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Listed Miss Grand International 2022's national representative selection

2023-10-06T01:47:56Z

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{{Short description|Miss Grand International 2022's national preliminary pageants}}
{{main|Miss Grand International 2022}}
{{Season sidebar
| title = Miss Grand International participants selection
| image = [[File:Pan SICC 2.jpg|250px]]
| caption = [[Sentul International Convention Center]], 2022 host venue
| list =
* [[Miss Grand International 2013#Selection of participants|2013]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2014's national representative selection|2014]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2015's national representative selection|2015]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2016's national representative selection|2016]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2017's national representative selection|2017]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2018's national representative selection|2018]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2019's national representative selection|2019]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2020's national representative selection|2020]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2021's national representative selection|2021]]
* '''2022'''
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2023's national representative selection|2023]]
* [[Listed Miss Grand International 2024's national representative selection|2024]]
}}

The 10th-anniversary edition of the [[Miss Grand International]] pageant was held at the [[Sentul International Convention Center]] in [[West Java]], [[Indonesia]] on October 25, 2022, in which candidates from 68 countries and territories participated.<ref name="prelimr">{{cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=โลกต้องจารึก ประมวลภาพ 68 สาวงาม MGI 2022 รอบพรีลิม ทำอินโดฯ สะเทือน |url=https://www.thairath.co.th/entertain/news/2534066 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221023213807/https://www.thairath.co.th/entertain/news/2534066 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=[[Thai Rath]] |language=th}}</ref> These candidates were elected as the country representatives through different methods, such as through the Miss Grand National which was held to select the country representative for [[Miss Grand International]] specifically, or appointed by another national pageant organizer, in which the main winner was sent to compete on other international stages.<ref name=canada22/><ref name="czech"/> Some of them were assigned as the representatives without competing at any national pageant in this particular year.<ref name=dom22>{{cite web|first=Berkat|last=Prima|date=27 January 2022|url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/potret-miss-grand-republik-dominika-2022-jearmanda-ramos-c1c2-1|title=9 Potret Miss Grand Republik Dominika 2022 Jearmanda Ramos, Stunning!|work=[[:jp:IDNメディア|IDN Media]]|access-date=12 February 2022|language=id|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220509205812/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/potret-miss-grand-republik-dominika-2022-jearmanda-ramos-c1c2-1/9}}</ref><ref name=guatemala>{{cite web|url=https://saostar.vn/hoa-hau/dai-dien-guatemala-tai-miss-grand-2022-lo-dien-202204131916386011.html|title='Ngựa chiến' của Miss Grand 2022 lộ diện, hóa ra từng bại trận trước Ngọc Châu tại Miss Supranational|date=14 April 2022|access-date=16 April 2022|language=vi|work=Saostar.vn|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415204651/https://saostar.vn/hoa-hau/dai-dien-guatemala-tai-miss-grand-2022-lo-dien-202204131916386011.html}}</ref><ref name="Andina MGI 2022">{{cite web|last=Dinda julie|first=Aiz Budi|date=31 December 2021|url=https://www.viva.co.id/showbiz/gosip/1436754-andina-julie-terpilih-sebagai-miss-grand-indonesia-2022|title=Andina Julie Terpilih Sebagai Miss Grand Indonesia 2022|work=[[:id:Viva.co.id|Viva.co.id]]|access-date=31 December 2021|language=id|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231044920/https://www.viva.co.id/showbiz/gosip/1436754-andina-julie-terpilih-sebagai-miss-grand-indonesia-2022}}</ref><ref name=defi>{{cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/yuvna-rinishta-gookool-miss-modele|date=10 June 2022|language=fr|access-date=10 June 2022|author=Rajmeela Seetamonee|title=Yuvna Rinishta Gookool: Miss modèle|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220610124647/https://defimedia.info/yuvna-rinishta-gookool-miss-modele}}</ref><ref name=peru22>{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/thuy-tien-cong-tac-o-peru-4441536.html|language=vi|title=Thùy Tiên công tác ở Peru|date=23 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022|work=[[VnExpress]]|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220323132145/https://vnexpress.net/thuy-tien-cong-tac-o-peru-4441536.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=carao>{{cite web|url=https://www.caraotadigital.net/caraota-show/renuncio-la-miss-grand-venezuela-2022-tenia-pocos-dias-coronada|title=Renunció la Miss Grand Venezuela 2022, tenía pocos días coronada|access-date=2 September 2022|publisher=Caraota Digital|language=es|date=1 September 2022|archive-date=17 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220917020853/https://www.caraotadigital.net/caraota-show/renuncio-la-miss-grand-venezuela-2022-tenia-pocos-dias-coronada|author=Christian Johan}}</ref>
==Overview==
{{Pie chart|radius=100
|value1 = {{#expr:(trunc2300)/trunc68round2}} 
|label1 = A1: Miss Grand National pageant winners: '''23'''
|color1 = #FF2A2A
|value2 = {{#expr:(trunc600)/trunc68round2}} 
|label2 = A2: Other 2023 national pageant main winners: '''6'''
|color2 = #ffa500
|value3 = {{#expr:(trunc500)/trunc68round2}} 
|label3 = B1: Won Miss Grand as supplemental title: '''5'''
|color3 = #005522
|value4 = {{#expr:(trunc100)/trunc68round2}} 
|label4 = B2: Appointed from other 2022 pageants: '''1'''
|color4 = #2ca05a
|value5 = {{#expr:(trunc100)/trunc68round2}} 
|label5 = C1: Casting/audition: '''1'''
|color5 = #0000FF
|value6 = {{#expr:(trunc3200)/trunc68round2}} 
|label6 = C2: Appointed, no event held: '''32'''
|color6 = #800080
|caption = MGI 2022 Participants classified by selection methods:
}}
As per data collected in the [[#National preliminary pageants|National preliminary contest]] section, 39 national pageant was held to elect the country representatives for [[Miss Grand International 2022]]. Twenty-three of which was the Miss Grand National pageants (A1). Seven was other national contests that sent their main winners to Miss Grand International 2023 (A2). Eight national contests listed the Miss Grand title as one of the supplement awards (B1). One pageant, [[Miss Bolivia]], later appointed its runner-up as Miss Grand National titleholder (B2). All the remaining candidates were either determined through the casting or appointed without participating in any respective national pageants (C1 and C2), such as the representative of Mexico.<ref name=audidion>{{cite web|url=https://www.expreso.com.mx/noticias/hermosillo/quien-es-laysha-salazar-miss-grand-mexico-2022/159597|title=Laysha Salazar va por la corona de Miss Grand International para México|date=28 August 2022|language=es|author=Pablo Reyes|website=www.expreso.com.mx|archivedate=26 April 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230426183613/https://www.expreso.com.mx/noticias/hermosillo/quien-es-laysha-salazar-miss-grand-mexico-2022/159597}}</ref>

The representatives of Cameroon,<ref name=cam22/> the Democratic Republic of Congo,<ref name=congo/> and Kazakhstan,<ref name="retreat"/> who were appointed to the title, as well as the Kyrgyzstan candidate, who obtained the title from the national contest, did not enter the international tournament and no replacements were assigned.<ref name=kyr22>{{cite web|title=Названы имена пяти победительниц конкурса красоты «Мисс Кыргызстан — 2021»|url=https://kabar.kg/news/nazvany-piat-pobeditel-nitc-konkursa-miss-kyrgyzstan-2021/|date=22 November 2021|access-date=8 March 2022|language=ky|work=[[Kabar (news agency)|Kabar]]|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308010535/https://kabar.kg/news/nazvany-piat-pobeditel-nitc-konkursa-miss-kyrgyzstan-2021/}}</ref> Meanwhile, the representative of Kosovo withdrew during the international pageant boot camp due to health issues.<ref name=kosovowd1/><ref name=popukosovo/>

Seven candidates were assigned as the replacements for the original ones, including:
* '''Belgium:''' Alyssa Gilliaert, Miss Grand Belgium 2022 winner, was replaced by the finalist, Chiara Vanderveeren, due to health issues.
* '''Bolivia:''' Camila Sanabria, who had been elected Miss Supranational Bolivia 2023 in the {{ill|Miss Bolivia 2022|es}} pageant, was appointed Miss Grand Bolivia 2022 as a consequence of the Alondra Mercado's renouncement; Alondra has previously announced Miss Grand Bolivia 2022 on the stage of the Miss Bolivia 2022 pageant.<ref name=newbolivia>{{cite web|url=https://radiokollasuyo.bo/2022/09/28/28-de-septiembre-2022-3/|title=Parte de la cultura potosina será mostrada en el Grand International 2022|date=28 September 2022|accessdate=7 November 2022|language=es|work=Radiokollasuyo.bo|archivedate=7 November 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/egma3}}</ref><ref name=replacebolivia>{{cite web|url=https://ttdccomplex.vn/alondra-mecardo-la-ai-nguoi-tu-choi-tham-gia-miss-grand-de-tham-gia-miss-charm/|title=Alondra Mecardo là ai ? Người từ chối tham gia Miss Grand để tham gia Miss Charm|author=Tiểu Long Nữ|date=5 November 2022|accessdate=7 November 2022|language=vi|work=Ttdccomplex.vn|archivedate=7 November 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/5D6uf}}</ref>
* '''Cuba:''' Daniela Hernández, who obtained the title from the Miss y Mister Cuba 2022 pageant,<ref name="cuba">{{cite web|url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2022-06-15-u208487-e208487-s27065-cuba-tendra-representacion-oficial-miss-supranational|title=Tres jóvenes representarán a Cuba en concursos internacionales de belleza|author=Deneb González|date=20 June 2022|access-date=21 June 2022|language=es|work=CiberCuba Noticias|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220621163720/https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2022-06-15-u208487-e208487-s27065-cuba-tendra-representacion-oficial-miss-supranational}}</ref> was replaced by Fabién Laurencio for undisclosed reasons.<ref name=cuba22>{{cite web|url=https://www.periodicocubano.com/faby-laurencio-representa-a-cuba-en-el-concurso-miss-grand-internacional/|title=Faby Laurencio representa a Cuba en el concurso Miss Grand Internacional|language=es|date=8 October 2022|accessdate=13 May 2023|publisher=Periódico Cubano|archivedate=12 May 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230512182708/https://www.periodicocubano.com/faby-laurencio-representa-a-cuba-en-el-concurso-miss-grand-internacional/}}</ref>
* '''Ecuador:''' Lisseth Naranjo, former Miss Grand Ecuador who resigned from the title before competing at the international pageant in 2020,<ref name=sonia>{{cite web|archive-url=https://archive.is/bQjmD|archive-date=29 July 2022|language=es|date=8 January 2021|url=https://www.expreso.ec/ocio/sonia-luna-buscaba-volver-reinados-miss-grand-96623.html|title=Sonia Luna: "No buscaba volver a los reinados"|work=[[Diario Expreso (Ecuador)|Diario Expreso]]|author=Alejandro Puga}}</ref> was designated as the replacement for ''Emilia Vásquez'',<ref name=replaced>{{cite web|url=https://www.expreso.ec/ocio/liseth-naranjo-miss-grand-ecuador-132530.html|title=Liseth Naranjo es la nueva Miss Grand Ecuador 2022|language=es|date=28 July 2022|access-date=30 July 2022|work=[[Diario Expreso (Ecuador)|Diario Expreso]]|archive-date=29 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/1SFAM|author=Ingrid Balseca}}</ref> the first runner-up Miss Grand Ecuador 2021 who was appointed the country representative for Miss Grand International 2022,<ref name=ecu2022>{{cite web|url=https://www.expreso.ec/buenavida/maria-emilia-vasquez-mis-looks-son-diversos-ecuador-122340.html|title=María Emilia Vásquez: "Mis looks son diversos como el Ecuador"|author=Gianella Muñoz|language=es|date=27 February 2022|access-date=5 March 2022|work=Diario Expreso de Guayaquil|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227054011/https://www.expreso.ec/buenavida/maria-emilia-vasquez-mis-looks-son-diversos-ecuador-122340.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref> but resigned before competing internationally with undisclosed reasons.<ref name=replaced/>
* '''Mexico:''' An internal conflict in the licensee team between ''Orlando Ruiz'', a founder of the Concurso Nacional de Belleza México (CNB México) who also served as the general director of Miss Grand México, and ''Flavio Falsiroli'', Miss Grand México national director, caused Orlando Ruiz to depart from the team and his affiliated candidate, ''Jessica Farjat'', who was previously set to represent the country at Miss Grand International 2022, also resigned from the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiciomich.com/mas-que-una-corona-abuso-e-insinuaciones-en-miss-grand-internacional-2022/|title=Más Que Una Corona… Abuso e Insinuaciones en Miss Grand Internacional 2022|author=Milena Suástegui|date=10 June 2022|access-date=17 September 2022|work=Indiciomich.com|language=es|archive-date=17 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220917120624/https://indiciomich.com/mas-que-una-corona-abuso-e-insinuaciones-en-miss-grand-internacional-2022/}}</ref> Laysha Salazar was then elected as the replacement.<ref name="mexi">{{cite web|url=https://news.trenddetail.com/trends/98452.html|title=Who is Laysha Salazar? Miss Grand Mexico 2022|date=28 August 2022|access-date=17 September 2022|author=Kimberly|work=News.trenddetail.com|archive-date=17 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220917115552/https://news.trenddetail.com/trends/98452.html}}</ref>
* '''Panama:''' Laura de Sanctis, former [[Señorita Panamá|Miss Universe Panamá]], was designated Miss Grand Panamá 2022 by a new Miss Grand Panama licensee, Chass Panamá, who took over the franchise from [[Señorita Panamá]] in mid-2022.<ref name=panamanew>{{cite web|url=https://www.diaadia.com.pa/fama/no-dejes-pa-nadie-laura-de-sanctis-la-nueva-miss-grand-panama-fanaticos-encantados-756549|title=¡No dejes pa' nadie! Laura de Sanctis, la nueva Miss Grand Panamá, fanáticos encantados|date=10 September 2022|access-date=11 September 2022|language=es|work=Día a Día|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/sSvC8}}</ref> Originally, Katheryn Yejas, one of the finalists of Señorita Panamá 2022 was named Miss Grand Panamá 2022.<ref name=ellas.pa>{{cite web|url=https://www.ellas.pa/belleza/exclusiva-las-fotos-que-no-habias-visto-de-la-final-de-senorita-panama-2021/|title=[Exclusiva] Las fotos que no habías visto de la final de Señorita Panamá 2021, Belleza, Mundo Ellas.|date=8 November 2021|access-date=1 May 2022|language=es|work=Ellas.pa|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/mV85d}}</ref><ref name=pan22>{{cite web|url=https://www.telemetro.com/senorita-panama/microsites-entretenimiento/katheryn-yejas-miss-grand-international-2022-n5586306|title=Katheryn Yejas, Miss Grand International 2022|language=es|date=8 November 2021|access-date=7 December 2021|author=Gerard Govea|work=[[Telemetro]]|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108164926/https://www.telemetro.com/senorita-panama/microsites-entretenimiento/katheryn-yejas-miss-grand-international-2022-n5586306}}</ref>
* '''Venezuela:''' Sabrina Deraneck, an appointed representative, resigned from the title,<ref name=resign22>{{cite web|language=th|accessdate=4 September 2022|url=https://www.komchadluek.net/news/foreign/528409|title=ด่วน "มิสแกรนด์เวเนซุเอลา" ประกาศ สละตำแหน่ง ฟ้าผ่า หลังได้มงเพียง 20 วัน|date=2 September 2022|work=[[Kom Chad Luek]]|archivedate=3 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220903205804/https://www.komchadluek.net/news/foreign/528409}}</ref> and [[Luiseth Materán]] was elected as the replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diarioeltiempo.com.ve/luiseth-materan-quedo-como-tercera-finalista-en-el-miss-grand-internacional-2022/|title=Luiseth Materán quedó como tercera finalista en el Miss Grand Internacional 2022|date=26 October 2022|accessdate=18 November 2022|language=es|website=Diarioeltiempo.com.ve|archivedate=18 November 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221118022516/http://diarioeltiempo.com.ve/luiseth-materan-quedo-como-tercera-finalista-en-el-miss-grand-internacional-2022/}}</ref>

