Indian subcontinent<ref name="JNU Publications">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/Publications.htm | title=JNU Publications | publisher=JNU | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028124032/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/Publications.htm | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the most known among her works is her project, ''Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese''.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Profile" /><ref name="Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese" />
* Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands<ref name="Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands">{{cite book | title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands | publisher=Lincom Europa | date=1 January 2006 | author=Anvita Abbi | pages=117 | isbn=978-3895868665}}</ref>
* A Manual of Linguistic Fieldwork and Structures of Indian Languages<ref name="A Manual of Linguistic Fieldwork and Structures of Indian Languages">{{cite book | title=A Manual of Linguistic Fieldwork and Structures of Indian Languages | publisher=Lincom Europa | date=1 January 2001 | author=Anvita Abbi | isbn=978-3895864018}}</ref>
* Language Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia (Select papers from the SALA XVIII)<ref name="Language Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia">{{cite book | title=Language Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia | date=1 January 2001 |author1=Anvita Abbi |author2=R.S. Gupta |author3=Ayesha Kidwai |author4=R. S. Gupta |author5=Ayesha Kidwai | pages=432 | isbn=978-8120817654}}</ref>
* Languages of Tribal and Indigenous Peoples of India. The Ethnic Space<ref name="Languages of Tribal and Indigenous Peoples of India. The Ethnic Space">{{cite book | title=Languages of Tribal and Indigenous Peoples of India. The Ethnic Space | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | date=1 July 1997 | author=Anvita Abbi | pages=508 | isbn=978-8120813748}}</ref>
* Language and The State. Perspectives on the Eighth Schedule<ref name="Language and The State. Perspectives on the Eighth Schedule">{{cite book | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/15816099?versionId=18567589 | title=Language and The State. Perspectives on the Eighth Schedule | publisher=Creative Books | date=1995 | access-date=28 October 2014 |author1=R.S. Gupta |author2=Anvita Abbi |author3=Kailash S. Aggarwal | pages=225 | isbn=8186318208}}</ref>
* Semantic Universals in Indian Languages<ref name="Semantic Universals in Indian Languages">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlljAAAAMAAJ | title=Semantic Universals in Indian Languages | publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study | date=1994 | access-date=28 October 2014 | author=Anvita Abbi | pages=113| isbn=9788185952178 }}</ref>
* India as a Linguistic Area Revisited<ref name="India as a Linguistic Area Revisited">{{cite book | oclc=470322193 | title=India as a Linguistic Area Revisited | publisher=Pergamon Press | date=1991 | author=Anvita Abbi}}</ref>
* Reduplication in South Asian Languages. An Areal, Topological and Historical Study<ref name="Reduplication in South Asian Languages. An Areal, Topological and Historical Study">{{cite book | url=http://linguistlist.org/people/personal/get-personal-page2.cfm?PersonID=2525 | title=Reduplication in South Asian Languages. An Areal, Topological and Historical Study | publisher=Allied | author=Anvita Abbi | year=1991 | location=New Delhi | access-date=28 October 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121017/http://linguistlist.org/people/personal/get-personal-page2.cfm?PersonID=2525 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Studies in Bilingualism<ref name="Studies in Bilingualism">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Studies-Bilingualism-Anvita-Abbi/dp/B002A9P3A6 | title=Studies in Bilingualism | publisher=Bahri Publications | author=Anvita Abbi | year=1986 | asin=B002A9P3A6}}</ref>
* Semantic Theories and Language Teaching<ref name="Semantic Theories and Language Teaching">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.com/Semantic-Theories-Language-Teaching-Abbi-Anvita/858708610/bd | title=Semantic Theories and Language Teaching | publisher=Allied | date=1986 | access-date=28 October 2014 | author=Anvita Abbi | isbn=9788170230809}}</ref>
* Semantic Grammar of Hindi. A Study of Reduplication<ref name="Semantic Grammar of Hindi. A Study of Reduplication">{{cite book | title=Semantic Grammar of Hindi. A Study of Reduplication | publisher=Bahri Publications | date=1980 | author=Anvita Abbi | isbn=978-8170340201}}</ref>
* A Dictionary of the Great Andamanese Language: English-Great Andamanese-Hindi<ref name="A Dictionary of the Great Andamanese Language: English-Great Andamanese-Hindi">{{cite book | title=A Dictionary of the Great Andamanese Language: English-Great Andamanese-Hindi | publisher=Ratna Sagar | author=Anvita Abbi | date=30 October 2011 | pages=480 | isbn=978-9350361252}}</ref>
* A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language. An Ethnolinguistic Study. 2013. Brill Publications. Leiden. {{ISBN|978-90-04-23527-4}} (hardback); 978-90-04-24612-6
* Unwritten Languages of India (edited) 2017. Sahitya Akademi Publications, Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-260-5266-0}}

