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Siege of Kalanjara (1203 CE)

2026-07-03T01:38:16Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|Part of Ghurid invasion of India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Kalanjara
| place = [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]], [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandela country]] (present day in [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| image = E. view of the Fort at Kalinjar. May 1814.jpg
| caption = Kalinjar Fort in 1814.
| territory = *As per treaty, western empire along with Kalinjar, Kalpi and Mahoba was ceded to the [[Ghurid]]s, while Chandelas moved to their eastern empire.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}
| result = [[Ghurid Dynasty|Ghurid]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]
| commander1 = [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] [[Iltutmish]]
| strength1= unknown but huge army
| strength2= unknown but small army than Ghurids
| commander2 = [[Paramardivarman]]{{Natural causes}} Ajaipala Bhardwaj{{surrendered}}
| date = 1202-12 april 1203 CE
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes = 50,000 Hindu male and female citizens were taken as slaves{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Tapan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The '''Siege of Kalanjara (1202–1203 CE)''' was a important military campaign of the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]] under the leadership of [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutb al-Din Aibak]] and [[Iltutmish]] against the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]. The Ghurids made large preparation and besieged [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]], capital of the Chandela country with a huge army. The Chandela emperor [[Paramardivarman|Paramardi Varman]] gave stiff resistance but later retreated into the fort. Severe water shortages forced him to begin peace terms with the [[Ghurids]], who agreed to accept tribute and withdraw. But, ruler died before the tribute was delivered. After his death, resistance continued for some time, but as the waters dried up, the general Ajayapala sought a peace treaty and surrendered the fort. As per the treaty, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Imperial family]], elites, [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandela soldiers]] and Chandel clan withdrew safely to [[Ajaigarh]]. Thus, [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] was captured on 12 April 1203, along with the seizure of considerable booty, horses, elephants, arms jewels, and 50,000 [[Hindu]] civilians were enslaved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBshAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life and Times of Kutb-ud-din Aibak |date=1972 |publisher=Govind Satish Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kar |first=Hemendra Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsRGAAAAMAAJ |title=Military History of India |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-1588-9 |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ojha |first=Dhirendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xINHAAAAMAAJ&q=Iltutmish+Kalinjar+aibak+1202 |title=Aristocracy in Medieval India |date=1993 |publisher=Orient Publications |isbn=978-81-85294-05-6 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Kalanjara served as the military capital of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]. When Prithviraja III Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192 and [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s were defeated, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned to invade the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]] and made large-scale preparations.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A huge force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

== Siege ==
''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar ([[Paramardivarman]]) initially offered stiff resistance, but then retreated into the fort.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} Severe water shortages forced him to begin peace terms with the [[Ghurids]] and promised promised to pay a tribute, but naturally died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the Ghurids after his death. But dewan was finally forced to surrender Kalinjar fort as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. As per the treaty, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Imperial family]], elites, [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandela soldiers]] and Chandel clan withdrew safely to [[Ajaigarh]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=170}} ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Ghurid's victory, [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] was captured on 12 April 1203, they seized considerable booty, horses, elephants, arms jewels, and 50,000 Hindu male and female civilians were enslaved. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi varman was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

== Aftermath ==

{{Infobox military conflict
| partof = Ghurid-Chandela wars
| conflict = Siege of Kalinjar 1204 CE
| place = [[Kalinjar Fort]] (present day in [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| image =
| caption =
| territory = *[[Kalinjar|Kalanjara]] recaptured by [[Chandelas]]
| result = [[Chandela|Chandel]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]
| commander1 = Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| strength1 = Unknown, but huge
| strength2 = Unknown, but lesser than Ghurids
| date = 1204 CE
| casualties1 = Massive massacre{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=159}}
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes =
}}
The Ghurids were unable to maintain control over [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalanjara]] for long. In 1204 CE, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]], led by [[Trailokyavarman]], son of [[Paramardivarman]], besieged [[Kalinjar Fort]] to recapture it from the [[Ghurid Empire]]. The campaign ended in a decisive [[Chandela|Chandela victory]], during which the [[Ghurid]] governor, Hazabar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal, was killed and the Ghurid garrison was destroyed in the Siege of 1204 CE. The recapture of Kalinjar ended Ghurid authority in [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]], restored Chandela control over their ancestral stronghold, and marked a major political and military revival under Trailokyavarman, while dealing a significant setback to [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]]'s expansion in central India. The Chandelas had successfully reclaimed the very fortress that the Ghurids had triumphantly described as a “world-famous fort, strong as Alexander's walls.”{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}} R.K. dikshit states that, "the Muslim historians, who gtoat over the victory of the faithful against the infidel defenders of Kālañjara in A.D. 1203, maintain a sinister silence over its subsequent loss".{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=158}}

{Infobox military conflict
| partof = Ghurid-Chandela wars
| conflict = Battle of Kakadadaha (1204 CE)
| place = Kakadadaha (modern-day Kakadwa, [[Lalitpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| image =
| caption =
| territory = [[Chandelas]] recaptured [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]] and [[Mathura]]-[[Agra]] from [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurids]]
| result = [[Chandela|Chandel]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]
| commander1 = [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]
| commander2 = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| date = 1204 CE
| casualties1 = Massive massacre{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=159}}
| casualties2 = Unknown
* Rauta Pāpe Bhardwaja{{KIA}}
| notes =
}}
[[Trailokyavarman]] also defeated the Ghurids in the Battle of Kakadadaha (modern-day Kakadwa) sometime before 1205.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=158}} His inscriptions, dated from 1205 to 1241, confirm that his empire included areas such as Lalitpur, Chattarpur State, Panna State, Ajaigarh State, and Rewah State. In 1211-1212, he conquered [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewah]] in Baghelkhand and likely the entire Dahala-mandala (ie. Kalachuri Kingdom) from the Kalachuri ruler [[Trailokyamalla]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rezavi |first=Syed Ali Nadeem |date=2002 |title=The Medieval Fort of Kalinjar and Its History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158195 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=1233–1259 |issn=2249-1937}}
{{refend}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles of the Middle Ages|Ghurids]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ghurid dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Battles involving Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:1203 in Asia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1203]]

Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)

2026-07-03T00:57:28Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|King of Jejakabhukti from 1165 to 1203}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Paramardivarman
| title = Param-bhattaraka, Parameshwara, Param-Maheshwara, Maharajadhiraja, Srīkalanjaradhipati
| succession = [[Chandela| King of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
| reign = c. 1165-1202 CE
| predecessor = [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]
| successor = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| issue = Sabhajitvarman Bramhadevavarman Trailokyavarman
| regnal name = Paramardin
| full name = Srīmat Paramardi Varman Deva [[Sanskrit]]: श्रीमत-परमर्दी-वर्म-देव
| dynasty = [[Chandela|Chandel]]
| house = [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| father = Yashovarman II
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
}}
'''Paramardivarman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScYJAQAAQBAJ&dq=paramardivarman&pg=PT671 |title=The Past Before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India |date=2013-11-04 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72652-9 |language=en}}</ref> (reigned {{circa}} 1165–1203), [[IAST]]: Paramardi), known as Parmardideva, and famous in folklores as Parmala, while Parimal in Hindu scriptures, was the last greatest emperor of the [[Chandela|Chandel Empire]] of Jejakabhukti. He succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] as the king of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]]. In 1182, [[Prithviraja III|Prithviraj Chauhan III]] raided and plundered the Madanpura city, which Paramardi varman recaptured after defeating [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] in few months. Paramardi signed the Treaty of Kalinjar around 1202–03 during the [[Siege of Kalanjara (1203 CE)]] by the Ghurid general Qutbuddin Aibak, but died before the treaty was finalised.

== Early life ==

Paramardi Varman's [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshvar]] inscription suggests that he succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]]. However, other Chandela inscriptions (including those of his own) suggest that he succeeded his grandfather [[Madanavarman]]. It is possible that Yashovarman ruled for a very short period, or did not rule at all, having died while Madanavarman was still alive.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=139-140}}

According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Paramardi ascended the throne at the age of 5 years. An [[Ajaygarh]] inscription appears to corroborate this claim: it states that Paramardi was a leader even as a child (''bāl-opi netā'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=140}}

He is mentioned as Paramardi-[[deva (Hinduism)|deva]] in inscriptions. The medieval bardic legends such as [[Alha-Khand]] call him Paramala or Parimala. In modern [[vernacular]]s, he is also known as Paramardideva, Parmar, Paramal Deo and Parimal Chandel (because of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]). A gold coin issued by him, featuring a seated goddess, gives his name as ''Srimat Paramardi''.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=54-55}}

== Reign ==
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Paramardi Varman was the last of the powerful Chandela rulers, and has been mentioned in several legendary texts such as ''Paramala Raso'' (''Parmal Raso'' or ''Mahoba Khand''), ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' and ''Alha-Khand'' (''Alha Raso'' or Ballad of Alha). While these texts are based on historical events, much of their content has been fabricated to glorify either [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. Thus, these texts are of doubtful historicity, and therefore, much of Paramardi Varman's reign is shrouded in obscurity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

Several Chandela inscriptions also mention Paramardi Varman, but these contain little historical information. For example, the Semra copper-plate inscription vaguely eulogizes him as someonoe who surpassed [[Kamadeva|Makaradhvaja]] (the god of love) in handsomeness, the ocean in depth, the lord of heaven in majesty, [[Brihaspati]] in wisdom, and [[Yudhishthira]] in truthfulness. The Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription credits him with military victories and states that other kings bowed to him, but does not name any of these kings.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} The Ajaygarh inscription of his grandson's wife Kalyanadevi similarly describes him as a universal sovereign, whose enemies were left in a pitiful condition.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} Such claims of extensive conquests are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Early career ===

The inscriptions from the first few years of Paramardi Varman's reign have been found at Semra (1165-1166 CE), [[Mahoba]] (1166-1167 CE), [[Ichhawar]] (1171 CE), Mahoba (1173 CE), Pachar (1176 CE) and [[Charkhari]] (1178 CE).{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119}} All of these inscriptions use the imperial titles for him: ''Paramabhattaraka-[[Maharajadhiraja]]-Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati Shrimanmat Paramardideva''. This indicates that in the early part of his reign, Paramardi retained the territories that he had inherited from his grandfather Madanavarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

An 1183 CE [[Mahoba]] inscription states that the lord of Tripuri fainted whenever he heard the songs about Paramardi Varman's bravery. This suggests that Paramardi Varman defeated a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri king of Tripuri]], possibly [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Chahamana invasion ===
During 1182-1183 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the Chandela kingdom of Jejakabhukti. The Chandela records do not mention this invasion, presumably to avoid describing the humiliating defeat of their king.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela territory via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}

Prithviraj then started a march towards Mahoba. Facing an imminent defeat, Paramardi and his nobles sought a truce on the advice of his chief queen Malhan Devi. Prithviraj agreed to the truce, but remained encamped on the banks of the [[Betwa River]] in the Chandela territory. The Chandelas, meanwhile, requested Alha and Udal to come back from Kannauj.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}} The two brothers were initially hesitant, but agreed to return after their mother appealed them to honour their allegiance to the Chandelas. Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons, to support the Chandelas. Paramardi himself became nervous, and retreated to the [[Kalanjara]] fort with some of his soldiers. His son Brahmajit, along with Alha and Udal, led the Chandela army against Prithviraj Chauhan. In the ensuing battle, the Chandelas were defeated. Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of Jaichand were killed in the conflict. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked the Chandela capital of Mahoba.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}

Next, Prithviraj dispatched his general Chavand Rai to Kalanjara. The Chauhan army captured the fort, took Paramardi as prisoner, and marched back towards Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Alha's son Indal Kumar launched a surprise attack on the returning Chauhan army, and freed Paramardi. Out of shame, Paramardi later committed suicide at the Gajraj temple.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} ''Parmal Raso'' states that his 50 wives committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) after his death.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}} According to [[Chand Bardai]], he retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and died there.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} The ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that Prithviraj appointed Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son Samarjit recaptured Mahoba with help of Narasimha, an officer of Jaichand. Samarjit then ruled the territory between Kalanjara and Gaya. However, no such prince is mentioned in the Chandela records.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable, but it is known that Prithviraj Chauhan indeed sacked Mahoba. This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the prolonged occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} Moreover, it is known that Paramardi did not die or retire immediately after the Chauhan victory. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi Varman managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

=== Ghurid invasion and death ===
{{See also|Siege of Kalinjar}}

According to a [[Kalanjara]] inscription, while one of Paramardi Varman's predecessors had imprisoned the wives of the earthly rulers, Paramardi Varman's heroics made even the divine rulers anxious about the safety of their wives. As a result, the gods let loose an army of [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners) against him, and made him face a defeat.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

Prithviraj Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192. After defeating the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned an invasion of Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar (Paramardivarman) initially offered some resistance, but then fled to the safety of the fort. Subsequently, he surrendered before ruler of Delhi, and agreed to be his vassal.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} He promised to pay a tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the ruler of Delhi after his death. The dewan was finally forced to surrender as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Sultanate's victory, temples were converted into mosques and 50,000 men were taken as slaves. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}
== Administration ==

According to the Baghari inscription, Paramardivarman placed the burden of government on his prime minister Sallakshana, who was a [[Brahmin]] of [[Vashistha]] [[gotra]].On Paramardivarman's orders Sallakshana commissioned temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. After his death, his son Purushottama inherited his post.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

The Baghari inscription also mentions one Gadadhara as Paramardivarman's minister of war and peace (''sandhna-vigraha-sachiva''). According to the [[Ajaygarh]] inscription of [[Bhojavarman]], a [[Kayastha]] named Gangadhara was the Kancukin ([[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]) of Paramardi. Gangadhara and his brother Jaunadhara are said to have fought at Kalanjara, possibly in the battle against the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=149-150}}

Ajayapala and Madanapala, the sons of a former [[senapati]] (general) Kilhana, were two Brahmin senapatis of Paramardivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} Ajayapala is also known to have been a senapati of Paramardi's grandfather [[Madanavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=136}} Muslim chronicles mention Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) as a [[dewan]] who continued to resist the Delhi forces after Paramardivarman's death. The medieval bardic tradition also mentions [[Alha]] and [[Udala]] (or Udal) as his generals. Other officers mentioned in the historical records include Mahipala and an ''amatya'' named Vatsaraja.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}}

Paramardivarman was a learned man, and is attributed as the author of a eulogy to [[Shiva]], inscribed on a stone at [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} He patronized a number of scholars, including:{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

* Vatsaraja, the author of ''Rupa-Kashatakam'' (a collection of six plays)
* Gadadhara, a poet styled as ''Kavi-Chakravarti''
* Jaganika, the author of ''Alha-Khanda''
* Gunabhadra Munipa Saiddhanti, the [[Jain]] author of ''Dhanya-Kumara-Charita''

Although himself a [[Shaivite]], Paramardivarman was tolerant towards Buddhists, Jains and Vaishnavites. A copper-plate inscription shows that when he granted a village to a [[Brahmin]], he respected the rights of a Buddhist shrine located in that village. Several images of the Jain [[tirthankara]]s were set up at various places during his reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}} The best known of these are at the [[Aharji]] Jain Tirth Near [[Tikamgarh]].{{cn|date=December 2020}} His minister Sallakshana commissioned a [[Vishnu]] temple.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA53 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Paramardivarman

2026-07-03T00:56:50Z

Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Paramardivarman to Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)

#REDIRECT [[Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)]]

Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)

2026-07-03T00:56:50Z

Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Paramardivarman to Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)

{{Short description|King of Jejakabhukti from 1165 to 1203}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Paramardivarman
| title = Param-bhattaraka, Parameshwara, Param-Maheshwara, Maharajadhiraja, Srīkalanjaradhipati
| succession = [[Chandela| King of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
| reign = c. 1165-1202 CE
| predecessor = [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]
| successor = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| issue = Sabhajitvarman Bramhadevavarman Trailokyavarman
| regnal name = Paramardin
| full name = Srīmat Paramardi Varman Deva [[Sanskrit]]: श्रीमत-परमर्दी-वर्म-देव
| dynasty = [[Chandela|Chandel]]
| house = [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| father = Yashovarman II
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
}}
'''Paramardivarman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScYJAQAAQBAJ&dq=paramardivarman&pg=PT671 |title=The Past Before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India |date=2013-11-04 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72652-9 |language=en}}</ref> (reigned {{circa}} 1165–1203), [[IAST]]: Paramardi), known as Parmardideva, and famous in folklores as Parmala, while Parimal in Hindu scriptures, was the last greatest king of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] dynasty of Jejakabhukti. He succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] as the king of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti Kingdom]]. In 1182, [[Prithviraja III|Prithviraj Chauhan III]] raided and plundered the Madanpura city, which Paramardivarman recaptured after defeating [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] in few months. Paramardi signed the Treaty of Kalinjar around 1202–03 during the [[Siege of Kalanjara (1203 CE)]] by the Ghurid general Qutbuddin Aibak, but died before the treaty was finalised.

== Early life ==

Paramardi Varman's [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshvar]] inscription suggests that he succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]]. However, other Chandela inscriptions (including those of his own) suggest that he succeeded his grandfather [[Madanavarman]]. It is possible that Yashovarman ruled for a very short period, or did not rule at all, having died while Madanavarman was still alive.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=139-140}}

According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Paramardi ascended the throne at the age of 5 years. An [[Ajaygarh]] inscription appears to corroborate this claim: it states that Paramardi was a leader even as a child (''bāl-opi netā'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=140}}

He is mentioned as Paramardi-[[deva (Hinduism)|deva]] in inscriptions. The medieval bardic legends such as [[Alha-Khand]] call him Paramala or Parimala. In modern [[vernacular]]s, he is also known as Paramardideva, Parmar, Paramal Deo and Parimal Chandel (because of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]). A gold coin issued by him, featuring a seated goddess, gives his name as ''Srimat Paramardi''.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=54-55}}

== Reign ==
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Paramardi Varman was the last of the powerful Chandela rulers, and has been mentioned in several legendary texts such as ''Paramala Raso'' (''Parmal Raso'' or ''Mahoba Khand''), ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' and ''Alha-Khand'' (''Alha Raso'' or Ballad of Alha). While these texts are based on historical events, much of their content has been fabricated to glorify either [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. Thus, these texts are of doubtful historicity, and therefore, much of Paramardi Varman's reign is shrouded in obscurity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

Several Chandela inscriptions also mention Paramardi Varman, but these contain little historical information. For example, the Semra copper-plate inscription vaguely eulogizes him as someonoe who surpassed [[Kamadeva|Makaradhvaja]] (the god of love) in handsomeness, the ocean in depth, the lord of heaven in majesty, [[Brihaspati]] in wisdom, and [[Yudhishthira]] in truthfulness. The Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription credits him with military victories and states that other kings bowed to him, but does not name any of these kings.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} The Ajaygarh inscription of his grandson's wife Kalyanadevi similarly describes him as a universal sovereign, whose enemies were left in a pitiful condition.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} Such claims of extensive conquests are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Early career ===

The inscriptions from the first few years of Paramardi Varman's reign have been found at Semra (1165-1166 CE), [[Mahoba]] (1166-1167 CE), [[Ichhawar]] (1171 CE), Mahoba (1173 CE), Pachar (1176 CE) and [[Charkhari]] (1178 CE).{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119}} All of these inscriptions use the imperial titles for him: ''Paramabhattaraka-[[Maharajadhiraja]]-Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati Shrimanmat Paramardideva''. This indicates that in the early part of his reign, Paramardi retained the territories that he had inherited from his grandfather Madanavarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

An 1183 CE [[Mahoba]] inscription states that the lord of Tripuri fainted whenever he heard the songs about Paramardi Varman's bravery. This suggests that Paramardi Varman defeated a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri king of Tripuri]], possibly [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Chahamana invasion ===
During 1182-1183 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the Chandela kingdom of Jejakabhukti. The Chandela records do not mention this invasion, presumably to avoid describing the humiliating defeat of their king.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela territory via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}

Prithviraj then started a march towards Mahoba. Facing an imminent defeat, Paramardi and his nobles sought a truce on the advice of his chief queen Malhan Devi. Prithviraj agreed to the truce, but remained encamped on the banks of the [[Betwa River]] in the Chandela territory. The Chandelas, meanwhile, requested Alha and Udal to come back from Kannauj.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}} The two brothers were initially hesitant, but agreed to return after their mother appealed them to honour their allegiance to the Chandelas. Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons, to support the Chandelas. Paramardi himself became nervous, and retreated to the [[Kalanjara]] fort with some of his soldiers. His son Brahmajit, along with Alha and Udal, led the Chandela army against Prithviraj Chauhan. In the ensuing battle, the Chandelas were defeated. Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of Jaichand were killed in the conflict. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked the Chandela capital of Mahoba.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}

Next, Prithviraj dispatched his general Chavand Rai to Kalanjara. The Chauhan army captured the fort, took Paramardi as prisoner, and marched back towards Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Alha's son Indal Kumar launched a surprise attack on the returning Chauhan army, and freed Paramardi. Out of shame, Paramardi later committed suicide at the Gajraj temple.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} ''Parmal Raso'' states that his 50 wives committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) after his death.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}} According to [[Chand Bardai]], he retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and died there.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} The ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that Prithviraj appointed Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son Samarjit recaptured Mahoba with help of Narasimha, an officer of Jaichand. Samarjit then ruled the territory between Kalanjara and Gaya. However, no such prince is mentioned in the Chandela records.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable, but it is known that Prithviraj Chauhan indeed sacked Mahoba. This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the prolonged occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} Moreover, it is known that Paramardi did not die or retire immediately after the Chauhan victory. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi Varman managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

=== Ghurid invasion and death ===
{{See also|Siege of Kalinjar}}

According to a [[Kalanjara]] inscription, while one of Paramardi Varman's predecessors had imprisoned the wives of the earthly rulers, Paramardi Varman's heroics made even the divine rulers anxious about the safety of their wives. As a result, the gods let loose an army of [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners) against him, and made him face a defeat.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

Prithviraj Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192. After defeating the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned an invasion of Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar (Paramardivarman) initially offered some resistance, but then fled to the safety of the fort. Subsequently, he surrendered before ruler of Delhi, and agreed to be his vassal.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} He promised to pay a tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the ruler of Delhi after his death. The dewan was finally forced to surrender as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Sultanate's victory, temples were converted into mosques and 50,000 men were taken as slaves. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}
== Administration ==

According to the Baghari inscription, Paramardivarman placed the burden of government on his prime minister Sallakshana, who was a [[Brahmin]] of [[Vashistha]] [[gotra]].On Paramardivarman's orders Sallakshana commissioned temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. After his death, his son Purushottama inherited his post.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

The Baghari inscription also mentions one Gadadhara as Paramardivarman's minister of war and peace (''sandhna-vigraha-sachiva''). According to the [[Ajaygarh]] inscription of [[Bhojavarman]], a [[Kayastha]] named Gangadhara was the Kancukin ([[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]) of Paramardi. Gangadhara and his brother Jaunadhara are said to have fought at Kalanjara, possibly in the battle against the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=149-150}}

Ajayapala and Madanapala, the sons of a former [[senapati]] (general) Kilhana, were two Brahmin senapatis of Paramardivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} Ajayapala is also known to have been a senapati of Paramardi's grandfather [[Madanavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=136}} Muslim chronicles mention Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) as a [[dewan]] who continued to resist the Delhi forces after Paramardivarman's death. The medieval bardic tradition also mentions [[Alha]] and [[Udala]] (or Udal) as his generals. Other officers mentioned in the historical records include Mahipala and an ''amatya'' named Vatsaraja.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}}

Paramardivarman was a learned man, and is attributed as the author of a eulogy to [[Shiva]], inscribed on a stone at [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} He patronized a number of scholars, including:{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

* Vatsaraja, the author of ''Rupa-Kashatakam'' (a collection of six plays)
* Gadadhara, a poet styled as ''Kavi-Chakravarti''
* Jaganika, the author of ''Alha-Khanda''
* Gunabhadra Munipa Saiddhanti, the [[Jain]] author of ''Dhanya-Kumara-Charita''

Although himself a [[Shaivite]], Paramardivarman was tolerant towards Buddhists, Jains and Vaishnavites. A copper-plate inscription shows that when he granted a village to a [[Brahmin]], he respected the rights of a Buddhist shrine located in that village. Several images of the Jain [[tirthankara]]s were set up at various places during his reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}} The best known of these are at the [[Aharji]] Jain Tirth Near [[Tikamgarh]].{{cn|date=December 2020}} His minister Sallakshana commissioned a [[Vishnu]] temple.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA53 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Siege of Kalanjara (1203 CE)

2026-07-03T00:56:09Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|Part of Ghurid invasion of India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Kalanjara
| place = [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]], [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandela country]] (present day in [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| image = E. view of the Fort at Kalinjar. May 1814.jpg
| caption = Kalinjar Fort in 1814.
| territory = *As per treaty, western empire along with Kalinjar, Kalpi and Mahoba was ceded to the [[Ghurid]]s, while Chandelas moved to their eastern empire.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}
| result = [[Ghurid Dynasty|Ghurid]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]
| commander1 = [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] [[Iltutmish]]
| strength1= unknown but huge army
| strength2= unknown but small army than Ghurids
| commander2 = [[Paramardivarman]]{{Natural causes}} Ajaipala Bhardwaj{{surrendered}}
| date = 1202-12 april 1203 CE
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes = 50,000 Hindu male and female citizens were taken as slaves{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Tapan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The '''Siege of Kalanjara (1202–1203 CE)''' was a important military campaign of the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]] under the leadership of [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutb al-Din Aibak]] and [[Iltutmish]] against the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]. The Ghurids made large preparation and besieged [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]], capital of the Chandela country with a huge army. The Chandela emperor [[Paramardivarman|Paramardi Varman]] gave stiff resistance but later retreated into the fort. Severe water shortages forced him to begin peace terms with the [[Ghurids]], who agreed to accept tribute and withdraw. But, ruler died before the tribute was delivered. After his death, resistance continued for some time, but as the waters dried up, the general Ajayapala sought a peace treaty and surrendered the fort. As per the treaty, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Imperial family]], elites, [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandela soldiers]] and Chandel clan withdrew safely to [[Ajaigarh]]. Thus, [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] was captured on 12 April 1203, along with the seizure of considerable booty, horses, elephants, arms jewels, and 50,000 [[Hindu]] civilians were enslaved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBshAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life and Times of Kutb-ud-din Aibak |date=1972 |publisher=Govind Satish Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kar |first=Hemendra Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsRGAAAAMAAJ |title=Military History of India |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-1588-9 |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ojha |first=Dhirendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xINHAAAAMAAJ&q=Iltutmish+Kalinjar+aibak+1202 |title=Aristocracy in Medieval India |date=1993 |publisher=Orient Publications |isbn=978-81-85294-05-6 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Kalanjara served as the military capital of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]. When Prithviraja III Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192 and [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s were defeated, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned to invade the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]] and made large-scale preparations.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A huge force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

== Siege ==
''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar ([[Paramardivarman]]) initially offered stiff resistance, but then retreated into the fort.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} Severe water shortages forced him to begin peace terms with the [[Ghurids]] and promised promised to pay a tribute, but naturally died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the Ghurids after his death. But dewan was finally forced to surrender Kalinjar fort as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. As per the treaty, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Imperial family]], elites, [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandela soldiers]] and Chandel clan withdrew safely to [[Ajaigarh]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=170}} ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Ghurid's victory, [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] was captured on 12 April 1203, they seized considerable booty, horses, elephants, arms jewels, and 50,000 Hindu male and female civilians were enslaved. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi varman was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

== Aftermath ==

{{Infobox military conflict
| partof = Ghurid-Chandela wars
| conflict = Siege of Kalinjar 1204 CE
| place = [[Kalinjar Fort]] (present day in [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| image =
| caption =
| territory = *[[Kalinjar|Kalanjara]] recaptured by [[Chandelas]]
| result = [[Chandela|Chandel]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]
| commander1 = Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| strength1 = Unknown, but huge
| strength2 = Unknown, but lesser than Ghurids
| date = 1204 CE
| casualties1 = Massive massacre{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=159}}
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes =
}}
The Ghurids were unable to maintain control over [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalanjara]] for long. In 1204 CE, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]], led by [[Trailokyavarman]], son of [[Paramardivarman]], besieged [[Kalinjar Fort]] to recapture it from the [[Ghurid Empire]]. The campaign ended in a decisive [[Chandela|Chandela victory]], during which the [[Ghurid]] governor, Hazabar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal, was killed and the Ghurid garrison was destroyed in the Siege of 1204 CE. The recapture of Kalinjar ended Ghurid authority in [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]], restored Chandela control over their ancestral stronghold, and marked a major political and military revival under Trailokyavarman, while dealing a significant setback to [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]]'s expansion in central India. The Chandelas had successfully reclaimed the very fortress that the Ghurids had triumphantly described as a “world-famous fort, strong as Alexander's walls.”{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}} R.K. dikshit states that, "the Muslim historians, who gtoat over the victory of the faithful against the infidel defenders of Kālañjara in A.D. 1203, maintain a sinister silence over its subsequent loss".{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=158}} [[Trailokyavarman]] also defeated the Ghurids in the Battle of Kakadadaha (modern-day Kakadwa) sometime before 1205.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=158}} His inscriptions, dated from 1205 to 1241, confirm that his empire included areas such as Lalitpur, Chattarpur State, Panna State, Ajaigarh State, and Rewah State. In 1211-1212, he conquered [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewah]] in Baghelkhand and likely the entire Dahala-mandala (ie. Kalachuri Kingdom) from the Kalachuri ruler [[Trailokyamalla]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rezavi |first=Syed Ali Nadeem |date=2002 |title=The Medieval Fort of Kalinjar and Its History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158195 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=1233–1259 |issn=2249-1937}}
{{refend}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles of the Middle Ages|Ghurids]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ghurid dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Battles involving Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:1203 in Asia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1203]]

Siege of Kalanjara (1203 CE)

2026-07-03T00:52:45Z

Vishvaksena: Created page with "{{Short description|Part of Ghurid invasion of India}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Siege of Kalanjara | place = Kalinjar, Chandela country (present day in Banda, Uttar Pradesh, India | image = E. view of the Fort at Kalinjar. May 1814.jpg | caption = Kalinjar Fort..."