In this 2022 edition, three countries were expected to make their debuts,<ref name=debuts>{{cite web|url=https://vietnamnet.vn/hoa-hau-thien-an-xin-loi-vi-dien-khong-tot-o-miss-grand-international-2022-2069164.html|title=Miss Grand International 2022: Thiên Ân bị chê diễn 'đơ' và xin lỗi khán giả|language=vi|date=12 October 2022|accessdate=7 November 2022|author=Huy Minh|work=[[VietNamNet]]|archivedate=7 November 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/cFqpZ}}</ref> but two withdrew for unspecified reasons even though their representatives had already been determined; six countries that competed in the 2021 edition withdrew due to a lack of a national licensee, and 15 countries returned to the competition after being absent in the previous editions. Initially, seventy-two countries and territories franchises confirmed that they would send their candidates to Indonesia; however, representatives from [[Cameroon]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Kyrgyzstan]], withdrew before the pageant started,<ref name="retreat">{{cite web |date=9 October 2022 |title=2/5 thí sinh 'mất tích' tại buổi trao sash MGI 2022 chính thức lên đường đến Bali |url=https://baomoi.com/2-5-thi-sinh-mat-tich-tai-buoi-trao-sash-mgi-2022-chinh-thuc-len-duong-den-bali/c/43946592.epi |archive-url=https://archive.is/Ttd4D |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=Baomoi.com |language=vi}}</ref> while the representative from [[Kosovo]] withdrew due to health problems at the fourth day of the pre-final activities, making the finalized total of sixty-eight contestants.<ref name="kosovonews">{{cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=Người đẹp Kosovo bỏ thi Hoa hậu Hòa bình Quốc tế 2022 |url=https://2sao.vn/nguoi-dep-kosovo-bo-thi-miss-grand-international-2022-n-323815.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/jex2E |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |work=2sao.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref name=kosovonews2>{{cite web|url=https://tienphong.vn/doi-thu-manh-cua-thien-an-tai-hoa-hau-hoa-binh-bo-thi-post1477335.tpo|title=Đối thủ mạnh của Thiên Ân tại Hoa hậu Hòa bình bỏ thi|date=12 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|language=vi|work=[[Tiền Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]]|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/xvjEU}}</ref><ref name=kosovovi>{{cite web|url=https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/doi-thu-cua-thien-an-tai-thi-miss-grand-international-bat-ngo-bo-thi-20221012091705035.htm|title=Đối thủ của Thiên Ân tại thi Miss Grand International bất ngờ bỏ thi|author=Mi Vân|date=12 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|language=vi|work=Dantri.com.vn|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://archive.md/gqCMH}}</ref><ref name=kosovovi3>{{cite web|url=https://molistar.com/hau-truong/ro-tin-miss-grand-international-2022-da-ban-giai-tim-ra-nguoi-ke-nhiem-thuy-tien-dai-dien-kosovo-bo-thi-vi-bat-binh|title=Rộ tin Miss Grand International 2022 đã "bán giải" tìm ra người kế nhiệm Thùy Tiên, đại diện Kosovo bỏ thi vì bất bình?|date=12 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|language=vi|work=Molistar.com|archive-url=https://archive.is/L7Uwo}}</ref>

The information is summarized below.
{| width = 100% style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! colspan = "2" style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|Returns
! colspan = "2" style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|Withdrawals
! style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|Debuts
|-
| valign = "top" |
* '''Last competed in 2014:'''
** {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
* '''Last competed in 2016:'''
** {{flagu|Singapore}}
** {{flagu|Turkey}}
* '''Last competed in 2017:'''
** {{flagu|Uganda}}
* '''Last competed in 2018:'''
** {{flagu|Denmark}}
** {{flagu|Ghana}}
** {{flagu|Mongolia}}
| valign = "top" |
* '''Last competed in 2019:'''
** {{flagu|Ukraine}}
* '''Last competed in 2020:'''
** {{flagu|Belarus}}
** {{flagu|China}}
** {{flagu|Crimea}}
** {{flagu|Ireland}}
** {{flagu|Jamaica}}
** {{flagu|Kosovo}}
** {{flagu|Poland}}
| valign = "top" |
* '''No licensee:'''
** {{flagu|Armenia}}
** {{flagu|Egypt}}
** {{flagu|Liberia}}
** {{flagu|Northern Ireland}}
** {{flagu|Siberia}}
** {{flagu|Sweden}}
| valign = "top" |
* '''During the contest:'''
** {{flagu|Kosovo}}<ref name=kosovowd1>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.py/lnpop/2022/10/11/polemica-miss-grand-kosovo-se-retira-de-prestigioso-certamen-internacional/|title=Polémica: Miss Grand Kosovo se retira de prestigioso certamen internacional|date=11 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|language=es|work=[[La Nación (Paraguay)|La Nación]]|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/OPHAe}}</ref><ref name=popukosovo>{{cite web|url=https://www.popular.com.py/2022/10/11/candidata-a-miss-grand-internacional-abandono-la-competencia/|title=Candidata a Miss Grand Internacional abandonó la competencia|date=11 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|language=es|work=Diario Popular|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/9XTpm}}</ref>
* '''Representative determined but did not compete:'''
** {{flagu|Cameroon}}<ref name=cam22>{{cite web|url=https://k-news24.com/culture/miss-grand-international-angele-kossinda-candidate/|title=Miss Grand International : Angèle Kossinda candidate|date=28 June 2022|accessdate=26 July 2023|language=fr|author=Manuela Nkama|website=K-news24.com|archivedate=25 July 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.is/u7Rc6}}</ref>
** {{flagu|Democratic Republic of Congo}}<ref name=congo>{{cite web|url=https://infosurbaines.com/caroline-konde-representanta-la-rdc-au-miss-grand-international-rap2kin/|title=Caroline Konde will represent the DRC at the Miss Grand International|date=15 July 2022|access-date=16 July 2022|language=fr|work=Infos Urbaines|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/Eei0o}}</ref>
** {{flagu|Kazakhstan}}<ref name="retreat"/>
** {{flagu|Kyrgyzstan}}<ref name=kyr22/>
| valign = "top" |
* {{flagu|Mozambique}}<ref name=debuts/>
|-
|}

==National preliminary pageants==
Thirty-nine countries organized national preliminary pageants (A1 - B2) to select their representatives for [[Miss Grand International 2022]], the competition details are shown in the table below; 23 of which were the Miss Grand national contest (A1), however, 3 of these 39 candidates, the original Belgium, Cuba, and Panamanian representatives who were chosen through the respective national pageants, were later replaced by the other appointed candidates, as mentioned above;<ref name=panamanew/><ref name=pan22/> and the Kyrgyzstan representative withdrew before entering the international contest due to the increase in flight ticket prices during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russo-Ukrainian war]].<ref name=ticket>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CjZ09yjM4qd/|title=20 - летняя Жамиля Жыргалбекова, которая должна была представить Кыргызстан на Miss Grand International 2022 не смогла поехать на конкурс из-за проблем с Авиабилетом.|language=ky|date=8 October 2022|access-date=10 October 2022|work=Miss Kyrgyzstan|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/u6M0b}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="border:none"
|+Map shows Miss Grand International 2022 participating countries and territories, classified by representative selection methods 
| style="background:white;"|{{center|{{Image label begin|image=MGI 2022 Prelininary contest.svg|width=650|float=none}}
{{Image label end}}}}Color keys
{{Legend|#ff2a2a|A1: Main winner of the Miss Grand National pageant, e.g., [[Miss Grand Spain]] of Spain.}}
{{Legend|#ffa500|A2: Main winner of the national contest with other pageant names apart from Miss Grand, e.g., [[The Nigerian Queen]] of Nigeria.}}
{{Legend|#005522|B1: Obtained Miss Grand National as the supplementary title at other national pageants, e.g., the representative from [[Binibining Pilipinas]] of the Philippines.}}
{{Legend|#2ca05a|B2: Appointed Miss Grand National after (1) obtaining the supplementary position at other 2022 national pageants or (2) finishing other placements apart from the main winner at the previous Miss Grand National edition. Such as the representative of Ecuador.}}
{{Legend|#0000FF|C1: Determined through the casting/audition event.}}
{{Legend|#9955ff|C2: Appointed with no pageant held}}
{{Legend|#C0C0C0|D0: No representative}}
|}

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style="font-size: 95%"
|+List of the national preliminary pageants for Miss Grand International 2022, by the coronation date
! class="unsortable" style="width:125px;"|Country/Territory!! class="unsortable" style="width:160px;"|Pageant !!class=unsortable |Type!! class=unsortable |Date and Venue!!class=unsortable |Entrants!!class=unsortable |{{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|- style="background:white;" class="static-row-header"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Total: 39 pageants||colspan=2 {{n/a|–}}|| ||{{n/a|–}}
|- id="NIC"
| {{flagu|Nicaragua}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Nicaragua]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||8 August 2021 at Jose de la Cruz Mena Municipal Theater, [[León (Nicaragua)|León]] ||align=center|9||align=center|<ref name=laprensani>{{cite web|url=https://www.laprensani.com/2021/08/08/espectaculo/2862451-miss-grand-nicaragua-corono-a-dos-reinas-epifania-solis-y-maycrin-jaenz-2021-y-2022-respectivamente|title=Miss Grand Nicaragua crowned two queens: Epifanía Solís and Maycrin Jaenz, 2021 and 2022 respectively|date=8 August 2021|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/f4udX#selection-817.60-817.73|work=[[La Prensa (Managua)|La Prensa]]|language=es|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
|- id="CAN"
| {{flagu|Canada}}||align=center|[[Miss World Canada]]||align=center bgcolor=#005522|{{white|B1}}||4 October 2021 at [[Richmond Hill Centre for the Performing Arts]], [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]||align=center|40||align=center|<ref name=canada22>{{cite web|title=Rachel Arhin est Miss Intercontinental Canada 2021|url=https://www.afrik.com/rachel-arhin-est-miss-intercontinental-canada-2021|date=10 August 2021|access-date=12 July 2021|language=fr|author=Justin Coulibaly|work=Afrik.com|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008125333/https://www.afrik.com/rachel-arhin-est-miss-intercontinental-canada-2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kingstonist.com/news/kingston-beauty-rileigh-smith-competes-at-miss-world-canada/|title=Kingston beauty Rileigh Smith competes at Miss World Canada|author=Yona Harvey|date=1 October 2021|access-date=1 May 2022|work=Kingstonist.com|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/4gXdg}}</ref>
|- id="PAN"
| {{flagu|Panama}}{{ref label|Alpha|α}}||align=center|[[Señorita Panamá]]||align=center bgcolor=#005522|{{white|B1}}||7 November 2021 at Hotel Whyndham Convention Center, [[Panama City]]||align=center|29||align=center|<ref name=panama001>{{cite web|url=https://www.telemetro.com/senorita-panama/microsites-entretenimiento/brenda-smith-es-coronada-como-senorita-panama-2021-n5585829|title=Brenda Smith es coronada como Señorita Panamá 2021|date=7 November 2021|author=Lau Chan|language=es|work=[[Telemetro]]|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108031329/https://www.telemetro.com/senorita-panama/microsites-entretenimiento/brenda-smith-es-coronada-como-senorita-panama-2021-n5585829}}</ref><ref name=ellas.pa>{{cite web|url=https://www.ellas.pa/belleza/exclusiva-las-fotos-que-no-habias-visto-de-la-final-de-senorita-panama-2021/|title=[Exclusiva] Las fotos que no habías visto de la final de Señorita Panamá 2021, Belleza, Mundo Ellas.|date=8 November 2021|access-date=1 May 2022|language=es|work=Ellas.pa|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/mV85d}}</ref>
|- id="KGZ"
| {{flagu|Kyrgyzstan}}{{ref label|Beta|β}}||align=center|[[Miss Kyrgyzstan]]||align=center bgcolor=#005522|{{white|B1}}||Virtual pageant, the crowning event was held in [[Bishkek]] on 22 November 2021||align=center|10||align=center|<ref name=kyr22/><ref name=kyr2022>{{cite web|url=https://kaktus.media/doc/449774_stalo_izvestno_kto_predstavit_kyrgyzstan_na_konkyrse_krasoty_miss_mira_2021.html|title=Стало известно, кто представит Кыргызстан на конкурсе красоты "Мисс мира – 2021"|date=22 November 2021|access-date=1 May 2022|language=ky|work=Kaktus.media|author=Борубек Кудаяров|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/s6OJ5}}</ref>
|- id="JAM"
| {{flagu|Jamaica}}||align=center|Andwar International Pageant||align=center bgcolor=#ffa500|A2||24 April 2022 at Courtleigh Auditorium, [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]||align=center|20||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRUfkoQF1wI|title=The AndWar International Pageant 2022|date=4 February 2022|access-date=23 July 2022|work=AndWar International|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/uTUh2}}</ref>
|- id="NED"
| {{flagu|Netherlands}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand International#Netherlands|Miss Grand Netherlands]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||24 April 2022 at Leonardo Royal Hotel, [[Amsterdam]]||align=center|8||align=center|<ref name=neth>{{cite web|url=https://www.noordhollandsdagblad.nl/cnt/dmf20220425_36038285|title='Een miss kan gewoon puistjes hebben', bewijst Volendamse Marit Beets (22), sinds deze week de Nederlandse Miss Grand International|date=25 April 2022|access-date=26 April 2022|language=nl|work=[[Noordhollands Dagblad]]|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220426002546/https://www.noordhollandsdagblad.nl/cnt/dmf20220425_36038285?utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- id="THA"
| {{flagu|Thailand}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Thailand]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||30 April 2022 at Show DC Hall, [[Bangkok]]||align=center|77||align=center|<ref name=thailand>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichon.co.th/lifestyle/social-women/news_3318479|title=ไม่พลิกโผ 'อิงฟ้า วราหะ' คว้ามงทองมิสแกรนด์ ไทยแลนด์ 2022 พ่วงขวัญใจสื่อ|date=30 April 2022|access-date=1 May 2022|language=th|work=[[Matichon]]|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220430202030/https://www.matichon.co.th/lifestyle/social-women/news_3318479|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=kkh22>{{cite web|url=https://www.khaosod.co.th/newspaper/newspaper-front-page/news_6995973|title=มิสแกรนด์อวดชุดผ้าไหมอีสาน|language=th|date=13 April 2022|access-date=13 April 2022|work=[[Khaosod]]|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://archive.md/uvG94}}</ref>
|- id="ESP"
| {{flagu|Spain}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Spain]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||2 May 2022 at South Park Auditorium, [[Maspalomas]], [[Province of Las Palmas|Las Palmas]]||align=center|34||align=center|<ref name=press>{{cite web|url=https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2022/04/miss-gran-spain-2022/|title=Presentan en Gran Canaria el Miss Gran Spain 2022|date=21 April 2022|access-date=28 April 2022|language=es|work=[[:es:Diario de Avisos|Diario de Avisos]]|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/75Av2}}</ref><ref name=euro>{{cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/islas-canarias/noticia-gran-canaria-volvera-acoger-gala-miss-grand-spain-segundo-ano-consecutivo-20220421141149.html|title=Gran Canaria volverá a acoger la gala de Miss Grand Spain por segundo año consecutivo|date=21 April 2022|access-date=28 April 2022|language=es|work=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422194940/https://www.europapress.es/islas-canarias/noticia-gran-canaria-volvera-acoger-gala-miss-grand-spain-segundo-ano-consecutivo-20220421141149.html}}</ref>
|- id="CZE"
| {{flagu|Czech Republic}}||align=center|[[Miss Czech Republic]]||align=center bgcolor=#005522|{{white|B1}}||7 May 2022 at {{ill|Forum Karlín|cs}}, [[Prague]]||align=center|10||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.nova.cz/novinky/clanek/457224-miss-czech-republic-seznamte-se-s-top-10-divkami|language=cs|date=19 March 2022|access-date=1 May 2022|work=[[TV Nova (Czech Republic)|TV Nova]]|title=Miss Czech Republic: Toto je top 10 nejkrásnějších dívek!|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150845/https://tv.nova.cz/novinky/clanek/457224-miss-czech-republic-seznamte-se-s-top-10-divkami}}</ref><ref name="czech">{{cite web|url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/miss-czech-republic-2022-vitezka-makarenko-krystyna-pyszkova.A220505_131649_missamodelky_sub|title=Miss Czech Republic 2022 je třiadvacetiletá studentka Krystyna Pyszková|date=7 May 2022|access-date=10 May 2022|language=cs|work=[[:fr:IDNES.cz|IDNES.cz]]|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509205557/https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/miss-czech-republic-2022-vitezka-makarenko-krystyna-pyszkova.A220505_131649_missamodelky_sub}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Paraguay}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Paraguay]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||7 May 2022 at Hotel Guaraní, [[Asunción]]||align=center|18||align=center|<ref name=paraguay>{{cite web|url=https://www.extra.com.py/fama/miss-grand-perdio-plata-al-incluir-la-comadre-n2995294.html|title=Miss Grand perdió plata al incluir a La Comadre|date=7 April 2022|access-date=1 May 2022|language=es|work=[[Diario Extra (Paraguay)|Diario Extra]]|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407222148/https://www.extra.com.py/fama/miss-grand-perdio-plata-al-incluir-la-comadre-n2995294.html}}</ref>