Her Hindi short story anthology, ''Mutthhi Bhar Pahcaan'', was published in 1969.<ref name="Short Story">{{cite web | url=https://edulibs.org/get_paper.php?id=7419525 | title=Short Story | publisher=EDU Libs | date=2014 | access-date=28 October 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141028095340/https://edulibs.org/get_paper.php?id=7419525 | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Mutthhi Bhar Pahcaan (A Handful of Recognition). A collection of short stories 1969. Radhakrishan Prakashan, Delhi.

Anvita Abbi has also published over 80 articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU Profile" /> Some of her notable articles are:
* Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese (VOGA)<ref name="Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese" />
* Universal Grammar, Language Evolution, and Documenting an Ancient Language. Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory<ref name="Universal Grammar, Language Evolution, and Documenting an Ancient Language">{{cite book | url=http://store.soas.ac.uk/browse/extra_info.asp?compid=1&modid=1&catid=214&prodid=976 | chapter=Universal Grammar, Language Evolution, and Documenting an Ancient Language | author=Anvita Abbi |title=Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory | publisher=SOAS | year=2011 | volume=3 | access-date=28 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110133320/http://store.soas.ac.uk/browse/extra_info.asp?compid=1&modid=1&catid=214&prodid=976 | archive-date=10 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Is Great Andamanese genealogically and typologically distinct from Onge and Jarawa?<ref name="Is Great Andamanese genealogically and typologically distinct from Onge and Jarawa?">{{cite journal | title=Is Great Andamanese genealogically and typologically distinct from Onge and Jarawa? | author=Anvita Abbi | journal=Language Sciences | year=2009 | volume=31 | issue=6 | pages=791–812 | doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2008.02.002}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Anvita Abbi has been honoured by several institutions and establishments.<ref name="HRELP" /><ref name="JNU awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/Awards.htm | title=JNU awards | publisher=JNU | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028124027/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/Abbi/Awards.htm | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She has held the position of the Visiting Scientist at the [[Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology]], [[Leipzig]], Germany for three years, 200, 2003 and 2010.<ref name="Faculty Profile" /><ref name="HRELP" /> She was a ''Leverhume Professor'' at the [[SOAS, University of London]] in 2011<ref name="Faculty Profile" /> and a fellow of Humanities and Social Sciences at the [[Cornell University]], New York, US in 1990 and a visiting fellow of the [[La Trobe University]], Melbourne in 2003.<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="Faculty Profile" /><ref name="HRELP" /><ref name="JNU awards" /> Abbi was a visiting professor at the Cairns Institute, [[James Cook University]], Australia during 2010–2011.<ref name="Faculty Profile" /><ref name="HRELP" /> Some of the other honours she has received are:
* Kenneth Hale Award by the Linguistic Society of America. 'For outstanding lifetime contributions to the documentation and description of languages of India, with particular note of her extraordinary contributions to the documentation of the Great Andamanese language, a moribund language that is a key isolate in understanding the peopling of Asia and Oceania.' 2015.
* ''Rashtriya Lok Bhasha Sammaan'' - Gandhi Hindustani Sahitya Sabha - 2003<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="Faculty Profile" /><ref name="HRELP" /><ref name="JNU awards" />
* Fellowship - All India Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla - 2001<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU awards" />
* Gold Medal - Delhi University - 1970<ref name="JNU CV" /><ref name="Andamanese CV" /><ref name="JNU awards" />