{{Short description|Part of Ghurid invasion of India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Kalanjara
| place = [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]], [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandela country]] (present day in [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| image = E. view of the Fort at Kalinjar. May 1814.jpg
| caption = Kalinjar Fort in 1814.
| territory = *As per treaty, western empire along with Kalinjar, Kalpi and Mahoba was ceded to the [[Ghurid]]s, while Chandelas moved to their eastern empire.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}
| result = [[Ghurid Dynasty|Ghurid]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]
| commander1 = [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] [[Iltutmish]]
| strength1= unknown but huge army
| strength2= unknown but small army than Ghurids
| commander2 = [[Paramardivarman]]{{Natural causes}} Ajaipala Bhardwaj{{surrendered}}
| date = 1202-12 april 1203 CE
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes = 50,000 Hindu male and female citizens were taken as slaves{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Tapan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

The '''Siege of Kalanjara (1202–1203 CE)''' was a important military campaign of the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]] under the leadership of [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutb al-Din Aibak]] and [[Iltutmish]] against the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]. The Ghurids made large preparation and besieged [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]], capital of the Chandela country with a huge army. The Chandela emperor [[Paramardivarman|Paramardi Varman]] gave stiff resistance but later retreated into the fort. Severe water shortages forced him to begin peace terms with the [[Ghurids]], who agreed to accept tribute and withdraw. But, ruler died before the tribute was delivered. After his death, resistance continued for some time, but as the waters dried up, the general Ajayapala sought a peace treaty and surrendered the fort. As per the treaty, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Imperial family]], elites, [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandela soldiers]] and Chandel clan withdrew safely to [[Ajaigarh]]. Thus, [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] was captured on 12 April 1203, along with the seizure of considerable booty, horses, elephants, arms jewels, and 50,000 [[Hindu]] civilians were enslaved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBshAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life and Times of Kutb-ud-din Aibak |date=1972 |publisher=Govind Satish Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kar |first=Hemendra Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsRGAAAAMAAJ |title=Military History of India |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-1588-9 |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ojha |first=Dhirendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xINHAAAAMAAJ&q=Iltutmish+Kalinjar+aibak+1202 |title=Aristocracy in Medieval India |date=1993 |publisher=Orient Publications |isbn=978-81-85294-05-6 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Kalanjara served as the military capital of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]. When Prithviraja III Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192 and [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s were defeated, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned to invade the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]] and made large-scale preparations.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A huge force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

== Siege ==
''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar ([[Paramardivarman]]) initially offered stiff resistance, but then retreated into the fort.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} Severe water shortages forced him to begin peace terms with the [[Ghurids]] and promised promised to pay a tribute, but naturally died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the Ghurids after his death. But dewan was finally forced to surrender Kalinjar fort as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. As per the treaty, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Imperial family]], elites, [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandela soldiers]] and Chandel clan withdrew safely to [[Ajaigarh]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=170}} ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Ghurid's victory, [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] was captured on 12 April 1203, they seized considerable booty, horses, elephants, arms jewels, and 50,000 Hindu male and female civilians were enslaved. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi varman was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

== Aftermath ==

{{Infobox military conflict
| partof = Ghurid-Chandela wars
| conflict = Siege of Kalinjar 1204 CE
| place = [[Kalinjar Fort]] (present day in [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| image =
| caption =
| territory = *[[Kalinjar|Kalanjara]] recaptured by [[Chandelas]]
| result = [[Chandela|Chandel]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]
| commander1 = Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| strength1 = Unknown, but huge
| strength2 = Unknown, but lesser than Ghurids
| date = 1204 CE
| casualties1 = Massive massacre{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=159}}
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes =
}}
The Ghurids were unable to maintain control over [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalanjara]] for long. In 1204 CE, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]], led by [[Trailokyavarman]], son of [[Paramardivarman]], besieged [[Kalinjar Fort]] to recapture it from the [[Ghurid Empire]]. The campaign ended in a decisive [[Chandela|Chandela victory]], during which the [[Ghurid]] governor, Hazabar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal, was killed and the Ghurid garrison was destroyed in the Siege of 1204 CE. The recapture of Kalinjar ended Ghurid authority in [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]], restored Chandela control over their ancestral stronghold, and marked a major political and military revival under Trailokyavarman, while dealing a significant setback to [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]]'s expansion in central India. The Chandelas had successfully reclaimed the very fortress that the Ghurids had triumphantly described as a “world-famous fort, strong as Alexander's walls.”{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}} R.K. dikshit states that, "the Muslim historians, who gtoat over the victory of the faithful against the infidel defenders of Kālañjara in A.D. 1203, maintain a sinister silence over its subsequent loss".{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=158}} [[Trailokyavarman]] also defeated the Ghurids in the Battle of Kakadadaha (modern-day Kakadwa) sometime before 1205.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=158}} His inscriptions, dated from 1205 to 1241, confirm that his empire included areas such as Lalitpur, Chattarpur State, Panna State, Ajaigarh State, and Rewah State. In 1211-1212, he conquered [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewah]] in Baghelkhand and likely the entire Dahala-mandala (ie. Kalachuri Kingdom) from the Kalachuri ruler [[Trailokyamalla]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rezavi |first=Syed Ali Nadeem |date=2002 |title=The Medieval Fort of Kalinjar and Its History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158195 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=1233–1259 |issn=2249-1937}}
{{refend}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles of the Middle Ages|Ghurids]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ghurid dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Battles involving Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:1203 in Asia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1203]]

Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)

2026-07-03T00:51:38Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|King of Jejakabhukti from 1165 to 1203}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Paramardivarman
| title = Param-bhattaraka, Parameshwara, Param-Maheshwara, Maharajadhiraja, Srīkalanjaradhipati
| succession = [[Chandela| King of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
| reign = c. 1165-1202 CE
| predecessor = [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]
| successor = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| issue = Sabhajitvarman Bramhadevavarman Trailokyavarman
| regnal name = Paramardin
| full name = Srīmat Paramardi Varman Deva [[Sanskrit]]: श्रीमत-परमर्दी-वर्म-देव
| dynasty = [[Chandela|Chandel]]
| house = [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| father = Yashovarman II
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
}}
'''Paramardivarman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScYJAQAAQBAJ&dq=paramardivarman&pg=PT671 |title=The Past Before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India |date=2013-11-04 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72652-9 |language=en}}</ref> (reigned {{circa}} 1165–1203), [[IAST]]: Paramardi), known as Parmardideva, and famous in folklores as Parmala, while Parimal in Hindu scriptures, was the last greatest king of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] dynasty of Jejakabhukti. He succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] as the king of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti Kingdom]]. In 1182, [[Prithviraja III|Prithviraj Chauhan III]] raided and plundered the Madanpura city, which Paramardivarman recaptured after defeating [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] in few months. Paramardi signed the Treaty of Kalinjar around 1202–03 during the [[Siege of Kalanjara (1203 CE)]] by the Ghurid general Qutbuddin Aibak, but died before the treaty was finalised.

== Early life ==

Paramardi Varman's [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshvar]] inscription suggests that he succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]]. However, other Chandela inscriptions (including those of his own) suggest that he succeeded his grandfather [[Madanavarman]]. It is possible that Yashovarman ruled for a very short period, or did not rule at all, having died while Madanavarman was still alive.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=139-140}}

According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Paramardi ascended the throne at the age of 5 years. An [[Ajaygarh]] inscription appears to corroborate this claim: it states that Paramardi was a leader even as a child (''bāl-opi netā'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=140}}

He is mentioned as Paramardi-[[deva (Hinduism)|deva]] in inscriptions. The medieval bardic legends such as [[Alha-Khand]] call him Paramala or Parimala. In modern [[vernacular]]s, he is also known as Paramardideva, Parmar, Paramal Deo and Parimal Chandel (because of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]). A gold coin issued by him, featuring a seated goddess, gives his name as ''Srimat Paramardi''.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=54-55}}

== Reign ==
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the inscriptions from Paramardi's reign{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119, 124}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="79.63" latitude="25.47">
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"type": "FeatureCollection",
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"type": "Feature",
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.26977, 24.88974] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshvar]] (Baghari)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.54203, 26.93506] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Charkhari|Charkhārī]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.75010, 25.40188] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ichhawar, Banda district (Ichchhāvar)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.49383, 25.87669] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kalinjar]] (Kālañjara)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.33032, 25.48933] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mahoba]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.87242, 25.29210] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Semra Sanodha (or Semra)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.99104, 24.31841] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Pachar (or Pachhār)" },
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}
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}
</mapframe>
Paramardi Varman was the last of the powerful Chandela rulers, and has been mentioned in several legendary texts such as ''Paramala Raso'' (''Parmal Raso'' or ''Mahoba Khand''), ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' and ''Alha-Khand'' (''Alha Raso'' or Ballad of Alha). While these texts are based on historical events, much of their content has been fabricated to glorify either [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. Thus, these texts are of doubtful historicity, and therefore, much of Paramardi Varman's reign is shrouded in obscurity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

Several Chandela inscriptions also mention Paramardi Varman, but these contain little historical information. For example, the Semra copper-plate inscription vaguely eulogizes him as someonoe who surpassed [[Kamadeva|Makaradhvaja]] (the god of love) in handsomeness, the ocean in depth, the lord of heaven in majesty, [[Brihaspati]] in wisdom, and [[Yudhishthira]] in truthfulness. The Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription credits him with military victories and states that other kings bowed to him, but does not name any of these kings.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} The Ajaygarh inscription of his grandson's wife Kalyanadevi similarly describes him as a universal sovereign, whose enemies were left in a pitiful condition.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} Such claims of extensive conquests are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Early career ===

The inscriptions from the first few years of Paramardi Varman's reign have been found at Semra (1165-1166 CE), [[Mahoba]] (1166-1167 CE), [[Ichhawar]] (1171 CE), Mahoba (1173 CE), Pachar (1176 CE) and [[Charkhari]] (1178 CE).{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119}} All of these inscriptions use the imperial titles for him: ''Paramabhattaraka-[[Maharajadhiraja]]-Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati Shrimanmat Paramardideva''. This indicates that in the early part of his reign, Paramardi retained the territories that he had inherited from his grandfather Madanavarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

An 1183 CE [[Mahoba]] inscription states that the lord of Tripuri fainted whenever he heard the songs about Paramardi Varman's bravery. This suggests that Paramardi Varman defeated a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri king of Tripuri]], possibly [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Chahamana invasion ===
During 1182-1183 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the Chandela kingdom of Jejakabhukti. The Chandela records do not mention this invasion, presumably to avoid describing the humiliating defeat of their king.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela territory via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}

Prithviraj then started a march towards Mahoba. Facing an imminent defeat, Paramardi and his nobles sought a truce on the advice of his chief queen Malhan Devi. Prithviraj agreed to the truce, but remained encamped on the banks of the [[Betwa River]] in the Chandela territory. The Chandelas, meanwhile, requested Alha and Udal to come back from Kannauj.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}} The two brothers were initially hesitant, but agreed to return after their mother appealed them to honour their allegiance to the Chandelas. Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons, to support the Chandelas. Paramardi himself became nervous, and retreated to the [[Kalanjara]] fort with some of his soldiers. His son Brahmajit, along with Alha and Udal, led the Chandela army against Prithviraj Chauhan. In the ensuing battle, the Chandelas were defeated. Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of Jaichand were killed in the conflict. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked the Chandela capital of Mahoba.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}

Next, Prithviraj dispatched his general Chavand Rai to Kalanjara. The Chauhan army captured the fort, took Paramardi as prisoner, and marched back towards Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Alha's son Indal Kumar launched a surprise attack on the returning Chauhan army, and freed Paramardi. Out of shame, Paramardi later committed suicide at the Gajraj temple.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} ''Parmal Raso'' states that his 50 wives committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) after his death.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}} According to [[Chand Bardai]], he retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and died there.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} The ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that Prithviraj appointed Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son Samarjit recaptured Mahoba with help of Narasimha, an officer of Jaichand. Samarjit then ruled the territory between Kalanjara and Gaya. However, no such prince is mentioned in the Chandela records.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable, but it is known that Prithviraj Chauhan indeed sacked Mahoba. This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the prolonged occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} Moreover, it is known that Paramardi did not die or retire immediately after the Chauhan victory. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi Varman managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

=== Ghurid invasion and death ===
{{See also|Siege of Kalinjar}}

According to a [[Kalanjara]] inscription, while one of Paramardi Varman's predecessors had imprisoned the wives of the earthly rulers, Paramardi Varman's heroics made even the divine rulers anxious about the safety of their wives. As a result, the gods let loose an army of [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners) against him, and made him face a defeat.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

Prithviraj Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192. After defeating the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned an invasion of Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar (Paramardivarman) initially offered some resistance, but then fled to the safety of the fort. Subsequently, he surrendered before ruler of Delhi, and agreed to be his vassal.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} He promised to pay a tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the ruler of Delhi after his death. The dewan was finally forced to surrender as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Sultanate's victory, temples were converted into mosques and 50,000 men were taken as slaves. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}
== Administration ==

According to the Baghari inscription, Paramardivarman placed the burden of government on his prime minister Sallakshana, who was a [[Brahmin]] of [[Vashistha]] [[gotra]].On Paramardivarman's orders Sallakshana commissioned temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. After his death, his son Purushottama inherited his post.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

The Baghari inscription also mentions one Gadadhara as Paramardivarman's minister of war and peace (''sandhna-vigraha-sachiva''). According to the [[Ajaygarh]] inscription of [[Bhojavarman]], a [[Kayastha]] named Gangadhara was the Kancukin ([[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]) of Paramardi. Gangadhara and his brother Jaunadhara are said to have fought at Kalanjara, possibly in the battle against the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=149-150}}

Ajayapala and Madanapala, the sons of a former [[senapati]] (general) Kilhana, were two Brahmin senapatis of Paramardivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} Ajayapala is also known to have been a senapati of Paramardi's grandfather [[Madanavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=136}} Muslim chronicles mention Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) as a [[dewan]] who continued to resist the Delhi forces after Paramardivarman's death. The medieval bardic tradition also mentions [[Alha]] and [[Udala]] (or Udal) as his generals. Other officers mentioned in the historical records include Mahipala and an ''amatya'' named Vatsaraja.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}}

Paramardivarman was a learned man, and is attributed as the author of a eulogy to [[Shiva]], inscribed on a stone at [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} He patronized a number of scholars, including:{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

* Vatsaraja, the author of ''Rupa-Kashatakam'' (a collection of six plays)
* Gadadhara, a poet styled as ''Kavi-Chakravarti''
* Jaganika, the author of ''Alha-Khanda''
* Gunabhadra Munipa Saiddhanti, the [[Jain]] author of ''Dhanya-Kumara-Charita''

Although himself a [[Shaivite]], Paramardivarman was tolerant towards Buddhists, Jains and Vaishnavites. A copper-plate inscription shows that when he granted a village to a [[Brahmin]], he respected the rights of a Buddhist shrine located in that village. Several images of the Jain [[tirthankara]]s were set up at various places during his reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}} The best known of these are at the [[Aharji]] Jain Tirth Near [[Tikamgarh]].{{cn|date=December 2020}} His minister Sallakshana commissioned a [[Vishnu]] temple.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA53 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)

2026-07-03T00:51:30Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|King of Jejakabhukti from 1165 to 1203}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Paramardivarman
| title = Param-bhattaraka, Parameshwara, Param-Maheshwara, Maharajadhiraja, Srīkalanjaradhipati
| succession = [[Chandela| King of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
| reign = c. 1165-1202 CE
| predecessor = [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]
| successor = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| issue = Sabhajitvarman Bramhadevavarman Trailokyavarman
| regnal name = Paramardin
| full name = Srīmat Paramardi Varman Deva [[Sanskrit]]: श्रीमत-परमर्दी-वर्म-देव
| dynasty = [[Chandela|Chandel]]
| house = [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| father = Yashovarman II
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
}}
'''Paramardivarman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScYJAQAAQBAJ&dq=paramardivarman&pg=PT671 |title=The Past Before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India |date=2013-11-04 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72652-9 |language=en}}</ref> (reigned {{circa}} 1165–1203), [[IAST]]: Paramardi), known as Parmardideva, and famous in folklores as Parmala, while Parimal in Hindu scriptures, was the last greatest king of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] dynasty of Jejakabhukti. He succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] as the king of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti Kingdom]]. In 1182, [[Prithviraja III|Prithviraj Chauhan III]] raided and plundered the Madanpura city, which Paramardivarman recaptured after defeating [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] in few months. Paramardi signed the Treaty of Kalinjar around 1202–03 during the [[Siege of Kalanjara (1203)]] by the Ghurid general Qutbuddin Aibak, but died before the treaty was finalised.

== Early life ==

Paramardi Varman's [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshvar]] inscription suggests that he succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]]. However, other Chandela inscriptions (including those of his own) suggest that he succeeded his grandfather [[Madanavarman]]. It is possible that Yashovarman ruled for a very short period, or did not rule at all, having died while Madanavarman was still alive.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=139-140}}

According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Paramardi ascended the throne at the age of 5 years. An [[Ajaygarh]] inscription appears to corroborate this claim: it states that Paramardi was a leader even as a child (''bāl-opi netā'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=140}}

He is mentioned as Paramardi-[[deva (Hinduism)|deva]] in inscriptions. The medieval bardic legends such as [[Alha-Khand]] call him Paramala or Parimala. In modern [[vernacular]]s, he is also known as Paramardideva, Parmar, Paramal Deo and Parimal Chandel (because of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]). A gold coin issued by him, featuring a seated goddess, gives his name as ''Srimat Paramardi''.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=54-55}}

== Reign ==
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Paramardi Varman was the last of the powerful Chandela rulers, and has been mentioned in several legendary texts such as ''Paramala Raso'' (''Parmal Raso'' or ''Mahoba Khand''), ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' and ''Alha-Khand'' (''Alha Raso'' or Ballad of Alha). While these texts are based on historical events, much of their content has been fabricated to glorify either [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. Thus, these texts are of doubtful historicity, and therefore, much of Paramardi Varman's reign is shrouded in obscurity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

Several Chandela inscriptions also mention Paramardi Varman, but these contain little historical information. For example, the Semra copper-plate inscription vaguely eulogizes him as someonoe who surpassed [[Kamadeva|Makaradhvaja]] (the god of love) in handsomeness, the ocean in depth, the lord of heaven in majesty, [[Brihaspati]] in wisdom, and [[Yudhishthira]] in truthfulness. The Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription credits him with military victories and states that other kings bowed to him, but does not name any of these kings.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} The Ajaygarh inscription of his grandson's wife Kalyanadevi similarly describes him as a universal sovereign, whose enemies were left in a pitiful condition.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} Such claims of extensive conquests are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Early career ===

The inscriptions from the first few years of Paramardi Varman's reign have been found at Semra (1165-1166 CE), [[Mahoba]] (1166-1167 CE), [[Ichhawar]] (1171 CE), Mahoba (1173 CE), Pachar (1176 CE) and [[Charkhari]] (1178 CE).{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119}} All of these inscriptions use the imperial titles for him: ''Paramabhattaraka-[[Maharajadhiraja]]-Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati Shrimanmat Paramardideva''. This indicates that in the early part of his reign, Paramardi retained the territories that he had inherited from his grandfather Madanavarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

An 1183 CE [[Mahoba]] inscription states that the lord of Tripuri fainted whenever he heard the songs about Paramardi Varman's bravery. This suggests that Paramardi Varman defeated a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri king of Tripuri]], possibly [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Chahamana invasion ===
During 1182-1183 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the Chandela kingdom of Jejakabhukti. The Chandela records do not mention this invasion, presumably to avoid describing the humiliating defeat of their king.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela territory via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}

Prithviraj then started a march towards Mahoba. Facing an imminent defeat, Paramardi and his nobles sought a truce on the advice of his chief queen Malhan Devi. Prithviraj agreed to the truce, but remained encamped on the banks of the [[Betwa River]] in the Chandela territory. The Chandelas, meanwhile, requested Alha and Udal to come back from Kannauj.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}} The two brothers were initially hesitant, but agreed to return after their mother appealed them to honour their allegiance to the Chandelas. Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons, to support the Chandelas. Paramardi himself became nervous, and retreated to the [[Kalanjara]] fort with some of his soldiers. His son Brahmajit, along with Alha and Udal, led the Chandela army against Prithviraj Chauhan. In the ensuing battle, the Chandelas were defeated. Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of Jaichand were killed in the conflict. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked the Chandela capital of Mahoba.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}

Next, Prithviraj dispatched his general Chavand Rai to Kalanjara. The Chauhan army captured the fort, took Paramardi as prisoner, and marched back towards Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Alha's son Indal Kumar launched a surprise attack on the returning Chauhan army, and freed Paramardi. Out of shame, Paramardi later committed suicide at the Gajraj temple.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} ''Parmal Raso'' states that his 50 wives committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) after his death.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}} According to [[Chand Bardai]], he retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and died there.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} The ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that Prithviraj appointed Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son Samarjit recaptured Mahoba with help of Narasimha, an officer of Jaichand. Samarjit then ruled the territory between Kalanjara and Gaya. However, no such prince is mentioned in the Chandela records.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable, but it is known that Prithviraj Chauhan indeed sacked Mahoba. This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the prolonged occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} Moreover, it is known that Paramardi did not die or retire immediately after the Chauhan victory. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi Varman managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

=== Ghurid invasion and death ===
{{See also|Siege of Kalinjar}}

According to a [[Kalanjara]] inscription, while one of Paramardi Varman's predecessors had imprisoned the wives of the earthly rulers, Paramardi Varman's heroics made even the divine rulers anxious about the safety of their wives. As a result, the gods let loose an army of [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners) against him, and made him face a defeat.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

Prithviraj Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192. After defeating the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned an invasion of Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar (Paramardivarman) initially offered some resistance, but then fled to the safety of the fort. Subsequently, he surrendered before ruler of Delhi, and agreed to be his vassal.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} He promised to pay a tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the ruler of Delhi after his death. The dewan was finally forced to surrender as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Sultanate's victory, temples were converted into mosques and 50,000 men were taken as slaves. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}
== Administration ==

According to the Baghari inscription, Paramardivarman placed the burden of government on his prime minister Sallakshana, who was a [[Brahmin]] of [[Vashistha]] [[gotra]].On Paramardivarman's orders Sallakshana commissioned temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. After his death, his son Purushottama inherited his post.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

The Baghari inscription also mentions one Gadadhara as Paramardivarman's minister of war and peace (''sandhna-vigraha-sachiva''). According to the [[Ajaygarh]] inscription of [[Bhojavarman]], a [[Kayastha]] named Gangadhara was the Kancukin ([[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]) of Paramardi. Gangadhara and his brother Jaunadhara are said to have fought at Kalanjara, possibly in the battle against the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=149-150}}

Ajayapala and Madanapala, the sons of a former [[senapati]] (general) Kilhana, were two Brahmin senapatis of Paramardivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} Ajayapala is also known to have been a senapati of Paramardi's grandfather [[Madanavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=136}} Muslim chronicles mention Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) as a [[dewan]] who continued to resist the Delhi forces after Paramardivarman's death. The medieval bardic tradition also mentions [[Alha]] and [[Udala]] (or Udal) as his generals. Other officers mentioned in the historical records include Mahipala and an ''amatya'' named Vatsaraja.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}}

Paramardivarman was a learned man, and is attributed as the author of a eulogy to [[Shiva]], inscribed on a stone at [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} He patronized a number of scholars, including:{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

* Vatsaraja, the author of ''Rupa-Kashatakam'' (a collection of six plays)
* Gadadhara, a poet styled as ''Kavi-Chakravarti''
* Jaganika, the author of ''Alha-Khanda''
* Gunabhadra Munipa Saiddhanti, the [[Jain]] author of ''Dhanya-Kumara-Charita''

Although himself a [[Shaivite]], Paramardivarman was tolerant towards Buddhists, Jains and Vaishnavites. A copper-plate inscription shows that when he granted a village to a [[Brahmin]], he respected the rights of a Buddhist shrine located in that village. Several images of the Jain [[tirthankara]]s were set up at various places during his reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}} The best known of these are at the [[Aharji]] Jain Tirth Near [[Tikamgarh]].{{cn|date=December 2020}} His minister Sallakshana commissioned a [[Vishnu]] temple.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA53 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)

2026-07-03T00:50:57Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|King of Jejakabhukti from 1165 to 1203}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Paramardivarman
| title = Param-bhattaraka, Parameshwara, Param-Maheshwara, Maharajadhiraja, Srīkalanjaradhipati
| succession = [[Chandela| King of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
| reign = c. 1165-1202 CE
| predecessor = [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]
| successor = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| issue = Sabhajitvarman Bramhadevavarman Trailokyavarman
| regnal name = Paramardin
| full name = Srīmat Paramardi Varman Deva [[Sanskrit]]: श्रीमत-परमर्दी-वर्म-देव
| dynasty = [[Chandela|Chandel]]
| house = [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| father = Yashovarman II
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
}}
'''Paramardivarman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScYJAQAAQBAJ&dq=paramardivarman&pg=PT671 |title=The Past Before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India |date=2013-11-04 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72652-9 |language=en}}</ref> (reigned {{circa}} 1165–1203), [[IAST]]: Paramardi), known as Parmardideva, and famous in folklores as Parmala, while Parimal in Hindu scriptures, was the last greatest king of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] dynasty of Jejakabhukti. He succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] as the king of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti Kingdom]]. In 1182, [[Prithviraja III|Prithviraj Chauhan III]] raided and plundered the Madanpura city, which Paramardivarman recaptured after defeating [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] in few months. Paramardi signed the Treaty of Kalinjar around 1202–03 during the [[Siege of Kalinjar (1203)]] by the Ghurid general Qutbuddin Aibak, but died before the treaty was finalised.