|-
| {{flagu|El Salvador}}||align=center|{{tooltip|CNB El Salvador|Certamen Nacional de la Belleza, El Salvador}}||align=center bgcolor=#ffa500|A2||28 May 2022 at FEPADE Auditorium, [[Santa Tecla, El Salvador|Santa Tecla]] ||align=center|14||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsalvador.com/entretenimiento/espectaculos/una-por-cada-departamento-conoce-14-chicas-compiten-reina-el-salvador/944384/2022/|title=¡Una por cada departamento! Conoce las 14 chicas que aspiran ser Reina de El Salvador|date=7 April 2022|access-date=1 May 2022|author=J. Barrera|work=[[Noticias de El Salvador]]|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407193318/https://www.elsalvador.com/entretenimiento/espectaculos/una-por-cada-departamento-conoce-14-chicas-compiten-reina-el-salvador/944384/2022/}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Chile}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Chile]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||28 May 2022 at Criss Chacana Model Agency, [[Iquique]]||align=center|10||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calamaenlinea.cl/region/san-pedro-de-atacama/representante-de-san-pedro-de-atacama-busca-quedarse-con-el-miss-grand-chile/|title=Representante de San Pedro de Atacama busca quedarse con el Miss Grand Chile|date=2022|access-date=16 October 2022|language=es|work=Calamaenlinea.cl|archive-date=7 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/6TT4P}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Puerto Rico}}||align=center|Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico||align=center bgcolor=#ffa500|A2||5 June 2022 at [[Teatro Tapia|Alejandro Tapia y Rivera Theater]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]||align=center|23||align=center|<ref name=abc>{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2022/02/17/abc-puerto-rico-transmitira-reality-show-rumbo-a-nuestra-belleza-puerto-rico-2022/|title=ABC Puerto Rico transmitirá 'reality show' rumbo a Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico 2022|date=17 February 2022|access-date=1 May 2022|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company]]|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/DxawD}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/presentan-a-las-candidatas-de-nuestra-belleza-puerto-rico-2022/|title=Presentan a las candidatas de Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico 2022|date=7 May 2022|access-date=10 May 2022|language=es|work=[[El Nuevo Día]]|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509203515/https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/presentan-a-las-candidatas-de-nuestra-belleza-puerto-rico-2022/}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Kosovo}}||align=center|[[Miss Universe Albania|Miss Universe Albania and Kosovo]]||align=center bgcolor=#005522|{{white|B1}}||10 June 2022 at [[Palace of Congresses]], [[Tirana]], [[Albania]]||align=center|22||align=center|<ref name=kosovo>{{cite web|language=sq|url=https://www.vizionplus.tv/kurorezohen-dy-me-te-bukurat-deta-kokomani-dhe-roksana-ibrahimi-triumfojne-ne-miss-universe-albania-kosovo-2022/|title=Kurorezohen dy me te bukurat. Deta Kokomani dhe Roksana Ibrahimi triumfojne ne "Miss Universe Albania & Kosovo 2022"|date=11 June 2022|access-date=12 June 2022|work=[[Vizion Plus]]|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/85x4h}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Cuba}}{{ref label|Alpha|α}}||align=center|Miss and Mister Cuba||align=center bgcolor=#ffa500|A2||19 June 2022 at Manuel Artime Theater, [[Miami]], [[Florida]], United States||align=center|5||align=center|<ref name=venuecuba>{{cite web|url=https://missymistercuba.com/noticias/jovenes-cubanos-participan-en-concurso-de-belleza-con-miras-a-competir-en-la-arena-internacional/|title=Jóvenes cubanos participan en concurso de belleza con miras a competir en la arena internacional|date=9 June 2022|access-date=20 June 2022|language=es|work=Miss y Mister Cuba|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.md/jINyZ}}</ref>
|- id="USA"
| {{flagu|United States}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand USA]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||23 June 2022 at [[Copernicus Center]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]||align=center|12||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://do312.com/events/2022/6/23/miss-grand-united-states-miss-eco-usa-2022-tickets|title=Miss Grand United States and Miss Eco USA 2022|date=June 2022|access-date=26 June 2022|work=Do312.com|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/rwIyu}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Colombia}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand International#Colombia|Miss Grand Colombia]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||24 June 2022 at Hotel Grand Park, [[Bogotá]]||align=center|21 ||align=center|<ref name=21cand>{{cite web|url=https://www.soydebuenaventura.com/articulos/mathilde-lina-lopez-inicia-su-participacion-en-el-certamen-de-belleza-miss-grand-colombia|title=Mathilde Lina López inicia su participación en el certamen de belleza Miss Grand Colombia|date=20 June 2022|accessdate=15 November 2022|language=es|website=www.soydebuenaventura.com|archivedate=14 November 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yn2vY}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tiin.vn/chuyen-muc/dep/Thuy-Tien-se-la-nguoi-trao-vuong-mien-tai-chung-ket-Miss-Grand-Colombia.html|title=Thùy Tiên sẽ là người trao vương miện tại chung kết Miss Grand Colombia|date=28 January 2022|access-date=2 May 2022|language=vi|work=Tiin.vn|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201001105/https://tiin.vn/chuyen-muc/dep/Thuy-Tien-se-la-nguoi-trao-vuong-mien-tai-chung-ket-Miss-Grand-Colombia.html}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Costa Rica}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Costa Rica]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||7 July 2022 at Eugene O'Neill Theatre, [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]||align=center|12||align=center|
<ref name=sofia>{{cite web|url=https://www.lateja.cr/farandula/hija-del-actor-gustavo-rojas-participa-en-concurso/5XBB3MXGLVACRM6BUZFXLLUTBI/story/|title=Hija del actor Gustavo Rojas participa en concurso de belleza|date=9 May 2022|access-date=16 May 2022|language=es|work=Lateja.cr|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/Bp0ig}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Ghana}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand International#Ghana|Miss Grand Ghana]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||8 July 2022 at [[National Theatre of Ghana|National Theatre]], [[Accra]]||align=center|16||align=center|<ref name=ghana16>{{cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/miss-grand-international-finally-in-ghana-abena-akuaba-selected-as-national-director/|title=Miss Grand International finally in Ghana, Abena Akuaba selected as national director|date=6 May 2022|access-date= 16 May 2022|work=Myjoyonline.com|author=Kojo Manu|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/E2nAF}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Belgium}}{{ref label|Alpha|α}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand International#Belgium|Miss Grand Belgium]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||9 July 2022 at [[AED Studios]], [[Lint, Belgium|Lint]]||align=center|8||align=center|<ref name=belgium>{{cite web|url=https://www.eventbrite.com/e/tickets-miss-grand-belgium-2022-final-show-and-stop-the-war-charity-event-337426711377?aff=erelexpmlt&keep_tld=1|title=Miss Grand Belgium 2022 Final Show and Stop the War Charity event|date=2022|access-date=30 June 2022|language=nl|work=Eventbrite.com|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/eKW3N}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|South Africa}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand South Africa]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||9 July 2022 at Lake Umuzi Waterfront, [[Secunda, Mpumalanga]]||align=center|38||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jbaynews.com/2022-05-26/local-beauty-wants-to-win-miss-grand-south-africa|title=Local beauty wants to win Miss Grand South Africa|author=Jeffreys Bay|date=26 May 2022|access-date=27 May 2022|work=Jbaynews.com|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/WnfaH}}</ref><ref name=za22>{{cite web|url=https://thebulletin.co.za/news/miss-grand-sa-2022-crowned-at-boesies/|title=Miss Grand SA 2022 crowned at Boesies M|author=Encee van Huyssteen|work=The Bulletin|date=14 July 2022|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/4kBgi}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Honduras}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Honduras]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||10 July 2022 at La Galería, [[Tegucigalpa]] ||align=center|18||align=center|<ref name=honduras>{{cite web|url=http://www.tgustahn.com/index.php/opinion/1533-angelie-celeste-giron-representara-a-yoro-en-miss-grand-honduras|title=Angelie Celeste Girón representará a Yoro en el certamen Miss Grand Honduras|date=27 June 2022|access-date=8 July 2022|language=es|work=www.tgustahn.com|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/UjpA5}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Australia}}||align=center|{{ill|Miss Grand Australia|id}}||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||16 July 2022 at [[Sofitel|Sofitel Sydney Wentworth Hotel]], [[Sydney]]||align=center|20||align=center|<ref name=ausvenue>{{cite web|url=https://happeningnext.com/event/the-grand-gala-miss-grand-australia-national-final-eid4snvrx64wk1|title=The Grand Gala Miss Grand Australia National Final|work=Happeningnext.com|date=2022|access-date=9 July 2022|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/3Ot3m}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Bolivia}}||align=center|[[Miss Bolivia]]||align=center bgcolor=#2ca05a|B2||16 July 2022 at Sirionó Hall of FexpoCruz, [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]]||align=center|24||align=center|<ref name=boliviasupra>{{cite web|url=https://carupto.com/fernanda-pavisic-is-miss-bolivia-universe-2022-eju-tv/|title=Fernanda Pavisic is Miss Bolivia Universe 2022 – eju.tv|date=17 July 2022|access-date=27 August 2022|work=Carupto.com|archive-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/rtcQD}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Brazil}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Brazil]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||28 July 2022 in Teatro da CAESB, [[Brasília]], [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]||align=center|31||align=center|<ref name=brazil2022>{{cite web|url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/diversao-e-arte/2022/07/5024955-brasilia-recebe-10-edicao-do-miss-grand-brasil-nesta-quinta-28-7.html|title=Brasília recebe 10ª edição do Miss Grand Brasil nesta quinta (28/7)|language=pt|date=27 July 2022|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/gNV2Y|work=[[Correio Braziliense]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Philippines}}||align=center|[[Binibining Pilipinas]]||align=center bgcolor=#005522|{{white|B1}}||31 July 2022 at [[Smart Araneta Coliseum]], [[Quezon City]]||align=center|40||align=center|<ref name=phiabs>{{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/04/22/22/binibining-pilipinas-names-40-hopefuls-in-2022-pageant|title=Binibining Pilipinas names 40 candidates in 2022 pageant|date=22 April 2022|access-date=1 May 2022|work=[[ABS-CBN]]|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/QJRcX}}</ref><ref name=philfinal>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2022/7/2/Bb.-Pilipinas-2022-coronation-night-.html|title=Bb. Pilipinas 2022 sets coronation night on July 31 at Big Dome|date=2 July 2022|access-date=10 July 2022|work=[[CNN Philippines]]|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/xzM5W}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Japan}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Japan]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||6 August 2022 at [[Yokosuka Arts Theatre]], [[Yokosuka]]||align=center|25||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000008.000088844.html|title=『ミス・グランド・ジャパン2022 FINAL日本代表選考会』8月6日(土) 神奈川県横須賀市で開催決定！|language=ja|date=25 January 2022|access-date=11 May 2022|work=Prtimes.jp|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/Mrf63}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Nigeria}}||align=center|[[The Nigerian Queen]]||align=center bgcolor=#ffa500|A2||20 August 2022 at EUI Event Center, [[Port Harcourt]]||align=center|40||align=center|<ref name=tnq22>{{cite web|url=https://gistalways.ng/2022/08/17/nigerian-queen-2022-welcome-dinner-sash-presentation-party-and-other-camp-activity-highlights-find-out-more/|title=Nigerian Queen 2022: Welcome Dinner, Sash Presentation, Party and other camp activity highlights; find out more|date=17 August 2022|access-date=21 August 2022|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/3fXlv|work=Gistalways.ng}}</ref><ref name=2022resultng>{{cite web|url=https://freelanews.com/were-proud-celestial-church-celebrates-as-member-wins-miss-nigerian-queen-2022-photos/|title='We're proud' Celestial church celebrates as member wins Miss Nigerian Queen 2022 (Photos)|date=22 August 2022|access-date=24 August 2022|author=Victor Ojelabi|work=Freelanews.com|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/oxPmM}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Cambodia}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Cambodia]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||27 August 2022 at the Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC-PP), [[Phnom Penh]]||align=center|35||align=center|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/pageant-allows-khmer-entrants-international-origin-year|title=Pageant allows Khmer entrants of international origin this year|date=July 10, 2022|access-date=July 18, 2022|author=Rethea Pann|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/A0kbb}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Malaysia}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Malaysia]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||27 August 2022 at [[Sabah International Convention Centre]], [[Kota Kinabalu]]||align=center|8||align=center|<ref name="asiaone1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asiaone.com/business/hyperlive-hold-inaugural-beauty-purpose-festival-singapore-and-malaysia|title=HyperLive to Hold Inaugural 'Beauty with a Purpose Festival' in Singapore and Malaysia|date=2 March 2022|access-date=18 March 2022|work=[[AsiaOne]]|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318010113/https://www.asiaone.com/business/hyperlive-hold-inaugural-beauty-purpose-festival-singapore-and-malaysia}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Laos}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Laos]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||27 August 2022 at Crowne Plaza Vientiane, [[Vientiane]]||align=center|20||align=center|<ref name=laos22>{{cite web|url=https://laoedaily.com.la/2022/07/22/115556/|title=ລຸ້ນນໍາກັນວ່າ 1 ໃນ 20 ສາວງາມ ໃຜຈະໄດ້ເປັນ Miss Grand Laos 2022|author=Duangpixa|date=22 July 2022|access-date=21 August 2022|language=lo|work=Lao E-Daily|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/VqOZn}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Germany}}||align=center|Miss From Germany||align=center bgcolor=#ffa500|A2||27 August 2022 at Stroetmanns Fabrik EMS-HALLE, [[Emsdetten]]||align=center|8||align=center|<ref name=2022result>{{cite web|url=https://darik.news/westvirginia/kim-kelly-braun-is-miss-from-germany-2022/633790.html|title=Kim Kelly Braun is Miss from Germany 2022|date=28 August 2022|access-date=7 September 2022|work=Darik.news|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/bca7r}}</ref><ref name=2022ge>{{cite web|url=https://look-travels.com/miss-dallemagne-2022-est-kim-kelly-braun/|title=Miss d'Allemagne 2022 est Kim Kelly Braun|date=28 August 2022|access-date=7 September 2022|language=de|work=Look-travels.com|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/oqhI0}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|France}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand International#France|Miss Grand France]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||3 September 2022 at Le Mughal Restaurant, [[Chartres]]||align=center|10||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Ch2uQKtrj8q/|title=Qui remportera le prix de la photogénie cette année?|date=30 August 2022|accessdate=7 November 2022|language=fr|work=Miss Grand France|archivedate=5 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/1Ab9S}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|India}}||align=center|[[Glamanand Supermodel India]]||align=center bgcolor=#005522|{{white|B1}}||4 September 2022 at Zee Studios in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]||align=center|36||align=center|<ref name=india22>{{cite web|url=https://pucho.online/news-glamanand/|title=Are you excited for Glamanand supermodel India 2022 ?|date=2022|access-date=11 August 2022|work=Pucho.online|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/mjGAa}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Ukraine}}||align=center|Queen of Ukraine International||align=center bgcolor=#ffa500|A2||9 September 2022 at Theater im Pariser Hof, [[Wiesbaden]], [[Germany]]||align=center|10||align=center|<ref name=ukraine>{{cite web|url=https://kurs.if.ua/society/koroleva-ukrayiny-ta-mis-grand-ukrayina-2022-frankivka-olga-vasyliv-zdobula-obydva-tytuly/|title=Королева України та Міс Гранд Україна 2022: франківка Ольга Василів здобула обидва титули|date=12 September 2022|language=uk|access-date=14 September 2022|work=Kurs.if.ua|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220913191237/https://kurs.if.ua/society/koroleva-ukrayiny-ta-mis-grand-ukrayina-2022-frankivka-olga-vasyliv-zdobula-obydva-tytuly/}}</ref><ref name=ukraine2>{{cite web|url=https://ukr-space.com.ua/news/178298|title=Королева України та Міс Гранд Україна 2022: франківська викладачка Ольга Василів здобула обидва титули|date=13 September 2022|access-date=14 September 2022|language=uk|work=Ukr-space.com.ua|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/nKhse|author=Івано Франківськ}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Nepal}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Nepal]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||10 September 2022 at [[Marriott International|Kathmandu Marriott Hotel]], [[Kathmandu]]||align=center|14||align=center|<ref name=suresh>{{cite web|url=https://ekagaj.com/article/fashion/112065/|language=ne|date=26 August 2022|access-date=26 August 2022|title=दशौँ संस्करणको 'मिस ग्रान्ड नेपाल २०२२' आयोजना हुने|work=Ekagaj.com|archive-url=https://archive.is/VFR8i|archive-date=26 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=2022ed>{{cite web|url=https://www.mountainkhabar.com/2022/08/25/116659/|title=मिस ग्राण्ड नेपाल २०२२ हुने|author=माउन्टेन खबर|date=26 August 2022|access-date=26 August 2022|language=ne|work=Mountainkhabar.com|archive-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/ClHbr}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Portugal}}||align=center|[[Miss República Portuguesa|Miss Portuguesa]]||align=center bgcolor=#005522|{{white|B1}}||11 September 2022 at [[Casino Estoril]], [[Cascais]]||align=center|19||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cartazculturallisboa.pt/evento/miss-portuguesa-2022/|title=Gala Miss Portuguesa 2022|date=2022|access-date=12 September 2022|language=pt|work=Cartazculturallisboa.pt|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/utBO8}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Italy}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Italy]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||18 September 2022 at Grand Hotel Pianetamaratea, [[Maratea]] ([[Province of Potenza|PZ]])||align=center|40||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2022/05/04/il-grand-hotel-pianeta-maratea-ospitera-la-finale-nazionale-2022-di-miss-grand-international/|title=Il Grand Hotel Pianeta Maratea Ospitera' la Finale Nazionale 2022 dI Miss Grand International|date=2022|access-date=16 May 2022|language=it|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/6bGTE}}</ref><ref name=winneritaly>{{cite web|url=https://www.lecronachelucane.it/2022/09/19/a-maratea-incoronata-miss-grand-international/|title=A Maratea Incoronata Miss Grand International|date=19 September 2022|access-date=19 September 2022|language=it|work=Lecronachelucane.it|archive-date=19 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220919122707/https://www.lecronachelucane.it/2022/09/19/a-maratea-incoronata-miss-grand-international/|author=Francesco Rizzo}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Vietnam}}||align=center|[[Miss Grand Vietnam]]||align=center bgcolor=#ff2a2a|A1||1 October 2022 at [[Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium]], [[District 11, Ho Chi Minh City|District 11]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]]||align=center|52||align=center|<ref name=vnv>{{cite web|url=https://vtv.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/hoa-hau-hoa-binh-viet-nam-2022-co-man-doi-dau-giua-top-2-chung-cuoc-20220511144946349.htm|title=Hoa hậu Hòa bình Việt Nam 2022 có màn "đối đầu" giữa Top 2 chung cuộc|date=11 May 2022|access-date=11 May 2022|language=vi|publisher=[[Vietnam Television]]|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/H1pV7}}</ref><ref name=prelim>{{cite web|url=https://www.congluan.vn/nguoi-mau-mai-ngo-ghi-danh-du-thi-miss-grand-vietnam-2022-post210876.html|title=Người mẫu Mai Ngô ghi danh, dự thi Miss Grand Vietnam 2022|date=27 August 2022|access-date=27 August 2022|language=vi|work=[[:vi:Nhà báo & Công luận|Nhà báo & Công luận]]|author=Kiều Anh|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://archive.is/BLr7e}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;" class="sortbottom static-row-header"
! colspan="6" style="text-align:left;"|
Note:
*{{note|Alpha|α}} Later replaced by the appointed representatives.<ref name=panamanew/><ref name=pan22/>
*{{note|Beta|β}} Withdrew before entering the international contest, no replacement assigned.<ref name=ticket/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://missgrandinternational.com Miss Grand International official website]