In 2013, the [[Government of India]] honoured Anvita Abbi by awarding her the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma 2013" /><ref name="Faculty Profile" />

==See also==
* [[Great Andamanese people]]
* [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)]]
* [[Önge language]]
* [[Lists of endangered languages]]
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0014 | title=Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese | publisher=SOAS, University of London | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014}}
* {{cite book | title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands | publisher=Lincom Europa | date=1 January 2006 | author=Anvita Abbi | pages=117 | isbn=978-3895868665}}
* {{cite book | title=A Manual of Linguistic Fieldwork and Structures of Indian Languages | publisher=Lincom Europa | date=1 January 2001 | author=Anvita Abbi | isbn=978-3895864018}}
* {{cite book | title=Language Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia | date=1 January 2001 |author1=Anvita Abbi |author2=R.S. Gupta |author3=Ayesha Kidwai |author3-link=Ayesha Kidwai |author4=R. S. Gupta |author5=Ayesha Kidwai | pages=432 | isbn=978-8120817654}}
* {{cite book | title=Languages of Tribal and Indigenous Peoples of India. The Ethnic Space | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | date=1 July 1997 | author=Anvita Abbi | pages=508 | isbn=978-8120813748}}
* {{cite book | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/15816099?versionId=18567589 | title=Language and The State. Perspectives on the Eighth Schedule | publisher=Creative Books | date=1995 | access-date=28 October 2014 |author1=R.S. Gupta |author2=Anvita Abbi |author3=Kailash S. Aggarwal | pages=225 | isbn=8186318208}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlljAAAAMAAJ | title=Semantic Universals in Indian Languages | publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study | date=1994 | access-date=28 October 2014 | author=Anvita Abbi | pages=113| isbn=9788185952178 }}
* {{cite book | oclc=470322193 | title=India as a Linguistic Area Revisited | publisher=Pergamon Press | date=1991 | author=Anvita Abbi}}
* {{cite book | url=http://linguistlist.org/people/personal/get-personal-page2.cfm?PersonID=2525 | title=Reduplication in South Asian Languages. An Areal, Topological and Historical Study | publisher=Allied | author=Anvita Abbi | year=1991 | location=New Delhi | access-date=28 October 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121017/http://linguistlist.org/people/personal/get-personal-page2.cfm?PersonID=2525 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Studies-Bilingualism-Anvita-Abbi/dp/B002A9P3A6 | title=Studies in Bilingualism | publisher=Bahri Publications | author=Anvita Abbi | year=1986 | asin=B002A9P3A6}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.com/Semantic-Theories-Language-Teaching-Abbi-Anvita/858708610/bd | title=Semantic Theories and Language Teaching | publisher=Allied | date=1986 | access-date=28 October 2014 | author=Anvita Abbi | isbn=9788170230809}}
* {{cite book | title=Semantic Grammar of Hindi. A Study of Reduplication | publisher=Bahri Publications | date=1980 | author=Anvita Abbi | isbn=978-8170340201}}
* {{cite book | title=A Dictionary of the Great Andamanese Language: English-Great Andamanese-Hindi | publisher=Ratna Sagar | author=Anvita Abbi | date=30 October 2011 | pages=480 | isbn=978-9350361252}}
* Mutthhi Bhar Pahcaan (A Handful of Recognition). A collection of short stories 1969. Radhakrishan Prakashan, Delhi.

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/2013/04/08/president-confers-padma-awards/ | title=Padma Awards List | publisher=Indian Panorama | date=2014 | access-date=12 October 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dR5WNevm5-c | title=Padma Shri awarded Anvita Abbi's live interview on National Channel DD1 | publisher=Doordarshan | work=YouTube video | date=13 February 2013 | access-date=28 October 2014}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbi, Anvita}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Indian women science writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Linguists of Hindi]]
[[Category:Linguists of Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Linguists of Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Academic staff of South Asia Institute Heidelberg]]