== Early life ==

Paramardi Varman's [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshvar]] inscription suggests that he succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]]. However, other Chandela inscriptions (including those of his own) suggest that he succeeded his grandfather [[Madanavarman]]. It is possible that Yashovarman ruled for a very short period, or did not rule at all, having died while Madanavarman was still alive.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=139-140}}

According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Paramardi ascended the throne at the age of 5 years. An [[Ajaygarh]] inscription appears to corroborate this claim: it states that Paramardi was a leader even as a child (''bāl-opi netā'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=140}}

He is mentioned as Paramardi-[[deva (Hinduism)|deva]] in inscriptions. The medieval bardic legends such as [[Alha-Khand]] call him Paramala or Parimala. In modern [[vernacular]]s, he is also known as Paramardideva, Parmar, Paramal Deo and Parimal Chandel (because of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]). A gold coin issued by him, featuring a seated goddess, gives his name as ''Srimat Paramardi''.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=54-55}}

== Reign ==
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Paramardi Varman was the last of the powerful Chandela rulers, and has been mentioned in several legendary texts such as ''Paramala Raso'' (''Parmal Raso'' or ''Mahoba Khand''), ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' and ''Alha-Khand'' (''Alha Raso'' or Ballad of Alha). While these texts are based on historical events, much of their content has been fabricated to glorify either [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. Thus, these texts are of doubtful historicity, and therefore, much of Paramardi Varman's reign is shrouded in obscurity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

Several Chandela inscriptions also mention Paramardi Varman, but these contain little historical information. For example, the Semra copper-plate inscription vaguely eulogizes him as someonoe who surpassed [[Kamadeva|Makaradhvaja]] (the god of love) in handsomeness, the ocean in depth, the lord of heaven in majesty, [[Brihaspati]] in wisdom, and [[Yudhishthira]] in truthfulness. The Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription credits him with military victories and states that other kings bowed to him, but does not name any of these kings.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} The Ajaygarh inscription of his grandson's wife Kalyanadevi similarly describes him as a universal sovereign, whose enemies were left in a pitiful condition.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} Such claims of extensive conquests are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Early career ===

The inscriptions from the first few years of Paramardi Varman's reign have been found at Semra (1165-1166 CE), [[Mahoba]] (1166-1167 CE), [[Ichhawar]] (1171 CE), Mahoba (1173 CE), Pachar (1176 CE) and [[Charkhari]] (1178 CE).{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119}} All of these inscriptions use the imperial titles for him: ''Paramabhattaraka-[[Maharajadhiraja]]-Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati Shrimanmat Paramardideva''. This indicates that in the early part of his reign, Paramardi retained the territories that he had inherited from his grandfather Madanavarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

An 1183 CE [[Mahoba]] inscription states that the lord of Tripuri fainted whenever he heard the songs about Paramardi Varman's bravery. This suggests that Paramardi Varman defeated a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri king of Tripuri]], possibly [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Chahamana invasion ===
During 1182-1183 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the Chandela kingdom of Jejakabhukti. The Chandela records do not mention this invasion, presumably to avoid describing the humiliating defeat of their king.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela territory via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}

Prithviraj then started a march towards Mahoba. Facing an imminent defeat, Paramardi and his nobles sought a truce on the advice of his chief queen Malhan Devi. Prithviraj agreed to the truce, but remained encamped on the banks of the [[Betwa River]] in the Chandela territory. The Chandelas, meanwhile, requested Alha and Udal to come back from Kannauj.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}} The two brothers were initially hesitant, but agreed to return after their mother appealed them to honour their allegiance to the Chandelas. Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons, to support the Chandelas. Paramardi himself became nervous, and retreated to the [[Kalanjara]] fort with some of his soldiers. His son Brahmajit, along with Alha and Udal, led the Chandela army against Prithviraj Chauhan. In the ensuing battle, the Chandelas were defeated. Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of Jaichand were killed in the conflict. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked the Chandela capital of Mahoba.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}

Next, Prithviraj dispatched his general Chavand Rai to Kalanjara. The Chauhan army captured the fort, took Paramardi as prisoner, and marched back towards Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Alha's son Indal Kumar launched a surprise attack on the returning Chauhan army, and freed Paramardi. Out of shame, Paramardi later committed suicide at the Gajraj temple.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} ''Parmal Raso'' states that his 50 wives committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) after his death.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}} According to [[Chand Bardai]], he retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and died there.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} The ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that Prithviraj appointed Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son Samarjit recaptured Mahoba with help of Narasimha, an officer of Jaichand. Samarjit then ruled the territory between Kalanjara and Gaya. However, no such prince is mentioned in the Chandela records.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable, but it is known that Prithviraj Chauhan indeed sacked Mahoba. This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the prolonged occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} Moreover, it is known that Paramardi did not die or retire immediately after the Chauhan victory. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi Varman managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

=== Ghurid invasion and death ===
{{See also|Siege of Kalinjar}}

According to a [[Kalanjara]] inscription, while one of Paramardi Varman's predecessors had imprisoned the wives of the earthly rulers, Paramardi Varman's heroics made even the divine rulers anxious about the safety of their wives. As a result, the gods let loose an army of [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners) against him, and made him face a defeat.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

Prithviraj Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192. After defeating the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned an invasion of Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar (Paramardivarman) initially offered some resistance, but then fled to the safety of the fort. Subsequently, he surrendered before ruler of Delhi, and agreed to be his vassal.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} He promised to pay a tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the ruler of Delhi after his death. The dewan was finally forced to surrender as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Sultanate's victory, temples were converted into mosques and 50,000 men were taken as slaves. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}
== Administration ==

According to the Baghari inscription, Paramardivarman placed the burden of government on his prime minister Sallakshana, who was a [[Brahmin]] of [[Vashistha]] [[gotra]].On Paramardivarman's orders Sallakshana commissioned temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. After his death, his son Purushottama inherited his post.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

The Baghari inscription also mentions one Gadadhara as Paramardivarman's minister of war and peace (''sandhna-vigraha-sachiva''). According to the [[Ajaygarh]] inscription of [[Bhojavarman]], a [[Kayastha]] named Gangadhara was the Kancukin ([[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]) of Paramardi. Gangadhara and his brother Jaunadhara are said to have fought at Kalanjara, possibly in the battle against the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=149-150}}

Ajayapala and Madanapala, the sons of a former [[senapati]] (general) Kilhana, were two Brahmin senapatis of Paramardivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} Ajayapala is also known to have been a senapati of Paramardi's grandfather [[Madanavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=136}} Muslim chronicles mention Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) as a [[dewan]] who continued to resist the Delhi forces after Paramardivarman's death. The medieval bardic tradition also mentions [[Alha]] and [[Udala]] (or Udal) as his generals. Other officers mentioned in the historical records include Mahipala and an ''amatya'' named Vatsaraja.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}}

Paramardivarman was a learned man, and is attributed as the author of a eulogy to [[Shiva]], inscribed on a stone at [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} He patronized a number of scholars, including:{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

* Vatsaraja, the author of ''Rupa-Kashatakam'' (a collection of six plays)
* Gadadhara, a poet styled as ''Kavi-Chakravarti''
* Jaganika, the author of ''Alha-Khanda''
* Gunabhadra Munipa Saiddhanti, the [[Jain]] author of ''Dhanya-Kumara-Charita''

Although himself a [[Shaivite]], Paramardivarman was tolerant towards Buddhists, Jains and Vaishnavites. A copper-plate inscription shows that when he granted a village to a [[Brahmin]], he respected the rights of a Buddhist shrine located in that village. Several images of the Jain [[tirthankara]]s were set up at various places during his reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}} The best known of these are at the [[Aharji]] Jain Tirth Near [[Tikamgarh]].{{cn|date=December 2020}} His minister Sallakshana commissioned a [[Vishnu]] temple.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA53 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Chandel dynasty

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Vishvaksena: /* Name */

{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{ Infobox family
|name = Chandel (चन्देल)
|native_name = Aila dynasty
|native_name_lang =
|other_names = Chandravansha
|type = Royal family
|coat_of_arms =
|coat_of_arms_size =
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt2 =
|image_caption =
|parent_family = Purus
|country = Jejakabhukti
|region =
|early_forms =
|etymology = Chand+Ael->Chandel चन्द+ऐल->चन्देल
|origin = Chedi Mahajanpada
|founded =
|founder =
|current_head =
|final_ruler =
|current_head =
'''Agori Barhar branch''' Devansh bramh deva 
'''Sachendi branch''' Akshay Singh Chandel
| seat =
| historic_seat = Suktimati<Jejakabhukti>
|titles = Chakravarti Samrat Maharajadhiraja
|styles =
|members =
|connected_members =
|other_families =
|distinctions =
|traditions = Hinduism
|motto =
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans =
|heirlooms =
|estate = Agori Barhar, Gidhaur, Moradabad, Rampur, Bilaspur (Kahlur)
|properties =
|dissolution =
|deposition =
|cadet_branches = [[Pallava dynasty]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Chandel''' or the '''Chandela''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्देल |lit=Chand:moon + El/Aila: scion of [[Ila goddess|Ila.]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a prominent race of the [[Rajput|Rajputs]]. They are regarded as the highest race among the Kshatriyas as well as the head of the [[Moon|Chandravansha]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these families was the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 10th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]].

==Name==
The word Chandel is made up of two words, (Chand+Ael) Chand meaning [[Moon]] and Ael meaning direct descendant of Goddess [[Ila]], grand-daughter of [[Surya]].
==Reference==

Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty)

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Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) to Chandel dynasty

#REDIRECT [[Chandel dynasty]]

Chandel dynasty

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Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) to Chandel dynasty

Chandel dynasty

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Vishvaksena:

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2026-05-07T23:29:05Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) {{!}}Chandel Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' or '''House of the Moon God''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्देल |lit=Chand:moon + El/Aila: scion of [[Ila goddess|Ila.]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a prominent race of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya class]]. They are regarded as the highest race among the Kshatriyas as well as the head of the [[Moon|Chandravansha]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these families are [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 10th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]].

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym and evolved version of [[Kuru Kingdom|Chandravansha]] and [[Kuru Kingdom |Kuru]] clan of [[Rajputs]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref>

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi|Chandeli]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chandela]] king [[Shishupala]] of Mahabharata. According ballads, he became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandela king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahana Varman, a Chandravanshi Aila/Chandela king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]] Mahajanapada, conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel clan]] of the Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti, also known as [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] was a famous [[Hindu|Indian]] dynasty, which ruled North India from the 8th-14th century AD. The Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti was founded by the [[Chandel|Chandel Rajput]] king Nannukavarman, also known as [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Jejakabhukti country|Jejakabhukti]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2026-05-07T23:28:16Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) {{!}}Chandel Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' or '''House of the Moon God''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्देल |lit=Chand:moon + El/Aila: scion of [[Ila goddess|Ila.]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a prominent race of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya class]]. They are regarded as the highest race among the Kshatriyas as well as the head of the [[Moon|Chandravansha]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these families are [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 10th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]]. Chandels and it's branches saved Hindus of Cnetral from invaders like Turks, Afghans and Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym and evolved version of [[Kuru Kingdom|Chandravansha]] and [[Kuru Kingdom |Kuru]] clan of [[Rajputs]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref>

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi|Chandeli]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chandela]] king [[Shishupala]] of Mahabharata. According ballads, he became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandela king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahana Varman, a Chandravanshi Aila/Chandela king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]] Mahajanapada, conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel clan]] of the Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti, also known as [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] was a famous [[Hindu|Indian]] dynasty, which ruled North India from the 8th-14th century AD. The Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti was founded by the [[Chandel|Chandel Rajput]] king Nannukavarman, also known as [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Jejakabhukti country|Jejakabhukti]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2026-05-07T23:27:12Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) {{!}}Chandel Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' or '''House of the Moon God''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्देल |lit=Chand:moon + El/Aila: scion of [[Ila goddess|Ila.]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a prominent race of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya class]]. They are regarded as the highest race among the Kshatriyas as well as the head of the [[Moon|Chandravansha]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these families are [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 10th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti country]]. Chandels and it's branches saved Hindus of Cnetral from invaders like Turks, Afghans and Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

==Subclans & Branches==
Mahobia, Kahluria, Gidhauriya, Chand, Burhuri & Banafar etc are the subclans while Kalachuris, Meghas & Pallavas etc are separate branches of Chandel Rajputs.

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym and evolved version of [[Kuru Kingdom|Chandravansha]] and [[Kuru Kingdom |Kuru]] clan of [[Rajputs]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref>

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi|Chandeli]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chandela]] king [[Shishupala]] of Mahabharata. According ballads, he became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandela king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahana Varman, a Chandravanshi Aila/Chandela king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]] Mahajanapada, conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel clan]] of the Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti, also known as [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] was a famous [[Hindu|Indian]] dynasty, which ruled North India from the 8th-14th century AD. The Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti was founded by the [[Chandel|Chandel Rajput]] king Nannukavarman, also known as [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Jejakabhukti country|Jejakabhukti]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2026-05-07T23:14:16Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) {{!}}Chandel Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' (synonym:Mādhav, Vrishni & [[Chedi]]) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्द+ऐल-चन्देल|lit=[[Moon]] god and Ael, direct descendant of [[Ila|Ila goddess]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a clan of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriy caste]]. Chandels are the highest clan among the Kshatriyas and is the lord of the [[Moon|Chandravansh]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these Chandel family is [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 8th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti region]]. Chandels and it's branches saved Hindus from invaders like Turks, Afghans and Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

==Subclans & Branches==
Mahobia, Kahluria, Gidhauriya, Chand, Burhuri & Banafar etc are the subclans while Kalachuris, Meghas & Pallavas etc are separate branches of Chandel Rajputs.

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym and evolved version of [[Kuru Kingdom|Chandravansha]] and [[Kuru Kingdom |Kuru]] clan of [[Rajputs]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref>

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi|Chandeli]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chandela]] king [[Shishupala]] of Mahabharata. According ballads, he became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandela king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahana Varman, a Chandravanshi Aila/Chandela king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]] Mahajanapada, conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel clan]] of the Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti, also known as [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] was a famous [[Hindu|Indian]] dynasty, which ruled North India from the 8th-14th century AD. The Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti was founded by the [[Chandel|Chandel Rajput]] king Nannukavarman, also known as [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Jejakabhukti country|Jejakabhukti]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2026-05-07T23:11:05Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) {{!}}Chandel Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' (synonym:Mādhav, Vrishni & [[Chedi]]) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्द+ऐल-चन्देल|lit=[[Moon]] god and Ael, direct descendant of [[Ila|Ila goddess]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a clan of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriy caste]]. Chandels are the highest clan among the Kshatriyas and is the lord of the [[Moon|Chandravansh]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these Chandel family is [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 8th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti region]]. Chandels and it's branches saved Hindus from invaders like Turks, Afghans and Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

==Subclans & Branches==
Mahobia, Kahluria, Gidhauriya, Chand, Burhuri & Banafar etc are the subclans while Kalachuris, Meghas & Pallavas etc are separate branches of Chandel Rajputs.

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym and evolved version of [[Kuru Kingdom|Chandravansha]] and [[Kuru Kingdom |Kuru]] clan of [[Rajputs]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref>

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi|Chandeli]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chandela]] king [[Shishupala]] of Mahabharata. According ballads, he became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandela king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahana Varman, a Chandravanshi Aila/Chandela king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]] Mahajanapada, conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel clan]] of the Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] or ''Chandelas of Mahoba'' was a famous [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] dynasty , which independently ruled Central India from the 8th to the 13th century. The Chandelas of Mahoba was founded by the [[Haihaya|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Kalinjar]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandelas of Jejakabhukti

2026-05-07T03:08:10Z

Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Chandelas of Jejakabhukti to Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti: Original name

#REDIRECT [[Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2026-05-07T03:08:09Z

Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Chandelas of Jejakabhukti to Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti: Original name

{{Short description|Late medieval Hindu dynasty of India (831–1315)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandela
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = {{Circa|831}}
|year_end = 1315
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
|image_map = Map of the Candellas.png
|image_map_caption = Territory of the Chandelas during the reign of [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] circa 1025 CE.<ref name="JS">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library|author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=183#gsc.tab=0|page=146, Map "j"}}</ref>
|map_width = 300px
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]]|[[Kalanjara]]|[[Mahoba]]}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size = 280px
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshana-Varman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''' was an Indian dynasty in [[Central India]]. The Chandelas ruled much of the [[Bundelkhand]] region (then called ''Jejakabhukti'') between the 9th and the 13th centuries. They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] clan of the [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref>
*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}}
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}}
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref>

The Chandelas initially ruled as feudatories of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj). The 10th century Chandela ruler [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] became practically independent, although he continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty. By the time of his successor [[Dhanga]], the Chandelas had become a sovereign power. Their power rose and declined as they fought battles with the neighbouring dynasties, especially the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s of [[Malwa]] and the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]. From the 11th century onwards, the Chandelas faced raids by the northern Muslim dynasties, including the [[Ghaznavid]]s and the [[Ghurid]]s. The Chandela power effectively ended around the beginning of the 13th century, following [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] and Ghurid invasions.

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture, most notably for the temples at their original capital [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]]. They also commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at other places, including their strongholds of [[Ajaigarh]], [[Kalinjar]] and their later capital [[Mahoba]].

== Origin ==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

=== Early rulers ===

The Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. {{Circa|831}}–845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30–31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32–35}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925–950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36–37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953–954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950–999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61–65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] killed theking of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72–73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81–82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999–1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Decline ===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89–90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035–1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110–111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

=== Revival ===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and possibly annexed the northern part of the [[Baghelkhand]] region.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandelas lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha). This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130–132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}} Once again, the Chandelas could not retain the newly annexed territory for long, and the region was recaptured by Yashovarman's son Lakshmivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandela and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman. The result of this conflict appears to have been inconclusive, as records of both the kingdoms claim victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. On the other hand, the various chronicles of Gujarat claim that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133–134}} Madanavarman maintained friendly relations with his northern neighbours, the [[Gahadavala]]s.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] either did not rule, or ruled for a very short time. Madanavarman's grandson [[Paramardi|Paramardi-deva]] was the last powerful Chandela king.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

=== Final decline ===
{{South Asia in 1175||Location of the Chandelas and neighbouring South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en}}</ref>|{{Annotation|152|90|[[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|35px]]}}}}
[[Paramardi]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandela throne at a young age. While the early years of his reign were peaceful, around 1182–1183 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the Chandela kingdom. According to the medieval legendary ballads, Prithviraj's army lost its way after a surprise attack by ([[Ghurid]]) [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] forces, and unknowingly camped at the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. This led to a brief conflict between the Chandelas and the Chauhans, before Prithviraj left for Delhi. Sometime later, Prithviraj invaded the Chandela kingdom and sacked Mahoba. Paramardi cowardly took shelter in the [[Kalanjara]] fort. The Chandela force, led by [[Alha]], Udal [[banaphar]], rajputs, of Mahoba|Udal]] and other generals, was defeated in this battle. Nowadays [[ahir]], caste claims alha udal but according to historians and alha khand and mahoba khand they belongs to [[banaphar]], clan of [[rajput]], caste and their mother was of [[ahir]], which is why they are called of mixed origin.According to the various ballads, Paramardi either committed suicide out of shame or retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=120–123}}

Prithviraj Chauhan's raid of Mahoba is corroborated by his [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]] stone inscriptions. However, there are several instances of historical inaccuracies in the bardic legends. For example, it is known that Paramardi did not retire or die immediately after the Chauhan victory. He restored the Chandela power, and ruled as a sovereign until around 1202–1203 CE, when [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], the [[Ghurid Empire]] governor of [[Delhi]], invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=123–126}} According to ''Taj-ul-Maasir'', a chronicle of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], Paramardi surrendered to the Delhi forces. He promised to pay tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could keep this promise. His [[dewan]] offered some resistance to the invading forces, but was ultimately subdued. The 16th century historian [[Firishta]] states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The Chandela power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. The next ruler [[Hammiravarman]] (r. c. 1288–1311 CE) did not use the imperial title [[Maharajadhiraja]], which indicates that the Chandela king had a lower status by his time. The Chandela power continued to decline because of the rising Muslim influence, as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundela]]s, the Baghelas and the [[Khangar (community)|Khangars]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=179}}

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} [[Chandelas of Kalanjara (minor Chandela branch)|One minor branch of the family continued ruling Kalanjara]]: its ruler was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army in 1545 CE. Another minor branch ruled at [[Mahoba]]: [[Rani Durgavati|Durgavati]], one of its princesses married into the [[Garha Kingdom|Gond]] royal family of [[Mandla]]. Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}

== Art and architecture ==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]], Madanpur and [[Aharji Jain Teerth|Aharji]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn|first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=123|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 | page=128 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Reddy |first=P. Chenny | author-link=P. Chenna Reddy |title=Kalyana Mitra: A treasure house of history, culture and archaeological studies | volume=5 |url={{Google books|prCqEAAAQBAJ|page=197|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-5741-111-0 | page=197 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti
! S.N.
! Ruler's regional name ([[IAST]] name in bracket)
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Nannuka]]
|831–845
|-
|2
|[[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] (Vākpati)
|845–865
|-
|3
|[[Jayashakti]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vijayaśakti)
|865–885
|-
|4
|[[Rahila]] (Rāhila)
|885–905
|-
|5
|[[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harsha]] (Śri Harśa)
|905–925
|-
|6
|[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yasho-Varman]] (Yaśovarman)
|925–950
|-
|7
|[[Dhanga|Dhanga-Deva]] (Dhaṅgadeva)
|950–999
|-
|8
|[[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda-Deva]] (Gaṇḍadeva)
|999–1002
|-
|9
|[[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] (Vidyādhara)
|1003–1035
|-
|10
|[[Vijayapala|Vijaya-Pala]] (Vijayapāla)
|1035–1050
|-
|11
|[[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Deva-Varman]]
|1050–1060
|-
|12
|[[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirtti-Varman]] (Kīrtivarman)
|1060–1100
|-
|13
|[[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshana-Varman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman)
|1100–1110
|-
|14
|[[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jaya-Varman]]
|1110–1120
|-
|15
|[[Prithvivarman|Prithvi-Varman]] (Pṛthvīvarman)
|1120–1128
|-
|16
|[[Madanavarman|Madana-Varman]]
|1128–1164
|-
|17
|[[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yasho-Varman II]]
|1164–1165
|-
|18
|[[Paramardideva|Paramardi-Deva]]
|1165–1203
|-
|19
|[[Trailokyavarman|Trailokya-Varman]]
|1203–1245
|-
|20
|[[Viravarman|Vira-Varman]] (Vīravarman)
|1245–1285
|-
|21
|[[Bhojavarman|Bhoja-Varman]]
|1285–1288
|-
|22
|[[Hammiravarman|Hammira-Varman]] (Hammīravarman)
|1288–1311
|-
|23
|Vira-Varman II
|1311–1315
|}

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Chandela dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Nannuka]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 831-845|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 845-865|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Jayashakti]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 865-885|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Vijayashakti]]''' (4) r. {{circa}} 865-885|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Rahila]]''' (5) r. {{circa}} 885-905|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]]''' (6) r. {{circa}} 905-925|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman I]]''' (7) r. {{circa}} 925-950|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Dhanga]]deva''' (8) r. {{circa}} 950-999|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandadeva]]''' (9) r. {{circa}} 999-1002|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]]''' (10) r. {{circa}} 1003-1035|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vijayapala]]''' (11) r. {{circa}} 1035-1050|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]]''' (12) r. {{circa}} 1050-1060|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]]''' (13) r. {{circa}} 1060-1100|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Sallakshanavarman]]''' (14) r. {{circa}} 1100-1110|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Prithvivarman]]''' (16) r. {{circa}} 1120-1128|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]]''' (15) r. {{circa}} 1110-1120|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Madanavarman]]''' (17) r. {{circa}} 1128-1165|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]''' (18) r. {{circa}} 1165|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Paramardi]]''' (19) r. {{circa}} 1165-1203|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Viravarman]]''' (21) r. {{circa}} 1245-1285|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03=Child of Yashovarman}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Trailokyavarman]]''' (20) r. {{circa}} 1203–1245|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Hammiravarman]]''' (23) r. {{circa}} 1288-1311|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Bhojavarman]]''' (22) r. {{circa}} 1285-1288|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

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== See also ==
* [[History of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Chandel (Rajput clan)]]
* [[Chandelas of Kalanjara]]
* [[Chandelas of Kumaun]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]

Vidyadharavarman (Chandel Emperor)

2026-05-07T03:04:11Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vidyādhara varman
| title = Paramabhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara, Srī-kalanjaradhipati
| succession = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Emperor of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
| reign = c. 1003–1035
| predecessor = [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarman]]
| successor = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
| consort = Satyabhama Devi
| regnal name =
| full name = Srīmat Vidyadhara Varman Deva
| dynasty = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
| house = [[Chandelvansha]]
| father = Gandavarman
| mother =
| native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| native_lang1_name1 = {{lang|fa|{{nastaliq|श्रीमत-विद्याधर-वर्म-देव }}}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =

}}
'''Vidyadharavarman''' (r. c. 1003-1035CE), [[IAST]]: Vidyādhara) was the Great Emperor of [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire]]. He expanded his Empire by defeating his neighbour Kingdoms, such as [[Paramaras of Malwa]], [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], [[Gurjara-Pratiharas|Pratiharas of Kannauj]] and others.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=74-76}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar R.c. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.527071 |title=The Struggle For Empire |date=1957 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Bombay}}</ref> He is most notable for his resistance against the Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], successfully preventing the permanent establishment of [[Ghaznavid Empire]] in [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=87,96-97}}

== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadhara's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadhara's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadhara was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadhara's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>

== Invasion of Kannauj ==
{{See also|Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj}}
In 1018, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadhara). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadhara's predecessor Ganda. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadhara who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandelas, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadhara.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}

== Struggle against the Ghaznavids ==

It is possible that Vidyadhara appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}}

According to [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', the two armies were encamped on the opposite banks of a river. Mahmud sent an envoy to Vidyadhara (called "Nanda" by Ahmad), asking him to accept [[Islam]] and Mahmud's suzerainty. Vidyadhara refused to make a submission. After seeing the Chandela ruler's vast army from an elevated spot, Mahmud became worried. However, at night, Vidyadhara withdrew with some of his companions, leaving behind his army. According to this account, there was no fight between the two armies. After Vidyadhara's withdrawal, Mahmud's army sacked his camp, and procured a great amount of wealth, including 580 elephants. Gardezi, in his ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', states that the Chandela ruler (called "Ganda" in this account) had already deserted his camp by the time Mahmud's envoy reached there. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] offers a different account, stating that the two armies fought a battle before retreating at the nightfall. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=78-79}}

In 1022, Mahmud invaded the Chandela kingdom again, besieging the [[Gwalior Fort]] (Gopadri), which was controlled by a [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] feudatory of Vidyadhara. This feudatory is identified with Kirtiraja. According to ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' Mahmud lifted the siege after four days, in return for a tribute of 35 elephants. He then proceeded to besiege the Chandela fortress of [[Kalanjara]]. After a long siege, the Kalanjara ruler (called "Nanda" in this account), offered Mahmud a tribute of 300 elephants and "begged for safety". According to [[Firishta]]'s account, the Chandela king intoxicated the elephants and sent them to Mahmud's camp without any riders. These wild elephants were tamed by Mahmud's [[Tatars|Tatar]] soldiers. The Chandela king, on seeing this act of bravery, sent a [[panegyric]] praising Mahmud and his army. In return, Mahmud also complimented the Vidyadhara, and awarded him 15 fortresses and other presents before turning to his capital [[Ghazna]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=80-82}}

S. K. Mitra theorizes that the encounter between Vidyadhara and Mahmud ended with an "exchange of gifts", which must have been depicted as "tribute" by the Muslim historians.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}

== Triumph over Bhoja Paramara of Malwa ==
An inscription of Kirtiraja, the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] ruler of Gwalior, claims that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Vidyadhara in this campaign. One possibility is that Bhoja invaded the Chandela kingdom, but was forced to retreat by Kirtiraja.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=83-84}}

The fragmentary [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]. According to one theory, Bhoja, aided by Gangeya, invaded the Chandela kingdom, but Vidyadhara Varman forced them to retreat.

[[K. M. Munshi]] believe that the Mahoba inscription is merely a boastful exaggeration.{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}} But historians like R.K. Dixit, R.C. Majumdar, Nemai Sadan Bose etc. accepted the fact that the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and the Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] both were defeated by Vidyadhar Varman and accepted the Chandela supremacy, while the Kalachuris of Tripuri became the feudals of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=74-76}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar R.c. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.527071 |title=The Struggle For Empire |date=1957 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Bombay}}</ref>

== Cultural contributions ==
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadhara]]

Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions a king called "Virimda", which is interpreted as another name of Vidhyadhara.{{sfn|Deva|1990|p=370}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |last=Deva |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OzVAAAAMAAJ |title=Temples of Khajuraho |volume=1 |year=1990 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India }}
* {{cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisirkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Mahesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |year=1984 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sullerey |first=Sushil Kumar |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2026-03-29T08:55:59Z

Vishvaksena: /* Early text and inscriptions */

{{Other uses|Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) {{!}}Chandel Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' (synonym:Mādhav, Vrishni & [[Chedi]]) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्द+ऐल-चन्देल|lit=[[Moon]] god and Ael, direct descendant of [[Ila|Ila goddess]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a clan of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriy caste]]. Chandels are the highest clan among the Kshatriyas and is the lord of the [[Moon|Chandravansh]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these Chandel family is [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 8th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti region]]. Chandels and it's branches saved Hindus from invaders like Turks, Afghans and Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

==Subclans & Branches==
Mahobia, Kahluria, Gidhauriya, Chand, Burhuri & Banafar etc are the subclans while Kalachuris, Meghas & Pallavas etc are separate branches of Chandel Rajputs.