{{Portalbar|Indonesia|List}}
{{Miss Grand International titleholders}}
[[Category:Miss Grand International]]

Rajwana

2023-09-12T23:26:27Z

Vivepl: Added a new release to the platform.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajwana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.29312|N|79.20132|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.092
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2745
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rajwana''' ([[Devanagari]]: रजवाना {{IAST|Rajwānā}}) is a village in [[Sultanganj, Mainpuri|Sultanganj]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 2,745, in 455 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Rajwana had a population of 2,745, in 455 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|167}} This population was 52.7% male (1,447) and 47.3% female (1,298). The 0-6 age group numbered 519 (273 male and 246 female), or 18.9% of the total population. 563 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 20.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|130-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Rajwana as having a population of 1,521 people, in 271 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|168-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Rajwana as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 1,108 people (585 male and 523 female), in 208 households and 169 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 614 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Rajwana had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there was at least one public toilet. The village had a post office and public library, as well as at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|167-72}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Speaker of the House of Representatives (Nepal)

2023-07-19T11:03:59Z

Vivepl: Created an inspiring work.

{{short description|Presiding member of the lower house of the Parliament of Nepal}}
{{Infobox political post
|body = [[Pratinidhi Sabha]]
| post = Speaker
| insignia = Emblem of Nepal.svg
| insigniasize = 150px
|flag = Flag of Nepal.svg
|flagsize = 100px
|flagcaption = [[Flag of Nepal]]
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Nepal]]
| image = [[File:Speaker-Rt.Hon. Dev Raj Ghimire.jpg|150px]]
| imagesize = 200px
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Dev Raj Ghimire]]
| incumbentsince = 19 January 2023
| style = [[The Right Honourable]]
| appointer = Members of [[Pratinidhi Sabha]]
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]]
| salary =[[Nepalese Rupees|रू]] 67,320
}}

The '''[[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]''' in [[Nepal]] is the presiding officer in the Nepal's lower house of parliament, the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]. The position of Speaker holds significant importance in the legislative process, presiding over the proceedings, maintaining order, and ensuring fair debate and discussion. The current speaker is [[Dev Raj Ghimire]] since 19 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रतिनिधिसभाको सभामुखमा देवराज घिमिरे निर्वाचित |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2023/01/19/167411928348857272.html |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref>

== Removal ==
The post of Speaker is vacated:-

(a) if he or she ceases to be a member of the House of Representatives, Provided that, in the event of dissolution of the House of
Representatives, the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House
of Representatives holding their respective offices shall continue in
office until the previous day of the filing of nominations for another
election to the House of Representatives,

(b) if he or she tenders resignation in writing,

(c) if a resolution is passed by a majority of two-thirds of the total
number of the then members of the House of Representatives that his
or her conduct is not compatible with his or her office.

== List of Speakers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Speakers of the House of Representatives<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=पूर्व पदाधिकारीहरू |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/np/former-authorities |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=hr.parliament.gov.np}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Name
!Party
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Term
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" |
|[[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering KP Bhattarai |url=https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2014/03/04/remembering-kp-bhattarai |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|[[Nepali Congress]]
|3 July 1959
|15 December 1960
|[[List of MPs elected in the 1959 Nepalese legislative election|1st House of Representatives]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" |
|[[Daman Nath Dhungana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhungana makes a comeback to politics after 23 years |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/11/03/dhungana-makes-a-comeback-to-politics-after-23-years |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref name="formerspeakers">{{Cite web |last=Subedi |first=Ishwari |title=Bill for privileges to ex-VVIPs getting fast-tracked |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/24941/ |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Nepali Congress]]
|23 June 1991
|1 October 1991
|[[List of MPs elected in the 1991 Nepalese legislative election|2nd House of Representatives]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" |
|[[Ram Chandra Poudel]]<ref name="formerspeakers" />
|[[Nepali Congress]]
|18 December 1994
|23 March 1999
|[[List of MPs elected in the 1994 Nepalese legislative election|3rd House of Representatives]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" |
|[[Taranath Ranabhat]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subedi |first=Ishwari |title=Bill for privileges to ex-VVIPs getting fast-tracked |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/24941/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal king dissolves parliament |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1394997/Nepal-king-dissolves-parliament.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
|[[Nepali Congress]]
|23 June 1999
|28 April 2006
|[[List of MPs elected in the 1999 Nepalese legislative election|4th House of Representatives]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" |
|[[Subaschandra Nemwang|Subas Chandra Nembang]]
|[[CPN (UML)]]
|13 May 2006
|15 January 2007
|[[Interim legislature of Nepal|Interim Legislature]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}"|
|[[Onsari Gharti Magar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Onsari Gharti Magar elected first woman Speaker|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2015/10/16/onsari-elected-first-woman-speaker|access-date=2020-12-20|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref>
|[[CPN (Maoist Centre)]]
|16 October 2015
|15 October 2017
|[[List of members elected in the 2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|Legislature Parliament]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" |
|[[Krishna Bahadur Mahara]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Bahadur Mahara elected Nepal parliament's Speaker |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/mar/09/krishna-bahadur-mahara-elected-nepal-parliaments-speaker-1784563.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Bhadra |title=Parliament Speaker in Nepal Resigns After Rape Accusation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/world/asia/nepal-parliament-speaker-resign.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|[[CPN (Maoist Centre)]]
|10 February 2018
|1 October 2019
| rowspan="2" |[[1st Federal Parliament of Nepal#Members of the House of Representatives|5th House of Representatives]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" |
|[[Agni Prasad Sapkota]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sapkota becomes Speaker amid concerns from conflict victims and rights watchdogs |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2020/01/26/agni-sapkota-becomes-new-speaker-amid-concerns-by-rights-defenders-conflict-victims-and-global-rights-watchdogs |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[CPN (Maoist Centre)]]
|26 January 2020
|18 September 2022
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" |
|[[Dev Raj Ghimire]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रतिनिधिसभाको सभामुखमा देवराज घिमिरे निर्वाचित |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2023/01/19/167411928348857272.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=सेतोपाटी संवाददाता |title=देवराज घिमिरे सभामुख निर्वाचित |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/292563/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Setopati |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[CPN (UML)]]
|19 January 2023
|''Incumbent''
|[[2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal#Members of the House of Representatives|6th House of Representatives]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Uncategorized}}
[[Category:Parliament of Nepal]]
[[Category:Government of Nepal]]

Kokers Theatre

2023-07-09T09:14:08Z

Vivepl: Fresh page layout.