Chathanad

2025-07-26T17:05:53Z

WAJID AH: added info

{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chathanad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =

| photo1b =
| photo2a =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.0787|N|76.2399|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = KL-07
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|33|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|23|°C|°F}}
| website =
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}}
'''Chathanad'''<ref name="canalpy">{{cite web |title=Municipal Colony, Chathanad |url=https://canalpy.com/municipal-colony-chathanad/ |publisher=Canalpy |accessdate=13 October 2020}}</ref> is a small [[peninsula]] in the heart of [https://g.co/kgs/cDoDwm3 N.paravoor] City in [[Kerala]] State, [[India]]. Chathanad<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 22, 2020|title=CM to open Pizhala bridge today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/cm-to-open-pizhala-bridge-today/articleshow/76498710.cms|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> is a grama panchayat in [https://g.co/kgs/cDoDwm3 N.paravoor]. Its pin code is 683513.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

Ajit Pal Singh

2025-06-25T02:02:59Z

WAJID AH: expand references also and corrected details

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2012}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Ajit Pal Singh
| fullname = Ajit Pal Singh Kular
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1947|04|01}}
| birth_place = [[Sansarpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| position = [[Midfielder|Halfback]]
| height = {{convert|5|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ajitpal-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417235300/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ajitpal-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-04-17 |title=Player's Profile}}</ref>
| medaltemplates-expand = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalBronze | [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] | [[Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|Team]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich]] | [[Field hockey at the 1972 Summer Olympics|Team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Hockey World Cup]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975 Kuala Lumpur]] | Team }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1973 Men's Hockey World Cup|1973 Amsterdam]] | Team }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1971 Men's Hockey World Cup|1971 Barcelona]] | Team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1970 Asian Games|1970 Bangkok]] | [[Field hockey at the 1970 Asian Games|Team ]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1974 Asian Games|1974 Tehran]] | [[Field hockey at the 1974 Asian Games|Team]] }}
}}

'''Ajit Pal Singh Kular''' (also spelled '''Ajitpal Singh''', born 1 April 1947<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/sports/ajitpal_singh.html |title=Sikh-History.com |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916204754/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/sports/ajitpal_singh.html |archive-date=16 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>) was an Indian professional [[field hockey]] player from [[Sansarpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He was the captain of the Indian hockey team. He was conferred the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1970, and awarded it in 1972. He played at centre half position. He was captain of the Indian team at the Hockey World Cup 1975 held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

He represented India in three Olympics from 1968 through 1976, winning bronze medals in his first two Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ajitpal-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417235300/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ajitpal-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-04-17 |title=Ajitpal Singh}}</ref> He was appointed India's [[chef de mission]] for [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. It was the first time that a sports person was given this opportunity, as earlier this position went to either politicians or administrators.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-02|title=Ajit Pal Singh named Indian Chef-de-Mission|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/239075/ajit-pal-singh-named-indian.html|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> However he could not make it to the event due to severe [[spondylitis]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article3691327.ece |title=Brigadier Raja named India's acting Chef-de-Mission |date=27 July 2012 |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Seven member IOA, Indian Olympic Association Committee selected in April 2012 Ajit Pal Singh as Chef de Mission for Indian mission in London 2012 Olympics. He is also at present the organising member of All India Balwant Singh Kapur Hockey Tournament for Mata Parkash Kaur Cup held every year for school boys under-16. He is a recipient of the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] (1992).<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Singh was born on 1 April 1947 at Sansarpur, a small village near [[Jalandhar Cantonment]] of Punjab, which was famous as a breeding ground for the hockey stars as this village had been home to a number of international hockey players who had done the nation proud with their commendable performance in the game. As a young man he joined the newly raised [[Border Security Force|Border Security Force(BSF)]] and captained the Hockey team of BSF. Under his captaincy BSF hockey team lifted the Nehru Trophy in 1975. He left the force as an [[Assistant commandant|Assistant Commandant.]]
[[File:Ar fincantieri 2009 celeste.jpg|thumb|Ajit Pal Singh with team members In 2008-09 ]]

== Domestic hockey ==
At the age of 7 or 8 years, little Ajit had been handed over a hockey stick by his uncle. He studied at the Cantonment Board Higher Secondary School, Jalandhar Cantonment and at the age of 16 years represented the Punjab State Schools Hockey team in 1963. During his initial days, Ajit used to play at the Full Back position. He moved to the [[Lyallpur Khalsa College]], [[Jalandhar]] in 1964, and stayed there for a period of 4 years leading the college to 3 victories in the Punjab University College tournament. It was here that Ajit shifted from Full Back to Center Half, his real position. He was named the Captain of Punjab University Hockey team in 1966, and represented Indian Universities' Hockey team in 1968.