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym and evolved version of [[Kuru Kingdom|Chandravansha]] and [[Kuru Kingdom |Kuru]] clan of [[Rajputs]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref>

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi|Chandeli]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chandela]] king [[Shishupala]] of Mahabharata. According ballads, he became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandela king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahanavarman, a Chandel king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]], conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi-Chandel Yadav clan]] of the Chandravanshi Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] or ''Chandelas of Mahoba'' was a famous [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] dynasty , which independently ruled Central India from the 8th to the 13th century. The Chandelas of Mahoba was founded by the [[Haihaya|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Kalinjar]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2024-05-20T00:21:51Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|name = ''Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti''
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandel Empire
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1 = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1 = Rise of Empire
| date_event1 = 9th CE
| event2 =
| date_event2 =
|event3 = Fall of Empire
| date_event3 = 1203 CE
|event4 = Fall of dynasty
|year_start = 832 CE
|year_end = 1545 CE
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi){{!}}Mamluk dynasty
|flag_s2 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty map]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
|currency =
[[Hanumana]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Prafulla Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Coinage of Northern India: The Early Rajaputa Dynasties from the 11th to the 13th Centuries A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Laxmi|Goddess Laxmi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=h0QuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&dq=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOkICSk9b-AhVYV2wGHcRoD7oQ6AF6BAgCEAM#Chandela |title=The Economic History of India |date=1962 |publisher=Eastern Publishers |language=en}}</ref>
|image_flag =
|image_flagtype =
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size =
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''', ([[Devanagari]]: जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल, colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4V4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP19&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |title=Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1891 |publisher=Quaritch |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chandel Empire'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandela+Empire&dq=Chandela+Empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGkrORpsWCAxXkSWwGHVbZCo0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#Chandela%20Empire |title=The Art of the Chandelas |date=1957 |publisher=Rupa |language=en}}</ref>) was an Indian dynasty, which was founded by [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi]] Chandel ruler [[Nannuka|Chandravarman II (Nannukavarman)]]. Chandels once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from Muslim invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Yādava]] clan of the [[Rajput|Chandravanahi Rajput]]s.<ref>*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}}
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}}
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref> The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed against [[Islam Shah Suri]] on 27 may, 1545 CE..<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kusuman |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA155&dq=The+last+chandella+ruler++was&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNmYvch6iEAxVezzgGHZLFAYsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=77bXjlFSBKMC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Kirat%20Singh&f=false |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884 |date=1885 |publisher=Governement Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archaeological Survey of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMNQTl1EBAwC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20genealogy%20records&f=false |title=Reports |date=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> The direct descendants of this family along with its younger branches did not give up even during their decline and defeated the Mughals under the leadership of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti ruled under the Pratiharas of Kanyakubja until the 9th century. The 9th-century Chandel ruler Yashovarman I, who assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja, initially acknowledged Pratihara suzerainty but within a few months became practically independent. The inscriptions describe his "Digvijaya" in which he defeated the many kingdoms including the king of Gurjara country i.e. Pratiharas, the Paramara king Siyaka of Malwa and the Rashtrakuta king. Thus the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti became the main sovereign power during the time of Yashovarman I. During Emperor Yashovarman I to [[Paramardivarman]], Chandels achieved success over [[Kalinga]], [[Paramara]]s, Kalachuris, [[Vanga]], [[Konkan]], Gahadvalas etc kingdoms and subjugated them. Although many times they would rebel and become independent, but within a few days the Chandels would defeat them and again subdue them. The Chaulukyas and some states of southern India paid tribute to the Chandel empire. The reason for the downfall was being engaged in war with the rebel occupied kings or feudatories from time to time due to which the army was not fully prepared during external aggressions. In 1203 BC, The Chandels were decimated by the suddenly Ghurid Invasion but were soon revived by Trailokyavarman, the son of Paramardivarman. Trailokyavarman also defeated Iltutmish and brought many kings of Central and North India back under Chandel rule, which lasted till 1545. In between, some kings refused to accept subordination, but in a few days they again became subject to the Chandels after defeating. Hammiravarman, son of Viravarman I, defeated Alauddin Khilji on the banks of the confluence of Yamuna-Betwa river in 1309 AD. The Chandels ruled central India until 1545 AD, repulsing many Muslim invasions. The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed in the battle against Islam Shah Suri.

The Chandels were mainly [[Vaishnavas]], and the Shaivite Chandels were also supported [[Vaishnavism]] and didn't harmed Jains and Smarthas beliefs. The Chandels were staunch religious, they were anxious not to violate Dharma and sacred law in any way. In several Chandel inscriptions there are references to many Kings who were afraid to offend against the religious law. The Chandels often emphasized the positive duty of following the state through Dharma which was the duty of a Kshatriya ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FV49AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2pMDiw8WCAxWKamwGHccMB4E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Lectures on Rajput History |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oaE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |date=1983 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gwcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Chandellas%20dharma |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA345&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandellas%20dharma&f=false |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Chandela rulers were very often guided and very supported by Brahmin ministers, big scholars and counsellors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA169&dq=Candella+rulers+were+very+often+guided+by+Brahmin+ministers+and+counsellors&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3peUx8WCAxUpTGwGHf5dAAYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Candella%20rulers%20were%20very%20often%20guided%20by%20Brahmin%20ministers%20and%20counsellors&f=false |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition) |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

===Early rulers===

The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Candellas.png|thumb|Chandel dynasty before 1028]]
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}

===Rise as a sovereign power===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950-999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] killed the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81-82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999-1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

===Decline===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89-90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035-1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

===Revival===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and subjected him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandel's governor lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha) and later subjected whole paramara kingdom. This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandel and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. The self pro-claimed various chronicles of Chaulukyas claimed that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman defeated a [[Gahadavala]] ruler Govindchandra, in which Govindchandra fled from his capital to save his life. Later on the request of Govindchandra, Madanavarman returned his kingdom to him and both became friendly state.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] ruled for a very short time and died in a war. Aftter Yashovarman II, his son [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman deva]] become chandel emperor.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

===Final decline===
[[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandel throne at the age of 5. QllIn 1182 CE, [[Paramardivarman]] defeated Chauhan king [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraj III]] in battle and repulsed his raid.{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the 16th c Chauhans claimed in ballads, that the Chandels were defeated and Parmardivarman committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.

This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence. Not even by madanpur inscription of Prithviraj Chauhan, that was mere a small raid which was successfully repulsed by Paramardivarman Deva.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardivarman, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardivarman ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardivarman, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardivarman ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country.

The Chandel power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardivarman was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. Hammiravarman defeated Allauddin khalji.

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India" /> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).

==Art and architecture==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]] and Madanpur.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

==List of rulers ==

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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Dudhai (Dudāhī)" },
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gadha, Chhatarpur (Garrā)" },
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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
*[[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
*[[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
*[[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
*[[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
*[[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE
*[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
*[[Dhanga|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE
*[[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE
*[[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE
*[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
*[[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
*[[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
*[[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
*[[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
*[[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
*[[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
*[[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
*[[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
*[[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
*[[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
*[[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
*[[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
*Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

==References==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi|title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2)|series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}
* {{cite book|author=Om Prakash Misra|title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-874-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Peter Jackson|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}
* {{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571|year=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Sisirkumar Mitra|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book|author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2024-05-20T00:00:00Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandel Empire
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1 = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1 = Rise of Empire
| date_event1 = 1028 CE
| event2 = Empire at its peak
| date_event2 = 1092 CE
|event3 = Fall of Empire
| date_event3 = 1203 CE
|event4 = Fall of dynasty
|year_start = 832 CE
|year_end = 1545 CE
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi){{!}}Mamluk dynasty
|flag_s2 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty map]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
|currency =
[[Hanumana]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Prafulla Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Coinage of Northern India: The Early Rajaputa Dynasties from the 11th to the 13th Centuries A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Laxmi|Goddess Laxmi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=h0QuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&dq=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOkICSk9b-AhVYV2wGHcRoD7oQ6AF6BAgCEAM#Chandela |title=The Economic History of India |date=1962 |publisher=Eastern Publishers |language=en}}</ref>
|image_flag =
|image_flagtype =
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size =
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''', ([[Devanagari]]: जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल, colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4V4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP19&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |title=Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1891 |publisher=Quaritch |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chandel Empire'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandela+Empire&dq=Chandela+Empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGkrORpsWCAxXkSWwGHVbZCo0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#Chandela%20Empire |title=The Art of the Chandelas |date=1957 |publisher=Rupa |language=en}}</ref>) was an Indian dynasty, which was founded by [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi]] Chandel ruler [[Nannuka|Chandravarman II]]. Chandels once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from Muslim invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Haihayavanshi]] [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Yadava]] clan of the [[Rajput]]s.<ref>*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}}
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}}
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref> The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed against [[Islam Shah Suri]] on 27 may, 1545 CE..<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kusuman |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA155&dq=The+last+chandella+ruler++was&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNmYvch6iEAxVezzgGHZLFAYsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=77bXjlFSBKMC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Kirat%20Singh&f=false |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884 |date=1885 |publisher=Governement Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archaeological Survey of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMNQTl1EBAwC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20genealogy%20records&f=false |title=Reports |date=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> The direct descendants of this family along with its younger branches did not give up even during their decline and defeated the Mughals under the leadership of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti ruled under the Pratiharas of Kanyakubja until the 9th century. The 9th-century Chandel ruler Yashovarman I, who assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja, initially acknowledged Pratihara suzerainty but within a few months became practically independent. The inscriptions describe his "Digvijaya" in which he defeated the many kingdoms including the king of Gurjara country i.e. Pratiharas, the Paramara king Siyaka of Malwa and the Rashtrakuta king. Thus the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti became the main sovereign power during the time of Yashovarman I. During [[Vidyadharavarman]] to [[Paramardivarman]], Chandels achieved success over [[Kalinga]], [[Paramara]]s, Kalachuris, Gahadwals etc kingdoms and subjugated them. Although many times they would rebel and become independent, but within a few days the Chandels would defeat them and again subdue them. The Chaulukyas and some states of southern India paid tribute to the Chandel empire. The reason for the downfall was being engaged in war with the rebel occupied kings or feudatories from time to time due to which the army was not fully prepared during external aggressions. In 1203 BC, The Chandels were decimated by the suddenly Ghurid Invasion but were soon revived by Trailokyavarman, the son of Paramardivarman. Trailokyavarman also defeated Iltutmish and brought many kings of Central and North India back under Chandel rule, which lasted till 1545. In between, some kings refused to accept subordination, but in a few days they again became subject to the Chandels after defeating. Hammiravarman, son of Viravarman I, defeated Alauddin Khilji on the banks of the confluence of Yamuna-Betwa river in 1309 AD. The Chandels ruled central India until 1545 AD, repulsing many Muslim invasions. The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed in the battle against Islam Shah Suri.

The Chandels were mainly [[Vaishnavas]], and the Shaivite Chandels were also supported [[Vaishnavism]] and didn't harmed Jains and Smarthas beliefs. The Chandels were staunch religious, they were anxious not to violate Dharma and sacred law in any way. In several Chandel inscriptions there are references to many Kings who were afraid to offend against the religious law. The Chandels often emphasized the positive duty of following the state through Dharma which was the duty of a Kshatriya ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FV49AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2pMDiw8WCAxWKamwGHccMB4E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Lectures on Rajput History |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oaE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |date=1983 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gwcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Chandellas%20dharma |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA345&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandellas%20dharma&f=false |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Chandela rulers were very often guided and very supported by Brahmin ministers, big scholars and counsellors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA169&dq=Candella+rulers+were+very+often+guided+by+Brahmin+ministers+and+counsellors&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3peUx8WCAxUpTGwGHf5dAAYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Candella%20rulers%20were%20very%20often%20guided%20by%20Brahmin%20ministers%20and%20counsellors&f=false |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition) |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

===Early rulers===

The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Candellas.png|thumb|Chandel dynasty before 1028]]
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}

===Rise as a sovereign power===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950-999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] killed the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81-82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999-1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

===Decline===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89-90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035-1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

===Revival===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and subjected him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandel's governor lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha) and later subjected whole paramara kingdom. This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandel and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. The self pro-claimed various chronicles of Chaulukyas claimed that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman defeated a [[Gahadavala]] ruler Govindchandra, in which Govindchandra fled from his capital to save his life. Later on the request of Govindchandra, Madanavarman returned his kingdom to him and both became friendly state.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] ruled for a very short time and died in a war. Aftter Yashovarman II, his son [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman deva]] become chandel emperor.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

===Final decline===
[[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandel throne at the age of 5. QllIn 1182 CE, [[Paramardivarman]] defeated Chauhan king [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraj III]] in battle and repulsed his raid.{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the 16th c Chauhans claimed in ballads, that the Chandels were defeated and Parmardivarman committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.

This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence. Not even by madanpur inscription of Prithviraj Chauhan, that was mere a small raid which was successfully repulsed by Paramardivarman Deva.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardivarman, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardivarman ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardivarman, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardivarman ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country.

The Chandel power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardivarman was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. Hammiravarman defeated Allauddin khalji.

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India" /> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).

==Art and architecture==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]] and Madanpur.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

==List of rulers ==

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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
*[[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
*[[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
*[[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
*[[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
*[[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE
*[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
*[[Dhanga|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE
*[[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE
*[[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE
*[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
*[[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
*[[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
*[[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
*[[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
*[[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
*[[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
*[[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
*[[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
*[[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
*[[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
*[[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
*[[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
*Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

==References==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi|title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2)|series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}
* {{cite book|author=Om Prakash Misra|title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-874-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Peter Jackson|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}
* {{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571|year=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Sisirkumar Mitra|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book|author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Later Guptas

2024-05-19T09:14:56Z

Vishvaksena: /* Rulers */

{{Short description|Tenth ruling dynasty of Magadha}}{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Later Gupta dynasty
| conventional_long_name = Later Gupta dynasty
| capital = Pataliputra
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = {{Circa|490 CE}}
| year_end = {{Circa|750 CE}}
| image_map =
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image=Map of the Later Guptas.jpg
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes

{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE|South Asia 600 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{{3|}}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|110|[[Mori Rajputs|MORIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|225|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|175|84|[[Licchavi (kingdom)|LICCHAVIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|205|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|50|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|48|[[Alchon Huns|'''ALCHONS''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|130|[[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala|PANDUVAMSHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|text-align=center|165|143|[[Shailodbhava dynasty|SHAILODBHAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|60|[[Takka Kingdom|TAKKA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|5|[[Western Turks|WESTERN TURKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|3|[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|60|125|'''[[Maitraka dynasty|MAITRAKAS]]'''|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|55|95|[[Rai dynasty|RAIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|80|97|[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura|PRATIHARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|70|[[Pushyabhuti dynasty|PUSHYA- BHUTIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|125|[[Kalachuri dynasty|EARLY KALA- CHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|55|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 500 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 800 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|The Later Gupta kingdom at its zenith around {{Circa|590 CE}}, and its neighbours.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (i)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>}}
}}
| image_map_caption =
| image_map2 = South Asia historical AD625 EN.svg
| image_map2_caption = The Later Gupta [[Harsha]], {{Circa|625 CE}}
| p1 = Gupta Empire
| p2 = Alchon Huns
| s1 = Pushyabhuti dynasty
| p3 = Maukhari dynasty
}}
The '''Gupta dynasty''' or '''Guptas of Magadha''' (Sanskrit: गुप्त राजवंश) were an Indian dynasty founded by Guptavarman, a Chandel prince of Haihaya lineage of [[Lunar dynasty|Somvansh]]. This dynasty ruled between the 6th and 8th centuries CE. Kucha historians connect Gupta with the Gupta Empire, that is why it is called later Guptas, but there is no evidence connecting the two dynasties; these appear to be two distinct families.{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}} The "Later Guptas" are so-called because the names of their rulers ended with the suffix "-gupta" ([[Gupta script|Late Brahmi]]: [[File:Gupta in the Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena.jpg|30px]] ''gu-pta'', as appearing in the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]]).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=246}}

== History ==

After the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]], the Later Guptas succeeded them as the rulers of [[Magadha]].{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}} The daughter of the dynasty's founder Krishnagupta is said to have married prince Adityavarman of the [[Maukhari]] dynasty. According to the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]], Krishnagupta's grandson Jivitagupta carried out military expeditions in the Himalayan region and southwestern [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}}

During the reign of Jivitagupta's son Kumaragupta, the dynasty developed a rivalry with the Maukharis. Kumaragupta defeated the Maukhari king [[Ishanavarman]] in 554 CE, and died at [[Prayaga]]. His son Damodaragupta suffered reverses against the Maukharis.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}}

Damodaragupta's son Mahasenagupta allied with the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]]. His sister married the ruler [[Adityavardhana]]. He invaded [[Kamarupa]] and defeated [[Susthita Varman]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}} But he subsequently faced three invaders: the Maukhari king [[Sharvavarman]], the Kamarupa king [[Supratisthita Varman|Supratishthita-varman]], and the [[Tibetan Empire|Tibetan]] king [[Songtsen Gampo|Songtsen]]. His vassal [[Shashanka]] also abandoned him (and later established the independent [[Gauda Kingdom]]). The Maukhari king [[Sharvavarman]] is thought to have defeated Damodaragupta, invading Magadha circa 575 CE, which made him ruler of the entire [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="BPS">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari Prasad |title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=119–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA119 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radha Kumud |title=Harsha: Calcutta University Readership Lectures 1925 |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0862-1 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q30zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |language=en}}</ref> Under these circumstances, Mahasenagupta was forced to flee Magadha, and take shelter in [[Malwa]]. Subsequently, the Pushyabhuti emperor [[Harsha]] (ruled {{Circa|606|647 CE}}) restored the Later Gupta rule in Magadha, and they ruled as Harsha's vassals.{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}}

After Harsha's death, the Later Gupta ruler Adityasena became the sovereign ruler of a large kingdom extending from the [[Ganges]] in the north to the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhota Nagpur]] in the south; and from [[Gomati River]] in the east to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the west.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=248}} However, he was defeated by the [[Chalukya]]s.{{sfn|Alain Daniélou|2003|p=151}}

Jivitagupta II, the last known ruler of the dynasty, appears to have been defeated by [[Yashovarman]] of the [[Varman dynasty of Kannauj]] circa 750 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=248}}

== Rulers ==

The known Gupta rulers include:{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2012|p=35}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=247-248}}{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=83}}
[[File:Aphsad Stone of Adityasena (photograph).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]] (r. {{Circa|655}}-680 CE) establishes the genealogy of the Later Gupta dynasty down to Ādityasena.]]
*'''Nrpa Shri ''Guptavarman deva Chandel''' [Founder)
Rulers of dynasty:
* ''Nrpa Shri'' [[Krishna-gupta]] (Kṛṣṇavarman deva gupta), r. {{Circa|490}}-505 CE
* ''Deva Shri'' [[Harsha-gupta]] (Harṣavarman deva gupta), r. {{Circa|505}}-525 CE
* ''Shri'' Jivita-gupta I, (Jivitavarman deva gupta)r. {{Circa|525}}-550 CE
* ''Shri'' Kumara-gupta,(Kumaravarman deva gupta) r. {{Circa|550}}-560 CE
* ''Shri'' [[Damodara-gupta]], (Damodaravarman deva gupta) r. {{Circa|560}}-562 CE
* ''Shri'' Mahasena-gupta, (Mahasenavarman deca gupta) r. {{Circa|562}}-601 CE
* ''Shri'' [[Madhava-gupta]], (Madhavavarman deva gupta) r. {{Circa|601}}-655 CE (Queen: Shrimati)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Aditya-sena]], (Adityasenavarman deva gupta)r. {{Circa|655}}-680 CE (Queen: Konadevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Deva-gupta]], (Devavarman deva gupta)r. {{Circa|680}}-700 CE (Queen: Kamaladevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Vishnu-gupta]] (Viṣnuvarman deva gupta) (Queen: Ijjadevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Jivita-gupta II]] (Jivitavarman deva gupta)

== Guptas of Jayapura ==
A small kingdom that ruled the area around [[Lakhisarai district]] during the 11th and 12th centuries bore the name ''Gupta'' and have subsequently been linked as a surviving line of the Later Gupta.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dilip |title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088324 |pages=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=khayaravala+pithi&pg=PT115}}</ref>
Evidence of their rule comes from the Panchob copper-plate inscription which was discovered in 1919.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Anil |title=THE PANCHOBH COPPER-PLATE OF SAMGRAMA GUPTA: A STUDY |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2000 |volume=61 |page=1316}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Asia 576 CE|right|The Later Gupta and main polities in Central Asia and South Asia {{circa|576}}.|{{Annotation|150|101|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|35px]]}}}}
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/151 151] |year=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Hans Bakker |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Karl J. Schmidt |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ |isbn=9781317476818 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ronald M. Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC |isbn=9780231501026 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA246 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 6th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]
[[Category:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India]]

Later Guptas

2024-05-19T09:08:30Z

Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Later Guptas to Gupta dynasty (Chandels of Magadha): Later gupta theory is debunked

{{Short description|Tenth ruling dynasty of Magadha}}{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Later Gupta dynasty
| conventional_long_name = Later Gupta dynasty
| capital = Pataliputra
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = {{Circa|490 CE}}
| year_end = {{Circa|750 CE}}
| image_map =
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image=Map of the Later Guptas.jpg
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes

{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE|South Asia 600 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{{3|}}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|110|[[Mori Rajputs|MORIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|175|84|[[Licchavi (kingdom)|LICCHAVIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|205|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|50|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|215|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|215|125|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|220|110|[[Gauda Kingdom|GAUDA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|215|98|[[Kamarupa|KAMARUPA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|165|[[Vishnukundina dynasty|VISHNU- KUNDINAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|185|[[Pallava dynasty|PALLAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|195|[[Alupa dynasty|ALUPAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|34|[[Nezak Huns|NEZAKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|48|[[Alchon Huns|'''ALCHONS''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|130|[[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala|PANDUVAMSHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|text-align=center|165|143|[[Shailodbhava dynasty|SHAILODBHAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|102|40|[[Gonanda dynasty (II)|GONANDAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|60|[[Takka Kingdom|TAKKA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|5|[[Western Turks|WESTERN TURKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|3|[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|60|125|'''[[Maitraka dynasty|MAITRAKAS]]'''|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|55|95|[[Rai dynasty|RAIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|80|97|[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura|PRATIHARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|70|[[Pushyabhuti dynasty|PUSHYA- BHUTIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|125|[[Kalachuri dynasty|EARLY KALA- CHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|55|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 500 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 800 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|The Later Gupta kingdom at its zenith around {{Circa|590 CE}}, and its neighbours.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (i)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>}}
}}
| image_map_caption =
| image_map2 = South Asia historical AD625 EN.svg
| image_map2_caption = The Later Gupta [[Harsha]], {{Circa|625 CE}}
| p1 = Gupta Empire
| p2 = Alchon Huns
| s1 = Pushyabhuti dynasty
| p3 = Maukhari dynasty
}}
The '''Gupta dynasty''' or '''Guptas of Magadha''' (Sanskrit: गुप्त राजवंश) were an Indian dynasty founded by Guptavarman, a Chandel prince of Haihaya lineage of [[Lunar dynasty|Somvansh]]. This dynasty ruled between the 6th and 8th centuries CE. Kucha historians connect Gupta with the Gupta Empire, that is why it is called later Guptas, but there is no evidence connecting the two dynasties; these appear to be two distinct families.{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}} The "Later Guptas" are so-called because the names of their rulers ended with the suffix "-gupta" ([[Gupta script|Late Brahmi]]: [[File:Gupta in the Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena.jpg|30px]] ''gu-pta'', as appearing in the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]]).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=246}}

== History ==

After the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]], the Later Guptas succeeded them as the rulers of [[Magadha]].{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}} The daughter of the dynasty's founder Krishnagupta is said to have married prince Adityavarman of the [[Maukhari]] dynasty. According to the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]], Krishnagupta's grandson Jivitagupta carried out military expeditions in the Himalayan region and southwestern [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}}

During the reign of Jivitagupta's son Kumaragupta, the dynasty developed a rivalry with the Maukharis. Kumaragupta defeated the Maukhari king [[Ishanavarman]] in 554 CE, and died at [[Prayaga]]. His son Damodaragupta suffered reverses against the Maukharis.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}}

Damodaragupta's son Mahasenagupta allied with the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]]. His sister married the ruler [[Adityavardhana]]. He invaded [[Kamarupa]] and defeated [[Susthita Varman]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}} But he subsequently faced three invaders: the Maukhari king [[Sharvavarman]], the Kamarupa king [[Supratisthita Varman|Supratishthita-varman]], and the [[Tibetan Empire|Tibetan]] king [[Songtsen Gampo|Songtsen]]. His vassal [[Shashanka]] also abandoned him (and later established the independent [[Gauda Kingdom]]). The Maukhari king [[Sharvavarman]] is thought to have defeated Damodaragupta, invading Magadha circa 575 CE, which made him ruler of the entire [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="BPS">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari Prasad |title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=119–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA119 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radha Kumud |title=Harsha: Calcutta University Readership Lectures 1925 |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0862-1 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q30zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |language=en}}</ref> Under these circumstances, Mahasenagupta was forced to flee Magadha, and take shelter in [[Malwa]]. Subsequently, the Pushyabhuti emperor [[Harsha]] (ruled {{Circa|606|647 CE}}) restored the Later Gupta rule in Magadha, and they ruled as Harsha's vassals.{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}}

After Harsha's death, the Later Gupta ruler Adityasena became the sovereign ruler of a large kingdom extending from the [[Ganges]] in the north to the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhota Nagpur]] in the south; and from [[Gomati River]] in the east to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the west.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=248}} However, he was defeated by the [[Chalukya]]s.{{sfn|Alain Daniélou|2003|p=151}}

Jivitagupta II, the last known ruler of the dynasty, appears to have been defeated by [[Yashovarman]] of the [[Varman dynasty of Kannauj]] circa 750 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=248}}

== Rulers ==

The known Later Gupta rulers include:{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2012|p=35}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=247-248}}{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=83}}
[[File:Aphsad Stone of Adityasena (photograph).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]] (r. {{Circa|655}}-680 CE) establishes the genealogy of the Later Gupta dynasty down to Ādityasena.]]
* ''Nrpa Shri'' [[Krishna-gupta]] (Kṛṣṇagupta), r. {{Circa|490}}-505 CE
* ''Deva Shri'' [[Harsha-gupta]] (Harṣagupta), r. {{Circa|505}}-525 CE
* ''Shri'' Jivita-gupta I, r. {{Circa|525}}-550 CE
* ''Shri'' Kumara-gupta, r. {{Circa|550}}-560 CE
* ''Shri'' [[Damodara-gupta]], r. {{Circa|560}}-562 CE
* ''Shri'' Mahasena-gupta, r. {{Circa|562}}-601 CE
* ''Shri'' [[Madhava-gupta]], r. {{Circa|601}}-655 CE (Queen: Shrimati)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Aditya-sena]], r. {{Circa|655}}-680 CE (Queen: Konadevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Deva-gupta]], r. {{Circa|680}}-700 CE (Queen: Kamaladevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Vishnu-gupta]] (Viṣnugupta) (Queen: Ijjadevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Jivita-gupta II]]

== Guptas of Jayapura ==
A small kingdom that ruled the area around [[Lakhisarai district]] during the 11th and 12th centuries bore the name ''Gupta'' and have subsequently been linked as a surviving line of the Later Gupta.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dilip |title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088324 |pages=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=khayaravala+pithi&pg=PT115}}</ref>
Evidence of their rule comes from the Panchob copper-plate inscription which was discovered in 1919.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Anil |title=THE PANCHOBH COPPER-PLATE OF SAMGRAMA GUPTA: A STUDY |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2000 |volume=61 |page=1316}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Asia 576 CE|right|The Later Gupta and main polities in Central Asia and South Asia {{circa|576}}.|{{Annotation|150|101|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|35px]]}}}}
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/151 151] |year=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Hans Bakker |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Karl J. Schmidt |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ |isbn=9781317476818 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ronald M. Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC |isbn=9780231501026 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA246 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 6th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]
[[Category:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India]]

Later Guptas

2024-05-19T09:07:44Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|Tenth ruling dynasty of Magadha}}{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Later Gupta dynasty
| conventional_long_name = Later Gupta dynasty
| capital = Pataliputra
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = {{Circa|490 CE}}
| year_end = {{Circa|750 CE}}
| image_map =
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image=Map of the Later Guptas.jpg
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes

{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE|South Asia 600 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{{3|}}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|110|[[Mori Rajputs|MORIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|225|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|175|84|[[Licchavi (kingdom)|LICCHAVIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|205|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|50|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|215|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|215|125|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|220|110|[[Gauda Kingdom|GAUDA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|215|98|[[Kamarupa|KAMARUPA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|165|[[Vishnukundina dynasty|VISHNU- KUNDINAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|185|[[Pallava dynasty|PALLAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|195|[[Alupa dynasty|ALUPAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|34|[[Nezak Huns|NEZAKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|48|[[Alchon Huns|'''ALCHONS''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|130|[[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala|PANDUVAMSHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|text-align=center|165|143|[[Shailodbhava dynasty|SHAILODBHAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|102|40|[[Gonanda dynasty (II)|GONANDAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|130|92|[[Maukhari dynasty|MAUKHARIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|60|[[Takka Kingdom|TAKKA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|5|[[Western Turks|WESTERN TURKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|3|[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|60|125|'''[[Maitraka dynasty|MAITRAKAS]]'''|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|55|95|[[Rai dynasty|RAIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|80|97|[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura|PRATIHARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|70|[[Pushyabhuti dynasty|PUSHYA- BHUTIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|125|[[Kalachuri dynasty|EARLY KALA- CHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|55|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 500 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 800 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|The Later Gupta kingdom at its zenith around {{Circa|590 CE}}, and its neighbours.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (i)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>}}
}}
| image_map_caption =
| image_map2 = South Asia historical AD625 EN.svg
| image_map2_caption = The Later Gupta [[Harsha]], {{Circa|625 CE}}
| p1 = Gupta Empire
| p2 = Alchon Huns
| s1 = Pushyabhuti dynasty
| p3 = Maukhari dynasty
}}
The '''Gupta dynasty''' or '''Guptas of Magadha''' (Sanskrit: गुप्त राजवंश) were an Indian dynasty founded by Guptavarman, a Chandel prince of Haihaya lineage of [[Lunar dynasty|Somvansh]]. This dynasty ruled between the 6th and 8th centuries CE. Kucha historians connect Gupta with the Gupta Empire, that is why it is called later Guptas, but there is no evidence connecting the two dynasties; these appear to be two distinct families.{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}} The "Later Guptas" are so-called because the names of their rulers ended with the suffix "-gupta" ([[Gupta script|Late Brahmi]]: [[File:Gupta in the Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena.jpg|30px]] ''gu-pta'', as appearing in the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]]).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=246}}

== History ==

After the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]], the Later Guptas succeeded them as the rulers of [[Magadha]].{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}} The daughter of the dynasty's founder Krishnagupta is said to have married prince Adityavarman of the [[Maukhari]] dynasty. According to the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]], Krishnagupta's grandson Jivitagupta carried out military expeditions in the Himalayan region and southwestern [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}}

During the reign of Jivitagupta's son Kumaragupta, the dynasty developed a rivalry with the Maukharis. Kumaragupta defeated the Maukhari king [[Ishanavarman]] in 554 CE, and died at [[Prayaga]]. His son Damodaragupta suffered reverses against the Maukharis.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}}

Damodaragupta's son Mahasenagupta allied with the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]]. His sister married the ruler [[Adityavardhana]]. He invaded [[Kamarupa]] and defeated [[Susthita Varman]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=247}} But he subsequently faced three invaders: the Maukhari king [[Sharvavarman]], the Kamarupa king [[Supratisthita Varman|Supratishthita-varman]], and the [[Tibetan Empire|Tibetan]] king [[Songtsen Gampo|Songtsen]]. His vassal [[Shashanka]] also abandoned him (and later established the independent [[Gauda Kingdom]]). The Maukhari king [[Sharvavarman]] is thought to have defeated Damodaragupta, invading Magadha circa 575 CE, which made him ruler of the entire [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="BPS">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari Prasad |title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=119–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA119 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radha Kumud |title=Harsha: Calcutta University Readership Lectures 1925 |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0862-1 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q30zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |language=en}}</ref> Under these circumstances, Mahasenagupta was forced to flee Magadha, and take shelter in [[Malwa]]. Subsequently, the Pushyabhuti emperor [[Harsha]] (ruled {{Circa|606|647 CE}}) restored the Later Gupta rule in Magadha, and they ruled as Harsha's vassals.{{sfn|Karl J. Schmidt|2015|p=26}}

After Harsha's death, the Later Gupta ruler Adityasena became the sovereign ruler of a large kingdom extending from the [[Ganges]] in the north to the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhota Nagpur]] in the south; and from [[Gomati River]] in the east to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the west.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=248}} However, he was defeated by the [[Chalukya]]s.{{sfn|Alain Daniélou|2003|p=151}}

Jivitagupta II, the last known ruler of the dynasty, appears to have been defeated by [[Yashovarman]] of the [[Varman dynasty of Kannauj]] circa 750 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=248}}

== Rulers ==

The known Later Gupta rulers include:{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2012|p=35}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=247-248}}{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=83}}
[[File:Aphsad Stone of Adityasena (photograph).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]] (r. {{Circa|655}}-680 CE) establishes the genealogy of the Later Gupta dynasty down to Ādityasena.]]
* ''Nrpa Shri'' [[Krishna-gupta]] (Kṛṣṇagupta), r. {{Circa|490}}-505 CE
* ''Deva Shri'' [[Harsha-gupta]] (Harṣagupta), r. {{Circa|505}}-525 CE
* ''Shri'' Jivita-gupta I, r. {{Circa|525}}-550 CE
* ''Shri'' Kumara-gupta, r. {{Circa|550}}-560 CE
* ''Shri'' [[Damodara-gupta]], r. {{Circa|560}}-562 CE
* ''Shri'' Mahasena-gupta, r. {{Circa|562}}-601 CE
* ''Shri'' [[Madhava-gupta]], r. {{Circa|601}}-655 CE (Queen: Shrimati)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Aditya-sena]], r. {{Circa|655}}-680 CE (Queen: Konadevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Deva-gupta]], r. {{Circa|680}}-700 CE (Queen: Kamaladevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Vishnu-gupta]] (Viṣnugupta) (Queen: Ijjadevi)
* ''Maharajadhiraja'' [[Jivita-gupta II]]

== Guptas of Jayapura ==
A small kingdom that ruled the area around [[Lakhisarai district]] during the 11th and 12th centuries bore the name ''Gupta'' and have subsequently been linked as a surviving line of the Later Gupta.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dilip |title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088324 |pages=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=khayaravala+pithi&pg=PT115}}</ref>
Evidence of their rule comes from the Panchob copper-plate inscription which was discovered in 1919.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Anil |title=THE PANCHOBH COPPER-PLATE OF SAMGRAMA GUPTA: A STUDY |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2000 |volume=61 |page=1316}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Asia 576 CE|right|The Later Gupta and main polities in Central Asia and South Asia {{circa|576}}.|{{Annotation|150|101|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|35px]]}}}}
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/151 151] |year=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Hans Bakker |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Karl J. Schmidt |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ |isbn=9781317476818 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ronald M. Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC |isbn=9780231501026 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA246 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 6th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]
[[Category:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India]]

Chandel dynasty

2024-05-19T08:42:10Z

Vishvaksena:

{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{ Infobox family
|name = Chandel (चन्देल)
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|other_names = Haihayavanshi Chedi-Chandel dynasty
|type = Royal family
|coat_of_arms =
|coat_of_arms_size =
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt2 =
|image_caption =
|parent_family = Chandravansh
|country = Mahishmati to Kalinga
|region =
|early_forms =
|etymology = Chand+Ael->Chandel चन्द+ऐल->चन्देल
|origin = Mahishmati
|founded = 1700 BCE
|founder =
|current_head =
|final_ruler = Kirttivarman II
|final_head = '''Direct descendant''' Vishnuvarman (Akshay Singh Chandel) 
'''Main branch head''' Devanshvarman (Devansh bramh) of Agori Barhar
| seat =
| historic_seat = Mahishmati Suktimati Mahoba
|titles = Chakravarti Samrat Maharajadhiraja
|styles =
|members =
|connected_members =
|other_families =
|distinctions =
|traditions = Smartha Vaishnav Smartha Shaiva Natha Shaiva
|motto =
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans =
|heirlooms =
|estate = Agori Barhar, Gidhaur, Moradabad, Rampur, Bilaspur (Kahlur)
|properties =
|dissolution =
|deposition =
|cadet_branches = [[Later Guptas|Guptas of Magadha]] [[Kalachuri dynasty]] [[Pallava dynasty]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Chandel dynasty''' or '''Chandel rājavaṃśa''' (lit.'Descendants of the Chand ([[Moon]]) and Ila'; Sanskrit: चन्द्रात्रेयवंश or चन्देल राजवंश), is a Indian Rajput dynasty or clan, which is the highest clan among all the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya]] clans in the [[Hinduism|Hindu caste system]]. Dynasty was founded by [[Shishupala]] of [[Mahabharata]], who changed the name of Chedi dynasty to Chandel and also made it the synonym of Chedi (synonym of Haihaya-Vrishni dynasty). According to the Puranas, when the name was Vrishni and Chedi, they conquered the earth. According to inscription evidence from around 186 BCE to 15th CE, they ruled entire [[India]] for many hundred years, with their capital at Mahishmati, Suktimati and later Mahoba in mediaeval period. They prayed to their clan deity [[Shiva]] and Ishta deity [[Vishnu]] (Sometimes Shiva, but worshipping of [[Vishnu]] were compulsory).

==Name==
The word Chandel is made up of two words, (Chand+Ael) Chand meaning [[Moon]] and Ael meaning direct descendant of Goddess [[Ila]], grand-daughter of [[Surya]].

Chandel dynasty

2024-05-19T08:30:37Z

Vishvaksena:

{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{ Infobox family
|name = Chandel (चन्देल)
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|other_names = Haihayavanshi Chedi-Chandel dynasty
|type = Royal family
|coat_of_arms =
|coat_of_arms_size =
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt2 =
|image_caption =
|parent_family = Chandravansh
|country = Mahishmati to Kalinga
|region =
|early_forms =
|etymology = Chand+Ael->Chandel चन्द+ऐल->चन्देल
|origin = Mahishmati
|founded = 1700 BCE
|founder =
|current_head =
|final_ruler = Kirttivarman II
|final_head = '''Direct descendant''' Vishnuvarman (Akshay Singh Chandel) 
'''Main branch head''' Devanshvarman (Devansh bramh) of Agori Barhar
| seat =
| historic_seat = Mahishmati Suktimati Mahoba
|titles = Chakravarti Samrat Maharajadhiraja
|styles =
|members =
|connected_members =
|other_families =
|distinctions =
|traditions = Smartha Vaishnav Smartha Shaiva Natha Shaiva
|motto =
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans =
|heirlooms =
|estate = Agori Barhar, Gidhaur, Moradabad, Rampur, Bilaspur (Kahlur)
|properties =
|dissolution =
|deposition =
|cadet_branches = [[Later Guptas|Guptas of Magadha]] [[Kalachuri dynasty]] [[Pallava dynasty]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Chandel dynasty''' or '''Chandel rājavaṃśa''' (lit.'Descendants of the Chand ([[Moon]]) and Ila'; Sanskrit: चन्द्रात्रेयवंश or चन्देल राजवंश), is a Indian Rajput dynasty or clan founded by [[Shishupala]] of [[Mahabharata]], who changed the name of Chedi dynasty to Chandel and also made it the synonym of Chedi (synonym of Haihaya-Vrishni dynasty). The word Chandel is made up of two words, Chand meaning [[Moon]] and Ael meaning direct descendant of Goddess [[Ila]], grand-daughter of [[Surya]]. '''Chandels''' are the highest clan among all the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya]] clans in the [[Hinduism|Hindu caste system]].

Chandel dynasty

2024-05-19T08:22:16Z

Vishvaksena:

{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{ Infobox family
|name = Chandel (चन्देल)
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|other_names = Haihayavanshi Chedi-Chandel dynasty
|type = Royal family
|coat_of_arms =
|coat_of_arms_size =
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt2 =
|image_caption =
|parent_family = Chandravansh
|country = Mahishmati to Kalinga
|region =
|early_forms =
|etymology = Chand+Ael->Chandel चन्द+ऐल->चन्देल
|origin = Mahishmati
|founded = 1700 BCE
|founder =
|current_head =
|final_ruler = Kirttivarman II
|final_head = '''Direct descendant''' Vishnuvarman (Akshay Singh Chandel) 
'''Main branch head''' Devanshvarman (Devansh bramh) of Agori Barhar
| seat =
| historic_seat = Mahishmati Suktimati Mahoba
|titles = Chakravarti Samrat Maharajadhiraja
|styles =
|members =
|connected_members =
|other_families =
|distinctions =
|traditions = Smartha Vaishnav Smartha Shaiva Natha Shaiva
|motto =
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans =
|heirlooms =
|estate = Agori Barhar, Gidhaur, Moradabad, Rampur, Bilaspur (Kahlur)
|properties =
|dissolution =
|deposition =
|cadet_branches = [[Later Guptas|Guptas of Magadha]] [[Kalachuri dynasty]] [[Pallava dynasty]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Chandel dynasty''' or '''Chandel rājavaṃśa''' (lit.'Descendants of the Chand ([[Moon]]) and Ila'; Sanskrit: चन्द्रात्रेयवंश or चन्देल राजवंश), is a Indian Rajput dynasty founded by [[Shishupala]] of [[Mahabharata]], who changed the name of Chedi clan to Chandel and also made it the synonym of Chedi clan (synonym of Haihaya-Vrishni clan. The word Chandel is made up of two words, Chand meaning [[Moon]] and Ael meaning direct descendant of Goddess [[Ila]], daughter of [[Manu]].

Chandel dynasty

2024-05-19T07:53:33Z

Vishvaksena:

{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{ Infobox family
|name = Chandelvansh
|native_name = Chandel
|native_name_lang = Chandravanshi Chandel Yadava
|other_names = Chedi-Chandel
|type = Royal family
|coat_of_arms =
|coat_of_arms_size =
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt2 =
|image_caption =
|parent_family = Chandravansh
|country = Mahishmati to Kalinga
|region =
|early_forms =
|etymology = Chand Ael
|origin = Mahishmati
|founded = 1700 BCE
|founder =
|current_head =
|final_ruler = Kirttivarman II
|final_head = '''Direct descendant''' Vishnuvarman (Akshay Singh Chandel) 
'''Main branch head''' Crown prince Devanshvarman of Agori Barhar
| seat =
| historic_seat = Mahishmati Suktimati Mahoba
|titles = Chakravarti Samrat Maharajadhiraja
|styles =
|members =
|connected_members =
|other_families =
|distinctions =
|traditions = Smartha Vaishnav Smartha Shaiva Natha Shaiva
|motto =
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans =
|heirlooms =
|estate = Agori Barhar, Gidhaur, Moradabad, Rampur, Bilaspur (Kahlur)
|properties =
|dissolution =
|deposition =
|cadet_branches = [[Later Guptas|Guptas of Magadha]] [[Kalachuri dynasty]] [[Pallava dynasty]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

Chandel dynasty

2024-05-19T07:46:31Z

Vishvaksena: Created page with "{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}} {{ Infobox family |name = Chandelvansh |native_name = Chandel |native_name_lang = Chandravanshi Chandel Yadava |other_names = Chedi-Chandel |type = Royal family |coat_of_arms = |coat_of_arms_size = |alt = |coat_of_arms_caption = |image = |image_size = |alt2 = |image_caption = |parent_family..."

{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{ Infobox family
|name = Chandelvansh
|native_name = Chandel
|native_name_lang = Chandravanshi Chandel Yadava
|other_names = Chedi-Chandel
|type = Royal family
|coat_of_arms =
|coat_of_arms_size =
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt2 =
|image_caption =
|parent_family = Chandravansh
|country = Mahishmati to Kalinga
|region = Mahishmatipuradhishvar, Chediraya, Kalanjaradhipati, Mahobanaresh
|early_forms =
|etymology = Chand Ael
|origin = Mahishmati
|founded = 1700 BCE
|founder =
|current_head =
|final_ruler = Kirttivarman II
|final_head = Vishnuvarman
| seat =
| historic_seat =Mahishmati Suktimati Mahoba
|titles = Chakravarti Samrat Maharajadhiraja
|styles =
|members =
|connected_members =
|other_families =
|distinctions =
|traditions = Smartha Vaishnav Smartha Shaiva Natha Shaiva
|motto =
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans =
|heirlooms =
|estate = Agori Barhar
|properties =
|dissolution =
|deposition =
|cadet_branches = 
|website = Pallava
|footnotes =
}}

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2024-05-13T03:49:49Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandelvaṃśa (dynasty) {{!}}Chandel Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' (synonym:Mādhav, Vrishni & [[Chedi]]) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्द+ऐल-चन्देल|lit=[[Moon]] god and Ael, direct descendant of [[Ila|Ila goddess]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a clan of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriy caste]]. Chandels are the highest clan among the Kshatriyas and is the lord of the [[Moon|Chandravansh]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these Chandel family is [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 8th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti region]]. Chandels and it's branches saved Hindus from invaders like Turks, Afghans and Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

==Subclans & Branches==
Mahobia, Kahluria, Gidhauriya, Chand, Burhuri & Banafar etc are the subclans while Kalachuris, Meghas & Pallavas etc are separate branches of Chandel Rajputs.

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandels]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym or changed name of [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi Vrshni]] and Chedi clan of [[Rajputs]]. According to [[Khajuraho]] inscription, the Chandel king Dhangavarman was born in Vrishni yadava clan of [[Yadu dynasty| Chandravanshi Rajputs]] insted of Chandel clan, means Chandel and Vrishni (also Chedi, changed name of Vrishni clan) are synonyms. Also there are many inscriptions which mentioned Chandelas as Chandravanshi.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref> According to Ballads of [[Chedi]], the Chandel were descendants of Haihaya king [[Mahishman]], who was the founder of [[Maheshmati|Mahishmati Empire]].{{sfn|Upadhyay|1980}}{{pn|date=August 2022}}

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi-Chandel King]] [[Shishupala]] (he changed the name of Chedi clan to Chandel. Chandravarman II (also known as Nannukavarman) re-established the independence of Chandelas in [[Vindhya]] and defeated Pratihara dynasty. He became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandel king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandrvarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas,Coz Saptrishi [[Atri]] was the Father of Lord Chandrma and the Chandelas were Bramh-Kshatriyas so they proudly accept the name of Atri during ''Rajtilaka'' by [[Bramhins]] priest.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahanavarman, a Chandel king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]], conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi-Chandel Yadav clan]] of the Chandravanshi Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] or ''Chandelas of Mahoba'' was a famous [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] dynasty , which independently ruled Central India from the 8th to the 13th century. The Chandelas of Mahoba was founded by the [[Haihaya|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Kalinjar]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandel

2024-05-13T03:46:11Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandel (Rajput clan){{!}}Chandel Rajput History}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
'''Chandel''' ([[Hindi]]:चन्द+ऐल=चन्देल), a name derived from the Hindu lord [[Chandra|Chand (Chandra)]] and Ael, direct descendant of goddess Ila (daughter of [[Vaivasvata Manu|Vaivasvat Manu]]),<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> a [[Rajput|Chandravanshi Rajput]] clan of India and changed name of Vrishni and Chedi clan of '''Yadu-Haihayavansh'''.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref>{{sfn|R. B. Mandal|(1981). Frontiers in Migration Analysis. Concept. p. 172. }} Chandel clan is the highest among all the clans in [[Kshatriya|Rajputs or Kshatriys]] and is a cheif of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref>

==Kingdom==
*[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]], a empire who ruled India from there capital in region Jejakabhukti.
*[[Chandelas of Kumaun]], a medieval Indian dynasty of Kumaon, India
*[[Agori Barhar State|Chandel of Mirzapur (Agori Barhar State)]], a medieval dynasty who ruled indipendently southern Vindhya range till 1947 CE.
*[[Chandel State|Chandel of Jaunpur (Agori Barhar State)]], a Chandel dynasty who ruled under Chandel of Mirzapur from 18th century.

==People==
* [[K. D. Singh]], Indian hockey player, He received the Helms Trophy in 1953 for being the best hockey player in the world (1952) and the best sportsman of Asia (1953). This was the first time an Indian was awarded the Helms Trophy
* [[Ashok Kumar Singh Chandel]], Indian politician
* [[Pushpendra Singh Chandel]], Indian politician
* [[Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel]], Indian politician
* [[Suresh Chandel]], Indian politician
* [[Dhananjay Singh]], Indian politician
==Places==
* Chandel, a town in Manipur, India
* Chandel district, a district in Manipur, India
* [[Chandel, Pernem]], a village in the sub-district or ''taluka'' of [[Pernem]] in [[North Goa]].

==Refference==

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2024-05-13T03:07:10Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandel{{!}}Chandel Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' (synonym:Mādhav, Vrishni & [[Chedi]]) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्द+ऐल-चन्देल|lit=[[Moon]] god and Ael, direct descendant of [[Ila|Ila goddess]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a clan of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriy caste]]. Chandels are the highest clan among the Kshatriyas and is the lord of the [[Moon|Chandravansh]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these Chandel family is [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 8th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti region]]. Chandels and it's branches saved Hindus from invaders like Turks, Afghans and Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

==Subclans & Branches==
Mahobia, Kahluria, Gidhauriya, Chand, Burhuri & Banafar etc are the subclans while Kalachuris, Meghas & Pallavas etc are separate branches of Chandel Rajputs.

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandels]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym or changed name of [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi Vrshni]] and Chedi clan of [[Rajputs]]. According to [[Khajuraho]] inscription, the Chandel king Dhangavarman was born in Vrishni yadava clan of [[Yadu dynasty| Chandravanshi Rajputs]] insted of Chandel clan, means Chandel and Vrishni (also Chedi, changed name of Vrishni clan) are synonyms. Also there are many inscriptions which mentioned Chandelas as Chandravanshi.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref> According to Ballads of [[Chedi]], the Chandel were descendants of Haihaya king [[Mahishman]], who was the founder of [[Maheshmati|Mahishmati Empire]].{{sfn|Upadhyay|1980}}{{pn|date=August 2022}}

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi-Chandel King]] [[Shishupala]] (he changed the name of Chedi clan to Chandel. Chandravarman II (also known as Nannukavarman) re-established the independence of Chandelas in [[Vindhya]] and defeated Pratihara dynasty. He became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandel king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandrvarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas,Coz Saptrishi [[Atri]] was the Father of Lord Chandrma and the Chandelas were Bramh-Kshatriyas so they proudly accept the name of Atri during ''Rajtilaka'' by [[Bramhins]] priest.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahanavarman, a Chandel king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]], conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi-Chandel Yadav clan]] of the Chandravanshi Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] or ''Chandelas of Mahoba'' was a famous [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] dynasty , which independently ruled Central India from the 8th to the 13th century. The Chandelas of Mahoba was founded by the [[Haihaya|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Kalinjar]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2024-05-13T03:05:00Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Other uses|Chandel{{!}}Chandel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Chandel''' (synonym:Mādhav, Vrishni & [[Chedi]]) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&pg=PA412&dq=Offshoot+of+Yadavas+Chand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLpu_LxZT-AhUQTWwGHQt_AJoQ6AF6BAgDEAM|title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.)|last=Viyogi|last2=Ansari|first2=Naval & M. Anawar|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-751-5|language=en}}</ref>({{lang-hi|चन्द+ऐल-चन्देल|lit=[[Moon]] god and Ael, direct descendant of [[Ila|Ila goddess]]}})<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbnqyeyamDAxVVw6ACHaS1C_sQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRopyDyamDAxUnyqACHVmCApQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5</nowiki></ref> is a clan of the [[Rajput]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshatriy caste]]. Chandels are the highest clan among the Kshatriyas and is the lord of the [[Moon|Chandravansh]]. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these Chandel family is [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled many almost entire India from 8th to 15th century from their capital in [[Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti region]]. Chandels and it's branches saved Hindus from invaders like Turks, Afghans and Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

==Subclans & Branches==
Mahobia, Kahluria, Gidhauriya, Chand, Burhuri & Banafar etc are the subclans while Kalachuris, Meghas & Pallavas etc are separate branches of Chandel Rajputs.

==Origin==

===Early text and inscriptions===
The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandels]]''' are Bramh-Kshatriyas and synonym or changed name of [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi Vrshni]] and Chedi clan of [[Rajputs]]. According to [[Khajuraho]] inscription, the Chandel king Dhangavarman was born in Vrishni yadava clan of [[Yadu dynasty| Chandravanshi Rajputs]] insted of Chandel clan, means Chandel and Vrishni (also Chedi, changed name of Vrishni clan) are synonyms. Also there are many inscriptions which mentioned Chandelas as Chandravanshi.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref> According to Ballads of [[Chedi]], the Chandel were descendants of Haihaya king [[Mahishman]], who was the founder of [[Maheshmati|Mahishmati Empire]].{{sfn|Upadhyay|1980}}{{pn|date=August 2022}}

According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], a Chandel king Chandravarman became the king of [[Chanderi]], his ancestors rulled Chedi Kingdom continuosly after [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi-Chandel King]] [[Shishupala]] (he changed the name of Chedi clan to Chandel. Chandravarman II (also known as Nannukavarman) re-established the independence of Chandelas in [[Vindhya]] and defeated Pratihara dynasty. He became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Chandel king [[Hariharvarman]] (Harihar Chand in Pahadi) who was also the ancestors of Bir Chand (founder of Kahlur state in 632 A.D.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Chandravarman (Chandel ruler)|Chandrvarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas,Coz Saptrishi [[Atri]] was the Father of Lord Chandrma and the Chandelas were Bramh-Kshatriyas so they proudly accept the name of Atri during ''Rajtilaka'' by [[Bramhins]] priest.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was a Gond and son of King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah Gond was a son of Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Mahameghvahana Dynasty===
'''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]''', Rule: 1st century BC to early 4th century BC<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187259/13/13_chapter%202.pdf|title=The Meghas of Kosala|last=Sahu|first=J.K.|date=1977|website=shodhganga}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian dynasty of Kalinga after the fall of the Maurya Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref> In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahanavarman, a Chandel king of the [[Chedi Empire|Chedi]], conquered [[Kalinga]] and [[Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282457|title=Tribes in Ancient India|last=L Bhagawandas Gandhi|date=1927}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi-Chandel Yadav clan]] of the Chandravanshi Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref>

===Bilaspur State===
According to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Chandel prince Bir Chand (Birvarman), His father who reigned [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region from Chanderi, Hariharvarman Chandel (Harihar Chand) [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govindvarman Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with his son Birvarman and other 3.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chand dynasty===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Dynasty''' [[Hindi|संस्कृत]]: चन्द राजवंश), sometimes '''Chandel of Kumaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viyogi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwzlFdW6kloC&dq=Chandel+or+Chand+of+Kumaon&pg=PA412 |title=History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.) |last2=Ansari |first2=Naval & M. Anawar |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-751-5 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chand Kingdom''', was a Chandel dynasty of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which was established by displacing the [[Katyuri kings]]. The Chands ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and parts of the Farwestern [[Nepal]] called [[Doti]] (present-day [[Sudurpashchim Province]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=December 1, 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref> Thee dynasty was founded by Somvanshi Chandel Yadava prince Som Chand (Somvarman, the son of Kabirvarman Chandel or Kabir Chand).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS6gtbhj9cIC |title=Census of India, 1991: Una |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |date=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya|publisher=Indus publications |pages=63|isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] or ''Chandelas of Mahoba'' was a famous [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] dynasty , which independently ruled Central India from the 8th to the 13th century. The Chandelas of Mahoba was founded by the [[Haihaya|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Kalinjar]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg| thumb|Map of Chandel dynasty in 1200 CE... The Chandel Empire during its decline around 1202 A.D.]]
{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

===Zaildari===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*
{{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Shailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2024-05-11T20:25:49Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandel Empire
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1 = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1 = Rise of Empire
| date_event1 = 1028 CE
| event2 = Empire at its peak
| date_event2 = 1092 CE
|event3 = Fall of Empire
| date_event3 = 1203 CE
|event4 = Fall of dynasty
|year_start = 832 CE
|year_end = 1545 CE
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi){{!}}Mamluk dynasty
|flag_s2 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
|currency =
[[Hanumana]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Prafulla Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Coinage of Northern India: The Early Rajaputa Dynasties from the 11th to the 13th Centuries A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Laxmi|Goddess Laxmi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=h0QuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&dq=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOkICSk9b-AhVYV2wGHcRoD7oQ6AF6BAgCEAM#Chandela |title=The Economic History of India |date=1962 |publisher=Eastern Publishers |language=en}}</ref>
|image_flag =
|image_flagtype =
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size =
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''', ([[Devanagari]]: जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल, colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4V4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP19&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |title=Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1891 |publisher=Quaritch |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chandel Empire'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandela+Empire&dq=Chandela+Empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGkrORpsWCAxXkSWwGHVbZCo0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#Chandela%20Empire |title=The Art of the Chandelas |date=1957 |publisher=Rupa |language=en}}</ref>) was an Indian dynasty, which was founded by [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi]] Chandel ruler [[Nannuka|Chandravarman II]]. Chandels once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> {{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)|p=78}} They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Haihayavanshi]] (main branch of Chandravansh) [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Yadava]] clan of the [[Rajput]]s.<ref>
*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}}
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}}
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref> The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed against [[Islam Shah Suri]] on 27 may, 1545 CE..<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kusuman |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA155&dq=The+last+chandella+ruler++was&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNmYvch6iEAxVezzgGHZLFAYsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=77bXjlFSBKMC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Kirat%20Singh&f=false |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884 |date=1885 |publisher=Governement Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archaeological Survey of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMNQTl1EBAwC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20genealogy%20records&f=false |title=Reports |date=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> The direct descendants of this family along with its younger branches did not give up even during their decline and defeated the Mughals under the leadership of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti ruled under the Pratiharas of Kanyakubja until the 9th century. The 9th-century Chandel ruler Yashovarman I, who assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja, initially acknowledged Pratihara suzerainty but within a few months became practically independent. The inscriptions describe his "Digvijaya" in which he defeated the many kingdoms including the king of Gurjara country i.e. Pratiharas, the Paramara king Siyaka of Malwa and the Rashtrakuta king. Thus the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti became the main sovereign power during the time of Yashovarman I. During [[Vidyadharavarman]] to [[Paramardivarman]], Chandels achieved success over [[Kalinga]], [[Paramara]]s, Kalachuris, Gahadwals etc kingdoms and subjugated them. Although many times they would rebel and become independent, but within a few days the Chandels would defeat them and again subdue them. The Chaulukyas and some states of southern India paid tribute to the Chandel empire. The reason for the downfall was being engaged in war with the rebel occupied kings or feudatories from time to time due to which the army was not fully prepared during external aggressions. In 1203 BC, The Chandels were decimated by the suddenly Ghurid Invasion but were soon revived by Trailokyavarman, the son of Paramardivarman. Trailokyavarman also defeated Iltutmish and brought many kings of Central and North India back under Chandel rule, which lasted till 1545. In between, some kings refused to accept subordination, but in a few days they again became subject to the Chandels after defeating. Hammiravarman, son of Viravarman I, defeated Alauddin Khilji on the banks of the confluence of Yamuna-Betwa river in 1309 AD. The Chandels ruled central India until 1545 AD, repulsing many Muslim invasions. The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed in the battle against Islam Shah Suri.