{{short description|Cinema in Kochi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Kokers Theatre
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| address = Amaravathi Road, Amaravathy,
| city = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]],
| country = [[India]]
| designation =
| coordinates =
| architect =
| owner = [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]]
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity =
| type =
| opened = 1969 (as ''Zaina movie house'')
| yearsactive = 1969–⁠2017
| closed = 27 April 2017
| demolished =
| currentuse = abandoned
}}

The '''Kokers Theatre''' was a [[Movie theater|cinema theatre]] located in the [[South India|South Indian]] city of [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]], that functioned from 1969 to 2017. One of the oldest cinemas in Kochi, Kokers was the first 70 mm screen in Kerala. It is located in Amaravathy, [[Fort Kochi]] and is considered a major landmark in West Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From cinematic glory to haunted house |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jul/11/from-cinematic-glory-to-haunted-house-2002238.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==History==
In 1969, film producer V. K. Pareekkutty started the Kokers Theatre. At that time, it was known as the Zaina movie house. A 70 mm screen was installed, which was very rare at the time in Kerala. Following Pareekkutty's death, the Kokers Group purchased Zaina movie house and renamed it as Kokers Cinema. They purchased the theatre building. Pareekkutty had leased the site from the then [[Kochi Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation]]. Kokers Group also kept the lease deal going. The lease agreement was extended twice after the first 30-year lease term had ended, first for 10 years and then for another 5 years.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Joint session to decide on Kokers theatre takeover |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/joint-session-to-decide-on-kokers-theatre-takeover/article18081069.ece |access-date=2023-07-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

When the lease period was over in 2008, the corporation did not takeover the theatre from Siyad Koker, who managed the theatre, allegedly owing to political pressure. The local body also alleged that the management failed to maintain the theatre properly and for running it with no proper seating, unhygienic toilets, unscientific screening system and unclean premises.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kokers Theatre Playing a Tragic Tale |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/may/14/Kokers-Theatre-Playing-a-Tragic-Tale-612350.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The corporation officials secured the building and the theatre complex in 2017 with the assistance of the [[Kerala Police|police]], on the grounds that the theatre owners owed the corporation Rs 33 lakh in back taxes. The owner then petitioned the [[Kerala High Court|High Court]]. After a long legal disputes, the court finally ruled to give the ownership rights of the theater to the Kochi Corporation in 2018. Political parties and cultural movements staged several protests demanding the preservation of Kokers Theatre. There were plans to set up a multiplex and cultural centre after settling the financial deals with the lessee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അധികൃതർ മൗനം നടിക്കുന്നു; കോക്കേഴ്സ് തിയേറ്റർ നാശത്തിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kokers-theatre-fort-kochi-turns-to-debris-malayalam-cinema-tk-pareekutty-1.7714638 |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shenoys Theatre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Cinemas in Kochi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:2017 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India

2023-05-07T03:04:04Z

Vivepl: Finished writing a new contribution.

#REDIRECT [[Privy Purse in India#Abolition]]
{{r to subsection}}

History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent

2022-12-12T19:32:53Z

Vivepl: Created a fresh page outline.

{{short description|Aspect of history}}
{{Use Indian English}}
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|200px|The [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] wearing [[Kasaya (clothing)|kāṣāya]] robes, [[Gandhara]], 1st-2nd century CE. Height about 1 meter. Tokyo National Museum]]
'''History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent''' can be traced to the [[Indus Valley civilization]] or earlier. Indians have mainly worn clothing made up of locally grown [[cotton]]. India was one of the first places where cotton was cultivated and used even as early as 2500 BCE during the [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan]] era. The remnants of the ancient Indian clothing can be found in the figurines discovered from the sites near the [[Indus Valley civilisation]], the rock-cut [[sculpture]]s, the [[cave painting]]s, and human art forms found in temples and monuments. These scriptures view the figures of human wearing clothes which can be wrapped around the body. Taking the instances of the [[sari]] to that of [[turban]] and the [[dhoti]], the traditional Indian wears were mostly tied around the body in various ways.

==Indus Valley Civilisation period ==
Evidence for [[textile]]s in [[Indus Valley civilisation]] are not available from preserved textiles but from impressions made into [[clay]] and from preserved [[Inlay|pseudomorphs]]. The only evidence found for clothing is from [[iconography]] and some unearthed Harappan figurines which are usually unclothed.<ref name="Keay, John 2000">Keay, John, India, a History. New York: Grove Press, 2000.</ref> These little depictions show that usually men wore a long cloth wrapped over their waist and fastened it at the back (just like a close clinging dhoti). Turban was also in custom in some communities as shown by some of the male figurines. Evidence also shows that there was a tradition of wearing a long robe over the left shoulder in higher class society to show their opulence. The normal attire of the women at that time was a very scanty skirt up to knee length leaving the waist bare. Cotton made headdresses were also worn by the women.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=kenoyer|first1=j.m.|title=Ornament Styles of the Indus Valley Tradition : Evidence from Recent Excavations at Harappa, Pakistan|journal=Paléorient|volume=17|issue=17–2|pages=79–98|doi=10.3406/paleo.1991.4553|year=1991}}</ref> Women also wore long skirt, stitched tight tunic on their upper body and trousers as well. Inferences from mother goddess statue from [[Delhi National Museum]] suggests female wearing a short [[tunic]] with a short skirt and trousers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Standing figure of the Mother Goddess C. 2700-2100 B.C.|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=34&id=1&lk=dp1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516214118/http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=34&id=1&lk=dp1|archive-date=2013-05-16|access-date=|website=}}</ref> There also evidences of men wearing trousers, conical gown/tunic with an upper waist band.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Spiked-Throne.pdf|title=Lady of the spiked throne|website=www.harappa.com|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> The mother goddess statues show women also wearing heavy earrings which were also pretty common in the historic period of India and also depict with heavy necklaces with overhanging medallion with holes in them for gemstones. Female statues and terracotta arts and figurines like a dancing girl also depict long hairs probably braided and draped in cloth.

[[Fibre]] for clothing generally used were cotton, [[flax]], silk, [[wool]], [[linen]], [[leather]], etc. One fragment of colored cloth is available in pieces of evidence which are dyed with red madder show that people in Harappan civilisation [[dyed]] their cotton clothes with a range of colors.

One thing was common in both the sexes that both men and women were fond of jewelry. The ornaments include necklaces, bracelets, earrings, [[anklet]], rings, bangles, pectorals, etc. which were generally made of gold, silver, copper, stones like [[lapis lazuli]], [[turquoise]], [[amazonite]], [[quartz]], etc. Many of the male figurines also reveal the fact that men at that time were interested in dressing their hair in various styles like the hair woven into a booty, hair coiled in a ring on the top of the head, beards were usually trimmed. Indus Valley Civilization men are frequently depicted wearing headbands especially to contain hair bun at the back. People have been shown wearing elaborate headdresses like turban, conical hats, [[pakol]] hats.<ref name=":0" />

Dressing of Indus valley civilization people show presence of multi-ethnic people of diverse backgrounds for instance people have been depicted wearing Pashtun style pakol hat with a chocker like neck ornament as well as Punjabi style [[Pagri (turban)|pagri]] and Rajasthani style bangles and necklaces and many other styles prominent in neighbouring regions of the Indian subcontinent.

Some scholars, such as [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer]], have argued that headdress from the royal cemetery of Ur is an import from Indus Valley Civilization since similar headdresses have been found to have been depicted in many of its ''Mother Goddess'' figurines and actual ones discovered from sites such as [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]] and the floral depiction in gold leaves of species native to Indian subcontinent such as ''Dalbergia sissoo'' or pipal, and since no such ornamentation has been shown in Mesopotamian art itself.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vidale|first=Massimo|title=M. Vidale, PG 1237, Royal Cemetery of Ur: Patterns in Death|url=https://www.academia.edu/3822016|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=427–51|language=en|doi=10.1017/S095977431100045X|s2cid=154507819 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|Statue of the "Priest King" wearing a printed [[robe]], [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Indus Valley civilization]], c. 2000–1900 BCE
File:Female figure, possibly a fertility goddess, Indus Valley Tradition, Harappan Phase, c. 2500-1900 BC - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09701.JPG|Woman's statue from the Indus Valley Civilization wearing heavy earrings.
File:Female figurine. Mature Harappan period. Indus civilization (detail).jpg|Mother Goddess wearing tight-fitted short skirt part fastened with a broad waistband using a medallion like clasp, necklaces, ear-ornaments, [[Mohenjo-daro]],
File:Picture of original Godess.jpg|Mother Goddess wearing ornate necklace, [[Mohenjo-daro]],
File:Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro.jpg|Dancing girl statue from [[Mohenjo-daro]], with one arm completely filled with bangles.
File:Harappan Burnished and Painted Clay Ovoid Vase with Round Carnelian Beads in National Museum, Delhi (3rd Millennium-2nd Millennium BC).jpg|Burnished and Painted Clay Ovoid Vase depicting horned figure, with Round Carnelian Beads in, [[Burzahom archaeological site|Burzahom (Kashmir)]], 2700 BC.
File:Reconstructed sumerian headgear necklaces british museum.JPG|Royal cemetery of Ur headdress according to some scholars is a direct import from Indus valley civilization and similar headdress has been discovered at site of [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]]

</gallery>

== Ancient period ==

=== Vedic period ===
The Vedic period was the time duration between 1500 and 500 BCE. The garments worn in the Vedic period mainly included a single cloth wrapped around the whole body and draped over the shoulder. People used to wear the lower garment called ''paridhana'' which was pleated in front and used to tie with a belt called ''mekhala'' and an upper garment called [[uttariya]] (covered like a shawl) which they used to remove during summers. "Orthodox males and females usually wore the ''uttariya'' by throwing it over the left shoulder only, in the style called ''upavita''".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ayyar|first1=Sulochana|title=Costumes and Ornaments as Depicted in the Sculptures of Gwalior Museum|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=95–96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9eHPXL6UE0C|isbn=9788170990024}}</ref> There was another garment called ''pravara'' that they used to wear in cold. This was the general garb of both the sexes but the difference existed only in size of cloth and manner of wearing. Sometimes the poor people used to wear the lower garment as a [[loincloth]] only while the wealthy would wear it extending to the feet as a sign of prestige.

In the [[Rig Veda]], mainly three terms were described like Adhivastra, Kurlra, and Andpratidhi for garments which correspondingly denotes the outer cover (veil), a head-ornament or head-dress (turban) and part of woman's dress. Many pieces of evidence are found for ornaments like Niska, Rukma were used to wear in the ear and neck; there was a great use of gold beads in necklaces which show that gold was mainly used in jewellery. Rajata-Hiranya ([[white gold]]), also known as silver was not in that much of use as no evidence of silver is figured out in the Rig Veda.

In the Atharva Veda, garments began to be made of the inner cover, an outer cover, and a chest-cover. Besides Kurlra and Andpratidhi (which already mentioned in the Rig Veda), there are other parts like as Nivi, Vavri, Upavasana, Kumba, Usnlsa, and Tirlta also appeared in Atharva Veda, which correspondingly denotes underwear, upper garment, veil and the last three denoting some kinds of head-dress (head-ornament). There were also mentioned Updnaha (Footwear) and Kambala (blanket), Mani (jewel) is also mentioned for making ornaments in this Vedic text.

==== Pre-Mauryan era ====
Even though scholars have debated the archaeological evidence from the pre-Mauryan era, a lot of terracotta artifacts by various scholars have been dated to the pre-Mauryan era which shows continuity of the dressing styles leading up to the Mauryan period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=C. C. Das|title=Unpublished Ancient Indian Terracottas Preserved in the Musée Guimet, Paris|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=14|issue=4|pages=283–305|doi=10.2307/3248779|issn=0004-3648|jstor=3248779}}</ref> The terracotta also contain naturalistic style of depicting human faces just like Mauryan periods. The pre-Mauryan periods have been marked by the continuation of Indus arts and depict elaborate headdresses, conical hats with heavy earring. Bronze rattling mirror excavated from [[Pazyryk burials|Pazyryk]] dated to the 4th century BC also depict Indians wearing typical Indian classical clothing such as dhoti wrap and tight-fitting half sleeved stitched shirts like [[kurta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laurasianacademy.com/Mirrorscompressed.pdf|title=Pre-Mauryan "Rattle-Mirrors" with Artistic Designs from Scythian Burial Mounds of the Altai Region in the Light of Sanskrit Sources|last=Vassilkov|first=Yaroslav V.}}</ref> Another pre-Mauryan archaeological evidence of Indian dressing comes from [[Saura (region)|Saurashtra janapada coins]] which are one of the earliest representations of Indian pre-Mauryan arts. The coins are dated between 450 and 300 BCE and have been repeatedly over struck just like punch-marked coins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html|title=The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada|website=coinindia.com|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref><gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Ajatshatru - ASI.jpg|Statue of Magadhan king [[Ajatashatru]] wearing drapes.
File:Udayi - ASI.jpg|Statue of Magadhan king [[Udayin]] wearing drapes.
File:Xerxes Hidush warrior 480 BCE.jpg|''[[Hindush]]'' soldier, wearing a [[Dhoti]] and a turban. Tomb of [[Xerxes I]], [[Naqsh-e Rostam]], circa 480 BCE.
</gallery>

===Mauryan period ===
[[File:Indian_-_A_Votive_Figurine_-_Walters_25249_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg|right|200px|thumb|upright|The [[Woman statue]]: evidence of stitching, [[Mathura]], 3rd century BCE.]]
During the [[Mauryan dynasty]] (322–185 BC) the earliest evidence of stitched female clothing is available from the statue of a woman(from Mathura, 3rd century BCE). Ladies in the Mauryan Empire often used to wear an embroidered fabric waistband with drum-headed knots at the ends. As an upper garment, people's main garment was uttariya, a long scarf. The difference existed only in the manner of wearing. Sometimes, its one end is thrown over one shoulder and sometimes it is draped over both shoulders.

In textiles, mainly cotton, silk, linen, wool, muslin, etc. are used as fibers. Ornaments latched on to a special place in this era also. Some of the jewelry had their specific names also. Satlari, chaulari, paklari were some of the necklaces.

Men wore Antariya (knee-length, worn in kachcha style with the fluted end tucked in at center front) and Tunic (one of the earliest depictions of the cut and sewn garment; it has short sleeves and a round neck, full front opening with ties at the neck and waist, and is hip length). A statue of a warrior shows Boots (fitting to the knees cap) and a band (tied at the back over short hair). A broad flat sword with cross straps on the sheath is suspended from the left shoulder.
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Yakshini (cropped).jpg|Yakshini wearing [[dhoti]] wrap and elaborate necklace, Mauryan period.
File:MauryaStatuettes.jpg|Hair styles of the Mauryan period.
File:Mauryan head from Sarnath.jpg|Mauryan head with a conical hat from [[Sarnath]].
</gallery>

== Classical period ==
=== Early classical period ===
Early classical period has ample evidence of dresses worn by ancient Indians in several relief sculptures which depict not only the dressing styles, but also architecture and lifestyle of the period. Buddhist reliefs from Amravathi, Gandhara, Mathura, and many other sites contain carved reliefs from [[Jataka tales]] and exhibit the fashion of the period between the 2nd century BCE to Gupta periods.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Royal family Sunga West Bengal 1st century BCE.jpg|Shunga royal family wearing traditional Indian attire, [[West Bengal]], 1st century BCE.
File:Gandhara Buddha scene.jpg|Scene of the life of the Buddha, wearing [[Kasaya (clothing)|kāṣāya]], [[Gandhara]], 2nd–3rd-century CE (Kushan period),
File:In Welcome of Buddha - ACCN 34-2542 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 5941.JPG|Relief depicting men in [[antriya]] and [[uttariya]], 1st century CE.
File:Andhra pradesh, la grande dipartita, da regione di amaravati, II sec.JPG|Andhra attire, [[Amaravati style]]
File:Udayagiri Yavana warrior.jpg|Warrior wearing Achkan or long coat or chiton, and boots from [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]], [[Orissa]], 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1dw6l8WFmIC&pg=PA178|title=The Antiquities of Orissa|last=Mitra|first=Rajendralala|publisher=Wyman|pages=178 Two views of the figure in queen's palace cave of Udayagiri showing the boots and the style of the jama or long coat in use in ancient India|language=en}}</ref>
File:Kanishka enhanced.jpg|alt=Statue of Kushan emperor Kanishka, 2nd century CE, from Mat near Mathura, wearing Achkan, sash and outer coat.[11]|Kushan emperor [[Kanishka]], 2nd century CE, from Mat near Mathura, wearing [[Achkan]], sash and outer coat.
</gallery>

=== Gupta period ===
The [[Gupta period]] lasted from 320 CE to 550 CE. Chandragupta I was the founder of this empire. Stitched garments became very popular in this period. Stitched garments became a sign of royalty.