==International hockey==
Ajit Pal Singh made his debut in International Hockey with a tournament played at Bombay in 1960. He was selected in the Indian Hockey team that visited Japan in 1966, and participated in the Pre-Olympic tournament held in London the next year. Further, he played in the Olympic Games Mexico 1968 and delivered a brilliant performance although the Indian Hockey squad stood at 3rd spot at the event. Ajit played for the Indian Hockey team at Bangkok Asian Games 1970, and was named the Captain of the Indian squad that played at Post Shuan Tournament held at Singapore in 1971, and Tehran Asian Games 1974. The Indian team managed to grab a Silver Medal at both the events. He was a part of the Indian squad at Munich Olympic Games 1972, where the team finished at 3rd spot getting a Bronze Medal. He led the Indian Hockey team to World Cup Hockey tournament held at Kuala Lumpur in 1975 leading the team to win the tournament and also at Montreal Olympic Games 1976 where the Indian team fared really badly and finished at the 7th spot. After this debacle, Ajit Pal Singh retired from International Hockey, although he participated in his last International Hockey event in 1980 at Champions Trophy Tournament, Karachi. Even after his retirement from International Hockey, Ajit continued to play in Domestic Hockey Circuit for Border Security Force (B.S.F.) team.

==Awards==
As an honour for his outstanding contribution to Indian Hockey, Ajit Pal Singh was conferred upon the Arjuna Award in 1970. Further, he was also bestowed upon the Padma Shri award in 1992.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics]]
* [[Field hockey in India]]
* [[India men's national field hockey team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Olympedia}}


{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 1968 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1970 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1971 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 1972 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1973 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 1974 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1975 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 1976 Summer Olympics}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajit Pal}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1968 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1972 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dhyan Chand Award]]
[[Category:Punjab Lok Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]

Ganga Sajjan Singh Uikey

2025-03-14T15:56:26Z

WAJID AH: added new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Ganga Sajjan Singh Uikey''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is an MLA from [[Ghoradongri Assembly constituency|Ghoradongri Assembly Constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Betul district|Betul District]]. She represents [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=ganga sajjan singh uikey madhya-pradesh ganga-sajjan-singh-uikey-ghoradongri candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP Live News |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/ganga-sajjan-singh-uikey-madhya-pradesh-ghoradongri-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganga Sajjan Singh Uikey, BJP Candidate from Ghoradongri Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/ganga-sajjan-singh-uikey-assembly-candidate-s12aed2008a132e2023c001/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh Election Results 2023 - Ghoradongri">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Madhya Pradesh Election Results 2023 - Ghoradongri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S12132.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304080958/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S12132.htm |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Ghoradongri Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Ghoradongri Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/ghoradongri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304081113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/ghoradongri |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ganga comes from an agricultural family in [[Ghoradongri]], Betul district. Her late husband Sajjan Singh was a former MLA from Ghoradongri. She completed her graduation in 2000 at a college affiliated with [[Barkatullah University]], Bhopal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganga Sajjan Singh Uikey(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GHORADONGRI (ST)(BETUL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=286 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ganga won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Ghoradongri Assembly constituency|Ghoradongri Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She defeated Rahul Uikey of [[Indian National Congress]] by a narrow margin of 4,213 votes.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-elections/narrow-margin-win-loss {{deadlink|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गंगा सज्जन सिंह उइके , बीजेपी Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On गंगा सज्जन सिंह उइके Constituency Seat NDTV.in |url=https://ndtv.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2023/ganga-sajjan-singh-uikey-12132-1 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=ndtv.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghodadongri assembly election results 2023: Ghodadongri Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/ghodadongri-assembly-result-12132 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganga Sajjan Singh, Uikey}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Betul district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]