The Chandels were mainly [[Vaishnavas]], and the Shaivite Chandels were also supported [[Vaishnavism]] and didn't harmed Jains and Smarthas beliefs. The Chandels were staunch religious, they were anxious not to violate Dharma and sacred law in any way. In several Chandel inscriptions there are references to many Kings who were afraid to offend against the religious law. The Chandels often emphasized the positive duty of following the state through Dharma which was the duty of a Kshatriya ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FV49AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2pMDiw8WCAxWKamwGHccMB4E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Lectures on Rajput History |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oaE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |date=1983 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gwcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Chandellas%20dharma |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA345&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandellas%20dharma&f=false |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Chandela rulers were very often guided and very supported by Brahmin ministers, big scholars and counsellors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA169&dq=Candella+rulers+were+very+often+guided+by+Brahmin+ministers+and+counsellors&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3peUx8WCAxUpTGwGHf5dAAYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Candella%20rulers%20were%20very%20often%20guided%20by%20Brahmin%20ministers%20and%20counsellors&f=false |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition) |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

=== Early rulers ===

The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Candellas.png|thumb|Chandel dynasty before 1028]]
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950-999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] killed the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81-82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999-1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Decline ===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89-90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035-1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

=== Revival ===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and subjected him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandel's governor lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha) and later subjected whole paramara kingdom. This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandel and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. The self pro-claimed various chronicles of Chaulukyas claimed that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman defeated a [[Gahadavala]] ruler Govindchandra, in which Govindchandra fled from his capital to save his life. Later on the request of Govindchandra, Madanavarman returned his kingdom to him and both became friendly state.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] ruled for a very short time and died in a war. Aftter Yashovarman II, his son [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman deva]] become chandel emperor.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

===Final decline ===
[[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandel throne at the age of 5. QllIn 1182 CE, [[Paramardivarman]] defeated Chauhan king [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraj III]] in battle and repulsed his raid.{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the 16th c Chauhans claimed in ballads, that the Chandels were defeated and Parmardivarman committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.

This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence. Not even by madanpur inscription of Prithviraj Chauhan, that was mere a small raid which was successfully repulsed by Paramardivarman Deva.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardivarman, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardivarman ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardivarman, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardivarman ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country.

The Chandel power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardivarman was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. Hammiravarman defeated Allauddin khalji.

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India"/> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).

== Art and architecture ==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]] and Madanpur.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gadha, Chhatarpur (Garrā)" },
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Mahoba" },
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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
* [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
* [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
* [[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
* [[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
* [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE
* [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
* [[Dhanga|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE
* [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE
* [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE
* [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
* [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
* [[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
* [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
* [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
* [[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
* [[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
* [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
* [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
* [[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
* [[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
* [[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
* [[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
* Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== References ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2024-05-11T20:18:23Z

Vishvaksena: /* Revival */

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandel Empire
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1 = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1 = Rise of Empire
| date_event1 = 1028 CE
| event2 = Empire at its peak
| date_event2 = 1092 CE
|event3 = Fall of Empire
| date_event3 = 1203 CE
|event4 = Fall of dynasty
|year_start = 832 CE
|year_end = 1545 CE
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi){{!}}Mamluk dynasty
|flag_s2 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
|currency =
[[Hanumana]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Prafulla Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Coinage of Northern India: The Early Rajaputa Dynasties from the 11th to the 13th Centuries A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Laxmi|Goddess Laxmi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=h0QuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&dq=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOkICSk9b-AhVYV2wGHcRoD7oQ6AF6BAgCEAM#Chandela |title=The Economic History of India |date=1962 |publisher=Eastern Publishers |language=en}}</ref>
|image_flag =
|image_flagtype =
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size =
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''', ([[Devanagari]]: जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल, colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4V4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP19&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |title=Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1891 |publisher=Quaritch |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chandel Empire'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandela+Empire&dq=Chandela+Empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGkrORpsWCAxXkSWwGHVbZCo0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#Chandela%20Empire |title=The Art of the Chandelas |date=1957 |publisher=Rupa |language=en}}</ref>) was an Indian dynasty, which was founded by [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi]] Chandel ruler [[Nannuka|Chandravarman II]]. Chandels once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> {{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)|p=78}} They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Haihayavanshi]] (main branch of Chandravansh) [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Yadava]] clan of the [[Rajput]]s.<ref>
*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}}
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}}
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref> The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed against [[Islam Shah Suri]] on 27 may, 1545 CE..<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kusuman |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA155&dq=The+last+chandella+ruler++was&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNmYvch6iEAxVezzgGHZLFAYsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=77bXjlFSBKMC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Kirat%20Singh&f=false |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884 |date=1885 |publisher=Governement Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archaeological Survey of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMNQTl1EBAwC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20genealogy%20records&f=false |title=Reports |date=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> The direct descendants of this family along with its younger branches did not give up even during their decline and defeated the Mughals under the leadership of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti ruled under the Pratiharas of Kanyakubja until the 9th century. The 9th-century Chandel ruler Yashovarman I, who assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja, initially acknowledged Pratihara suzerainty but within a few months became practically independent. The inscriptions describe his "Digvijaya" in which he defeated the many kingdoms including the king of Gurjara country i.e. Pratiharas, the Paramara king Siyaka of Malwa and the Rashtrakuta king. Thus the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti became the main sovereign power during the time of Yashovarman I. During [[Vidyadharavarman]] to [[Paramardivarman]], Chandels achieved success over [[Kalinga]], [[Paramara]]s, Kalachuris, Gahadwals etc kingdoms and subjugated them. Although many times they would rebel and become independent, but within a few days the Chandels would defeat them and again subdue them. The Chaulukyas and some states of southern India paid tribute to the Chandel empire. The reason for the downfall was being engaged in war with the rebel occupied kings or feudatories from time to time due to which the army was not fully prepared during external aggressions. In 1203 BC, The Chandels were decimated by the suddenly Ghurid Invasion but were soon revived by Trailokyavarman, the son of Paramardivarman. Trailokyavarman also defeated Iltutmish and brought many kings of Central and North India back under Chandel rule, which lasted till 1545. In between, some kings refused to accept subordination, but in a few days they again became subject to the Chandels after defeating. Hammiravarman, son of Viravarman I, defeated Alauddin Khilji on the banks of the confluence of Yamuna-Betwa river in 1309 AD. The Chandels ruled central India until 1545 AD, repulsing many Muslim invasions. The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed in the battle against Islam Shah Suri.

The Chandels were mainly [[Vaishnavas]], and the Shaivite Chandels were also supported [[Vaishnavism]] and didn't harmed Jains and Smarthas beliefs. The Chandels were staunch religious, they were anxious not to violate Dharma and sacred law in any way. In several Chandel inscriptions there are references to many Kings who were afraid to offend against the religious law. The Chandels often emphasized the positive duty of following the state through Dharma which was the duty of a Kshatriya ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FV49AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2pMDiw8WCAxWKamwGHccMB4E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Lectures on Rajput History |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oaE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |date=1983 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gwcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Chandellas%20dharma |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA345&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandellas%20dharma&f=false |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Chandela rulers were very often guided and very supported by Brahmin ministers, big scholars and counsellors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA169&dq=Candella+rulers+were+very+often+guided+by+Brahmin+ministers+and+counsellors&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3peUx8WCAxUpTGwGHf5dAAYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Candella%20rulers%20were%20very%20often%20guided%20by%20Brahmin%20ministers%20and%20counsellors&f=false |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition) |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

=== Early rulers ===

The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Candellas.png|thumb|Chandel dynasty before 1028]]
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950-999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] killed the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81-82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999-1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Decline ===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89-90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035-1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

=== Revival ===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and subjected him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandel's governor lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha) and later subjected whole paramara kingdom. This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandel and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. The self pro-claimed various chronicles of Chaulukyas claimed that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman defeated a [[Gahadavala]] ruler Govindchandra, in which Govindchandra fled from his capital to save his life. Later on the request of Govindchandra, Madanavarman returned his kingdom to him and both became friendly state.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] ruled for a very short time and died in a war. Aftter Yashovarman II, his son [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman deva]] become chandel emperor.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

===Final decline ===
[[Paramardi-Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandela throne at a young age.

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela empire via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed , Paramardideva's son Bramhjit married daughter of Prithviraja's bela chauhan {{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}
{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. Main battle between Chandelas Chahamanas War who fought in 1182 [[Paramardideva]] His son Brahmajit, along with Nephew Alha and Udal, led the [[Chandelas]] army against [[Chahamanas]]. In the battle Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of [[Jaichand]] were killed but [[Paramardideva]] defeated [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] .{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the Chauhans claimed in Madanpur that Chandelas were defeated and Parmardideva committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.

This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardideva ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

The Chandela power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. The next ruler [[Hammiravarman]] (r. c. 1288-1311 CE) did not use the imperial title [[Maharajadhiraja]], which indicates that the Chandela king had a lower status by his time. The Chandela power continued to decline because of the rising Muslim influence, as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundela]]s, the Baghelas and the [[Khangar (community)|Khangars]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=179}}

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} [[Chandelas of Kalanjara (minor Chandela branch)|One minor branch of the family continued ruling Kalanjara]]: its ruler was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army in 1545 CE.In 1542, Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India"/> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).

== Art and architecture ==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]] and Madanpur.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ichhawar, Banda district (Ichchhāvar)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.49383, 25.87669] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Kalinjar (Kālañjar)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.33032, 25.48933] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Khajuraho" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.91985, 24.83185] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Mahoba" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.87242, 25.29210] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mau, Jhansi district" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.11251, 25.25011] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Nanora", "description": "Also known as Nanaora or Nanyaurā" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.69932, 25.19433] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Narwar" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.91103, 25.64879] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Pachar (Pachhār)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.75612, 25.58556] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Sagar - Laxmipura" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.73203, 23.83160] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Semra Sanodha" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.99104, 24.31841] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
* [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
* [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
* [[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
* [[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
* [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE
* [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
* [[Dhanga|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE
* [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE
* [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE
* [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
* [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
* [[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
* [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
* [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
* [[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
* [[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
* [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
* [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
* [[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
* [[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
* [[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
* [[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
* Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== References ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Pramati Chandravarman I (Chandel ruler)

2024-04-04T11:05:33Z

Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Pramati Chandravarman I (Chandel ruler) to Chandravarman I Chandel (ruler): Fix name

#REDIRECT [[Chandravarman I Chandel (ruler)]]

Chandravarman I Chandel (ruler)

2024-04-04T11:05:32Z

Vishvaksena: Vishvaksena moved page Pramati Chandravarman I (Chandel ruler) to Chandravarman I Chandel (ruler): Fix name

{{Short description|Chandel ruler (reigned 289-321 CE}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Pramati Chandravarman I
| title = '''[[Chakravartin]]'''
| image =
| succession =
| reign =
| predecessor = [[Nrdeva or Sukhdevvarman (Chandel dynasty)|Sukhdevvarman]]
| successor = [[Haravarman]]
| birth_date = 225 Samvat (168 CE)
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| spouses =
| spouse-type = Wife
| spouses-type = Wife
| issue =
| full name = Srimant Chandravarman Deva Chandel
| native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit]]
| native_lang1_name1 = '''श्रीमन्मत् चन्द्रवर्मन देव चन्देल'''
| regnal name = Pramati
| house = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| father = [[Nrdeva Sukhdevvarman (Chandel dynasty)|Nrdeva or Sukhdevvarman]]
| mother = Hemavati ([[Bharava|Bhargava]] [[Bramhmin]])
| religion = [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]], [[Hinduism]]
| issue-type = Son
| dynasty = [[Chandel (Rajput clan)]]
}}

'''Chandravarman I''' ([[Hindi]]: चन्द्रवर्मन चन्देल (प्रथम), reign. 289-321 CE) popularly known as Pramati, (different from the later Chandel ruler [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]]). Born in 168 AD (225 Vikram Samvat) in [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel dynasty]], was the Chakravartin Emperor and the avtar of [[Vishnu]] according to [[Matsya Purana|Matsya]] and [[Skanda Purana]]. He founded [[Mahoba]].<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8897ridkczoC&pg=PA437&dq=Chandravarman+225&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU9cWdxqGDAxWGcWwGHeK1D6sQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandravarman%20225&f=false</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=E7MPkSnFiicC&q=Chandravarman+225&dq=Chandravarman+225&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU9cWdxqGDAxWGcWwGHeK1D6sQ6AF6BAgGEAM#Chandravarman%20225</nowiki></ref> <ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=F2xDAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandravarman+Chandel+225&dq=Chandravarman+Chandel+225&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-gLj0xqGDAxVvcmwGHcDcAKE4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#Chandravarman%20Chandel%20225</nowiki></ref>
===Life===
===Background===
King Sukhdevavarman, son of Chandel King Kapotdevavarman, was born in 195 AD. Sukhdevavarman's nickname was Chandra and Nrdeva. One day, when Sukhdevvarman had gone hunting riding a horse, he was shot by arrows from the spies of the enemy kingdom. Now when Hemavati, a Bhargava Brahmin's daughter, saw him injured, she took him to her ashram and treated them. Both of them remained there for several months until Sukhdevavarman completely recovered and they fell in love with each other. Then Sukhdevavarman introduces himself to them and says that I am coming in a few days to get married. But when they go to the capital, Suddenly war starts and they have to immediately move to another country for war. Sukhdevavarman remained busy in wars for 1 year, then when he returned to Chanderi from the war, he immediately went towards Hemavati and married his beloved Hemavati who was waiting for him. Hemavati became pregnant after 3-4 years of marriage. After some time, Nagraj Ishwardutt attacked Chanderi. Sukhdevavarman was died due to an heavy injury state on the banks of the Ken River on September 27, 167 AD (224 Vikram Samvat).
===Reign===
Chandravarman, son of Sukhdevavarman, was born on Magh Sudi Ekadashi, Vikrama Samvat 225 (168 AD), between the third and fourth hours of the night. Chandravarman I has been called 'Pramati' in ancient history due to his being a very intelligent person. Description of Nripashrestha Pramati is available in Matsyapuran and Brahmandapuran - In the evening period of Swayambhuva Manvantar, there used to be a king named Chandragotriya Pramati in Bhrigu dynasty to rule those unrighteous people. Here, the phrase 'भृगुणां च कुले स्थितः' indicates the clan of Chandravarman's Bhargava Brahmin descendant mother Hemvati (some argue that he was bhargava, but if he was bhargava then his gotra should be Vatsa not Chandra, while short meaning of Chandrayan is Chandra) and the phrase 'गोत्रेण वै चन्द्रमसो' indicates the 'Chandrayan' gotra of Sukhdevavarman (Nrdeva) of Chandel dynasty of Chandravansh (Chandra dynasty).<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QsN0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT351&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXlJPXtKKDAxXWd2wGHRFJDGMQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&f=false</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z7bFwZhfSOsC&pg=PA424&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwusK5taKDAxX_RmwGHYahCYU4ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&f=false</nowiki></ref> This is a popular and scientifically based fact. Chandrakulotpanna Nripashrestha Pramati has also been said to be an incarnation of [[Vishnu]] and the son of the Chandra. From this it becomes clear that the supreme God and the supremely intelligent Chandravarman is the real Pramati. The word 'Deva' in the word 'Nridevasyeh' indicates the name Devant of the lineage of Chandravarman's ancestors.

About three centuries after the reign of Emperor [[Vikramaditya]], the originator of Vikram Samvat, Shrimatparambhattark Maharajadhiraj Chandravarman became a Kshetra emperor of India. To commemorate the victory of Bengal, he established '[[Vishnu|Vishnu Dhwaj]]' on a mountain named '[[Vishnupad]]' near the Vyas river in today's [[Punjab province]]. Later, his successors established an iron pillar, which was later converted by the ruler of [[Delhi]], Anangpal Tomar, and installed at a place called Mehrauli, The inscription engraved on it is an indication of the intact glory of Shrimat Parambhattarak Maharajadhiraja Chandravarman -

यस्योद्वर्त्तयतः प्रतीप मुरसा शत्रुन्समे त्यागतान् बङ्गेष्वाहववर्तिनोभिलिखिता खड्गेन कीर्तिर्भुजे। तीर्खासप्तमुखानि एन समरे सिन्धोर्जिता वाह्निका यस्याद्यापिधिवास्यते जलनिधिः वीर्य्यानिलैः दक्षिणः ।। 22

Emperor Pramati Chandravarman had kept one thousand seven hundred and sixty kings under his control as per the formula 'Nabh = 0, Ritu = 6, Rishi = 7, Brahma = 1' i.e. 'Ankanam Vamto Gatih' and had also started 'Chandel Samvat'.

One of Chandel genological text Chandelvilas mentions -

चन्द्रवर्मन इति प्रमतिचन्देलस्य पूर्णनाम अस्ति तथा च चन्द्रायणस्य (चन्द्रस्य) गोत्रस्य चन्द्रस्य वा नर्देवस्य वा सुखदेववर्मनस्य वा भृगुकुटुम्बस्य तस्य पत्नी हेमावतीयाः च पुत्रः आसीत्।
सः सर्वान् म्लेच्छः शूद्रराजान् हत्वा धर्मं पुनः स्थापयित्वा चक्रवर्ती सम्राट् अभवत् ।।

Chandravarman is the full name of Pramati Chandel and he was the son of Chandra or Nardeva or Sukhadevavarman of the gotra of [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandrayana (Chandra)]] and his wife Hemavati of the [[Bhargava|Bhrigu family]]. He re-established ''Dharma'' by killing all the [[Mllechha]] and Shudra kings and became the Chakravarti emperor. He also built 85 golden temples in Khajuraho and erected the fort of Kalinjara.<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8897ridkczoC&pg=PA437&dq=Chandravarman+225&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU9cWdxqGDAxWGcWwGHeK1D6sQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandravarman%20225&f=false</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=E7MPkSnFiicC&q=Chandravarman+225&dq=Chandravarman+225&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU9cWdxqGDAxWGcWwGHeK1D6sQ6AF6BAgGEAM#Chandravarman%20225</nowiki></ref> <ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=F2xDAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandravarman+Chandel+225&dq=Chandravarman+Chandel+225&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-gLj0xqGDAxVvcmwGHcDcAKE4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#Chandravarman%20Chandel%20225</nowiki></ref>

==Refference==

Vidyadharavarman (Chandel Emperor)

2024-03-05T22:58:14Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|11th century Indian Hindu emperor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vidyadharavarman
| title =''[[Chakravartin|Chakravartin Samrat]]'' ''''Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-ParamaMaheshvara Parameshvara-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanaresh-Mahishmatipati-Sri-Kalanjaradhipati''''
| reign = r. c. 1003-1035 CE
| succession = 9th [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel]] Emperor
| predecessor = [[Gandavarman]]
| successor = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
| image = File:Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png
| caption = Imagination art of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Satyabhama-Devi ([[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] [[Princess]]) {{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>
| spouse-type = Maharani
| spouses =
| spouses-type = Wives
| issue = *[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
*Jayapalavarman
*Ajayapalavarman
| issue-type = Sons
| full name = '''Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>
| regnal name = śrimanmat vidyādharavarman
| house = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| dynasty = [[Chandelas|Chandel]]
| father = [[Gandavarman]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], [[Hinduism]]
| native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit]]
| native_lang1_name1 = '''श्रीमनमत विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल'''
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Chandela|Chandel Army]]
| branch_label = Service
| serviceyears = 1003-1035 CE
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
[[Chakravartin]]}}}}
'''Vidyadharavarman''' ([[Hindi]]: विद्याधरवर्मन चन्देल, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE), was a Chakravartin emperor of India from the Chandravanshi [[Chandela|Haihaya-Chandel dynasty]]. He ruled from his capital at [[Kalanjara]] in [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Rajyapala]]. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] twice in the battle. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]], [[Bhoja]] etc rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadharavarman's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadharavarman's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadharavarman was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadharavarman's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangavarman. According to the Khajuraho inscription, He was born in the lineage of Chandratreya, who was the son of Mahrishi Atri, from whom came this sacred Chandel dynasty of great kings. This great Chandela dynasty is synonymous of the Vrishni or Chedi dynasty of Haihaya-Yadavas (Chandravanshi Rajputs). Vidyadharavarman was married to Chauhan Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cD1DAAAAYAAJ&q=satyabhama+vidyadhara&dq=satyabhama+vidyadhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhbjq15OCAxU4xjgGHTXlAxQ4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#satyabhama%20vidyadhara|title=Report|last=Education (1971- )|first=India Department of|date=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> His full name was Vidyadharavarman Dev Chandel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>

==Military Career==
===Invasion on Kannauj===
In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihar|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadharavarman). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadharavarman's predecessor Gandavarman. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadharavarman who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandels, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}

===Against Mahmud of Ghazna===
It is possible that Vidyadharavarman appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}} According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadharavarman defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}} According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis ([[Ghaznavid]]) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the kingdom of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandels alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], but also emerged as the dominant power to the North of the [[Vindhya range|Vindhyas]] and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=97}} After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandel kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadharavarman]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref> Also, an inscription of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] emperor [[Jayavarman]] also states that Vidyadharavarman defeated [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] after his invasion of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA96&dq=Vidyadhara+Jayavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-6oDNlt6EAxVEwzgGHSQIDSwQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadhara%20Jayavarman&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref>
===Against Paramaras & Kalachuris===
Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandels. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at [[Mahoba]], Debkund and [[Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh|Tripuri]], in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of [[Malwa]] and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadharvarman defeated the Parmara king [[Bhoja]] of Malwa and the [[Kalachuri]] king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhojdeva (Bhoj Paramara), along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga deva, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharavarman deva, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharavarman took pity on Bhoja and Gangeyadeva and released them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Boot_Hooves_and_Wheels.html?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat K.|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_pt_1_2.html?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dynastic_History_of_Northern_India_e.html?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)|last=Ray|first=Hem Chandra|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_History_of_Northern_India_from.html?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ|title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala|last=Choudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|date=1954|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.{{sfn|Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, ‎Pradhī Mālavīya sfn}}{{sfn|Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya |1962 sfn}}
{{sfn|Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |2007 sfn}} An inscription of Gwalior [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandels, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharavarman in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref> The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mālavīya |first1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref>

According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>

== Cultural contributions ==
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadharavarman]]
Vidyadharavarman commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadharavarman.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=Rough Guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA420|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Deva|first=Krishna|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Temples_of_Khajuraho/4OzVAAAAMAAJ|title=Temples of Khajuraho|volume=1|year=1990|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}
* {{cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Sisirkumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Salkin|first2=Robert M.|last3=Boda|first3=Sharon La|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA468|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Sullerey|first=Sushil Kumar|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Vidyadharavarman (Chandel Emperor)

2024-03-05T22:57:34Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|11th century Indian Hindu emperor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vidyadharavarman
| title =''[[Chakravartin|Chakravartin Samrat]]'' ''''Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-ParamaMaheshvara Parameshvara-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanaresh-Mahishmatipati-Sri-Kalanjaradhipati''''
| reign = r. c. 1003-1035 CE
| succession = 9th [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel]] Emperor
| predecessor = [[Gandavarman]]
| successor = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
| image = File:Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png
| caption = Imagination art of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Satyabhama-Devi ([[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] [[Princess]]) {{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>
| spouse-type = Maharani
| spouses =
| spouses-type = Wives
| issue = *[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
*Jayapalavarman
*Ajayapalavarman
| issue-type = Sons
| full name = '''Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>
| regnal name = śrimanmat vidyādharavarman
| house = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| dynasty = [[Chandelas|Chandel]]
| father = [[Gandavarman]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], [[Hinduism]]
| native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit]]
| native_lang1_name1 = '''श्रीमनमत विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल'''
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Chandela|Chandel Army]]
| branch_label = Service
| serviceyears = 1003-1035 CE
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
[[Chakravartin]]}}}}
'''Vidyadharavarman''' ([[Hindi]]: विद्याधरवर्मन चन्देल, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE), was a Chakravartin emperor of India from the Chandravanshi [[Chandela|Haihaya-Chandel dynasty]]. He ruled from his capital at [[Kalanjara]] in [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Rajyapala]]. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] twice in the battle. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]], [[Bhoja]] etc rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadharavarman's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadharavarman's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadharavarman was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadharavarman's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangavarman. According to the Khajuraho inscription, He was born in the lineage of Chandratreya, who was the son of Mahrishi Atri, from whom came this sacred Chandel dynasty of great kings. This great Chandela dynasty is synonymous of the Vrishni or Chedi dynasty of Haihaya-Yadavas (Chandravanshi Rajputs). Vidyadharavarman was married to Chauhan Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cD1DAAAAYAAJ&q=satyabhama+vidyadhara&dq=satyabhama+vidyadhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhbjq15OCAxU4xjgGHTXlAxQ4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#satyabhama%20vidyadhara|title=Report|last=Education (1971- )|first=India Department of|date=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> His full name was Vidyadharavarman Dev Chandel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>

==Military Career==
===Invasion on Kannauj===
In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihar|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadharavarman). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadharavarman's predecessor Gandavarman. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadharavarman who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandels, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}

===Against Mahmud of Ghazna===
It is possible that Vidyadharavarman appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}} According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadharavarman defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}} According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis ([[Ghaznavid]]) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the kingdom of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandels alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], but also emerged as the dominant power to the North of the [[Vindhya range|Vindhyas]] and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=97}} After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandel kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadharavarman]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref> Also, an inscription of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] emperor [[Jayavarman]] also states that Vidyadharavarman defeated [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] after his invasion of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA96&dq=Vidyadhara+Jayavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-6oDNlt6EAxVEwzgGHSQIDSwQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadhara%20Jayavarman&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref>
===Against Paramaras & Kalachuris===
Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandels. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at [[Mahoba]], Debkund and [[Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh|Tripuri]], in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of [[Malwa]] and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadharvarman defeated the Parmara king [[Bhoja]] of Malwa and the [[Kalachuri]] king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhojdeva (Bhoj Paramara), along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga deva, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharavarman deva, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharavarman took pity on Bhoja and Gangeyadeva and released them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Boot_Hooves_and_Wheels.html?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat K.|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_pt_1_2.html?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dynastic_History_of_Northern_India_e.html?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)|last=Ray|first=Hem Chandra|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_History_of_Northern_India_from.html?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ|title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala|last=Choudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|date=1954|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.{{sfn|Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, ‎Pradhī Mālavīya sfn}}{{sfn|Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya |1962 sfn}}
{{sfn|Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |2007 sfn}} An inscription of Gwalior [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandels, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharavarman in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref> The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mālavīya |first1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref>