The antariya worn by the women turned into ''gagri'', which has many swirling effects exalted by its many folds. Hence dancers used to wear it a lot. As it is evident from many Ajanta paintings,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harle|first1=J.C.|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|publisher=Yale University Press Pelican History of Art|isbn=978-0300062175|edition=2nd |year=1994|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl}}</ref> women used to wear only the lower garment in those times, leaving the bust part bare but these depictions may be a stylistic representation of mother goddess cult since Indus Valley Civilization. Whereas women with stitched upper body garment or tunic have been shown from pre-Mauryan period as early as 400 BCE in a folk art depicted on Pazyryk rattling mirrors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laurasianacademy.com/Mirrorscompressed.pdf|title=Pre-Mauryan "Rattle-Mirrors" with Artistic Designs from Scythian Burial Mounds of the Altai Region in the Light of Sanskrit Sources|website=www.laurasianacademy.com|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> Ujjain coin from 200 BCE depicts a man wearing [[achkan]]. Depictions from terracotta clay tablets from [[Chandraketugarh]] show women wearing clothes made of [[muslin]]. Various kinds of blouses (cholis) evolved. Some of them had strings attached leaving the back open while others were used to tie from the front side, exposing the midriff.

Clothing in the Gupta period was mainly cut and sewn garments. A long sleeved brocaded [[tunic]] became the main costume for privileged people like the [[nobles]] and [[courtier]]s. The main costume for the king was most often a blue closely woven silk antariya, perhaps with a block printed pattern. In order to tighten the antariya, a plain belt took the position of kayabandh.
Mukatavati (necklace which has a string with pearls), kayura (armband), kundala (earring), kinkini (small anklet with bells), mekhala (pendant hung at the centre, also known as katisutra), nupura (anklet made of beads) were some of the ornaments made of gold, used in that time. There was extensive use of ivory during that period for jewellery and ornaments.

During the Gupta period, men used to have long hair along with beautiful curls and this style was popularly known as gurna kuntala style. In order to decorate their hair, they sometimes put headgear, a band of fabric around their hairs. On the other hand, women used to decorate their hair with luxuriant ringlets or a jewelled band or a chaplet of flowers. They often used to make a bun on the top of the head or sometimes low on the neck, surrounded by flowers or ratnajali (bejewelled net) or muktajala (net of pearls).

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Male head, northern India, Kushan or Gupta period, 5th-6th century CE, terracotta, HAA.JPG|Terracotta head, wearing possibly an early form of [[Pagri (turban)|pagri]] from the Gupta period.
File:Nandaka.jpg|Male warrior holding broad sword wearing dhoti and arm bracelets; Gupta era statues.
File:GuptaDanceMusic02.jpg|Ancient form of Kurta with side slits and ''[[Churidar]]'' worn during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]].
File:Door Desavatara Deogarh.jpg|Females statues wearing drapes dipected at [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh|Dashavatara Temple]].
File:Mithuna, Nachna, Parvati-Tempel 2.jpg|Male and female statues wearing drapes at [[Nachna Hindu temples]].
</gallery>

===In south===
====Chalukyas of vatapi====
[[Chalukyas]] of vatapi have unique clothing, they wore [[veshti]] in different styles sometimes veshti goes under knees. The uniqueness of jewelleries is the presence of '''thigh band.'''

[[File:Early chalukyan ornaments and clothing 1.jpg|thumb|Jewelleries worn by people in early chalukyan era as showed in badami cave Temples]]

[[File:Early chalukyan ornaments and clothing 2.jpg|thumb|Jewelleries and clothing in early chalukyan era as sculptured in badami cave Temples]]

[[File:Early chalukyan ornaments and clothing 3.jpg|thumb|Female veshtis of badami chalukyas]]

== Medieval period ==
From post-Gupta period, there is plentiful evidence of Indian clothing from paintings such as in [[Alchi Monastery|Alchi monastery]], [[Bagan|Bagan temples]], [[Pala Empire|Pala miniature paintings]], [[Jain art|Jain miniature paintings]], [[Ellora Caves|Ellora caves paintings]] and Indian sculptures. Ancient Indians wearing kurta and baggy pants like [[Shalwar kameez|shalwar]] have been depicted in 8-10th century CE ivory sculpture of an elephant chess piece from Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture|last=Flood|first=Finbarr Barry|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|isbn=978-1119019534|pages=377–379}}</ref> From the Late medieval period, there are increased evidences of pajamas and shalwar becoming common in Indian attire while unstitched [[dhoti]] keeps its prominence as well. From [[Al-Biruni]]'s Tarikh ul Hind. The kurtas, which are called Kurtakas in [[Sanskrit]], are half sleeved shirts with slits of both sides are described along with other clothing such as Kurpasaka which is a type of jacket similar to kurta, he also mentions that some Indians preferred dhoti while others dressed more by wearing baggy trousers similar to shalwar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&q=kurtaka&pg=PA107|title=DHANAPALA aND HIS TIMES|last=Yadava|first=Ganga Prasad|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref> The Alchi painting also shows evidence of modern sari draping and Bagan temple paintings frequently depict Indians with long beards wearing big earring. Paintings from regions of the Indian subcontinent, including Bihar, Bengal, Indus Valley and Nepal depict various clothing attires of eastern Indian states including modern styles of wearing [[dupatta]].
<gallery widths="240" heights="240">
File:Sanscrit MS epsilon 2, palm leaf MS from Nor Wellcome L0032692.jpg|A teacher and a pupil. 11-12th-century palm leaf painting in eastern India.
File:Alchi Rajputs.jpg|Rajput soldiers depicted in [[Alchi Monastery]]; 11th century CE.
File:Kailayanathar4.jpg|Large conical [[Pallava]] hat 705 CE.
File:Green Tara. Sumtsek hall at Alci monastery, Ladakh, ca. 11th century.jpg|Painting of a [[Tara (Buddhism)|Shyama Tara]] with a three-piece sari from Alchi Monastery.
File:The Buddha's Descent from Heaven at Samkashya (top; a), The Story of the Bodhisattva Sadaprarudita (middle; b), The Buddha Preaching to the Assembled Gods (bottom; c), Three Folios from LACMA M.86.345.11a-c (4 of 4).jpg|Ladies wearing [[muslin]] [[dupatta]] in a 12-13th century CE Buddhist manuscript.
</gallery>

== Early Modern period ==

===Mughal Empire ===
{{main|Mughal clothing}}
[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A woman in [[Bengal region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], clad in fine Bengali [[muslin]], 18th century.]]
The [[Mughal dynasty]] included luxury clothes that complemented interest in art and poetry. Both men and women were fond of jewellery. Clothing fibers generally included [[muslin]]s of three types: ''Ab-e-Rawan'' (running water), ''Baft Hawa'' (woven air) and ''Shabnam'' (evening dew) and the other fibers were silks, [[velvet]]s and [[brocade]]s. Mughal royal dresses consisted of many parts as listed below. Mughal women wore a large variety of ornaments from head to toe.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dey|first1=Sumita|title=Fashion, Attire and Mughal women: A story behind the purdha|url=https://www.thecho.in/files/sumita-dy.pdf}}</ref> Their costumes generally included [[Pajama]], [[Churidar]], [[Shalwar]], [[Garara]] and the [[Farshi]] , they all included head ornaments, anklets, and necklaces. This was done as a distinctive mark of their prosperity and their rank in society.

During the Mughal period, there was an extensive
tradition of wearing embroidered footwear, With ornamented leather and decorated with the art of [[Aughi]]. Lucknow footwear was generally favoured by nobles and kings.

===Rajputs ===
[[File:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Maharana Pratap]] with Rajput-style clothing.]]
[[Rajputs]] emerged in the 7th and 8th century as a community of Ancient Kshatriya people. Rajputs followed a traditional lifestyle for living which shows their martial spirit, ethnicity, and chivalric grandeur.

==== Men ====
Rajput's main costumes were the aristocratic dresses (court-dress) which includes angarkhi, pagdi, chudidar pyjama and a cummerbund (belt). Angarkhi (short jacket) is long upper part of garments which they used to wear over a sleeveless close-fitting cloth. Nobles of Ahirs generally attired themselves in the Jama, [[Shervani]] as an upper garment and Salvar, Churidar-Pyjama (a pair of shaped trousers) as lower garments. The Dhoti was also in tradition in that time but styles were different to wear it. Tevata style of dhoti was prominent in the desert region and Tilangi style in the other regions. [[Ahir]] style dhoti were give royal look .

==== Women ====
"To capture the sensuality of the female figures in Rajput paintings, women were depicted wearing transparent fabrics draped around their bodies".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Abbasi|first1=Sana Mahmoud|title=A Comparison Study between Rajput & Mughal Indian Miniature Paintings|volume=2|issue=2|pages=3|url=http://theglobaljournals.com/paripex/file.php?val=February_2013_1360931373_80d34_51.pdf}}</ref> Rajput women's main attire was the Sari (wrapped over whole body and one of the ends thrown on the right shoulder) or Lengha related with the Rajasthani traditional dress. On the occasion (marriage) women preferred [[Angia (garment)| Angia]]. After marriage of Kanchli, Kurti, and angia were the main garb of women. The young girls used to wear the Puthia as an upper garment made of pure cotton fabric and the Sulhanki as lower garments (loose pajama). Widows and unmarried women clothed themselves with Polka (half sleeved which ends at the waist) and Ghaghra as a voluminous gored skirt made of line satin, organza or silk. Another important part of clothing is Odhna of women which are worked in silk.

Jewellery preferred by women were exquisite in the style or design. One of the most jewellery called Rakhdi (head ornament), Machi-suliya (ears) and Tevata, Pattia, and the aad (all is necklace). Rakhdi, nath and chuda show the married woman's status. The footwear is the same for men and women and named Juti made of leather.

=== Sikhs ===
[[Sikhism]] was founded in the 15th century. In 1699, the last [[guru]] of Sikhism, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] mandated [[Khalsa|Khalsa Sikh]] men to have uncut hair for their lives, which they wear into a turban or [[dastar]]. The dastar has since then been an integral part of the Sikh culture.

== British colonial period ==
{{gallery
| align = center
| File:Tukojirao III Maharaja Holkar of Indore.jpg
| [[Tukojirao Holkar III]], the Maharaja Holkar of Indore, wearing a British-styled [[dress uniform]].
|
| [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Asaf Jah VII]], the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], wearing a traditional [[Sherwani]], [[Dastar]] and accompanying jewelry.
| File:Jinnah1945c.jpg
| [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] wearing a [[Suit (clothing)|suit]] and a [[jinnah cap]], c. 1945.
| File:Mountbattens with Gandhi (IND 5298).jpg
| [[Mahatma Gandhi]] with the [[Mountbattens]], c.1947. Gandhi's signature dress of a white [[shawl]] and [[dhoti]], which he wove himself, was a [[Swadeshi movement|symbol of self-reliance]].
| File:Commonwealth Forces in North Africa E53.jpg
| A [[Sikh]] soldier during the [[second World War]], c.1940. The uniform allowed [[Dastar|turbans]] for Sikhs, as is [[Five K's|mandated in their religion]].
}}

During the [[British colonial period]], Indian clothing went through many changes and began to reflect an evident European influence. The British had a strict set of rules for attire, as they viewed themselves as culturally superior. These new clothing norms arrived alongside new rules around government, education, and class structure.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Brief History of Dress, Difference and Fashion Change in India |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474232364.ch-002 |journal=Indian Fashion |pages=25–48 |doi=10.5040/9781474232364.ch-002}}</ref>

Upper and middle-class Indian men wore western clothing in public, often doing so because it brought them closer to being equal with European men. At first, this included combining elements of Indian and Western clothing, as some men would wear a '[[dhoti]]' (loose lower garment) with a shirt and coat. Others started wearing a [[sherwani]], which fused together the British frock coat and an [[achkan]]. Eventually, some men started wearing full European styles, like a pantsuit. Although one major difference that remained between Indian and European men's fashion was the style and etiquette of head coverings. Some Indian men wore this for religious purposes, like turbans and [[Pheta|phetas]]. For Indian men, it was important to wear this at all times in public, whereas European men would generally remove it. Thus, we see that Indian men’s fashion experienced changes through the fusion of cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Toolika |title=The Influence of British Raj on Indian Fashion |url=https://www.academia.edu/2133441/The_Influence_of_British_Raj_on_Indian_Fashion}}</ref>

Women's clothing and fashion were also influenced by the British. They did not wear fully western clothes like men, but many started to wear petticoats and certain blouse styles under their saris.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Brief History of Dress, Difference and Fashion Change in India |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474232364.ch-002 |journal=Indian Fashion |pages=25–48 |doi=10.5040/9781474232364.ch-002}}</ref> Both of these articles of clothing were brought to India by Europeans. These new articles of clothing also created some tension between castes. One major instance of this was in Kerala, where only upper-caste women were allowed to wear blouses. Though, from 1813 to 1859 the [[Channar revolt|Channar Revolt]] was supported by Christian missionaries who wanted Indian women to wear blouses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=K D |first=Binu |last2=Manoharan |first2=Manosh |title=Absence in Presence: Dalit Women’s Agency, Channar Lahala, and Kerala Renaissance |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol22/iss10/3 |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=17–30 |issn=1539-8706}}</ref>

Another influence of the British on Indian women's clothing was the introduction of new materials. They started using mill-made cloth and other imported satins and artificial silks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COLONIAL PERIOD |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2730147 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> A few reasons for using these new materials include that they were cheaper to produce and were more versatile than the cloth used in India. Sometimes these new styles were also more functional for Indian women. The adoption of these new textiles and styles was seen as a sign of upward mobility in British-Indian society.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Brief History of Dress, Difference and Fashion Change in India |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474232364.ch-002 |journal=Indian Fashion |pages=25–48 |doi=10.5040/9781474232364.ch-002}}</ref>

The British also impacted the textile industry in India because of industrialization and using their own mills instead of artisans in India. This led to the unemployment of many Indians. Later, Gandhi called for Indian people to make and wear their own hand-spun clothing, called [[khadi]] cloth, as a sign of resistance against the British.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media webmaster@vam ac uk |title=The Fabric of India: Textiles in a Changing World |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/the-fabric-of-india/textiles-in-a-changing-world/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> This was part of the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi]] movement. In fact, we can see that small-scale artisan clothing producers did not disappear from India during the 20th century as they continued to make up a significant share of industrial output.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/7358/chapter/152152209 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>
== Post-Independence ==
[[Western dress codes|Western clothing]] has gained increasing popularity, especially in the metropolitan cities. This has also led to the development of the [[Indo-Western clothing|Indo-Western]] style. [[Bollywood]] has also been a major influence in fashion around the subcontinent, especially in Indian fashion.

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|title=| align = center
| File:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg
| [[Shakuntala (Raja Ravi Varma)|Shakuntala]] by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], c. 1870. She is wearing a [[kasta sari]].
| File:Hindu girl karachi.jpg
| Portrait of a girl from [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], in narrow Sindhi [[Sindhi_clothing#Sindhi_Suthan_and_Sindhi_cholo|suthan]] and [[Lehenga|paro]]. c. 1870.
|File:Styles of Sari.jpg
| Illustration of different styles of [[sari]], [[gagra choli]] and [[shalwar kameez]] worn by women in the Indian subcontinent, c. 1928
| File:King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.jpg
| [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], the fifth [[King of Bhutan]], wearing a [[gho]] and royal saffron [[kabney]], c. 2007
|File:North Karnataka saree draping style.png|Picture shows [[saree]] draping style of [[North Karnataka]] by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]. Front side - shows nivi drape, front pleats tucked left to right manner in a pouch. Back side - kaccha
}}

==See also==
*[[Clothing in India]]
*[[Folk costume]]
*[[Textile_industry_in_India#History_of_Textile_industry_in_India|History of Textile industry in India]]
*[[Indo-Western clothing]]
*[[Fashion in India]]
*[[1950s in Indian fashion]]
*[[1960s in Indian fashion]]
*[[1970s in Eastern fashion]]
*[[1980s in Indian fashion]]
*[[1990s in Indian fashion]]
*[[2000s in Asian fashion]]
*[[2010s in Indian fashion]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Timeline of clothing and fashion}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]

Geology of India

2022-05-15T09:50:03Z

Vivepl: Wrote an informative guide.

{{short description|Geological origins and structure of India}}
{{Multiple issues|
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{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}

[[Image:Earth tectonic plates.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Plates in the crust of the earth, according to the [[plate tectonics]] theory]]

The '''geology of India''' is diverse. Different regions of India contain [[Rock (geology)|rock]]s belonging to different [[geologic periods]], dating as far back as the [[Eoarchean|Eoarchean Era]]. Some of the [[Rock (geology)|rock]]s are very [[Fold (geology)|deformed]] and [[Metamorphism|altered]]. Other deposits include recently deposited [[alluvium]] that has yet to undergo [[diagenesis]]. [[Mineral]] [[Ore|deposits]] of great variety are found in the [[Indian subcontinent]] in huge quantities. Even India's [[fossil]] record is impressive in which [[stromatolite]]s, [[invertebrate]]s, [[vertebrate]]s and plant [[fossil]]s are included.
India's geographical land area can be classified into the [[Deccan Traps]], [[Gondwana]] and [[Vindhyan]].

The Deccan Traps covers almost all of [[Maharashtra]], a part of [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] marginally. During its journey northward after breaking off from the rest of Gondwana, the [[Indian Plate]] passed over a geologic [[hotspot (geology)|hotspot]], the [[Réunion hotspot]], which caused extensive melting underneath the Indian Craton. The melting broke through the surface of the craton in a massive [[flood basalt]] event, creating the Deccan Traps. It is also thought that the Reunion hotspot caused the separation of Madagascar and India.

The [[Gondwana]] and [[Vindhyan]] include within its fold parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. The Gondwana sediments form a unique sequence of fluviatile rocks deposited in [[Permo-Carboniferous]] time. The [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and [[Sone River|Sone]] river valleys and [[Rajmahal]] hills in eastern India contain a record of the Gondwana rocks.

The [[Geological Survey of India]] has published the [[List of National Geological Monuments in India]].<ref name=gsi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref><ref name=gsi3>[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref>

==Plate tectonics==

The Indian [[Craton]] was once part of the supercontinent of [[Pangaea]]. At that time, what is now India's southwest coast was attached to [[Madagascar]] and southern Africa, and what is now its east coast was attached to Australia. During the [[Jurassic]] Period about 160 [[annum|Ma]] ([[International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]] 2004), rifting caused Pangaea to break apart into two supercontinents, namely [[Gondwana]] (to the south) and [[Laurasia]] (to the north). The Indian Craton remained attached to [[Gondwana]], until the supercontinent began to rift apart about in the early [[Cretaceous]], about 125 million years ago (ICS 2004). The Indian Plate then drifted northward toward the [[Eurasian Plate]], at a pace that is the fastest known movement of any plate. It is generally believed that the Indian Plate separated from Madagascar about 90 Million years ago (ICS 2004), however some biogeographical and geological evidence suggests that the connection between Madagascar and Africa was retained at the time when the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate about 50 Million years ago (ICS 2004).<ref>Briggs, John C. (2003) The biogeographic and tectonic history of India. Journal of Biogeography 30:381–388</ref> This orogeny, which is continuing today, is related to closure of the [[Tethys Ocean]]. The closure of this ocean which created the [[Alps]] in Europe, and the [[Caucasus]] range in western Asia, created the [[Himalaya Mountains]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]] in South Asia. The current orogenic event is causing parts of the Asian continent to deform westward and eastward on either side of the orogen. Concurrently with this collision, the Indian Plate sutured on to the adjacent [[Australian Plate]], forming a new larger plate, the [[Indo-Australian Plate]].

===Tectonic evolution===
[[Image:Himalaya-formation.gif|upright=1.2|thumb|Due to [[continental drift]], the India Plate split from Madagascar and collided with the [[Eurasian Plate]] resulting in the formation of the [[Himalayas]].]]
The earliest phase of tectonic evolution was marked by the cooling and solidification of the upper [[Crust (geology)|crust]] of the earth's surface in the Archaean Era (prior to 2.5 billion years) which is represented by the exposure of gneisses and granites especially on the ''Peninsula''. These form the core of the [[Indian Craton]]. The [[Aravalli Range]] is the remnant of an early Proterozoic orogen called the Aravali-Delhi Orogen that joined the two older segments that make up the Indian Craton. It extends approximately {{convert|500|km|mi|0}} from its northern end to isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana, ending near Delhi.

Minor igneous intrusions, deformation (folding and faulting) and subsequent [[metamorphism]] of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] Mountains represent the main phase of orogenesis. The erosion of the mountains, and further deformation of the sediments of the Dharwarian group (Bijawars) marks the second phase. The volcanic activities and intrusions, associated with this second phase are recorded in the composition of these sediments.

Early to Late Proterozoic(2.5 to 0.54 billion years) calcareous and arenaceous deposits, which correspond to humid and semi-arid climatic regimes, were deposited the Cuddapah and Vindhyan basins. These basins which border or lie within the existing crystalline basement, were uplifted during the [[Cambrian]] (500 Ma (ICS 2004)). The sediments are generally undeformed and have in many places preserved their original horizontal stratification. The Vindhyans consist of a lower Supergroup that was deposited sometime between ~1800-1600 Ma. The lower Vindhyan rocks were slightly deformed (tilted) and the Upper Vindhyan sequence lies unconformably over the Lower Vindhyan. The age of Upper Vindhyan (Kaimur, Rewa and Bhander) sedimentation is contentious. Kaimur rocks were intruded by the 1073 Ma Majhgawan kimberlite (Gregory et al., 2006) and are therefore older than 1073 Ma. The Rewa contains diamondiferous conglomerates suggesting that they formed after the Kaimur. The Rewa is conformably overlain by the Bhander Group. Indirect evidence for the age of the Upper Vindhyan was discussed by Meert and Pandit (2015) who noted the similarity in paleomagnetic directions from the 1073 Ma Majhgawan kimberlite, the 1.1 Ga Mahoba dyke and sediments of the Bhander and Rewa Groups. In addition, multiple detrital zircon studies failed to isolate any ages younger than ~1000 Ma from Upper Vindhyan rocks. A recent claim of the iconic Ediacaran fossil "Dickinsonia" located in the Upper Bhander (Retallack et al., 2021) required an Ediacaran age for that Group; however, Meert et al. (2023) demonstrated that the fossil was misidentified and therefore the age of the Upper Vindhyan is still debated.

Early [[Paleozoic]] rocks are found in the [[Himalaya]]s and consist of southerly derived sediments eroded from the crystalline craton and deposited on the Indian platform.

In the Late Paleozoic, [[Permo-Carboniferous]] glaciations left extensive [[glacio-fluvial deposits]] across central India, in new basins created by sag/normal faulting. These tillites and glacially derived sediments are designated the Gondwanas series. The sediments are overlain by rocks resulting from a Permian marine transgression (270 Ma (ICS 2004)).

The late Paleozoic coincided with the deformation and drift of the [[Gondwana]] supercontinent. To this drift, the uplift of the Vindhyan sediments and the deposition of northern peripheral sediments in the Himalayan Sea, can be attributed.

During the Jurassic, as Pangea began to rift apart, large grabens formed in central India filling with Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sandstones and conglomerates.

By the Late Cretaceous India had separated from Australia and Africa and was moving northward towards Asia. At this time, prior to the Deccan eruptions, uplift in southern India resulted in sedimentation in the adjacent nascent Indian Ocean. Exposures of these rocks occur along the south Indian coast at Pondicherry and in Tamil Nadu.

At the close of the [[Mesozoic]] one of the greatest volcanic eruptions in earth's history occurred, the [[Deccan Traps|Deccan lava flows]]. Covering more than {{convert|500000|km2|sqmi|0}} area, these mark the final break from Gondwana.

In the early Tertiary, the first phase of the Himalayan orogeny, the Karakoram phase occurred. The Himalayan orogeny has continued to the present day.

===Greater India===
'''Greater India''' or the '''Greater India Basin''' means the [[Indian Plate]] plus a postulated northern extension which was squashed out of easy recognizability in the Indian–Asia collision.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=Jason R.|last2=Aitchison|first2=Jonathan C.|title=Greater India|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=72 |issue=3–4|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005|bibcode=2005ESRv...72..169A|page=170}}</ref> The term was used before [[plate tectonic]] theory,<ref>Argand, E., 1924. La tectonique de l' Asie. Proc. 13th Int. Geol. Cong. 7 (1924), 171–372.</ref> but the term has seen increased usage since the 1970s.

The [[Indian plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]] have converged up to {{convert|3600|km|mi|abbr=on}} ± {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The upper crustal shortening is documented from the geological record of Asia and the Himalaya as up to approximately {{convert|2350|km|mi|abbr=on}} less. Much of the lost area was pushed under Asia to form the [[Tibet]]an highland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthdynamics.org/papers-ED/2012/2012-vanHinsbergen-etal-PNAS.pdf | title= The Greater India Basin hypothesis |publisher= University of Oslo |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>

==Major rock groups==
[[File:India-geology-map.png|alt=|left|thumb|Map of chronostratigraphic divisions of India]]
[[File:Geological map of India 1911.jpg|thumb|1911 Geological map of India]]

===Precambrian super-eon===
A considerable area of peninsular India, the [[Indian Shield]], consists of Archean [[gneisses]] and [[schists]] which are the oldest rocks found in India. The Precambrian rocks of India have been classified into two systems, namely the [[Dharwar Craton|Dharwar system]] and the Archaean system (gneiss and schists).

[[Image:SouthIndiaGeology.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|The Dharwar System]]
The rocks of the Dharwar system are mainly sedimentary in origin,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bosmBAAAQBAJ|title=Geography of India|last=Majid|first=Husain|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9789351343578|page=1|language=en}}</ref> and occur in narrow elongated synclines resting on the gneisses found in [[Bellary]] district, [[Mysore]] and the [[Aravali]]s of Rajputana. These rocks are enriched in [[manganese]] and iron ore which represents a significant resource of these metals. They are also extensively mineralised with gold most notably the [[Kolar gold mine]]s located in Kolar. In the north and west of India, the Vaikrita system, which occurs in [[Hundar, India|Hundar]], [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Spiti]] areas, the Dailing series in [[Sikkim]] and the [[Shillong]] series in [[Assam]] are believed to be of the same age as the Dharwar system.

The metamorphic basement consists of gneisses which are further classified into the [[Bengal]] gneiss, the [[Bundelkhand]] gneiss and the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri]] gneiss. The Nilgiri system comprises [[charnockite]]s ranging from [[granites]] to [[gabbros]].

===Phanerozoic===
====Palaeozoic====
=====Lower Paleozoic=====
Rocks of the earliest part of the Cambrian Period are found in the Salt range in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and the [[Spiti]] area in the central [[Himalaya]]s and consist of a thick sequence of fossiliferous sediments. In the Salt range, the stratigraphy starts with the Salt Pseudomorph zone, which has a thickness of {{convert|450|ft|m|0}} and consists of [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]]s and [[sandstone]]s. It is overlain by magnesian sandstones with a thickness of {{convert|250|ft|m|0}}, similar to the underlying dolomites. These sandstones have very few fossils. Overlying the sandstones is the Neobolus Shale, which is composed of dark [[shales]] with a thickness of {{convert|100|ft|m|0}}. Finally there is a zone consisting of red or purple sandstones having a thickness of {{convert|250|ft|m|0}} to {{convert|400|ft|m|0}} called the Purple Sandstone. These are unfossiliferous and show sun-cracks and worm burrows which are typical of subaerial weathering. The deposits in Spiti are known as the Haimanta system and they consist of [[slate]]s, micaceous [[quartzite]] and [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomitic]] [[limestone]]s. The Ordovician rocks comprise flaggy shales, limestones, red quartzites, quartzites, sandstones and [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]]. Siliceous limestones belonging to the Silurian overlie the Ordovician rocks. These limestones are in turn overlain by white quartzite and this is known as Muth quartzite. Silurian rocks which contain typical Silurian [[fauna (animals)|fauna]] are also found in the [[Vihi]] district of [[Kashmir]].

=====Upper Paleozoic=====
[[Devonian]] fossils and [[coral]]s are found in grey limestone in the central Himalayas and in black limestone in the [[Chitral]] area. The [[Carboniferous]] is composed of two distinct sequences, the upper Carboniferous Po, and the lower Carboniferous Lipak. Fossils of [[brachiopods]] and some [[trilobites]] are found in the calcareous and sandy rocks of the Lipak series. The Syringothyris limestone in Kashmir also belongs to the Lipak. The Po series overlies the Lipak series, and the Fenestella shales are interbedded within a sequence of quartzites and dark shales. In many places Carboniferous strata are overlaid by grey agglomeratic slates, believed to be of volcanic origin. Many [[genus|genera]] of [[productids]] are found in the limestones of the Permo-Triassic, which has led to these rocks being referred to as "productus limestone". This limestone is of marine origin and is divided into three distinct lithostratigraphic units based on the productus chronology: the Late Permian Chideru, which contains many ammonites, the Late — [[Guadalupian|Middle Permian]] Virgal, and the Middle Permian Amb unit.