According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cultural contributions==
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadhara]]
Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=Rough Guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA420|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Deva|first=Krishna|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Temples_of_Khajuraho/4OzVAAAAMAAJ|title=Temples of Khajuraho|volume=1|year=1990|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}
* {{cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Sisirkumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Salkin|first2=Robert M.|last3=Boda|first3=Sharon La|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA468|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Sullerey|first=Sushil Kumar|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Vidyadharavarman (Chandel Emperor)

2024-03-05T22:56:17Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|11th century Indian Hindu emperor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vidyadharavarman
| title =''[[Chakravartin|Chakravartin Samrat]]'' ''''Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-ParamaMaheshvara Parameshvara-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanaresh-Mahishmatipati-Sri-Kalanjaradhipati''''
| reign = r. c. 1003-1035 CE
| succession = 9th [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel]] Emperor
| predecessor = [[Gandavarman]]
| successor = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
| image = File:Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png
| caption = Imagination art of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Satyabhama-Devi ([[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] [[Princess]]) {{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>
| spouse-type = Maharani
| spouses =
| spouses-type = Wives
| issue = *[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
*Jayapalavarman
*Ajayapalavarman
| issue-type = Sons
| full name = '''Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>
| regnal name = śrimanmat vidyādharavarman
| house = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| dynasty = [[Chandelas|Chandel]]
| father = [[Gandavarman]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], [[Hinduism]]
| native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit]]
| native_lang1_name1 = '''श्रीमनमत विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल'''
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Chandela|Chandel Army]]
| branch_label = Service
| serviceyears = 1003-1035 CE
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
[[Chakravartin]]}}}}
'''Vidyadharavarman''' ([[Hindi]]: विद्याधरवर्मन चन्देल, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE), was a Chakravartin emperor of India from the Chandravanshi [[Chandela|Haihaya-Chandel dynasty]]. He ruled from his capital at [[Kalanjara]] in [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Rajyapala]]. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] twice in the battle. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]], [[Bhoja]] etc rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadharavarman's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadharavarman's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadharavarman was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadharavarman's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangavarman. According to the Khajuraho inscription, He was born in the lineage of Chandratreya, who was the son of Mahrishi Atri, from whom came this sacred Chandel dynasty of great kings. This great Chandela dynasty is synonymous of the Vrishni or Chedi dynasty of Haihaya-Yadavas (Chandravanshi Rajputs). Vidyadharavarman was married to Chauhan Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cD1DAAAAYAAJ&q=satyabhama+vidyadhara&dq=satyabhama+vidyadhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhbjq15OCAxU4xjgGHTXlAxQ4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#satyabhama%20vidyadhara|title=Report|last=Education (1971- )|first=India Department of|date=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> His full name was Vidyadharavarman Dev Chandel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>

==Military Career==
===Invasion on Kannauj===
In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihar|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadharavarman). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadharavarman's predecessor Gandavarman. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadharavarman who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandels, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}

===Against Mahmud of Ghazna===
It is possible that Vidyadharavarman appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}} According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadharavarman defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}} According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis ([[Ghaznavid]]) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the kingdom of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandels alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], but also emerged as the dominant power to the North of the [[Vindhya range|Vindhyas]] and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=97}} After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandel kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadharavarman]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref> Also, an inscription of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] emperor [[Jayavarman]] also states that Vidyadharavarman defeated [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] after his invasion of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA96&dq=Vidyadhara+Jayavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-6oDNlt6EAxVEwzgGHSQIDSwQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadhara%20Jayavarman&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref>
*According to Muslim records
According to [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', the two armies were encamped on the opposite banks of a river. Mahmud sent an envoy to Vidyadhara (called "Nanda" by Ahmad), asking him to accept [[Islam]] and Mahmud's suzerainty. Vidyadhara refused to make a submission. After seeing the Chandel ruler's vast army from an elevated spot, Mahmud became worried. However, at night, Vidyadhara withdrew with some of his companions, leaving behind his army. According to this account, there was no fight between the two armies. After Vidyadhara's withdrawal, Mahmud's army sacked his camp, and procured a great amount of wealth, including 580 elephants. Gardezi, in his ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', states that the Chandel ruler (called "Ganda" in this account) had already deserted his camp by the time Mahmud's envoy reached there. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] offers a different account, stating that the two armies fought a battle before retreating at the nightfall. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=78-79}} In 1022 CE, Mahmud invaded the Chandela kingdom again, besieging the [[Gwalior Fort]] (Gopadri), which was controlled by a [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] feudatory of Vidyadhara. This feudatory is identified with Kirtiraja. According to ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' Mahmud lifted the siege after four days, in return for a tribute of 35 elephants. He then proceeded to besiege the Chandel fortress of [[Kalanjara]]. After a long siege, the Kalanjara ruler (called "Nanda" in this account), offered Mahmud a tribute of 300 elephants and "begged for safety". According to [[Firishta]]'s account, the Chandel king intoxicated the elephants and sent them to Mahmud's camp without any riders. These wild elephants were tamed by Mahmud's [[Tatars|Tatar]] soldiers. The Chandel king, on seeing this act of bravery, sent a [[panegyric]] praising Mahmud and his army. In return, Mahmud also complimented the Vidyadhara, and awarded him 15 fortresses and other presents before turning to his capital [[Ghazna]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=80-82}} S. K. Mitra theorizes that the encounter between Vidyadhara and Mahmud ended with an "exchange of gifts", which must have been depicted as "tribute" by the Muslim historians.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}

===Against Paramaras & Kalachuris===
Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandelas. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at [[Mahoba]], Debkund and [[Tripuri]], in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of [[Malwa]] and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadhardeva Varman defeated the Parmara king [[Bhoja]] of Malwa and the [[Kalachuri]] king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhoja/Bhojdeva, along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga Dev, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharadeva Varman, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharadeva took pity on Bhoja and Gangeya Deva and released them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Boot_Hooves_and_Wheels.html?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat K.|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_pt_1_2.html?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dynastic_History_of_Northern_India_e.html?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)|last=Ray|first=Hem Chandra|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_History_of_Northern_India_from.html?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ|title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala|last=Choudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|date=1954|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharadevavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.{{sfn|Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, ‎Pradhī Mālavīya sfn}}{{sfn|Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya |1962 sfn}}
{{sfn|Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |2007 sfn}}

An inscription of Gwalior [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandelas, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharadeva in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref>

The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mālavīya |first1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref>

According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cultural contributions==
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadhara]]
Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=Rough Guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA420|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Deva|first=Krishna|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Temples_of_Khajuraho/4OzVAAAAMAAJ|title=Temples of Khajuraho|volume=1|year=1990|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}
* {{cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Sisirkumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Salkin|first2=Robert M.|last3=Boda|first3=Sharon La|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA468|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Sullerey|first=Sushil Kumar|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Vidyadharavarman (Chandel Emperor)

2024-03-05T22:55:41Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|11th century Indian Hindu emperor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vidyadharavarman
| title =''[[Chakravartin|Chakravartin Samrat]]'' ''''Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-ParamaMaheshvara Parameshvara-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanaresh-Mahishmatipati-Sri-Kalanjaradhipati''''
| reign = r. c. 1003-1035 CE
| succession = 9th [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel]] Emperor
| predecessor = [[Gandavarman]]
| successor = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
| image = File:Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png
| caption = Imagination art of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Satyabhama-Devi ([[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] [[Princess]]) {{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>
| spouse-type = Maharani
| spouses =
| spouses-type = Wives
| issue = *[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
*Jayapalavarman
*Ajayapalavarman
| issue-type = Sons
| full name = '''Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>
| regnal name = śrimanmat vidyādharavarman
| house = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| dynasty = [[Chandelas|Chandel]]
| father = [[Gandavarman]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], [[Hinduism]]
| native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit]]
| native_lang1_name1 = '''श्रीमनमत विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल'''
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Chandela|Chandel Army]]
| branch_label = Service
| serviceyears = 1003-1035 CE
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
[[Chakravartin]]}}}}
'''Vidyadharavarman''' ([[Hindi]]: विद्याधरवर्मन चन्देल, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE), was a Chakravartin emperor of India from the Chandravanshi [[Chandela|Haihaya-Chandel dynasty]]. He ruled from his capital at [[Kalanjara]] in [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Rajyapala]]. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] twice in the battle. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]], [[Bhoja]] etc rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadharavarman's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadharavarman's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadharavarman was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadharavarman's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangavarman. According to the Khajuraho inscription, He was born in the lineage of Chandratreya, who was the son of Mahrishi Atri, from whom came this sacred Chandel dynasty of great kings. This great Chandela dynasty is synonymous of the Vrishni or Chedi dynasty of Haihaya-Yadavas (Chandravanshi Rajputs). Vidyadharavarman was married to Chauhan Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cD1DAAAAYAAJ&q=satyabhama+vidyadhara&dq=satyabhama+vidyadhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhbjq15OCAxU4xjgGHTXlAxQ4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#satyabhama%20vidyadhara|title=Report|last=Education (1971- )|first=India Department of|date=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> His full name was Vidyadharavarman Dev Chandel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>

==Military Career==
===Invasion of Kannauj===

In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadhara). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadhara's predecessor Ganda. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadhara who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandelas, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadhara.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}

==Military Career==
===Invasion on Kannauj===
In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihar|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadharavarman). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadharavarman's predecessor Gandavarman. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadharavarman who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandels, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}

===Against Mahmud of Ghazna===
It is possible that Vidyadharavarman appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}} According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadharavarman defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}} According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis ([[Ghaznavid]]) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the kingdom of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandels alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], but also emerged as the dominant power to the North of the [[Vindhya range|Vindhyas]] and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=97}} After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandel kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadharavarman]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref> Also, an inscription of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] emperor [[Jayavarman]] also states that Vidyadharavarman defeated [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] after his invasion of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA96&dq=Vidyadhara+Jayavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-6oDNlt6EAxVEwzgGHSQIDSwQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadhara%20Jayavarman&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref>
*According to Muslim records
According to [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', the two armies were encamped on the opposite banks of a river. Mahmud sent an envoy to Vidyadhara (called "Nanda" by Ahmad), asking him to accept [[Islam]] and Mahmud's suzerainty. Vidyadhara refused to make a submission. After seeing the Chandel ruler's vast army from an elevated spot, Mahmud became worried. However, at night, Vidyadhara withdrew with some of his companions, leaving behind his army. According to this account, there was no fight between the two armies. After Vidyadhara's withdrawal, Mahmud's army sacked his camp, and procured a great amount of wealth, including 580 elephants. Gardezi, in his ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', states that the Chandel ruler (called "Ganda" in this account) had already deserted his camp by the time Mahmud's envoy reached there. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] offers a different account, stating that the two armies fought a battle before retreating at the nightfall. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=78-79}} In 1022 CE, Mahmud invaded the Chandela kingdom again, besieging the [[Gwalior Fort]] (Gopadri), which was controlled by a [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] feudatory of Vidyadhara. This feudatory is identified with Kirtiraja. According to ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' Mahmud lifted the siege after four days, in return for a tribute of 35 elephants. He then proceeded to besiege the Chandel fortress of [[Kalanjara]]. After a long siege, the Kalanjara ruler (called "Nanda" in this account), offered Mahmud a tribute of 300 elephants and "begged for safety". According to [[Firishta]]'s account, the Chandel king intoxicated the elephants and sent them to Mahmud's camp without any riders. These wild elephants were tamed by Mahmud's [[Tatars|Tatar]] soldiers. The Chandel king, on seeing this act of bravery, sent a [[panegyric]] praising Mahmud and his army. In return, Mahmud also complimented the Vidyadhara, and awarded him 15 fortresses and other presents before turning to his capital [[Ghazna]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=80-82}} S. K. Mitra theorizes that the encounter between Vidyadhara and Mahmud ended with an "exchange of gifts", which must have been depicted as "tribute" by the Muslim historians.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}

===Against Paramaras & Kalachuris===
Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandelas. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at [[Mahoba]], Debkund and [[Tripuri]], in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of [[Malwa]] and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadhardeva Varman defeated the Parmara king [[Bhoja]] of Malwa and the [[Kalachuri]] king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhoja/Bhojdeva, along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga Dev, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharadeva Varman, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharadeva took pity on Bhoja and Gangeya Deva and released them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Boot_Hooves_and_Wheels.html?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat K.|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_pt_1_2.html?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dynastic_History_of_Northern_India_e.html?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)|last=Ray|first=Hem Chandra|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_History_of_Northern_India_from.html?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ|title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala|last=Choudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|date=1954|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharadevavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.{{sfn|Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, ‎Pradhī Mālavīya sfn}}{{sfn|Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya |1962 sfn}}
{{sfn|Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |2007 sfn}}

An inscription of Gwalior [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandelas, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharadeva in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref>

The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mālavīya |first1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref>

According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cultural contributions==
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadhara]]
Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=Rough Guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA420|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Deva|first=Krishna|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Temples_of_Khajuraho/4OzVAAAAMAAJ|title=Temples of Khajuraho|volume=1|year=1990|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}
* {{cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Sisirkumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Salkin|first2=Robert M.|last3=Boda|first3=Sharon La|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA468|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Sullerey|first=Sushil Kumar|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Vidyadharavarman (Chandel Emperor)

2024-03-05T22:53:59Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Short description|11th century Indian Hindu emperor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vidyadharavarman
| title =''[[Chakravartin|Chakravartin Samrat]]'' ''''Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-ParamaMaheshvara Parameshvara-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanaresh-Mahishmatipati-Sri-Kalanjaradhipati''''
| reign = r. c. 1003-1035 CE
| succession = 9th [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel]] Emperor
| predecessor = [[Gandavarman]]
| successor = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
| image = File:Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png
| caption = Imagination art of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Satyabhama-Devi ([[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] [[Princess]]) {{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>
| spouse-type = Maharani
| spouses =
| spouses-type = Wives
| issue = *[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
*Jayapalavarman
*Ajayapalavarman
| issue-type = Sons
| full name = '''Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>
| regnal name = śrimanmat vidyādharavarman
| house = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| dynasty = [[Chandelas|Chandel]]
| father = [[Gandavarman]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], [[Hinduism]]
| native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit]]
| native_lang1_name1 = '''श्रीमनमत विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल'''
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Chandela|Chandel Army]]
| branch_label = Service
| serviceyears = 1003-1035 CE
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
[[Chakravartin]]}}}}
'''Vidyadharavarman''' ([[Hindi]]: विद्याधरवर्मन चन्देल, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE), was a Chakravartin emperor of India from the Chandravanshi [[Chandela|Haihaya-Chandel dynasty]]. He ruled from his capital at [[Kalanjara]] in [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Rajyapala]]. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] twice in the battle. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]], [[Bhoja]] etc rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadharavarman's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadharavarman's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadharavarman was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadharavarman's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangavarman. According to the Khajuraho inscription, He was born in the lineage of Chandratreya, who was the son of Mahrishi Atri, from whom came this sacred Chandel dynasty of great kings. This great Chandela dynasty is synonymous of the Vrishni or Chedi dynasty of Haihaya-Yadavas (Chandravanshi Rajputs). Vidyadharavarman was married to Chauhan Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cD1DAAAAYAAJ&q=satyabhama+vidyadhara&dq=satyabhama+vidyadhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhbjq15OCAxU4xjgGHTXlAxQ4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#satyabhama%20vidyadhara|title=Report|last=Education (1971- )|first=India Department of|date=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> His full name was Vidyadharavarman Dev Chandel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>

==Military Career==
===Invasion of Kannauj===

In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadhara). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadhara's predecessor Ganda. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadhara who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandelas, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadhara.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}

===Against Mahmud Ghaznavi of Ghazna===
It is possible that Vidyadhara appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}}

According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadhara defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}

According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis ([[Ghaznavid]]) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the kingdom of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandelas alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], but also cmergcd as the dominant power to the North of the [[Vindhya range|Vindhyas]] and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of [[Vidyadharavarman]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=97}}

After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandel kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', the two armies were encamped on the opposite banks of a river. Mahmud sent an envoy to Vidyadhara (called "Nanda" by Ahmad), asking him to accept [[Islam]] and Mahmud's suzerainty. Vidyadhara refused to make a submission. After seeing the Chandel ruler's vast army from an elevated spot, Mahmud became worried. However, at night, Vidyadhara withdrew with some of his companions, leaving behind his army. According to this account, there was no fight between the two armies. After Vidyadhara's withdrawal, Mahmud's army sacked his camp, and procured a great amount of wealth, including 580 elephants. Gardezi, in his ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', states that the Chandel ruler (called "Ganda" in this account) had already deserted his camp by the time Mahmud's envoy reached there. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] offers a different account, stating that the two armies fought a battle before retreating at the nightfall. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=78-79}}

In 1022 CE, Mahmud invaded the Chandel kingdom again, besieging the [[Gwalior Fort]] (Gopadri), which was controlled by a [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] feudatory of Vidyadhara. This feudatory is identified with Kirtiraja. According to ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' Mahmud lifted the siege after four days, in return for a tribute of 35 elephants. He then proceeded to besiege the Chandel fortress of [[Kalanjara]]. After a long siege, the Kalanjara ruler (called "Nanda" in this account), offered Mahmud a tribute of 300 elephants and "begged for safety". According to [[Firishta]]'s account, the Chandel king intoxicated the elephants and sent them to Mahmud's camp without any riders. These wild elephants were tamed by Mahmud's [[Tatars|Tatar]] soldiers. The Chandel king, on seeing this act of bravery, sent a [[panegyric]] praising Mahmud and his army. In return, Mahmud also complimented the Vidyadhara, and awarded him 15 fortresses and other presents before turning to his capital [[Ghazna]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=80-82}}

S. K. Mitra theorizes that the encounter between Vidyadhara and Mahmud ended with an "exchange of gifts", which must have been depicted as "tribute" by the Muslim historians.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}

===Against Paramaras & Kalachuris===
Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandelas. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at [[Mahoba]], Debkund and [[Tripuri]], in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of [[Malwa]] and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadhardeva Varman defeated the Parmara king [[Bhoja]] of Malwa and the [[Kalachuri]] king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhoja/Bhojdeva, along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga Dev, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharadeva Varman, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharadeva took pity on Bhoja and Gangeya Deva and released them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Boot_Hooves_and_Wheels.html?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat K.|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_pt_1_2.html?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dynastic_History_of_Northern_India_e.html?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)|last=Ray|first=Hem Chandra|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_History_of_Northern_India_from.html?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ|title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala|last=Choudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|date=1954|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharadevavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.{{sfn|Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, ‎Pradhī Mālavīya sfn}}{{sfn|Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya |1962 sfn}}
{{sfn|Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |2007 sfn}}

An inscription of Gwalior [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandelas, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharadeva in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref>

The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mālavīya |first1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref>

According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cultural contributions==
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadhara]]
Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=Rough Guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA420|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Deva|first=Krishna|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Temples_of_Khajuraho/4OzVAAAAMAAJ|title=Temples of Khajuraho|volume=1|year=1990|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}
* {{cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Sisirkumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Salkin|first2=Robert M.|last3=Boda|first3=Sharon La|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA468|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Sullerey|first=Sushil Kumar|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2024-03-01T11:34:09Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandel Empire
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1 = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1 = Rise of Empire
| date_event1 = 1028 CE
| event2 = Empire at its peak
| date_event2 = 1092 CE
|event3 = Fall of Empire
| date_event3 = 1203 CE
|event4 = Fall of dynasty
|year_start = 832 CE
|year_end = 1545 CE
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi){{!}}Mamluk dynasty
|flag_s2 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
|currency =
[[Hanumana]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Prafulla Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Coinage of Northern India: The Early Rajaputa Dynasties from the 11th to the 13th Centuries A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Laxmi|Goddess Laxmi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=h0QuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&dq=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOkICSk9b-AhVYV2wGHcRoD7oQ6AF6BAgCEAM#Chandela |title=The Economic History of India |date=1962 |publisher=Eastern Publishers |language=en}}</ref>
|image_flag =
|image_flagtype =
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size =
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''', ([[Devanagari]]: जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल, colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4V4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP19&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |title=Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1891 |publisher=Quaritch |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chandel Empire'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandela+Empire&dq=Chandela+Empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGkrORpsWCAxXkSWwGHVbZCo0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#Chandela%20Empire |title=The Art of the Chandelas |date=1957 |publisher=Rupa |language=en}}</ref>) was an Indian dynasty, which was founded by [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi]] Chandel ruler [[Nannuka|Chandravarman II]]. Chandels once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> {{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)|p=78}} They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Haihayavanshi]] (main branch of Chandravansh) [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Yadava]] clan of the [[Rajput]]s.<ref>
*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}}
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}}
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref> The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed against [[Islam Shah Suri]] on 27 may, 1545 CE..<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kusuman |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA155&dq=The+last+chandella+ruler++was&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNmYvch6iEAxVezzgGHZLFAYsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=77bXjlFSBKMC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Kirat%20Singh&f=false |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884 |date=1885 |publisher=Governement Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archaeological Survey of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMNQTl1EBAwC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20genealogy%20records&f=false |title=Reports |date=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> The direct descendants of this family along with its younger branches did not give up even during their decline and defeated the Mughals under the leadership of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti ruled under the Pratiharas of Kanyakubja until the 9th century. The 9th-century Chandel ruler Yashovarman I, who assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja, initially acknowledged Pratihara suzerainty but within a few months became practically independent. The inscriptions describe his "Digvijaya" in which he defeated the many kingdoms including the king of Gurjara country i.e. Pratiharas, the Paramara king Siyaka of Malwa and the Rashtrakuta king. Thus the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti became the main sovereign power during the time of Yashovarman I. During [[Vidyadharavarman]] to [[Paramardivarman]], Chandels achieved success over [[Kalinga]], [[Paramara]]s, Kalachuris, Gahadwals etc kingdoms and subjugated them. Although many times they would rebel and become independent, but within a few days the Chandels would defeat them and again subdue them. The Chaulukyas and some states of southern India paid tribute to the Chandel empire. The reason for the downfall was being engaged in war with the rebel occupied kings or feudatories from time to time due to which the army was not fully prepared during external aggressions. In 1203 BC, The Chandels were decimated by the suddenly Ghurid Invasion but were soon revived by Trailokyavarman, the son of Paramardivarman. Trailokyavarman also defeated Iltutmish and brought many kings of Central and North India back under Chandel rule, which lasted till 1545. In between, some kings refused to accept subordination, but in a few days they again became subject to the Chandels after defeating. Hammiravarman, son of Viravarman I, defeated Alauddin Khilji on the banks of the confluence of Yamuna-Betwa river in 1309 AD. The Chandels ruled central India until 1545 AD, repulsing many Muslim invasions. The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed in the battle against Islam Shah Suri.

The Chandels were mainly [[Vaishnavas]], and the Shaivite Chandels were also supported [[Vaishnavism]] and didn't harmed Jains and Smarthas beliefs. The Chandels were staunch religious, they were anxious not to violate Dharma and sacred law in any way. In several Chandel inscriptions there are references to many Kings who were afraid to offend against the religious law. The Chandels often emphasized the positive duty of following the state through Dharma which was the duty of a Kshatriya ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FV49AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2pMDiw8WCAxWKamwGHccMB4E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Lectures on Rajput History |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oaE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |date=1983 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gwcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Chandellas%20dharma |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA345&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandellas%20dharma&f=false |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Chandela rulers were very often guided and very supported by Brahmin ministers, big scholars and counsellors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA169&dq=Candella+rulers+were+very+often+guided+by+Brahmin+ministers+and+counsellors&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3peUx8WCAxUpTGwGHf5dAAYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Candella%20rulers%20were%20very%20often%20guided%20by%20Brahmin%20ministers%20and%20counsellors&f=false |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition) |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

=== Early rulers ===

The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Candellas.png|thumb|Chandel dynasty before 1028]]
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950-999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] killed the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81-82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999-1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Decline ===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89-90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035-1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

=== Revival ===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and possibly annexed the northern part of the [[Baghelkhand]] region.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandelas lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha). This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}} Once again, the Chandelas could not retain the newly annexed territory for long, and the region was recaptured by Yashovarman's son Lakshmivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandela and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman. The result of this conflict appears to have been inconclusive, as records of both the kingdoms claim victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. On the other hand, the various chronicles of Gujarat claim that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman maintained friendly relations with his northern neighbours, the [[Gahadavala]]s.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] either did not rule, or ruled for a very short time. Madanavarman's grandson [[Paramardi|Paramardi-deva]] was the last powerful Chandela king.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

===Final decline ===
[[Paramardi-Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandela throne at a young age.

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela empire via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed , Paramardideva's son Bramhjit married daughter of Prithviraja's bela chauhan {{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}
{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. Main battle between Chandelas Chahamanas War who fought in 1182 [[Paramardideva]] His son Brahmajit, along with Nephew Alha and Udal, led the [[Chandelas]] army against [[Chahamanas]]. In the battle Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of [[Jaichand]] were killed but [[Paramardideva]] defeated [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] .{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the Chauhans claimed in Madanpur that Chandelas were defeated and Parmardideva committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.

This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardideva ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

The Chandela power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. The next ruler [[Hammiravarman]] (r. c. 1288-1311 CE) did not use the imperial title [[Maharajadhiraja]], which indicates that the Chandela king had a lower status by his time. The Chandela power continued to decline because of the rising Muslim influence, as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundela]]s, the Baghelas and the [[Khangar (community)|Khangars]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=179}}

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} [[Chandelas of Kalanjara (minor Chandela branch)|One minor branch of the family continued ruling Kalanjara]]: its ruler was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army in 1545 CE.In 1542, Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India"/> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).

== Art and architecture ==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]] and Madanpur.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
* [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
* [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
* [[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
* [[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
* [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE
* [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
* [[Dhanga|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE
* [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE
* [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE
* [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
* [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
* [[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
* [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
* [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
* [[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
* [[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
* [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
* [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
* [[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
* [[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
* [[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
* [[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
* Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== References ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2024-03-01T08:24:29Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandel Empire
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1 = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1 = Rise of Empire
| date_event1 = 1028 CE
| event2 = Empire at its peak
| date_event2 = 1092 CE
|event3 = Fall of Empire
| date_event3 = 1203 CE
|event4 = Fall of dynasty
|year_start = 832 CE
|year_end = 1545 CE
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi){{!}}Mamluk dynasty
|flag_s2 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size =
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] ([[Hindi]]: ''''जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल'''' ) colloquially known as the '''Chandel Empire''' or '''Chandel of Mahoba''', were an famous Hindu Rajput dynasty of India which once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from Muslim invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> {{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)|p=78}} The Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti was founded by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]].{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}} They were the most prominent ruling family of the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] Rajput clan.<ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref>The dynasty was fully declined on 27 May 1545 after the death of ruler [[Kirttivarman II]] against Suri Empire.{{sfn|Hindustānī - Volume 36|1975|p=54}}{{sfn|Mug̲h̲ala darabāra, kavi-saṅgītajña: san Ī| 1531-1707 -|Śāligrāma Gupta|1999|p=210}} The direct descendants of this family along with its younger branches did not give up even during their decline and defeated the Mughals under the leadership of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

=== Early rulers ===

The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Candellas.png|thumb|Chandel dynasty before 1028]]
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950-999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] killed the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81-82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999-1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Decline ===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89-90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035-1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

=== Revival ===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and possibly annexed the northern part of the [[Baghelkhand]] region.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandelas lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha). This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}} Once again, the Chandelas could not retain the newly annexed territory for long, and the region was recaptured by Yashovarman's son Lakshmivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandela and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman. The result of this conflict appears to have been inconclusive, as records of both the kingdoms claim victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. On the other hand, the various chronicles of Gujarat claim that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman maintained friendly relations with his northern neighbours, the [[Gahadavala]]s.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] either did not rule, or ruled for a very short time. Madanavarman's grandson [[Paramardi|Paramardi-deva]] was the last powerful Chandela king.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

===Final decline ===
[[Paramardi-Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandela throne at a young age.