====Mesozoic====
In the Triassic the Ceratite beds, named after the ammonite [[ceratite]], consist of arenaceous limestones, calcerous sandstones and marls. The Jurassic consists of two distinct units. The Kioto limestone, extends from the lower the middle Jurassic with a thickness {{convert|2000|ft|m|0}} to {{convert|3000|ft|m|0}}. The upper Jurassic is represented by the Spiti black shales, and stretches from the [[Karakoram]] to [[Sikkim]]. [[Cretaceous]] rocks cover an extensive area in India. In South India, the sedimentary rocks are divided into four stages; the Niniyur, the Ariyalur, the Trichinopoly(a district in the Madras Presidency, covering present-day districts of Tiruchirappalli, Karur, Ariyalur and Perambalur), and the Utatur stages. In the Utatur stage the rocks host [[phosphate nodule]]s, which constitute an important source of [[phosphate]]s in the country. In the central provinces, the well developed beds of [[Lameta]] contain fossil records which are helpful in estimating the age of the Deccan Traps. This sequence of basaltic rocks was formed near the end of the Cretaceous period due to volcanic activity. These lava flows occupy an area of {{convert|200000|sqmi|km2}}. These rocks are a source of high quality building stone and also provide a very fertile clayey [[loam]], particularly suited to cotton cultivation.

====Cenozoic====
=====Tertiary period=====
In this period the [[Himalayan orogeny]] began, and the volcanism associated with the [[Deccan Traps]] continued. The rocks of this era have valuable deposits of petroleum and coal. Sandstones of [[Eocene]] age are found in Punjab, which grade into chalky limestones with oil seepages. Further north the rocks found in the [[Shimla|Simla]] area are divided into three series, the Sabathu series consisting of grey and red [[shale]]s, the Dagshai series of bright red clays and the Kasauli series sandstones. Towards the east in Assam, Nummulitic limestone is found in the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] hills. Oil is associated with these rocks of the Oligo-Miocene age. Along the foothills of the Himalayas the [[Siwalik]] [[molasse]] is composed of [[sandstone]]s, [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]] and [[shale]]s with thicknesses of {{convert|16000|ft|m|0}} to {{convert|20000|ft|m|0}} and ranging from Eocene to [[Pliocene]]. These rocks are notable for their rich [[vertebrate]] [[fauna]] including many fossil [[hominoid]]s.

=====Quaternary period=====
The [[alluvium]] which is found in the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]] belongs to this era. It was eroded from the Himalayas by the rivers and the monsoons. These alluvial deposits consist of clay, loam, silt etc. and are divided into the older alluvium and the newer alluvium. The older alluvium is called Bhangar and is present in the ground above the flood level of the rivers. Khaddar or newer alluvium is confined to the river channels and their [[flood plain]]s. This region has some of the most fertile soil found in the country as new silt is continually laid down by the rivers every year.

== Earthquakes ==
{{main|Earthquake zones of India}}
The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating [[earthquake]]s. The Assam earthquake of 1950 registered a magnitude of 8.6; it is one of the most powerful earthquakes to have ever been recorded.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kingdon-Ward |first=F. |title=Aftermath of the Great Assam Earthquake of 1950 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1790893 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=290–303 |doi=10.2307/1790893 |jstor=1790893 |issn=0016-7398}}</ref> A similar earthquake in a densely populated area today would kill hundreds of thousands if not millions. This is why the Himalayan range is believed to be one of the most dangerous places to build large dams. The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the Indian plate is driving into [[Asia]] at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year.<ref>{{cite web |title = Earthquake Hazards and the Collision between India and Asia |url = http://cires.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html |access-date = 13 May 2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060919032236/http://cires.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html |archive-date = 19 September 2006 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Geographical statistics of India show that almost 54% of the land is vulnerable to earthquakes. A World Bank & United Nations report shows estimates that around 200 million city dwellers in India will be exposed to storms and earthquakes by 2050.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/indian-cities-under-threat-of-storms-earthquakes-by-2050-world-bank-united-nations/articleshow/11039553.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Indian cities under threat of storms & earthquakes by 2050: World Bank & United Nations | date=9 December 2011}}</ref> [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]] says that 60% of Indian landmass is prone to [[earthquake]] and 8% susceptible to cyclone risks.

== See also ==
* [[Aravalli Range#Geology|Geology of Aravalli Range]]
* [[National Geological Monuments of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Gregory, L. C., Meert, J. G., Pradhan, V., Pandit, M. K., Tamrat, E., & Malone, S. J., 2006. A paleomagnetic and geochronologic study of the Majhgawan kimberlite, India: implications for the age of the Upper Vindhyan Supergroup. Precambrian Research, 149, 65-75.
* Grout, Andrew. "Geology and India, 1775-1805: an episode in colonial science." ''South Asia Research'' 10.1 (1990): 1-18.
* Jain, A.K., D.M. Banerjee, et al. eds. ''Tectonics of the Indian Subcontinent'' (Society of Earth Scientists Series) (2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Tectonics-Indian-Subcontinent-Society-Scientists/dp/3030428443/ excerpt]
* Medlicott, Henry Benedict, and William Thomas Blanford. ''A Manual of the Geology of India: Chiefly Compiled from the Observations of the Geological Survey'' (2nd ed. 1892) reprinted by Cambridge University Press, 2011.
* Meert, J.G. and Pandit, M.K., 2015. The Archaean and Proterozoic history of Peninsular India: tectonic framework for Precambrian sedimentary basins in India. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 43, 29-54.
* Meert, J.G., Pandit, M.K, Kwafo, S., Singha, A., 2023. Stinging News: ‘Dickinsonia’ discovered in the Upper Vindhyan of India not worth the buzz, Gondwana Research, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.01.003.
* Raju, D. S. N. "Paleogene Stratigraphy of India: An Overview." ''The Indian Paleogene.'' (Springer, Cham, 2018). 1-89.
* Ramakrishnan, Moni, and Rajagopala Vaidyanadhan. ''Geology of India'' (2 vol. GSI Publications 2.1 (2010).
* Retallack, G.J., Matthews, N.A., Master, S., Khangar, R.G. and Khan, M., 2021. Dickinsonia discovered in India and late Ediacaran biogeography. Gondwana Research, 90, 165-170.
* Saikia, Arupjyoti. "Earthquakes and the Environmental Transformation of a Floodplain Landscape: The Brahmaputra Valley and the Earthquakes of 1897 and 1950." ''Environment and History'' 26.1 (2020): 51-77.
* Wadia, Darashaw Nosherwan. ''Geology of India'' (Macmillan, 1939).
* Wadia, Darashaw Nosherwan. ''Geology of India: For Students'' (Macmillan, 1919) [https://books.google.com/books?id=m2NXAAAAMAAJ&dq=geology+of+India&pg=PR9 online].
{{Geography of India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia topic|Geology of}}

[[Category:Geology of India| ]]

Coolie-Begar movement

2022-02-25T10:34:58Z

Vivepl:

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
The '''Coolie-Begar or Coolie- Utar movement''' was a non-violent movement by the general public of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] in the [[Bageshwar]] town of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] in 1921. This movement was led by [[Hargovind Pant]] and [[Badri Datt Pandey]], who were awarded the titles of 'Jannayak' and 'Kumaon Kesari' respectively after the success of this movement. The aim of this movement was to put pressure on the British to end the practice of [[Veth (India)|Coolie-Begar]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], while praising the movement, named it 'Bloodless Revolution'.

==Introduction and reasons==
‘Coolie Begar’ or ' Coolie-Utar' referred to the law requiring locals of the hill regions of Kumaun to provide free transportation for the luggage of travelling British officials.{{sfn|Coolie Begar and Forest Dissent}} It was the responsibility of the 'Village Head' of different villages, to make available a certain number of coolies for a certain period.<ref>Dainik Jagran 13 January 2016</ref> For this work, there was a regular register, in which the names of all the villagers were written and everyone was forced to do this work alternately.<ref>Dainik Jagran 13 January 2016</ref>

The dissatisfaction between the public, due to the collusion of the Village Heads, the landlords and the patwaris, and the discrimination between the people increased as the head and patwari of the village started promoting this virtue to get rid of their personal interests. Sometimes, people were also forced to do extremely disgusting things. Such as picking up garbage or washing clothes for the British etc. The locals were being exploited by the British physically and mentally. Eventually, people started to unite to protest against this.

==History==

The [[Chand kings|Chand rulers]], during their reign, initiated a tax related to horses in the state. It was possibly the earliest form of the 'Coolie Begar' exploitation. This practice took a widespread form of governance under the rule of [[Gurkha|Gorkhas]].<ref>Pathak 1991</ref> Though the British ended it initially, they gradually not only re-enforced this system, but brought it to its formidable form.<ref>Pathak 1991</ref> Earlier this was not on the general public, but on those salaried farmers who used to collect tax from the landowners or collectors. Hence, this practice directly influenced those tenants who owned land. But the reality was that these rich landlords and jurists had imposed their parts of slavery on landless farmers, laborers and weak sections of society who accepted it as conditional remuneration. Thus, this practice continued, despite the opposition of local people.

==Background==

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], [[Haldwani]], that was the gateway to the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon area]], was seized by the rebels of [[Rohilkhand]]. Though the British succeeded in crushing the rebellion in its infancy itself, the tension of suppression of that time sporadically flared into different forms of resistance from time to time.<ref>Dainik Jagran 17 May 2013</ref> There was also a dissatisfaction with the British's exploitation of the forests of Kumaon.{{sfn|Coolie Begar and Forest Dissent}}

Coolie Begar was made mandatory for the residents of [[Kumaon division]] in 1913. It was opposed everywhere; [[Badri Datt Pandey]] led the movement in [[Almora]], while other leaders like Anusuya Prasad Bahuguna and [[Govind Ballabh Pant|Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant]] also played an active role in the Movement in [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]] and [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] respectively.<ref>Amar Ujala 10 September 2016</ref> Through his ''Almora Akhbar'', Badri Datt Pandey started protesting against this evil.<ref>Amar Ujala 15 August 2016</ref> In 1920, the annual Convention of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was held in [[Nagpur]]. several leaders including Pt [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Badri Datt Pandey]], [[Hargovind Pant]], Victor Mohan Joshi, Shyam Lal Shah etc. attended the session, to take the blessings of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for the Coolie Begar movement.<ref>Dainik Jagran 17 May 2013</ref> When they came back, they started raising awareness against this evil.

==Movement==

On 14 January 1921, on occasion of the Uttarayani fair, this movement was initiated from the grounds of Confluence (Bagad) of [[Sarju River|Saryu]] and [[Gomati river|Gomati]].<ref>The Times of India 3 January 2015</ref><ref>Amar Ujala 12 January 2014</ref><ref>The Tribune 14 January 2014</ref> Before the commencement of this movement, a notice was issued by the District Magistrate to [[Hargovind Pant]], Lala Chiranjilal and [[Badri Datt Pandey]], but it had no effect on them.<ref>Dainik Jagran 13 January 2016</ref> To participate in this movement, people from different villages came out to the fair ground, and turned it into a huge show.<ref>Amar Ujala 12 January 2014</ref> The people first went to the [[Bagnath Temple]] to offer prayers, and then about 40 Thousand people went to Saryu Bagad, in front of the procession carrying a flag, with the words "End the Coolie Begar". After that, there was a meeting in Saryu Ground, Badri Datt Pandey, while addressing the gathering, took an oath saying, "Taking the water of the sacred Saryu, and with the Bagnath temple as a witness, we pledge that we will not tolerate 'Coolie Utar', 'Coolie Begar' and 'Coolie Burdayash' any more." All the people took this oath and the Village heads who had brought the 'record registers' with them, flung these registers into the confluence while raising slogans in praise of [[Bharat Mata]].<ref>Dainik Jagran 17 May 2013</ref>

The then deputy commissioner of [[Almora district]] was also present in the crowd. Though he wanted to open fire on the crowd, he had to step back due to the lack of police force.

==Aftermath==

After the success of this movement, people gave the title of 'Jannayak' to [[Hargovind Pant]] and that of 'Kumaon Kesari' to [[Badri Datt Pandey]]. People not only supported the movement but also strictly followed it and continued to protest against this practice. The result was that the government was forced to end the tradition by bringing a bill in the House.<ref>Amar Ujala 12 January 2014</ref><ref>Amar Ujala 15 August 2016</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was very impressed with this movement and paid a visit to [[Bageshwar]] and [[Kausani]] himself in 1929.<ref>The Times of India 3 January 2015</ref><ref>Dainik Jagran 13 January 2016</ref> He also established a Gandhi Ashram in Chanunda. After this, Gandhiji wrote about this movement in [[Young India]] stating "its effect was complete, it was a bloodless revolution."<ref>The Times of India 3 January 2015</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|last1=Pathak|first1=Shekhar|title=The begar abolition movements in British Kumaun|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=28|issue=3|pages=261–279|doi=10.1177/001946469102800302|s2cid=144807588|language=en|issn=0019-4646}}
* {{cite web|title=Coolie Begar and Forest Dissent|url=http://www.uou.ac.in/book/uttg/coolie-begar-forest-dissent|website=www.uou.ac.in|publisher=[[Uttarakhand Open University]]|access-date=7 July 2017 |ref={{harvid|Coolie Begar and Forest Dissent}} |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721160259/http://www.uou.ac.in/book/uttg/coolie-begar-forest-dissent|archive-date=21 July 2017|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|title=Struggle against 'kuli beggar' was launched on Uttarayani|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/struggle-against-kuli-beggar-was-launched-on-uttarayani/183569.html|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=[[Pithoragarh]]}}
* {{cite news|title=Uttarayani fest to bring Kumaon, Garhwal together|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Uttarayani-fest-to-bring-Kumaon-Garhwal-together/articleshow/45744879.cms|access-date=7 July 2017|agency=TNN|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=[[Almora]]}}
* {{cite news|title=काशीपुर में चलाया था स्वराज आंदोलन|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/udham-singh-nagar/swaraj-movement-was-launched-in-kashipur|access-date=7 July 2017|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|location=[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]|language=hi}}
* {{cite news|title=1857 के गदर से आई कुमाऊं में क्रांति की लहर|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/almora-10401645.html|access-date=7 July 2017|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|location=[[Almora]]|language=hi}}
* {{cite news|title=रक्तहीन क्रांति का मूक गवाह है सरयू बगड़|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/bageshwar-13438992.html|access-date=7 July 2017|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|location=[[Bageshwar]]|language=hi}}
* {{cite news|title=कुली बेगार उन्मूलन का माध्यम बना उत्तरायणी मेला|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/bageshwar/Bageshwar-70475-114|access-date=7 July 2017|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|location=[[Bageshwar]]|language=hi}}
* {{cite news|title=कुली उतार आंदोलन ने से मिली थी नई ऊर्जा|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/bageshwar/porter-was-removed-from-the-new-energy-movement|access-date=7 July 2017|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|location=[[Bageshwar]]|language=hi}}

{{Indian independence movement}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Bageshwar]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand]]