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela empire via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed , Paramardideva's son Bramhjit married daughter of Prithviraja's bela chauhan {{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}
{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. Main battle between Chandelas Chahamanas War who fought in 1182 [[Paramardideva]] His son Brahmajit, along with Nephew Alha and Udal, led the [[Chandelas]] army against [[Chahamanas]]. In the battle Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of [[Jaichand]] were killed but [[Paramardideva]] defeated [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] .{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the Chauhans claimed in Madanpur that Chandelas were defeated and Parmardideva committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.

This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardideva ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

The Chandela power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. The next ruler [[Hammiravarman]] (r. c. 1288-1311 CE) did not use the imperial title [[Maharajadhiraja]], which indicates that the Chandela king had a lower status by his time. The Chandela power continued to decline because of the rising Muslim influence, as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundela]]s, the Baghelas and the [[Khangar (community)|Khangars]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=179}}

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} [[Chandelas of Kalanjara (minor Chandela branch)|One minor branch of the family continued ruling Kalanjara]]: its ruler was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army in 1545 CE.In 1542, Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India"/> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).

== Art and architecture ==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]] and Madanpur.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Dudhai (Dudāhī)" },
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gadha, Chhatarpur (Garrā)" },
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.91985, 24.83185] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Mahoba" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.87242, 25.29210] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mau, Jhansi district" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.11251, 25.25011] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Nanora", "description": "Also known as Nanaora or Nanyaurā" },
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Narwar" },
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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
* [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
* [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
* [[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
* [[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
* [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE
* [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
* [[Dhanga|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE
* [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE
* [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE
* [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
* [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
* [[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
* [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
* [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
* [[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
* [[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
* [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
* [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
* [[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
* [[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
* [[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
* [[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
* Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== References ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2024-03-01T08:10:47Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandel Empire
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1 = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1 = Rise of Empire
| date_event1 = 1028 CE
| event2 = Empire at its peak
| date_event2 = 1092 CE
|event3 = Fall of Empire
| date_event3 = 1203 CE
|event4 = Fall of dynasty
|year_start = 832 CE
|year_end = 1545 CE
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi){{!}}Mamluk dynasty
|flag_s2 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size =
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] ([[Hindi]]: ''''जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल'''' ) colloquially known as the '''Chandel Empire''' or '''Chandel of Mahoba''', were an famous Hindu Rajput dynasty of India which once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from Muslim invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> {{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)|p=78}} The Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti was founded by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]].{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}} They were the most prominent ruling family of the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] Rajput clan.<ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref>The dynasty was fully declined on 27 May 1545 after the death of ruler [[Kirttivarman II]] against Suri Empire.{{sfn|Hindustānī - Volume 36|1975|p=54}}{{sfn|Mug̲h̲ala darabāra, kavi-saṅgītajña: san Ī| 1531-1707 -|Śāligrāma Gupta|1999|p=210}} Some minor branches of this family with there direct descendant also repulsed Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

=== Early rulers ===

The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Candellas.png|thumb|Chandel dynasty before 1028]]
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950-999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] killed the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81-82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999-1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Decline ===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89-90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035-1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

=== Revival ===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and possibly annexed the northern part of the [[Baghelkhand]] region.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandelas lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha). This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}} Once again, the Chandelas could not retain the newly annexed territory for long, and the region was recaptured by Yashovarman's son Lakshmivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandela and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman. The result of this conflict appears to have been inconclusive, as records of both the kingdoms claim victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. On the other hand, the various chronicles of Gujarat claim that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman maintained friendly relations with his northern neighbours, the [[Gahadavala]]s.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] either did not rule, or ruled for a very short time. Madanavarman's grandson [[Paramardi|Paramardi-deva]] was the last powerful Chandela king.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

===Final decline ===
[[Paramardi-Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandela throne at a young age.

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela empire via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed , Paramardideva's son Bramhjit married daughter of Prithviraja's bela chauhan {{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}
{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. Main battle between Chandelas Chahamanas War who fought in 1182 [[Paramardideva]] His son Brahmajit, along with Nephew Alha and Udal, led the [[Chandelas]] army against [[Chahamanas]]. In the battle Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of [[Jaichand]] were killed but [[Paramardideva]] defeated [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] .{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the Chauhans claimed in Madanpur that Chandelas were defeated and Parmardideva committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.

This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardideva ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

The Chandela power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. The next ruler [[Hammiravarman]] (r. c. 1288-1311 CE) did not use the imperial title [[Maharajadhiraja]], which indicates that the Chandela king had a lower status by his time. The Chandela power continued to decline because of the rising Muslim influence, as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundela]]s, the Baghelas and the [[Khangar (community)|Khangars]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=179}}

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} [[Chandelas of Kalanjara (minor Chandela branch)|One minor branch of the family continued ruling Kalanjara]]: its ruler was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army in 1545 CE.In 1542, Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India"/> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).

== Art and architecture ==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]] and Madanpur.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.73114, 25.67960] }
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Bamni (Bamhni)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.74840, 23.86925] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Bateshwar (Baṭēśvara)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.54203, 26.93506] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Charkhārī" },
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Deogarh (Dēogaḍh)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.23765, 24.52637] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Dhurehati (Dhurēti)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.36057, 24.47131] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Dobh (Ḍubkuṇḍ)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.04493, 25.73075] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Dudhai (Dudāhī)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.38907, 24.42695] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gadha, Chhatarpur (Garrā)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.38879, 24.75469] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gwalior" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.18283, 26.21829] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ichhawar, Banda district (Ichchhāvar)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.49383, 25.87669] }
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{
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Kalinjar (Kālañjar)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.33032, 25.48933] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Khajuraho" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.91985, 24.83185] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Mahoba" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.87242, 25.29210] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mau, Jhansi district" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.11251, 25.25011] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Nanora", "description": "Also known as Nanaora or Nanyaurā" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.69932, 25.19433] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Narwar" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.91103, 25.64879] }
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{
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Pachar (Pachhār)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.75612, 25.58556] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Sagar - Laxmipura" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.73203, 23.83160] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Semra Sanodha" },
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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
* [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
* [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
* [[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
* [[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
* [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE
* [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
* [[Dhanga|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE
* [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE
* [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE
* [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
* [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
* [[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
* [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
* [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
* [[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
* [[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
* [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
* [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
* [[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
* [[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
* [[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
* [[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
* Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== References ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2024-03-01T08:06:07Z

Vishvaksena:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandel Empire
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1 = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1 = Rise of Empire
| date_event1 = 1028 CE
| event2 = Empire at its peak
| date_event2 = 1092 CE
|event3 = Fall of Empire
| date_event3 = 1203 CE
|event4 = Fall of dynasty
|year_start = 832 CE
|year_end = 1545 CE
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi){{!}}Mamluk dynasty
|flag_s2 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size =
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] ([[Hindi]]: ''''जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल'''' ) colloquially known as the '''Chandel Empire''' or '''Chandel of Mahoba''', were an famous Hindu Rajput dynasty of India which once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from Muslim invaders.<ref> name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UOIJAQAAMAAJ&q=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&dq=could+not+subjugate+the+freedom+lover+Bundelas+and+Chandelas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpsfrJuoaEAxWHXGwGHde0BM0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#Mughal%20Chandelas|title=Management in Government|date=2008|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms, Ministry of Home Affairs|language=en}}</ref> {{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)|p=78}} The Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti was founded by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]].{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}} They were the most prominent ruling family of the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] Rajput clan.{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}} The dynasty was fully declined on 27 May 1545 after the death of ruler [[Kirttivarman II]] against Suri Empire.{{sfn|Hindustānī - Volume 36|1975|p=54}}{{sfn|Mug̲h̲ala darabāra, kavi-saṅgītajña: san Ī| 1531-1707 -|Śāligrāma Gupta|1999|p=210}} Some minor branches of this family also repulsed Mughals during Aurangzeb even during there decline period.

== Origin ==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

=== Early rulers ===

The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Candellas.png|thumb|Chandel dynasty before 1028]]
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950-999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] killed the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81-82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999-1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Decline ===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89-90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035-1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

=== Revival ===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and possibly annexed the northern part of the [[Baghelkhand]] region.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandelas lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha). This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}} Once again, the Chandelas could not retain the newly annexed territory for long, and the region was recaptured by Yashovarman's son Lakshmivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandela and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman. The result of this conflict appears to have been inconclusive, as records of both the kingdoms claim victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. On the other hand, the various chronicles of Gujarat claim that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman maintained friendly relations with his northern neighbours, the [[Gahadavala]]s.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] either did not rule, or ruled for a very short time. Madanavarman's grandson [[Paramardi|Paramardi-deva]] was the last powerful Chandela king.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

===Final decline ===
[[Paramardi-Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandela throne at a young age.

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela empire via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed , Paramardideva's son Bramhjit married daughter of Prithviraja's bela chauhan {{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}
{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. Main battle between Chandelas Chahamanas War who fought in 1182 [[Paramardideva]] His son Brahmajit, along with Nephew Alha and Udal, led the [[Chandelas]] army against [[Chahamanas]]. In the battle Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of [[Jaichand]] were killed but [[Paramardideva]] defeated [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] .{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the Chauhans claimed in Madanpur that Chandelas were defeated and Parmardideva committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.

This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardideva ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

The Chandela power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. The next ruler [[Hammiravarman]] (r. c. 1288-1311 CE) did not use the imperial title [[Maharajadhiraja]], which indicates that the Chandela king had a lower status by his time. The Chandela power continued to decline because of the rising Muslim influence, as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundela]]s, the Baghelas and the [[Khangar (community)|Khangars]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=179}}

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} [[Chandelas of Kalanjara (minor Chandela branch)|One minor branch of the family continued ruling Kalanjara]]: its ruler was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army in 1545 CE.In 1542, Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India"/> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).

== Art and architecture ==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]] and Madanpur.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Bateshwar (Baṭēśvara)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.54203, 26.93506] }
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Deogarh (Dēogaḍh)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.23765, 24.52637] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Dhurehati (Dhurēti)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.36057, 24.47131] }
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Dobh (Ḍubkuṇḍ)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.04493, 25.73075] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Dudhai (Dudāhī)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.38907, 24.42695] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gadha, Chhatarpur (Garrā)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.38879, 24.75469] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gwalior" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.18283, 26.21829] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ichhawar, Banda district (Ichchhāvar)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.49383, 25.87669] }
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{
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Kalinjar (Kālañjar)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.33032, 25.48933] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Khajuraho" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.91985, 24.83185] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Mahoba" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.87242, 25.29210] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mau, Jhansi district" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.11251, 25.25011] }
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{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Nanora", "description": "Also known as Nanaora or Nanyaurā" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.69932, 25.19433] }
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{
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Narwar" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.91103, 25.64879] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Pachar (Pachhār)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.75612, 25.58556] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Sagar - Laxmipura" },
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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
* [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
* [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
* [[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
* [[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
* [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE
* [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
* [[Dhanga|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE
* [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE
* [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE
* [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
* [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
* [[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
* [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
* [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
* [[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
* [[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
* [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
* [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
* [[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
* [[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
* [[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
* [[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
* Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== References ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Hammiravarman (Chandel ruler)

2024-02-26T21:51:22Z

Vishvaksena: Created page with " {{Infobox royalty | title =''Parambhattaraka-Rajadhiraj-Parameshwar-Paramamaheshwar-Brahmakshatriyaottam-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanresh-Shrikalanjaradhipati'' | succession = 22nd Chandel ruler |image= | caption= | reign = c. 1288-1311 AD | predecessor = Bhojavarman | successor = Viravarman II | issue = | birth_date = | birth_place = Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh | death_date = | death_place = Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh | wif..."

{{Infobox royalty
| title =''Parambhattaraka-Rajadhiraj-Parameshwar-Paramamaheshwar-Brahmakshatriyaottam-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanresh-Shrikalanjaradhipati''
| succession = [[Chakravarti|22nd Chandel ruler]]
|image=
| caption=
| reign = c. 1288-1311 AD
| predecessor = [[Bhojavarman]]
| successor = [[Viravarman II]]
| issue =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mahoba]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Mahoba]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| wife =
| full name = '''Shrimad Hammiravarman Deva Chandel''' [[Hindi]]: '''श्रीमद हम्मीरवर्मन देव चन्देल'''
| royal name =
| house = [[Haihayavansh|Yaduvanshi Haihaya]], [[Chandravansh]]
| dynasty = [[Chandel]]
| father = [[Viravarman|Viravarman Dev I Chandel]]
| mother = Kalyana Devi Chandel [[Dadhichi]]vansh, [[Bhargava|Bhargava Brahmin]])<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA236-IA2&dq=Viravarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjokdHApbOEAxUuyjgGHY0qDkEQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Viravarman&f=false</ref>
| religion = [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav sect]], [[Hinduism]]}}

'''Hammiravarman''' ([[Hindi]]: '''हम्मीरवर्मन चन्देल''', reign. c. 1288–1311 AD), was a [[Maharaja]] from the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Rajput dynasty]] of India. He ruled many parts of Central and Eastern India from his capital [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day part of the Uttar and Madhya Pradesh). Under his, the kingdom included Kalachuri, Nagavanshi, Dahala and [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. His main achievement was that, during his reign, Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]] attacked the Chandel kingdom in 1309 AD., but was defeated by him in the [[Battle of Betwa-Yamuna (1309 AD)|Battle of Betwa-Yamuna]] and fled away. To commemorate this victory, he settled the city named Hammirpur (today's [[Hamirpur]]).

==Early life and succession==
The contemporary text '''Shri Chandelvansham'''; {{Quote
|quote= श्रीमद् हम्मीरवर्मनदेवस्य जन्म यशस्विने दिव्ये हैहय वृष्णिवंशे अर्थात् चन्देल यादववंशे । सः भ्रातुः भोजवर्मनस्य स्वर्गवानां अनन्तरं चन्देलसिंहासनम् आरुह्य । खुखरागढ़-रतनपुर-दहला-कलिङ्ग-राज्यस्य शासकाः तस्य राज्याभिषेक-समारोहे, राजसूय-यज्ञे च पूर्वजानां इव तं प्रणम्य युद्धं विना तस्य अधीनतां प्राप्तुं सहमताः अभवन् । सः श्रीमत् विरवर्मनदेवस्य तस्य पत्नी कल्याणदेवीयाः च पुत्रः आसीत् यः दधिचीवंशस्य ब्राह्मणकुटुम्बस्य धारयति स्म । 
'''Translation:''' ''Shrimad [[Hammiravarman]]deva was born in the illustrious and divine [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Vrishni]] dynasty, that is, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Yadava dynasty]]. He ascended the Chandel throne after the death of his brother [[Bhojavarman]]. The rulers of [[Khukhragarh]], [[Ratanpur]], [[Dahala]] and [[Kalinga]] bowed down to him at his coronation ceremony and at the [[Rajasuya sacrifice]], like their ancestors, and agreed to submit to him without a fight. He was the son of Shrimat [[Viravarman]]deva and his wife Kalyanadevi who held from a [[Brahmin]] family of [[Dadhichi]] clan''.
|author= श्रीमद हम्मीरवर्मन देव चन्देल, अध्याय 26, श्री चन्देलवंशम।}}
Hammiravarman was born in [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya-Vrishni dynasty]] i.e. Haihayavanshi Chandel dynasty of Chandravanshi Rajputs. He and his elder brother [[Bhojavarman]] were the sons of [[Viravarman|Viravarman I Chandel]] and his wife Kalyana Devi Chandel. Kalyana Devi was held from a noble [[brahmin]] family of [[Dadhichi]] clan of [[Bhargava]]s and daughter of Maheshvar, who was revered even by the crowned heads.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA236-IA2&dq=Viravarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjokdHApbOEAxUuyjgGHY0qDkEQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Viravarman&f=false</ref> According to the contemporary genealogy book of Chandels by brahmin acharyas, they got a boon for the Chandel royals and their direct descendant from the [[Parshuram]], Some Chandel kings had married a Brahmin girl out of love, because their clan was blessed, so the [[Brahmin]] scholars did not stop them. All records tells that the all Chandels and the Chandel rulers were staunchly religious and Brahmanical and were strongly supported and guided by Brahmin scholars, ministers, advisors and they don't do anything against religious rules, texts and brahmin scholars<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA169&dq=Candella+rulers+were+very+often+guided+by+Brahmin+ministers+and+counsellors&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3peUx8WCAxUpTGwGHf5dAAYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Candella%20rulers%20were%20very%20often%20guided%20by%20Brahmin%20ministers%20and%20counsellors&f=false |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition) |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |language=en}}</ref> (any scholar brahmin will never allow intercaste in Kaliyuga). In several Chandel inscriptions and records there are references to almost all Chandels and many Chandel Kings who were afraid to offend against the religious law. The inscriptions also suggest that the rule of Chandel rulers were based on religious text (Shaastra). The Chandels did not want to violate [[religion]] in any way. On the contrary, the Chandels were afraid of even the slightest act being done against religion and religious texts in any way. The Chandels often emphasized the positive duty of following the state through "Dharma" which was the duty of a Kshatriya ruler and every real [[Kshatriya]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FV49AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2pMDiw8WCAxWKamwGHccMB4E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Lectures on Rajput History |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oaE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |date=1983 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gwcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Chandellas%20dharma |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA345&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandellas%20dharma&f=false |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref>
It is obvious that if the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel clan]] had not received this boon for royal family and their direct descendants, they would not have committed such a big act against religious texts. Even after allowing other marriages, morality of the Chandel rulers and Chandels were such that they had only one wife and remained loyal to her and loved her so much, their wife were also very loyal to them and loved them so much that after his death she herself would commit sati and those chandel ruler who had more wife than one were criticized by there own son. For example, [[Madanavarman]] married 3 women and was criticized by his own grandson and greatgrandson in the inscription for this. Chandels have dynastic rules at the order of Moon god Chandra like;
{{Quote
|quote= चन्देलवंशे कोऽपि मांसं न खादिष्यति, मद्यं न पिबति, ब्राह्मणहत्यां न करिष्यति, स्वपत्न्याः अतिरिक्तं कस्यापि स्त्रिया सह किमपि प्रकारं शारीरिकं सम्बन्धं न करिष्यति न धर्मविरुद्धं गमिष्यति।
चन्देलराजपरिवारस्य तेषां प्रत्यक्षवंशजानां च वर्मनशब्दस्य प्रयोगः अन्यैः चन्देलक्षत्रियैः च वर्माशब्दस्य प्रयोगः '''Translation'''; ''No one in the Chandel dynasty will eat meat, drink alcohol, kill a [[Brahmin]], have any kind of carnal intercourse with any woman other than his [[wife]] nor go against [[Hinduism|Dharma]]. The use of the word Varman by the Chandel royal family and their direct descendants and the use of the word Varma by other Chandel Kshatriyas should not stop after the [[Yagyoapavitra]] ceremony in adolescence. The day these sacred prophecies will be broken, not even the Chandels' impregnable fort [[Kalanjara]] or their power will be able to protect them and the dynasty will fall. The only way to avoid downfall would be to follow the rules I have told you to protect the prestige of the dynasty.''}}
This scriptural love marriage with [[Brahmin|brahman girl]] is not the first time in Chandel Rajput dynasty! Also Varman (for royal [[kshatriya]] family or direct descendants) has also been added to Hammira's name after Yajnopavita and Yajnopavita has been described as similar to that of a [[Kshatriya]] teen by [[Brahmin|Brahmin scholars]], which shows that he was not Varnasankara or Suta (Son or Daughter of brahmin woman+Kshatriya man).

After his elder brother [[Bhojavarman]]'s death in young age, he peacefully ascended the Chandel throne after the Bhardapada month on 12 ravau, Pushya nakshatra, Vikram Samvat 1326 (1288 AD.). He assumed the titles of Rajadhiraja (king of kings) and Kalanjaradhipati (lord of Kalanjara, the administrative capital of the Chandels). The Charkhari copper plate uses the title "Chakravarti Samrat" & "Maharajadhiraja" (overlord or king of Maharajas) for his ancestors. He ruled from 1288-1311 AD. He was great [[Vishnu]] devotee and his sect was Shri Vaishnava of [[Hinduism]], but was also devoted to his Kuldevta [[Shiva|Nilkanatha Mahadeva]]. There were not so many Maharajas under him like his ancestors, that is why he did not take the title of Maharajdhiraja but took the title of King of Kings i.e. Rajadhiraja. Among those who were subordinate, the main subordinate states were [[Kalachuri]] (branch of Chandels) and [[Eastern Ganga|Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. The oldest and latest known inscriptions of Hammiravarman date back to 1289 BCE. And 1311 BC. Are of. This suggests that his reign lasted for at least 22 years. He describes himself as Param-Bhantsaraka-Sahi-Rajavali.

==Against Alauddin Khilji==
1309 AD The Sati inscription mentions that during his reign, the Sultan Alaydina ([[Alauddin Khalji]]) conquered som northern parts of the Chandel kingdom. The Sati inscription mentions that a [[Parihara]] vassal of the Chandels named Vagha deva. who Ruled the Damoh-Jabalpur region, he was defeated by the Khiljis and captured the Damoh-Jabalpur region of the northern part of the Chandel kingdom. There is no evidence or mention of any further invasion by the Khiljis nor of their occupation of the entire Chandel kingdom. Sati inscription, fragmentary copper plate and historical contemporary Chandel texts reveal that in 1309 AD, the Khiljis had captured Damoh Jabalpur by defeating the Parihar chief Vagha deva, who was a vassal of the Chandels. To prevent the Chandel army from attacking Delhi further, the Khiljis started their campaign directly against the Chandels without any warning. According to the Bamni (Bamhani) Sati inscription (1365 AD, 1308 AD) and the Ajaygarh Sati inscription (1368 AD, 1311 AD), The Khiljis also launched a campaign against the Chandel capital from here (Damoh-Jabalpur). There the Chandels also immediately moved towards the Khiljis after receiving the news of the murder of their Parihar vasaal.. Both the armies met between Yamuna and Betwa rivers. Khilji sent a letter to the camp saying, "Convert Islam and accept the subordination of the Khilji dynasty. Be assured that all the Chandels will leave here alive."Hammiravarman rejected it saying", ''You are showing your eyes to Chandels of Chandravanshi Haihayavansh by marking the moon sign on weird flag? Now you will run away from here carrying this flag, only then you will survive.'' The next day there was a fierce battle between the Khlijis and the Chandels, which is called Battle of Betwa-Yamuna). In the battle of Betwa-Yamuna, the number of Khiljis was 20,000 infantrymen and 18,000 cavalrymen, while the Chandels had the number was 10,000 infantry, 200 elephant warrior and 6,000 cavalry. In this battle, the Chandels won and the Khiljis were defeated. In the battle, Alauddin fled to [[Delhi]] after showing the flag of surrender in front of Hammiravarman, saving his life. In this battle, Alauddin neither Not only was he unable to capture Kalanjara, but he could not even muster the courage to attack [[Kalanjara]] again in his entire life. To commemorate this victory, Hammirvarman established Hammirapur ([[Hamirpur]]) near the same place in his name and built many temples. This was the reason that Alauddin could never attack across [[Yamuna]] and [[Betwa]] or over Kalachuri etc. dynasties which were under the Chandels were saved, otherwise [[Alauddin]] defeated 100,000 infantry and 30-40,000 cavalry of the [[Paramara]]s along with 10,000 Khiljis and killed their king [[Mahakaladeva]]. [[Ranthambore]] fort of [[Chauhan]]s was attacked twice and for the third time when Alauddin himself took charge, Chauhans were defeated and killed. Apart from this, other dynasties also could not survive. Even from the Muslim side there is no mention of the capture of Fortress [[Kalanjara]] or Jejakabhukti or Mahoba by the Chandel dynasty by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] during the reign of Alauddin Khilji and his successors. This can also be understood that, if Alauddin Khilji was capable, then why didn't he attack the Chandel kingdom further? Why only small part of the northern territory? Why did Khilji stop only after defeating a small vassal of the Chandels? [[Muslim]] sources indicate that by the late 1300s Delhi forces were moving towards the Deccan, suggesting that they may have captured the Damoh-Jabalpur region which lay on the way to the [[Deccan]]. But this appears to be an empty false statement by historians because, a [[Parihar]] chieftain named Vaghadeva, who ruled the Damoh-Jabalpur region, was a vassal of Hammiravarman. 1304 BC of Salaiya village. The sati inscription states that it was issued during the reign of Maharajaputra ("son of the king") Vagha deva. The 1308 AD Sati inscription of Bamani village (in Damoh district) also mentions Vagha deva as a contemporary ruler. Furthermore, it describes their overlord Srimad Hammiravarman Deva Chandel as Shri Kalanjaradhipati ("Lord of Kalanjara"). The 1309 AD Sati stone of Salaiya village mentions the name of "Alaydina Sultana" (Sultan Alauddin Khilji) as the contemporary ruler. Found in Ajaygarh in 1311 BC. The Sati stone of 1400 AD shows that the main citadel Ajaygarh and the capital [[Kalanjara]] remained independent under Chandel rule and the [[Kalachuri]], Nagavanshi and Eastern Ganga etc eastern dyanasties also remained under the rule of [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] till 1545 AD. There is no mention of these being captured by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] during the reign of Alauddin Khilji or other ruler after him.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=178}}

According to the contemporary records; {{Quote
|quote= क्षत्रियकुलेन सर्वश्रेष्ठस्य चन्देलवंश: ब्रह्मक्षत्रियस्य विष्णुभक्तेन चन्द्रात्रेयवंशस्य कमल: यादवकुलशिरोमणि: म्लेच्छा अलायदीनसुल्तानं पराजय्य अस्मान् उद्धारयन् श्रीकलञ्जरस्य अधिपति राजाधिराज्य श्रीमद हम्मीरवर्मन देव चन्देल प्रणामं करोमि पुन: पुन:। । 
''Chandel dynasty, the supreme among Kshatriya clans, Brahmakshatriya, devotee of Vishnu, Lotus of Chandraatreya (Chandra, son of Sage Atri) dynasty, Yadukul Shiromani, Lord of Shri Kalanjar, I bow again and again to the king of kings Shrimad Hammiravarman Deva Chandel, who defeated Mlechchha (Who isn't born in Varna or Caste system of Hinduism) Alaaydina Sultan (Alauddin Khilji) and protected us.''
|author=}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=178}}

According to the contemporary text '''Shri Chandelvansham''';{{Quote
|quote= उत्तरे राजानः ये अलायदीना-आक्रमणात् भीताः आसन्, ते चन्देल-अधीनत्वेन स्थिताः इति कारणतः अलायदिना-तः उद्धारिताः । 
''The kings in the [[north]], who were afraid of Alaydina’s invasion, were saved from Alaydina because they were under Chandel’s control.'' यथा अमरेन्द्रवर्मनः कालकेयनाम्ना राक्षसान् मारयित्वा अस्मान् रक्षति स्म, तथैव तस्य वंशजः हम्मीरवर्मनः यमुना-बेतवा-तटे म्लेच्छ् अलायदिनं पराजय्य अस्मान् रक्षति स्म ।
''Just as Amarendravarman protected us by killing the demons called Kalakeya, so his descendant Hammiravarman protected us by defeating the Mlechha [[Alauddin Khalji|Alaydina]] on the banks of the [[Yamuna]] and [[Betwa]].
|author= श्रीमद हम्मीरवर्मन देव चन्देल, अध्याय 26, श्री चन्देलवंशम।}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=178}}

==successor==
Hammavarman's son and successor was Viravarman II. Hammiravarman's successors retained control over the Vindhyas, including the main stronghold Ajaygarh and Kalanjara forts. However, Chandel power declined due to increasing Muslim influence as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundelas]], the Baghel dynasty and the Khangar tribe. But within a few months, the Chandels defeated them and subjugated the Baghels and Bundelas and massacred the Khangar tribe. {{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=179}} 1315 Ladwari (Larwari) inscription shows that Hammiravarman He was succeeded by King Veeravarman II, whose titles also indicate independent political status.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Misra|2003|p=11}} In his next generation, Kirtivarman II (known as Salivahana and Bhairavvarman), was the last ruler of the Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti. He defeated Humayun in 1532 AD and killed Sher Shah Suri in 1545 and blew his half dead body from the top in Kalanjar. He was assassinated by Islam Shah, son of [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah]] in 1545 AD. His daughter was the famous queen Durgavati. According to the contemporary text Akbarnama, she was married to [[Dalpat Shah|Dalpat Shah Kachhwaha]] of [[Mandala]], who was actually a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha Rajput]] and was married to the Gond king Amandas. Was adopted.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol. 2|date=1907}}</ref>
==reference==